Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 10876 829558 702831 2026-05-04T08:12:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{Gyara mukala}} '''Milton Teagle "Richard" Simmons''' (Yuli 12, 1948 - Yuli 13, 2024) malami ne na motsa jiki na Amurka da halayen talabijin.Ya kasance mai tallata shirye-shiryen asarar nauyi, wanda ya fi fice ta hanyar nunin talabijin, The Richard Simmons Show da kuma daga baya Sweatin' zuwa layin Oldies na bidiyon wasan motsa jiki. Simmons ya fara aikinsa na asarar nauyi ta hanyar buɗe dakin motsa jiki na Slimmons a Beverly Hills, California, yana ba da abinci ga [[kiba]] a cikin yanayi mai tallafi, kuma ya shahara ta hanyar fallasa a talabijin da kuma shaharar kayan masarufi.Sau da yawa ana yi masa afuwa kuma ya kasance mai yawan baƙo a talabijin na daren dare da shirye-shiryen rediyo, kamar Late Show tare da David Letterman da Howard Stern Show. Ya ci gaba da inganta kiwon lafiya da motsa jiki ta tsawon shekaru da dama, daga baya kuma ya fadada ayyukansa har ya hada da fafutuka na siyasa, kamar a cikin 2008 don tallafawa kudirin doka na ba da horo ga ilimin motsa jiki a makarantun gwamnati a matsayin wani bangare na Ba'a Hagu. Bayan Dokar.<ref>https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/OnCall/story?id=6038493</ref> ==Rayuwa== An haifi Milton Teagle Simmons a New Orleans, Louisiana a kan Yuli 12, 1948 zuwa Leonard Douglas Simmons, Sr. da Shirley May (née Satin).An haife shi ga "iyaye masu nuna kasuwanci" kuma sun girma a cikin Quarter na Faransa na New Orleans.<ref>Simmons (1999) pp. 21–32</ref>Simmons yana da ɗan'uwa babba.<ref>https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/richard-simmons/bio/3000403133/</ref>Mahaifinsu ya taso ne na Methodist kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararren mashawarcin biki kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a shagunan sayar da kayayyaki yayin da mahaifiyarsu Bayahudiya ce ta ƙasar Rasha kuma ƴar rawa ce ta fantsama daga baya kuma mai sayar da kayan kwalliyar kantin.<ref>https://archive.org/details/stillhungryafter00simm</ref> Simmons ya zama ɗan Katolika a lokacin samartaka kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Cor Jesu.<ref>http://www.denverpost.com/fitness/ci_9595970</ref>Ya halarci Jami'ar Louisiana a Lafayette kafin ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Jihar [[Florida]] tare da Bachelor of Arts a fasaha.<ref>https://gazettereview.com/2017/03/happened-richard-simmons-news-updates/</ref> Ya yi kiba a lokacin kuruciyarsa da samartaka.<ref>http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20080593,00.html</ref>Ya fara cin abinci mai yawa kuma ya zama mai kiba tun yana ɗan shekara 4 kuma tun yana ɗan shekara 5, ya san ana tsinkayarsa mara kyau.<ref>http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20080593,00.html</ref>Yana da shekaru 15, ya auna kilo 182 (kg 83).Sa’ad da yake matashi, ya ɗauki matsayin firist.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121031083916/http://www.tampabay.com/features/popculture/article902169.ece</ref>A matsayinsa na ɗalibin zane-zane, ya bayyana a cikin abubuwan da suka yi fice a cikin "freak show" a cikin fina-finan Fellini Satyricon (1968) da The Clowns (1970) kuma a ƙarshe ya kai kololuwar 268 lb (122 kg).<ref>http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20079026,00.html</ref> A wata hira da Tampa Bay Times, Simmons ya bayyana cewa ya karɓi sunan Richard bayan wani kawun da ya biya kuɗin karatunsa na kwaleji.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121031083916/http://www.tampabay.com/features/popculture/article902169.ece</ref>Aikinsa na farko a New Orleans tun yana yaro, yana siyar da pralines a Leah's Pralines.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tahoedailytribune.com/article/20070119/ENTERTAINMENT/101190089 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-03 |archive-date=2012-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722004210/http://www.tahoedailytribune.com/article/20070119/ENTERTAINMENT/101190089 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sana'a== '''Aikin motsa jiki''' Bayan ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles a cikin 1970s, Simmons ya yi aiki a matsayin maître d'hotel a Derek's, gidan abinci a Beverly Hills.<ref>https://archive.org/details/stillhungryafter00simm</ref>Ya haɓaka sha'awar motsa jiki. Gidajen motsa jiki na ranar sun fi son abokin ciniki wanda ya riga ya dace, don haka an sami taimako kaɗan ga waɗanda ke buƙatar samun dacewa daga yanayin rashin lafiya. Ya kafa gyms kuma sha'awar motsa jiki ya taimaka masa ya rasa 123 lb (56 kg).<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/missing-richard-simmons-explores-how-the-fitness-guru-hasnt-been-seen-in-public-for-more-than-1000-days</ref> Ya buɗe ɗakin motsa jiki na kansa, wanda asalinsa ake kira The Anatomy Asylum, inda aka ba da fifiko kan cin abinci mai kyau a cikin ɓangarorin da suka dace da motsa jiki mai daɗi a cikin yanayin tallafi.Kasuwancin asali ya haɗa da gidan cin abinci na salatin da ake kira Ruffage, mai magana akan kalmar roughage (fiber abinci); ko da yake an cire shi a ƙarshe yayin da aka mayar da hankali ga Mafarin Anatomy ya koma motsa jiki kawai.<ref>Simmons, R. (1999) pp. 177–184</ref>Daga baya aka sake masa suna Slimmons, kafa ya ci gaba da aiki a Beverly Hills da Simmons yana koyar da azuzuwan motsa jiki da wasan motsa jiki cikin mako.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/24/fashion/24fitness.html</ref>Nasarar da ya yi ta haifar da maimaita rawar da ya taka a Babban Asibitin yana nuna kansa a tsawon shekaru hudu sannan kuma zuwa jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin nasa The Richard Simmons Show, wanda aka watsa daga 1980 zuwa 1984 kuma ya ba shi lambobin yabo na Emmy da yawa.<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/richard-simmons-obituary-rcna161728</ref>Haɓaka sha'awar wasan motsa jiki a cikin shekarun 1980 ya haifar da haɓaka layin Simmons na bidiyo na motsa jiki, musamman Sweatin' zuwa jerin Oldies, wanda ya zama ɗayan shahararrun bidiyo a cikin shekaru goma.<ref>https://abcnews.go.com/US/fitness-guru-richard-simmons-dead-76/story?id=111912398</ref> A cikin 2010, Simmons ya bayyana cewa ya kiyaye nauyinsa na kilo 100+ (45 kg) na tsawon shekaru 42, yana taimaka wa wasu su rasa nauyi tsawon shekaru 35, kuma a yayin aikin motsa jiki, ya taimaka wa bil'adama rasa kusan miliyan 12. fam (5.5 miliyan kg).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131213035454/http://www.doctoroz.com/videos/richard-simmons-personal-story-pt-2</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sirri== '''Addini''' Simmons ya zama Katolika tun yana matashi, ya fara tambayar iyayensa ko zai iya tuba tun yana ƙarami. Ya halarci coci tare da ɗan'uwansa Lenny na shekaru har sai an yi masa baftisma kuma aka tabbatar da shi a rana guda.<ref>Simmons, Richard (March 6, 2024). "Post". X. Retrieved October 5, 2024.</ref>Ya ɗauki aikin firist na ɗan lokaci, amma ya yanke shawara a kan haka. Ya rasu a matsayin babba, amma ya koma ga imani a cikin shekarunsa na baya.<ref>https://www.ncregister.com/blog/richard-simmons-catholic-faith?amp</ref> '''Halitta''' Simmons ya yi amfani da kuzarinsa, ƙararsa, da halayensa na motsa jiki don ƙarfafa mutane su rasa nauyi.Yawan kuzarinsa koyaushe yana nunawa a cikin bidiyon motsa jiki.Tufafin alamar kasuwancinsa shi ne manyan tankunan da aka yi wa ado da lu'ulu'u na Swarovski da guntun wando na Dolphin masu ratsin alewa.<ref>https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=6940049#.T-qkY9mkBpQ</ref> Simmons yayi hulɗa a matakin sirri tare da magoya baya da mutane masu amfani da samfuransa.Wannan ya fara ne ta hanyar amsa wasiƙar da aka aiko masa a matsayin ɗan wasa na Babban ''Asibitin.''A ƙarshen 2008, shi da kansa ya amsa imel da wasiƙu kuma ya yi ɗaruruwan kiran waya kowane mako ga waɗanda za su nemi taimakonsa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080606235114/http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/chi-simmons--0604jun04%2C0%2C1865034.story</ref> Ya yi da’awar cewa yana da abokai kaɗan, yana mai cewa, “Ba ni da yawa da zan ba mutum ɗaya.Ina da abubuwa da yawa da zan bayar ga mutane da yawa."Baya ga Dalmatians shida da kuyanginsa biyu, Simmons ya zauna shi kaɗai a Beverly Hills, California.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080606235114/http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/chi-simmons--0604jun04%2C0%2C1865034.story</ref> Ko da yake mutumin nasa ya jawo hasashe game da yanayin jima'i, bai taɓa yin magana a bainar jama'a ba.<ref>Rinaldi, Ray Mark (April 23, 2000). "Heroes are hard to find when the're hiding". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. F3. We've always allowed gay men on the tube – did anyone besides my grandmother really think Liberace was heterosexual? What about Paul Lynde? Richard Simmons? — but the rules are clear. It's all right to be a flamer as long as you agree to keep it secret.''</ref>Bayan mutuwarsa a cikin 2024, Jane Fonda ta ce ta ƙarshe ganinsa don cin abincin rana a Polo Lounge, lokacin da ya kasance tare da sabon saurayin nasa.<ref>https://www.etonline.com/jane-fonda-pays-tribute-to-richard-simmons-after-his-death-i-hope-he-felt-the-love-so-many-were</ref> A cikin wata hira da aka yi da Lafiyar maza a 2012, an ambace shi: A cikin wata hira da aka yi da Lafiyar maza a 2012, an ambace shi: Lokacin da sarki ya shiga damuwa, ba ya kiran matarsa ko mai dafa abinci. Ya juyo ga dan karamin mutum mai nuna hula ya ce wa kotun jester "ka bani dariya". Ni kuma ni ne wannan kotu. -  Richard Simmons, Lafiyar Maza. ==Rashin lafiya da mutuwa== '''Lafiya''' A cikin Maris 2024, Simmons ya fitar da sanarwa yana fayyace cewa ba ya mutuwa bayan wani sakon Facebook da ya rubuta yana ƙarfafa mutane su " runguma kowace rana " ya jawo hankalin jama'a.Ya kuma bayyana cewa yanzu ba shi da manaja ko mai talla, kuma bai ba da izinin tantance tarihin rayuwarsa ba.<ref>https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/richard-simmons-apologizes-cryptic-facebook-message-dying/story?id=108260630</ref>A wannan watan, Simmons ya bayyana cewa an gano shi yana da ciwon daji na fata, wanda ke ƙarƙashin idonsa na dama.Daga baya Simmons ya bayyana a shafinsa na [[Twitter]] cewa cutar kansar ta faru ne "shekaru da yawa da suka gabata" kuma ya yanke shawarar yin magana game da hakan don karfafa gwiwar mutane su je wurin likita idan sun ga wani abu da ba a saba gani a jikinsu ba.<ref>Simmons, Richard (March 20, 2024). Post. Twitter.</ref> '''Mutuwa''' A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2024, Simmons ya mutu a gidansa da ke Los Angeles yana da shekaru 76.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/13/arts/television/richard-simmons-dead.html</ref>Ya yi fama da fadowa a gidansa da ke bandakinsa kwanaki biyu kafin ya ki neman magani har sai da safe saboda sha’awar cika shekaru 76 a gida.<ref>https://people.com/richard-simmons-housekeeper-of-35-years-breaks-her-silence-he-died-happy-8684764</ref>Ya kwanta sai washegari ya buga a social media cewa bai taba samun buri na birthday din ba.Washegari mai kula da gidan sa Teresa Reveles ta same shi.<ref>https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/why-did-fitness-guru-richard-201527144.html</ref>‘Yan sandan sun ce ga dukkan alamu mutuwarsa ta samo asali ne daga wasu dalilai, duk da cewa ana ci gaba da gudanar da bincike;<ref>https://abcnews.go.com/US/fitness-guru-richard-simmons-dead-76/story?id=111912398</ref>Reveles sun yi zargin cewa Simmons ya sami bugun zuciya a cikin barcinsa.<ref>https://people.com/richard-simmons-housekeeper-of-35-years-breaks-her-silence-he-died-happy-8684764</ref> An binne shi a Pierce Brothers Westwood Village Memorial Park da Mortuary, sanye da kayan motsa jiki na alamar kasuwanci.<ref>https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/richard-simmons-brother-reveals-fitness-204000403.html</ref>A ranar 21 ga Agusta, a cikin wani rahoto da aka ba wa ɗan'uwan Simmons, ofishin Coroner na Los Angeles County ya tabbatar da cewa Simmons ya mutu sakamakon rikice-rikice na faɗuwar ranar da ta gabata, da sauransu, kuma cutar cututtukan zuciya ta kasance mai taimakawa; babu magungunan da ba a rubuta ba a cikin tsarin sa lokacin da ya mutu.<ref>https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/richard-simmons-brother-reveals-exercise-191748567.html</ref> A ranar 20 ga Yuli, mako guda bayan mutuwarsa, ƙungiyar Simmons ta raba abin da zai zama sakonsa na ƙarshe na kafofin watsa labarun, fassarar waƙoƙi daga waƙar "Fly Me to the Moon".<ref>https://deadline.com/2024/07/richard-simmons-team-shares-final-prepared-social-media-post-1236016764/</ref>A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, an gudanar da taron tunawa da Simmons a St. Louis Cathedral a New Orleans, Louisiana.<ref>https://www.axios.com/local/new-orleans/2024/09/26/richard-simmons-memorial</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2024]] 3zahhyravh8uo3kxerzlsmjjmdn3x16 3 12139 829302 827508 2026-05-03T16:06:23Z MediaWiki message delivery 3927 /* Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) */ sabon sashe 829302 wikitext text/x-wiki </noinclude> [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Uncle Bash007! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Uncle Bash007|gudummuwarka]]. Kuma ina fatan zaka tsaya ka ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimake ka ka fahimci Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:The Living love|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:26, 29 Nuwamba, 2019 (UTC) </noinclude> ==Tunatarwa== Assalamu alaikum Mallam [[User:Uncle Bash007|Bashir]] kana yawan fassara maƙaloli wanda wasu daga cikin su fassara bata da inganci. Dan Allah Ilimi fa muke yaɗawa sai munyi ƙoƙari mun kula ba sai mutum yayi da yawa ba yayi iya abinda zai iya amma mai inganci dan Allah dan'uwa ka fahimce ni. Kai kanada gogewa akan editing inaga ai sai dai kayiwa wasu tunatarwa, tunda kana ƙirƙirar maƙala a English Wikipedia shin su haka suke? Ansa a'a. To mu me yasa baza mu yi don ya zamo mana wata sadaqatu jariya duk wanda ya karanta rubutun da ka yaɗa zaka samu lada, amma idan kuma mutum yazo ya kasa karanta abinda yake tunanin ilimi ne kuma da harshen shi aka rubuta sai ya fara tunanin waɗanda suka rubuta abun basada ƙwarewa ko ma basu san me suke ba! Ina fatan zaka fahimceni. Na gode [[User:Salihu Aliyu|S Ahmad Fulani]] 21:12, 15 ga Yuni, 2022 (UTC) :Amin wslm [[User:Salihu Aliyu|S Ahmad Fulani]], ok nagode da tunatarwa kuma nima ban manta da cewa ilimi muke yadawa ba. Amma zaka iya bani misalin mukalar da na fassara wacce bata inganta ba. Nagode[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ([[User talk:Uncle Bash007#top|talk]]) 06:24, 16 ga Yuni, 2022 (UTC) ::Don Allah don mutum yana yawan yin fassara ba wai yana nufin cewa kuskure bane. Duk wata fassara da nayi musamman na kwanannan ina tabbatar da cewa na bi sahunsa a kowanne sakin layi. Idan an sama kuskure kuma sai dai wanda ni ban lura ba, kuma kaima zaka iya gyarawa tunda kaima edita ne. Nagode[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ([[User talk:Uncle Bash007#top|talk]]) 06:30, 16 ga Yuni, 2022 (UTC) Assalamu alaikum barka da safiya fatan ka tashi lafiya. Ga wata maƙala [[Stephanie Rose ('yar talla)|nan]], ka duba sashen "Tarihin Rayuwa" ta da kuma [[Sinimar kasar Ukraine|wannan]]. Idan ka bibiya maƙalolin da kayi na wani gasar "Sinimar kasar Ukraine" zaka gasu dama wani wajen ko mai karatu ya karanta babu abinda zai fahimta, ba wai nace duka basuda inganci bane, amma kai matsayin ka ya wuce kayi irin wannan fassara gaskiya. Na gode [[User:Salihu Aliyu|S Ahmad Fulani]] 08:12, 16 ga Yuni, 2022 (UTC) :Wslm, tun wancan lokacin ne kuma akwai admin da yamun maganan haka. Zan gyarasu kuma da kaina. Nagode[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ([[User talk:Uncle Bash007#top|talk]]) 22:38, 16 ga Yuni, 2022 (UTC) ==Join us at Twitter == Take a look at Hausa Wikimedian Usergroup (@HausaUsergroup): https://twitter.com/HausaUsergroup?s=09 [[User:Anasskoko|<b style="color:#00BFFF">An@ss_koko</b>]][[User talk:Anasskoko|<sup style="color:#7F007F">(magana)</sup>]][[Special:Contributions/Anasskoko|<sup style="color:#7F007F">(aiki)</sup>]] 17:57, 16 Mayu 2020 (UTC) ==Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos na Hausa Community== <div style="padding:3em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue',sans-serif; font-size:110%; line-height:1.75;"> Muna gayyatan kudan shiga gasar '''WPWP Contest na Hausa Community'''! '''Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos na Hausa Community''' gasa ce ta duk shekara wanda editoci a Wikipedia daga [[m:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Community User Group]] ke sanya hotuna a mukalolin da basu da ko keda karancin hoto articles. Wannan dan a inganta da karfafa amfani ne da dubannin hotunan da ake samu ne daga gasa daban-daban na hotuna da ake gudanarwa duk shekara, wanda Wikimedia community ke shiryawa a Wikipedia. hoto na inganta fahimtar mai karatu, da bayyana bayani, da sanya mukaloli suyi kyau. Gasar Kuma zata ba sabbin editoci da tsoffi damar inganta kwarewa, dan shiga samun kwarewa tuntube mu anan [[Special:Emailuser/M-Mustapha|Emel]]. <br /> <span style="background:#ffbd4a;color:yellow;padding:5px;"><!--T:24-->[[m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos for Hausa Community|Danna nan dan shiga gasa da Karin bayani.]]</span>.<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp>Em</samp>[[User:M-Mustapha|-]]</span><span style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #804; color: #5b2;"><samp>mustapha</samp></span> ^{<samp>[[user talk:M-Mustapha|t@lk]]</samp>} 16:46, 26 ga Yuni, 2020 (UTC) == Kano == Dear Uncle Bash007, Hope this finds you well. Just saw that you added a lot of content to [[Kano]]: well done! However generally on Wikipedia disambiguation pages are kept very short (for clarity, as they are just supposed to enable viewers to find the link to what they are looking for), and maybe it would be better to transfer the content you are adding to the two pages regarding [[Kano (jiha)|Kano State]] and the [[Kano (birni)|city of Kano]]. Just a suggestion. Nagode, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:35, 18 Mayu 2021 (UTC) == Gasar Hausa Wikipedia == '''Assalamu alaikum''' @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]]''',''' Ina mai sanar da kai cewa za'a sanar da sakamakon gasa gobe idan Allah ya kaimu, ka duba wannan shafin domin ganin sakamakon gasa, sannan kyaututtuka za'a bayar dasu ne lokaci kadan bayan sanarwan. [[WP:Gasar Hausa Wikipedia ta Shekara-shekara]], Nagode.-- [[User:Anasskoko|<b style="color:#00BFFF">An@ss_koko</b>]][[User talk:Anasskoko|<sup style="color:#7F007F">(Yi Magana)</sup>]] 11:16, 23 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC) Aslm.. Duba wannan shafin zakaga jigon shafin ya banbnta da ainihin mukalar, bansn yadda zan gyara ba https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin_jirgin_saman_Maputo [[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ([[User talk:Uncle Bash007#top|talk]]) 08:41, 27 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC) == Gyara == Barka dai [[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash]] zakaga na cire wani sabon rubutu da kayi a Kofan Al'umma, saboda baka saka shi a sabon sashi ba kuma babu Signing a ciki. –[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 12:09, 22 ga Yuli, 2021 (UTC) Barka.. da farko dai inaso ka sani cewa na saka shi a sabon shashi, sannan na biyu mantuwa nayi inyi signing kafin in dawo naga har an goge. Ai na dauka magana ake fara yiwa mutum ya gyara ba wai a cire kai tsaye ba![[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ([[User talk:Uncle Bash007#top|talk]]) 19:42, 22 ga Yuli, 2021 (UTC) == Thanks! == Hi, I noticed your support on my proposed grant, Thank you --[[User:Robertjamal12|Robertjamal12]] ([[User talk:Robertjamal12|talk]]) 09:02, 4 ga Janairu, 2022 (UTC) == u welcome == It's a good proposal.. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ([[User talk:Uncle Bash007#top|talk]]) 16:42, 4 ga Janairu, 2022 (UTC) == Vandalism == Hi, can you please block this IP [[Special:Contributions/211.194.124.144|address]] ? It is vandalizing articles by inserting porn images here. Check [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles&diff=195941&oldid=157435 this revision] about an hour ago [[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] ([[User talk:Tumbuka Arch|talk]]) 03:18, 18 Disamba 2022 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Tumbuka Arch]], I have reviewed and block the IP address. Thank you for the heads up.[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 07:45, 18 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Hausa Wikipedia Vital Articles == Barka da warhaka. Naga sako a shafin tattaunawa na akan Hausa Wikipedia Vital Articles amma ban fahimce yanda zan kasance a cikin wannan ba. Nagode [[User:Yahuzaishat|Yahuzaishat]] ([[User talk:Yahuzaishat|talk]]) 08:39, 5 ga Janairu, 2023 (UTC) :Ok, zan sanya ki, cikin list din. Idan kuma kina neman karin bayani, ki tuntubeni ta email @muhammadbashiryahuza@gmail.com.[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 13:21, 11 ga Janairu, 2023 (UTC) == Ban this user == Assalamu Alaikum Brother A user named “Ben Bilal” has vandalised the “Shari’a” article, “Ben Bilal” is a well known vandal who vandalises articles related to Islam by adding his own conspiracy theories and causes trouble for readers by using machine translation, he has already been banned on 10 wiki projects due to his disruptive behaviour and POV pushing. he usually goes on small Wikipedia projects and adds his agenda to various articles, as he goes on small wikipedias it is easy for his vandalism to be unnoticed. I recommend to ban him permanently and revert all his edits. his edit: https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shari%27a&diff=prev&oldid=210362 All other wikis he vandalises: https://guc.toolforge.org/?user=Ben+Bilal [[User:Dhdhdh72|Dhdhdh72]] ([[User talk:Dhdhdh72|talk]]) 10:58, 25 ga Janairu, 2023 (UTC) :Amin wa'alaikumussallam. :Thank you very much for the heads up. I have reviewed your observations and I saw his edits in over 86 different Wikis all from Islamic related articles. I have blocked him permanently, and will look carefully into such contributions carefully. Thank you [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 14:12, 25 ga Janairu, 2023 (UTC) == Ukraine == :Hello [[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ! Thanks for your article about Ukraine [[Telnyuk Sisters (mawaka)]], but maybe you would like to write some more articles from the following list: # [[:uk:Юлія Саніна]] # [[:uk:Клімат України]] # [[:uk:Національний природний парк «Тузловські лимани»]] # [[:uk:Екологічні наслідки російсько-української війни (2022)]] # [[:uk:Список паралімпійських чемпіонів України]] # [[:uk:10 найкращих спортсменів України]] # [[:uk:Вороний Юрій Юрійович]] # [[:uk:Грінченко Тамара Олексіївна]] # [[:uk:Пивоваров Артем Володимирович]] # [[:uk:Обстріли Маріуполя 24 січня 2015]] # [[:uk:Асканія-Нова (заповідник)]] # [[:uk:Ставка Верховного Головнокомандувача (Україна)]] # [[:uk:Воєнні злочини під час війни Росії проти України (2022)]] # [[:uk:Максимов Дмитро В'ячеславович]] # [[:uk:Повернись живим]] # [[:uk:Турчин Ігор Євдокимович]] # [[:uk:Слуга народу]] # [[:uk:Кокуш Анатолій Акимович]] # [[:uk:Чорнобильський радіаційно-екологічний біосферний заповідник]] # [[:uk:Диктаторські закони 16 січня]] # [[:uk:Куликов Андрій Вікторович]] # [[:uk:Помаранчеве небо]] # [[:uk:Всесвіт (журнал)]] # [[:uk:Заборонений]] # [[:uk:Волобуєв Михайло Симонович]] # [[:uk:Табашник Катерина Олександрівна]] # [[:uk:Україна в ООН]] # [[:uk:Слово]] # [[:uk:Дивлюсь я на небо, та й думку гадаю…]] # [[:uk:Євробачення. Національний відбір]] # [[:uk:Два кольори]] # [[:uk:ONUKA]] # [[:uk:YUNA]] # [[:uk:M1 Music Awards]] # [[:uk:Таврійські ігри]] # [[:uk:Вакуленко Володимир Володимирович]] # [[:uk:Запорожець за Дунаєм]] # [[:uk:Сінькевич Юлія Львівна]] # [[:uk:Російський дятел]] # [[:uk:Стоп-Земля]] # [[:uk:Академік Вернадський]] # [[:uk:Станично-Луганський заповідник]] # [[:uk:Зірки жердини]] # [[:uk:Pur:Pur]] # [[:uk:Zоряна]] # [[:uk:Країна Мрій (фестиваль)]] # [[:uk:Vivienne Mort]] # [[:uk:Lama]] # [[:uk:Україна на Паралімпійських іграх]] # [[:uk:Бандерштат]] # [[:uk:Ой у лузі червона калина]] # [[:uk:Вільна (пісня Тіни Кароль та Юлії Саніної)]] # [[:uk:Україна на Паралімпійських іграх]] # [[:uk:Kazka]] # [[:uk:Матвієнко Ніна Митрофанівна]] # [[:uk:Український інститут книги]] # [[:uk:Оранжлав]] # [[:uk:Маруся Чурай]] # [[:uk:The Hardkiss]] # [[:uk:Mari Cheba]] # [[:uk:Марія Берлінська]] # [[:uk:Сергєєв Юрій Анатолійович]] # [[:uk:Вавилон'13]] # [[:uk:Генеральна карта України]] # [[:uk:Смирнов Віктор Сергійович]] # [[:uk:Журавлі (пісня The Hardkiss)]] # [[:uk:Васалатій Вікторія Віталіївна]] # [[:uk:Іловайськ 2014. Батальйон Донбас]] # [[:uk:Данча Аннамарі Михайлівна]] # [[:uk:Антонівський міст]] # [[:uk:Обединський Євген Олександрович]] # [[:uk:Битва за Гостомель]] # [[:uk:Зоряний корсар]] # [[:uk:Володимир Золкін]] # [[:uk:Перехід церковних громад до ПЦУ]] # [[:uk:Правда Ярославичів]] # [[:uk:Гіркі жнива]] # [[:uk:Коваленко Віктор Володимирович]] # [[:uk:Новосад Анастасія Юріївна]] # [[:uk:Червона рута]] # [[:uk:Антитіла (гурт)]] # [[:uk:Grammarly]] # [[:uk:Гордійчук Ігор Володимирович]] # [[:uk:Матюшенко Михайло Юрійович]] # [[:uk:Малишев Євген Валентинович]] # [[:uk:Ленюк Олег Олегович]] # [[:uk:Миколаєнко Володимир Васильович]] # [[:uk:Лукаш Микола Олексійович]] # [[:uk:студія Квартал-95]] # [[:uk:Мистецький арсенал]] # [[:uk:Шаптала Сергій Олександрович]] # [[:uk:Веселі, брате, часи, настали...]] # [[:uk:Паламар Святослав Ярославович]] # [[:uk:Коцюбайло Дмитро Іванович]] # [[:uk:Прокопенко Денис Геннадійович]] # [[:uk:Максиміліан Левчин]] # [[:uk:Українська Гельсінська спілка]] # [[:uk:Північна війна в Україні]] # [[:uk:ПДМШ ім. Пирогова]] # [[:uk:Харківська правозахисна група]] # [[:uk:Чорноморська зернова ініціатива]] # [[:uk:Кондратюк Олена Костянтинівна]] # [[:uk:Лубінець Дмитро Валерійович]] # [[:uk:Ізоляція]] # [[:uk:Щедрик (фільм)]] # [[:uk:Кагал Максим Володимирович]] # [[:uk:Ноосфера (криголам)]] # [[:uk:Україна (назва)]] # [[:uk:Запорізька АЕС]] # [[:uk:Каховська ГЕС]] # [[:uk:Слобідська Україна]] # [[:uk:Запороги (телесеріал)]] ? Best wishes — [[Корисник:Yasnodark|Yasnodark]] ([[Разговор са корисником:Yasnodark|разговор]]) 15:41, 18. април 2023. (CEST) == HOME PAGE FOOTER WIKIPEDIAS == @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] Hello, don't you think it would be good to have African Wikipedia languages on home page found on this [[Template:WikipediaLang2|template]]? Yawancin wiki na Turai suna da jerin harsunan Turai, don haka wiki na Afirka suma yakamata su sami jerin harsunan Afirka. Again, this helps Hausas to explore other African wikis directry from the main page. Na gode. Idan kuna da wasu tunani, gaya mani.--- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 12:45, 11 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) :Yeah, I think it would be great. It will also create connection within African Wikis.. but how can we add them? Le me know if there is anything I can do to help.[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 13:08, 11 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) ::@[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] I know how to add them. In fact, let me add them. Feel free to revert if it does not look good. Na gode.[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 16:20, 11 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) :::@[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] Can you protect [[Template:WikipediaLang2|this]] page into "Auto confirmed users" as currently it is set to "sysops" only. I wanted to add the languages, but it is protected. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 16:25, 11 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], it's done.. goodluck.[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 06:32, 12 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] Can you change '''Main Page''' settings into "Allow editing by '''Auto confirmed users'''" for just temporary. You will change back the settings after 3 hours. It is because all the templates on home page are using "'''cascading protection'''" which means they get protection from the main page as they are transcluded. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:15, 12 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], it's done.. check it out.[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 10:04, 12 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] Done! [[Template:WikipediaLang2|Check]] it out. You can protect the home page back to its former settings '''to''' avoid unnecessary disrupting. Na gode. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 11:35, 12 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] We also need to fix some templates and other pages about countries, remove outdated ones. For example, almost every country is having two same infobox templates with similar info. See [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], etc. There are two infobox templates there, which are all same and are squeezing the article page. But this can be done slowly when we have time ''':)''' [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 11:44, 12 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) :::::::::Whenever u're ready @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], Looking forward..[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 13:26, 12 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], well done.. it really make sense.[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 13:25, 12 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], thank you..[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 13:31, 12 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2023 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2023 you '''[https://mdwiki.org/wiki/WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2023_(all) were one of the top medical editors in your language]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdWfjVFbDO4ji-_qn2SsAgdCflhcOZychLnr1JUacsPaBr1eA/viewform Consider joining for 2024]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translation of health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/User:Doc_James <span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 22:25, 3 ga Faburairu, 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2023&oldid=26173705 --> == Fixing infoboxes == Hello [[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]], hope you are doing well. The infoboxes (especially [[Najeriya|infobox country]]) are more complicated than new users can learn to edit them. Imagine the new user clicks on it to change a minor error inside it and it has to take them to wikidata where they will further get lost. I suggest we use the standard version ones just like the English [[:en:Nigeria|Wikipedia]]. Or like the one I created and use at my home wiki, see it [[:tum:Nigeria|here]] (the infobox) which is also similar to enwiki. If this is okay, we can open a community page about the change where other users may have their suggestions. If it is not a big deal at all, I could then go ahead and start creating such templates. It is a lot of work and it may need more than 550 sub templates and minor templates to completely work 100%. It requires a lot of time but I will be doing it slowly and could finish in 2-3 days. If you suggest to keep the current template system, let me know as well. Hope you are having a good day. Thanks ''':)''' -- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 21:10, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Group photo - Edu Wiki conference 2023, Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Group photo of the 2023 EduWiki Conference in Belgrade, organized by Wikipedia & Education User Group]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;"> '''Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Recognition_and_Derecognition|Recognition of Cyprus, Botswana, Niger, and Telugu user groups]] '''Affiliate Activities Report''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Activities_Report|Reports from Belgium, South African, and Ukrainian chapters]] '''AffCom Movement Contribution''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement with the new Affiliates Strategy and Movement Charter drafts]] '''AffCom Administration''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Administration|New AffCom members and advisors]] </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:56, 18 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=26293156 --> == Tunatarwa don jefa kuri'a yanzu don zaɓar membobin U4C na farko == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Kuna iya samun wannan sakon da aka fassara zuwa ƙarin harsuna akan Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Ya ku 'yan Wikimedia, Kuna karɓar wannan saƙo saboda a baya kun shiga cikin tsarin UCoC. Wannan tunatarwa ce cewa lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) yana ƙare ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. Karanta bayanin akan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Shafin jefa ƙuri'a akan Meta-wiki]] don ƙarin koyo game da zaɓe da cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a. Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) ƙungiya ce ta duniya da aka keɓe don samar da daidaito da daidaiton aiwatar da UCoC. An gayyaci membobin al'umma don gabatar da aikace-aikacen su na U4C. Don ƙarin bayani da alhakin U4C, da fatan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|sake duba Tsarin Dokan ta U4C]]. Da fatan za a raba wannan sakon tare da membobin al'ummar ku don su ma su shiga ciki. A madadin Kungiyar Ayyukan UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 23:11, 2 Mayu 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_2&oldid=26721207 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Wikimedia-Summit-2024-Friday-128.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom group photo at Wikimedia Summit 2024 in Berlin, Germany]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Updates: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Adoption of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Madagascar, Senegal, Republic of Congo, and Namibia user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Six active conflicts, no new reports for Q4]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia Summit and ESEAP Conference]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Administration|Officers elections and departing members]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at Wikimania 2024]] </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:30, 15 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=27021225 --> == 1,716 pages in [[:Rukuni:Candidates for speedy deletion]] == Hello! I noticed that there is a very high amount of pages tagged for deletion. I wonder, are the pages supposed to be deleted or should the deletion tag be removed? Or does the pages have to be reviewed one by one? If the tag is to be deleted it is possible to do with a bot. –[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|talk]]) 08:44, 30 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC) :Yes, most are supposed to be deleted. I’ll go through them and recover the ones with less faults and notify you to delete the ramaining. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.92.97|102.91.92.97]] 12:02, 30 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 12:02, 30 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (July-September 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Wikimania 2024 - Lviv - Day 3 - AffCom meets community.webm|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at Wikimania 2024]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Implementation status of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Togo, Wayúu, and Singapore user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimania]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the officers elections]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at WikiIndaba and a strategy meetup]] Other Movement News: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Other_Movement_News|Regional conferences, mental health support, and new committee support inbox]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:55, 7 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=27273724 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (October-December 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Affiliations Committee 2024 05.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at its Strategic Retreat in Frankfurt]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Notes from the 2024 AffCom strategic retreat]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|User group application pause lifted]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue4_#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at WikiIndaba]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Mari Avetisyan appointed new AffCom secretary]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:04, 5 ga Faburairu, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28060527 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Admins) will expire on 2025-04-03 13:38:28. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC)</div> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2025)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:WMB meeting in Belo Horizonte in 2023 (day 02) 059.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Wikimedia Brasil, the latest chapter to be recognized by AffCom]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;"> Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Brasil and four user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 5#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia+Libraries and Wikisource conferences]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Welcoming new AffCom voting and advisory members]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|AffCom at ESEAP Strategy Summit]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:30, 26 ga Afirilu, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28324741 --> == Hi! == Hi Uncle Bash007! Appreciate the great work you are doing here. Recently we received a request to delete [[Selected Lights]] and [[Spanndo]] as they are both spam pages created for advertisement/promotion. I just wanted to forward that request to you. Thanks, --[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] ([[User talk:BRPever|talk]]) 14:58, 13 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]], done. Thank you for your effort. Pls notify me of any similar event in the future. :Best regards [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 08:33, 14 Mayu 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2025)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:MNL25 - day one 08.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at the ESEAP Strategy Summit 2025 in Manila, the Philippines]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Aotearoa New Zealand and Assamese Wikimedia Community User Group]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 6#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at the ESEAP Strategy Summit]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the AffCom officers election]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|Meet AffCom at Wikimania]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:25, 5 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28820920 --> == Correction request == Hello Uncle Bash007. Can you rename the wrongly titled article name [[Brenda Fassie]] to [[Brendan Fraser]]? Brendan Fraser is the correct name of the actor. I noticed this mistake in the Wikidata page of the actor. Yours sincerely, [[User:DewiSukarno|DewiSukarno]] ([[User talk:DewiSukarno|talk]]) 18:54, 10 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:DewiSukarno|DewiSukarno]], done. Thank you for the heads-up. I moved the page. Best regards. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 19:13, 10 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::@Uncle Bash007. ::Thank you very much. ::Yours sincerely, [[User:DewiSukarno|DewiSukarno]] ([[User talk:DewiSukarno|talk]]) 19:24, 10 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:At Wikimania 2025 127.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at Wikimania 2025 in Nairobi, Kenya]]<br> <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Georgia: recognized & announced September 2025]] Recognition Status Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Recognition Status Report|Updates of affiliate applications]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 7#AffCom at WikiConference North America|AffCom at WikiConference North America]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem|AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem]] AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Administrative Updates|AffCom at Wikimania]]</div> </div> Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025) <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|This newsletter is best translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]</div><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:11, 13 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Buszmail@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=29907013 --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <!-- == Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) == --> <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. [[File:AffCom_and_GRDC_members_at_APP_meeting,_Lisbon_2026_01_(cropped).jpg|220px|right|thumb|AffCom and GRDC members at APP meeting, Lisbon, Portugal]] <div style="column-count:1;"> Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|This past quarter, AffCom recognized no new Affiliates due to the pause in recognizing new affiliates.]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#AffCom Conflict Intervention|AffCom is currently addressing eight ongoing affiliate conflict cases received in previous quarters.]] Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension|The Wikimedia Foundation, together with the AffCom, has extended the pause on new affiliate recognition until September 1, 2026.]] New Affiliate Model Development Efforts: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#New Affiliate Model Development Efforts|The Affiliations Committee held collaborative meetings with the Global Resource Distribution Committee (GRDC) to explore the development of a new affiliations model.]] Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: Updates on the Movement Organizations Pilot, GRDC, and AffCom|Two major pilot initiatives were launched to address long-standing questions about the roles of movement organizations and the future of resource allocation.]] <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]</div><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:50, 03 May 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Buszmail@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=30057452 --> nx2ldnxk98cstffjbm9ef0l64x7vyz8 0 13183 829472 477205 2026-05-04T00:12:02Z ~2026-27023-12 44550 /* Hotuna */ 829472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assembleia Nacional da Guiné-Bissau.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Ginin zuren majalisar Guine-Bissau]] [[File:Cattedrale Bissau.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Cattedrale Bissau]] '''Bisau''' ko '''Bissau''' Birni ne, da ke a ƙasar [[Gine-Bisau]]. Shi ne babban birnin ƙasar Gine-Bisau. Bisau yana da yawan jama'a 492,004, bisa ga jimillar 2015. An gina birnin Bisau a shekara ta 1687. [[File:Bissau geba.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Bakin ruwa, Bissau gaba]] ==Hotuna== <gallery> Fayil:Bandeira Bissau.PNG|Tutar Bissau Fayil:Bissau (19362097179).jpg|Bissau Fayil:Djambadon 2.jpg|Wani na Rawa a wani dandali a Birnin Fayil:Gigantic Chhatri of Seth Podar.jpg|Chhatri of Seth Podar Fayil:Mercado central de Bissau.jpg|Mercado Bissau Fayil:DC - Bissau - Depósitos de combustíveis - 1.jpg|DC - Bissau - Depots na mai Fayil:Vue du ciel de Bissau.jpg|Duba daga sararin Bissau Fayil:Viagem de Bissau para Bolama, Guiné-Bissau – 2018-03-02 - DSCN0939.jpg|Tafiya daga Bissau zuwa Bolama, Guinea-Bissau - 2018-03-02 Fayil:Bissau 1991 (15752363966).jpg|Wani Titi a birnin, 1991 Fayil:The Tabco man.jpg|Wani mutum kenan a birnin </gallery> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bisau}} [[Category:Biranen Gine-Bisau]] p608ojgo2xl9gd5239plgluu7w87406 0 15333 829288 535889 2026-05-03T14:44:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Oshoke Abalu.jpg|thumb|Pamela Abalu]] '''Pamela Abalu''' (an haife ta ne a shekarar 1978) yar [[kasuwa]] ce, kuma mai fitar da tsarin kaya. <ref>http://www.crainsnewyork.com/40under40/2016/Abalu{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>http://www.newsobserver.com/news/business/article25164964.html</ref><ref>https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/11/29/were-only-human-open-offices-get-a-much-needed-do.html</ref><ref>https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/11/29/were-only-human-open-offices-get-a-much-needed-do.html</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == Abalu yar [[Najeriya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://punchng.com/tinubu-celebrates-as-nigeria-sells-gold-injects-5m-into-economy/%3Famp&ved=2ahUKEwiHkvenqfOGAxX7U0EAHZ0vAd4QyM8BKAB6BAgMEAE&usg=AOvVaw3Xf5WE758v4u2mvR5kIYt7</nowiki></ref> ce, wacce take zaune a kasar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://pe.usembassy.gov/ambassador-of-the-united-states-of-america-to-peru-stephanie-syptak-ramnath/&ved=2ahUKEwiEnK_LqfOGAxWoRkEAHUJpCyIQxfQBKAB6BAgREAI&usg=AOvVaw3zoR-TREe63dNx2govgo5b</nowiki></ref>, A lokacin yarintar ta, ta kuma kasatance tanayin kasuwanci a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://punchng.com/creation-of-new-emirates-an-assault-on-our-culture-sanusi-defends-kano-unity/%3Famp&ved=2ahUKEwiLw5zuqfOGAxVwaEEAHR3mBAkQyM8BKAB6BAgKEAE&usg=AOvVaw0CaLiEeamOvC-lZtWdcvij</nowiki></ref>, Arewacin Najeriya kafin ta shiga makarantar allo t,a mata duka tana da shekaru 10.<ref>Audrey Quinn,{{cite news|title=Facilitator Pamela Abalu, head of global design and construction, MetLife|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/facilitator-pamela-abalu-head-of-global-design-and-construction-metlife/|accessdate=3 January 2021|publisher=zdnet.com|date=12 October 2013}}</ref> Aikin mahaifinta tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan tattalin arzikin noma ya gabatar da ita ga duniya, tare da sake mata matsuguni zuwa wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin gine-gine daga Jami'ar Jihar [[Iowa|Lowa]], da ke Ames, Lowa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.contractdesign.com/practice/Designer-You-Should-Know-Pamela-Abalu-40992.shtml |access-date=2020-11-07 |archive-date=2017-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727082157/http://www.contractdesign.com/practice/Designer-You-Should-Know-Pamela-Abalu-40992.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="bizjournals.com">https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/11/29/were-only-human-open-offices-get-a-much-needed-do.html</ref> == Ayyuka == Abalu ta fara aikin farko a fannin gine-gine bayan ta kammala karatun firamare a kwaleji a kamfanin [[New York (jiha)|New York]] na Perkins Eastman .<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Porter|first=Jane|date=2017|title=There are Fewer Than 400 African American Women Architects in the U.S. Meet One of Them|url=https://time.com/collection/american-voices-2017/4678729/pamela-abalu-american-voices/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128060527/https://time.com/collection/american-voices-2017/4678729/pamela-abalu-american-voices/|archive-date=2020-11-28|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Time|language=en-us|quote=to work at the firm Perkins Eastman as an intern the summer after my freshman year...You got your architecture license in 2005}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da manyan kamfanoni da yawa, gami da Bloomberg LP, L'Oréal, da Goldman Sachs. Ta zama Babban Masanin gine-gine a MetLife a cikin 2011, tana kula da ƙirar gine-gine a cikin dukiyar kamfanin 1,500 a kusan ƙasashe 50 don fiye da ma'aikata 57,000.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-05-17|title=Designer You Should Know Pamela Abalu|url=http://www.contractdesign.com/practice/Designer-You-Should-Know-Pamela-Abalu-40992.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727082157/http://www.contractdesign.com/practice/Designer-You-Should-Know-Pamela-Abalu-40992.shtml|archive-date=2017-07-27|access-date=2020-12-29|website=contract|quote=The daughter of a United Nations diplomat, Abalu is a graduate of the College of Design at Iowa State University and a licensed architect. With previous experience at Perkins+Will and Vollmer Associates, Abalu joined MetLife in 2011 and was named to the Crain’s New York Business 40 Under 40 list in 2016.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-04-24|title=Morris Arts to host "Great Conversations" Thursday|url=http://www.dailyrecord.com/story/news/local/2017/04/24/morris-arts-host-great-conversations-thursday/100838946/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=24 April 2018|website=|publisher=Daily Record}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Daniel|first=Adam|date=March 21, 2014|title=Sneak peek: The CBJ's private tour of MetLife's new Charlotte retail headquarters|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/blog/bank_notes/2014/03/sneak-peek-the-cbjs-private-tour-of-metlifes-new.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Bizjournals.com|quote=Pamela Abalu-Broadwater}}</ref> Abalu ya gabatarda sabbin dabarun ƙirƙirar ƙirƙire ƙirƙire wanda yake haifar da fadakarwa da kuma mutuntaka cikin canjin wurin aiki na duniya, gami da ingantacciyar sabuwar hanyar sa hannu don makomar hadawa: ''Superpowers & Symphony'' .<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=2017|title=Metlife opens world-class global technology campus in Galway|url=http://www.advertiser.ie/galway/article/96578/metlife-opens-world-class-global-technology-campus-in-galway|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=24 April 2018|website=Galway Advertiser|publisher=}}</ref> Abalu hazikin mai tunani ne kuma mai gwagwarmaya wanda ya motsa allurar, ya kuma farfashe rufin gilashi kuma ya ba da damar tattaunawa mafi girma game da makomar aiki. Oshoke shine wanda ya kirkiro kamfanin The ''Love & Magic'' Company, malami a ''Inner MBA'', kuma wani Crain 's ''40 Karkashin 40 ya'' karrama a shekarar 2016.Oshoke da aikinta an saka su a cikin Smart Planet, Real Simple Magazine, Mujallar Domino, Mujallar Tsara Gida, ABC, NBC, Kamfani Mai Sauri, TED, BOLD TV da sauransu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/oshoke_pamela_abalu_symphony_a_new_language_for_diversity_inclusion|title=Symphony: A New Language for Diversity & Inclusion|publisher=ted.com|accessdate=30 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90349870/we-need-a-new-language-to-discuss-diversity-and-inclusion|title=We need a new language to discuss diversity and inclusion|publisher=fastcompany.com|accessdate=30 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90488101/how-to-create-a-new-blueprint-for-inclusion-in-a-covid-19-world|title=How to create a new blueprint for inclusion in a COVID-19 world|publisher=fastcompany.com|accessdate=30 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90566219/4-things-you-can-do-right-now-to-make-the-future-of-work-and-life-more-inclusive|title=4 things you can do right now to make the future of work (and life) more inclusive|publisher=fastcompany.com|accessdate=30 December 2020}}</ref> == Lamban girmaa == * '''G2016''' - Crain's 40 Under 40 mai girmamawa <ref>http://www.tnj.com/2013/pamela-o-abalu-0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615213957/http://www.tnj.com/2013/pamela-o-abalu-0 |date=2017-06-15 }} The Network Journal 40 Under Forty</ref> == Manazartai == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://www.metlife.com/about/press-room/index.html?compID=171187 Sanarwa da aka buga: Metlife na Bikin Bude Babbar Makarantar Kasuwancin Duniya Mai Daraja a Cary, North Carolina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002626/https://www.metlife.com/about/press-room/index.html?compID=171187 |date=2017-09-22 }} * Pamela Abalu [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Lagos]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mata]] dh4tqa7avh8otwrm127lwrjg8qwz6kz 0 16345 829294 739141 2026-05-03T15:19:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Pas d'or pour Kalsaka''''' ([[Faransanci]]) fim ne na shekarar 2019, [[Burkina Faso]] shirin fim da aka rubuta da kuma ba da umarni Michel K. Zongo kuma co-samar da Florian Schewe.<ref name=Crew/><ref name=Akh/> == Samarwa == An yi fim ɗin ne a lardin Yatenga na [[Burkina faso|Burkina Faso]]. Michel K. Zongo ne ya kirkireshi da Production Diam da Florian Schewe na Film Five GmbH.<ref name=Main/><ref name=Crew/> == Makirci / Taƙaitawa == Tun da daɗewa, a yankin [[Afirka]] ta [[Burkina faso|Burkina Faso]], mutanen ƙauyen Kalsaka sun yi haƙa kuma suna amfani da zinariya don tattalin arzikinsu. Amma da zuwan wani kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na kasashen [[Burtaniya]] da yawa, amma, an kawo karshen hakan saboda an raba mutanen gaba daya daga amfanin ma'adanai daga ƙasarsu.kungiyoyin ƙauyen, duk da haka, jagorancin Jean-Baptiste, yana gwagwarmaya da ƙarfi don karɓar abin da yake nata.<ref name=Main>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfive.net/no-gold-for-kalsaka.html |title=No Gold for Kalsaka {{!}} Documentary {{!}} By Michael K Zongo |publisher=Film Five |access-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Crew>{{Cite web |url=https://www.crew-united.com/en/No-Gold-for-Kalsaka__249791.html |title=No Gold for Kalsaka {{!}} Pas d'Or pour Kalsaka |publisher=Crew United |access-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Akh>{{Cite web |url=https://en.akhbar1.com/no-gold-for-kalsaka-a-burkina-faso-community-s-lost-land-37242.html |title=No Gold for Kalsaka: A Burkina Faso community's lost land |publisher=Akhbar 1 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116111355/https://en.akhbar1.com/no-gold-for-kalsaka-a-burkina-faso-community-s-lost-land-37242.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gabani == Fim ɗin ya sami gabatarwa don ''mafi kyawun'' kundin tarihi a cikin Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka na 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/amaa-2019-here-are-all-the-winners-at-the-15th-edition-of-award/m1ppsb7 |title=AMAA 2019: Here are all the winners at the 15th edition of movie award |date=October 27, 2019 |publisher=Pulse Nigeria |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |access-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mubi.com/awards-and-festivals/166e6f93-8463-41e0-b768-3a3abea30756?year=2019 |title=Africa Movie Academy Awards 2019 |publisher=Mubi |access-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108000908/https://mubi.com/awards-and-festivals/166e6f93-8463-41e0-b768-3a3abea30756?year=2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://africine.org/analyse/amaa-2019-the-nominees/14762 |title=AMAA 2019, the nominees {{!}} The ceremony is scheduled on the 27th of October 2019 in Lagos, Nigeria |last=Dia |first=Thierno Ibrahima |date=September 19, 2019 |publisher=Africine |access-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-date=November 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114080908/http://africine.org/analyse/amaa-2019-the-nominees/14762 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/african-movie-academy-awards-amaa-releases-full-nominees-ghana-gets-11-nominations/ |title=African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) Releases Full Nominees- Ghana Gets 11 Nominations |author=GABS |date=December 15, 2019 |publisher=GhGossips |access-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106063857/https://www.ghgossip.com/african-movie-academy-awards-amaa-releases-full-nominees-ghana-gets-11-nominations/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theculturenewspaper.com/amaa-returns-to-lagos-for-15th-annual-academy-awards/ |title=AMAA returns to Lagos for 15th Annual Academy Awards |last=Akanbi |first=Yinka |date=October 25, 2019 |publisher=TCN |access-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theportcitynews.com/2019/10/28/see-the-full-list-of-amaa-2019-winners/ |title=See The Full List Of AMAA 2019 Winners |date=October 28, 2019 |publisher=TPCN |access-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-date=November 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120050130/https://theportcitynews.com/2019/10/28/see-the-full-list-of-amaa-2019-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tellerafrica.com/amaa-africa-movie-academy-awards-2019/ |title=AMAA: Africa Movie Academy Awards 2019 |date=October 24, 2019 |publisher=Teller Africa |access-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119052519/https://tellerafrica.com/amaa-africa-movie-academy-awards-2019/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Saki == A cewar [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt8666786/ IMDb], an fitar da fim din ne a 24 ga Fabrairu, 2019. A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2019 tare da haɗin gwiwar Montreal International Documentary Festival (RIDM), Cinema Politica an nuna shi daga Concordia ce ta fara fim ɗin a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.concordia.ca/cuevents/main/2019/11/15/cinema-politica-presents-no-gold-for-kalsaka-with-director-michel-k-zongo.html |title=Cinema Politica presents No Gold For Kalsaka with director Michel K. Zongo |publisher=Concordia |access-date=November 11, 2020}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt8666786/ Babu Zinare don Kalsaka] akan [[IMDb]] * [https://www.idfa.nl/en/film/3087bb47-9303-42e8-ab48-8e3860323af3/no-gold-for-kalsaka Babu Zinare don Kalsaka] akan IDFA * [https://www.dokfest-muenchen.de/films/view/18440 Babu Zinare don Kalsaka] akan DOC.fest * [http://www.bigskyfilmfest.org/festival/films-2020-view/no_gold_for_kalsaka Babu Zinare don Kalsaka] akan Bikin Fim na Bigsky * [https://www.oneworld.cz/2020/films-a-z/40666 Babu Zinare don Kalsaka] akan Duniya ɗaya * [https://hrffb2020.eventive.org/films/5f2edb50e1b012005b748095 Babu Zinare don Kalsaka] akan HRFFB 2020 [[Category:Fim]] ki0xta53wr1c2obttafirykn557a8ix 0 17666 829575 707588 2026-05-04T09:18:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Abraham Lincoln and religion (1897) (14776491292).jpg|thumb|Abraham Lincoln yana tattaunawa akan rikicin addini a shekarar 1897]] '''Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya''' ana iya raba shi zuwa fannoni biyu masu fadi:   * Rikicin kabilanci da addini, wanda aka danganta shi ga Dalibai da aka raba su ta hanyar al'adu, kabilu, ko al'ummomin addinai da kuma asalinsu, kamar lokutan rikicin addini tsakanin al'ummomin Kirista da Musulmi. * Rikicin makiyaya da manoma, galibi wanda ya shafi rikice-rikice kan filaye da / ko shanu tsakanin makiyaya (musamman [[Fulani]] da [[Hausawa]] ) da manoma (musamman Adara, Berom, [[Tiv]] da Tarok ). Jihohin da lamarin ya fi shafa su ne na Najeriya ta Tsakiya kamar [[Benue (jiha)|Benue]], [[Taraba]] da [[Plateau (jiha)|Plateau]]. Tashin hankali ya kai kololuwa sau biyu a cikin Shekara ta 2004 da 2011 tare da kusan mutuwar 2000 a wadannan shekarun. Hakan ya haifar da asarar rayuka sama da 700 a cikin 2015 kawai. == Dalili == [[Canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi ya]] taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hijirar Fulani makiyaya. Kasashen Afirka sun fi fama da matsalar sauyin yanayi a duniya. Wannan ra'ayin ya taimaka wajen hijirar [[Fulani Makiyaya]] daga Arewa zuwa kudu maso yammacin Najeriya{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}. Kamar yadda aka lura daga samfurin "Turawa", kwararowar hamada, zaizayar ƙasa, fari, gurbatar yanayi, guguwar yashi, da cututtukan da duk suka samo asali daga canjin yanayi sun sanya Fulani Makiyaya barin garuruwansu. Wannan galibi galibi saboda fari ne wanda lokutan zamani suka dage fiye da yadda ake tsammani, kamar ƙwarin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} . Haka kuma, cututtuka sun samo asali daga yanayin yanayi kuma suna kashe dabbobin wadannan makiyayan. Don haka, yawancin Fulani, wadanda aka fi sani da "the Bororos", suna da niyyar yin daura zuwa kudu inda ake samun ingantattun ciyayi, yanayin yanayi, damar kasuwa, da fata. == Rikicin makiyaya da manoma == Tun bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Huɗu a shekarar 1999, rikicin manoma da makiyaya ya kashe dubban mutane tare da raba wasu dubun dubata da muhallansu. Rashin tsaro da tashe-tashen hankula sun sa jama'a da yawa kirkirar sojojin kare kai da mayadan kabilanci, wadanda suka tsunduma cikin karin tashin hankali.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Mafi yawan manomi-sa'iqi rikicin sun faru tsakanin Musulmi [[Fulani Makiyaya|Fulani makiyaya]] da kuma manoma Kirista, exacerbating ethnoreligious tashin. Wannan tashin hankali ya samo asali ne daga alaqar da ke tsakanin Fulanin Bororo da [[Yarbawa|manoma Yarbawa]] . Kafin wannan, mutanen Fulanin sun yi kaura zuwa yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]] shekaru aru aru da suka gabata. A hakika, a cikin ƙarni na 18, wasu rukunin Fulani uku daban-daban sun yi kaura zuwa garin [[Iseyin (birni)|Iseyin]] . Wadannan kungiyoyin sun hada da Bangu, [[Daular Sokoto|Sokoto]], da Bororo Fulani. Daga cikin wadannan rukunoni uku, Fulanin Bororo musamman kungiyar ce ta raba kansu da manoma Yarbawa. A halin yanzu, Bangu da Sakkwato sun hadaka alaqar aiki da Yarbawan Najeriya. Ta wannan dangantakar, suka ci gajiyar juna daga kayan shanu da noma. Fulanin za su yi fataucin duk wani kayan masarufi da suka ciro daga shanunsu zuwa na Yarbawa don amfanin gonakinsu.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Amma, hijirar Fulanin Bororo sun canza wannan dangantakar kasancewar ana ganin sun fi Fulani tashin hankali. Wannan bambancin ya kara tsananta kasancewar basa jin yaren Yarbanci na asali ba kamar yadda Fulani mazauna yankin ke yi ba. Yayin da makiyaya Fulanin Bororo suka hade cikin wannan yankin sai shanun da suka mallaka suka fara lalata gonakin manoma Yarbawa{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} . Wannan ya haifar da sabani ya zama gama gari tsakanin wadannan rukunonin biyu. Wata shari’ar da za a iya lura da ita ita ce lokacin da aka kara shigar da tarkacen jirgin a cikin manoma a cikin garin Iseyin bayan an kori wata kungiyar Fulani ta Bororo daga garin Oyo suka yi hijira zuwa can a 1998. Wani rikicin da Fulanin Bororo suka yi fama da shi shi ne na shekarar 1804 lokacin da Fulanin suka yi Yadin Tsarkaka tsakanin waɗanda suka nuna Musulmi ne kuma suka yi magana da Hausawa da waɗanda har yanzu suke da alaqa da kabilun Maguzawa. Yakin ya gudana a yankin arewacin Najeriya{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} . Wannan yakin ya haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin kungiyoyin Fulani biyu. Wata kungiya ta hade da Hausawa kuma a hade take kamar Hausawa yayin rike mukamai na dukiya da mulki. Sauran rukuni sun kiyaye hanyoyin makiyayarsu ba tare da sun hada kai da wasu kabilun ba{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} . Wannan shine daga karshe ya zama Fulanin Bororo wanda ke nufin Bush ko Fulanin Shanu. A yanzu haka, rikici tsakanin Fulani makiyaya da wasu manoman Najeriya ya tsananta. Daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2016, kimanin mutane 2,000 aka kashe yayin da dubun dubata suka rasa muhallansu. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda karuwar kungiyoyin jihadi, irin su [[Rikicin Boko Haram|Boko Haram]] . Kasancewar su ya sanya hatsari ga makiyaya da manoma da ke kiwo a Arewacin Nijeriya. Gwamnati ba ta yi kokari kadan don shiga tsakani da kirkirar makirci don rage wannan rikici ba{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} . Saboda haka, makiyaya da manoma sun dauki nauyin magance rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a tsakanin al'umma wanda ke karfafa rikici. == Yankin Abet na Fulani Makiyaya == Abet, wanda aka fi sani da Kachichere, wani yanki ne na Fulani. Suna zaune ne a yankin Abet na Najeriya bayan sun yi daura zuwa can a karni na 18. Suna zaune a wani yanki na kimanin shekaru 3 zuwa 5 kafin su sake yin 'yan kilomitoci tsakanin Abet. Da zarar sun kafa gidan gida, garken garkensu suna kiwo cikin tazarar mil 3{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} . Dalilin da ya sa suka fi son yin kiwo a cikin Abet shi ne saboda kyakyawan yanayin da yake da shi ga dabbobinsu. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga lokacin rani wanda yayi daidai da lokacin haihuwar shanu da samar da madara.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Bugu da ƙari, ya fi sauki ga garken dabbobi a cikin wadannan filayen fili maimakon a cikin wuraren da ke cike da ciyayi. Don hakkin kasa a cikin wannan yanki, ana iya ba wa iyalen Fulani hakkin bangarorin kasar ta hanyar tsarin al'ada. Don haka, ana rarraba ƙasa daga Shugabanni ko wadanda ke kula da ƙauyukan da waɗannan filayen suke zaune.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} == Sauran misalai == Karin wasu lokuta na rikice-rikicen kabilanci a Nijeriya suna nan; waɗannan galibi rikice-rikicen birni ne ko irin wannan, misali rikice-rikicen Yarbawa da Hausawa a Legas, kisan kabilar Ibo na 1966 ko rikicin da ke tsakanin Itsekiri da Ijaw a jihar Delta. Sauran su ne rikicin fili tsakanin makwabta, kamar rikici tsakanin Ile-Ife da Modakeke a karshen shekarun 1990s da kuma a jihar Ebonyi a 2011. == Manazarta == == Shawara karatu == *   == Hanyoyin hadin waje == * [https://uppsalaconflictdataprogram.wordpress.com/2012/06/21/backgrounder-communal-conflicts-in-nigeria/ Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya] * [http://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483 Mai Binciken Tsaron Najeriya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110011423/http://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483 |date=2014-01-10 }} * [http://www.acleddata.com/data/version-5-data-1997-2014/ ACLED Bayanai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522071642/http://www.acleddata.com/data/version-5-data-1997-2014/ |date=2015-05-22 }} * [http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/stop-this-massacre-agatu-community-begs-nsa-ig/ Dakatar da wannan kisan gillar, Al'ummar Agatu suna rokon NSA, IG] [[Category:Rikici a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] e7cj6dv2q3dpo72cz0hty0an08wbslg 0 18224 829475 271148 2026-05-04T00:32:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A [[Sufiyya|masu zumunci]], a '''''rabbani'''''( {{Lang-ar|رَبَّانِيّ}} ; '''<nowiki/>'Mutum mai tsoron''' Allah'), ko ribi, wassil ne wanda yake haɗe da Allah . <ref>https://books.google.dz/books?id=Ae-pK5S7zUAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> <ref>https://books.google.dz/books?id=TAZ7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT321#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>. == Gabatarwa == An ambaci kalmar ''rabbani'' ko ''ribbi'' a cikin [[Al Kur'ani|Alqurani]] zuwa Āyates da yawa, kamar: * '''Suratu Al Imran, Āyah: 79 .''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://al-quran.info/#3:79 |access-date=2021-03-05 |archive-date=2004-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040101022957/https://al-quran.info/#3:79 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Halaye == ''Rabbani'' yana da halaye da dama da [[Al Kur'ani|Alqurani ya]] ambata, kamar haka: <ref>https://www.alro7.net/ayaq.php?aya=79&sourid=3{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Koyo da Littãfi ( {{Lang-ar|بِمَا كُنتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ الْكِتَابَ}} ) a cikin Warsh recitation [ ar ] . <ref>http://www.quran7m.com/searchResults/003079.html{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Karantar da Littãfin ( {{Lang-ar|بِمَا كُتُعَلم الْكِتَابَ}} ) a cikin Hafs recitation [ ar ] . <ref>http://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/katheer/sura3-aya79.html</ref> * Nazarin Littafi da sauran ilimomin ( {{Lang-ar|وَبِمَا كُنتُمْ تَدْرُسُونَ}} ). <ref>http://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/qortobi/sura3-aya79.html</ref> * Tallafa addinin ( {{Lang-ar|وَكَأَيِّن مِن نَبِيٍّ قاتَلَ مَعَهُ رِبِّيّونَ كَثيرٌ}} ). <ref>https://www.alro7.net/ayaq.php?aya=146&sourid=3 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716094124/https://www.alro7.net/ayaq.php?aya=146&sourid=3 |date=2022-07-16 }}</ref> * Sabr lokacin fuskantar Ibtila'e [ Ar ] ( {{Lang-ar|فَما وَهَنوا لِما أَصابَهُم في سَبيلِ اللَّهِ وَما ضَعُفوا وَمَا استَكانوا ۗ وَاللَّهُ يُحِبُّ الصّابِرينَ}} ضعفوا وما استكانوا والله يحب الصابرين ). <ref>http://www.quran7m.com/searchResults/003146.html{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Aikace-aikace na fikihu ( {{Lang-ar|إِنّا أَنزَلنَا التَّوراةَ فيها هُدًى وَنورٌ ۚ يَحكُمُ بِهَا النَّبِيّونَ الَّذينَ أَسلَموا لِلَّذينَ هادوا وَالرَّبّانِيّونَ وَالأَحبارُ}} النبيون الذين أسلموا للذين هادوا والربانيون والأحبار ). <ref>https://www.alro7.net/ayaq.php?langg=arabic&aya=44&sourid=5 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624101512/http://www.alro7.net/ayaq.php?langg=arabic&aya=44&sourid=5 |date=2018-06-24 }}</ref> * Tsare da amincin Littãfin Allah ( {{Lang-ar|بِمَا استُحفِظوا مِن كِتابِ اللَّهِ}} ). * M da shaida da addini ( {{Lang-ar|وَكانوا عَلَيهِ شُهَداءَ}} ). * Hani zunubi magana ( {{Lang-ar|لَولا يَنهاهُمُ الرَّبّانِيّونَ وَالأَحبارُ عَن قَولِهِمُ الإِثمَ}} ). <ref>http://www.quran7m.com/searchResults/005063.html{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Hani cinyewa haram samu ( {{Lang-ar|وَأَكلِهِمُ السُّحتَ}} ). == Duba kuma == * Littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki * Talibe * Murid * Salik * Wassil * Siddiq == Manazarta == gns5ruab08ubdcgnf2hv0vvatg6z6fk 4 21908 829439 828910 2026-05-03T21:27:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 829439 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Abdulwaheed free|Abdulwaheed free]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdulwaheed free|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Zhaoyigao|Zhaoyigao]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zhaoyigao|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Amgero|Amgero]] |[[Special:Contributions/Amgero|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Carpinchopedia|Carpinchopedia]] |[[Special:Contributions/Carpinchopedia|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |5 |[[User:SnazzySnazzles|SnazzySnazzles]] |[[Special:Contributions/SnazzySnazzles|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Rndmnss|Rndmnss]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rndmnss|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |7 |[[User:261026CQ|261026CQ]] |[[Special:Contributions/261026CQ|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |8 |[[User:Saadatu maje|Saadatu maje]] |[[Special:Contributions/Saadatu maje|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |9 |[[User:Freetrashbox|Freetrashbox]] |[[Special:Contributions/Freetrashbox|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |10 |[[User:Gvelf|Gvelf]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gvelf|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Razakar24|Razakar24]] |[[Special:Contributions/Razakar24|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Yasirubk|Yasirubk]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yasirubk|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Golgbachev|Golgbachev]] |[[Special:Contributions/Golgbachev|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |14 |[[User:Aysharthss|Aysharthss]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aysharthss|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Animaǂ|Animaǂ]] |[[Special:Contributions/Animaǂ|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |16 |[[User:Bishaldev100|Bishaldev100]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bishaldev100|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |17 |[[User:Chrisnnadi555|Chrisnnadi555]] |[[Special:Contributions/Chrisnnadi555|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |18 |[[User:Gedmfc|Gedmfc]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gedmfc|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |19 |[[User:T. Wirbitzki|T. Wirbitzki]] |[[Special:Contributions/T. Wirbitzki|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |20 |[[User:AsmudSemen|AsmudSemen]] |[[Special:Contributions/AsmudSemen|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Take Mirrenberg|Take Mirrenberg]] |[[Special:Contributions/Take Mirrenberg|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |22 |[[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] |[[Special:Contributions/Buszmail|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |23 |[[User:Amrendra kumar ray|Amrendra kumar ray]] |[[Special:Contributions/Amrendra kumar ray|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |24 |[[User:Ahmed1215617|Ahmed1215617]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ahmed1215617|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 3 ga Mayu 2026 |- |} mgtp8zwkg8uibspfz5ugdnrctmaz766 3 25183 829303 782626 2026-05-03T16:06:23Z MediaWiki message delivery 3927 /* Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) */ sabon sashe 829303 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, IbrahimYakubuomar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/IbrahimYakubuomar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma ina fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:Em-mustapha|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode.[[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>''Em-mustapha''</u></b></samp></span>]] ^{<samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp>} 16:45, 17 Satumba 2021 (UTC) == Jan hankali == Barka da ƙoƙari, muna farin ciki da gudunmawar da kake badawa wurin inganta shafukan Wikipedia. Sai abinda nake son jan hankalin ka akai shine, naga kana share space maimakon barinsa a tsakanin kalma da kalma, ko tsakanin comma, fullstop da kalmar dake biye masu, wannan kuskure idan kabi tsarin ƙa'ida na rubutu, akwai sarari tsakanin kalmomi da abinda ke biye masu, idan kana son ƙarin bayani akan yadda tsarin rubutu a Wikipedia yake duba nan [https://en:Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation Wikipedia Manual of Style, Punctuation] acikin harshen turanci. Idan akwai abinda baka fahimta ba, zaka iya tambaya. Nagode [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>''Em-mustapha''</u></b></samp></span>]] ^{<samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp>} 21:37, 1 Oktoba 2021 (UTC) Nagode bisa kulawa dan uwa, amma writing style na British no spacing after punctuations, but will look into your correction. Tnx bro [[User:IbrahimYakubuomar|IbrahimYakubuomar]] ([[User talk:IbrahimYakubuomar#top|talk]]) 21:46, 1 Oktoba 2021 (UTC) ::Nagode da amsarka, amma fa default writing system a Wikipedia akwai space, dalilin da yasa na baka link kenan zuwa [https://en:Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation Wikipedia Manual of Style (MOS)] domin karanta kaga yadda tsarin rubutun yake anan dan kaima kayi ƙoƙarin bin ƙa'idar, kuma wannan ƙa'idar ta Wikipedia ba'a harshen wata ƙasa ƙwara ɗaya aka yi ta ba. Shin mu a yanzu a harshen Hausa wace tsari ce muke bi ko zamu bi, shin zamu riƙa cire space ɗin ne yafi ko a riƙa sanyawa shine yafi? Dukda dai ban taɓa cin karo da wani littafi bahaushiya ba wacce aka rubuta batare da spacing after punctuation ba. Kayi hakuri, idan aka maido da gyararrakin ka da kayi a na share space, ina fatan ka fahimta. Nagode da ƙoƙari. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>''Em-mustapha''</u></b></samp></span>]] ^{<samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp>} 22:48, 1 Oktoba 2021 (UTC) Salaam, Nagode sosai da wannan gyaran da kayimun.Tnx bro [[User:IbrahimYakubuomar|IbrahimYakubuomar]] ([[User talk:IbrahimYakubuomar#top|talk]]) 04:55, 2 Oktoba 2021 (UTC) :Assalam, duba wannan shafin [[Michael Otedola]] ka rikitar da ita sanadiyar [[Special:MobileDiff/116005?|wannan edit ɗin da kayi]], infobox ɗin ya lalace, kayi irin haka haka a maƙalar [[Sadiya Umar Farouk]] sai dana gyara. Ina fatan zaka riƙa kula sosai da taka tsantsan. Nagode. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>''Em-mustapha''</u></b></samp></span>]] ^{<samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp>} 12:03, 5 Oktoba 2021 (UTC) ::Kuma nakan ga kana sanya fullstop bayan reftag, shima nan ba'a sanya masa fullstop, haka a bayan Category, shima ba'a sanya fullstop, a taƙaice dai duk wani tag a shafi ba'a sanya masa comma ko fullstop. Dafatan ka fahimta. Nagode da gudunmawar da kake bayarwa. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>''Em-mustapha''</u></b></samp></span>]] ^{<samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp>} 12:23, 5 Oktoba 2021 (UTC) == Mukala: Ƙugiya == Barka da warhaka [[User:IbrahimYakubuomar|IbrahimYakubuomar]], da fatan kana lafiya. Muna godiya da gudummawar da kake ba da wa a wannan shafi na Hausa da fatan zaka tsaya ka cigaba da aiki mai kyau. Naga ka kirkiri mukala/article akan kungiya wacce kayi bayanin ma'anar ita kugiyar. To inaga kamar akwai inda ya fi dacewa da wannan watau Kamus na Hausa (Hausa Wikitionary) inda muke rubuta ma'anonin kalmomi. Saboda haka zan maida wanna shafin na kugiya zuwa can [[https://ha.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ƙugiya|Link]]. Idan kana neman karin bayani akan Wikitionary ko waninsa to kofa bude ta ke, kana iya tambaya na ko wani kwararren edita. Nagode[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ([[User talk:Uncle Bash007|talk]]) 10:45, 20 Satumba 2022 (UTC) == Gyara == Barka dai [[User:787IYO|787IYO]], Sunana [[User:Gwanki|Gwanki]] Administrator a Hausa Wikipedia. Nayi duba da maƙalolin da kake ƙirƙira naga kusan dukkan su maƙaloli ne da ya kamata a yi su a [http://ha.wiktionary.org Hausa Wiktionary]. Kafin ka cigaba da ƙirƙirar makala a Hausa Wikipedia ka daure ka karanta [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|wannan]]. Idan kana neman ƙarin bayani kayi min magana a shafi na na tattaunawa. Amma ka sani admins na Hausa Wikipedia ba za su cigaba da barin irin wadannan maƙalolin ba. Idan sunyi karo da su za su iya goge su. Nagode [[User:Gwanki|<b style="color:#FF00FF">Gwanki</b>]][[User talk:Gwanki|<sup style="color:#800000">(Yi Min Magana)</sup>]] 17:25, 21 Satumba 2022 (UTC) == Translations for Wikimania 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hi {{ROOTPAGENAME}}, You are receiving this notification because you have listed yourself as a volunteer for Wikimania 2023 either [[m:Wikimania 2023/Volunteers|on Meta]] or [[wikimania:2023:Volunteer|on Wikimania wiki]]. We already have a few pages related to Wikimania 2023 available for translation on Wikimania wiki. Your help with translating these pages in your languages would be highly appreciated. Currently the following pages are available for translation: *[[wikimania:2023:Contact]] *[[wikimania:2023:Expo space]] *[[wikimania:2023:Glossary]] *[[wikimania:2023:Ideas]] *[[wikimania:2023:Ideas/Globe]] *[[wikimania:2023:Organizers]] *[[wikimania:2023:Program]] *[[wikimania:2023:Travel]] *[[wikimania:2023:Updates]] *[[wikimania:2023:Volunteer]] *[[wikimania:2023:Volunteer signup]] *[[wikimania:2023:Wikimania]] *[[wikimania:Template:Wikimania 2023 header]] If you do not want to reiceive further notifications about pages related to Wikimania 2023, which are available for translation, you may remove your name from [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimania 2023 translations|this list]]. Thanks for your help! --[[User:Ameisenigel|Ameisenigel]] ([[User talk:Ameisenigel|talk]]) <small>This message was delivered through [[<tvar name="mass-delivery">Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery</tvar>|Global message delivery]]</small> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:14, 28 Disamba 2022 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ameisenigel@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimania_2023_translations&oldid=24285311 --> == Translations for Wikimania 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hi {{ROOTPAGENAME}}, You are receiving this notification because you have listed yourself as a volunteer for Wikimania 2023 either [[m:Wikimania 2023/Volunteers|on Meta]] or [[wikimania:2023:Volunteer|on Wikimania wiki]] or because you have [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimania 2023 translations|subscribed on Meta]]. We already have a few pages related to Wikimania 2023 available for translation on Wikimania wiki. Your help with translating the following pages in your languages would be highly appreciated: *[[wikimania:2023:Health]] *[[wikimania:2023:Scholarship Questions]] *[[wikimania:2023:Scholarships]] *[[wikimania:2023:Scholarships/FAQ]] *[[wikimania:2023:Scholarships/Samples]] *[[wikimania:2023:Scholarships/Travel Scholarship application]] *[[wikimania:2023:Tech Subcommittee]] *[[wikimania:2023:Tech Subcommittee/Request for Proposal]] *[[wikimania:2023:Visas]] If you do not want to reiceive further notifications about pages related to Wikimania 2023, which are available for translation, you may remove your name from [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimania 2023 translations|this list]]. Thanks for your help! --[[User:Ameisenigel|Ameisenigel]] ([[User talk:Ameisenigel|talk]]) <small>This message was delivered through [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery|Global message delivery]]</small> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:50, 22 ga Janairu, 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ameisenigel@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimania_2023_translations&oldid=24413464 --> == Translations for Wikimania 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hi {{ROOTPAGENAME}}, You are receiving this notification because you have listed yourself as a volunteer for Wikimania 2023 either [[m:Wikimania 2023/Volunteers|on Meta]] or [[wikimania:2023:Volunteer|on Wikimania wiki]] or because you have [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimania 2023 translations|subscribed on Meta]]. Your help with translating the following pages on Wikimania wiki in your languages would be highly appreciated: *[[wikimania:2023:Attendees]] *[[wikimania:2023:Program Subcommittee]] *[[wikimania:2023:Program/FAQ]] *[[wikimania:2023:Program/Form Questions]] *[[wikimania:2023:Program/Submissions]] *[[wikimania:2023:Satellite events]] *[[wikimania:2023:Scholarship Subcommittee]] *[[wikimania:2023:Socialize]] *[[wikimania:2023:Travel Coordination]] If you do not want to reiceive further notifications about pages related to Wikimania 2023, which are available for translation, you may remove your name from [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimania 2023 translations|this list]]. Thanks for your help! --[[User:Ameisenigel|Ameisenigel]] ([[User talk:Ameisenigel|talk]]) <small>This message was delivered through [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery|Global message delivery]]</small> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 09:40, 4 ga Maris, 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ameisenigel@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimania_2023_translations&oldid=24656834 --> == mukala:Tsuru-tsuru == @[[User:787IYO|787IYO]], barka daii.. naga kaine ka kirkira mukalar [[tsuru-tsuru]], Inaga wannan kalma ce bai kamata ta zama mukala ba..[[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 06:53, 2 Disamba 2023 (UTC) == Gyara fassara == Barka dai @[[User:787IYO|787IYO]], na bibiyi yadda kake fassara akwai kuskure sosai a Mukalolin ka. Kana amfani da fassarar Google ba tare da dubawa ba kana wallafawa. Akwai maƙalolin da kayi da yawa wanda basu cika sharuddan zama a Wikipedia Hausa ba dan haka za'a goge su sannan kuma ka rinka gyarawa a fassarorin Ka na gaba. Nagode [[User:Gwanki|<b style="color:#FF00FF">Gwanki</b>]][[User talk:Gwanki|<sup style="color:#800000">(Yi Min Magana)</sup>]] 11:37, 12 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Group photo - Edu Wiki conference 2023, Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Group photo of the 2023 EduWiki Conference in Belgrade, organized by Wikipedia & Education User Group]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;"> '''Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Recognition_and_Derecognition|Recognition of Cyprus, Botswana, Niger, and Telugu user groups]] '''Affiliate Activities Report''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Activities_Report|Reports from Belgium, South African, and Ukrainian chapters]] '''AffCom Movement Contribution''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement with the new Affiliates Strategy and Movement Charter drafts]] '''AffCom Administration''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Administration|New AffCom members and advisors]] </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:56, 18 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=26293156 --> == Copyright violations == When you add content to Wikipedia, [[foundation:Policy:Terms of Use#7. Licensing of Content|you agree to release that content under a free license]]. If you are not the copyright holder of that content, and add it to Wikipedia anyways, then your adding it to Wikipedia is a violation of the Terms of Use. [[Shareefah Ibrahim|This article]], which you created, is an unmodified machine translation of content picked from its two sources. [[Hutun Haihuwa|This article]] is an unmodified machine translation of content from the one cited source. Citing a source does not exempt you from copyright, nor does it make an unmodified machine translation acceptable. Please delete both articles. Additionally, you had [[m:Special:Diff/26372948|agreed]] to add attribution to the dozens of articles that you machine translated from the English Wikipedia. It has been a month and a half, and you have not done this. Attribution is ''required'' by the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, and your failure to provide it is again a violation of the Terms of Use. Unfortunately, I did not see your request for adminship in time to oppose it. As [[m:Special:Diff/26372948|I indicated on your Meta-Wiki talk page]], I hoped that your being elected an administrator could be an opportunity to use your new userrights to delete the infringing content. You did not respond to my request on Meta, so I reiterate it here. Regards, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 16:03, 25 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I will delete them, I am currently undergoing my wedding preparation. [[User:787IYO|787IYO]] ([[User talk:787IYO#top|talk]]) 16:06, 25 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) ::I have deleted them [[User:787IYO|787IYO]] ([[User talk:787IYO#top|talk]]) 16:15, 25 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) ::Omg, congrats! I hope that goes well, and sorry for taking your time away from that. Thanks for deleting the content, and good luck in the U4C elections :-). Regards, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 20:44, 25 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :::My boss, hope you are going to vote for me? Regards for ensuring I must do the right work. [[User:787IYO|787IYO]] ([[User talk:787IYO#top|talk]]) 20:48, 25 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Wikimedia-Summit-2024-Friday-128.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom group photo at Wikimedia Summit 2024 in Berlin, Germany]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Updates: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Adoption of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Madagascar, Senegal, Republic of Congo, and Namibia user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Six active conflicts, no new reports for Q4]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia Summit and ESEAP Conference]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Administration|Officers elections and departing members]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at Wikimania 2024]] </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:30, 15 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=27021225 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (July-September 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Wikimania 2024 - Lviv - Day 3 - AffCom meets community.webm|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at Wikimania 2024]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Implementation status of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Togo, Wayúu, and Singapore user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimania]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the officers elections]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at WikiIndaba and a strategy meetup]] Other Movement News: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Other_Movement_News|Regional conferences, mental health support, and new committee support inbox]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:55, 7 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=27273724 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (October-December 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Affiliations Committee 2024 05.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at its Strategic Retreat in Frankfurt]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Notes from the 2024 AffCom strategic retreat]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|User group application pause lifted]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue4_#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at WikiIndaba]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Mari Avetisyan appointed new AffCom secretary]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:04, 5 ga Faburairu, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28060527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2025)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:WMB meeting in Belo Horizonte in 2023 (day 02) 059.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Wikimedia Brasil, the latest chapter to be recognized by AffCom]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;"> Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Brasil and four user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 5#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia+Libraries and Wikisource conferences]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Welcoming new AffCom voting and advisory members]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|AffCom at ESEAP Strategy Summit]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:30, 26 ga Afirilu, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28324741 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2025)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:MNL25 - day one 08.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at the ESEAP Strategy Summit 2025 in Manila, the Philippines]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Aotearoa New Zealand and Assamese Wikimedia Community User Group]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 6#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at the ESEAP Strategy Summit]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the AffCom officers election]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|Meet AffCom at Wikimania]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:25, 5 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28820920 --> == Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:At Wikimania 2025 127.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at Wikimania 2025 in Nairobi, Kenya]]<br> <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Georgia: recognized & announced September 2025]] Recognition Status Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Recognition Status Report|Updates of affiliate applications]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 7#AffCom at WikiConference North America|AffCom at WikiConference North America]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem|AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem]] AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Administrative Updates|AffCom at Wikimania]]</div> </div> Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025) <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|This newsletter is best translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]</div><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:11, 13 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Buszmail@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=29907013 --> == Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <!-- == Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) == --> <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. [[File:AffCom_and_GRDC_members_at_APP_meeting,_Lisbon_2026_01_(cropped).jpg|220px|right|thumb|AffCom and GRDC members at APP meeting, Lisbon, Portugal]] <div style="column-count:1;"> Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|This past quarter, AffCom recognized no new Affiliates due to the pause in recognizing new affiliates.]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#AffCom Conflict Intervention|AffCom is currently addressing eight ongoing affiliate conflict cases received in previous quarters.]] Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension|The Wikimedia Foundation, together with the AffCom, has extended the pause on new affiliate recognition until September 1, 2026.]] New Affiliate Model Development Efforts: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#New Affiliate Model Development Efforts|The Affiliations Committee held collaborative meetings with the Global Resource Distribution Committee (GRDC) to explore the development of a new affiliations model.]] Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: Updates on the Movement Organizations Pilot, GRDC, and AffCom|Two major pilot initiatives were launched to address long-standing questions about the roles of movement organizations and the future of resource allocation.]] <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]</div><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:50, 03 May 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Buszmail@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=30057452 --> 1aofw6spu28h28spc8m1gkbzwcelzd8 0 26698 829474 722064 2026-05-04T00:21:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A cikin maudu'in '''ra'ayin Musulunci kan jima'i ta baka''', akwai sabanin fahimta. Malaman da suke ganin halaccin al'aurar baki suna yin haka ne saboda babu wani dalili bayyananne a cikin Hadisi da Alqur'ani da ya haramta irin wannan aiki. Malaman musulunci irin su Yusuf al-Qaradawi suna da wannan ra'ayi. Haka nan kuma ba a ambaci wannan aiki a matsayin wani bangare na farfaganda ba a Hadisi, duk da cewa Musulunci ya jaddada muhimmancin wasan gaban-ba-da-ban-da-kai, kamar yadda sumbatar juna da tabawa da makamantansu suka zo a Hadisi karara. Mazhabobin tunani (Mazahib) irin su Shafi'i da Hanbali sun dauki 'yan uwa a matsayin halattacce amma kawai a matsayin wani bangare na fara'a, yayin da dukkan mazhabobi ke daukar fitar al'aura a matsayin najasa. An fi son yin jima'i da baki, muddin ba a sha basir daga al'aura kuma ba a samu rauni ko rauni ba. Bisa ga madadin ra'ayi, jima'i na baka kawai an halatta shi azaman hanyar ƙarfafawa da wasan gaba. Akwai tafsiri kan taba al'aurar namiji da kansa a ruwayoyi daban-daban na Hadisi. Ana ba da shawarar amfani da kwaroron roba ko dam ɗin hakori kafin yin kowane nau'i na jima'i na baka. == Tambayoyin wasan kwaikwayo da jima'i na baka == Akwai bambancin ra'ayi a cikin wannan batu. Malamai da yawa sun yarda cewa jima'i ta baki ya halatta, amma ba a so. Malaman da suke ganin halaccin saduwa da baki suna yin haka ne domin babu wani dalili qarara a cikin Hadisi da Alqur’ani da ya haramta irin wannan aiki. Manyan malaman musulmi irin su Yusuf al-Qaradawi suna da wannan ra'ayi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 2012|title=Islam's Stance on Oral Sex - Intimate relations - counsels - OnIslam.net|url=http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/family/intimate-relations/174682-islams-stance-on-oral-sex.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213213312/http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/family/intimate-relations/174682-islams-stance-on-oral-sex.html|archive-date=13 December 2012|access-date=30 October 2021|website=www.onislam.net}}</ref> Haka nan kuma, ba a ambaci irin wannan aiki a matsayin wani bangare na wasan farko ba a Hadisi duk da cewa Musulunci ya jaddada muhimmancin wasan gaban-ba, kamar yadda sumba, tabawa da makamantansu suka zo a Hadisi karara.<ref name="kiss">{{cite web|author=[[Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari]]|date=14 June 2003|title=Kissing and Foreplay|url=http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/kissf.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040228015454/http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/kissf.htm|archive-date=28 February 2004|access-date=8 July 2012|work=Darul Iftaa|publisher=Central-Mosque.com}}</ref><ref name="foreplay 1">{{cite web|author=Sidi Faraz Rabbani|title=Basic bedroom fiqh|url=http://www.themodernreligion.com/misc/sex/sex-basic-fiqh.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030124024649/http://www.themodernreligion.com/misc/sex/sex-basic-fiqh.html|archive-date=24 January 2003|access-date=8 July 2012|work=Hanafi fiqh|publisher=The Modern Religion}}</ref> Muhammadu ya hana yin "kamar dabba" da matar mutum, amma a maimakon haka ya kamata ya dauki lokaci don mu'amala da ita a matsayinsa na mutum kuma ya yi wasa da ita.<ref name="kiss" /><ref name="kiss 2">{{cite web|title=Kissing and Foreplay in Islam|url=http://www.zawaj.com/articles/kissing-and-foreplay.html|work=Sex in Islam|publisher=Zawaj.com|access-date=8 July 2012|author=[[Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari]]|archive-date=24 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624135953/http://www.zawaj.com/articles/kissing-and-foreplay.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haka kuma miji yana da alhakin biya wa mace bukatar (wato kawo ta cikin inzali) a matsayin wani bangare na zaman lafiya da kuma tabbatar da hakkin matar.<ref name="kiss 2" /> A lokacin jima'i da jima'i ana barin miji ya ji dadin nonon matar, a mazhabar Hanafiyya ya halatta matukar ba a sha wani sirri (wato madara) yayin wannan aikin.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sidi Faraz Rabbani|title=Drinking one's wife's milk, during foreplay or intercourse|url=http://www.themodernreligion.com/misc/sex/sex-wifes-milk.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423115843/http://www.themodernreligion.com/misc/sex/sex-wifes-milk.html|archive-date=23 April 2003|access-date=8 July 2012|work=Hanafi fiqh list|publisher=The Modern Religion}}</ref> Sai dai mafi yawan malamai da suka hada da mazhabar Hanbaliyya da Shafi'iyya da [[Malikiyya]] sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa shan nono bisa kuskure ba zai yi tasiri a tsakanin miji da mata ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the ruling on drinking one's wife's milk? - islamqa.info|url=http://islamqa.info/en/2864|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231015833/https://islamqa.info/en/answers/2864/what-is-the-ruling-on-drinking-ones-wifes-milk|archive-date=31 December 2018|access-date=1 February 2017|website=islamqa.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2004|title=Husband drinking milk from his wifes breast|url=http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=84646|url-status=live|access-date=1 February 2017|website=www.islamweb.net}}</ref> === Kan taba azzakari === Akwai tafsiri kan taba al'aurar namiji da kansa a ruwayoyi daban-daban na Hadisi. Misali akwai hadisin Basrah bint Safwaan, wacce ta ji Annabi Muhammad yana cewa: “Duk wanda ya taba al’aurarsa, to ya yi alwala (wanke)”. (Abu Dawud ne ya rawaito shi, al-Tahaarah, 154. Albaniy ya ce a cikin Saheeh Sunan Abi Dawud, lamba ta: 166, saheeh ne).<ref>{{cite web|author=Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid|title=Changing one's clothes does not break wudoo'|url=http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/14321|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405102005/https://islamqa.info/en/answers/14321/changing-ones-clothes-does-not-break-wudoo|archive-date=5 April 2019|access-date=8 July 2012|work=Islam Q and A|publisher=[[IslamQA]]}}</ref> Malaman fikihu Hanafiyya sun ce taba azzakari a shari’ar Musulunci<ref>{{cite journal|title=Touching the Penis in Islamic Law|journal=History of Religions|volume=44|issue=2|pages=89–119|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=2004|jstor=10.1086/429229|doi=10.1086/429229|last1=Wheeler|first1=Brannon|s2cid=159682755}}</ref> ba abin kunya ba ne. Hadisin Sahih na ''al-Muwatta'' Imam Muhammad ya kafa hujja da cewa "aikin ba najasa bane". Ya jaddada cewa "Idan azzakari ya kasance marar tsarki ko najasa, sai a yanke shi daga jiki a jefar da shi". Hadisi ya ce babu bambanci tsakanin azzakari da sauran sassan jiki. Sai dai kuma akwai Hadisin Sahih<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wudu After touching the Private Parts - Seekers Elite|language=en-US|work=Seekers Elite|url=http://seekerselite.com/wudu-touching-private-parts/|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905080656/http://seekerselite.com/wudu-touching-private-parts/|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> da yake nuni da cewa yin alwala wajibi ne bayan an sha taba. Na farko da na biyu na waɗannan rahotanni suna da alaka da rahoton da aka ambata akai-akai, wanda aka bayar a kan Talq b. Ali [b. al-Mundhir b. Qays], dangane da fadin Muhammadu game da azzakari. Talka b. ;Ali ya ce: “Muna tare da Manzon Allah, sai wani mutum kamar Badawiyya ya zo masa ya ce: “Ya Manzon Allah, me kake tunani game da mutum ya shafi azzakarinsa bayan ya yi alwala? “Mene ne banda guntun naman ku?” Akwai rashin jituwa a kan wannan rahoto kuma kamar yadda muka ambata a sama, mafi qarfin hujjar yin alwala bayan tava azzakarinsa ya zo ne daga hadisin Basrah bint Safwaan na Muhammad tana cewa “Duk wanda ya shafi al’aurarsa. sai ya yi alwala.” Haka kuma an ruwaito cewa Muhammadu ya ce: # "Duk lokacin da dayanku ya yi ruwa ([[fitsari]]) kada ya rike azzakarinsa, ko kuma ya wanke al'aurarsa da hannun damansa." (Sahihul Bukhari, 1.4.156).<ref>[http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/004.sbt.html Translation of Sahih Bukhari] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525070903/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/004.sbt.html|date=2011-05-25}} Book 4: Ablutions (Wudu')</ref> # "Duk wanda ya shiga cikin ku to kada ya taba azzakarinsa da hannun damansa." ([[Sahih Muslim]], 2.0512).<ref>[http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/muslim/002.smt.html Translation of Sahih Muslim] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513235949/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/muslim/002.smt.html|date=2011-05-13}} Book 2: The Book of Purification ([[Kitab Al-Taharah]]</ref> == Dangantaka da gamsuwar jima'i == === Gujewa basir === Mazhabobin tunani (Madh'hab) irin su Shafi'i da Hanbali sun dauki 'yan uwa a matsayin halaltacce amma kawai a matsayin wani bangare na wasan gaba alhali dukkan makarantu suna daukar fitar al'aura a matsayin najasa. An fi son yin jima'i da baki muddin ba a sha basir daga al'aura kuma ba a yi rauni ko rauni ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Questions On Sexuality|url=http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e92.html|work=living ISLAM – Islamic Tradition|publisher=www.livingislam.org|access-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> Shan maniyyi a daya bangaren kuma wasu malamai sun yi imanin ya halatta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askthescholar.com/question-details.aspx?qstID=684|title=Ask The Scholar|access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicity.com/qa/action.lasso.asp?-db=services&-lay=Ask&-op=eq&number=43425&-format=detailpop.shtml&-find|title=IslamiCity.com - Q & A|access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> Koyaya, ra'ayi mafi ƙarfi shine ba a yarda dashi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=89730|title=Swallowing semen|access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> Dole ne ma'aurata su wanke bakinsu daga baya don kiyaye tsabta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Is oral sex permitted?|url=http://www.themodernreligion.com/misc/sex/sex-oral.html|work=Hanbali Fiqh list|publisher=The Modern Religion|access-date=9 July 2012|author=Sidi Musa Furber|archive-date=15 January 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030115065445/http://www.themodernreligion.com/misc/sex/sex-oral.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A wata fatawa da Shaihu Muhammad bin Saalih al-Uthaymeen ya rubuta, ma'auratan za su iya kwana a kan gadon da maniyyi ya zubo tun da ana ganin maniyyi a matsayin wani abu mai tsarki (?) a shari'ar Musulunci; duk da haka, wannan ya dogara ne akan tsaftar mutumin. Idan mijin bai wanke kansa ba bayan fitsari da kuma kafin ya yi jima'i da baki to maniyyin zai ƙazantu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fatwaislam.com/fis/index.cfm?scn=fd&ID=936|title=FatwaIslam.Com : The Ruling on Having Anal Sex with a Women, or During Her Menstrual Period, or Her Post-Natal Bleeding|website=www.fatwaislam.com|access-date=2019-04-12|archive-date=2008-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113044411/http://www.fatwaislam.com/fis/index.cfm?scn=fd&ID=936|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is zinaa intercourse only? - Islam Question & Answer|url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/3013/is-zinaa-intercourse-only|access-date=2021-05-13|website=islamqa.info|language=en}}</ref> === Yin wanka (ghusl) bayan jima'i na baki === Bisa ga madadin ra'ayi, jima'i na baka kawai an halatta shi azaman hanyar ƙarfafawa da wasan gaba. Idan miji ya yi jima'i da matarsa ​​ta baki, kuma ya fitar da maniyyi, to, tawaya ta wajaba a cikin hukunce-hukuncen tsaftar jima'i na Musulunci; duk da haka, idan ya saki Madhy ne kawai, to ana buqatar Alwala ne kawai, sannan ya wanke Madhy. Ana ba da shawarar amfani da kwaroron roba ko dam ɗin hakori kafin yin kowane nau'i na jima'i na baka. == Manazarta == 3nx5ww9m9f5km22gq7dtec38x0ix05s 0 27195 829283 507488 2026-05-03T14:23:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:PPE-Needed-Logo.svg|thumb| Tambarin Bukatar PPE]] [[Fayil:PPE-Needed-Logo.svg|thumb|ppe]] '''PPE da ake buƙata''' shi ne yunƙurin "ƙasa" na Yaren mutanen Holland don magance ƙarancin duniya na Kayan Kariyar Kai (PPE) tsakanin masu gaba. Dunya Ressang, 'yan'uwa Omar Kbiri,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prachtacties op een rij: zó helpen we elkaar de coronacrisis door|url=https://www.linda.nl/nieuws/binnenland/mooie-acties-tijdens-coronacrisis-op-een-rij/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.linda.nl|language=nl}}</ref> da Rachid Kbiri ne suka kafa dandalin. Su shiri ne na PPE na duniya mai kyauta wanda, bisa ga gidan yanar gizon su, yana neman "don ƙirƙirar bayyani game da ƙarancin PPE na duniya yayin Rikicin COVID-19 da kuma ba da damar daidaita wadatar wadata da ƙarancin PPE a cikin wannan rikicin.” Sun fara ne azaman dandamali na Dutch<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-20|title=Nieuwe website moet mondkapjes bij de zorg krijgen|url=https://www.metronieuws.nl/in-het-nieuws/2020/03/nieuwe-website-moet-mondkapjes-bij-de-zorg-krijgen/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=Metronieuws.nl|language=nl}}</ref> tare da tallafi daga Red Cross .<ref>{{Cite web|last=Force|first=Uk Mask|date=2020-07-13|title=Partnership with PPEneeded.com » UK Mask Force|url=https://ukmaskforce.co.uk/partnership-with-ppe-needed/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=UK Mask Force|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811194332/https://ukmaskforce.co.uk/partnership-with-ppe-needed/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fiye da abin rufe fuska 400,000 an isar da su cikin makwanni kaɗan ga waɗanda ke yaƙar cutar a cikin Netherlands,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blog: Solidariteit en digitale toepassingen samen tegen het coronavirus|url=https://www.zorgvisie.nl/blog/solidariteit-en-digitale-toepassingen-samen-tegen-het-coronavirus/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=Zorgvisie|language=nl}}</ref> tare da sauƙaƙe ƙoƙarin daidaitawa da aka yi a matakin ƙasa. Bayan tallafin farko na Red Cross, yanzu ana samun goyan bayan dandamali daga giant Amazon<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-26|title=Two brothers create tech solution to source protective equipment for frontline workers|url=https://blog.aboutamazon.eu/aws/two-brothers-create-tech-solution-to-source-protective-equipment-for-frontline-workers|access-date=2020-08-16|website=EU Day One Blog|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> don samun bayyani na duniya game da duk ƙarancin kayan aiki yayin cutar ta coronavirus (COVID-19). == Manazarta ==   [[Category:Covid-19]] ox647bwr4cqyg60jjsi4tb9exeptfvj 0 27418 829289 665804 2026-05-03T14:48:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Pamela Nomvete''' (an haife ta a shekara ta dubu ɗaya da sittin da ukku 1963) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu/Birtaniya. == Rayuwa == An haifi Pamela Nomvete a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ga iyayen Afirka ta Kudu. Ta yi yarinta a kasashe daban-daban, kuma ta halarci makarantar kwana a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], daga baya ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Kida da Watsa Labarai ta Royal Welsh. <ref>[https://www.ecr.co.za/shows/damon-beard-/pamela-nomvete-bares-all/ Pamela Nomvete bares all with Thandolwethu]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''East Coast Radio'', 7 May 2019.</ref> A wani lokaci ta zauna a [[Manchester]], inda 'yar'uwarta ta kasance daliba. <ref name="jacaranda">[https://www.jacarandafm.com/shows/scenic-drive-rian/south-african-actress-pamela-nomvete-visits-scenic-drive/ South African actress Pamela Nomvete shares her incredible story], jacaranda fm, September 19, 2018.</ref> Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Burtaniya, Nomvete ya koma [[Johannesburg]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a cikin shekarar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da hudu 1994, bayan zaben Nelson Mandela a matsayin shugaban kasa da faduwar mulkin wariyar launin fata. A cikin shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in 1990s, Nomvete ya fara aikin talabijin, inda ya yi suna a cikin opera ta sabulu na Afirka ta Kudu ''Generations''. Halinta Ntsiki Lukhele ita ce "Fitacciyar jarumar TV: mai son iko, mai yin magudi da kisa". <ref name="news24">Eddie Maluleke Kalili, [https://www.news24.com/You/Archive/generations-ntsiki-spills-the-beans-20170728 Generations’ Ntsiki spills the beans], ''YOU'', 25 January 2013.</ref> Duk da haka, Nomvete da kanta ta yi fama da baƙin ciki bayan rashin amincin mijinta da saki. Haka rayuwarta ta tashi, lokaci guda tana zaune a motarta tana siyar da kayan abinci da sigari. <ref name="news24" /> A cikin ''Wasiƙar Soyayya ta Zulu a shekarar'' (2004), Nomvete ta buga Thandi, uwa daya tilo kuma 'yar jarida da ke fafutukar sadarwa da yarta mai shekara goma sha uku 13. Lokacin da Thandi na da ciki da ɗanta, wata ƙungiyar wariyar launin fata ta kai mata hari, wanda ya bar yaron kurma kuma bebe . Ayyukan Nomvete sun sami lambar yabo ta FESPACO Best Actress Award a shekara ta 2005. A cikin shekara ta 2012-2013, ta bayyana a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na Burtaniya ''Coronation Street'', tana wasa Mandy Kamara, tsohuwar budurwar halin Lloyd Mullaney (wanda Craig Charles ya buga ). <ref>Amy Duncan, [https://metro.co.uk/2013/08/01/pamela-nomvete-waves-goodbye-to-coronation-street-3908212/ Pamela Nomvete waves goodbye to Coronation Street], ''[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]'', 1 August 2013.</ref> A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da sha uku 2013 ta buga tarihin rayuwa, ''Rawa zuwa Beat of Drum: In Search of My Ruhaniya'' . <ref>Andile Ndlovu, [https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2013-01-17-ex-generations-star-reveals-messy-personal-life/ Ex-Generations star reveals messy personal life], ''Sowetan Live'', 17 January 2013.</ref> Nomvete yana aiwatar da addinin Buddah na Nichiren . <ref name="jacaranda"/> == Fitowar fim == * ''Haihuwar Kyauta: Sabon Kasada'', 1996 * ''Zulu Love Letter'', 2004 * ''Wani lokaci a watan Afrilu'', 2005 * Kulle, 2021 == Fitowar mataki == * ''Yanzu ko Daga baya'' ta Christopher Shinn a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kotun Royal, 2008 * ''Barka da zuwa Thebes'' ta Moira Buffini a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal National Theatre, 2010 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|0634611}} * [https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Pamela_Nomvete Pamela Nomvete Pamela Nomvete], ''Encyclopaedia of African Theatre, Film, Media and Performance (ESAT)'' . [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Marubutan Afirka]] [[Category:Marubuta]] jxtbirpzqa1u7rrx32ufhv7lk1bcrl2 0 28948 829490 461755 2026-05-04T04:10:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi''' ('''ADHD''') cuta ce ta tabin hankali na nau'in ci gaban ''neurodevelopment''.<ref name="pmid23299717">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X|date=February 2013|title=Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Neuroscience Bulletin|volume=29|issue=1|pages=103–10|doi=10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6|pmc=4440572|pmid=23299717}}</ref><ref name="Caroline2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&pg=PA133|title=Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2010|isbn=9780387717982|veditors=Caroline SC|pages=133}}</ref> Ana siffanta shi da wahalar kulawa, wuce gona da iri, da aiki ba tare da la'akari da sakamakon ba, wanda in ba haka ba bai dace da shekarun mutum ba.<ref name="NIH2016">{{cite web|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|date=March 2016|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723192735/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|archive-date=23 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="DSM5">{{cite book|author=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|location=Arlington|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=59–65|edition=5th}}</ref> Wasu mutane tare da ADHD kuma suna nuna wahalar daidaita motsin rai ko matsaloli tare da aikin zartarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Blader J, Busch B, Childress AC, Connor DF, Newcorn JH|date=February 2019|title=Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines|volume=60|issue=2|pages=133–150|doi=10.1111/jcpp.12899|pmid=29624671}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tenenbaum RB, Musser ED, Morris S, Ward AR, Raiker JS, Coles EK, Pelham WE|date=April 2019|title=Response Inhibition, Response Execution, and Emotion Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology|volume=47|issue=4|pages=589–603|doi=10.1007/s10802-018-0466-y|pmc=6377355|pmid=30112596}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lenzi F, Cortese S, Harris J, Masi G|date=January 2018|title=Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|volume=84|pages=359–367|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010|pmid=28837827}}</ref><ref name="DSM5" /> Don ganewar asali, bayyanar cututtuka ya kamata ya bayyana kafin mutum ya kai shekaru goma sha biyu, ya kasance fiye da watanni shida, kuma ya haifar da matsala a akalla wurare biyu (kamar makaranta, gida, ko ayyukan nishaɗi).<ref name="CDC">{{cite web|work=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)|title=Symptoms and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|publisher=Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=29 September 2014|access-date=3 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202516/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|archive-date=7 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lake2011">{{cite book|last1=Dulcan|first1=Mina K.|last2=Lake|first2=MaryBeth|chapter=Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders|chapter-url={{google books|HvTa2nArhOsC|pages=23|plainurl=yes}}|title=Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|url={{google books|HvTa2nArhOsC|plainurl=yes}}|via=Google Books|edition=4th illustrated|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|isbn=978-1-58562-416-4|date=2011|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HvTa2nArhOsC&pg=PA34 34]}}</ref> A cikin yara, matsalolin kulawa na iya haifar da rashin aikin makaranta.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Bugu da ƙari, akwai haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu cututtuka na tunani da rashin amfani da kayan aiki.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ, Chan GC, Copeland WE, Whiteford HA, Scott JG|title=Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A&nbsp;Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=55|issue=10|pages=841–50|date=October 2016|pmid=27663939|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.016}}</ref> Kodayake yana haifar da rashin ƙarfi, musamman a cikin al'ummar zamani, mutane da yawa tare da ADHD na iya ci gaba da kula da ayyukan da suka sami ban sha'awa ko lada (wanda aka sani da hyperfocus).<ref name="Koo2019">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kooij JJ, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balázs J, etal|title=Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD|journal=European Psychiatry|volume=56|pages=14–34|date=February 2019|pmid=30453134|doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Wal2012">{{cite journal|vauthors=Walitza S, Drechsler R, Ball J|title=[The school child with ADHD]|language=DE|journal=Therapeutische Umschau|volume=69|issue=8|pages=467–73|date=August 2012|pmid=22851461|doi=10.1024/0040-5930/a000316|trans-title=The school child with ADHD|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|access-date=2022-01-31|archive-date=2020-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726110423/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da kasancewar mafi yawan bincike da gano cutar tabin hankali a cikin yara da matasa, ba a san ainihin musabbabin hakan ba a mafi yawan lokuta.<ref name="nimh">{{cite web|author=NIMH|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Easy-to-Read)|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-easy-to-read/index.shtml|publisher=National Institute of Mental Health|year=2013|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414031036/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-easy-to-read/index.shtml|archive-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> An kiyasta abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta sun hada da kusan kashi 75% na hadarin.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Demontis|first1=Ditte|title=Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=51|issue=1|pages=63–75|doi=10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7|pmid=30478444|pmc=6481311|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0269-7.epdf?no_publisher_access=1&r3_referer=nature|accessdate=27 August 2019|quote=Consensus estimates from more than 30 twin studies indicate that the heritability of ADHD is 70–80% throughout the lifespan and that environmental risks are those not shared by siblings. Twin studies also suggest that diagnosed ADHD represents the extreme tail of one or more heritable quantitative traits.|hdl=10138/309285|year=2019}}</ref> Bayyanar nicotine yayin daukar ciki na iya zama haɗarin muhalli.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tiesler|first1=Carla M. T.|last2=Heinrich|first2=Joachim|title=Prenatal nicotine exposure and child behavioural problems|journal=European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|date=21 September 2014|volume=23|issue=10|pages=913–929|doi=10.1007/s00787-014-0615-y|pmid=25241028|pmc=4186967}}</ref> Ga alama baya da alaƙa da salon tarbiyya ko tarbiyya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Does Bad Parenting Cause ADHD?|url=https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/parenting-role-in-adhd#1|website=WebMD}}</ref> Yana rinjayar kusan 5-7% na yara lokacin da aka gano su ta hanyar ka'idodin DSM-IV<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="pmid22976615">{{cite journal|vauthors=Willcutt EG|title=The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review|journal=Neurotherapeutics|volume=9|issue=3|pages=490–9|date=July 2012|pmid=22976615|pmc=3441936|doi=10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8}}</ref> da 1-2% lokacin da aka gano ta hanyar ka'idodin ICD-10.<ref name="Cowen2012">{{cite book|last1=Cowen|first1=Philip|last2=Harrison|first2=Paul|last3=Burns|first3=Tom|chapter=Drugs and other physical treatments|chapter-url={{google books|O3sSd-OAdP0C|pages=507|plainurl=yes}}|title=Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-960561-3|pages=[{{google books|O3sSd-OAdP0C|pages=546|plainurl=yes}} 546]|edition=6th|url={{google books|O3sSd-OAdP0C|plainurl=yes}}|via=Google Books}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, an kiyasta zai shafi mutane miliyan 51.1 a duniya.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{cite journal|author=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Farashin yana kama da juna tsakanin ƙasashe kuma ya dogara galibi akan yadda ake gano shi.<ref name="Jones2011">{{cite book|veditors=Tsuang MT, Tohen M, Jones P|title=Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470977408|chapter=Ch. 25: Epidemiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|vauthors=Faraone SV|pages=450|edition=3rd|year=2011|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOc4pdXe43EC&pg=PA450}}</ref> Ana bincikar ADHD kusan sau biyu sau da yawa a cikin yara maza fiye da na 'yan mata,<ref name="DSM5" /> kodayake galibi ana yin watsi da cutar a cikin 'yan mata saboda alamun su sun bambanta da na maza.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Crawford|first=Nicole|date=February 2003|title=ADHD: a women's issue|journal=Monitor on Psychology|volume=34|issue=2|pages=28|url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/adhd.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409110923/http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/adhd.aspx|archive-date=9 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="pmid19393378">{{cite journal|vauthors=Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H|title=[Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]|language=FR|journal=L'Encephale|volume=35|issue=2|pages=107–14|date=April 2009|pmid=19393378|doi=10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005|trans-title=Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite journal|vauthors=Singh I|s2cid=205504587|title=Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD|journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience|volume=9|issue=12|pages=957–64|date=December 2008|pmid=19020513|doi=10.1038/nrn2514}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 30-50% na mutanen da aka gano a lokacin ƙuruciya suna ci gaba da samun alamun bayyanar har zuwa girma kuma tsakanin 2-5% na manya suna da yanayin.<ref name="Kooij-2010">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugué M, Carpentier PJ, Edvinsson D, Fayyad J, Foeken K, Fitzgerald M, Gaillac V, Ginsberg Y, Henry C, Krause J, Lensing MB, Manor I, Niederhofer H, Nunes-Filipe C, Ohlmeier MD, Oswald P, Pallanti S, Pehlivanidis A, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rastam M, Ryffel-Rawak D, Stes S, Asherson P|title=European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD|journal=BMC Psychiatry|volume=10|issue=|pages=67|date=September 2010|pmid=20815868|pmc=2942810|doi=10.1186/1471-244X-10-67}}</ref><ref name="Balint2008">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bálint S, Czobor P, Mészáros A, Simon V, Bitter I|title=[Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a literature review]|language=Hungarian|journal=Psychiatria Hungarica|volume=23|issue=5|pages=324–35|year=2008|pmid=19129549|trans-title=Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A literature review}}</ref><ref name="underdiagnosed">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ginsberg Y, Quintero J, Anand E, Casillas M, Upadhyaya HP|title=Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=16|issue=3|year=2014|pmid=25317367|pmc=4195639|doi=10.4088/PCC.13r01600|quote=Reports indicate that ADHD affects 2.5%–5% of adults in the general population,^5–8 compared with 5%–7% of children.^9,10&nbsp;... However, fewer than 20% of adults with ADHD are currently diagnosed and/or treated by psychiatrists.^7,15,16}}</ref> A cikin manya rashin natsuwa na ciki maimakon hyperactivity na iya faruwa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder : diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people, and adults|date=2009|publisher=British Psychological Society|others=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (Great Britain), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain), British Psychological Society., Royal College of Psychiatrists.|isbn=9781854334718|location=Leicester|oclc=244314955|pmid=22420012|page=17|author1=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK)}}</ref> Sau da yawa suna haɓaka ƙwarewar jurewa waɗanda ke haifar da wasu ko duk nakasarsu.<ref name="Art.218">{{cite journal|vauthors=Gentile JP, Atiq R, Gillig PM|title=Adult ADHD: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Medication Management|journal=Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=8|pages=25–30|date=August 2006|pmid=20963192|pmc=2957278|quote=likelihood that the adult with ADHD has developed coping mechanisms to compensate for his or her impairment}}</ref> Yanayin na iya zama da wahala a gano baya ga wasu yanayi, da kuma bambanta daga manyan matakan aiki waɗanda har yanzu suke cikin kewayon halaye na yau da kullun.<ref name="Lake2011" /> Shawarwari na gudanarwa na ADHD sun bambanta ta ƙasa kuma yawanci sun haɗa da wasu haɗakar shawarwari, canje-canjen salon rayuwa, da magunguna.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Jagoran Birtaniya kawai ya ba da shawarar magunguna a matsayin magani na farko a cikin yara masu fama da cututtuka masu tsanani da kuma magani da za a yi la'akari da su a cikin wadanda ke da matsakaicin bayyanar cututtuka waɗanda ko dai sun ƙi ko sun kasa inganta tare da shawarwari, ko da yake ga manya magungunan magani ne na farko.<ref name="NICE2009-PharmRec">{{cite book|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|author=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|chapter=Pharmacological Treatment|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53654/|pages=[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53654/#ch10.s92 303–307]|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref> Jagororin Kanada da Amurka suna ba da shawarar layin farko na sarrafa ɗabi'a a cikin yaran da ba su kai makaranta ba yayin da ake ba da shawarar magunguna da jiyya tare bayan haka.<ref name="CADDRA">{{cite web|title=Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines|url=http://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|work=Canadian ADHD Alliance|access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="CDC guideline">{{cite web|title=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recommendations|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=13 July 2015|date=24 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707181535/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="APP2019">{{cite journal|last1=Wolraich|first17=W|first13=HR|last14=Okechukwu|first14=K|last15=Pierce|first15=KL|last16=Winner|first16=JD|last17=Zurhellen|last18=SUBCOMMITTEE ON CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVE|first12=CU|first18=DISORDER.|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents.|journal=Pediatrics|date=October 2019|volume=144|issue=4|pages=e20192528|doi=10.1542/peds.2019-2528|pmid=31570648|last13=Lessin|last12=Lehmann|first1=ML|last6=Earls|last2=Hagan JF|first2=Jr|last3=Allan|first3=C|last4=Chan|first4=E|last5=Davison|first5=D|first6=M|first11=JR|last7=Evans|first7=SW|last8=Flinn|first8=SK|last9=Froehlich|first9=T|last10=Frost|first10=J|last11=Holbrook|pmc=7067282}}</ref> Jiyya tare da abubuwan kara kuzari yana da tasiri na akalla watanni 14; duk da haka, ba a san tasirinsu na dogon lokaci ba kuma akwai yuwuwar illar illa.<ref name="StorebøPedersen2018">{{cite journal|vauthors=Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, Kielsholm ML, Nielsen SS, Krogh HB, Moreira-Maia CR, Magnusson FL, Holmskov M, Gerner T, Skoog M, Rosendal S, Groth C, Gillies D, Buch Rasmussen K, Gauci D, Zwi M, Kirubakaran R, Håkonsen SJ, Aagaard L, Simonsen E, Gluud C|date=May 2018|title=Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=5|pages=CD012069|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012069.pub2|pmc=6494554|pmid=29744873}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NIMH » The Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study (MTA):Questions and Answers|website=NIMH » Home|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|access-date=2019-01-01|quote=Why were the MTA medication treatments more effective than community treatments that also usually included medication? Answer: There were substantial differences in quality and intensity between the study-provided medication treatments and those provided in the community care group.|archive-date=2021-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130184640/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NICE 2009">{{cite book|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|author=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Long-Term Outcomes Medications">{{cite journal|vauthors=Huang YS, Tsai MH|s2cid=3449435|title=Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current status of knowledge|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=25|issue=7|pages=539–54|date=July 2011|pmid=21699268|doi=10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000}}</ref><ref name="Long-term 2015">{{cite journal|vauthors=Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Kahle J, Young S|title=Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|pages=e0116407|date=February 2015|pmid=25714373|pmc=4340791|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0116407|displayauthors=4|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1016407A}}</ref><ref name="Long-term 36">{{cite journal|vauthors=Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V|title=The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials|journal=Psychology Research and Behavior Management|volume=6|issue=|pages=87–99|date=September 2013|pmid=24082796|pmc=3785407|doi=10.2147/PRBM.S49114|quote=Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this period.&nbsp;... Only one paper examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria.&nbsp;... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.22}}</ref><ref name="CNS09">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wigal SB|s2cid=11340058|year=2009|title=Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=23 Suppl 1|pages=21–31|doi=10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004|pmid=19621975}}</ref> Littattafan likitanci sun bayyana alamun alamun kama da na ADHD tun ƙarni na 18.<ref name="Lange Reichl 2010">{{cite journal|vauthors=Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O|title=The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|journal=Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders|volume=2|issue=4|pages=241–55|date=December 2010|pmid=21258430|pmc=3000907|doi=10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8|doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi la'akari da ADHD, ganewar asali, da kuma maganin sa masu rikitarwa tun daga 1970s.<ref name="Parrillo 2008 63">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Social Problems|vauthors=Parrillo VN|year=2008|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412941655|pages=63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC|access-date=2 May 2009}}</ref> Rigingimun sun shafi likitoci, malamai, masu tsara manufofi, iyaye, da kuma kafafen yada labarai. Batutuwa sun haɗa da abubuwan da ke haifar da ADHD da kuma amfani da magungunan ƙara kuzari a cikin jiyya.<ref name="May2008">{{cite journal|vauthors=Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater J|s2cid=18481191|title=ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children|journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry|volume=16|issue=3|pages=151–66|date=2008|pmid=18569037|doi=10.1080/10673220802167782}}</ref> Yawancin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun yarda da ADHD a matsayin rashin lafiya na gaske a cikin yara da manya, kuma muhawara a cikin al'ummomin kimiyya sun fi mayar da hankali kan yadda ake gano shi da kuma bi da shi.<ref name="Sim">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sim MG, Hulse G, Khong E|title=When the child with ADHD grows up|journal=Australian Family Physician|volume=33|issue=8|pages=615–8|date=August 2004|pmid=15373378|url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|df=dmy-all|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083931/http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Online">{{cite book|vauthors=Silver LB|title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|edition=3rd|year=2004|isbn=978-1-58562-131-6|pages=4–7}}</ref><ref name="Schonwald">{{cite journal|vauthors=Schonwald A, Lechner E|title=Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complexities and controversies|journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics|volume=18|issue=2|pages=189–95|date=April 2006|pmid=16601502|doi=10.1097/01.mop.0000193302.70882.70}}</ref> An san yanayin a '''hukumance da rashin hankali''' ('''ADD''') daga 1980 zuwa 1987, yayin da kafin wannan an san shi da '''halayen hyperkinetic na yara'''.<ref name="We2005">{{cite book|last1=Weiss|first1=Lawrence G.|title=WISC-IV clinical use and interpretation scientist-practitioner perspectives|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-12-564931-5|pages=237|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg9U9e_ICr8C&pg=PA237}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ADHD: The Diagnostic Criteria|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html|access-date=5 March 2016|agency=Frontline|publisher=PBS|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420080026/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == dmud31607zgb9k5q7q79vvauvw7t2iy 0 33610 829460 541121 2026-05-03T22:00:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Praise Oghenefejiro Idamadudu''' (An haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Disamban 1998) 'yar wasan tsere ce ta [[Najeriya]] wacce ta fafata a tseren mita 200 da mita 400. Ta kasance mai lambar azurfa a tseren mita 4×400 a wasannin Commonwealth na shekarar 2018. == Sana'a/Aiki == An haife ta a Ovu, Jihar Delta, ta yi wasanta na farko a duniya a 2014 Youth Games, inda ta kasance 200&nbsp;m zinare. <ref>[http://www.africathle.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/20140528_BOT_AfricanYouthGames_Full.pdf African Youth Games]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Africa Athle. Retrieved 2018-04-15.</ref> Daga baya a waccan shekarar ta yi takara a Gasar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya a 2014 a cikin tseren mita 200, 400 da 4×400. Haka kuma ana sa ran za ta fafata a [[Najeriya]] a gasar Olympics ta matasa ta lokacin zafi a shekarar 2014, amma an matsa wa daukacin tawagar kasar lamba kan janyewar saboda fargabar barkewar cutar Ebola a yammacin Afirka. A Gasar Wasannin Ƙwararrun Afirka ta 2015 ta kasance mai lambar zinare biyu (200&nbsp;m da 4×400&nbsp;m relay) amma an doke ta zuwa na biyu a cikin 200&nbsp;m a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta matasan Afirka ta 2015 ta 'yar Afirka ta Kudu Nicola de Bruyn. <ref>[http://cocad15.org/downloads/Official-RESULTS-Complete-Girls-Filles-Cocad-2015.xls Complete Results Girls]. COCAD 15. Retrieved on 2015-04-30.</ref> <ref>[http://ethiopia2015.microplustiming.com/ Full results 2015 African Junior Championships]. Ethiopia2015. Retrieved 2018-04-15.</ref> Ta ƙare shekarar da lambobin zinare uku a gasar matasa ta Commonwealth, inda ta ɗauki 200&nbsp;m da lakabi/title biyu na relay. <ref>[http://liveresults.qldathletics.org.au/2015_CommYouthGames/index.htm Commonwealth Youth Games 2015 7/09/2015 - 9/09/2015]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. QLDAthletics. Retrieved on 2015-09-07.</ref> Idamadudu ta dauki kambunta na babbar kasa a shekara 200&nbsp;m a gasar wasannin motsa jiki ta [[Najeriya]] 2015. <ref name="IAAF">[https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/nigeria/praise-oghenefejiro-idamadudu-291697 Praise Oghenefejiro Idamadudu]. IAAF. Retrieved 2018-04-15.</ref> Ayyukan da ta yi a wannan shekarar ya sa aka kwatanta ta da 'yar wasan Olympics [[Falilat Ogunkoya]] daga kafofin watsa labarai na kasar. <ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201508031742.html Nigeria: Praise Idamadudu... a New Ogunkoya Is Born]. ''The Nigerian Guardian'' (2015-08-15). Retrieved 2018-04-15.</ref> Ta rasa wasu sassan kakar 2016 saboda raunin gwiwa. <ref>[http://sportsdayonline.com/injury-stops-idamadudu-indoors/ Injury Stops Idamadudu From Indoors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114204131/http://sportsdayonline.com/injury-stops-idamadudu-indoors/ |date=2018-11-14 }}. Sports Day. Retrieved 2018-04-15.</ref> Ta kuma taka rawar gani sosai a cikin shekarar 2017, wanda kakarta ta nuna kasancewar ta zo ta biyu a 200.&nbsp;m a gasar cin kofin kasa. <ref name="IAAF" /> Idamadudu ta yi babban wasanta na farko a duniya a gasar Commonwealth ta 2018, ta kai 200&nbsp;m wasan kusa da na karshe da raba lambobin azurfa na mita 4×400 tare da [[Yinka Ajayi]], [[Patience Okon George]] da [[Glory Onome Nathaniel]]. <ref>[https://guardian.ng/sport/commonwealth-games-nigeria-gets-silver-bronze-in-women-relays/ Commonwealth Games: Nigeria gets silver, bronze in women relays] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025145107/https://guardian.ng/sport/commonwealth-games-nigeria-gets-silver-bronze-in-women-relays/ |date=2022-10-25 }}. ''The Nigerian Guardian'' (2018-04-14). Retrieved 2018-04-15.</ref> == Gasar kasa da kasa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- |rowspan=4|2014 |[[Athletics at the 2014 African Youth Games|African Youth Games]] |[[Gaborone]], Botswana |bgcolor=gold|1st |200 m |24.16 |- |rowspan=3|[[2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |rowspan=3|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], United States |7th (semis) |[[2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres|200 m]] |24.25 |- | — |[[2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres|400 m]] |{{AthAbbr|DQ}} |- |5th |[[2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]] |3:35.14 |- |rowspan=7|2015 |rowspan=2|[[2015 African Junior Athletics Championships|African Junior Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |bgcolor=gold|1st |200 m |23.76 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |4 × 400 m relay |3:38.94 |- |rowspan=2|[[2015 African Youth Athletics Championships|African Youth Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Moka]], Mauritius |bgcolor=silver|2nd |200 m |23.79 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |Medley relay |2:08.71 |- |rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2015 Commonwealth Youth Games|Commonwealth Youth Games]] |rowspan=3|[[Apia]], Samoa |bgcolor=gold|1st |200 m |23.30 {{AthAbbr|w}} |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |4 × 100 m relay |45.86 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |4 × 400 m relay |4:02.75 |- |rowspan=3|2018 |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia |7th (semis) |[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 200 metres|200 m]] |23.69 |- |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]] |3:25.29 |- |[[2018 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Asaba, Delta|Asaba]], Nigeria |8th |[[2018 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres|200 m]] |23.79 |- |2019 |[[2019 IAAF World Relays|World Relays]] |[[Yokohama, Japan]] |18th (h) |[[2019 IAAF World Relays – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]] |3:32.10 |- |rowspan=2|2022 |rowspan=2|[[2022 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Port Louis, Mauritius]] |11th (sf) |[[2022 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres|200 m]] |23.58 |- |9th (sf) |[[2022 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres|400 m]] |54.44 |} == National titles == * Gasar wasannin motsa jiki ta Najeriya ** 200 m: 2015 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Haifaffun 1998]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ah9ih56n1tgrss45xt8hzx8k7baxxts 0 34869 829306 571770 2026-05-03T16:10:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q104054112}} [[Fayil:PATRICK BANOR.jpg|thumb|Patrick Banor]] '''Patrick Banor''' ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma mai gudanarwa. Ya kasance dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asutifi ta Arewa tun ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2021.<ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Banor a ranar Juma'a 13 ga watan Yuni shekara ta, 1975 a Kenyasi No.2.<ref name=":0"/> Ya samu shaidar karatunsa na farko a shekarar, 1991, sannan ya samu takardar shedar sakandare a shekarar, 1994.<ref name=":0" /> An bashi digirin digirgir na digiri a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da aikin zamantakewa a shekarar, 2009.<ref name=":0" /> == Aiki da siyasa == Kafin shiga siyasa, shi ne Babban Manajan Kamfanin Sarfpok Company Limited.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=185|access-date=2021-02-27|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328060734/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=185|url-status=dead}}</ref> A lokacin zaben fidda gwani na 'yan majalisar NPP na shekara ta, 2020, Banor ya tsaya takarar kujerar Asutifi ta Arewa da Evans Bobie Opoku kuma ya yi nasara.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 NPP Parliamentary Primaries Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/npp_paliamentary_primaries_2020/index.php|access-date=2021-02-27|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2021-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901234512/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/npp_paliamentary_primaries_2020/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> A yayin babban zaben Ghana na shekarar, 2020, Banor ya tsaya takarar kujerar Asutifi ta Arewa tare da Ebenezer Kwaku Addo na NDC, da Kofi Annan na GUM. Ya samu kuri'u, 18505 da ke wakiltar kashi, 52.62% na jimlar kuri'un da kuma aka kada a hannun Addo na kuri'u, 16546 da kuma kuri'u ,116 na Anane, wanda ke wakiltar kashi, 47.05% da 0.33% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asutifi North – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report|url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/ahafo-region/asutifi-north/|access-date=2021-02-27|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002114419/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/ahafo-region/asutifi-north/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results for Asutifi North|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=55|access-date=2022-01-20|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> === Kwamitin === Patrick memba ne a Kwamitin Dokokin Tallafi kuma memba ne a kwamitin majalisar.<ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Patrick Kirista ne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banor, Patrick|url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/patrick-banor/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Ghana MPS|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tallafawa == A cikin watan Satumba shekara ta, 2020, Patrick ya ba da 'yan takara 1,348 na BECE tare da tsarin lissafi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Coverghana.com.gh|date=2020-09-09|title=2020 BECE candidates in Ahafo get support ahead of examination|url=https://coverghana.com.gh/2020-bece-candidates-in-ahafo-get-support-ahead-of-examination/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Coverghana.com.gh|language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agusta shekara ta, 2021, ya gabatar da kusan tebura, 400 ga Ola Girls' SHS. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] eb9rwiv5jdnu3c4e5bps2cdhwxytsbo 0 39759 829260 581381 2026-05-03T12:24:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ophelia Mensah Hayford''' 'yar siyasar Ghana ce.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-19|title=Ophelia Hayford now Mfantseman Parliamentary candidate|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ophelia-Hayford-now-Mfantseman-Parliamentary-candidate-1087630|access-date=2020-12-08|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref> Ta tsaya takara a babban zaben Ghana na 2020 kuma ta lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai na mazabar Mfantsiman.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Widow Ophelia Hayford wins Mfantseman seat|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/widow-ophelia-hayford-wins-mfantsiman-seat.html|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Hayford a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1973 kuma ta fito daga Akwapim-Akropong a Gabashin kasar Ghana. Ta sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Harsuna a 2012. Ta kuma sami LLB. a cikin Dokar Laifuka; Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya da Dokar Gudanarwa a cikin 2018.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=22|access-date=2022-12-09|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2022-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209165023/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=22|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki da alƙawura == Ophelia ta kasance mataimakiyar Sufeton 'yan sanda (ASP). Ita ce babban sufeto na hukumar 'yan sandan Ghana. Ophelia Hayford ta kuma yi aiki da sashin Interpol a hedikwatar CID. Ophelia ta shiga aikin ‘yan sandan Ghana ne a shekarar 1993 a matsayin daukar ma’aikata. Kuma tun daga lokacin, ta yi hidima na tsawon shekaru 27.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ophelia Hayford Biography , Age , Education , Ekow Quansah Hayford » GhLinks.com.gh™|url=https://www.ghlinks.com.gh/ophelia-hayford-biography-ekow-quansah-hayford/|access-date=2021-03-25|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Siyasa == Hayford ita memba ce a New Patriotic Party. Marigayi mijinta, Ekow Hayford shi ne dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Mfantsiman. Bayan mutuwar mijinta a lokacin da yake aiki, ta yanke shawarar maye gurbinsa a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Mfantsiman.<ref name=":0"/> A matsayinta na mataimakiyar Sufeto a hukumar ‘yan sanda ta Ghana, ta mika takardar murabus din ta kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na shekarar 1992 ya bukata domin samun damar tsayawa takara.<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2020-10-15|title=NPP confirms Mrs Ophelia Hayford as Mfantseman PC|url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/npp-confirms-mrs-ophelia-hayford-as-mfantseman-pc/|access-date=2022-08-27|website=Ghanaian Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NPP selects late Mfantseman MP's widow as replacement|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/late-mfantseman-mp-s-wife-ophelia-hayford-tipped-as-npp-s-replacement.html|access-date=2022-12-09|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> === Zaben 2020 === A watan Disamba 2020, an zabe ta a matsayin ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Mfantsiman bayan ta fafata a babban zaben Ghana na 2020 a karkashin tikitin New Patriotic Party kuma ta yi nasara.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Boakye|first=Edna Agnes|last2=Boakye|first2=Edna Agnes|date=2020-12-23|title=Slain MP’s wife pledges to empower women, youth in Mfantseman|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/12/slain-mps-wife-pledges-to-empower-women-youth-in-mfantseman/|access-date=2022-12-09|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Ta samu kuri'u 36,091 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 51.83% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe ta a kan James Esuon na National Democratic Congress da Alijatu Ibrahim ta Ghana Union Movement. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 32,379 da 911 bi da bi cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 46.76%, da 1.31% bi da bi na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka kada.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-08|title=2020 Election: Ophelia Hayford wins Mfantseman seat|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/news/politics/2020-election-ophelia-hayford-wins-mfantseman-seat/2020/|access-date=2022-12-09|website=GBC Ghana Online - The Nation's Broadcaster {{!}} Breaking News from Ghana, Business, Sports, Entertainment, Fashion and Video News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Mfantseman Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/mfantseman/|access-date=2022-12-09|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508190915/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/mfantseman/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === Hayford ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar kwamitin tsaro da cikin gida sannan kuma memba a kwamitin majalisar.<ref name=":2"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ita ce matar marigayi Ekow Hayford.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ophelia Hayford officially replaces late husband as Mfantseman Parliamentary Candidate|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/politics/ophelia-hayford-officially-replaces-late-husband-as-mfantseman-parliamentary-candidate/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028224341/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/politics/ophelia-hayford-officially-replaces-late-husband-as-mfantseman-parliamentary-candidate/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tana da 'ya'ya biyu. Ita Kirista ce.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mensah, Ophelia|url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/ophelia-hayford/|access-date=2022-12-09|website=Ghana MPS|language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 272sizwhhdxqey5w491o9ht1p6kfwf5 0 42491 829355 581287 2026-05-03T17:52:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pavlo Oleksandrovich Vyshebaba''' (an haife shi a watan Maris 28, 1986, Kramatorsk, yankin Donetsk, Ukrainian SSR) ɗan fafutukar kare muhalli ne, mawaƙi kuma marubuci. Tare da shi aka kafa kuma shine shugaban "One Planet" NGO, UNDP kungiya dake wakilincin juriya a Ukraine. <ref>https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2023/02/24/comandante-en-el-frente-de-batalla-de-dia-poeta-best-seller-de-noche-pavlo-vyshebaba-el-nuevo-heroe-nacional-ucraniano/</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Pavlo Vyshebaba a Kramatorsk. Ya fara karatun injiniyanci a makarantar Donbas Machine-Building Academy, amma bayan shekara ta uku ya janye takardunsa kuma ya koma karatun jarida a Jami'ar Jihar Mariupol.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wartranslated.com/pavlo-vyshebaba-interview-with-a-ukrainian-poet-fighting-in-the-donbas/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2022-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215065821/https://wartranslated.com/pavlo-vyshebaba-interview-with-a-ukrainian-poet-fighting-in-the-donbas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin da yake karatu, ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru uku a gidan jaridar "Priazovsky rabochy". A shekara ta 2012, bayan kammala karatunsa da kyaututuka daga jami'a, ya koma [[Kiev|Kyiv]]. Ya taka rawa sosai a cikin juyin juya halin mutuntaka wato ''Revolution of Dignity'', musamman ayyukansa na cibiyar yada labarai na hedikwatar Resistance ta kasa. Bayan hambarar da gwamnatin Yanukovych, ya yi aiki na tsawon shekara daya da rabi a kafar labarai ta majalisar ministocin kasar Ukraine, yana aiki na sadarwa da huldodin kasa da kasa tsakanin ma'aikatu. Ya ƙi yarda yayi amfani da harshen Rashanci, ya canza zuwa Ukraniyanci, yana jayayya cewa wannan aikin na Kramatorsk ne ta hanyar "'yan bindigar Rasha da masu haɗin gwiwa".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190215155917/https://4channel.com.ua/9-lystopada-vidznachyly-den-ukrainskoi-movy/</ref> [[Fayil:Павло Вишебаба.jpg|thumb|Pavlo Vyshebaba]] Acikin shekara ta 2013, ya zama mai cin kayan ganye kadai, a cikin 2015 ya zama mai cin ganyayyaki, a ƙarshe ya bar cin dabbobin teku da tufafin da aka yi daga dabbobi[3]. A Afrilu 13, 2016, ya bude wurin cin abincin ganye na farko a Ukraine "One Planet". A cikin watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, ya yanke shawarar samun ƙungiyar makaɗa da za suyi waka na musamman don jituwar dan Adam da muhallinsa na zahiri. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2017, "One Planet Orchestra" ya tattara fiye da wakoki dubu 45 a dandalin taro na jama'a mai suna "Spilnokost", <ref>https://biggggidea.com/project/oneplanetorchestra/</ref> inda ta zamo gungun mawaka na farko da suka taba karbar tallafi daga jama'a don yin waka. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://moon.ua/ua/artisti/?id=1013 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302152036/https://moon.ua/ua/artisti/?id=1013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abubuwa masu ban sha'awa == [[Fayil:Київ - Революція Гідности - Арсеній Яценюк спілкується з учасниками протестів - 13124167.jpg|thumb|Pavlo Vyshebaba]] A cikin wata hira, Pavlo Vyshebaba ya sanya sunan [[Mahatma Gandhi]] da [[Nelson Mandela]] a matsayin wadanda ya ke kwaikwayo na daga dabi'unsa, kuma a cikin shahararrun mutanen Ukraine ya zabi Hryhoriy Skovoroda da Taras Shevchenko. Lokacin yaro, Vyshebabu ba a shigar da shi a makarantar kiɗa na Kramatorsk ba, yana lura da cewa ba shi da damar yin kida. <ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/09/22/ukraine-hope-joy-trauma-grief/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1986]] 9macm4zbdjjamfv37ktjx9l1y8fa3uf 0 44464 829600 823560 2026-05-04T11:33:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829600 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Бочкала_Роман_Александрович.jpg|thumb| Bochkala a cikin 2020]] [[Fayil:Бочкала Роман Александрович.jpg|thumb|Roman Oleksandrovych Bochkala]] '''Roman Oleksandrovych Bochkala''' ( Ukrainian: Роман Олександрович Бочкала, an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Mayun, 1984) ya kasance ɗan jaridar Yukren ne, mai bada gudummawa, kuma wakilin soja. Dan jarida mai lamabar yabo a Ukraine (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://crimea.suspilne.media/ua/articles/56 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2021-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415032406/https://crimea.suspilne.media/ua/articles/56 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wanda yayi aikin sa kai wa US Peace Corp a Ukraine. An ji masa rauni sosai a shekara ta 2014 kusa da Luhansk a lokacin farkon yakin Russo-Ukraine.<ref>Gazeta.ua (2014-07-09). "Терористи біля Луганська поранили українського журналіста". ''Gazeta.ua'' (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-10-18.</ref> A lokacin rani na 2014, Bochkala ya sami nasarar gano shaidar sojojin Rasha da suke yaƙi da Sojojin Yukren a Gabashin Ukraine.<ref>Grytsenko, Oksana (2014-08-21). "Ukraine gets new evidence of Russian soldiers fighting on its turf (PHOTOS) - Aug. 21, 2014". ''Kyiv Post''. Retrieved 2022-10-18.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Bochkaka ya fito ne daga Dzhankoi, Crimea, [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]]. Ya shiga aikin jarida tun yana dan shekara 17. Da farko ya yi aiki a gidan jarida, sa'an nan a cikin tashar gidan telabijin na [[Ukraine]] ta 11 tashar, kuma daga baya a ''Chornomorsk TV'' tashar. A shekara ta 2005, a cewar Bochkala, an kai masa hari, sakamakon haka an sa shi barci, an yi masa duka (ya damu karaya a wurare uku, idon sawu, gwiwa, kashin kafada, da hakarkarinsa) kuma an bar shi a some a dusar ƙanƙara. A lokacin, yana binciken gaskiyar kariyar da ’yan sandan masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi da wuraren tattara karafa suka yi. A shekara ta 2007, ya shiga Interschool, sa'an nan a 2008 ya koma Kyiv kuma ya fara aiki a kan Inter TV tashar. A matsayinsa na dan jarida, ya yi aiki akan rikicin soji da na cikin gida a [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan|Afganistan]], [[Siriya|Syria]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DR Congo]], Kosovo, [[Lebanon]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Laberiya|Liberia]], [[Misra|Egypt]], South Ossetia, [[Abkhazia]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Turkiyya|Turkey]]. == Lambobin yabo == * Wanda ya lashe kyautar gasar 'yan jarida ta "Silver Feather" a shekara ta (2006)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Бочкала Роман Александрович |url=https://rus.lb.ua/file/person/4486_bochkala_roman_aleksandrovich_.html |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=LB.ua}}</ref> * Lambar yabo na dan jarida na musamman a kasar [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] (2013)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-06 |title=Роман Бочкала, Ігор Татарчук, Олександр Бондаренко та інші стали заслуженими журналістами (СПИСОК) |url=https://detector.media/community/article/82287/2013-06-06-roman-bochkala-igor-tatarchuk-oleksandr-bondarenko-ta-inshi-staly-zasluzhenymy-zhurnalistamy-spysok/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=detector.media |language=uk}}</ref> * Kyautar Godiya ta Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine "Don ayyukan sadaukarwa a gankin fada da 'yan ta'adda" a shekara ta (2014)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Медіаграмотність: практичні навички |url=https://courses.prometheus.org.ua/courses/course-v1:CZ+MEDIA102+2018_T3/about |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=courses.prometheus.org.ua |language=en}}</ref> * Teletriumph Award in the category "Reporter" (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |last=MediaSapiens |date=2015-12-02 |title=Переможці «Телетріумфу» |url=https://ms.detector.media/telebachennya/post/15079/2015-12-02-peremozhtsi-teletriumfu/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=ms.detector.media |language=uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k5doarb7zj5udgkb7j7up797qlch7ra 0 46136 829279 680495 2026-05-03T13:30:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Nigeria_location_map.svg|alt=Otukutu in Nigeria|100x100px||right|Otukutu a Najeriya]] '''Otokutu''' gari ne, da ke ƙaramar garin [[Ughelli ta Kudu]],[[Delta (jiha)|da ke Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/education/item/5229-otokutu-grammar-school-saga-the-claims-the-counterclaims%26source%3Ds%26q%3Dotokutu |title=Nigerian Tribune news article |access-date=2023-04-02 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006174857/http://www.tribune.com.ng/education/item/5229-otokutu-grammar-school-saga-the-claims-the-counterclaims%26source%3Ds%26q%3Dotokutu |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana isa garin ta hanyar steel complex ta [[Delta (jiha)|jihar Delta]].{{Infobox settlement|official_name=Otokutu|other_name=|native_name=|nickname=|settlement_type=[[Ughelli South]]|motto=|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=|pushpin_label_position=|pushpin_mapsize=|pushpin_map_caption=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Nigeria}}|subdivision_type1=[[Ughelli South|Location]]|subdivision_name1=[[Delta State]]|subdivision_type2=Capital|seat_type='''access'''|seat='''steel complex road through Ebrumede roundabout Effurun [[Delta State]]'''|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=President|leader_name=|established_title=|established_date=|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=Imperial|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=|area_land_km2=|population_as_of=|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=|population_density_km2=|timezone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset=+1|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|9|45|N|8|43|E|region:NG|display=inline,title}}|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=|postal_code_type=|postal_code=|area_code=333|blank_name=|blank_info=|website=|footnotes=}} == Duba kuma == * [[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba, Delta]] * [[Ughelli ta Kudu|Ughelli Kudu]] == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> * [http://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/otokutu-located.html Ina Otokutu fyake - GoMapper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402135105/https://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/otokutu-located.html |date=2023-04-02 }} == Kara karantawa == Labarai daga Najeriya, DW Carnegie, Biblio-Bazaar  [[Category:Wurare masu masu yawan jama'a a jihar Kano]] 2529vorzbsfq91dn0gl5iu5rekf14bk 0 48111 829506 354761 2026-05-04T07:07:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Resson Kantai Duff,''' ma'aikaciyar kiyayewa ta Kenya ce kuma mataimakiyar darekta a Ewaso Lions . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Mahaifin Kantai ɗan ƙabilar Maasai makiyaya ne, wanda ya ba ta ilimin farko game da namun daji da yadda za ta kare su. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nyaga|first=John|date=8 March 2016|title=Resson Kantai's mission to save Elephants|work=Swara|url=https://swara.co.ke/resson-kantai-s-mission-to-save-elephants/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-02-11|archive-date=2023-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420221951/https://swara.co.ke/resson-kantai-s-mission-to-save-elephants/}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na farko tare da girmamawa a Jami'ar Nairobi . Ta sami gurbin karatu daga Cibiyar Kula da Dabbobi kuma ta tafi karatu a [[Jami'ar Oxford]], inda ta sami MSc a Biodiversity, Conservation and Management.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Resson Kantai|url=https://www.iisd.org/people/resson-kantai|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=iisd}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Ella|first=Ivory|title=Honoring Our Matriarchs|url=https://ivoryella.com/blogs/ie-blog/wed|access-date=2021-02-11|website=Ivory Ella}}</ref> == Aiki == Kantai ta yi aiki a Save the Elephants, na farko a matsayin jami'ar ayyuka sannan daga baya a matsayin shugabar wayar da kan jama'a. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Elephant On The Menu? It's Not Just A Birthday Dish For Robert Mugabe|url=https://www.cpr.org/2015/03/02/elephant-on-the-menu-its-not-just-a-birthday-dish-for-robert-mugabe/|access-date=2021-02-11|website=Colorado Public Radio|language=en}}</ref>Ta kasance marubuciya kuma edita ta Cibiyar Ci Gaban Dorewa ta Duniya . A halin yanzu tana aiki a Ewaso Lions a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Our Team is Growing!|url=https://ewasolions.org/ewaso-lions-welcomes-new-staff-members/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=2018-04-27|access-date=|website=Ewaso Lions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wangui|first=Vicki|date=2017-03-09|title=Women in Conservation Being Bold for Change|url=https://www.nyikasilika.org/women-in-conservation-being-bold-for-change/|access-date=2021-02-11|website=Nyika Silika|language=en-GB}}</ref> A farkon aikinta, Kantai ta kasance wani ɓangare na aikin kiyaye giwaye da nufin inganta fahimtar al'adu tsakanin ƙasar Sin (mafi yawan masu amfani da hauren giwa a duniya) da Kenya. Ta halarci, tare da Chris Kiarie, a rangadin kiyayewa na "Daga Kenya zuwa Sin" a watan Yunin 2014. A wani ɓangare na wannan balaguron, sun zagaya garuruwa daban daban guda biyar na ƙasar Sin, domin kara fahimtar fataucin giwaye da amfani da su, da kuma gabatar da jawabai na ilmantarwa kan kare giwaye.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Luo|first1=Yu|last2=Gao|first2=Yufang|date=2020-02-03|title=In the wake of the China-Africa ivory trade: more-than-human ethics across borders|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2020.1724320|journal=Social & Cultural Geography|pages=1–22|doi=10.1080/14649365.2020.1724320|s2cid=213215293|issn=1464-9365}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Save The Elephants Visits China|url=http://www.ndegenews.com/2014/10/save-the-elephants-visits-china/|access-date=2021-02-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613085605/http://www.ndegenews.com/2014/10/save-the-elephants-visits-china/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Halliday|first=Paula Kahumbu with Andrew|date=2015-03-12|title=We must keep up pressure on China to end the ivory trade|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/africa-wild/2015/mar/12/keep-up-the-pressure-on-china|access-date=2021-02-11|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2021, Kantai ta ba da jawabi na TED kan mahimmancin ƙarfafa al'ummomin gida a cikin ilimin halitta . == Jagoranci == Kantai mai ba da shawara ce mai ƙarfi game da mahimmancin bambancin a kimiyyar kiyayewa. Ta halarci taron Pathways Kenya 2020 "Buɗe ƙofa zuwa Muryoyi Daban-daban". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-26|title=Open the door to diverse voices: Pathways Kenya 2020|url=https://elephantsandbees.com/open-the-door-to-diverse-voices-pathways-kenya-2020/|access-date=2021-02-11|website=Elephants & Bees|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu/pathways-africa/|access-date=2021-02-11|website=Pathways Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi magana game da buƙatar kawar da kiyayewa daga mulkin mallaka. Musamman ma, a cikin watan Nuwambar 2020, ta rubuta labarin sharhi kan Mongabay, inda ta yi magana game da wariyar launin fata a kimiyyar kiyayewa a Afirka. A cikin wannan labarin, matan Afirka ashirin sun ba da labarin rashin daidaito a wuraren aiki. Wannan labarin yana cikin labarai goma da aka fi kallo a wancan watan a cikin gidan yanar gizon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=Our most popular conservation news stories in November 2020|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/12/our-most-popular-conservation-news-stories-in-november-2020/|access-date=2021-02-11|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US}}</ref> Kantai kuma memba ce na [https://www.conservationalliance.or.ke/ hukumar kiyayewa ta Kenya] ; a lokacin da ta shiga an zaɓe ta a matsayin mafi ƙarancin shekaru a hukumar.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 October 2019|title=2019 Wildlife Conservation Expo|url=https://s27142.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/WCN_19-Expo-Brochure.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-11|website=WCN}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] mfnbjsn4xug25wax796ty2qq2tn2idg 0 54248 829597 819118 2026-05-04T11:21:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rogers Ofime''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Maris din shekarar 1973) ɗan Najeriya ne mai shirya fina-finai kuma mai shirya talabijin wanda ke zaune a Kanada. Ya kuma fi shahara da shirya fina-finai da dama na talabijin na Najeriya, ciki har da fim ɗin ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' mai nasara, <ref name="Tinsel">{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=July 2015 |title=Rogers Ofime: NANTAP honours Tinsel producer |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/rogers-ofime-nantap-honours-tinsel-producer-id3932539.html |access-date=5 April 2017 |website=PulseNG |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406020822/http://pulse.ng/movies/rogers-ofime-nantap-honours-tinsel-producer-id3932539.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda shine fim na farko da aka shirya a gidajen talabijin na yau da kullun wanda wani furodusa ɗan Najeriya ya shirya a duk Gabas, Yamma ko Arewacin Afirka <ref name="Glife">{{Cite web |last=Thomas-Odia |first=Ijeoma |date=June 2016 |title=Rogers Ofime… Ardour For Redefining Nollywood |url=http://life.guardian.ng/2016/06/rogers-ofime-ardour-for-redefining-nollywood/ |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=Guardian Life |archive-date=25 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825152726/http://life.guardian.ng/2016/06/rogers-ofime-ardour-for-redefining-nollywood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma kwanan nan ''Hush'' . <ref name="SatMag">{{Cite web |last=Thomas-Odia |first=Ijeoma |date=April 2017 |title='I believe in teamwork, it promotes professionalism' |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/i-believe-in-teamwork-it-promotes-professionalism/ |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=Guardian Saturday Magazine}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ofime a Legas, Najeriya. A watan Mayun 1985, ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Firamare ta St. Paul da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na Makarantar Grammar Iponri da ke Legas a watan Yunin 1991 don karatunsa na sakandare. Bayan karatunsa na sakandare, a watan Mayun 1994 ya sami takardar shaidar wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] da ke [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, da kuma wata takardar shaidar waƙa daga wannan jami'ar a watan Mayun 1996. A watan Yulin shekarar 2000, Ofime ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin fasaha (Aji na Biyu a Ƙasa) daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, jihar Osun, Najeriya. <ref name="AllAfrica">{{Cite web |last=Akutu |first=Geraldine |date=November 2014 |title=Nigeria: Rogers Ofime... Detailed, Articulate On Screen |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412041661.html |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=All Africa}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2004, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha (PhD Grade) a fannin wasan kwaikwayo na MA daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], [[Oyo (jiha)|jihar Oyo]], Najeriya. <ref name="AllAfrica" /> A shekarar 2016, ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Robertson da ke Kanada da takardar shaidar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci. <ref name="Glife"/> Daga nan ya yi rajista don samun digiri na uku a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Tun yana ƙarami, Ofime ya nemi masu ba shi shawara kamar Erika Klopper, Desiree Markgraaf, [[Tade Ogidan]], [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], kuma ya zama mai son Steven Spielberg da Tyler Perry. Tade Ogidan, fitaccen daraktan Najeriya ne ya ba shi damar farko. Amma damar da ta kai ga ci gabansa a masana'antar talabijin da fina-finai ita ce ta ba shi ta Erika Klopper. A cewar Ofime, "Ta yi imani da ni lokacin da kowa ya yi shakkar iyawata na gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa na yau da kullun." <ref name="Glife"/> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2001, Ofime ya fara shirya fina-finai, shirye-shiryen talabijin da tallace-tallace a matsayin manajan shirya fina-finai a Legas, Najeriya, kuma a shekara ta 2005, Ofime ya kama aiki da Kamfanin Fim na ''Sky Sweeper Films'' da ke Afirka ta Kudu. A lokacin da yake can, Ofime ya shirya shirye-shiryensa na farko na tallan talabijin, wanda ya samu nasara sosai.<ref name="Ofime">{{Cite web |last=Akutu |first=Geraldine |date=November 2015 |title=Biography: Rogers Ofime |url=http://rogersofime.com/index.php/biography/ |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=Rogers Ofime}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, manyan kamfanonin watsa labarai na Afirka ta Kudu ''M-net'' sun yi farautar Ofime kuma an ba shi aikin shirya wasan kwaikwayo ''na Tinsel'' na yau da kullun a kan dandamalin M-net/Africa Magic. Yayin da yake aiki a ''Tinsel'', ya yi aiki tare da ma'aikatan fina-finai 120, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 15 masu maimaitawa da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 500 masu tallafawa. Shirin ya ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da aka fi kallo a Afirka, wanda miliyoyin mutane suka kalla kuma aka watsa shi a cikin ƙasashen Afirka 48 a tashoshin talabijin na tauraron dan adam da na gida. <ref name="Ofime"/> Hakanan ya sanya shi furodusa na farko na Najeriya da ya samar da wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na yau da kullun mai kyamarori da yawa a cikin studio a Yamma, Arewa da Gabashin Afirka. <ref name="Glife"/> A shekarar 2013, M-net ta umarci Ofime da ya ƙirƙiro wani shiri na Tele-film ta hanyar haɗa ƙungiyar masu shirya fina-finai 120 don shirya aƙalla fina-finan tele-fina 80 a shekarar 2013, fina-finai 60 a shekarar 2014 da kuma fina-finai 40 a shekarar 2015. Shirin aikin fina-finai, wanda ya yi nasara, ana kiransa aikin ''Africa Magic Original Films'' (AMOF). Ofime ya koma [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba, Kanada kuma ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai na kansa, ''Theatron Media Incorporated'' <ref name="AllAfrica"/> kuma ya yi aiki tare da fitattun masu shirya fina-finai da daraktoci da dama, ciki har da Tade Ogidan, Erika Klopper, Juliette Hagopian, Robert Peters, Curtis Graham, Steve Morrisson da Titus Orpen. <ref name="Created">{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=June 2015 |title=Rogers Ofime: Why I created 222 |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/rogers-ofime-why-i-created-zone-222-tinsel-producer-speaks-on-new-tv-series-id3856568.html |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=PulseNG |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815052743/http://pulse.ng/movies/rogers-ofime-why-i-created-zone-222-tinsel-producer-speaks-on-new-tv-series-id3856568.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ofime shine Babban Furodusa a Native Media TV, wani kamfanin shirya fina-finai, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ya shirya shirin, ''"Zone 222"'' da ''"Till You Are 16"'' don Africa Magic TV. A shekarar 2020, ya shirya wani fim mai suna "Voiceless". Fim ɗin da ya mayar da hankali kan matsalolin da waɗanda ke zaune a arewacin [[Najeriya]] ke fuskanta. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-16 |title=Native Media Unveils New Produc |url=https://guardian.ng/features/native-media-unveils-new-produc/ |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=Guardian News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ofime ta auri Olabimpe Ofime. Sun haɗu a jami'a, kuma sun yi aure tun shekarar 2002. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == A bikin bayar da kyautar African Magic Viewers Choice Award (AMVCA) na shekarar 2017, wani fim da ya shirya, Oloibiri, an sanya masa suna Mafi Kyawun Fim a Yammacin Afirka. <ref name="SatMag"/> Fim ɗin labarin garin tarihi ne inda Shell Darcy ta fara gano mai a Najeriya a watan Yunin 1956, kuma jaruman 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya kamar [[Olu Jacobs]] da Richard Mofe Damijo, Oloibiri ya doke ''A Trip to Jamaica'', ''76'', ''93 Days'' da ''The CEO'' don lashe kyautar. <ref name="AMVCA">{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chimdunga |date=March 2017 |title=#AMVCA 2017: "Oloibiri" wins Best Movie West Africa |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2017-oloibiri-wins-best-movie-west-africa-id6318273.html |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=PulseNG }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Mayun shekarar 2015, an karrama Ofime da lambar yabo daga Ƙungiyar Masu Aikin Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Ƙasa ta Najeriya, NANTAP, a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo saboda jajircewarsa ga ci gaban fasaha da al'adu a Najeriya. <ref name="Tinsel"/> Jerin kyaututtukan Ofime sun haɗa da   == Fim ɗin fim == === Fina-finai masu kayatarwa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="19" | 2013 | ''Rushewar Otal'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Na Biyar'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Gefen Titi'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Kopa'' | Furodusa | | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Ɗakin'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Mai rikitarwa'' | Furodusa | Solomon Macaulay | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Kin'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Mafaka'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Ci gaba'' | Furodusa | Alex Mouth | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''dawowa gida'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo/Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Reshen Zaitun'' | Furodusa | Alex Mouth | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Harbi a Ƙafa'' | Furodusa | Solomon Macaulay | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Buffon'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Spinsters'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo/Solomon Macaulay | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Harin Dare'' | Furodusa | Alex Mouth | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Wannan gidan ba na sayarwa bane'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Manufa'' | Furodusa | Alex Mouth | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Sirrin Rayuwar Yaran Yahoo'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Yin aiki'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | 2014 | ''Jajaye'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | 2016 | ''[[Oloibiri (fim)|Oloibiri]]'' | Furodusa | Curtis Graham | Tsarin Hanya Mai Daidaitawa & Tsarin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | ''Sifili Awa'' | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Robert Peters | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | ''Mugabe'' | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Robert Peters | Samar da Eastgate |- | 2020 | ''[[Voiceless (fim, 2020)|Ba tare da murya ba]]'' | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Robert Peters | Kafafen Yada Labarai na Asalin Kasa/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Theatron/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Fari |- | 2021 | ''Kanani'' | Furodusa | Tola Olatunji | Fina-finan RAS/Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Ƙasa |} === Manyan shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | 2006 - 2015 | ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' (Kashi 1,500) | Furodusa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2011 - kwanan wata | ''[[The Johnsons (Nigerian TV series)|The Johnsons]]'' (Kashi na 1892) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2015 | ''Har Zuwa Shekara 16'' (Kashi 13) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Kafafen Yada Labarai na Theatron |- | 2015 - 2016 | ''Otal Mai Girma'' (Kashi 260) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2016 - 2017 | ''Hush'' (Kashi 260) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2019 | Kogin Sirri (Jerin 'Yan Najeriya) Kashi 26) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Asalin |- | 2018 - kwanan wata | ''Coloré'' (Kashi 52) | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kafafen Yada Labarai na Asalin Kasa/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Theatron/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Mugosa |- |} === Gajerun fina-finai === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="3" | 2015 | ''Ɗaya daga cikin da yawa'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | ''An 'Yantar'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | ''Da Soyayya'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | ''Farashin Kayan Yaji'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Theatron Media/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Ƙasa |- | ''Kwanan wata'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | rowspan="3" | 2018 | ''Ƙarshen'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | rowspan="3" | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | ''Gadoji'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime |- | ''Rufewa'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime |- |} === Shirye-shiryen Fina-finai === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | 2003 | ''Peter Odili'' | Manajan Samarwa | Tade Ogidan | Hotunan OGD |- | 2004 | ''Simintin Ashaka (Ranar LFT)'' | Manajan Samarwa | Owolabi Odesola | Sana'ar Giciye |- | 2005 | ''Unilever: Rayuwa Mai Taɓawa'' | Manajan Samarwa | Owolabi Odesola | Sana'ar Giciye |- | 2005 | ''Coca-Cola'' | Manajan Samarwa | Owolabi Odesola | Sana'ar Giciye |- | 2009 | ''Littafin Tarihin Tatsuniya'' | Furodusa | | MNET Afirka |- | 2017 | ''Ba tare da murya ba'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | 2017 | ''Ba za a sake ba'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | 2017 | ''Maidowa: Labarin 'Yan Gudun Hijira'' <ref name="Refugee Story">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2017 |title=Hollywood International Independent Documentary Awards - Restoration: A Refugee's Story |url=http://www.wearemovingstories.com/we-are-moving-stories-films/2017/11/20/restoration-a-refugees-story |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=wearemovingstories.com |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016115047/http://www.wearemovingstories.com/we-are-moving-stories-films/2017/11/20/restoration-a-refugees-story |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Mugbosa Media/Theatron Media Production |- |} === Talabijin na Gaskiya === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | 2007 | ''Mai Horar da Ɗalibi'' | Mai Shirya Layi | Tade Ogidan | An shirya gasar talabijin ta gaskiya don Bank PHB |- | 2008 | ''Shahararrun Aiki'' | Manajan Samarwa | Hydei Uys | Samarwa don Endemol |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|5277927}}  [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f31f14nepwd27lmar6lh70dj2rdk0a4 0 57565 829499 457161 2026-05-04T06:25:04Z BnHamid 12586 829499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cathay Pacific Cargo Airlines in Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport, Dhaka.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Nigeria Airways 747-282B.png|thumb]] '''Anambara International Cargo Airport Umuleri''' filin jirgin sama ne na kasa da kasa a Najeriya.Tana a Ivite-Umueri a Umuleri,[[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. == Tarihi == Gwamnatin jihar Anambra ce ta kaddamar da aikin gina filin jirgin a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2017,inda bayan shekaru uku aka kammala aikin.Daga nan ne gwamnan jihar Anambra Willie Obiano ya kaddamar da filin jirgin a ranar 30 ga Oktoba,2017. A ranar 2 ga Disamba,2021,Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Najeriya ta ba gwamnatin jihar Anambra ikon bude filin jirgin sama don gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci, daga nan filin jirgin ya fara kasuwanci a ranar 7 ga Disamba,2021.A cikin watan farko da aka fara gudanar da aiki,ta yi jigilar jirage 142 dauke da fasinjoji 3,865. A cikin Maris 2022,an kai motar kashe gobara ta Ziegler zuwa filin jirgin sama. == Jiragen sama da wuraren zuwa == {{Airport destination list|[[Air Peace]]|[[Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport|Abuja]], [[Murtala Muhammed International Airport|Lagos]]|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/01/26/air-peace-deploys-2-new-aircraft-on-anambra-route-begins-daily-flights/|title=Air Peace deploys 2 new aircraft on Anambra route, begins daily flights|first=Yunus|last=Yusuf|date=26 January 2022|website=[[P.M. News]]|location=[[Ikeja]]|access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> <!-- -->|[[United Nigeria Airlines]]|[[Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport|Abuja]], [[Murtala Muhammed International Airport|Lagos]]|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/united-nigeria-airlines-begin-flights-to-anambra/|title=United Nigeria Airlines begin flights to Anambra|last=NAN|author-link=News Agency of Nigeria|date=18 December 2021|website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806100330/https://guardian.ng/news/united-nigeria-airlines-begin-flights-to-anambra/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- -->|3rdcoltitle=Refs|3rdcolunsortable=yes <!-- -->}}Filin jirgin saman da ke Umueri,a karamar hukumar Anambra ta Gabas ta jihar Anambra,yana ba da hidima ga jahohin da ke makwabtaka da su da yawa saboda filin jirgin saman dakon kaya ne kuma. Hanyoyin da ke kaiwa zuwa filin jirgin sama masu motsi ne.A halin yanzu kamfanonin jiragen sama guda biyu suna aiki a nan:[[Air Peace]] da [[United Nigeria Airlines]]. == Nassosi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Filayen jirgin sama a Najeriya]] a5g3sx6b2p4pq997nf9w0fhvp5b36p4 0 57570 829500 618509 2026-05-04T06:28:19Z BnHamid 12586 829500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Filin jirgin sama na Bajoga Northeast'''( filin jirgin sama ne mai hidimar [[Bajoga]] da Kamfanin [https://www.lafarge.com.ng/ashakacem Siminti na Ashaka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121021233/https://www.lafarge.com.ng/ashakacem |date=2022-01-21 }} a [[Najeriya]] . Yana da {{Convert|10|km|0}}arewa maso gabashin Bajoga,kuma an haɗa ta hanyar kai tsaye zuwa tashar siminti. Tsayin titin titin ba ya haɗa da {{Convert|300|m}}iyakar gudun hijira akan Titin Runway 23. == Duba kuma == * Sufuri a Najeriya * [[Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Nijeriya|Jerin filayen jiragen sama a Najeriya]] * </img> * </img> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://ourairports.com/airports/DN54/pilot-info.html#general Filin Jirgin Sama - Bajoga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009144410/http://ourairports.com/airports/DN54/pilot-info.html#general |date=2016-10-09 }} * [http://www.fallingrain.com/apts/4177.html FallingRain - Bajoga] * [https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/10.9190/11.5000 OpenStreetMap - Bajoga] {{Airports in Nigeria}} [[Category:Filayen jirgin sama a Najeriya]] lp15ue97yzhfd1irg8of8dva7vwygvy 0 57572 829503 619397 2026-05-04T06:43:48Z BnHamid 12586 829503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Scatsta Airport - geograph.org.uk - 5937333.jpg|thumb]] Filin jirgin dai yana [[Delta (jiha)|jihar Delta]] ne a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.Titin jirgin sama na sirri ne na [[Chevron]] .Ana amfani dashi galibi ta hanyar shiga da fita daga gonar tanki na Escravos, tsire-tsire gas,da EGTL.Har ila yau,yana zama wurin tashi ga ma'aikatan Chevron da ke balaguro zuwa filayen daji da wuraren da ke bakin teku..Yana da titin jirgin sama guda ɗaya kawai 1770m.Dangane da binciken filin jirgin yana da latitude 5.6253222222 da longitude na 5.1923833333. == Duba kuma == * Sufuri a Najeriya * [[Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Nijeriya|Jerin filayen jiragen sama a Najeriya]] * </img> * </img> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://ourairports.com/airports/DN56/pilot-info.html#general Filin Jirgin Sama-Escravos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127143309/http://ourairports.com/airports/DN56/pilot-info.html#general |date=2017-01-27 }} * [https://skyvector.com/airport/DNES/Escravos-Airport SkyVector-DNES] * [https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=12/5.6141/5.2094 OpenStreetMap-Escravos] [[Category:Filayen jirgin sama a Najeriya]] sszjzeze0sfx03lueeum6ih1xkh4yyy 0 57694 829502 500586 2026-05-04T06:40:27Z BnHamid 12586 829502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:MMA2 - Bi-Courtney Limited.jpg|thumb|hukumar ]] {{Gyara mukala}} [[Fayil:FAAN Logo.jpg|thumb|Tambarin hukumar]] Jiragen saman fasinja a Najeriya ya yi kaca-kaca da turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila. Amma sama da komai, ya samo asali ne daga wani hatsarin tarihi da aka yi tun a shekarar 1925 a wani wuri da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba - tsohon birnin Kano mai katanga. Jirgin sama na farko da ya taba sauka a Najeriya Airco DH.9A na 47 Squadron (Station a Helwan Kusa da [[Kairo|Alkahira]] ), jiragen sun sauka a [[Maiduguri]] a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1925,akan hanyarsu ta zuwa [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] da [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba. Shugaban Squadron Arthur Coningham ne ya jagoranci tafiyar. <ref>https://archive.org/details/ConinghamABiographyofAirMarshalSirArthurConingham</ref> Wani lokaci a cikin watan Yuli na wannan shekara birnin na Arewa ya yi fama da takun saka tsakanin mazauna garin da jami'an gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}}</link> Gwamnatin Birtaniyya a lokacin tana rike da sansanin sojojin sama na Royal Air Force(RAF)a birnin Khartoum na kasar Sudan.Da jin matsalar Kano,sai Landan ta yi gaggawar yiwa kwamandan rundunar RAF Squadron Khartoum lamba,inda ta umarce shi da ya tashi zuwa birnin Arewacin Najeriya, ya kai rahoto kan halin da ake ciki.A yayin da matukin jirgin ya tashi da wani jirgin yaki na Bristol,ya yi kasa a gwiwa a kan titin tseren dawaki a Kano,wanda hakan ya shiga tarihi a matsayin aikin jirgin sama na farko a Najeriya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}}</link> Ba tare da hanyoyin iska ba,taswirori ko sadarwar rediyo ana ɗaukar jirgin a matsayin"aiki mai haɗari musamman". Don haka jami’ai suka firgita da cewa an yi tunanin cewa idan har za a yi titin Khartoum-Kano zai zama dole a samu wuraren saukar gaggawa a kowane mil 20 na hanya. Za a fara jigilar jirage na gaba daga Alkahira,Masar inda RAF kuma ke da tushe.Saukowar da aka yi ta yi matukar ban sha'awa,har wani dan Kano ya motsa ya yi zanen wurin(hoton kalar ruwa daga baya gwamnati ta samu).Ayyukan RAF sun kasance daga baya sun zama taron shekara-shekara,tare da mitar da hanya zuwa [[Maiduguri]]. Aikin jirgin sama na farko da aka fi sani da kasuwanci a Najeriya ana ba da shi ga wani mutum mai hankali,"Bud"Carpenter, wanda ya mallaki farkon nau'in jirgin sama na Light,de Havilland Moth.Bayanai sun nuna cewa ya kan yi zirga-zirgar jiragen sama masu hatsarin gaske a tsakanin Kano da Legas,inda ya yi amfani da titin dogo a matsayin jagoransa tare da yin tazarar tazara. A farkon shekarun 1930,wani matukin jirgi mai hazaka ya dauki wasu fasinja masu biyan kudin tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwa tsakanin Legas da Warri.Tare da ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na RPLF na shekara-shekara,ayyukan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Najeriya sun yi yawa, wanda ya haifar da buƙatar jiragen sama. Saboda haka,wakilin ma'aikatar jiragen sama a Landan ya ziyarci Najeriya don duba abin da za a iya kwatanta shi da kyau a matsayin"filayen sauka".An zabi wuraren a Maiduguri,[[Osogbo|Oshogbo]],Legas, Minna,Kano da Kaduna. Wing Commander EH Coleman,daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara lura da juyin halittar jiragen sama a Najeriya,ya bayyana yanayin jirage kamar haka: Dole ne a tuna,duk da haka cewa abin da ake kira aerodrome a wancan lokacin ba zai cika buƙatu na wasu ƙananan jiragen sama na zamani ba.A zamanin farko an yi la'akari da cewa ya zama dole a gina hanyoyin saukar jiragen sama da yawa masu daidaitawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban don guje wa ƙetarawar iska da tashi, saboda tsofaffin nau'in keken wutsiya ya fi saurin lilo fiye da nau'ikan ƙafafun hanci na zamani. A cikin 1935,an maye gurbin ayyukan RAF da na [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Imperial|Imperial Airways]] waɗanda ke jigilar jiragen sama na yau da kullun da fasinjoji daga London zuwa Najeriya.Ta haka ne waɗannan hidimomin suka fara gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na duniya a Najeriya,ko da yake sai a shekarar 1936 ne jirgin kasuwanci ya shigo Nijeriya. Kamfanin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways,wanda shi ne na farko na Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Burtaniya (BOAC),ya yi amfani da manyan jirage masu injina hudu,da aka fi sani da Hannibal class ko kuma Handley,akan hanyar Nilu daga Alkahira zuwa Kisumu, Uganda.A karshen shekarar 1936,an bullo da wata hidima ta mako-mako,sannan wata hanya,daga Khartoum–Kano – Lagos,jirgin da ya dauki kwanaki bakwai, ana sarrafa shi da wani karamin jirgi mai injina guda hudu De Havilland 86 (daya daga cikin rijiyoyin DH 86).Fasinjojin da aka sani shine Sir Bernard Bourdillon, wanda ya tashi a jirgin farko na kasuwanci daga Legas).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2009}}</link> A Najeriya matukin jirgi na farko sun kasance jajirtaccekuma dole ne su fuskanci tsananin harmattan  da yanayin ruwan sama. Amma akwai wata saukar gaggawa ta musamman kusa da Maiduguri a 1937.Nan take aka aike da injiniyoyi daga Kano.Sun iso kwana guda a kan doki da kayan aikinsu.Bayan an gyare-gyaren an sake fitar da jirgin an sake sanya shi aiki:Bayanai sun nuna cewa yakan dauki tsawon yini guda kafin ya tashi daga Kano zuwa Legas a cikin wani jirgin DH8,la'akari da fasaharsa da farko da kuma kan hanyarsa ta tsayawar mai. An tuhumi WAAAC da"haɓaka ayyukan jiragen sama a ciki da tsakanin yankunan Afirka ta Yamma".Kamfanin jirgin ya fara sabis da jirgin De Havilland Dove mai kujeru shida.Ayyukanta na cikin gida na Najeriya ana sarrafa su tare da Dove yayin da sabis na Kogin Yamma ke aiki tare da Bristol Wayfarers.Kulawa da gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama sun kasance ga Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a na waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda suka yi amfani da odar United Kingdom Colonial Air Navigator a matsayin ikon doka. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1957 Ghana ta fice daga kamfanin jirgin sama,kuma a watan Agustan 1958 gwamnatin Najeriya tare da hadin gwiwar BOAC da Layukan Elder Dempster suka kafa West African Airways Corporation(Nigeria)Limited (wanda daga baya zai kwatanta zuwa Nigeria Airways na yau).Wannan mataki guda daya mai cike da tarihi ya shelanta tsarin kamfanonin jiragen sama a Najeriya. A ranar 22 ga Mayu,2023 gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta sanar da sabon manajan darakta na hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama na Najeriya(FAAN) kuma wa'adin zai dauki tsawon shekaru hudu. === Kulawa === Lokacin da ake ma'amala da cikakken kewayon hadaddun tsarin da ake amfani da su don amincin sabis na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a cikin muhalli,kowane daki-daki ana yin la'akari da shi don tsara kayan aikin kiyayewa da tallafin dabaru. Wadannan su ne kayan aikin kulawa da sabis na tallafin kayan aiki waɗanda ake buƙata don ingantaccen sabis na kulawa wanda FAAN ke bayarwa: * Na'urorin saka idanu na waje/na ciki * Cibiyar kula da tsakiya/dakin gwaje-gwaje * Sauran tsarin tallafi na dabaru Na'urorin Kula da Kayayyakin Waje/Na Cikin Gida A halin yanzu,ana karɓar kayan aiki da matsayin hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta Najeriya matsayin kayan aiki/kayan aiki da bayanan gazawa ta hanyar rahoton masu amfani da sabis da sauran nau'ikan na'urorin sa ido daban-daban Duk da haka,tare da ƙudurin Hukumar don inganta ayyuka,ƙarin fayyace.na'urorin sa ido da nufin gano kayan aiki/gazawar kayan aiki yanzu ana hasashen su jimre da haɓakar haɓakar tsarin daban-daban.Na'urar da ke da nuni na gani a cikin ɗakin kayan aiki zai nuna tsarin duk kayan aikin da aka haɗa a ainihin lokacin === Bincike === Wannan ƙayyadaddun bita ne/dakin gwaje-gwaje na musamman inda ake gudanar da takamaiman tsarin kulawa zuwa matakin-bangaren.Kulawa, gyare-gyare,gyare-gyare da dai sauransu,na duk sassan analog ana aiwatar da su tare da na'urorin aunawa na al'ada kamar na'urori masu yawa na gargajiya,janareta, oscilloscopes,da dai sauransu.Ana duba aikin waɗannan kayan aikin gwajin kuma ana sake yin gyaran fuska kowace shekara biyu. === Dabaru === Sayen kaya,adanawa da kyau da kuma dawo da kayayyakin cikin sauki wani nauyi ne na farko na sashin shaguna na hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta tarayyar Najeriya.Bisa la'akari da yawan adadin kayayyakin kayayyakin da aka tanadar ga kowane tsari,akwai tsare-tsare na sarrafa wannan fanni na kwamfuta domin inganta aiki.Sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi aikin kula da FAAN sun hada da ingancin kayayyakin amfanin jama’a kamar hukumar samar da wutar lantarki ta kasa,NEPA(wato wutar lantarki ta jama’a),hukumar sadarwa ta Najeriya(NITEL)da kuma allunan ruwa daban-daban. == Ayyuka == === filayen jiragen sama === Mallakar ta kuma FAAN: * [[Filin jirgin saman Abuja|Nnamdi Azikwe International Airport]] * [[Filin jirgin sama na Mallam Aminu Kano|Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport]] * [[Filin jirgin saman Lagos|Murtala Muhammed International Airport]] * [[Filin jirgin saman Port Harcourt|Filin Jirgin Sama na Port Harcourt]] * [[Filin jirgin sama ta Kaduna|Kaduna Airport]] * [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri|Maiduguri International Airport]] * [[Filin jirgin saman Jos|Yakubu Gowon Airport]] * [[Filin jirgin saman Yola|Yola Airport]] * [[Filin jirgin saman Sokoto|Sadiq Abubakar III International Airport]] * [[Filin jirgin saman Kalaba|Margaret Ekpo International Airport]] * [[Filin jirgin saman Enugu|Akanu Ibiam International Airport]] * [[Filin jirgin saman Owerri|Sam Mbakwe International Cargo Airport]] * [[Filin jirgin saman Ibadan|Ibadan Airport]] * [[Filin jirgin saman Ilorin|Filin jirgin sama na Ilorin]] * [[Bida Airstrip|Bida filin jirgin sama]] === Sauran ayyuka === Makarantun filin jirgin na Murtala Muhammad(MMAS)na gudanar da azuzuwan renon yara da karbar baki a cikin gidajen ma'aikatan FAAN da ke [[Ikeja]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]],kusa da [[Filin jirgin saman Lagos|filin jirgin sama na Murtala Muhammad]].Makarantun firamare da sakandare na makarantar suna makwabtaka da gidajen ma'aikata. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.faan.gov.ng/ FAAN Official website] * [https://recruit.org.ng/jobs/faan-recruitment/ Portal mai ɗaukar kaya FAAN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826162341/https://www.recruit.org.ng/jobs/faan-recruitment/ |date=2023-08-26 }} [[Category:Filayen jirgin sama a Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hiwkmz7jklig4gm99thne21dgrfsszk 0 61597 829598 511950 2026-05-04T11:29:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mandragora Udinese (cropped).png|thumb|Rolando Mandragora]] '''Rolando Mandragora'''<ref>https://supersport.com/football/players/c3619c4f-8f46-43d9-9a02-97b94cac332b{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (an haife shi ranar 29 ga watan Yuni, 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida don ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Fiorentina<ref>https://www.whoscored.com/Players/241020/Show/Rolando-Mandragora</ref> a serie A na Italiya.<ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/210392/rolando-mandragora</ref><ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/rolando-mandragora_prs402717/person.shtml</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1997]] n5ftz677hvm9zcp7v7rv9gklc5g8bp2 0 61799 829485 554261 2026-05-04T02:43:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Celebration_of_Nelson_Mandela_Day_(7595947574).jpg|thumb| Ma'aikatan MONUSCO suna tsaftace wani sashe na Babban Asibitin Goma a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DRC]] a Ranar Mandela 2012]] [[Fayil:Nelson Mandela 1994 (2).jpg|thumb|mandela]] [[Fayil:Mandela Day Human Chain.JPG|thumb|Ranar Mandela]] '''Ranar Nelson Mandela ta duniya''' (ko '''Ranar Mandela''') rana ce ta duniya a shekara-shekara don girmama [[Nelson Mandela]], ana bikin ranar a kowace shekara a ranar 18 ga Yuli, ranar haihuwar Mandela.<ref name="UN18">{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/en/events/mandeladay/ |title=Nelson Mandela International Day, July 18, For Freedom, Justice and Democracy |work=un.org |access-date=11 July 2011}}</ref> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ayyana ranar a hukumance a watan Nuwamba 2009,<ref>[http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGARsn/2009/64.pdf "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510092428/http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGARsn/2009/64.pdf |date=2023-05-10 }}, General Assembly, United Nations, 1 December 2009.</ref> tare da ranar Mandela ta farko da aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga Yuli 2010. Duk da haka, wasu ƙungiyoyi sun fara bikin ranar Mandela a ranar 18 ga Yuli 2009. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2009, kiɗe-kiɗe na 46664 da [[Gidauniyar Nelson Mandela]] sun gayyaci al'ummar duniya da su zo tare da su don nuna goyon baya ga ranar Mandela ta hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nelsonmandela.org/news/entry/the-nelson-mandela-foundation-and-46664-call-for-the-establishment-of-a-glo|title=The Nelson Mandela Foundation and 46664 call for the establishment of a global 'Mandela Day' – Nelson Mandela Foundation|website=www.nelsonmandela.org|language=en-us|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref> Ba a nufin ranar Mandela a matsayin ranar hutu, amma a matsayin ranar girmama gadon Nelson Mandela, tsohon shugaban Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma dabi'unsa, ta hanyar sa kai da hidimar al'umma.<ref name=UN18/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS138319+27-Apr-2009+PRN20090427 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201123555/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS138319+27-Apr-2009+PRN20090427 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2013 |title=46664 and the Nelson Mandela Foundation Call for Establishment of Global 'Mandela... |publisher=Reuters |date= 27 April 2009|access-date=31 July 2010 }}</ref> Ranar Mandela kira ne na duniya don yin aiki wanda ke murna da ra'ayin cewa kowane mutum yana da ikon canza duniya, ikon yin tasiri. Saƙon yakin neman zaɓen ranar Mandela shi ne: : "Nelson Mandela ya yi gwagwarmayar tabbatar da adalci ga al'umma tsawon shekaru 67. Muna neman ku fara da mintuna 67."<ref name="Mandela Day">{{cite web|url=http://mandeladay.com/ |title=Mandela Day |publisher=Mandela Day |access-date=31 July 2010}}</ref> : "Za a karrama mu idan irin wannan rana za ta iya kawo hadin kan jama'a a fadin duniya don yaki da talauci da inganta zaman lafiya, sulhu da bambancin al'adu ," a cewar wata sanarwa da aka fitar a madadin Mandela.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8021275.stm | work=BBC News | title=World urged to mark 'Mandela Day' | date=27 April 2009 | access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref> Bikin farko na ranar Mandela a duniya anyi shi ne a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2009, alokacin bikin cika shekaru 91 da haihuwar Mandela, da jerin tarurrukan ilimi, baje kolin zane-zane, tara kuɗaɗe da ayyukan sa kai da suka kai ga wani taron kide-kide a dakin kade-kade na Rediyon City ranar 18 ga Yuli, 46664 ne suka shirya. kide kide da wake-wake da [[Gidauniyar Nelson Mandela]].<ref name="Mandela Day"/> A watan Nuwambar 2009, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ranar 18 ga Yuli a matsayin "Ranar Nelson Mandela ta Duniya".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8353853.stm|title=UN gives backing to 'Mandela Day' |date=11 November 2009|publisher=BBC News|access-date=16 November 2009}}</ref> A cikin 2014, [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta kafa lambar yabo ta Nelson Mandela, lambar yabo ta shekaru da yawa don gane irin nasarorin da suka samu na sadaukar da rayuwarsu ga hidimtawa bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nelson Mandela International Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/events/mandeladay/mandela_prize.shtml|access-date=2020-12-14|website=www.un.org|language=EN}}</ref> [[File:Fan_Walk_For_Peace_And_Unity_(4813214106).jpg|thumb]] == Duba kuma == * [[Association for Volunteer Administration|Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Sa-kai]] * [[Civic Engagement|Haɗin Kan Jama'a]] * [[Good Deeds Day|Ranar Ayyukan Alkhairi]] * [[International Volunteer Day|Ranar 'Yan Agaji ta Duniya]] * [[List of volunteer awards|List of awards for volunteerism and community service]] * [[Random Acts of Kindness Day]] * [[Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners]] (amended in 2015 called "Mandela Rules") ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}}{{Commons}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFn0bg2UgPY Mandela song]:[https://paroles2chansons.lemonde.fr/paroles-professor-pezhman-mosleh/paroles-mandela-my-eternal-man.html The first Persian song for Mandela] composed by [https://www.psychreg.org/music-dr-irvin-yalom-professor-pezhman-mosleh/ Professor Pezhman Mosleh] was appreciated by Foundation of [[Nelson Mandela]]. When Mandela was alive, he also has listened it. It was first broadcast by [http://artmatters.info/tag/pezhman-mosleh/ South African Broadcasting Corporation] (SABC) in 2013. *{{Official website|http://www.mandeladay.com/}} {{Nelson Mandela}} ffbntsa58ptsu1aqumxzb4326amh4tb 0 62113 829275 828933 2026-05-03T13:10:36Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* 2.0 Rabawa Da Hada Kalma */ 829275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} == Ƙa'idojin rubutun hausa == Kamar yadda aka sani, kowanne lamari na duniya yana da ka'idar yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi. Kuma bin ƙa'idar ita ke sa a sami dacen yadda ake bukata ba tare da an fuskanci wata matsala ba. Idan kuma ba a bi ka'idar ba to za a ga ba daidai ba.. Tunda yake haka ne, rubutun Hausa shi ma, yana da ka'idarsa. Bin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa sau-da-kafa, su ke sa a sami rubutu mai Cikakkiyar ma'ana. Wato a sami daidaiton manufa tsakanin tunanain marubuci da kuma na makaranci.<ref><nowiki>https://hemingwayapp.com/articles/grammar-punctuation/punctuation-marks</nowiki></ref> ==Abin da ake nufi da ka'idojin rubutun hausa== Ka'idojin rubutun Hausa, wani yanayi ne na lura da kiyaye ka'idojin harshen Hausa a rubuce domin samun damar isar da sakon da marubuci ke nufi zuwa ga mai karatu daidai da daidai, ba tare da canzawar ma'anar da marubuci ke nufi ba . Haka kuma, yana samar da saukin fahimtar karatu daga mai karantawa. == Fannonin Ka'idojin Rubutun Hausa == Fannonin ka'idojin rubutun Hausa da muke da su a nan, suna da dama. Kuma sune ginshin duk abinda ya kamata marubuci ya koya game da ka'idojin rubutun Hausa domin samun gwanancewa a rubutu. Don haka, zan zayyano su, sannan kuma na yi bayaninsu daki-daki kamar haka: #Alamomin ajiye magana; #Raba kalma da kuma hade kalma; #Shaddatun Tagwayen bakaken Hausa; #Gajera da doguwar mallaka; #Dafa-keya 'w' da jakada 'w'; #Daurin 'm' da daurin 'n'; =='''1.0 Alamomin Ajiye Magana' (punctuation mark)'''== Ga Alamomin aje magana tare da bayanansu daki-daki: * '''Aya / . / * '''Waƙafi / . / * '''Ayar tambaya / ? / * '''Ruwa-biyu / : / * '''Waƙafi m mai ruwa / ; / * '''Karan-ɗori / - / * '''Alamar zancen wani / " " / * '''Baka-biyu / ( ) / * '''Alamar Motsin rai / ! / * '''Zarce / ... / 1.1 '''Aya / . /''' Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. 1.2== Wakafi/ , / == Wakafi, wata karmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. 1.4== Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da aka sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.1 Aya / . /== Ita aya alamar digo ce, mai nuni da da cikkakkiyar tsayawa, wace ake amfani da ita a karshen cikkakkiyar Jimla ko a yayin da da magana ta cika. wato dai lokacin da magana ta cika a rubutuce ko a maganace. Missali: '''A ranar da aka rantsar da sabon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Ahmad Bola Tunubu, ya ayyana janye tallafin man fetur. Sannan kuma, ya cigaba da zayyana wasu mahimman manufofin Gwamnatin tashi.''' idan an lura za a ga an sami ayoyi goda biyu a cikin missalin da na kawo. Wato daya a tsakiya daya a karshe. Amma duk da haka, a lura wajen tantancewa domin wakafi ma, ya zo sau biyu a ciki. Idan an yi hattara sosai, shi ma sai ai la'akari da shi a missalin wakafi da zai zo nan gaba kadan. ==1.2 Wakafi/ , / == Waƙafi, wata ƙarmar tsayawa ce, wato dakatawa ko tsahirtawa wacce bata kai ta aya ba. Missali: *'''Na ga wani farin mutum jiya, sanye da farin kaya da jar hula, yana tsallaka titi a natse.''' To a nan, za a ga an yi amfani da wakafi guda uku kafin aya da ta zo a karshe. Bayan hakka, ana samin wakafi yayin da ake zayyana wasu abubuwa. Missali: *'''Wani Attajiri, ya rabawa mabukata kayan abinci kyauta a garin Gogori. Irin su shinkafa, masara, gero, wake, manja,sukari da sauransu.''' A wannan missalin za a ga yadda ake saka wakafi a tsakankanin abubuwan da aka raba. Wato shinkafa da masara da dawa, har zuwa karshe. 1.3== Ayar tambaya / ? / == Ita almar ayar tambaya, alama ce da take fayyace tambaya a cikin jimla. Ita Ayar tambaya/ ? / Tana zuwa ne A karshen jimlar da ake nufin tambayar. A yayain da marubuci yai nufin tambaya a cikin rubutunsa kuma bai sa wannan alama ba (?) To wannan jimla za ta tsaya ne a matsayin bayani maimakon tambya. Kuma, babu bukatar amsa domin ba a sa almar tambaya ba.Missali: * Aliyu ya zo?, * menene ake sayarwa? Idan aka yi la'akari missalan da ke sama, za a ga an kawo jimloli guda biyu kuma dukkanin suna dauke da alamar tambaya. Bayan haka, a duba kasa za a ga an sake maimaita jimlar farko ba tare da alamar tambaya ba: Aliyu ya zo A nan za a fahimci cewa ana yin bayanin cewa Aliyu ya riga har ya zo wani wuri ne, maimakon tambaya akan zuwan Aliyu wani wuri. ==1.4 Ruwa biyu/ Aya mai ruwa /:/== Wannan wata alama ce da ta ke alamata nuni da zuwan wasu abubuwa a kasa, haka kuma ana amfani da su wajen fayyace awanni, minting da kuma sakanni na lokaci. Missal: # '''12:56''' (wato karfe sha biyu da minti hamsin da shida) # missali na biyu a duba duk inda na ce MISSALI za a ga na yi wannan alamar '''( : )''' sannan a ga missalan sun biyo baya. To wannan ma na daya daga cikin amfanita * idan an zo zayyana wasu abubuwa, akan yi amfani da wannan alama ta Ruwa-biyu. Kamar a ce, '''Shugaban kasa ya zayyana wasu manufofin Gwamnatinsa guda uku da tasa a gaba kamar haka:''' * Inganta noma da kiwon dabbobi; * Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa; * Samar da isasshen man fetur; da sauransu. A nan idan aka lura sosai, za a ga sai da na sa alamar ruwa-biyu /:/ sannan na kawo wadancan abubuwa uku da aka ce Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. ==1.5 Waƙafi mai ruwa / ; / == wannan alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen raba jerin wasu jimloli ko kalmomi a cikin zance. Game da missali, a duba a missalin karshe na Aya mai ruwa, za a ga yadda aka bayyana abinda Shugaban kasa ya zayyana. A nan za a ga an sa Ka alamar /;/ a gaban kowacce jimla. Ga Karin missali: * Shugqban makarantar ya gargadi dalibai cewa,idan sun tashi dawowa daga hutu, su zo da kayan karatu kamar irin wadannan: # littafin koyon turanci, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan lissafi, aji na biyar; # littafin nazarin rayuwar dan Adam, aji na biyar; # littafin koyan karatn Hausa, aji na biyar. A wadannan missalai za a lura cewa, a duk karshen jimloli 3 na farko an saka alamaar tsayawa ta wakafi mai ruwa (;), in banda jimla ta karshe da aka yi wa alamar aya /./ ==1.6 Karan-ɗori / - /== Karan-dori, alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen hade kalmomi biyu ko sama da biyu, su zama kalma daya da ma'ana daya. Akan saka wannan alama ne a tsakanin kalmomi da suka zo iri daya ko wadanda suka zo daban-daban. Kin saka wannan alama a inda ya dace, yakan kawo sabanin ma'ana tsakanin mawallafi da makaranci. Missali: # malam-buda-mana-littafi (sunnan wani kafilfilo); # fadi-ka-mutu (tangaran); # fari-fari (abinda bai kai fari sosai ba); # malfar-ungulu (wani tsiro ne); dss. A lura da kyau, idan muka dauki missali na farko, (malam-buda-mana-littafi) za mu ga yana nufin sunan wani abu wato (kafilfilo). Idan kuma ba a sa wannan alama ba a tsakankanin kalmomin (malam buda mana littafi) to rubutun ya zama wata jimla mai nufin umarni, maimakon kalma daya mai nufin sunan wani Kwaro. Wato, dalibai ne ke umartar malaminsu da ya buda masu littafi. Don haka, zamu fahimci cewa, idan an saka alamar, zancen ya zama Kalma daya kacal. Amma idan ba a sa alamar ba to rubutun ya zama jimla sukum. # Karin Missali, idan mutum yana rubutu a cikin takarda ko kan allo, sai aka fara rubuta wata kalma da ta zo a karshen layi sannan kuma ba ta karasu duka ba, sai a saka karan-dori ( - ) kuma a karasata a layi na kasa. ==1.7 Alamar baka-biyu / ( ) /== Wannan wata alama ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna karin bayani akan wata kalma, ko Jimla ko dai a kan wata maganar ta daban. Ga missalai nan kamar haka: * Yaron da aka kama da laifin kisan matar, 'yar uwa ce ga mahaifin yaron (Gwaggon yaron ce) * Gwamnan kano, Alh. Abba Kabir Yusuf, ya tura wakilinsa (Sunusi Nature) wajen Taron. * # Ni mutum ne mai son a sami zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da wanda ba Musulmai ba (Kiristoci). ==1.8 Ayar Motsin-rai / ! /== Ayar Motsin-rai, wata alama ce da ke nuni da zaburar furuci cikin gaggawar kargafa murya. Hakan na faruwa ne yawanci a farkon bayyanar mury cikin Karfafawa, musamman a kalmomin; razana,mamaki, tausayi da kuma karfafar wata kalma a cikin wani zance na musamman. Alal Missali: '''Ah!, Wayyo!, Lah!, Innalillahi!, Kai!''' Da sauransu. Ga Karin missalai a cikin jimloli: * Saurayin na zuwa ya nuna mata kyautar bazatar da ya zo mata da ita. Sai ta cika da mamaki,sannan ta ja wani gwauron numfashi sanan ta ce, '''La!''' Amma ko na gode '''sosai!''' * A lokacin da yaron yake guje-guje cikin lalatattun Kujerun cikin ajin, sai ya taka kusa, ya ce, '''wayyo Allahna!''' jin haka malaminsu ya leko yana cewa, '''kai!''' Me ya faru. * Haba, yana lekowa cikkin dare sai ya ga wani duhu-duhu dab da shi. Aiko ya firgita ya ce '''waye nan!''' Yanzu sai mu lura cewa, a Missali na daya (1), mun yi amfani da '''Lah!''' da kuma '''sosai!'''. A Missali na biyu (2) kuma mun yi amfani da '''wayyo Allah!''' tare da '''kai!'''. Har illa yau a Missali na uku (3) kuma na karshe, mun yi amfani da '''waye nan!'''. Don haka, wadannan missalai, kadan ne daga cikin missalan '''ayar Motsin-rai / ! /''' Ko kuma inda ya kamata a yi amfani da ita. Sannan kuma, ya kamata a fahimci cewa, dole ne a sami karfafa murya a duk inda ake nufin '''ayar Motsin-rai,''' domin idan aka yi amfani da sanyin murya ma'ana ba za ta samu ba. ==1.9 Zarce / ... /== Zarce wata alama ce ta digo-dogo akalla guda uku (...), da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna ketare wata kalma ko Jimla a cikin rubutu. Ana samun missalai ta bangarori da dama, mussan a cikin karin magana, tsaallake gurbin amasa wata tambaya, dss. Missali: # '''Ban sa a ka ba,...''' A nan ba a bukatar karasa zancen ne, shi ya sa aka yi digo-dogon. Manufa a nan, duk Wanda aka yi wa karin maganar, ya karasa ma'anar a zuci ko ma a fili. Wto kenan sai ya karasa zuwa '''inji barawon tagiya''' # Haka kuma, akan saka wannan alama / ... /, a tsarin tambayar '''cikke tazara'''. Missali: * '''Sunan Babban birnin kasar Najeriya...''' a nana sai cike da '''Abuja''' ko makamancin haka. =='''2.0 Rabawa Da Haɗa Kalma'''== Raba kalma da hada kalma, abubuwa ne mabanbanta amma, masu alaka da juna. Da farko za mu dauki raba kalma. Kamar haka: ==2.1 Raba Kalma== raba kalma na nufin, barin kalma ta ci gashin kanta duk kankantarta Kuma duk girmanta. Hakan, na nufin a barkalma a matayita ba tare da an hade ta da wata ba, don kaucewa rasa ma'ana ta asali. Wato dai,kin raba kalmomin a inda ya ya dace, yana haifar da chanjawar ma'ana. Missali: * Shi ne, (kar a ce: ba shine) * Ita ce, (kar a ce: itace) * Wa ya je da su kasuwa? (Kar a ce: waya je dasu kasuwa?) * Ba ni na zo da shi ba, (kar a ce: bani nazo dashi ba) * Da ni da ku mu hada Kai, (kar a ce;Dani daku mu hadakai) A nan, idan muka Laura, mafi yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, masu gaba dai-dai ne. Kuma kowacce an bar ta a matayinta. Don haka mu duba Missali na farko: '''Shi ne.''' Kalmar farko '''shi''' wakilin suna ce, Kalmar '''ce''' kuwa tana cikin wani aji na nahawu da ake cewa dirka. Don hak, idan aka hade su kamar '''Shine''' kalmomi biyu daban-daban an hade guri daya, don haka sun zama kalma daya ke nan, wacce kwata-kwata babu ita a Hausa sai a Turancin Ingilishi. Wacce ke nufin '''sheki''' a harshen Hausa. A Missali na hudu kuwa, ('''ba ni na zo da shi ba ''') za a fahimci cewa, kowacce kalma tana dauke da gaba daya ne. Kuma, duk da rashin tsawonsu,ba a hada wata da wata ba, domin kuwacce na cin gashin kanta. To hakan shi ne daidai. Inda kuwa an hada wata Kalmar da wata, ma'anarta za ta canza. Missali, idan aka hada '''da''' tare da '''shi,''' za su koma kalma daya kamar haka: '''dashi.''' kuma Kalmar tana nufin sunan wata itaciya ne. ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) ==2.2 Hade Kalma== Haɗe kalma na nufin, barin kowacce doguwar kalma yadda take, ba tare da an raba ta ba. (Ba daidai ba ne a raba kalma duk tawonta, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne a hada wata kalma da wata, don an gansu guntaye.) Missali, a Kalmar: '''baragada,''' (wani abu mara tsari) wannan kalma ce mai gaba hudu, don haka doguwar kalma ce, amma duk da haka babu bukatar samun wata tazara a tsakaninsu. Don haka, idan kaka ce za raba ko bada tazara a wani bangare. In da za a raba Kalmar: '''bara gada''' a nan kalma daya ta zama kalma biyu kenan. Kalmar farko '''(bara)''' tana nufin, shekarar da ta gabata. Kalma ta biyun kuwa '''(gada)''' tana nufin sunan wata dabbar dawa ko Kuma (bridge) a turance. Don haka, mai rubutu ya lura da cewa, duk gajartar kalma dake dauke da gaba daya, ita ma kalma ce mai cin-gashin-kanta. Haka kuma, duk tsawon kalma, ko ta kai gaba biyar ko ma shida, ba a rage ta ko raba ta. Missali a ce: '''mazambaciya''' (tan da gaba biyar da harufa sha daya) =='''4.0 Kalmomin Mallaka'''== Kalmomin Mallaka, wasu kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen nuna faruwar mallaka a cikin rubutu. Game da ka'idojin rubun Hausa, an tanadar da hanyoyi biyu domin samar da rubutu mai inganci. Don haka, muna da gajerar mallaka da kuma doguwar mallaka. ===4.1 Gajerar mallaka=== Gajerar mallaka, ita ake hade Kalmar abinda aka mallaka da wakilin sunan abin da aka mallaka da wakilin sunan wanda yai mallaka a guri daya. == Manazararta== 6dwt9x9vebyb1qel9x04cvlyca57f8n 0 62625 829484 497980 2026-05-04T02:32:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Saturday Night Live.svg|thumb|asabar ranar hutu]] [[Fayil:Fox News Sunday logo.png|thumb|lahadi ranar hutu a najeriya]] [[Najeriya]] na da ranakun hutu da dama. == Hutun jama'a ko na gama-gari == {| class="wikitable" !Hutu ! Kwanan wata ! Bayanan kula |- | Ranar Sabuwar Shekara | 1 ga Janairu | Don girmama farkon shekarar kalanda. |- | Ranar Tunawa da Sojojin | 15 ga Janairu | Tunawa da kawo karshen [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]]. |- | Ranar Ma'aikata | 1 ga Mayu | Don girmama ma'aikata a duniya. |- | Ranar Yara | 27 ga Mayu | Hutun makaranta domin Yara. |- | [[Ranar Dimokradiyya (Nijeriya)|Ranar Dimokuradiyya]] | 12 ga Yuni | Tunawa da dawowar [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokradiyya]] a Najeriya. |- | [[Ranar 'Yancin Kai (Najeriya)|Ranar 'yancin kai]] | 1 Oktoba | Tunawa da 'Yancin Najeriya daga [[Birtaniya|Biritaniya]]. |- | [[Kirsimeti|Ranar Kirsimeti]] | 25 Disamba | Biki na Kirista na tunawa da haihuwar [[Isa|Yesu]]. |- | Ranar Kyauta | 26 Disamba | Ranar na somawa kwana ɗaya bayan bikin Kirsimeti. A ranar ana bayar da kyaututtuka ga marayu d.s.s |} == Hutu na ibadu == Bugu da ƙari, Najeriya a hukumance na biki 'na ibadu, wadanda ke faruwa a ranaku daban-daban a kowace shekara: {| class="wikitable" !Hutu ! Kwanan wata ! Bayanan kula |- | [[Maulidi]] | 12 [[Rabi' al-awwal|Rabi'ul Awwal]] | Maulidin musulmi na murnar zagayowar ranar haihuwar [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad ﷺ]]. |- | [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid al-Adha]] | 10 [[Zulhajji|Zul-Hijjah]] | Bikin Musulmi na murnar yarda [[Ibrahim]] ya sadaukar da dansa. |- | [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]] | 1 [[Shawwal]] | Musulmai na murnar kammala azumin watan Ramadan, watan azumi. Sai aiwatar da bikin salla karama. |- | Barka da Juma'a | Juma'a na Makon Mai Tsarki (Maris ko Afrilu) | Bikin Kirista na murnar gicciye Yesu. |- | Ista Litinin | Litinin bayan Easter (Maris ko Afrilu) | Biki na Kirista na tunawa da tashin Yesu Kiristi. |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} *[http://www.officeholidays.com/countries/nigeria/ Office holidays in Nigeria] *[https://thenigerianinfo.com/national-public-holidays-in-nigeria/ All Public Holidays In Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326035355/https://thenigerianinfo.com/national-public-holidays-in-nigeria/ |date=2024-03-26 }} [[Category:Al'adun Najeriya]] oea4vdzmi9n4k86besjfne9psty5c41 0 68688 829579 541133 2026-05-04T09:42:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Rise of the Saints''''', fim ne na tunani abinda zai wahala ya afku-(fantasy) na [[Najeriya|na Najeriya]] na shekarar 2020 wanda Samuel O. Olateru ya bada umarni, sai Bolanle Olasunde ya shirya shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=Rise of the Saints in Cinemas October 2020 |url=https://acceleratetv.com/rise-of-the-saints-in-cinemas-october-2020/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=AccelerateTv |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004143411/https://acceleratetv.com/rise-of-the-saints-in-cinemas-october-2020/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rise of the Saints |url=https://ozonecinemas.com/movie/rise-of-the-saints/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Ozone Cinemas |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029131503/https://ozonecinemas.com/movie/rise-of-the-saints/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taurarin Fim din sun hada da [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] da [[Rachel Oniga]] a cikin manyan jarumai yayin da [[Tina Mba]], Peter Fatomilola, da Teleola Kuponiyi suka taka rawar gani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-04-09 |title=Take a First Look at the Trailer for "Rise of the Saints" starring Deyemi Okanlawon, Racheal Oniga & Tina Mba |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/04/rise-of-the-saints-movie/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim din na bayyana labarin fitacciyar jarumar Yarbawa, Sarauniya Moremi Ajasoro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Fun facts you didn't know about 'Rise of the saints' movie |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/fun-facts-you-didnt-know-about-rise-of-the-saints-movie/etpqnwf |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-17 |title=Nollywood Epic, ‘Rise of the Saints’ Berths |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/10/17/nollywood-epic-rise-of-the-saints-berths/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naijaray |title=DOWNLOAD: Rise Of The Saints – Nigerian Nollywood Movie 2020 — Naijaray |url=https://naijaray.com.ng/download-rise-of-the-saints-nigerian-nollywood-movie-2020/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=naijaray.com.ng |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Fim ɗin ya yi fice a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2020 a Filmhouse IMAX cinemas, Lekki bayan shekaru biyar da shirya shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bolaji |first=Esan |date=2020-09-24 |title=Rise Of The Saints; The Movie- {{sic|Annou|ces|nolink=y}} October 9th As New Cinema Release Date, Drops New Trailer. |url=https://brandspurng.com/2020/09/24/rise-of-the-saints-the-movie-annouces-october-9th-as-new-cinema-release-date-drops-new-trailer/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadeyanka |first=Modupe |date=2020-09-24 |title=Rise of the Saints Gets October 9 Cinema Release Date |url=https://businesspost.ng/showbiz/rise-of-the-saints-gets-october-9-cinema-release-date/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2020-09-23 |title="Rise of the Saints" is Heading to the Big Screen Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/rise-of-the-saints-cinemas/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya sami mabanbantan ra'ayi daga masu suka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2020-10-07 |title=COMING SOON: Rise of the Saints |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/10/coming-soon-rise-of-the-saints.html |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yan wasan shirin == * Teleola Kuponiyi a matsayin Luke * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin Wale * [[Rachel Oniga]] a matsayin Aunty Tolu * [[Tina Mba]] a matsayin Prophetess * [[Peter Fatomilola]] a matsayin Orula * Olufunmi Ronke Disu a matsayin Dena * Daniel Ugbang ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== * {{IMDb title|11878680}} [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fim]] mfrnegkq7xydorrlcobqkdf75dcvjdj 0 72576 829504 703047 2026-05-04T06:54:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|embed=yes|education=[[Kyambogo University]]|spouse={{marriage|Hamza Ssebunya|2019}}}}'''Rehema Namakula''' (an haife shi 07 Afrilu 1990), wanda aka sani da sana'a da '''Rema Namakula''' ko kuma a sauƙaƙe '''Rema''', mawaƙi ne na Uganda, marubuci kuma mai shirya rikodi.<ref name="Bio2">{{cite web|url=http://ugblizz.com/facts-didnt-know-rema-namakula/|title=Facts you Didn't Know About Rema Namakula|date=12 July 2016|author=Sean Musa Carter|accessdate=6 October 2017|publisher=Ugblizz.com|location=Kampala|archive-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007070147/http://ugblizz.com/facts-didnt-know-rema-namakula/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == [[Fayil:Rema Namakula.jpg|thumb|Rema Namakula]] An haifi Rema a Asibitin Lubaga, a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1991, ga marigayi Hamida Nabbosa da marigayi Mukiibi Ssemakula . Ita ce ta ƙarshe a cikin iyalinta. Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Kitante don karatun firamare. Ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Saint Balikudembe don karatun O-Level da A-Level. Daga baya, ta shiga Jami'ar Kyambogo. Wanda ba ta kammala ba kuma ta ce tana shirin yin hakan a nan gaba.<ref name="Data2">{{cite web|url=http://bigeye.ug/rema-namakula-shares-her-biography/|location=Kampala|accessdate=6 October 2017|publisher=Bigeye.ug (Big Eye Uganda)|first=Isaac|last=Mites|date=21 March 2015|title=Rema Namakula Shares Her Biography}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A lokacin hutun ta na Senior 6, ta fara raira waƙoƙin karaoke. Daga baya, ta zama mawaƙiya mai goyon baya ga wata mawaƙiya mace ta Uganda Halima Namakula, wacce ta zama mai ba da shawara. Ta ci gaba da aikinta na kiɗa a matsayin mai zane-zane na madadin mawaƙa na Uganda Bebe Cool a Gagamel, ƙungiyar rikodin Bebe Cool. A cikin 2013, Bebe Cool yana kallon talabijin lokacin da ya ga Rema yana magana game da ƙaddamar da kundin solo, wanda Bebe Cool bai sani ba. haka kore ta kuma ta tafi kanta. A cikin 2013 ta fito da "Oli Wange" wanda Nince Henry ya rubuta wanda ya sa ta shahara a masana'antar kiɗa ta Uganda.<ref>http://ugandaonline.net/news/view/14121/bebe_cool_fires_rema_namakula_from_gagamel{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 2016, an zaɓi Rema Namakula don wakiltar Uganda a kakar wasa ta huɗu ta Coke Studio Africa 2016. Sauran masu yin rikodin Uganda da aka zaba sun hada da Lydia Jazmine, Eddy Kenzo da Rediyo da Weasel . Sauran mahalarta taron gayyata kawai sun ha da [[2Baba]] (2Face Idibia) daga [[Najeriya]] da Trey Songz daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Bayan lokaci, Namakula ta fara dangantaka ta soyayya tare da mai yin rikodin Uganda Eddy Kenzo . A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Namakula ta haifi 'yar a Asibitin Paragon, a unguwar Kampala ta Bugoloobi . Kenzo (sunan gaskiya Edrisa Musuuza), wanda ke da wata 'yar (Maya Musuuza) daga dangantakar da ta gabata, ya yarda cewa shi ne mahaifin kuma ya kira sabon Aamaal Musuuza. A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2019, Namakula ta gabatar da sabon saurayinta, Dokta Hamza Ssebunya, a wani bikin da ya faru a gidanta a Nabbingo, kusa da Kampala. Gabatarwa 'amari ne na kasa, yayin da dubban mutane suka kafa sansani a kan hanyar tafiya zuwa gidanta. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 2021, Namakula ta yi maraba da ɗanta na biyu. Wata jariri mai suna Aaliyah Ssebunya . == Rubuce-rubuce na ɓangaren == * "Oli Wange" * "Katonotono" * "Lean On Me" * "Lowooza Kunze" * "Deep in Love" * "Muchuuzi" * "Atuuse" * "Kukaliba" * "Fire Tonight" * "Ceaze and Sekkle" * "Banyabo" * "Loco" (featuring DJ Harold and Chike) * "Akaffe Che" == Kyautar Kiɗa == HiPipo Music Awards 2013: Won * Best HiPipo Charts Artist * Best Breakthrough Artist * Best Female Artist<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1314080/rema-walukagga-win-hipipo-awards</ref> * Best R&B Song, "Oli Wange" * Best female Artist of the Year<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/hipipo-music-awards-bebe-cool-scoops-six-accolades/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-date=2025-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504030933/https://redpepper.co.ug/hipipo-music-awards-bebe-cool-scoops-six-accolades/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Best female Artist (Dancehall)<ref name=":0" /> * Best female RnB song – Kukaliba == References == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] 4hmt411eyoc5p7c5jbklvucw32taqkv 0 72853 829478 669335 2026-05-04T01:39:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Raymundo Bernabé Nnandong Nchama Russo''' (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa’in da daya 1991), mai shirya fim ɗin [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatoguine]] ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mai shiryawa, kuma marubucin allo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=De África a Ourense: memorias de una conexión imperecedera con Guinea Ecuatorial |url=https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/ourense/ourense/2021/07/09/ourense-provincia-gallega-viven-ciudadanos-guinea-ecuatorialconexion-quintela-leirado/0003_202107O9C1991.htm |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=La Voz de Galicia |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madrid |first=Ayuntamiento de |title=Dos mundos que se tocan |url=https://www.madridcultura.es/evento/25128/dos-mundos-que-se-tocan |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=www.madridcultura.es |language=es}}</ref> An san shi sosai don jagorantar fim ɗin shirin fim na shekarar dubu biyu da ishirin 2020 wanda ya lashe kyautar ''Manoliño Nguema''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raimundo Nnandong |url=https://birdlikeculture.wordpress.com/tag/raimundo-nnandong/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Birdlike |language=de-DE}}</ref> Har ila yau, memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na CEID mai kula da Matasa, Ayyukan zamantakewa da Sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ultima hora: el director de cine Raimundo Bernabé Nnandong ha sido puesto en libertad.: asodeguesegundaetapa.org |url=http://www.asodeguesegundaetapa.org/ultima-hora-el-director-de-cine-raimundo-bernabe-nnandong-ha-sido-puesto-en-libertad/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |language=es}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa’in da daya 1991 a wani ƙaramin gari a Equatorial Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africiné - Perspectives d'un cinéma en Guinée équatoriale |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/perspectives-dun-cinema-en-guinee-equatoriale/13662 |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Africiné |language=fr}}</ref> Daga baya ya girma a Bata, babban birnin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raimundo Bernabé Nnandong – FCAT – Festival de Cine Africano de Tarifa |url=https://cineafricano.fcat.es/director/raimundo-bernabe-nnandong/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=cineafricano.fcat.es}}</ref> == Sana'a == A cikin shekarar dubu biyu da takwas 2008, ya fara wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo daga Cibiyoyin Al'adun Sipaniya a Bata da Malabo. Sannan ya shiga tare da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Ecuadorian da Guinean da Cibiyar Magana ta Faransa (ICEF) don yin fice a fannin fasaha. A lokacin karatunsa, ya yi aiki a cikin gajerun fina-finai da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPLA: Raimundo Bernabé Nnandong |url=http://www.spla.pro/index.php?page_inc=fiche&type=personnes&no=29786 |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Spla |language=en}}</ref> Sannan a cikin shekarar dubu daya da goma sha’daya 2011, ya jagoranci fim ɗin ''Le Rendez-vous'', ''La Cita'' (2011). Jagoran fina-finan sa na farko ya zo ta shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha’biyar 2015 tare da fim ɗin ''Aricó Caliente''. Daga baya kuma ya lashe kyautar Ceiba Award na fim ɗin. Ayyukansa mafi sanannun kuma mafi kyawun kyautar shine ɗan gajeren fim "Aricó Caliente", wanda aka gabatar a bikin fina-finai na Afirka na Tarifa da Tangier (FCAT) a shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha’shidda 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2017|title=Detienen en Bata a Raimundo Bernabé Nnandong, Russo, director de cine y directivo de CEIDGE.|trans-title=Raimundo Bernabé Nnandong, Russo, film director and director of CEIDGE, arrested in Bata.|url=http://www.asodeguesegundaetapa.org/detienen-en-bata-a-raimundo-bernabe-nnandong-russo-director-de-cine-y-directivo-de-ceidge/|access-date=2021-10-08|website=asodeguesegundaetapa.org|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-09 |title=Second Casa África Film Festival |url=https://www.casafrica.es/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Casafrica |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] qlbboso6z9o9kvs5li7u7e5z5i8w48a 0 72918 829471 629229 2026-05-04T00:11:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Qwasi Blay Jnr.png|thumb|qwasi blay]] '''Godwin Kwesi Blay Ekra Jnr''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Maris, 1994) wanda aka sani da sunan showbiz '''Qwasi Blay Jnr.''' ɗan [[Ɗan wasa|wasan]] [[Ghana]] ne.<ref name= ghanaweb>{{cite web | url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Get-familiar-with-Ghanaian-most-wanted-actor-Qwasi-Blay-837322| title=Get familiar with Ghanaian most wanted actor, Qwasi Blay| date=14 January 2020| publisher=ghanaweb | access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a cikin fina-finan ''Dance tare da Devil'', ''Grey Dust'' da Billionaires Wife''.'' ''An nuna shi a cikin fina-finai tara da jerin talabijin tara.''<ref name= gbafrica>{{cite web| url=https://www.gbafrica.net/qwasi-blay-jnr-ghanas-most-wanted-actor/| title=QWASI BLAY JNR/ Ghana's Most Wanted Actor| publisher=gbafrica| access-date=23 October 2020| archive-date=26 October 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026062529/https://www.gbafrica.net/qwasi-blay-jnr-ghanas-most-wanted-actor/| url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a [[Ghana]] a matsayin ɗa na uku a cikin iyali mai 'yan'uwa biyar: maza huɗu da mace. Ya yi karatun firamare da junior a Great Lamptey Mills. Sannan yaci gaba da karatu daga Aburi Secondary Technical (SHS). Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Jami’ar Fasaha ta Koforidua, sannan ya samu Difloma mai girma (HND) kan Saye da Kawowa.<ref name= ghanaweb /><ref name= gbafrica /> == Sana'a == Ya fara aiki a cikin shekarar 2016 tun yana yaro, ya bayyana a cikin ''Grey Dust'', ''Grilled'', da Serial ''Deju Vu''.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://irokotv.com/actors/5845/quasi-blay-jr| title=Movies and Series starring Quasi Blay Jr.| publisher=irokotv| access-date=23 October 2020| archive-date=27 October 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027025125/https://irokotv.com/actors/5845/quasi-blay-jr| url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sami lambar yabo na Maza mafi kyawun Nishaɗi a matakin jami'a da kuma mafi kyawun wasan nishaɗin maza a maiden edition na Social Media Entertainment Awards. Daga baya an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi kyawun Kwarewa a matsayin jagora a bugu na 9 na Kyautar Fim na Ghana don rawar da ya taka a fim ɗin ''Adoma''.<ref name= ghanaweb /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Guide|first=Daily|date=2019-12-23|title=Surprises At 2019 Ghana Movie Awards|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/61890/surprises-at-2019-ghana-movie-awards.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Movie Awards » 2019 Nominations|url=https://ghanamovieawards.com/2019-nominations/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=ghanamovieawards.com|archive-date=2020-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129131019/https://ghanamovieawards.com/2019-nominations/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-09|title=Nominees Released for 2019 Ghana Movie Awards - Full List|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/12/09/nominees-released-for-2019-ghana-movie-awards-full-list/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=GhanaCelebrities.Com|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031180101/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/12/09/nominees-released-for-2019-ghana-movie-awards-full-list/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An zaɓi Qwasi don lambar yabo ta fina-finan Ghana na shekara ta 2021 a matsayin "Mafi kyawun Kwarewar Wani Jarumi A Matsayin Jagora" a cikin rawar da ya taka a fim ɗin Cross.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Ghana Movie Awards: Qwasi Blay Jnr Nominated For "Best Lead Actor"|url=https://peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/movies/202112/457954.php|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-date=2024-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303055953/https://peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/movies/202112/457954.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 2018 | ''Kurar Grey'' | | Fim | |- | 2019 | ''Rawa da Iblis'' | | Fim | |- | 2020 | ''Kwanaki 2 Bayan Juma'a'' | | Fim | |- | 2021 | ''Mara inuwa'' | | Fim | |- | 2021 | ''Ketare'' | | Fim | |- | 2021 | ''Haushi'' | | Fim | |- | 2021 | ''Shahararren'' | | Fim | |- | 2021 | ''Yan wasa vs Slayers'' | | Fim | |- | 2022 | ''Kowa Ya Fita'' | | Fim | |- | 2021 | ''Har Faɗuwar rana'' | | Jerin | |- | 2021 | ''Deja Vu'' | | Jerin | |- | 2021 | ''Nazarin Harka'' | | Jerin | |- | 2021 | ''Yarinyar Arziki'' | | Jerin | |- | 2022 | ''La Maison Chiq'' | | Jerin | |- | 2023 | ''Matar Biliyoyin'' | | Jerin | |- | 2023 | ''M Duniya'' | | Jerin | |- | 2023 | ''Madam'' | | Jerin | |- | 2024 | ''Goal Digers'' | | Jerin | |- |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lamarin ! Kyauta ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamako |- | 2019 | 2019 Ghana Movie Awards | Mafi kyawun Jarumi | Adoma |{{Nom}} |- | 2019 | 2019 Ghana Movie Awards | Ganowar shekara | Adoma |{{Nom}} |- | 2021 | 2021 Ghana Awards Awards | Mafi Kyawun Kwarewa Daga Dan wasan kwaikwayo A Matsayin Jagora | Ketare |{{Nom}} |- |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ppid3b8zxt1j365vtbxc366yinn7k6u 0 73062 829274 617561 2026-05-03T13:06:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oscar Provencal''' ɗan wasan [[Ghana]] ne, darekta, mai ba da taimako kuma furodusa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/March-15th/bring-back-extracurricular-activities-to-help-unearth-talents-oscar-provencal.php|title=Bring back extracurricular activities to help unearth talents - Oscar Provencal|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=2019-10-13}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0699016/bio|title=IMDB|last=|first=|date=|website=[[IMDb]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> An fi sanin Provencal saboda matsayinsa na Inspector Bediako a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV ''Inspector Bediako''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2018/04/11/abraham-attah-needs-hyped-ghanaians-mr-oscar-provencal-k-inspector-bediako/|title=Abraham Attah Needs To Be Hyped By Ghanaians - Mr. Oscar Provencal A.K.A. 'Inspector Bediako'|date=2018-04-11|website=GhanaCelebrities.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-07|archive-date=2020-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207035046/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2018/04/11/abraham-attah-needs-hyped-ghanaians-mr-oscar-provencal-k-inspector-bediako/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == A farkon shekarun 1990, Provencal ya yi fim ɗin Inspector Bediako. Ya kuma yi takara a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan kere-kere, shi ne alkali na Ghana Most Beautiful Beauty Pageant Ya kuma shahara da bayar da agaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/It-s-a-privilege-to-be-a-GMB-Judge-Oscar-Provencal-590422|title=It's a privilege to be a GMB Judge — Oscar Provencal|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-date=2019-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013215151/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/It-s-a-privilege-to-be-a-GMB-Judge-Oscar-Provencal-590422|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghlinks.com.gh/inspector-bediako-tv-series-to-bounce-back-oscar-provencal/|title=Inspector Bediako TV Series To Bounce Back – Oscar Provencal|date=2019-04-11|website=GhLinks.com.gh™|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-13}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailyheritage.com.gh/?p=7947|title=Inspector Bediako returns|last=Adjei|first=Michael|date=2017-06-02|website=daily Heritage|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-date=2019-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013220706/http://dailyheritage.com.gh/%3Fp%3D7947/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Filmography == * ''[[Deadly Voyage]]'' * ''[[Inspector Badiako|Inspector Bediako]]'' * ''Bigman Wahala''<ref>{{Citation|title=Bigman Wahala|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt8991316/|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref> * ''The Other Side of the Rich''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2699924/?ref_=nmbio_mbio|title=IMDB|last=|first=|date=|website=[[IMDb]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> *Sin City == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] m24xbg5asydicjxg3spy7ktsblfl3gg 0 73108 829281 608952 2026-05-03T14:05:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Owiso Odera''' (Maris 1974 - Nuwamba 3, 2016) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan ƙasar [[Kenya]] haifaffen Sudan. Wataƙila an san shi sosai saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin Papa Tunde a cikin jerin talabijin ''The Originals'' . <ref>{{cite web|title=TV & Stage Actor Owiso Odera Dies After Collapsing Onstage During Play Rehearsal|date=11 November 2016|publisher=[[BroadwayWorld]]|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/TV-Stage-Actor-Owiso-Odera-Dies-After-Collapsing-Onstage-During-Play-Rehearsal-20161111|accessdate=27 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=alexander>{{cite web|last=Nguyen|first=Alexander|title=Santa Monica-Based Actor Odera Owiso Died After Collapsing During Rehearsal in Kentucky|date=7 November 2016|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|url=https://patch.com/california/santamonica/santa-monica-based-actor-odera-owiso-died-after-collapsing-during-rehearsal|accessdate=27 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mabel|first=Winnie|title=The Originals' Papa Tunde dead after collapsing on set|publisher=[[Tuko]]|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/221035-top-kenyan-award-wining-hollywood-actor-dead.html|accessdate=27 March 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 2015, an zabi Odera don lambar yabo ta Lucille Lortel don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo saboda rawar da ya taka a wasan Katori Hall 's ''Our Lady of Kibeho'' a Sa hannu Theater . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odera a [[Khartoum]], Sudan ga mahaifiyar Kenya Millicent Obaso da mahaifin [[Henry Odera Oruka]] a watan Maris 1974.<ref name=thomas>{{cite web|last=Rajula|first=Thomas|title=Remembering Owiso Odera, who blazed the trail for Lupita and Gathegi|date=14 July 2018|publisher=[[Daily Nation]]|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/weekend/Remembering-Owiso-Odera/1220-4661938-d4j4bx/index.html|accessdate=27 March 2020}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar St. Mary's, [[Nairobi]], inda ya sauke karatu a aji na 1991. Odera ya sami gurbin karatu don nazarin kimiyyar kwamfuta a Kwalejin Earlham a 1992. <ref name="thomas" /> Ya sauke karatu daga Earlham a 1996. Ya kuma sami digiri na biyu daga shirin wasan kwaikwayo na digiri a Jami'ar California, San Diego . <ref name="thomas" /> Ya sauke karatu daga UCSD a 2005. <ref name="thomas" /> == Sana'a == A mataki ya yi a Katori Hall 's ''Our Lady of Kibeho'' a Sa hannu Theatre, Mat Smart's ''Samuel J. da K.'' tare da Justin Long a Williamstown Theater Festival, da kuma Jay O. Sanders ' ''Unexplored ciki'' a Museum of Yahudawa Heritage. . Ya fito a cikin jerin talabijin The Originals, The Good Wife and Madam Secretary . Sauran shirye-shiryen talabijin da ya fito a ciki sun hada da wanda ba a iya mantawa da su ba, Kogin Uku, FlashForward, Rahoton tsiraru, NCIS: Los Angeles, The Unit, Lambobi, The Millers da Blue Bloods . Ya kuma bayyana a cikin jerin datti . Odera kuma ya fito a cikin fim ɗin fasalin 2007 ''[[Relative Obscurity|mai ban sha'awa]]'' tare da Larisa Oleynik . == Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa == Odera ya auri Nicole Comp. A lokacin mutuwarsa, Odera yana zaune a Santa Monica, California . Odera ya mutu ne a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2016, bayan da ya fado a kan mataki yayin wani bita na Dominique Morisseau 's ''Detroit '67'' a Galt House a Louisville, [[Kentucky]] . Ya kasance 42. Iyalinsa ba su bayyana musabbabin mutuwarsa ba. Ya bar matarsa Nicole, ƴan uwansa Sheila da Sharon da ƴan uwansa Peter da Ronnie. == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] llpr6c12zninyyysegicnc1bi21x6rh 0 73113 829331 817231 2026-05-03T16:49:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Patrick Oketch ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Kenya wanda aka sani da wasa Charlie a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Citizen TV mai suna Mother-in-Law . kuma nuna Field Ruwe a cikin gajeren fim <ref>{{cite web|last=Hussein|first=Abdikarim|title=Mother-in-Law actor SHOCKS fans by announcing move to contest parliamentary seat in August|publisher=[[Tuko]]|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/233067-mother-law-actor-shocks-fans-by-announcing-move-contest-parliamentary-seat-a.html#233067|accessdate=19 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=“He has never been a drunk” Celina heaps praise on her television sweetheart as he turns a year older|date=13 June 2018|publisher=[[Ghafla!]]|url=http://www.ghafla.com/ke/he-has-never-been-a-drunk-celina-heaps-praise-on-her-television-sweetheart-as-he-turns-a-year-older/|accessdate=19 October 2019|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127213335/http://www.ghafla.com/ke/he-has-never-been-a-drunk-celina-heaps-praise-on-her-television-sweetheart-as-he-turns-a-year-older/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mukei|first=Catherine|title=Kenya: Day in the Life - I've Made It a Habit to Kiss My Sleeping Wife's Cheek Before Leaving for Work Every Morning|date=17 December 2011|publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201112190287.html|accessdate=19 October 2019}}</ref>din 2015 Intellectual Scum . [1] An haife shi a 1981 a cikin Mathare Slums, Patrick malami ne mai horar da shi a halin yanzu yana neman digiri a Nazarin Wasanni da Fasaha a Jami'ar Kenyatta . Har ila yau, marubuci ne mai yawa kuma editan rubutun ga wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da taurari MaEmpress a kan Maisha Magic . == Zaɓin fim == * ''[[The Captain of Nakara|Kyaftin din Nakara]]'' (2012) * Sticking Ribbons (2013) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3233910/ * ''[[Intellectual Scum|Rashin hankali]]'' (2015) * ''Kaze ko Tatsu Lion'' (2015) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 70v25td55pkt9x9axw4gr3ya03n5wei 0 73168 829560 629379 2026-05-04T08:21:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Richmond Xavier Amo''''' корот an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1987, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar Ghana, marubuci kuma darektan shirye-shirye. san shi da suna Lawyer Nti, sunan wani hali na almara da yake takawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Kejetia da Makola .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/56389/i-am-only-lawyer-nti-when-im-on-set-i-am-differe.html|title=I Am Only Lawyer Nti When I'm On Set, I Am Different In Real Life- Richmond Xavier Amoakoh|first=Vanessa Bless|last=Nordzi|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2017/august-30th/kejetiavsmakola-lawyer-nti-katakyie-bombay-isaiah-exchoirester-explains-distin.php|title=KejetiaVsMakola: Lawyer 'Nti Katakyie Bombay Isaiah Exchoirester' explains 'distin'|date=2017-08-30|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-date=2019-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007174754/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2017/august-30th/kejetiavsmakola-lawyer-nti-katakyie-bombay-isaiah-exchoirester-explains-distin.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Clemento-Suarez-has-been-slept-on-for-a-long-time-Lawyer-Nti-738138|title=Clemento Suarez has been 'slept on' for a long time – Lawyer Nti|website=www.ghanaweb.com|date=13 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abcnewsgh.com/lawyer-nti-hints-on-leaving-kejetia-vs-makola-series/|title=Lawyer Nti hints on leaving Kejetia vs Makola series|date=2019-07-24|website=Latest breaking news from Ghana: Business, Politics, Sports and Entertainment|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-date=2020-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129172838/https://www.abcnewsgh.com/lawyer-nti-hints-on-leaving-kejetia-vs-makola-series/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/01/29/people-expect-me-to-joke-like-lawyer-nti-even-when-im-not-on-set-actor-richmond-xavier-amoakoh-complains/|title=People Expect Me to Joke Like Lawyer Nti even When I'm Not On Set - Actor Richmond Xavier Amoakoh Complains|date=2019-01-29|website=GhanaCelebrities.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-date=2020-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129172859/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/01/29/people-expect-me-to-joke-like-lawyer-nti-even-when-im-not-on-set-actor-richmond-xavier-amoakoh-complains/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Amo auto a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1987 a Mampong, [[Yankin Ashanti]] . Ya fito ne daga Makarantar Ayyuka ta Jami'ar Ghana . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/lawyer-nti-humour-helped-me-through-dark-days.html|title=Lawyer Nti: Humour helped me through dark days|date=2017-09-14|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2007 yana fitowa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ciki har da Nyansapo's Gallery of Comedy . Kasancewa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Kejetia vs Makola a matsayin Layer Nti ya haifar da ci gaba a masana'antar fina-finai ta Ghana.<ref name=":0"/> == Kyaututtuka == * Mutum Shekara - 2017 Nogokpo Awards <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/lawyer-nti-honoured-with-2017-nogokpo-awards/|title=Lawyer Nti Honoured with 2017 Nogokpo Awards - News Ghana|date=|website=News Ghana|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|title=Lawyer Nti Receives 2017 Nogokpo Person of the Year Award|website=BusinessGhana|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref> * J Actor a cikin Comedy Series - 2018 Ghana Movie Awards [1] * Binciken Shekara - 2018 Ghana Movie AwardsKyautar Fim ta Ghana == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] a0uxiaw7hbna3luv1tc0x6k28zme9vu 0 73213 829464 431956 2026-05-03T23:10:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Psalm Adjeteyfio''', wanda aka fi sani da T.T. (1948 <ref>[https://www.gna.org.gh/1.21452128 ''Veteran actor Psalm Adjeteyfio pases away.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004122049/https://www.gna.org.gh/1.21452128 |date=2022-10-04 }} ''8 April 2022. Gana News Agency.''</ref> - 8 Afrilu 2022), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ghana wanda ya fito a fina-finai da bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 September 2021|title=Henry Quartey pledges GHS1,500 monthly stipend to Psalm Adjeteyfio|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/09/henry-quartey-pledges-ghs1500-monthly-stipend-to-psalm-adjeteyfio/|access-date=16 September 2021|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 April 2022 |title=Social media reacts to death of Psalm Adjeteyfio - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/social-media-reacts-to-death-of-psalm-adjeteyfio/ |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An haife shi a Ghana, wanda aka fi sani da [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]], an fi saninsa da jagorancin T.T. a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Ghana Taxi Driver .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/March-22nd/i-learnt-how-to-drive-on-taxi-driver-psalm-adjeteyfio-reveals.php|title=I learnt how to drive on 'Taxi Driver' - Psalm Adjeteyfio reveals|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=11 October 2019|archive-date=11 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011015015/http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/March-22nd/i-learnt-how-to-drive-on-taxi-driver-psalm-adjeteyfio-reveals.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.a1radioonline.com/14319/14319im-a-pauper-after-several-years-of-fame-psalm-adjetey-fio/index.html|title=I'm a pauper after several years of fame - Psalm Adjetey Fi a1radioonline |date=28 January 2018|website=A1 RADIO 101.1MHz|language=en-US|access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/July-6th/actor-psalm-adjeteyfio-receives-support-for-heart-expansion-treatment.php|title=Actor Psalm Adjeteyfio receives support for heart expansion treatment|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=11 October 2019|archive-date=11 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011015015/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/July-6th/actor-psalm-adjeteyfio-receives-support-for-heart-expansion-treatment.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghbase.com/psalm-adjeteyfio-aka-t-t-from-taxi-driver-sheds-tears-as-he-talks-about-why-he-cheated-on-his-wife-dating-a-demon-how-he-abandoned-his-children-video/|title=Psalm Adjeteyfio Aka T.T From Taxi Driver Sheds Tears As He Talks About Why He Cheated On His Wife, Dating A 'Demon' & How He Abandoned His Children( Video) » GhBase•com™|date=29 January 2018|website=GhBase•com™|language=en-US|access-date=11 October 2019|archive-date=11 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011015021/https://www.ghbase.com/psalm-adjeteyfio-aka-t-t-from-taxi-driver-sheds-tears-as-he-talks-about-why-he-cheated-on-his-wife-dating-a-demon-how-he-abandoned-his-children-video/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kafin shi[[Harshen Ga|Ga]] wasan kwaikwayo, ya kasance malamin harshen Ga a makarantar ma'aikatan PRESEC. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Wanda aka zaba'' * ''Aljanna ta Ƙarshe''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2015/June-23rd/feature-ghanaian-movie-stars-who-rocked-the-90s-and-early-2000s.php|title=Feature: Ghanaian movie stars who rocked the 90s and early 2000s - MyJoyOnline.com|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=28 January 2020|archive-date=26 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626004048/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2015/June-23rd/feature-ghanaian-movie-stars-who-rocked-the-90s-and-early-2000s.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Direban taksi'' * ''[[A Stab in the Dark (fim)|Wani Stab a cikin Duhu]]'' * ''James Town Mai kamun kifi'' * ''Bincike'' * ''Zuciyata'' * ''Yankin duhu'' * ''Asimo'' * Yara Masu Farin Ciki * Yaron Amurka == Mutuwa == Adjeteyfio ya mutu yana da shekaru 74 bayan ciwon zuciya a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2022. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2990873}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1948]] 3wo40lbctyykzs0rig33x5lllkfnbor 0 73235 829366 507679 2026-05-03T19:17:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peter Kofi Sedufia''' ɗan Ghana ne mai shirya fina-finai ne kuma furodusa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africiné - Peter Sedufia|url=http://africine.org/personne/peter-sedufia/47346|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Africiné|language=fr|archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121190034/http://africine.org/personne/peter-sedufia/47346|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sedufia, Peter {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc.|url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/peter-sedufia/|access-date=2021-11-21|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Sedufia ya halarci Cibiyar Fina-Finai da Talabijin ta ƙasar Ghana, inda ya yi fice a fannin bayar da umarni. Bayan ya jagoranci gajerun fina-finai da yawa, ya fito da fim ɗinsa na farko, mai suna ''[[Keteke]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Berlinale Talents - Peter Sedufia|url=https://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt//bt/talent/peter-sedufia/profile|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Berlinale Talents|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter Sedufia|url=https://cinemasdafrique.asso.fr/realisateurs/petersedufia/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Association Cinémas et Cultures d'Afrique|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Filmography == === Fina-finai === * 2017: ''Ketek'' * 2018: ''Sidechic Gang'' * 2020: ''Aloe Vera'' === Gajerun fina-finai === * 2014: The Traveller * 2016: Master and 3 Maids == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] qqyha3t8c2l2lu2yq2wa0gslxyfmtgm 0 73464 829405 390831 2026-05-03T20:50:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Pierra Makena''''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1981) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Kenya, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon kuma mai tallata talabijin. lashe kyautar mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo don rawar da ta taka a When Love Comes Around a shekara-shekara Nollywood da African Film Critics Awards a [[Los Angeles]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34247904|title=Kenyan DJ celebrates Nollywood win|date=2015-09-14|access-date=2019-10-31|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://hashtagsquare.co.ke/dj-pierra-makena-biography/|title=DJ Pierra Makena Biography|last=JAMES (Editor-in-Chief)|first=I. AM|date=2018-01-22|website=Age, Family, Education, Net-worth, Personal Life|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-31|archive-date=2020-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129130051/http://hashtagsquare.co.ke/dj-pierra-makena-biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Shekaru na farko da ilimi == An haifi Makena a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1981 a Meru, Kenya . Ta yi karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Chogoria . ci gaba a Cibiyar Sadarwar Jama'a ta Kenya inda ta yi karatun samar da rediyo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001243862/i-like-my-new-butt-and-boobs-dj-pierra-makena|title=I like my new butt and boobs: Dj Pierra Makena|last=Reporter|first=Nairobian|website=Standard Digital News|access-date=2019-10-31|archive-date=2020-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213110236/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/nainotepad/2001243862/i-like-my-new-butt-and-boobs-dj-pierra-makena|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://powerke.com/dj-pierra-makena-biography-age-education-career-films-boyfriend-baby|title=DJ Pierra Makena Biography, Age, Education, Career, Films, Boyfriend, Baby|last=powerke|date=2019-10-27|website=powerke|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-31|archive-date=2019-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031064517/http://powerke.com/dj-pierra-makena-biography-age-education-career-films-boyfriend-baby|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka == Kodayake Makena ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo yayin da take makarantar sakandare, ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai da talabijin ta Kenya a shekarar 2010. Yayinda take makaranta ta yi wasanni da yawa kuma ta lashe kyaututtuka. Wasu daga cikin fina-finai da ta fito a ciki wanda ya haifar da ci gaba a wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da Kisulisuli, Tausi, ''Tahidi High,'' da Changes . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai rikodin labarai, mai ba da rahoto, da kuma furodusa a KBC, mai watsa shirye-shiryen Kenya. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai a Rediyo Waumini da YFM, yanzu Hot 96. Ayyukanta a matsayin mai kunna disc ya fara ne a shekara ta 2010 lokacin da ta bar Scanad Kenya Limited don taimakawa wajen kafa tashar rediyo ta One Fm . A halin yanzu tana daya daga cikin mata masu zaman kansu da ake bukata a Kenya kuma ana biyan su sosai. Ta taka leda a abubuwan da suka faru a kasa da kasa a Burundi, Ghana, Najeriya, da Amurka. Ita ce ta kafa taron Park da Chill tare da mafi yawan motoci a Afirka. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Kisulis'' * ''Tausi'' * ''Lokacin da Soyayya ta zo A kusa'' * ''Canje-canje'' * ''Tahidi High'' * [[Disconnect (fim, 2018)|''Ragewa'' (fim na 2018)]] * ''A cikin Lokaci'' na 2021 == Kyaututtuka == * 2014 - An zabi ta ne don Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana a cikin mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Afirka don rawar da ta taka a fim din, When Love Comes Around . * - Ta lashe kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a Nollywood da African Film Critics Awards a Los Angeles saboda rawar da ta taka a fim din Ghana mai taken 'When Love Comes Around . [1] == Rayuwa ta mutum == mahaifiyar ɗa ɗaya ce.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201810220429.html|title=Kenya: DJ Pierra Makena Wishes Her Baby Daddy Could Be Present At Daughter's Concert|last=Kasujja|first=Mwende|date=2018-10-22|website=allAfrica.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/chillax/team-mafisi-just-cant-get-enough-of-the-sexy-dj-pierra-makena|title=Team Mafisi just can't get enough of the curvaceous DJ Pierra Makena|website=Nairobi News|date=29 August 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-31|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101121757/https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/chillax/team-mafisi-just-cant-get-enough-of-the-sexy-dj-pierra-makena|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/269943-hottest-dj-pierra-makena-unveils-hairstyle-cute-af.html|title=Hottest DJ Pierra Makena unveils new hairstyle and she looks cute AF|last=Mwarua|first=Douglas|date=2018-03-29|website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|language=en|access-date=2019-10-31|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101121813/https://www.tuko.co.ke/269943-hottest-dj-pierra-makena-unveils-hairstyle-cute-af.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|5942861}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] r2f9ytavhvt1muqkut3plw59zyd9r6r 0 75034 829461 629195 2026-05-03T22:53:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829461 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|name=Priscilla Agera|image=|image_size=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth-date and age|8 August 1978}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|other_names=|known_for=|education=|employer=Nigeria Customs Women Volleyball Team 2020 - 2021|occupation=volleyball player 2018 - 2019|spouse=|partner=|children=|parents=|relatives=|signature=|website=|footnotes=|nationality=Nigerian}}'''Priscilla Agera''' 'yar Najeriya ce 'yar wasan kwallon raga da ta taka leda a kungiyar mata ta Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya da kuma kungiyar kwallon ragar mata ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Priscilla Agera » clubs :|url=https://women.volleybox.net/priscilla-agera-p28471/clubs|access-date=2023-03-20|website=Women Volleybox|language=en|archive-date=2023-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320192959/https://women.volleybox.net/priscilla-agera-p28471/clubs|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == Priscilla ta buga wasan kwallon raga na bakin teku "b" kungiyar kwallon raga ta mata ta Najeriya . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin koci da kyaftin na kungiyar mata ta hukumar kwastam ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NNN|date=2019-03-16|title=Africa Club Championship: Nigeria Customs women volleyball team pummel USFA of Burkina Faso|url=https://nnn.ng/africa-club-championship-nigeria-customs-women-volleyball-team-pummel-usfa-of-burkina-faso/|access-date=2023-03-20|website=NNN|language=en|archive-date=2023-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320192548/https://nnn.ng/africa-club-championship-nigeria-customs-women-volleyball-team-pummel-usfa-of-burkina-faso/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuti|first=Dare|date=2021-04-26|title=Volleyball: Customs defeat Pipeline of Kenya in Tunisia|url=https://www.aclsports.com/volleyball-customs-defeat-pipeline-of-kenya-in-tunisia/|access-date=2023-03-20|website=ACLSports|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320192700/https://www.aclsports.com/volleyball-customs-defeat-pipeline-of-kenya-in-tunisia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta kasance cikin tawagar da ta lallasa [[Afirka ta Kudu]] inda ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka karo na 11 da aka yi a Congo a shekarar 2015. Ta kasance cikin tawagar da ta yi nasara a matsayi na uku a gasar kwallon ragar mata ta bakin teku ta Afirka ta 2016 a Jabi Lakeside, [[Abuja]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=Daily Post|date=2015-09-14|title=Nigeria beat South Africa to win women beach volleyball gold|url=https://dailypost.ng/2015/09/14/nigeria-beat-south-africa-to-win-women-beach-volleyball-gold/|access-date=2023-03-20|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-17|title=Africa Club Championship: Nigeria Customs women volleyball team pummel USFA of Burkina Faso|url=https://dailytrust.com/africa-club-championship-nigeria-customs-women-volleyball-team-pummel-usfa-of-burkina-faso/|access-date=2023-03-20|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria wins 3rd place in Women Beach Volleyball|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/nigeria-sports-news/201931-nigeria-wins-3rd-place-women-beach-volleyball.html|access-date=2023-03-20|website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref> Ta kasance cikin tawagar ‘yan wasan Kwastam ta Najeriya da ta fito a gasar cin kofin kwallon raga ta mata na Afirka na shekarar 2019 a birnin Alkahira [[Misra|na kasar Masar]] . Ita ce Daraktar Fasaha ta Tarayyar Paravolley ta Najeriya a halin yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Cyril|date=2022-08-28|title=Coaches, players commend organisers of World Para Volley training|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/coaches-players-commend-organisers-of-world-para-volley-training/|access-date=2023-03-20|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1978]] kpxes0m6vsamyoi3jcc6kueqmv7fzlh 0 80200 829495 584019 2026-05-04T05:17:36Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:University_of_Pretoria_Faculty_of_Law.jpg|University_of_Pretoria_Faculty_of_Law.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:University of Pretoria Faculty of Law.jpg|]]. 829495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:South_Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg|right|thumb|200x200px|Wurin Afirka ta Kudu]] [[Fayil:Stellenbosch_University_Faculty_of_Law.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Jami'ar Stellenbosch Faculty of Law]] [[Fayil:FortHareUniversityLawFaculty.JPG|thumb|200x200px|[[Jami'ar Fort Hare]] Faculty of Law]] [[Fayil:UCT_Kramer_Law_School.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[Jami'ar Cape Town]] Kramer Law School]] Wannan jerin makarantun shari'a ne a Afirka ta Kudu. == Makarantun shari'a == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: centre;" !Cibiyar !Makarantar Shari'a !An kafa shi !Wurin da yake |- |[[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] |Makarantar Shari'a ta Oliver Schreiner | |[[Johannesburg]] |- |[[Jami'ar Cape Town]] |Makarantar Shari'a ta Wilfred & Jules Kramer |1829<ref>[https://uct.ac.za/history-introduction History introduction], [[University of Cape Town]]</ref> |[[Cape Town|Birnin Cape Town]] |- |[[Jami'ar Fort Hare]] |Kwalejin Shari'a | |Alice, Gabashin London |- |[[Jami'ar Free State]] |Kwalejin Shari'a | |[[Bloemfontein]] |- |[[Jami'ar Johannesburg]] |Kwalejin Shari'a | |[[Johannesburg]] |- |[[Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal]] |Kwalejin Shari'a |2004 |[[Durban]], Pietermaritzburg |- |[[Jami'ar Limpopo]] |Kwalejin Shari'a | |Polokwane |- |[[Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma]] |Kwalejin Shari'a Potchefstroom Campus <ref name="nwu">[https://law.nwu.ac.za/ NWU Law]</ref> |1955 |Gidan cin abinci |- |[[Jami'ar Nelson Mandela]] |Kwalejin Shari'a | |[[Port Elizabeth|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Elizabeth]] |- |[[Jami'ar Pretoria]] |Kwalejin Shari'a |1908<ref group="note">Legal education commenced in 1908 with the faculty formally founded in 1918.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty of Law : History |url=https://www.up.ac.za/faculty-of-law/article/2719517/history |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref> |[[Pretoria]] |- |[[Jami'ar Rhodes]] |Kwalejin Shari'a | |Grahamstown |- |[[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]] |Kwalejin Shari'a | |Ilimi na nesa |- |[[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]] |Kwalejin Shari'a |1921 |Stellenbosch |- |[[Jami'ar Venda]] |Kwalejin Shari'a | |Thohoyandou |- |[[Jami'ar Yammacin Cape]] |Kwalejin Shari'a da Kasuwanci | |Bellville (Cape Town) |- |[[Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma]] |Kwalejin Shari'a <ref name="nwu" /> | |Mafikeng |- |[[Jami'ar Zululand]] |Kwalejin Shari'a | | |- |[[Kwalejin Varsity (Afirka ta Kudu)|Kwalejin IIE Varsity]] |Makarantar Shari'a |2017 (Na farko da aka shigo da shi a cikin 2018). |[[Cape Town|Birnin Cape Town]] [[Durban]] [[Johannesburg]] [[Pretoria]] |} == Moting a Afirka ta Kudu == Ana gudanar da wasannin kotun da ke biyowa a Afirka ta Kudu ko kuma wata hukuma ta Afirka ta Kudu ce ta shirya su: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: centre;" !Kotun Mot !Cibiyar !An kafa shi !Wurin da yake |- |Dokar Jama'a Wasanni na Kotun Moot <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lawguild.co.za/pil.php |title=Public Interest Law Moot Court Competition |access-date=2024-06-25 |archive-date=2024-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528041146/http://lawguild.co.za/pil.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |An shirya shi a kowace shekara ta Student Litigation Society tare da hadin gwiwar [[Centre for Applied Legal Studies|Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a]] |2020 |Ana gudanar da zagaye na cancanta kusan kuma Grand Finale a Kotun Tsarin Mulki a Braamfontein |- |[[Gasar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Afirka|Gasar Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Afirka]] |Jami'ar Pretoria Faculty of Law ce ta shirya shi |1992 |An gudanar da shi a makarantun shari'a da suka halarci nahiyar Afirka |- |[[Kovsies first year's Moot Court Competition|Gasar Kotun Mot ta shekara ta farko ta Kovsies]] |[[Jami'ar Free State]] ce ta shirya shi | |[[Bloemfontein]] |- |Makarantun Kasa na Afirka ta Kudu Gasar Kotun Moot |An shirya shi a kowace shekara ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na makarantun shari'a |2011 |Za a gudanar da zagaye na baki na kasa a Jami'ar Pretoria Faculty of Law, Pretoria da kuma wasan karshe a Kotun Tsarin Mulki a Johannesburg |- |Gasar Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya |Jami'ar Pretoria Faculty of Law ce ta shirya shi |2009 |Pretoria |- |Kasuwancin Afirka |Jami'ar Pretoria Faculty of Law, Jami'ar Western Cape ce ta shirya shi[[Jami'ar Yammacin Cape]] | |Pretoria da Cape Town |- |[[Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition]] |Cibiyar Shari'ar Sararin Duniya ce ta shirya shi | |Cibiyar Kula da Shari'a ta Duniya da Kwatanta a Afirka, Jami'ar Pretoria Faculty of Law ce ta shirya zagaye na Yankin Afirka |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} jtigfgpifdou5gy9dibob6pnh02l969 0 87329 829397 709770 2026-05-03T20:27:03Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346994270|Koose]]" 829397 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Koko_and_koose_joint.jpg|thumb|Koose]] '''Koose''' ( Dagbani ) wanda aka fi sani da '''Wake Cake''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boy Sent To Deliver 'Koose' Feared Drowned At Madina |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/202005/408053.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027124243/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/202005/408053.php |archive-date=2022-10-27 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=Peacefmonline.com}}</ref> wani ɗanɗanon [[Fritter|wake]] ne mai [[Fis mai Baƙar ido|ɗanɗanon baki]] wanda ake ci a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. Sau da yawa ana sha da porridge. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=Ghanaian Breakfast: Koko with Koose/Bread - Sophia Apenkro Blog |url=https://www.sophiaapenkro.com/ghanaian-breakfast-koko-with-koose-bread/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana saka shi a cikin burodi, ana kiransa "Koose Bread" ko "Paanu Kooshe". Ana cewa abincin ya bazu ne daga [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]] na Najeriya na yanzu waɗanda ke kiransa [[Ƙosai|akara.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallin |first=Aimée |last2=Fagborun |first2=Tinuke |date=2025-04-01 |title=Giving akaras the respect they deserve |url=https://shado-mag.com/articles/opinion/giving-akaras-the-respect-they-deserve/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Shado Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == Koose ya zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka tsakanin [[Hausawa]] na [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], mutanen [[Mutanen Dagomba|Dagomba]] da Hausawa na Ghana, <ref>{{Cite web |first= |date= |title=Ghana, Food & Drinks |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/food/index.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> da sauran sassan Yammacin Afirka, ciki har da [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] da [[Kamaru]] . Ana iya samun Koose a ƙasashen Caribbean kamar [[Cuba]] da kuma a ƙasashen Kudancin Amurka kamar [[Brazil]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Sunaye == A Ghana ana kiranta da "koose", "kooshe" ko "koosay" [ ana buƙatar ambato ] . A Najeriya, ana kiranta da "akara", a Brazil ana kiranta da " acaraje " a Cuba kuma ana kiranta da "bollitos de carita". Ga Dagbamba na Ghana ana kiranta da ] Kooshe [, Ewe suna kiranta "agawu" kuma ga wasu a cikin yankin Zongo a matsayin "koose tankuwa". [1] [2] == Abinci Mai Gina Jiki == Koose yana ɗauke da zare, antioxidants, da furotin daga wake mai duhu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NEWS |url=http://miczd.gov.gh/news/91 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823075632/http://miczd.gov.gh/news/91 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=miczd.gov.gh}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5xlnsyuvceifu1blxhy8z62sv1us0mc 829398 829397 2026-05-03T20:27:24Z Sardeeq 39275 829398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Koko_and_koose_joint.jpg|thumb|Koose]] '''Koose''' ( Dagbani ) wanda aka fi sani da '''Wake Cake''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boy Sent To Deliver 'Koose' Feared Drowned At Madina |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/202005/408053.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027124243/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/202005/408053.php |archive-date=2022-10-27 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=Peacefmonline.com}}</ref> wani ɗanɗanon [[Fritter|wake]] ne mai [[Fis mai Baƙar ido|ɗanɗanon baki]] wanda ake ci a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. Sau da yawa ana sha da porridge. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=Ghanaian Breakfast: Koko with Koose/Bread - Sophia Apenkro Blog |url=https://www.sophiaapenkro.com/ghanaian-breakfast-koko-with-koose-bread/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana saka shi a cikin burodi, ana kiransa "Koose Bread" ko "Paanu Kooshe". Ana cewa abincin ya bazu ne daga [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]] na Najeriya na yanzu waɗanda ke kiransa [[Ƙosai|akara.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallin |first=Aimée |last2=Fagborun |first2=Tinuke |date=2025-04-01 |title=Giving akaras the respect they deserve |url=https://shado-mag.com/articles/opinion/giving-akaras-the-respect-they-deserve/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Shado Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == Koose ya zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka tsakanin [[Hausawa]] na [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], mutanen [[Mutanen Dagomba|Dagomba]] da Hausawa na Ghana, <ref>{{Cite web |first= |date= |title=Ghana, Food & Drinks |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/food/index.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> da sauran sassan Yammacin Afirka, ciki har da [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] da [[Kamaru]] . Ana iya samun Koose a ƙasashen Caribbean kamar [[Cuba]] da kuma a ƙasashen Kudancin Amurka kamar [[Brazil]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Sunaye == A Ghana ana kiranta da "koose", "kooshe" ko "koosay" [ ana buƙatar ambato ] . A Najeriya, ana kiranta da "akara", a Brazil ana kiranta da " acaraje " a Cuba kuma ana kiranta da "bollitos de carita". Ga Dagbamba na Ghana ana kiranta da ] Kooshe [, Ewe suna kiranta "agawu" kuma ga wasu a cikin yankin Zongo a matsayin "koose tankuwa". [1] [2] == Abinci Mai Gina Jiki == Koose yana ɗauke da zare, antioxidants, da furotin daga wake mai duhu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NEWS |url=http://miczd.gov.gh/news/91 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823075632/http://miczd.gov.gh/news/91 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=miczd.gov.gh}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7muu7ueb8bco9u6h7uqpffe1x5caw24 829399 829398 2026-05-03T20:28:16Z Sardeeq 39275 829399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Koko_and_koose_joint.jpg|thumb|Koose]] '''Koose''' ( Dagbani ) wanda aka fi sani da '''Wake Cake''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boy Sent To Deliver 'Koose' Feared Drowned At Madina |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/202005/408053.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027124243/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/202005/408053.php |archive-date=2022-10-27 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=Peacefmonline.com}}</ref> wani ɗanɗanon [[Fritter|wake]] ne mai [[Fis mai Baƙar ido|ɗanɗanon baki]] wanda ake ci a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. Sau da yawa ana sha da porridge. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=Ghanaian Breakfast: Koko with Koose/Bread - Sophia Apenkro Blog |url=https://www.sophiaapenkro.com/ghanaian-breakfast-koko-with-koose-bread/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana saka shi a cikin burodi, ana kiransa "Koose Bread" ko "Paanu Kooshe". Ana cewa abincin ya bazu ne daga [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]] na Najeriya na yanzu waɗanda ke kiransa [[Ƙosai|akara.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallin |first=Aimée |last2=Fagborun |first2=Tinuke |date=2025-04-01 |title=Giving akaras the respect they deserve |url=https://shado-mag.com/articles/opinion/giving-akaras-the-respect-they-deserve/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Shado Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == Koose ya zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka tsakanin [[Hausawa]] na [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], mutanen [[Mutanen Dagomba|Dagomba]] da Hausawa na Ghana, <ref>{{Cite web |first= |date= |title=Ghana, Food & Drinks |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/food/index.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> da sauran sassan Yammacin Afirka, ciki har da [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] da [[Kamaru]] . Ana iya samun Koose a ƙasashen Caribbean kamar [[Cuba]] da kuma a ƙasashen Kudancin Amurka kamar [[Brazil]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> == Sunaye == A Ghana ana kiranta da "koose", "kooshe" ko "koosay" [ ana buƙatar ambato ] . A Najeriya, ana kiranta da "akara", a Brazil ana kiranta da " acaraje " a Cuba kuma ana kiranta da "bollitos de carita". Ga Dagbamba na Ghana ana kiranta da ] Kooshe [, Ewe suna kiranta "agawu" kuma ga wasu a cikin yankin Zongo a matsayin "koose tankuwa". [1] [2] == Abinci Mai Gina Jiki == Koose yana ɗauke da zare, antioxidants, da furotin daga wake mai duhu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NEWS |url=http://miczd.gov.gh/news/91 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823075632/http://miczd.gov.gh/news/91 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=miczd.gov.gh}}</ref> == Manazarta == tp2edg4vbv72zsjh5083t73izwtkqln 0 87691 829470 708452 2026-05-04T00:10:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Fayil:Ghribia_algérienne.jpg|right|thumb|Gishiri na Ghribia, [[Aljeriya]]]] [[Fayil:Kurabiyes_in_the_form_of_medialuna.jpg|thumb|''Qurabiya'' mai siffar karami]] ''''''Gurbiya'''''' (Arabic) kuma '''ghraybe''', '''ghorayeba''', '''ghoriba''', '''ghribia''', '''ghraïba''', gurabija, '''Griyyaba,''',, '''kurabiye''', ko ko '''kourabiedes''' (Greek) da sauran maganganu da furci da yawa, irin kek ne na gajeren burodi, yawanci ana yin shi da almonds na ƙasa. Ana samun nau'ikan a yawancin abinci na Larabawa, Balkan da Ottoman, tare da nau'ikan daban-daban da girke-girke. Suna kama da polvorones daga [[Andalusia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Stephanie |date=5 August 2012 |title=Lost and loving it in Morocco |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/travel/world/lost-and-loving-it-in-morocco/story-e6frfhdo-1226442356260 |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=[[Herald Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kragen |first=Pam |date=19 March 2013 |title=Cookbook a love letter to Morocco |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/mar/19/moroccan-cookbook-infused-with-memories/ |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=[[U-T San Diego]]}}</ref> A cikin Maghreb da Masar, galibi ana ba da su tare da shayi na Libya, Kofi na Larabci ko shayi na mint na Maghrebi. == Tarihi == An ba da girke-girke don gajeren burodi mai kama da ghorayebah amma ba tare da almond ba, wanda ake kira a cikin Larabci khushkanānaj gharīb (kookie mai ban sha'awa), a cikin littafin dafa abinci na Larabci na farko da aka sani, Kitab al-Ṭabīīīī . [1] Kurabiye ya bayyana a cikin Abincin Ottoman a karni na 15. Akwai muhawara game da asalin kalmomin. Wasu ba su ba da wata asali ga kalmar ''kurabiye'' ta Turkawa ba sai Turkawa, wasu kuma sun ba da Larabci ko Farisa. Daga cikin wasu, masanin ilimin harsuna Sevan Nişanyan ya ba da asalin Larabci, a cikin littafinsa na 2009 na ƙamus na Turkiyya, daga ''{{Transl|ar|ġurayb}}'' ko ''{{Transl|ar|ğarîb}}'' (exotic). Koyaya, ya zuwa 2019, ƙamus na kan layi na Nişanyan yanzu yana ba da farkon sanannun yin amfani da rubuce-rubuce a cikin Turkanci kamar ƙarshen karni na 17, wanda ya samo asali daga ''{{Transl|fa|gulābiya}}'' [[Farisawa|na Farisa]], kuki da aka yi da ruwan fure, daga ''{{Transl|fa|gulāb}}'', mai alaƙa da furanni. Ya lura cewa kalmomin Larabci na Siriya ''{{Transl|ar|ġurābiye}} / {{Transl|ar|ġuraybiye}}'' wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga Turkawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nişanyan |first=Sevan |title=Kurabiye |url=http://nisanyansozluk.com/?k=kurabiye |access-date=2019-01-04 |website=Nişanyan Sözlük}}</ref> == Bambancin yanki == === Crimea === Tatars na Crimea (mutane na Crimea) suna kiran kukis "khurabie" (qurabiye, qurabye, къурабье, къурабие Tatar na Crimea "kurabye" yana da siffofi da yawa, amma a zahiri yana kama da rhombus, ko haɗuwa da rhombuses biyu ko uku don samar da furen, ko kuma an yanke shi a cikin siffar crescent. Tatars na Crimea suna shirya kurabye kamar haka: ana gauraya sukari mai foda da ghee, sannan kuma ana ƙara gari. An gama "khurabye" gaba ɗaya tare da sukari mai foda a kowane bangare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Кхураб'є |url=https://yizhakultura.com/material/20230105_1852 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=yizhakultura.com}}</ref> === Albania === [https://www.myalbanianfood.com/recipe/albanian-kurabie/] ''Gurabija'' === Aljeriya === ''Ghribia'' (Algerian Arabic) * ''Ghribia'' tare da almond * ''Ghribia'' tare da peanutsƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta * ''Ghribia'' tare da walnuts * ''Ghribia'' tare da Pistachios === Armenia === ashi kamar burodi, kunnen alkama, ko takalmin doki wanda ke nuna lafiya, wadata, da wadata. An fi cinye shi a lokacin Easter, Kirsimeti da bukukuwan sabuwar shekara. Daga baya, an kara karin sinadaran, kamar ƙwai, cinnamon, da walnuts. === Bulgaria === Kurabii, sunan abincin Bulgarian da nau'ikan kuki da yawa, sanannen nau'ikan mai dadi. Musamman a lokacin hutu, kuma jams iri-iri da aka samar ta hanyar sabuwar shekara tare da kukis mai sukari da aka yi wa ado da siffofi masu kyau ana kiransu "maslenki". === Girka da Cyprus === [[Fayil:Kourabiedes_platter_2008_01_08.jpg|thumb|''Kourabiedes'', Girka]] Fassarar Girkanci, wanda ake kira "'''''''kourabiethes'''''''" {{Lang|el|κουραμπιές}} ko "kourabethes" (Girkanci: ckbando), yayi kama da gajeren gurasa mai sauƙi, yawanci ana yin shi da almonds. ''Kourabiedes'' wani lokacin ana yin su da brandy, yawanci Metaxa, don dandano, kodayake vanilla, mastika ko ruwan fure suma sanannu ne. A wasu yankuna na Girka, ana yin ado da ''kourabiedes'' na [[Clove|ƙusa]]Kirsimeti tare da ƙuƙwalwar ƙanshi guda ɗaya da aka saka a cikin kowane kuki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sam Sotiropoulos |date=2009-12-23 |title=Greek Food Recipes and Reflections, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |url=http://greekgourmand.blogspot.com/2009/12/kourabiedes.html |access-date=2014-03-16 |publisher=Greekgourmand.blogspot.com}}</ref> ''Kourabiedes'' ana siffanta su ko dai a cikin crescents ko balls, sannan a dafa su har zuwa dan kadan zinariya. Yawancin lokaci ana mirgine su cikin sukari yayin da suke da zafi, suna samar da man shanu mai sukari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irene's Kourabiedes (Kourabiethes) (Greek Butter Cookies) |url=http://thursdayfordinner.com/2009/01/irenes-kourabiedes-greek-butter-cookies |access-date=2015-02-27 |publisher=Thursdayfordinner.com |archive-date=2012-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317084326/http://thursdayfordinner.com/2009/01/irenes-kourabiedes-greek-butter-cookies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Kourabiedes'' sananne ne ga lokatai na musamman, kamar Kirsimeti ko baftisma. Kalmar Helenanci "{{Transl|el|kourabiedes}}" ta fito ne daga kalmar Turkiyya ''kurabiye'', wanda ke da alaƙa da qurabiya, dangin kukis na Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Cyprus, ana ba da su a matsayin kyauta ga masu halartar bikin aure bayan bikin. === Iran === [[Fayil:Təbriz_qurabiyəsi_2.jpg|thumb|Iran Azerbaijani ''Yurabiya'' daga [[Tabriz]]]] A [[Tabriz]], ana yin Qurabiyas da garin almond, sukari, farin kwai, vanilla, margarine da kuma murfin da aka niƙa da almond. Ana ba da shi da kansa ko tare da shayi, al'ada ana sanya shi a saman shayi don sa ya zama mai laushi kafin cin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-16 |title=GHORABIEH TABRIZ قرابیه تبریز |url=https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/,%20https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qurabiya ( Ghorabiye ) |url=https://tishineh.com/touritem/323/Qurabiya-(-Ghorabiye-) |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Tishineh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2022-06-01 |title=Best Persian Desserts and Sweets to Try in Iran |url=https://legendaryiran.com/blog/best-persian-desserts-and-sweets-to-try-in-iran/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Legendaryiran |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Fayil:A_Box_of_Qurabiya_by_Nobari_Confectionary_(Tehran,_Iran).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Akwatin qurabiya na Nobari Confectionary (Tehran, Iran) ]] Bambance-bambance ciki har da: <ref>{{Cite journal |title=حوليات الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية |journal=مجلس النشر العلمي، جامعة الكويت |volume=Issues 317-321 |pages=118}}</ref> * Ghoriba tare da Cardamom * Ghoriba tare da pistachio * Ghoriba tare da saffron === Gabatarwa === * Ghoriba tare da pistachio * Ghoriba tare da ruwan RoseRuwa mai ruwan hoda === Libya === Ghraïba Fassarar Larabci na Libya * Ghoriba tare da peanuts * Ghoriba tare da almond * Ghoriba tare da walnuts === Maroko === Ghoriba (Moroccan Arabic: {{Lang|ary|غْرِيبَة}}) a Maroko da sauran sassan Maghreb, shahararrun kukis galibi suna amfani da semolina maimakon fararen gari, suna ba da ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman. asalin Ghriba an yi shi ne daga gari kuma an ɗanɗano shi da lemun tsami ko orange zest da cinnamon, ana yawan ba da wannan zaki a jam'iyyun, tare da shayi ko kofi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2022 |title=15 favorite Moroccan culinary specialties |url=https://www.mortraveling.com/2022/04/15-favorite-moroccan-culinary.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mlouwza, an yi shi da almond da sukari da aka ɗanɗano da ruwan orange * Ghoriba bahla * Ghoriba dyal zite * Ghoriba mramla === Saudi Arabia === Ghurēba / Ghrēba (Arabic), bambance-bambance sun hada da: * Ghurēba tare da pistachio * Ghurēba tare da almond * Ghurēba tare da cardamom === Turkiyya === [[Fayil:Acibadem_Kurabiyesi.jpg|thumb|Acıbadem kurabiyesi, Turkiyya]] Ana amfani da kalmar ''kurabiye'' don nunawa ga biscuits iri-iri a Turkiyya, ba lallai ba ne na cikin gida, kodayake ana yin nau'ikan ''kurabiye'' daban-daban na gida; gami da necessitatbadem kurabiyesi da un kurabiyesi. == Duba sauran bayani ==   * [[Almond Biscuit|Kaki na almond]] * Wani kurabiyesi * Hallongrotta * Kukis na Kavala Almond * Murabbalı mecidiye * Nankhatai * Osmania Biscuit * Alamun * Ruwan wuta * İzmir Bomb Kurabiye * Bethmännchen * Şekerpare * Jerin abincin almond * Jerin gajeren burodi da kukis == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Regional variations == Tatars na Crimea (mutane na Crimea) suna kiran kukis "khurabie" (qurabiye,qurabye, къурабье, къурабие). Tatar na Crimea "kurabye" yana da siffofi da yawa, amma a zahiri yana kama da rhombus, ko haɗuwa da rhombuses biyu ko uku don samar da furen, ko kuma an yanke shi acikin siffar crescent. Tatars na Crimea suna shirya kurabye kamar haka: ana gauraya sukari mai foda da ghee, sannan kuma ana ƙara gari. === Albania === ''Gurabija'' ''Ghribia'' ({{langx|arq|غريبية}}) * * ''Ghribia'' tare da peanuts ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta * * ''Ghribia'' tare da Pistachios ''Khourabia'' {{Langx|hy|Ղուրաբիա}} (Armenian) itace fassarar Armeniya wani lokacin ana kiranta a Turanci a matsayin kuki na man shanu na Armeniya ko kuki na gajeren burodi na Armeniya. ''Khourabia'' anyi shine da kayan aiki guda uku: man shanu, sukari,da gari kuma yawanci ana siffanta shi kamar burodi,kunnen alkama, ko takalmin doki wanda ke nuna lafiya, wadata, da wadata. Anfi cinye shi a lokacin Easter,Kirsimeti da bukukuwan sabuwar shekara. Daga baya,an kara karin sinadaran,kamar ƙwai,cinnamon,da walnuts. ''Kurabii'', sunan abincin Bulgarian da nau'ikan kuki dayawa, sanannen nau'ikan mai dadi. Musamman a lokacin hutu,kuma jams iri-iri da aka samar ta hanyar sabuwar shekara tare da kukis mai sukari da aka yi wa ado da siffofi masu kyau ana kiransu "''maslenki''".  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2018}} === Girka da Cyprus === Fassarar Girkanci, wanda ake kira "'''''''kourabiethes'''''''" {{Lang|el|κουραμπιές}} ko "kourabethes" (Girkanci: κουρα__ckb____ckb________ckb__; jam'i na ''kourabies'' κουρα__que____ckbando), yayi kama da gajeren gurasa mai sauƙi,yawanci ana yin shida almonds. ''Kourabiedes'' wani lokacin anayin su da brandy,yawanci Metaxa, don dandano, kodayake vanilla, mastika ko ruwan fure suma sanannu ne. A wasu yankuna na Girka,ana yin ado da ''kourabiedes'' na [[Kirsimeti]] tare da ƙuƙwalwar ƙanshi ƙusa ɗaya da aka saka a cikin kowane kuki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sam Sotiropoulos |date=2009-12-23 |title=Greek Food Recipes and Reflections, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |url=http://greekgourmand.blogspot.com/2009/12/kourabiedes.html |access-date=2014-03-16 |publisher=Greekgourmand.blogspot.com}}</ref> ''Kourabiedes'' ana siffanta su ko dai a cikin crescents ko balls,sannan a dafasu har zuwa dan kadan zinariya. Yawancin lokaci ana mirgine su cikin sukari yayin da suke da zafi,suna samar da man shanu mai sukari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irene's Kourabiedes (Kourabiethes) (Greek Butter Cookies) |url=http://thursdayfordinner.com/2009/01/irenes-kourabiedes-greek-butter-cookies |access-date=2015-02-27 |publisher=Thursdayfordinner.com |archive-date=2012-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317084326/http://thursdayfordinner.com/2009/01/irenes-kourabiedes-greek-butter-cookies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kalmar Helenanci "{{Transl|el|kourabiedes}}" ta fito ne daga kalmar Turkiyya ''kurabiye'', wanda ke da alaƙa da qurabiya,dangin kukis na Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Cyprus, ana bada su a matsayin kyauta ga masu halartar bikin aure bayan bikin. A [[Tabriz]], ana yin Qurabiyas da garin almond, sukari,farin kwai, vanilla, margarine da kuma murfin da aka niƙa da almond. Ana bada shi da kansa ko tare da shayi, al'ada ana sanya shi a saman shayi don sa ya zama mai laushi kafin cin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-16 |title=GHORABIEH TABRIZ قرابیه تبریز |url=https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/,%20https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727085641/https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/,%20https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qurabiya ( Ghorabiye ) |url=https://tishineh.com/touritem/323/Qurabiya-(-Ghorabiye-) |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Tishineh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2022-06-01 |title=Best Persian Desserts and Sweets to Try in Iran |url=https://legendaryiran.com/blog/best-persian-desserts-and-sweets-to-try-in-iran/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Legendaryiran |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727134230/https://legendaryiran.com/blog/best-persian-desserts-and-sweets-to-try-in-iran/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ghoriba (Moroccan Arabic: {{Lang|ary|غْرِيبَة}}) a Maroko da sauran sassan Maghreb,shahararrun kukis galibi suna amfani da semolina maimakon fararen gari,suna bada ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman. asalin Ghriba anyi shine daga gari kuma an ɗanɗano shi da lemun tsami ko orange zest da cinnamon, ana yawan ba da wannan zaki a jam'iyyun, tare da shayi ko kofi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2022 |title=15 favorite Moroccan culinary specialties |url=https://www.mortraveling.com/2022/04/15-favorite-moroccan-culinary.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mlouwza, anyi shi da almond da sukari da aka ɗanɗano da ruwan orange * * * Ghurēba / Ghrēba (Arabic),bambance-bambance sun hada da: [[File:Acibadem_Kurabiyesi.jpg|thumb|Acıbadem kurabiyesi,Turkiyya]] Ana amfani da kalmar ''kurabiye'' don nunawa ga biscuits iri-iri a Turkiyya,ba lallai ba ne na cikin gida, kodayake ana yin nau'ikan ''kurabiye'' daban-daban na gida; gami da necessitatbadem kurabiyesi da un kurabiyesi. * * * Ghraïba homs,wanda akayi da garin chickpeaGurasar chickpea ehmsbgfxyux7in0xqra91snxhwiom49 0 87961 829365 559625 2026-05-03T19:07:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ralph Pierre LaCock''' (Maris 30, 1926 - Agusta 15, 2024), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki Peter Marshall, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka, mai gabatar da talabijin da halayen rediyo, mawaƙa, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Shi ne ainihin mai masaukin baki na The Hollywood Squares daga 1966 zuwa 1981 kuma yana da kusan talabijan, fim, da ƙimar Broadway hamsin. An ba Marshall sunansa mai suna John Robert Powers. Powers sun zaɓi sunan ƙarshe na Marshall don 'yar'uwar Bitrus (wanda daga baya ya zaɓi ya yi amfani da Joanne Dru a maimakon haka), kuma Bitrus ya karbe shi a farkon aikinsa kuma ya haɗa shi da wani nau'i na sunansa na tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.closerweekly.com/posts/hollywood-squares-peter-marshalls-favorite-celebrity-guests/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-11-23 |archive-date=2022-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302000747/https://www.closerweekly.com/posts/hollywood-squares-peter-marshalls-favorite-celebrity-guests/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2024]] l1sldn0bmvmjj18uhp0jlj6l7fbrevx 0 88138 829494 552701 2026-05-04T04:59:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ravitoto.jpg|thumb| Ravitoto]] '''Ravitoto''' ([ ravˈtutʷ ) abinci ne na gargajiya na Malagasy. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-24 |title=The culinary specificities of Malagasy cuisine by Hotel * RESTAURANT gourmet coconut LODGE MAJUNGA |url=https://www.cocolodgemajunga-madagascar.com/les-specificites-culinaires-de-la-cuisine-malgache-by-hotel-restaurant-gourmand-coco-lodge-majunga/ |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=Coconut lodge Madagascar |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ravitoto na nufin "dakakken ganyen [[rogo]]". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pork and ravitoto {{!}} a traditional recipe in Madagascar |url=https://www.booking-hotel-madagascar.com/news/henakisoa-sy-ravitoto-recette-traditionnelle-a-madagascar/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |website=Book with Madagascar Hotels Booking |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=CASSAVA LEAVES (RAVITOTO) |url=https://soul-of-madagascartours.com/cassava-leaves-ravitoto/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126015122/https://soul-of-madagascartours.com/cassava-leaves-ravitoto/ |archive-date=2020-11-26 |access-date= |website= |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Cassava leaves in Malagasy (ravitoto) |url=http://www.auzoma.com/au/index.php/en/home/26-cooking/vegetable/962-cassava-leaves-in-gabon-ravitoto |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Waɗannan su ne na musamman ganyayen [[rogo]] mai zaki (bishiyar rogo) da aka daka da turmi ko nama. <ref name=":0" /> Ana dafa shi da tafarnuwa da naman alade mai kitse. A wasu al'ummomi, ana amfani da madarar kwakwa maimakon dafa ganyen rogo, kamar mataba a cikin [[Komoros|Comoros]]. Za a iya ƙara busasshen kifi ko ƙananan jatan lande, da ake kira tsivaki. == Manazarta == cla6hro4294wveaaieq76muzvwj3jd8 0 89728 829580 787546 2026-05-04T09:46:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Risna Prahalabenta Ranggalelana''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu na shekarar alif 1997) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a kungiyar Ligue 2 Persela Lamongan . <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=Indonesia - R. Prahalabenta - Profile with news, career statistics and history |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/risna-prahalabenta/654356/ |access-date=28 February 2020 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Persik Kediri === A shekarar alif 2017 Risna Prahalabenta ta shiga Persik Kediri a Ligue 2. A ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar alif 2019 Persik ya samu nasarar lash gasar Lig 1 ta shekarar alif 2019 kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Liga 1, bayan ya ci Persita Tangerang 3-2 a Filin wasa na Kapten I Wayan Dipta, Gianyar . ==== Persekat Tegal (an ba da rancen) ==== An sanya hannu ga Persekat Tegal don yin wasa a hanyar yankin Liga 3: [[Java]] ta Tsakiya a kakar shekarar alif 2018, a aro daga Persik Kediri . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Enam Pemain Pulang ke Kandang Macan |url=https://radarkediri.jawapos.com/read/2018/05/12/72691/enam-pemain-pulang-ke-kandang-macan |access-date=12 May 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Matura United === A cikin shekarar alif 2020 Risna ya sanya hannu tare da Matura United don Liga 1 (Indonesia) na shekarar alif 2020 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Risna Prahalabenta Bergabung dengan Madura United untuk Bangun Keluarga Baru |url=https://kabarmadura.id/risna-prahalabenta-bergabung-dengan-madura-united-untuk-bangun-keluarga-baru/ |website=kabarmadura.id}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 29 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar alif 2020, a cikin nasara 4-0 a kan Barito Putera a matsayin mai maye gurbin a Filin wasa na Gelora Madura, Pamekasan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madura United vs Barito Putera |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/02/29/indonesia/super-liga/pelita-jaya/barito-putra/3238710/ |access-date=29 February 2020 |website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref> Sa'an nan kuma an dakatar da wannan kakar a ranar 27 ga watan Maris shekarar alif 2020 saboda annobar COVID-19. An watsar da kakar kuma an ayyana shi mara amfani a ranar 20 ga Janairun shekarar alif 2021. === Komawa zuwa Persik Kediri === A ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu shekarar alif 2021, an tabbatar da cewa Risna zai sake shiga Persik Kediri, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Risna Prahalabenta Siap Bersaing dengan Punggawa Persik Kediri |url=https://beritajatim.com/olahraga/risna-prahalabenta-siap-bersaing-dengan-punggawa-persik-kediri/ |website=baritajatim.com}}</ref> Yafara buga wasan farko a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta shekarar alif 2021, a wasan da ya yi da Bali United 1-0 a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa a Filin wasa na Gelora Bung Karno, [[Jakarta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Semua Penggawa Sudah Bergabung Latihan |url=https://radarkediri.jawapos.com/read/2021/04/24/256766/semua-penggawa-sudah-bergabung-latihan |website=radarkediri.jawapos.com}}</ref> === Dewa United === Risna ta sanya hannu ga Dewa United don yin wasa wasa a Lig 1 a kakar 2022-23. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=Risna Prahalabenta Jadi Amunisi Anyar Dewa United FC |url=https://www.ligaolahraga.com/bola/risna-prahalabenta-jadi-amunisi-anyar-dewa-united-fc |access-date=22 July 2022 |publisher=www.ligaolahraga.com}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekarar alif 2022 a wasan da ya yi da Persis Solo a Moch . Baƙo. Filin wasa na Soebroto, Magelang . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hasil Liga 1: Persis Solo vs Dewa United, Skor Akhir 2-3 |url=https://bola.tempo.co/read/1615713/hasil-liga-1-persis-solo-vs-dewa-united-skor-akhir-2-3 |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=bola.tempo.co}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kungiyar === '''Persik Kediri''' * Ligue 2: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Persik Kediri Juara Liga 2 2019 |url=https://sport.detik.com/sepakbola/liga-indonesia/d-4798079/persik-kediri-juara-liga-2-2019 |access-date=25 November 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107125612/https://sport.detik.com/sepakbola/liga-indonesia/d-4798079/persik-kediri-juara-liga-2-2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Liga 3: 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Persik Kediri: Juara, Top Skor, Pemain Terbaik, Hingga Tim Fair Play |url=https://radarkediri.jawapos.com/read/2018/12/31/111076/persik-kediri-juara-top-skor-pemain-terbaik-hingga-tim-fair-play |access-date=31 December 2018 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930195910/https://radarkediri.jawapos.com/read/2018/12/31/111076/persik-kediri-juara-top-skor-pemain-terbaik-hingga-tim-fair-play |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Padang mai shuka''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Ligue 2: 2023-242023–24 == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] 9eqbj7rehocvncbz7rk0avyldvl12ju 0 89923 829291 572381 2026-05-03T15:01:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''Papadam''' (wanda kuma aka rubuta '''poppadom''', a tsakanin sauran bambance-bambancen), kuma aka sani da '''papad''', abun ciye-ciye ne wanda ya samo asali a cikin yankin Indiya . Kullun garin baƙar fata gram ɗin wake ko dai a soya sosai ko kuma a dafa shi da busasshiyar zafi (an juye a kan wuta a buɗe) har sai ya yi laushi. Ana kuma amfani da sauran fulawa da aka yi da lentil, kaji, [[shinkafa]], tapioca, [[gero]] ko kuma [[dankalin turawa]] . Papadam yawanci ana hidima ne a matsayin abin rakiyar abinci a kasar [[Indiya]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]] da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] ko kuma azaman appetizer, sau da yawa tare da tsoma kamar chutneys, ko toppings kamar yankakken [[albasa]] da barkono barkono, ko kuma yana iya yiwuwa. a yi amfani da shi azaman sashi a cikin [[Curry|curries]] . == Etymology == ''Papadam'' kalmar lamuni ce daga Tamil {{Lang|ta|பப்படம்}}</link> pappaṭam, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1962 |title=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/}}</ref> sannan kuma ana iya samo shi daga [[Sanskrit]] {{Lang|sa|पर्पट}}</link> parpaṭa, ma'ana fataccen fayafai da aka bayyana a farkon littattafan Jain da na Buddha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poppadom - Definition and synonyms of poppadom in the English dictionary |url=https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/poppadom |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=educalingo.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lip-Smacking Ways to Use Papad: From Masala Papad to Rolls and Chaats |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/lip-smacking-ways-to-use-papad-from-masala-papad-to-rolls-and-chaats-1731969 |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=NDTV Food |language=en |quote=According to food historian and author KT Achaya, "The parpata (papad) is first mentioned in about 500BC in Buddhist-Jain canonical literature, and the medical authorities note that they are made from pulses like urad, masoor, chana and the like." }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana san Papad da sunaye da yawa a cikin harsuna daban-daban na Indiya, misali {{Lang|hi|पापड़}}</link> pāpaṛ in [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] ; {{Lang|te|అప్పడం}}</link> appaḍaṁ in [[Talgu|Telugu]] ; {{Lang|ta|அப்பளம்}}</link> appaḷam ko {{Lang|ta|பப்படம்}}</link> pappaṭam in Tamil ; {{Lang|kn|ಹಪ್ಪಳ}}</link> happaḷa in [[Kannada]] ; {{Lang|si|පපඩම්}}</link> papaḍam in Sinhala ; {{Lang|ml|പപ്പടം}}</link> pappaṭam in [[Malayalam]] ; {{Lang|mr|पापड}}</link> pāpaḍ in [[Marati|Marathi]] ; <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khedkar |first=Renu |last2=Shastri |first2=Pratima |last3=Bawa |first3=Amarinder Singh |date=2016 |title=Standardization, Characterization and Shelf Life Studies on Sandge, a Traditional Food Adjunct of Western India |journal=International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=237–243 |doi=10.22161/ijeab/1.2.18 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Lang|pa|ਪਾਪੜ}}</link> pāpaṛ in [[Harshen Punjab|Punjabi]] ; {{Lang|gu|પાપડ}}</link> pāpaḍ in [[Gujarati]] ; {{Lang|or|ପାମ୍ପଡ}}</link> pāmpaḍa in [[Odia]] ; da {{Lang|as|পাপড়}}</link> pāpaḍ in [[Assamese]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2017}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Bambance-bambancen yanki == [[Fayil:RollednRoastedPapads.jpg|alt=|thumb|225x225px| Jackfruit ''papadam'' daga [[Bengaluru]]]] [[Fayil:Different_Papad_-_Kolkata_2015-10-21_6134.JPG|alt=|thumb| Ana siyar da nau'ikan papad daban-daban a shaguna.]] Girke-girke Papad ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki kuma daga gida zuwa gida. Ana yin su da yawa daga gari ko manna da aka samu daga lentil, chickpeas, black gram, shinkafa, ko dankali. Ana zuba [[gishiri]] da [[Man gyaɗa|man gyada]] don yin kullu, ana iya dandana da kayan yaji kamar su chili, cumin, [[tafarnuwa]], ko barkono baƙar fata . Wani lokaci, ana ƙara yin burodin soda ko lemun tsami . Ana siffa kullun zuwa sirara, biredi mai zagaye, busasshe (a al'adance a cikin rana ), kuma ana iya dafa shi ta hanyar soya mai zurfi, gasa a kan wuta mai buɗewa, toasting, ko microwaving, ya danganta da nau'in da ake so. A yawancin gidajen cin abinci na Indiya a duniya, ana ba da su azaman appetizer tare da dips, wanda sau da yawa ya haɗa da mango chutney, lemun tsami pickle, albasa chutney, da ''raita'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=Poppadom Dips Recipe (easy Indian dips) |url=https://www.jcookingodyssey.com/2023/03/23/poppadom-dips/}}</ref> Masala papad tare da sev, albasa, tumatir da ganyen coriander na ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran abincin Indiya. == Sinadaran da shirye-shirye == Papadam za a iya shirya daga daban-daban sinadaran da kuma hanyoyin. Shahararren girke-girke yana amfani da garin gari daga gram ɗin baƙar fata mai tsaga gauraye da barkono baƙi, gishiri, ɗan ƙaramin man kayan lambu da alkali mai nau'in abinci, sannan a kwaɗa cakuda. Sai a kwaba kullu mai kyau da aka yi da shi, sannan a daka shi sosai sannan a busar da shi a adana shi don a sha. Yana iya ƙunsar shinkafa, jackfruit, sago, da dai sauransu, a matsayin manyan sinadarai. Fasasshen barkono baƙar fata, jajayen foda, asafoetida, cumin ko tsaba na [[Riɗi|sesame]] ana amfani da su azaman kayan ɗanɗano. Ana kuma yin Papadam daga flakes shinkafa, ragi ko doki . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2018 |title=Poha papad, Rice flakes Papad, Summer Recipe |url=https://udupi-recipes.com/2018/03/poha-papad-rice-flakes-papad.html |access-date=9 January 2020 |publisher=Udupi-Recipes}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> Fayil:Pappadum.tif| Appadam Fayil:Rice_papad.jpg|alt=Rice papadam| Shinkafa ''papadam'' Fayil:Urad_Indian_Papad.jpg| ''Uradal papadam'' Fayil:Roasting_Papadums.jpg|alt=Fire-toasting papadam| Wuta-toasting papadam Fayil:Nepali_Khana.jpg|alt=A Nepali thali with papad| Nepali thali tare da papad Fayil:Raw_Jack_Fruit_Papad.jpg|alt=Raw jackfruit papad in coastal Karnataka| Raw jackfruit papad a bakin tekun Karnataka Fayil:Papadum_at_restaurant_Milan_Nepal.jpg|alt=Papadams with chutney are often served as an appetizer at South Asian restaurants around the world.| Papadams tare da chutney galibi ana amfani da su azaman appetizer a gidajen cin abinci na Kudancin Asiya a duniya. Fayil:Urad_papad,_microwaved.jpg| Microwaved papad texture </gallery> == Duba kuma ==   * Indian bread – Wide variety of flatbreads and crêpes which are an integral part of Indian cuisine * Sandige – Fried snack, originating from the Indian subcontinent == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mitidz9fkb6944fundw67gcmzxvtrn5 0 90284 829276 575431 2026-05-03T13:12:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ossai Nicholas Ossai''' ɗan siyasan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne. Ya kasance memba mai wakiltar Ndokwa East/Ndokwa West/Ukwuani Federal Constituency a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria |url=https://constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=90 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=constrack.ng }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/ossai-nicholas-ossai |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ossai Nicholas Ossai a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba 1963 kuma ya fito daga [[Delta (jiha)|jihar Delta]]. Yana da aure da 'ya'ya. Ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a Urban Community Primary School da ke Abakaliki, sannan a shekarar 1980 ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na farko (FSLC). Ya kammala karatun daga makarantar CMS Grammar School, Legas a shekarar 1988 sannan ya yi digiri na farko a shekarar 1997 a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]]. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeolu |date=2017-03-07 |title=OSSAI, Hon. Nicholas Ossai |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ossai-hon-nicholas-ossai/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Nicholas Ossai biography, net worth, age, family, contact & picture |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16736/hon-nicholas-ossai |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 2011, an fara zaɓen sa a matsayin mamba mai wakiltar Ndokwa East/Ndokwa West/Ukwuani Federal Constituency. An sake zaɓen sa a shekarar 2015, sannan a shekarar 2019, inda ya zama ɗan majalisar tarayya a karo na uku a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP). [[Nnamdi Ezechi]] ne ya gaje shi a shekarar 2023. <ref name=":1"/> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban, Kwalejin Ilimi, Agbor, Jihar Delta, kuma ya kasance ɗan majalisar dokokin [[jihar Delta]]. <ref name=":2"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] cdruqa127bcgrozjyhh9r58np1vvxbz 0 91982 829339 579572 2026-05-03T17:05:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Paul Joly''' (An haife shi ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Faransa]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Auxerre wanda ke a Ligue 1 na kasar Faransa.<ref>https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/match-direct/coupe-de-france/2021-2022/lille-auxerre-live/528456</ref> == Aiki == A matsayin sa na Samfurin samari na Muides, Blois Football 41, da Lorient kafin ya shiga hannun Amiens a cikin 2018. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko tare da Auxerre akan 18 Oktoba 2020. Lille ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2021.<ref>https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/loir-et-cher/commune/suevres/du-blois-foot-41-a-l-aj-auxerre-paul-joly-la-belle-trajectoire</ref> A ranar 16 ga Janairu 2023, Joly ya koma Dijon a Ligue 2 a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar 2022-23.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://presse-evasion.fr/index.php/component/k2/13-sports/17265-le-reve-se-mue-en-douce-realite-pour-paul-joly-le-neo-pro-s-engage-pour-trois-ans-a-l-aj-auxerre |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-01-26 |archive-date=2021-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218195739/https://presse-evasion.fr/index.php/component/k2/13-sports/17265-le-reve-se-mue-en-douce-realite-pour-paul-joly-le-neo-pro-s-engage-pour-trois-ans-a-l-aj-auxerre |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Lambar yabo == • Ya lashe gasar Ligue 2: 2023 zuwa 2024<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 2000]] m048n5btbj9pos7q1o7tlba6iytjrpz 0 93320 829368 611025 2026-05-03T19:32:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Petit Mal''' ([[Faransanci]] don 'Little Evil') fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Colombia na 2022 wanda Ruth Caudeli ta rubuta, ta ba da umarni, ta hada kai kuma ta hada kai.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-05-14 |title=Ruth Caudeli: El mal de ausencia en Petit mal |url=https://www.elespectador.com/el-magazin-cultural/ruth-caudeli-el-mal-de-ausencia-en-petit-mal/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=El Espectador |language=spanish}}</ref> Tauraruwar Caudeli, Silvia Varón da Ana María Otálora.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiempo |first=Casa Editorial El |date=2022-06-09 |title='Petit Mal': trama de poliamor que brilla en el Festival de Cine de Tribeca |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/cultura/cine-y-tv/petit-mal-pelicula-acerca-del-poliamor-se-rodo-en-colombia-679012 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=El Tiempo |language=spanish}}</ref> Yana game da dangantakar da mata 3 suka kafa wadanda, bayan babu daya saboda dalilai na aiki, suka yi muhawara game da makomar dangantakarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=Petit Mal, la película que representará a Colombia en el festival de cine de Tribeca en Nueva York |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2022/05/06/petit-mal-la-pelicula-que-representara-a-colombia-en-el-festival-de-cine-de-tribeca-en-nueva-york/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Martina, Laia da Anto mata uku ne waɗanda ke da dangantaka mai yawa inda su uku ke jin daɗin taronsu a bayan gida, ba'a da ba'a kuma suna kula da karnuka da suka ceto. Koyaya, an gwada dangantakarsu lokacin da aka kira Laia don aikin dogon lokaci a wani birni, wanda ya bar Martina da Anto cikin rauni don fuskantar nasu ƙarfin a cikin rashin Laia, yana tilasta musu ci gaba da canzawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-07 |title=Petit Mal, un filme que se abre al poliamor: "El cine debería hablar de las realidades que uno conoce" |url=https://www.cronica.com.mx/escenario/petit-mal-filme-abre-poliamor-cine-deberia-hablar-realidades-conoce.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107231213/https://www.cronica.com.mx/escenario/petit-mal-filme-abre-poliamor-cine-deberia-hablar-realidades-conoce.html |archive-date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2023-11-07}}</ref> == Ƴan Wasan Fim == * Silvia Varón a matsayin Martina <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Reparto Completo de Petit mal (Cine.com) |url=https://www.cine.com/pelicula/petit-mal/reparto |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=cine.com |language=es}}</ref> * Ruth Caudeli a matsayin Laia <ref name=":0" /> * Ana María Otálora a matsayin Anto <ref name=":0" /> == Saki == Petit Mal ya fara fitowa a duniya a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2022 , a Bikin Tribeca na 21, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-06 |title=Las dos películas con sello colombiano que debutarán este año en el Tribeca Film Festival |url=https://www.elpais.com.co/entretenimiento/las-dos-peliculas-con-sello-colombiano-que-debutaran-este-ano-en-el-tribeca-film-festival.html |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=El País |language=spanish}}</ref> sannan aka nuna shi a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2022, a bikin fina-finai na 37 na Guadalajara, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=PETIT MAL llega al FIC GUADALAJARA después de sus estreno mundial en TRIBECA |url=https://www.bitacoracdmx.com/?p=44750 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Bitácora CDMX |language=es}}</ref> a ƙarshen Yuni 2022 a bikin fina na 46 na Frameline San Francisco, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Santoro |first=Cosimo |date=2022-05-25 |title=PETIT MAL, CUT! and ROSA at Frameline |url=https://www.theopenreel.com/petit-mal-cut-and-rosa-at-frameline/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Open Reel |language=en-US}}</ref> a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2022, al'ummar fina-fakka ta Vancouver Latin American <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Petit Mal |url=https://vlaff.org/petit-mal |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Vancouver Latin American Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2022, da 33rd Hong Kong Lesbian & Gay Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santoro |first=Cosimo |date=2022-08-23 |title=PETIT MAL in Hong Kong |url=https://www.theopenreel.com/petit-mal-in-hong-kong/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Open Reel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=33rd Hong Kong Lesbian and Gay Film Festival |url=https://www.localiiz.com/event/hong-kong-lesbian-and-gay-film-festival-2022 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Localiiz |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Karɓuwa == === Karɓuwa mai mahimmanci === A shafin yanar gizon mai tarawa na Rotten Tomatoes, kashi 75% na sake dubawa 12 suna da kyau, tare da matsakaicin darajar 6.8/10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=Petit Mal - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/petit_mal |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> === Godiya gaisuwa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyauta / Bikin !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Tabbacin. |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Guadalajara |Kyautar Maguey | rowspan="3" |''Ƙananan Mugunta''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Medina |first=Erandi |date=2022-06-27 |title=Petit mal. Las nuevas formas de relacionarse |url=https://www.vagabunda.mx/petit-mal-las-nuevas-formas-de-relacionarse/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Vagabunda Mx |language=es}}</ref> |- |Frameline San Francisco International LGBTQ Film Festival |Kyautar Jury - Fim mafi kyau|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frameline46 Award Winners |url=https://www.frameline.org/news/frameline46-award-winners/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Frameline |language=en}}</ref> |- |Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na San Sebastián |Kyautar Sebastiane|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-07-19 |title=Cinco películas competirán por el X Premio Sebastiane Latino en el 70 Festival de San Sebastián |url=https://www.europapress.es/euskadi/noticia-cinco-peliculas-competiran-premio-sebastiane-latino-70-festival-san-sebastian-20220719154049.html |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Europa Press}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Macondo |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |Ana María Otálora|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=La lista completa de nominados a los Premios Macondo 2023 |url=https://www.radionica.rocks/noticias/premios-macondo-2023-lista-completa-nominados |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Radiónica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bedoya |first=Ricardo |date=2023-11-06 |title=Los Reyes del Mudo película vencedora en los Premios Macondo 2023 |url=https://caracol.com.co/2023/11/06/los-reyes-del-mudo-pelicula-vencedora-en-los-premios-macondo-2023/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Caracol Radio |language=es}}</ref> |- |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |Silvia Varón|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|15022446}} [[Category:Fim]] byqvc2syld8lfa95ltlbhx5xxfap2cj 0 96470 829583 601492 2026-05-04T10:01:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rita Naa Odoley Sowah''' (an Haife shi 2 ga Yuli 1968) yar siyasar [[Ghana|Ghana ce]] . Ita mamba ce ta National Democratic Congress (NDC) . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-29 |title=Rita Naa Odoley Sowah empowering the youth through sports in La Dadekotopon |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Rita-Naa-Odoley-Sowah-empowering-the-youth-through-sports-in-La-Dadekotopon-1121591 |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prince Akpah: Female politicians who will influence December 2020 elections |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/female-politicians-who-will-influence-december-2020-elections/ |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=MyJoyOnline. |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Botchway |first=Nii Martey M. |date=27 July 2019 |title=Odoley Sowah to retrace NDC roots |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/ghana-news-odoley-sowah-to-retrace-ndc-roots.html |access-date=14 April 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta farko a majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar La Dade Kotopon . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=Election 2020: Provisional results show slight rise in women elected to parliament |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/election-2020-provisional-results-show-slight-rise-in-women-elected-to-parliament.html |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 December 2020 |title=40 Female MPs elected into Ghana's 8th Parliament |url=https://kasapafmonline.com/2020/12/40-female-mps-elected-into-ghanas-8th-parliament/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128110243/https://kasapafmonline.com/2020/12/40-female-mps-elected-into-ghanas-8th-parliament/ |archive-date=2021-01-28 |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=kasapafmonline. |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Meet the 40 female MPs-elect of 8th Parliament |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/meet-the-40-female-mps-elect-of-8th-parliament/ |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=MyJoyOnline. |language=en-US}}</ref> 'Yar asalin garin Labadi ce a yankin Greater Accra, ta taba zama shugabar karamar hukumar La Dade kotopon Municipal Assembly (LADMA) daga 2013 zuwa 2017. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Rita Naa Odoley Sowah a ranar 2 ga Yuli 1968. Ita ce Ga kuma ƴar asalin ƙasar La da aka fi sani da Labadi a [[Yankin Greater Accra|Babban yankin Accra]] na Ghana. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Official Profile of Rita Naa Odoley Sowah – Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=62 |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=Parliament Of Ghana |archive-date=2023-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425090334/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=62 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Sowah ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare a Sakatariyar Premix karkashin Hukumar Kifi ta Ghana.<ref name=":02" /> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin jami’ar shigar da bayanai a ma’aikatar Lotteries ta kasa a yanzu Hukumar Kula da Lottery ta Kasa a Ghana da kuma matsayin sakatariya a Ofishin La Dade Kotopon na ‘Yan Majalisar.<ref name=":02" /> === Shugaban karamar hukuma === Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Municipal na farko (MCE) na La Dade kotopon Municipal Assembly (LADMA) daga 2013 zuwa 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-01 |title=Rita Naa Odoley Sowah's quest to revamp education La Dadekotopon |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/12/rita-naa-odoley-sowahs-quest-to-revamp-education-la-dadekotopon/ |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-30 |title=La Dadetokopon: Hundreds of artisans to benefit from Rita Odoley Sowah's vocational training initiative |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/la-dadetokopon-hundreds-of-artisans-to-benefit-from-rita-odoley-sowahs-vocational/8n1m13t |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin kungiyar Kananan Hukumomin Ghana (NALAG). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dogbevi |first=Emmanuel |date=2016-03-23 |title=Zambia delegation calls on National Association of Local Authorities of Ghana |url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2016/03/23/zambia-delegation-calls-on-national-association-of-local-authorities-of-ghana/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=Ghana Business News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-23 |title=NALAG To Venture Into Property Development |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/nalag-to-venture-into-property-development/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=News Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> == Siyasa == === Kudirin majalisa === Ta fito takarar zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar NDC domin a zaba a matsayin dan takararsu a zaben 2020 kuma ta yi nasara. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=Miss GH, Hon. Rita Odoley Donated to La Polyclinic & LATENU |url=https://nationaltymes.com/2020/09/30/miss-gh-hon-rita-odoley-donated-to-la-polyclinic-latenu/ |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=NationalTymes |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gt. Accra: Voting underway in NDC primaries |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/gt-accra-voting-underway-in-ndc-primaries/ |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=MyJoyOnline. |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kafa tarihi a matsayin mace ta farko da ta lashe kujerar majalisar dokokin La Dade-Kotopon a zaben 'yan majalisa na 2020. Ta samu kuri'u 47,606 da ke wakiltar 53.67% yayin da Joseph Gerald Tetteh Nyanyofio na jam'iyyar New Patriotic Party (NPP) na kusa da ita ya samu kuri'u 41,101 da ke wakiltar kashi 46.33%. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-11 |title=Rita Sowah wins La Dade Kotonpon parliamentary seat |url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/rita-sowah-wins-la-dade-kotonpon-parliamentary-seat/ |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for Dade Kotopon |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=149 |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=GhanaWeb.}}</ref> Tana daya daga cikin mata 40 da ke wakiltar mazabarsu a majalisar wakilai ta 8 daga ranar 7 ga Janairu 2021. <ref name=":0"/> === Mamba a majalisa === An rantsar da Sowah a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar La Dade Kotopon a majalisar wakilai ta 8 na [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] ta 4 a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2021. <ref name=":02"/> Tana aiki a matsayin mamba a kwamitin matasa, wasanni da al'adu da kwamitin jinsi da yara na majalisar. <ref name=":02" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sowah Kirista ce. <ref name=":02"/> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2zp0dzw5gqbfwzlwni5x2908m66k63h 0 100736 829592 621816 2026-05-04T10:54:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Robin CC Law''' (an haife shi 1944) ɗan Afirka ɗan Afirka ne kuma tun 2009 Emeritus Farfesa na [[Tarihin Afirka]] a Jami'ar Stirling . Ya sami digiri na BA a Literae Humaniores a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] a 1967 da PhD a Tarihi a Jami'ar Birmingham a 1972. A matsayinsa na mai bincike, ya yi aiki a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], Najeriya (1966-1969) da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Yammacin Afirka na Jami'ar Birmingham (1970-1972). Ya shiga Jami'ar Stirling a 1972, sannan ya zama malami, babban malami, kuma mai karatu, ya zama Farfesa na Tarihin Afirka a 1993. <ref name="UStirling">{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Robin |date= |title=Professor Robin Law, About me |url=https://www.stir.ac.uk/people/256323 |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=stir.ac.uk |publisher=University of Stirling |quote=}}</ref> <ref name="British Academy">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Professor Robin Law FBA, History of Africa, Elected 2000, Section Early Modern History to 1850 |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/robin-law-FBA/ |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=thebritishacademy.ac.uk |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Robin Law Contributor. Professor of African History, University of Stirling, Scotland. Author of The Slave Coast of West Africa, 1550–1750 and others. |url=https://www.britannica.com/contributor/Robin-Law/3580 |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=britannica.com |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> Ya kasance Abokin Ziyara a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka Leiden (1993-1994), kuma malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar York, Kanada (1996-1997) da [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Ibrananci na Urushalima]] (2000-2001). <ref name="UStirling" /> Dokar ta sami lambar yabo ta 'yan Afirka mai daraja na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Afirka na Birtaniya don 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Outstanding African Studies Award |url=https://www.asauk.net/awards-prizes/outstanding-african-studiesaward/ |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=asauk.net |publisher=African Studies Association of the UK |quote= }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Wallafa == Doka ta buga litattafai da yawa na ilimi da labaran bincike kan Afirka, gami da: <ref name="British Academy"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law, Robin |url=https://search.worldcat.org/nl/search?q=au=%22Law%2C%20Robin%22 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=Worldcat.org |publisher=[[OCLC]]}}</ref> * ''Daular Oyo, c. 1600-c.'' ''1836: A Yammacin Afirka Imperialism a cikin Zamanin Kasuwancin Bawan Atlantic'' . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977. Nazarin Oxford a Harkokin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Irwin |first=Graham W. |date=1 February 1979 |title=Journal Article. [Review] Robin Law. The Oyo Empire, c. 1600–c. 1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. (Oxford Studies in African Affairs.) Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1977. |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/84/1/223/66372 |journal=American Historical Review |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=223–224 |doi=10.1086/ahr/84.1.223 |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> * ''Doki a tarihin Afirka ta Yamma Matsayin doki a cikin al'ummomin Yammacin Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka'', Oxford: Oxford University Press for International Africa Institute, 1980. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oliver |first=Roland |date=24 December 2009 |title=Reviews. Robin Law: The horse in West African history: the role of the horse in the societies of pre-colonial West Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/robin-law-the-horse-in-west-african-history-the-role-of-the-horse-in-the-societies-of-precolonial-west-africa-xv-224-pp-6-plates-oxford-oxford-university-press-for-the-international-africa-institute-1980-1250/99827C7355618A61BCC09441D68904FF |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=635 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00144854 |s2cid=161403344 |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> Sabon bugu na London : Rana, 2020. * ''Gabar bautar Yammacin Afirka, 1550-1750 : tasirin cinikin bayi na Atlantic ga al'ummar Afirka'', Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1991, 2002. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Joseph C. |date=1993 |title=Reviews of Books. Robin Law. The Slave Coast of West Africa 1550–1750: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society. |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/98/5/1656/65305 |journal=American Historical Review |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=1656–1657 |doi=10.1086/ahr/98.5.1656 |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rathbone |first=Richard |date=1993 |title=Reviews. Robin Law. The Slave Coast of West Africa 1550–1750: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/620360 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=196–198 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0000238X |jstor=620360 |s2cid=162583469 |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> * ''Turanci a Yammacin Afirka, 1685-1688 : wasiƙun gida na Kamfanin Royal African Company na Ingila, 1681-1699'', ta Law, Robin, Ed. , Oxford : An buga shi don Cibiyar Nazarin Burtaniya ta Jami'ar Oxford University Press, Sashe na 1 da 2 (1681-1688); Sashe na 1: 1997, Sashe na 2: 2001, Sashe na 3 (1691-1699): 2007. Fontes historiae Africanae, sabon jerin 5. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Massing |first=Andreas |date=2011 |title=Analyses et comptes rendus. Law, Robin (ed.). — The English in West Africa |url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/14323?lang=en |journal=Cahiers d'Études africaines |volume=204 |issue= |pages=1018–1022 |doi=10.4000/etudesafricaines.14323 |access-date=5 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ''Ouidah : Tarihin Zamantakewa na tashar jiragen ruwa na Slaving na Yammacin Afirka 1727-1892'', Athens: Ohio, Ohio Press University, 2004. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brunger |first=Scott |date=2006 |title=Reviewed Work: Ouidah: The Social History of a West African Slaving "Port," 1727-1892 by Robin Law |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40033870 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=313–315 |doi= |jstor=40033870 |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> Suffolk : Boydell & Brewer, 2017. * ''Dahomey da kuma ƙarshen cinikin bayi na trans-Atlantic : mujallu da wasiku na Mataimakin Consul Louis Fraser, 1851-1852'' . Oxford : An buga shi don Cibiyar Nazarin Burtaniya ta Jami'ar Oxford Press, 2012. Jerin: Fontes historiae Africanae, sabon jerin 10. * Benin, a cikin ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' . <ref name="Britannica"/> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |last=Falola |first=Toyin |date=23 March 2009 |title=Book Launching in Honor of Robin Law (Toyin Falola, Matt D. Childs: The Changing Worlds of Atlantic Africa: Essays in Honor of Robin Law, Carolina Academic Press 2009) |url=https://groups.google.com/g/USAAfricaDialogue/c/vX-z0mQYMwo/m/LJkmjc8NdLUJ |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=groups.google.com |publisher= |quote=}} == Magana == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Bauta a Afirka]] qvg81o5dt5s6vo6y3p0jcgn8k1toai0 0 100926 829593 817598 2026-05-04T11:02:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robyn Curnow''' ɗan [[Ɗan jarida|jarida]] ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne, mai watsa labarai, kuma marubuci. Ta kasance mai ba da labari kuma wakilin kasashen waje na CNN International da [[CNN|CNN USA]] . <ref name="Robyn Curnow">{{Cite web |title=Robyn Curnow |url=https://www.robyncurnow.net/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Robyn Curnow |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta karbi bakuncin ''Gidan Labarai na CNN tare da Robyn Curnow'' daga shekarar alif 2020 zuwa shekarar alif 2022 daga Cibiyar CNN a [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Jojiya]] . A baya can, ta kafa ''The International Desk tare da Robyn Curnow'' daga shekarar alif 2014 zuwa shekarar alif 2019. Shirin ya kasance wani shiri ne mai daukar hankali kan labarai wanda ya nuna yadda [[CNN]] ta yi amfani da shi a duniya ta hanyar kai wa manema labarai na CNN a duk fadin duniya, bibiyar al'amuran yau da kullum da labaran duniya ga masu kallon CNN na duniya. Kafin ya koma Amurka, Curnow ya kasance wakilin CNN na Afirka da ke [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu, daga shekarar alif 2006 zuwa shekarar alif 2014. Ta kasance a ofishin CNN na London a matsayin mai ba da rahoto kuma anga daga shekarar alif 2002 zuwa shekarar alif 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Robyn Curnow Is Leaving CNN International |url=https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/robyn-curnow-is-leaving-cnn-international/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.adweek.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan fiye da shekaru 20 a kan iska a CNN, a ranar 3 ga Mayu shekarar alif 2022, Curnow ta sanar da cewa za ta bar CNN. <ref>{{Cite web |last=A.J. Katz |date=May 4, 2022 |title=Robyn Curnow Is Leaving CNN International |url=https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/robyn-curnow-is-leaving-cnn-international/506761/ |access-date=4 May 2022 |publisher=Adweek}}</ref> Curnow ya ƙaddamar da wani faifan bidiyo " [https://www.searchingforamericapod.com/ Neman Amurka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116040418/https://www.searchingforamericapod.com/ |date=2024-11-16 }} " wanda ke da nufin yanke lambar Amurka daga ra'ayi na waje. Curnow yana zaune a Atlanta, Georgia. Baƙi na farko sun kasance Mark Hertling, Jason Kander, Leyla Santiago, Kevin Sullivan, Josh Clark da kuma yawancin Amirkawa suna magana game da dalilin da yasa akwai rarraba da abin da za a iya yi don gyara shi. Curnow yana wakiltar hukumar basira ta CAA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Profile: Anchor Robyn Curnow on Life After CNN - Weekend Breakfast with Sara-Jayne Makwala King |url=https://omny.fm/shows/weekend-breakfast-capetalk/the-profile-anchor-robyn-curnow-on-life-after-cnn |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=omny.fm |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Curnow a [[Perth|Perth, Australia]], kuma ya girma a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A correspondent's take on Johannesburg - CNN.com |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/04/09/curnow.johannesburg.travel/index.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.cnn.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar [https://www.stkatharines.co.za/ St Katharine] da St Mary's School for Girls a Johannesburg. Curnow ta yi ta yin magana game da cutar ta ta dyslexia, wanda ya sa ta yi fama a makaranta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Curnow |first=Robyn |date=2019-06-06 |title=The upside to dyslexia, even as a journalist |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/06/health/dyslexia-benefit-curnow/index.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=[Column] Robyn Curnow: The world is waking up to the power of dyslexia |url=https://africabusinesscommunities.com/features/column-robyn-curnow-the-world-is-waking-up-to-the-power-of-dyslexia/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Africa Business Communities |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Curnow ta halarci [[Jami'ar Natal]], Pietermaritzburg, don karatun digirinta na Ingilishi da Siyasa. Daga baya, yayin da take aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Afirka ta Kudu, ta kammala digiri na girmamawa a cikin Nazarin Siyasa a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] . A cikin shekarunta na 20s, ta sami lambar yabo ta Chevening don yin karatun digiri na biyu (M.phil) a dangantakar kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Cambridge . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotlight: Robyn Curnow |url=https://www.polis.cam.ac.uk/alumni/spotlight-robyn-curnow |access-date=25 October 2018 |website=Cambridge}}</ref> Ta kasance a Kwalejin Magdalene . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cardoso |first=Paul |date=2022-07-16 |title=The top 3 female CNN news anchors you didn't know were African |url=https://www.naijanews.com/buzz/people/the-top-3-female-cnn-news-anchors-you-didnt-know-were-african/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Buzz |language=en-US}}</ref> Curnow jika ce ta dan wasan kurket na Afirka ta Kudu Syd Curnow wanda ya fafata da dan wasan batson dan kasar Australia Donald Bradman a wasannin gwaji na 1930/31 a Australia. Mahaifin Curnow da ɗan'uwanta sun buga wasan kurket na gasa kuma wanda ya jagoranci rayuwarta ta ƙauna ga wasanni. Kakaninta na uwa, Robert da Margaret Oxley, sun kasance baƙi zuwa Afirka ta Kudu daga Warrington, Ingila, bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Robert wani fursuna ne na Yaƙin Jafananci wanda ya taimaka wajen gina Titin Jirgin ƙasa na Burma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Curnow |first=Robyn |date=2015-11-25 |title=Robyn Curnow traces granddad's POW journey |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/robyn-curnow-wwii-pow-changi-singapore/index.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Margaret Oxley ta yi bikin cikarta shekaru 100 a cikin Afrilu shekara alif 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/RobynCurnow/status/1780283424692973677 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref> == Sana'a == Curnow ta fara aikinta ne a gidan rediyon Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta alif 1996 a matsayin mai ba da rahoto kan labaran dare na kasa. Ta kasance cikin rukunin matasa 'yan jarida masu ba da rahoto game da sabuwar dimokuradiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu da kuma shugabancin [[Nelson Mandela]] . Curnow ya bar SABC a 2000 don yin karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Cambridge. A wannan shekarar, ta kasance mai zaman kanta ga [[BBC]], tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga BBC Look East . Curnow ya fara ba da rahoto ga CNN a cikin shekarar alif 2001 a [[Landan|London]], wanda ya shafi Burtaniya da Turai. Ta ba da rahoto game da mutuwar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul na biyu]] daga fadar Vatican, tashin bama-bamai na Landan, dangin sarauta, tsunami na Kudancin Asiya, da kuma bayanan yakin Iraki . A shekarar alif 2006, ta koma Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, don yin aiki a matsayin wakilin CNN na Afirka tare da mijinta, Kim Norgaard, shugaban ofishin CNN na Afirka. Ta yi balaguro da yawa a Afirka kuma ta ba da rahoto game da cutar kanjamau da cutar kanjamau, gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA shekarar alif 2010, Mohammad Gaddafi a Tarayyar Afirka a Habasha, bullar [[Boko Haram]] a Najeriya, da kuma rikicin siyasa a [[Zimbabwe]] . Robyn ya fara ba da rahoto daga Zimbabwe a lokacin mamayewar ƙasa na shekarar alif 2000 yayin da yake SABC. A watan Mayun shekarar alif 2011, an tsare ita da tawagar CNN a Harare kuma an hana su shiga kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=Nehanda |date=2011-05-22 |title=Charamba apologises to detained CNN crew |url=https://nehandaradio.com/2011/05/22/charamba-apologises-to-detained-cnn-crew/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Nehanda Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Robyn Curnow"/> Tsakanin shekara ta alif 2007 da shekarar alif 2014, Curnow ya jagoranci bangarori da yawa a taron tattalin arzikin duniya a Afirka, wanda ya hada da shugaban Afirka ta Kudu [[Jacob Zuma]], Shugaban Rwanda [[Paul Kagame]], Shugaban Gabon [[Ali Bongo Ondimba|Ali Bongo]], Christine Lagarde ta IMF, da sauran shugabannin Afirka da 'yan kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koigi |first=Bob |date=14 March 2023 |title=Ellana Lee: What CNN's investment in telling the African story represents |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201108012362.html |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Africa business communities}}</ref> Curnow shi ne wanda ya kafa gidan rediyon [https://edition.cnn.com/business/marketplace-africa CNN's ''Marketplace Africa''] (2010), wani wasan kwaikwayo na mako-mako wanda ke gabatar da tambayoyi da labarai tare da ƴan kasuwa masu cin nasara a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-11 |title=TV with Thinus: BREAKING. CNN International's Robyn Curnow, Kim Norgaard leaving South Africa as Robyn Curnow is set to become a CNN anchor in Atlanta. |url=https://teeveetee.blogspot.com/2014/08/breaking-cnn-internationals-robyn.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=TV with Thinus}}</ref> A shekara ta alif 2013, Curnow ya yi hira da tsohon shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]] da matarsa, Laura, a lokacin da suka ziyarci [[Zambiya]] a wata ziyarar agaji bayan ya shugabanci kasar. A yayin hirar, shugaba Bush ya kira Edward Snowden a matsayin maci amana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2013 |title=Bush on Snowden: He damaged the country |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OC92JHSAYEA |access-date=25 October 2018 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Curnow ta yi wata tattaunawa mai zurfi a [[Botswana]] tare da uwargidan tsohon shugaban kasa Michelle Obama a ziyarar aiki da ta kai Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2014 |title=5 Questions for CNN International Anchor Robyn Curnow |url=https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/five-questions-for-cnn-international-anchor-robyn-curnow/242986 |access-date=25 October 2018 |website=TVNewswer}}</ref> Ta kuma [https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2012/01/13/curnow-safrica-oprah-intv.cnn yi hira da] Oprah Winfrey a makarantar ’yan mata da ke wajen Johannesburg. Curnow ya fara sanin [[Desmond Tutu|Archbishop Desmond Tutu]] a matsayin 'yar makaranta lokacin da zai yi wa'azi a ɗakin sujadarta a Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta St Mary a cikin shekarar alif 1980s. Daga baya, za ta yi hira da shi a Soweto, London, [[Cape Town]], da Johannesburg. A tattaunawar tasu ta karshe ta bayyana irin sukar da ya yi wa jam'iyyar ANC mai mulki a Afirka ta Kudu. An ba Curnow dama ta musamman zuwa bikin cika shekaru 80 na Archbishop Desmond Tutu don shirin shirin na tsawon sa'a guda kan lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel . Ta ba shi sunan wanda ta dauka a matsayin jarumi a wani rahoto na musamman na CNN. Curnow ya yi hira da tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]] a birnin Qunu na kasar Afirka ta Kudu, a ziyarar da ya kai tare da uwargidan shugaban kasar [[Hillary Clinton]] a gidan Nelson Mandela. A cikin shekarar alif 2013, Curnow ya jagoranci tashar CNN ta musamman game da rashin lafiyar [[Nelson Mandela]] da mutuwarsa kuma ya ba da rahoton kai tsaye daga jana'izarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN's Anchors and Reporters in South Africa |url=http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2013/12/09/cnns-anchors-and-reporters-in-south-africa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209171317/http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2013/12/09/cnns-anchors-and-reporters-in-south-africa/ |archive-date=9 December 2013 |access-date=25 October 2018 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Curnow ya dade yana hulda da Mandela da iyalansa, inda ya yi hira da shi sau da dama a lokacin shugabancinsa da kuma bayansa. Tattaunawar da ta yi da shi a ranar cikarsa shekaru 90 na cikin hirar da ya yi a karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2014 |title=A year later, recalling the 'Mandela Magic' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/12/04/world/nelson-mandela-death-anniversary/index.html |access-date=25 October 2018 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarar alif 2008, Curnow ya ba da rahoto game da Oscar Pistorius mai tsere biyu kuma ya bi aikinsa har zuwa gasar Olympics ta London shekarar alif 2012 . Bayan da Pistorius ya harbe budurwarsa Reeva Steenkamp, Curnow ya kasance fuskar CNN a lokacin shari'ar kisan kai a cikin shekarar alif 2014. Rahotonta kai tsaye da shirin gaskiya akan Anderson Cooper 360 sun fito da hotuna na musamman da hirarraki da Pistorius, danginsa, da da'irar ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2016 |title=CNN SPEAKS TO PISTORIUS' BROTHER AND SISTER |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SApLPRUdIic |access-date=25 October 2018 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Curnow ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu a lokacin da take wakiliyar CNN a Afirka. Ta kasance mai magana game da kasancewa uwa mai aiki da daidaita labaran labarai da jarirai da yara. Curnow ya koma Atlanta, Jojiya tare da danginta a cikin shekarar alif 2014 don karbar ''bakuncin Tebur na Duniya tare da Robyn Curnow'' akan CNN International. Curnow ya jagoranci CNN ta ba da labarin '''hare-haren ta'addanci''' da yawa a cikin shekarar alif 2015 da shekarar alif 2016, ciki har da hare-haren [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Misra|Masar]], da sakamakon harin [[Faris|Paris]] da [[Nice]] . Nunin Curnow ya tsara haɓakawa da faduwar [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|ISIS]] da yakin Siriya . Curnow na cikin iska lokacin da dakarun kawance suka kaddamar da farmakin Mosul a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] a watan Oktoban shekara ta alif 2016, wanda ya ba ta da tawagogin CNN a kasa zaben nadin Labarai da Documentary [[Emmy Awards|Emmy]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=NOMINEES FOR THE 38TH ANNUAL NEWS & DOCUMENTARY EMMY AWARDS ANNOUNCED |url=http://emmyonline.com/news_38th_nominations |access-date=25 October 2018 |website=emmyonline.com |archive-date=27 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727151035/http://emmyonline.com/news_38th_nominations |url-status=dead }}</ref> Curnow ya fara ba da rahoto kai tsaye daga [[Havana|Havana, Cuba]], a lokacin ziyarar tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] a cikin shekarar alif 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2016 |title=President Obama's exciting visit to Cuba |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2016/03/22/obama-excitement-over-cuba-jen-psaki-interview.cnn |access-date=25 October 2018 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Daga baya, ta koma Cuba don ba da labarin mutuwar Fidel Castro daga Havana ta CNN. A cikin shekarar alif 2018, Curnow ya sami lambar yabo ta Emmy tare da abokan aikin CNN don harin jirgin sama a kan wata motar bas a Yemen wanda ya kashe yara da yawa. A cikin shekarar alif 2019, Curnow ya lashe lambar yabo ta Royal Television Society Award don Mafi kyawun Labaran Labarai na ƙarshen mulkin Shugaba [[Robert Mugabe]] a Zimbabwe tare da tawagar CNN a [[Harare]] . Alƙalai sun bayyana ɗaukar hoto a matsayin "nasara ta aikin jarida da fasaha wacce ta ɗauki farin ciki a lokacin amma ta kasance cikin sanyin gwiwa." <ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN International wins two Royal Television Society Awards |url=http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2019/02/28/cnn-international-wins-two-royal-television-society-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228212649/http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2019/02/28/cnn-international-wins-two-royal-television-society-awards/ |archive-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Curnow ya tsara hawan '''[[Xi Jinping]]''', da burin kasar Sin, da kuma [[Taiwan]] . Bugu da ƙari, ta ba da rahoto da yawa game da rikicin Rasha a Turai, inda ta gudanar da tattaunawa da yawa akan '''[[Vladimir Putin|Putin]]''', [[NATO]], Skripal guba, da kuma kungiyar Wagner . Curnow ya ba da rahoton CNN International game da zaɓen shekarar alif 2016 kuma ya ba da cikakken bayani game da shugabancin tsohon shugaban Amurka '''[[Donald Trump|Trump]]''' da gwamnatinsa - bin diddigin yanayin siyasa da diflomasiyya ga masu sauraron duniya - da batutuwan da suka shafi Amurkawa, kamar mace-macen mata, launin fata, da shige da fice. Curnow ya ba da labarin Shugaba Trump yana da COVID akan CNN Amurka da CNN International. A cikin shekarar alif 2020, yayin [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], Curnow ya tsaya kai tsaye daga Cibiyar CNN a Atlanta don CNN Amurka da CNN International. Ta kasance cikin iska a duk lokacin bala'in, tana yin hira da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na gaba, masana kimiyya, da sauran masana kiwon lafiya. Curnow ya kasance cikin tawagar CNN da ta lashe kyautar duPont-Columbia don labaran CNN na mutuwar [[Jamal Khashoggi]] . Curnow ya rufe zaben Amurka na shekarar alif 2020 da Shugabancin [[Joe Biden]] . Ta kasance a cikin iska a lokacin janyewar Afghanistan da sakamakonsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://twitter.com/RobynCurnow/status/1426792335476772864 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref> A cikin shekarar alif 2020 da shekarar alif 2021, ta gabatar da rahoton kai tsaye game da juyin mulkin [[Myanmar]], fashewa a [[Beirut]], da gobarar daji a [[Sydney]] da [[California]] . Ta sami wani zaɓi na Emmy don ɗaukar hoto na CNN game da matakan danniya na China game da Uyghurs . Baya ga aikin watsa shirye-shiryenta, Curnow ya rubuta wa Washington Post, Vogue, Cosmopolitan, Marie Clare, da International Herald Tribune . Curnow ya rubuta game da ɗiyarta da mahaifinta a cikin Washington Post . CAA ce ke wakilta ta don bugawa da haƙƙin TV/fim. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Robyn Curnow on LinkedIn: #novel #author #caa #knowingwhentoquit #storyteller {{!}} 51 comments |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/robyn-curnow-68688b27_novel-author-caa-activity-7069715295996657664-dyXH |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tallafawa == Curnow '''Jakadi''' ne na kungiyar agaji ta Biritaniya '''[https://www.madebydyslexia.org/ ta Dyslexia ta yi] ,''' kuma ta dauki nauyin shirya taron duniya a Cibiyar Lincoln a [[New York (birni)|New York]], Fadar Sarauta ta Sweden a [[Stockholm]], da Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya a London. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Curnow |first=Robyn |date=2024-05-18 |title=Robyn Curnow |url=https://www.robyncurnow.net/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Robyn Curnow |language=en-US}}</ref> Robyn da ƙaramar 'yarta suna da dyslexia. An nada Robyn kwanan nan a Hukumar '''[https://www.schenck.org/ Makarantar Schenck]''' a Atlanta. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Curnow a halin yanzu yana zaune a Atlanta, Georgia, tare da danginta. Ta auri Kim Norgaard. Shi ne Babban Daraktan Tattaunawa da Ayyukan Tsaro na CNNI . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunch |first=Riley |date=2021-09-15 |title=Split-Second Decisions 7,400 Miles Apart: How CNN Evacuated Dozens From Afghanistan. |url=https://www.gpb.org/news/2021/09/15/split-second-decisions-7400-miles-apart-how-cnn-evacuated-dozens-afghanistan |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Georgia Public Broadcasting |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kim Norgaard - Executive Director, CNNI Newsgathering And Security Operations at CNN |url=https://theorg.com/org/cnn/org-chart/kim-norgaard |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=THE ORG |language=en}}</ref> Norgaard ya gudanar da rahoton CNN game da [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayewar Rasha na Ukraine]] daga [[Lviv]] da [[Kiev|Kyiv]] a shekarar alif 2022 da shekarar alif 2023. Bayan harin ta'addanci da aka kai a Isra'ila a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, ya kuma gudanar da shirye-shiryen CNN na yakin Gaza daga [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] da [[Jerusalem|Kudus]] . Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Freya da Hella. == Kyauta da Ganewa == * '''Kyautar 2020 duPont-Columbia''' don ''Bacewar Jamal Khashoggi'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Winners |url=https://dupont.org/2020winners |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=duPont-Columbia Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> * '''Nadin Labarai na 2020 da Documentary Emmy''' don ''Babban Rahoton Bincike'' ''a cikin Jarida don Tsoro da Zalunci a Xinjiang'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-06 |title=News 2020 Nominees - The Emmys |url=https://theemmys.tv/news/41st-nominations/,%20https://theemmys.tv/news/41st-nominations/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=theemmys.tv |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kyautar 2019 '''Royal Television Society''' '''Award''' don ''Breaking News on the Fall of Mugabe'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-01 |title=RTS Television Journalism Awards 2019 sponsored by GuestBooker |url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-television-journalism-awards-2019-sponsored-guestbooker |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Royal Television Society |language=en}}</ref> * 2018 Labarai da Documentary '''nadin nadin Emmy''' don ''Fitattun Labaran Labarai don Harin Bam na Yaman'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-25 |title=NOMINEES FOR THE 40th ANNUAL NEWS & DOCUMENTARY EMMY® AWARDS ANNOUNCED - The Emmys |url=https://theemmys.tv/news-and-documentary-40th-nominees/,%20https://theemmys.tv/news-and-documentary-40th-nominees/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=theemmys.tv |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * 2018 Labarai da Documentary '''nadin nadin Emmy''' don ''Fitattun Labaran Labarai don Yaƙin Mosul'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Robyn Curnow - Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6926047/awards/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴar Jarida]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3gkq4lrt7p5ivmbwnofnfsj2ftnkckw 0 100949 829290 734265 2026-05-03T14:52:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Panashe Chigumadzi''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1991) ƴar jarida ƴar ƙasar Zimbabwe ce, marubuciya kuma marubuciya, wacce ta girma a Afirka ta Kudu. == Fage == An haife ta a [[Harare]], Zimbabwe, a cikin 1991, Chigumadzi ta girma a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="JRB conversation">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-06 |title=Novuyo Rosa Tshuma and Panashe Chigumadzi in conversation—Meditations on the traumas and triumphs of Zimbabwe's histories |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2018/08/06/novuyo-rosa-tshuma-and-panashe-chigumadzi-in-conversation-meditations-on-the-traumas-and-triumphs-of-zimbabwes-histories/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta buga rubutun nata a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban. Ta kasance mawallafin jaridar ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''Die Zeit'', ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'', ''The Washington Post'', ''Binciken Littattafai na New York'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chigumadzi |first=Panashe |date=2017-11-09 |title=Soap and South Africa's 'Fatal Intimacy' |url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/11/09/soap-and-south-africas-fatal-intimacy/ |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=The New York Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Panashe Chigumadzi |url=https://www.nybooks.com/contributors/panashe-chigumadzi/ |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=The New York Review of Books |language=en-US}}</ref> da ''Chimurenga'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Panashe Chigumadzi |url=https://www.goethe.de/prj/kwe/en/program/guests/21524367.html |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=@GI_weltweit |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa ''VANGUARD'', mujallar da aka tsara don ba da sarari ga matasa, baƙar fata matan Afirka ta Kudu masu sha'awar yadda ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mutane, al'adun Afirka da Black Consciousness ke haɗuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=VANGUARD |url=http://vanguardmagazine.co.za/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925171414/http://vanguardmagazine.co.za/about/ |archive-date=2019-09-25 |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=}}</ref> A farkon aikinta, Chigumadzi ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga CNBC Africa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-18 |title=A new self-identity for Africans {{!}} Panashe Chigumadzi {{!}} TEDxJohannesburg |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hemD116ipcg |access-date=2019-12-02 |publisher=TEDx Talks |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> Chigumadzi ta zana tarihin Zimbabwe a cikin aikinta, ta hanyar binciken tarihin ƙasa da na kashin kai. Littafin littafinta na farko, ''Magungunan Magunguna'', an buga shi a cikin 2015, ya lashe lambar yabo ta adabi na K Sello Duiker Memorial . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |author-link=James Murua |date=2016-11-08 |title=South African Literary Awards 2016 winners announced |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/south-african-literary-awards-2016-winners-announced/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Writing Africa |archive-date=2025-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116192021/http://www.writingafrica.com/south-african-literary-awards-2016-winners-announced/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maƙalarta ta ba da labari ta 2017 ''Waɗannan ƙasusuwan za su sake tashi'' ta zana ra'ayoyin Shona don bincika manufar "Uwar Al'umma" da kuma yin tambayoyi game da fahimtar Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana a Zimbabwe. <ref name="JRB conversation"/> Yayin da yake nazari da rubuce-rubuce kan abubuwan da aka gada daga gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Zimbabwe, Chigumadzi ya kuma yi rubuce-rubuce game da halayen zamani ga 'yan kudancin Afirka. Ta yi rubuce-rubuce a kan rikitattun abubuwan da ke haifar da ruguza tunanin makafi, bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, ta hanyar sake fasalin kalmar "kwakwa". Ta yi furuci game da bukatar yanke mulkin mallaka a kasa da kuma matakan sirri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayorinde |first=Oladele |date=2019-05-01 |title='Unholy Trinity' and 'Transformation' in Post-1994 South Africa: Refocusing 'Transformation' in Higher Education for Social and Economic Empowerment |url=https://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/unholy-trinity-and-transformation-in-post-1994-south-africa-refocusing-transformation-in-higher-education-for-social-and-economic-empowerment/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=lucas.leeds.ac.uk |publisher=Centre for African Studies (LUCAS)}}</ref> Mawallafinta na 2019 mai suna "Dalilin da ya sa na daina yin magana da 'yan Najeriya game da tsere" ta tattauna abubuwan da ta samu a bikin [[Ake Arts and Book Bikin Littattafai|Aké Arts da Book Festival]] a kan wani taron tattaunawa kan ko [[Black Lives Matter]] yana da mahimmanci a Afirka. Chigumadzi ya bayar da hujjar cewa, a, a cikin nahiyar da ke da irin wadannan abubuwan da suka shafi wariyar launin fata a karkashin mulkin mallaka, ta yi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chigumadzi |first=Panashe |date=April 2019 |title=Why I'm no longer talking to Nigerians about race. |url=https://africasacountry.com/2019/04/why-im-no-longer-talking-to-nigerians-about-race |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=africasacountry.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Chigumadzi shi ne Mai Kula da Shirye-shiryen Bikin Littafin Abantu na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jennifer |date=2016-08-18 |title=Everything you need to know about the Abantu Book Festival |url=http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2016/08/18/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-abantu-book-festival/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=Sunday Times Books LIVE |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga rubuce-rubucen da ta yi kan adabi da sukar adabi, tana fitowa a kai a kai a gidan rediyon Sashen Duniya na BBC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-07 |title=BBC World Service - The Cultural Frontline, African writers now: Panashe Chigumadzi and Chigozie Obioma |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csyn9m |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Har ila yau, ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga tarihin 2019 ''Sabbin 'ya'yan Afirka'', wanda [[Margaret Busby]] ta shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Magwood |first=Michele |date=5 July 2019 |title='New Daughters of Africa' Is a Powerful Collection of Writing by Women from the Continent |url=https://www.wantedonline.co.za/navigator/leisure/2019-07-05-new-daughters-of-africa-is-a-powerful-collection-of-writing-by-women-from-the-continent/ |website=Wanted |access-date=2025-05-29 |archive-date=2020-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927030742/https://www.wantedonline.co.za/navigator/leisure/2019-07-05-new-daughters-of-africa-is-a-powerful-collection-of-writing-by-women-from-the-continent/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ‑ 2021, Chigumadzi ya rubuta game da manufar falsafar Ubuntu don ''[[The Guardian]]'' da kuma yadda maidowa ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na sulhu a cikin al'ummomin ‑ mulkin mallaka kamar Afirka ta Kudu. Lallai: {{Blockquote|In other words, despite the flourishing of Ubuntu in post-apartheid discourse, lending its name to software, businesses, books and philanthropic organisations, South Africa is a country in which we have, as Dladla argues, Ubuntu without ''Abantu''.<ref>Abantu refers to people of the land and their underlying ethos, in contrast to colonists, settlers, and their descendants.</ref> Just as Black people have been dispossessed of their land, Ubuntu has been dispossessed of its deeply radical demands for ethical historical and social relations among people.<ref name="chigumadzi-2021" />}} == Rubuce-rubuce == === Littattafai === * ''Magani mai dadi'' ( Littattafan Blackbird, 2015) - wani labari da ke bincika rikicin tattalin arziki na 2008 a Zimbabwe  <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangweni |first=Yolanda |date=2015-10-19 |title=Read An Excerpt from Panashe Chigumadzi’s Debut Novel |url=http://afripopmag.com/2015/10/19/excerpt-zimbabwean-writer-panashe-chigumadzis-debut-novel-sweet-medicine/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=AfriPop! - What's New and Whats Next in Global African Culture |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ''Wadannan Kasusuwa Za Su Sake Tashi'' (Littattafan Indigo, 2017) - cakuda abubuwan tunawa da kasida ta tarihi da ke neman gina kasa a Zimbabwe  * ''Kyawawan Gashi ga Mutane marasa Kasa'' (mai zuwa)  <ref>{{Cite web |title=CHIGUMADZI, Panashe {{!}} The International Writing Program |url=https://iwp.uiowa.edu/writers/panashe-chikumadzi |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=iwp.uiowa.edu}}</ref> == Godiya == === Kyauta === * K Sello Duiker Memorial Literary Award a cikin 2016 don ''Magungunan Dadi'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |date=2019-04-19 |title=Remembering K Sello Duiker, Great Writer of South Africa's Post-Apartheid Generation, Who Would Have Been 45 This Month |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2019/04/remembering-k-sello-duiker-great-writer-of-south-africas-post-apartheid-generation-who-would-have-been-45-this-month/ |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=[[Brittle Paper]]}}</ref> * [[Ruth First]] Journalism Fellowship, 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dzonzi |first=Thembisile |date=2015-08-14 |title=A racy topic for Ruth First |url=https://witsvuvuzela.com/2015/08/14/a-racy-topic-for-ruth-first/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=Wits Vuvuzela |language=en-US}}</ref> === liyafar === An yi nazarin aikin Chigumadzi sosai, musamman a cikin karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Rubuce-rubucen da ta yi kan amfani da laya a cikin ''Magungunan Dadi'' ya kai ga ci gaba da nazari kan harkokin kiwon lafiya da al'adun gargajiya a Zimbabwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stobie |first=Cheryl |date=2018-07-03 |title=Charms, Blessings and Compromises: Black Women's Bodies and Decolonization in Panashe Chigumadzi's Sweet Medicine |journal=English Academy Review |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=37–53 |doi=10.1080/10131752.2018.1523983 |issn=1013-1752}}</ref> An bincika mayar da hankalinta ga ƙwararrun jarumai mata waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin yanayin tattalin arziki dangane da imaninsu na addini da kuma tunanin da za su iya bayarwa ga rayuwa ta zamani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndlovu |first=Isaac |date=2016-07-02 |title=Politically induced economic precarity, syncretism and female representations in Chigumadzi's Sweet Medicine |journal=Agenda |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=96–103 |doi=10.1080/10130950.2016.1251227 |issn=1013-0950}}</ref> == Ilimi == Chigumadzi ya girma a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta yi karatu [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand|a Jami'ar Wiwaterrand]] ; yayin da ta kasance wani bangare na "Transform Wits Movement", wanda ya yi kira da a samar da gagarumin sauyi ga jami'o'in kudancin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pilane |first=Pontsho |date=2015-04-13 |title=Transform Wits: lower tuition fees, change of curriculum and better treatment of workers |url=https://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transform-wits-lower-tuition-fees-change-of-curriculum-and-better-treatment-of-workers/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=The Daily Vox |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202222016/https://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transform-wits-lower-tuition-fees-change-of-curriculum-and-better-treatment-of-workers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na karatun digirinta a Cibiyar Hutchins don Nazarin Afirka da Afirka a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-20 |title=Symposium: Writing Beyond 'Mugabe's Zimbabwe' |url=https://africa.harvard.edu/event/symposium-writing-beyond-mugabes-zimbabwe |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=africa.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> ta rubuta game da zanga-zangar Rhodes Must Fall da ta shaida a Jami'ar Witwatersrand. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chigumadzi |first=Panashe |date=2016 |title=Small Deaths |journal=[[Transition (magazine)|Transition]] |issue=121 |pages=148–163 |doi=10.2979/transition.121.1.26 |jstor=10.2979/transition.121.1.26}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.panashechigumadzi.com/bio Panashe Chigumadzi website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126155214/http://www.panashechigumadzi.com/bio |date=2024-11-26 }} * Bwesigye Bwa Mwesigire, [https://thisisafrica.me/lifestyle/between-our-selves-an-interview-with-panashe-chigumadzi-2/ "Tsakanin Kanmu: Tattaunawa da Panashe Chigumadzi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529215817/https://thisisafrica.me/lifestyle/between-our-selves-an-interview-with-panashe-chigumadzi-2/ |date=2025-05-29 }}, ''Wannan Afirka ce'', 16 ga Yuni 2016. * Geoff Ryman, [http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/special-interview-panashe-chigumadzi/ "Tattaunawa ta Musamman: Panashe Chigumadzi"], ''Horizons mai ban mamaki'' . {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Jarida]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] itkb1x8pxnwypdtoftpdjy0faafltde 0 100971 829273 680957 2026-05-03T12:59:54Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing A_morrocan_guard-huge.jpg with [[File:A_Moroccan_Guard_by_Stefano_Ussi.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error)). 829273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bakar Guard''' ko '''''Abid al-Bukhari''''' ( Arabic ; wanda aka fi sani da ''Abīd ad-Dīwān'' “bayi diwan ”, ''Jaysh al-’Abīd'' “rundunar bayi” da kuma ''‘Abid as-Sultan'' “bayin sultan” sun kasance gawawwakin bayin [[Bakar fata|bakaken fata na Afirka]] da ''[[Haratin]]'' bawan-sojoji da ‘Alawi [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Isma’ild]] na [[Moroko|Maroko]] (Sharirifn) ya taru. 1672-1727). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=1998 |title=ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī {{!}} Moroccan military organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ana kiransu da "Bayin Bukhari" saboda Sarkin Musulmi Isma'il ya jaddada muhimmancin koyarwar shahararren [[Liman|limamin]] nan [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Muhammad al-Bukhari]], har ya kai ga bai wa shugabannin sojojin kwafin littafinsa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=El Hamel |first=Chouki |date=2010 |title=The Register of the Slaves of Sultan Mawlay Isma'il of Morocco at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century. |journal=Journal of African History |volume=51 |pages=89–98 |doi=10.1017/s0021853710000186 |s2cid=44360063 |via=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Wannan gawawwakin sojojin da ke biyayya ga sarki kawai, na daya daga cikin ginshikan ikon Isma'il yayin da yake neman kafa wata hukuma mai tsayayye da cikakken iko akan kasar Maroko. : 230-231  Bayan mutuwar Isma'il, Black Guard ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi a siyasar Maroko kuma ya taka rawar sarakuna a lokacin rikici da ya biyo baya. A cikin ƙarshen karni na 18 da karni na 19 rawar da suke takawa a cikin soja ya ragu a hankali kuma matsayinsu na siyasa ya bambanta tsakanin gata da warewa. Daga bisani zuriyarsu ta sake samun 'yancin su kuma ta sake zama a duk faɗin ƙasar. Duk da yake baƙar fata na Afirka sun zauna a yankin tun kafin mulkin Isma'il, wani sakamako na dogon lokaci na manufofinsa shine gabatarwa da kuma warwatsewar sabon baƙar fata a Maroko.: 238–240  == Halitta da horo == Black Guard sun fito ne daga baƙar fata da aka kawo zuwa Maroko daga [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], waɗanda suka zauna tare da iyalansu a yankuna na musamman, a Mashra 'al-Raml, don samun yara da yin aiki a matsayin bayin kwangila.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=1998 |title=ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī {{!}} Moroccan military organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica1998">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (1998). [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari "ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī | Moroccan military organization | Britannica"]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;last=</code> has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic name|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]]</ref> A lokacin da suke da shekaru 10, an fara horar da yara a wasu ƙwarewa: 'yan mata a rayuwar gida ko nishaɗi, da kuma yara maza a cikin masonry, harbi, horar da doki, da bindigogi. A kusa da shekaru 16 (a matsakaici), yaran da suka wuce horo sun shiga soja.:: 185  (Wasu marubuta sun ambaci shekarun 15 ko 18. <ref name=":0" /> :: 231 ) Za su yi aure, su haifi 'ya'ya, kuma su ci gaba da sake zagayowar.<ref name=":0" /> An dauke su da aminci fiye da [[Larabawa]] ko [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] na yankin saboda rashin alaƙar kabilanci, sojojin baƙar fata na Isma'il sun kafa yawancin sojojinsa kuma sun kai 150,000 a mafi girman su.<ref name=":0" /> A cewar majiyoyin tarihi, Isma'il zai bayyana wa sojojinsa baƙar fata da shugabanninsu cewa "Ni da kai yanzu bayin ''[[Sunnah|Sunna]]'' ne na [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammadu]]". Don wannan dalili, ya ba su kwafin ''[[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' na Muhammad al-Bkhari, sanannen tarin hadisai ("magana" ko al'adu) na Muhammadu, kuma ya umurce su da su kiyaye su kuma suyi nazarin shi. Ana buƙatar su rantse da rantsuwa ga sultan a kan wannan littafin, har ma an ƙarfafa su su ɗauki kwafin su zuwa yaƙi. Wannan shine asalin sanannen sunansu a matsayin ''<nowiki/>'Abid al-Bukhari'' ko "Bawan al-Bkhari".: 163 : 228  == Tarihi == === Sarautar Isma'il === Isma'il, ko Moulay Isma'il ya yi mulki a matsayin Sultan na tsawon shekaru 55 tsakanin 1672 da 1727, daya daga cikin sarauta mafi tsawo a tarihin Maroko. Da yake mulki daga sabon babban birnin a [[Ameknas|Meknes]], ya bambanta kansa a matsayin mai mulki wanda yake so ya kafa wata jiha ta Maroko a matsayin cikakkiyar iko a cikin ƙasar, mai zaman kanta daga kowane rukuni a cikin Maroko - sabanin sarakunan da suka gabata waɗanda suka dogara da wasu kabilun ko yankuna a matsayin tushen ikonsu.:{{Rp|230}} Ya yi nasara a wani bangare ta hanyar kirkirar sabuwar runduna da ta kunshi bayi waɗanda amincinsu zai kasance a gare shi kaɗai.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":20" />:{{Rp|231}} A shekara ta 1699, ya ba da umarni don bautar da duk baƙar fata na Afirka a Maroko, har ma da waɗanda aka haifa da 'yanci ko kuma Musulmi ne, saboda haka, ya keta ka'idoji biyu na tsakiya na dokar Islama game da bautar.<ref name=":2" /> Rubuce-rubucen Maroko sun nuna cewa Isma'il ya bautar da baƙar fata sama da 221,000 tsakanin 1699 da 1705. A cikin binciken waɗannan abubuwan, masanin kimiyya Chouki El Hamel ya yi jayayya cewa ƙoƙarin Isma'il na tabbatar da waɗannan ayyukan ya haifar da sabon nau'in maganganun wariyar launin fata a yankin wanda ya haɗa baƙar fata na Afirka da bautar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=El Hamel |first=Chouki |date=2002 |title='Race', Slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean Thought: The Question of the Haratin in Morocco. |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=29–52 |doi=10.1080/13629380208718472 |s2cid=219625829 |via=Taylor and Francis Online}}</ref> Tunanin kwararru na sojoji da suka hada da bayi wadanda suka kasance masu aminci ga sultan kawai ya samo asali ne daga tarihin tarihin sauran rundunonin soja na [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da [[Arewacin Afirka]] da aka dauka daga bayi. Sojojin Isma'il sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su musamman ta hanyar misalin Janissaries a cikin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], wanda wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi da shi.<ref name=":3" />: 298–300 : 227  ''<nowiki/>'Abid al-Bukhari'' ko Black Guard ko kuma sun kasance masu kula da karbar haraji da kuma sintiri a cikin ƙauyuka masu zaman kansu na Maroko; sun murkushe tawaye a kan mulkin Isma'il ba kawai ta kabilun masu adawa ba har ma da 'ya'yan Isma'il masu tayar da kayar baya, waɗanda suka sauya sheka daga aiki a matsayin gwamnonin lardinsa zuwa tawaye a matsayin masu cin zarafin kursiyinsa. Black Guard sun kasance masu tsaron sirri da bayin Sultan Isma'il, suna iya shiga cikin kamfen ɗin da aka yi wa sansanonin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Turai da ke kan iyakar daularsa (kamar [[Tanja|Tangier]], wanda aka karbe shi bayan Ingilishi ya janye daga gare ta kuma ya dame shi a cikin 1684 a matsayin martani), kodayake ana ba da irin waɗannan ayyuka ga bayi na Turai (wanda ake kira '''<nowiki/>'Alluj'' Larabci: العلوج, jam'i na ''<nowiki/>'alj'', ma'ana "baƙin Kirista") da sojoji masu aminci na ƙabilar Maroko, waɗanda aka ɗauka sun fi dacewa da sojan doki. An girmama su sosai, ana biyan su da kyau, kuma suna da iko a siyasa. A kusa da shekara ta 1697-1698 an ba su damar mallakar dukiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=1998 |title=ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī {{!}} Moroccan military organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica1998">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (1998). [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari "ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī | Moroccan military organization | Britannica"]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;last=</code> has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic name|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]]</ref> === Bayan rasuwar Isma'il === Bayan rasuwar Isma‘il a shekara ta 1727, 'yan Abid sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a rikicin siyasa da ya dabaibaye Maroko, inda suke sauya goyon baya tsakanin masu ikirarin sarauta daban-daban. Rikicin ya fi daukar lokaci daga shekara ta 1727 zuwa 1757, lokacin da ‘ya’yan Isma‘il ke fafatawa da juna don samun mulki, amma ba wanda ya dade da rike iko. A wannan lokaci, ‘yan Abid sun samu karfi sosai, suna iya nada ko cire sarki yadda suke so, duk da cewa dole su rika fafatawa da kabilun ''guich'' da kuma wasu daga cikin kabilun Amazigh (Berber) da sarakuna ke dogaro da su.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pellow|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Pellow|title=The Adventures of Thomas Pellow, of Penryn, Mariner: Three and Twenty Years in Captivity Among the Moors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPQqAAAAYAAJ|year=1890|publisher=T. F. Unwin|pages=149–153}}</ref> Abdallah, daya daga cikin sarakuna mafi nasara a wannan rikici, ya fara samun goyon bayan Abid amma daga baya suka rikice tsakaninsu bayan shekara ta 1733. Daga bisani ya samu nasara a kansu ta hanyar kulla kawance da kabilar Amazigh ta Ait Idrasin, kabilar guich ta Oudaya, da kuma shugabannin Fez. Wannan kawance ya rika raunana karfin Abid a hankali har suka mika wuya a karshen karni na 18. Ingancin soja na Abid ma ya ragu da lokaci, saboda ba sa samun kyakkyawan albashi. Wasu sun zama barayi, wasu kuma sun bar aikin soja suka koma cikin gari. Wadanda suka biyo bayan Isma'il sun yi kokarin farfado da kungiyar, wasu sun samu nasara amma ba su kara kai matsayin da suka taba kaiwa a zamanin Isma‘il ba.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Bosworth|first=Clifford Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&q=new+islamic+dynasties|title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780748621378|location=|pages=|chapter=The 'Alawid or Filali Sharifs}}</ref> An sake kafa tsari sosai a Maroko a karkashin dansa Abdallah, Mohammed ibn Abdallah (Mohammed III), wanda ya zama sarki a shekara ta 1757. Da yawa daga cikin Abid a wannan lokaci sun bar rundunarsu sun koma cikin jama'a, kuma Mohammed III ya sake tsara wadanda suka rage zuwa sabuwar rundunar sojojin sa na musamman. Daga baya, a shekara ta 1775, ya yi kokarin nesanta Abid daga iko ta hanyar matsar da su daga Meknes zuwa Tangier a arewa. Abid sun bijire masa kuma suka yi yunkurin nada dansa Yazid (wanda daga bisani ya zama Moulay Yazid) a matsayin sarki, amma Yazid ya canza ra'ayinsa kuma ya sulhunta da mahaifinsa. Daga nan, Mohammed III ya watse Abid zuwa sansanoni a Tangier, Larache, Rabat, Marrakesh da kuma yankin Sous, inda suka ci gaba da tayar da hankali har zuwa 1782.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|last=Terrasse|first=Henri|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|publisher=Brill|year=2012|isbn=|editor-last=Bearman|editor-first=P.|location=|pages=|chapter=ʿAlawīs|editor-last2=Bianquis|editor-first2=Th.|editor-last3=Bosworth|editor-first3=C.E.|editor-last4=van Donzel|editor-first4=E.|editor-last5=Heinrichs|editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref><ref name=":20" /> ’Ya’yan Abid sun ci gaba da kasancewa wata karfi a rundunar soja a zamanin mulkin Moulay Slimane (1792–1822), amma ba su zama ginshikin karfin soji kadai ba. Slimane ya dauki matakan rage karfinsu ta hanyar daukar sojoji daga kabilu daban-daban (kamar yadda aka saba kafin zamanin Isma'il) don daidaita karfi. Wasu daga cikin Abid har yanzu suna da mukamai masu karfi a cikin gwamnati. Meknes ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban sansaninsu a wannan lokaci. A karshen mulkinsa, yayin da yake fuskantar tayar da zaune tsaye da rikice-rikice, Slimane ya yi kokarin dawo da dabarun soja na Isma'il da kuma sake daukar ‘yan Haratin (bakaken fata 'yan asalin Maroko) cikin rundunar soja. Sai dai rashin kwanciyar hankali a siyasa ya sa wannan aiki ya yi wahala kuma adadin Haratin da aka dauka bai kai wani muhimmanci ba. Magajinsa, Abd ar-Rahman, shi ma ya yi yunkuri na sake daukar sojojin bakake domin karfafa rundunar soja sakamakon mamayar Faransawa a Aljeriya da ta fara a 1830. Cinikin bayi ya ci gaba da karfi a farkon karni na 19, kuma Abd ar-Rahman ya ki amincewa da bukatar Burtaniya ta kawo karshen kasuwancin bayi. Sai dai bayan kaye a yakin Isly (1844) da kuma karuwar hulda da Turai, sarakunan 'Alawi da suka biyo baya sun yi kokarin sauya tsarin rundunar soja zuwa rundunar soja ta zamani da ke daukar albashi. A wannan tsarin, adadin sojojin bakaken fata Abid ya ragu sosai. A zamanin Moulay Hassan (1873–1894), ana kiyasta cewa kusan 5000 daga cikinsu ne kawai suka rage suna aikin soja a matsayin masu dawaki. Wani masani Faransa da ya ziyarci Maroko a 1880s ya bayyana cewa wannan adadi na iya karuwa a lokacin yaki. Tare da lokaci, yawancin tsoffin Abid da zuriyarsu sun bar aikin soja kuma sun sami ‘yanci. Sun watse suna zama a sassa daban-daban na kasar. A wasu lokuta, ana tambayar sahihancin ‘yancinsu, amma malamai na addinin Musulunci a Maroko gaba daya suna tabbatar da cewa su ‘yantattu ne. Wasu daga cikin bakaken fata da iyalansu sun ci gaba da rike mukamai masu daraja a cikin gwamnati. Misali mafi shahara shi ne Ahmad ibn Musa, wanda aka fi sani da Ba Ahmed, wanda danginsa suka rike mukamin hajib (chamberlain da wazirin fada) a karkashin sarakuna da dama a karni na 19. Ba Ahmed kansa ya zama mai mulki na ainihi a Maroko na tsawon shekaru hudu farkon mulkin 'Abd al-Aziz (1894–1908), wanda ya taimaka wajen nada shi sarki. Cinikin bayi daga yankin Sahara ya ci gaba da gudana a karni na 19 duk da matsin lamba daga Turawa masu adawa da bayi, amma zuwa shekara ta 1900 an rage yawan cinikin sosai. An soke bayi a hukumance a Maroko a shekara ta 1912, bayan da Faransa ta kafa mulkin mallaka. Wasu daga cikin zuriyar Abid sun ci gaba da aiki a gwamnati a mukamai daban-daban. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙara karatu == * Wilfrid Blunt, ''Black Sunrise: The Life and Times of Mulai Ismail, Emperor of Morocco 1646-1727'' * Giles Milton, ''White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One Million White Slaves'' * Chouki El Hamel, ''Black Morocco : A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam'' == Tarihi == === Ginshiki === A Maroko, wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata sun kasance 'yanci na doka [[Haratin]] waɗanda galibi sun fito ne daga' yan asalin baƙar fata waɗanda suka zauna a kudancin Maroko tun zamanin da ba a iya tunawa ba. : 109-110 <ref>{{Cite book|last=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata ya fito ne daga 'yan Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda galibi cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara ya kawo su da karfi.<ref name=":3" /> : 5 A tarihi, sarakunan da ke mulki a Maroko sun yi amfani da baƙar fata a cikin dakarun sojoji. Almoravids a karkashin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] sune na farko da suka yi amfani da baƙi baƙi a matsayin soja kuma Ibn Tashfin yana da masu tsaron jiki na baƙi kimanin dakarun sojoji mutum 2000. Wadannan masu tsaron jiki don kariya daga suka ko harbi daga makiya sa'adda ake gwabzawa a filin yaki sun ci gaba bayan Almoravids kuma sun zama al'ada ga sarakunan Maroko inda za su kafa rundunar fitaccen tare da manufar karewa da tilasta ikon Sarkin wato Sultan. Hakazalika, Almohadawa sun yi amfani da sojoji baƙar fata kuma bisa ga masanin tarihi na karni na goma sha biyu 12th Mohammed Al-Baydhaq, Ibn Tumart shine na farko da ya lakafta baƙar fata da aka kama a Zagora ''Abid al-Makhzen''. Dakarun sojojin baƙar fata sun yi aiki a cikin tafiye-tafiyen Almohad da Almoravid a Al-Andalus. Hakazalika, baƙar fata sojoji sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Marinids da Saadi. Dukansu Luis del Mármol Carvajal da Giovanni Lorenzo d'Anania sun lura cewa akwai baƙi a cikin sojojin Saadis. Anania ta ba da rahoton cewa Abdallah al-Ghalib yana da dakarun sojojin doki kimanin mutum 80,000 da ke dogaro da ''Granatini'' (Andalusians) da ''Gialof'' (Wolof amma ana amfani da su a cikin mahallin baƙar fata na Yammacin Afirka gabaɗaya) kuma kimanin mutum 12,000 daga cikinsu sun kafa masu tsaron kansa. Bayan mamayewar Saadian na Daular Songhai, an dawo da bayi mutum 20,000 zuwa Maroko tare da rabin bayi zuwa dakarun sojoji kuma an ba da wani rabin ga shugabannin rundunar sojan ruwa saboda burin sojan ruwa na [[Ahmad al-Mansur|Ahmed Al-Mansur]].<ref name=":3" /> : 121-124, 148, 151 <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> A tarihi, a Maroko, ƙarfin ikon sarauta dangane da tsarin abokan ciniki inda sarakuna za su nemi tallafi daga kungiyoyin kabilanci da Umurnin Sufi. Don musayar cirewa daga haraji da haƙƙin ƙasar da sultan ke sarrafawa, sultan zai sami sojoji daga kabilun da suka haɗa kai, umarnin Sufi da mercenaries. Isma'il ibn Sharif bai yi tunanin cewa wannan tsarin ya isa ya ci gaba da gwamnati ta tsakiya mai karfi ba yayin da membobin kabilun suka kasance masu aminci ga kabilunsu kuma membobin umarnin Sufi sun yi alkawarin biyayya ga shugabannin umarnin. Isma'il ya yi imanin cewa za a buƙaci dindindin, tsari da kuma rundunar dakarun soja ta gida don haɗa Morocco da karfafa mulkinsa.<ref name=":3" /> : 158–160 {{Rp|pages=158-160}} == Tarihi == === Ginshiki === A Maroko, wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata sun kasance 'yanci na doka [[Haratin]] waɗanda galibi sun fito ne daga' yan asalin baƙar fata waɗanda suka zauna a kudancin Maroko tun zamanin da ba a iya tunawa ba. : 109-110 <ref>{{Cite book|last=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata ya fito ne daga 'yan Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda galibi cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara ya kawo su da karfi.<ref name=":3" /> : 5 A tarihi, sarakunan da ke mulki a Maroko sun yi amfani da baƙar fata a cikin dakarun sojoji. Almoravids a karkashin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] sune na farko da suka yi amfani da baƙi baƙi a matsayin soja kuma Ibn Tashfin yana da masu tsaron jiki na baƙi kimanin dakarun sojoji mutum 2000. Wadannan masu tsaron jiki don kariya daga suka ko harbi daga makiya sa'adda ake gwabzawa a filin yaki sun ci gaba bayan Almoravids kuma sun zama al'ada ga sarakunan Maroko inda za su kafa rundunar fitaccen tare da manufar karewa da tilasta ikon Sarkin wato Sultan. Hakazalika, Almohadawa sun yi amfani da sojoji baƙar fata kuma bisa ga masanin tarihi na karni na goma sha biyu 12th Mohammed Al-Baydhaq, Ibn Tumart shine na farko da ya lakafta baƙar fata da aka kama a Zagora ''Abid al-Makhzen''. Dakarun sojojin baƙar fata sun yi aiki a cikin tafiye-tafiyen Almohad da Almoravid a Al-Andalus. Hakazalika, baƙar fata sojoji sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Marinids da Saadi. Dukansu Luis del Mármol Carvajal da Giovanni Lorenzo d'Anania sun lura cewa akwai baƙi a cikin sojojin Saadis. Anania ta ba da rahoton cewa Abdallah al-Ghalib yana da dakarun sojojin doki kimanin mutum 80,000 da ke dogaro da ''Granatini'' (Andalusians) da ''Gialof'' (Wolof amma ana amfani da su a cikin mahallin baƙar fata na Yammacin Afirka gabaɗaya) kuma kimanin mutum 12,000 daga cikinsu sun kafa masu tsaron kansa. Bayan mamayewar Saadian na Daular Songhai, an dawo da bayi mutum 20,000 zuwa Maroko tare da rabin bayi zuwa dakarun sojoji kuma an ba da wani rabin ga shugabannin rundunar sojan ruwa saboda burin sojan ruwa na [[Ahmad al-Mansur|Ahmed Al-Mansur]].<ref name=":3" /> : 121-124, 148, 151 <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> A tarihi, a Maroko, ƙarfin ikon sarauta dangane da tsarin abokan ciniki inda sarakuna za su nemi tallafi daga kungiyoyin kabilanci da Umurnin Sufi. Don musayar cirewa daga haraji da haƙƙin ƙasar da sultan ke sarrafawa, sultan zai sami sojoji daga kabilun da suka haɗa kai, umarnin Sufi da mercenaries. Isma'il ibn Sharif bai yi tunanin cewa wannan tsarin ya isa ya ci gaba da gwamnati ta tsakiya mai karfi ba yayin da membobin kabilun suka kasance masu aminci ga kabilunsu kuma membobin umarnin Sufi sun yi alkawarin biyayya ga shugabannin umarnin. Isma'il ya yi imanin cewa za a buƙaci dindindin, tsari da kuma rundunar dakarun soja ta gida don haɗa Morocco da karfafa mulkinsa.<ref name=":3" /> : 158–160 {{Rp|pages=158-160}} === Sarautar Isma'il === [[Fayil:Ismail_Ibn_Sharif.jpg|thumb|Mahaifiyar [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Isma'il ibn Sharif]] ƙwaraƙwarar baƙar fata ce kuma membobin Black Guard na iya zama masu motsawa ta hanyar "haɗin kai na launin fata" tare da Isma'il. : 163–164 : 163–164 ]] == Tarihi == === Ginshiki === A Maroko, wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata sun kasance 'yanci na doka [[Haratin]] waɗanda galibi sun fito ne daga' yan asalin baƙar fata waɗanda suka zauna a kudancin Maroko tun zamanin da ba a iya tunawa ba. : 109-110 <ref>{{Cite book|last=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata ya fito ne daga 'yan Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda galibi cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara ya kawo su da karfi.<ref name=":3" /> : 5 A tarihi, sarakunan da ke mulki a Maroko sun yi amfani da baƙar fata a cikin dakarun sojoji. Almoravids a karkashin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] sune na farko da suka yi amfani da baƙi baƙi a matsayin soja kuma Ibn Tashfin yana da masu tsaron jiki na baƙi kimanin dakarun sojoji mutum 2000. Wadannan masu tsaron jiki don kariya daga suka ko harbi daga makiya sa'adda ake gwabzawa a filin yaki sun ci gaba bayan Almoravids kuma sun zama al'ada ga sarakunan Maroko inda za su kafa rundunar fitaccen tare da manufar karewa da tilasta ikon Sarkin wato Sultan. Hakazalika, Almohadawa sun yi amfani da sojoji baƙar fata kuma bisa ga masanin tarihi na karni na goma sha biyu 12th Mohammed Al-Baydhaq, Ibn Tumart shine na farko da ya lakafta baƙar fata da aka kama a Zagora ''Abid al-Makhzen''. Dakarun sojojin baƙar fata sun yi aiki a cikin tafiye-tafiyen Almohad da Almoravid a Al-Andalus. Hakazalika, baƙar fata sojoji sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Marinids da Saadi. Dukansu Luis del Mármol Carvajal da Giovanni Lorenzo d'Anania sun lura cewa akwai baƙi a cikin sojojin Saadis. Anania ta ba da rahoton cewa Abdallah al-Ghalib yana da dakarun sojojin doki kimanin mutum 80,000 da ke dogaro da ''Granatini'' (Andalusians) da ''Gialof'' (Wolof amma ana amfani da su a cikin mahallin baƙar fata na Yammacin Afirka gabaɗaya) kuma kimanin mutum 12,000 daga cikinsu sun kafa masu tsaron kansa. Bayan mamayewar Saadian na Daular Songhai, an dawo da bayi mutum 20,000 zuwa Maroko tare da rabin bayi zuwa dakarun sojoji kuma an ba da wani rabin ga shugabannin rundunar sojan ruwa saboda burin sojan ruwa na [[Ahmad al-Mansur|Ahmed Al-Mansur]].<ref name=":3" /> : 121-124, 148, 151 <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> A tarihi, a Maroko, ƙarfin ikon sarauta dangane da tsarin abokan ciniki inda sarakuna za su nemi tallafi daga kungiyoyin kabilanci da Umurnin Sufi. Don musayar cirewa daga haraji da haƙƙin ƙasar da sultan ke sarrafawa, sultan zai sami sojoji daga kabilun da suka haɗa kai, umarnin Sufi da mercenaries. Isma'il ibn Sharif bai yi tunanin cewa wannan tsarin ya isa ya ci gaba da gwamnati ta tsakiya mai karfi ba yayin da membobin kabilun suka kasance masu aminci ga kabilunsu kuma membobin umarnin Sufi sun yi alkawarin biyayya ga shugabannin umarnin. Isma'il ya yi imanin cewa za a buƙaci dindindin, tsari da kuma rundunar dakarun soja ta gida don haɗa Morocco da karfafa mulkinsa.<ref name=":3" /> : 158–160 {{Rp|pages=158-160}} === Sarautar Isma'il === [[Fayil:Ismail_Ibn_Sharif.jpg|thumb|Mahaifiyar [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Isma'il ibn Sharif]] ƙwaraƙwarar baƙar fata ce kuma membobin Black Guard na iya zama masu motsawa ta hanyar "haɗin kai na launin fata" tare da Isma'il. : 163–164 : 163–164 ]] Isma'il, ko Moulay Isma'il ya yi mulki a matsayin Sultan na tsawon shekaru 55 tsakanin shakarar alif dari shida da saba'in da biyu 1672 da 1727, daya daga cikin sarauta mafi tsawo a tarihin Maroko. Da yake mulki daga sabon babban birnin a [[Ameknas|Meknes]], ya bambanta kansa a matsayin mai mulki wanda yake so ya kafa wata jiha ta Maroko a matsayin cikakkiyar iko a cikin ƙasar, mai zaman kanta daga kowane rukuni a cikin Maroko - sabanin sarakunan da suka gabata waɗanda suka dogara da wasu kabilun ko yankuna a matsayin tushen ikonsu. :{{Rp|230}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;230&#x200A; Ya yi nasara a wani bangare ta hanyar kirkirar sabuwar runduna da ta kunshi bayi waɗanda amincinsu zai kasance a gare shi kaɗai.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":20" /> : 231 A shekara ta alif dari shida da casa'in da tara 1699, ya ba da umarni don bautar da duk baƙar fata na Afirka a Maroko, har ma da waɗanda aka haifa da 'yanci ko kuma Musulmi ne, saboda haka, ya keta ka'idoji biyu na tsakiya na dokar Islama game da bautar.<ref name=":2" /> Rubuce-rubucen Maroko sun nuna cewa Isma'il ya bautar da baƙar fata sama da 221,000 tsakanin shekara ta alif dari shida da casa'in da tara 1699 da 1705. A cikin binciken waɗannan abubuwan, masanin tarihi Chouki El Hamel ya yi jayayya cewa ƙoƙarin Isma'il na tabbatar da waɗannan ayyukan ya haifar da sabon nau'in maganganun wariyar launin fata a yankin wanda ya haɗa baƙar fata na Afirka da bautar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=El Hamel |first=Chouki |date=2002 |title='Race', Slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean Thought: The Question of the Haratin in Morocco. |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=29–52 |doi=10.1080/13629380208718472 |s2cid=219625829 |via=Taylor and Francis Online}}</ref> Tunanin kwararru na sojoji da suka hada da bayi wadanda suka kasance masu aminci ga sultan kawai ya samo asali ne daga tarihin tarihin sauran rundunonin soja na [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da [[Arewacin Afirka]] da aka dauka daga bayi. Sojojin Isma'il sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su musamman ta hanyar misalin Janissaries a cikin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], wanda wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi da shi.<ref name=":3" /> {{Rp|pages=298-300}}: 227  == Tarihi == === Ginshiki === A Maroko, wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata sun kasance 'yanci na doka [[Haratin]] waɗanda galibi sun fito ne daga' yan asalin baƙar fata waɗanda suka zauna a kudancin Maroko tun zamanin da ba a iya tunawa ba. : 109-110 <ref>{{Cite book|last=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata ya fito ne daga 'yan Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda galibi cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara ya kawo su da karfi.<ref name=":3" /> : 5 A tarihi, sarakunan da ke mulki a Maroko sun yi amfani da baƙar fata a cikin dakarun sojoji. Almoravids a karkashin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] sune na farko da suka yi amfani da baƙi baƙi a matsayin soja kuma Ibn Tashfin yana da masu tsaron jiki na baƙi kimanin dakarun sojoji mutum 2000. Wadannan masu tsaron jiki don kariya daga suka ko harbi daga makiya sa'adda ake gwabzawa a filin yaki sun ci gaba bayan Almoravids kuma sun zama al'ada ga sarakunan Maroko inda za su kafa rundunar fitaccen tare da manufar karewa da tilasta ikon Sarkin wato Sultan. Hakazalika, Almohadawa sun yi amfani da sojoji baƙar fata kuma bisa ga masanin tarihi na karni na goma sha biyu 12th Mohammed Al-Baydhaq, Ibn Tumart shine na farko da ya lakafta baƙar fata da aka kama a Zagora ''Abid al-Makhzen''. Dakarun sojojin baƙar fata sun yi aiki a cikin tafiye-tafiyen Almohad da Almoravid a Al-Andalus. Hakazalika, baƙar fata sojoji sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Marinids da Saadi. Dukansu Luis del Mármol Carvajal da Giovanni Lorenzo d'Anania sun lura cewa akwai baƙi a cikin sojojin Saadis. Anania ta ba da rahoton cewa Abdallah al-Ghalib yana da dakarun sojojin doki kimanin mutum 80,000 da ke dogaro da ''Granatini'' (Andalusians) da ''Gialof'' (Wolof amma ana amfani da su a cikin mahallin baƙar fata na Yammacin Afirka gabaɗaya) kuma kimanin mutum 12,000 daga cikinsu sun kafa masu tsaron kansa. Bayan mamayewar Saadian na Daular Songhai, an dawo da bayi mutum 20,000 zuwa Maroko tare da rabin bayi zuwa dakarun sojoji kuma an ba da wani rabin ga shugabannin rundunar sojan ruwa saboda burin sojan ruwa na [[Ahmad al-Mansur|Ahmed Al-Mansur]].<ref name=":3" /> : 121-124, 148, 151 <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> A tarihi, a Maroko, ƙarfin ikon sarauta dangane da tsarin abokan ciniki inda sarakuna za su nemi tallafi daga kungiyoyin kabilanci da Umurnin Sufi. Don musayar cirewa daga haraji da haƙƙin ƙasar da sultan ke sarrafawa, sultan zai sami sojoji daga kabilun da suka haɗa kai, umarnin Sufi da mercenaries. Isma'il ibn Sharif bai yi tunanin cewa wannan tsarin ya isa ya ci gaba da gwamnati ta tsakiya mai karfi ba yayin da membobin kabilun suka kasance masu aminci ga kabilunsu kuma membobin umarnin Sufi sun yi alkawarin biyayya ga shugabannin umarnin. Isma'il ya yi imanin cewa za a buƙaci dindindin, tsari da kuma rundunar dakarun soja ta gida don haɗa Morocco da karfafa mulkinsa.<ref name=":3" /> : 158–160 {{Rp|pages=158-160}} === Sarautar Isma'il === [[Fayil:Ismail_Ibn_Sharif.jpg|thumb|Mahaifiyar [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Isma'il ibn Sharif]] ƙwaraƙwarar baƙar fata ce kuma membobin Black Guard na iya zama masu motsawa ta hanyar "haɗin kai na launin fata" tare da Isma'il. : 163–164 : 163–164 ]] Isma'il, ko Moulay Isma'il ya yi mulki a matsayin Sultan na tsawon shekaru 55 tsakanin shakarar alif dari shida da saba'in da biyu 1672 da 1727, daya daga cikin sarauta mafi tsawo a tarihin Maroko. Da yake mulki daga sabon babban birnin a [[Ameknas|Meknes]], ya bambanta kansa a matsayin mai mulki wanda yake so ya kafa wata jiha ta Maroko a matsayin cikakkiyar iko a cikin ƙasar, mai zaman kanta daga kowane rukuni a cikin Maroko - sabanin sarakunan da suka gabata waɗanda suka dogara da wasu kabilun ko yankuna a matsayin tushen ikonsu. :{{Rp|230}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;230&#x200A; Ya yi nasara a wani bangare ta hanyar kirkirar sabuwar runduna da ta kunshi bayi waɗanda amincinsu zai kasance a gare shi kaɗai.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":20" /> : 231 A shekara ta alif dari shida da casa'in da tara 1699, ya ba da umarni don bautar da duk baƙar fata na Afirka a Maroko, har ma da waɗanda aka haifa da 'yanci ko kuma Musulmi ne, saboda haka, ya keta ka'idoji biyu na tsakiya na dokar Islama game da bautar.<ref name=":2" /> Rubuce-rubucen Maroko sun nuna cewa Isma'il ya bautar da baƙar fata sama da 221,000 tsakanin shekara ta alif dari shida da casa'in da tara 1699 da 1705. A cikin binciken waɗannan abubuwan, masanin tarihi Chouki El Hamel ya yi jayayya cewa ƙoƙarin Isma'il na tabbatar da waɗannan ayyukan ya haifar da sabon nau'in maganganun wariyar launin fata a yankin wanda ya haɗa baƙar fata na Afirka da bautar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=El Hamel |first=Chouki |date=2002 |title='Race', Slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean Thought: The Question of the Haratin in Morocco. |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=29–52 |doi=10.1080/13629380208718472 |s2cid=219625829 |via=Taylor and Francis Online}}</ref> Tunanin kwararru na sojoji da suka hada da bayi wadanda suka kasance masu aminci ga sultan kawai ya samo asali ne daga tarihin tarihin sauran rundunonin soja na [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da [[Arewacin Afirka]] da aka dauka daga bayi. Sojojin Isma'il sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su musamman ta hanyar misalin Janissaries a cikin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], wanda wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi da shi.<ref name=":3" /> {{Rp|pages=298-300}}: 227  ''<nowiki/>'Abid al-Bukhari'' ko "Black Guard" ko kuma sun kasance masu kula da karbar haraji da kuma sintiri a cikin ƙauyuka masu zaman kansu na Maroko; sun murkushe tawaye a kan mulkin Isma'il ba kawai ta kabilun masu adawa ba har ma da 'ya'yan Isma'il masu tayar da kayar baya, waɗanda suka sauya sheka daga aiki a matsayin gwamnonin lardinsa zuwa tawaye a matsayin masu cin zarafin kursiyinsa. "Black Guard" sun kasance masu tsaron sirri da bayin Sultan Isma'il, suna iya shiga cikin kamfen ɗin da aka yi wa sansanonin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Turai da ke kan iyakar daularsa (kamar [[Tanja|Tangier]], wanda aka karbe shi bayan Ingilishi ya janye daga gare ta kuma ya dame shi a cikin shekarar alif dari shida da tamamin da tamanin da hudu 1684 a matsayin martani), kodayake ana ba da irin waɗannan ayyuka ga bayi na Turai (wanda ake kira '''<nowiki/>'Alluj'' Larabci: "العلوج", jam'i na ''<nowiki/>'alj'', ma'ana "baƙin Kirista") da sojoji masu aminci na ƙabilar Maroko, waɗanda aka ɗauka sun fi dacewa da sojan doki. An girmama su sosai, ana biyan su da kyau, kuma suna da iko a siyasa. A kusa da shekara ta alif dari shida da casin da bakwai 1697-1698 an ba su damar mallakar dukiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=1998 |title=ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī {{!}} Moroccan military organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> === Bayan mutuwar Isma'il === == Tarihi == === Ginshiki === A Maroko, wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata sun kasance 'yanci na doka [[Haratin]] waɗanda galibi sun fito ne daga' yan asalin baƙar fata waɗanda suka zauna a kudancin Maroko tun zamanin da ba a iya tunawa ba. : 109-110 <ref>{{Cite book|last=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata ya fito ne daga 'yan Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda galibi cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara ya kawo su da karfi.<ref name=":3" /> : 5 A tarihi, sarakunan da ke mulki a Maroko sun yi amfani da baƙar fata a cikin dakarun sojoji. Almoravids a karkashin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] sune na farko da suka yi amfani da baƙi baƙi a matsayin soja kuma Ibn Tashfin yana da masu tsaron jiki na baƙi kimanin dakarun sojoji mutum 2000. Wadannan masu tsaron jiki don kariya daga suka ko harbi daga makiya sa'adda ake gwabzawa a filin yaki sun ci gaba bayan Almoravids kuma sun zama al'ada ga sarakunan Maroko inda za su kafa rundunar fitaccen tare da manufar karewa da tilasta ikon Sarkin wato Sultan. Hakazalika, Almohadawa sun yi amfani da sojoji baƙar fata kuma bisa ga masanin tarihi na karni na goma sha biyu 12th Mohammed Al-Baydhaq, Ibn Tumart shine na farko da ya lakafta baƙar fata da aka kama a Zagora ''Abid al-Makhzen''. Dakarun sojojin baƙar fata sun yi aiki a cikin tafiye-tafiyen Almohad da Almoravid a Al-Andalus. Hakazalika, baƙar fata sojoji sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Marinids da Saadi. Dukansu Luis del Mármol Carvajal da Giovanni Lorenzo d'Anania sun lura cewa akwai baƙi a cikin sojojin Saadis. Anania ta ba da rahoton cewa Abdallah al-Ghalib yana da dakarun sojojin doki kimanin mutum 80,000 da ke dogaro da ''Granatini'' (Andalusians) da ''Gialof'' (Wolof amma ana amfani da su a cikin mahallin baƙar fata na Yammacin Afirka gabaɗaya) kuma kimanin mutum 12,000 daga cikinsu sun kafa masu tsaron kansa. Bayan mamayewar Saadian na Daular Songhai, an dawo da bayi mutum 20,000 zuwa Maroko tare da rabin bayi zuwa dakarun sojoji kuma an ba da wani rabin ga shugabannin rundunar sojan ruwa saboda burin sojan ruwa na [[Ahmad al-Mansur|Ahmed Al-Mansur]].<ref name=":3" /> : 121-124, 148, 151 <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> A tarihi, a Maroko, ƙarfin ikon sarauta dangane da tsarin abokan ciniki inda sarakuna za su nemi tallafi daga kungiyoyin kabilanci da Umurnin Sufi. Don musayar cirewa daga haraji da haƙƙin ƙasar da sultan ke sarrafawa, sultan zai sami sojoji daga kabilun da suka haɗa kai, umarnin Sufi da mercenaries. Isma'il ibn Sharif bai yi tunanin cewa wannan tsarin ya isa ya ci gaba da gwamnati ta tsakiya mai karfi ba yayin da membobin kabilun suka kasance masu aminci ga kabilunsu kuma membobin umarnin Sufi sun yi alkawarin biyayya ga shugabannin umarnin. Isma'il ya yi imanin cewa za a buƙaci dindindin, tsari da kuma rundunar dakarun soja ta gida don haɗa Morocco da karfafa mulkinsa.<ref name=":3" /> : 158–160 {{Rp|pages=158-160}} === Sarautar Isma'il === [[Fayil:Ismail_Ibn_Sharif.jpg|thumb|Mahaifiyar [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Isma'il ibn Sharif]] ƙwaraƙwarar baƙar fata ce kuma membobin Black Guard na iya zama masu motsawa ta hanyar "haɗin kai na launin fata" tare da Isma'il. : 163–164 : 163–164 ]] Isma'il, ko Moulay Isma'il ya yi mulki a matsayin Sultan na tsawon shekaru 55 tsakanin shakarar alif dari shida da saba'in da biyu 1672 da 1727, daya daga cikin sarauta mafi tsawo a tarihin Maroko. Da yake mulki daga sabon babban birnin a [[Ameknas|Meknes]], ya bambanta kansa a matsayin mai mulki wanda yake so ya kafa wata jiha ta Maroko a matsayin cikakkiyar iko a cikin ƙasar, mai zaman kanta daga kowane rukuni a cikin Maroko - sabanin sarakunan da suka gabata waɗanda suka dogara da wasu kabilun ko yankuna a matsayin tushen ikonsu. :{{Rp|230}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;230&#x200A; Ya yi nasara a wani bangare ta hanyar kirkirar sabuwar runduna da ta kunshi bayi waɗanda amincinsu zai kasance a gare shi kaɗai.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":20" /> : 231 A shekara ta alif dari shida da casa'in da tara 1699, ya ba da umarni don bautar da duk baƙar fata na Afirka a Maroko, har ma da waɗanda aka haifa da 'yanci ko kuma Musulmi ne, saboda haka, ya keta ka'idoji biyu na tsakiya na dokar Islama game da bautar.<ref name=":2" /> Rubuce-rubucen Maroko sun nuna cewa Isma'il ya bautar da baƙar fata sama da 221,000 tsakanin shekara ta alif dari shida da casa'in da tara 1699 da 1705. A cikin binciken waɗannan abubuwan, masanin tarihi Chouki El Hamel ya yi jayayya cewa ƙoƙarin Isma'il na tabbatar da waɗannan ayyukan ya haifar da sabon nau'in maganganun wariyar launin fata a yankin wanda ya haɗa baƙar fata na Afirka da bautar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=El Hamel |first=Chouki |date=2002 |title='Race', Slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean Thought: The Question of the Haratin in Morocco. |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=29–52 |doi=10.1080/13629380208718472 |s2cid=219625829 |via=Taylor and Francis Online}}</ref> Tunanin kwararru na sojoji da suka hada da bayi wadanda suka kasance masu aminci ga sultan kawai ya samo asali ne daga tarihin tarihin sauran rundunonin soja na [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da [[Arewacin Afirka]] da aka dauka daga bayi. Sojojin Isma'il sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su musamman ta hanyar misalin Janissaries a cikin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], wanda wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi da shi.<ref name=":3" /> {{Rp|pages=298-300}}: 227  ''<nowiki/>'Abid al-Bukhari'' ko "Black Guard" ko kuma sun kasance masu kula da karbar haraji da kuma sintiri a cikin ƙauyuka masu zaman kansu na Maroko; sun murkushe tawaye a kan mulkin Isma'il ba kawai ta kabilun masu adawa ba har ma da 'ya'yan Isma'il masu tayar da kayar baya, waɗanda suka sauya sheka daga aiki a matsayin gwamnonin lardinsa zuwa tawaye a matsayin masu cin zarafin kursiyinsa. "Black Guard" sun kasance masu tsaron sirri da bayin Sultan Isma'il, suna iya shiga cikin kamfen ɗin da aka yi wa sansanonin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Turai da ke kan iyakar daularsa (kamar [[Tanja|Tangier]], wanda aka karbe shi bayan Ingilishi ya janye daga gare ta kuma ya dame shi a cikin shekarar alif dari shida da tamamin da tamanin da hudu 1684 a matsayin martani), kodayake ana ba da irin waɗannan ayyuka ga bayi na Turai (wanda ake kira '''<nowiki/>'Alluj'' Larabci: "العلوج", jam'i na ''<nowiki/>'alj'', ma'ana "baƙin Kirista") da sojoji masu aminci na ƙabilar Maroko, waɗanda aka ɗauka sun fi dacewa da sojan doki. An girmama su sosai, ana biyan su da kyau, kuma suna da iko a siyasa. A kusa da shekara ta alif dari shida da casin da bakwai 1697-1698 an ba su damar mallakar dukiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=1998 |title=ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī {{!}} Moroccan military organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> === Bayan mutuwar Isma'il === [[Fayil:A Moroccan Guard by Stefano Ussi.jpg|thumb|Wani mai tsaron Morocco na Stefano Ussi]] Bayan mutuwar Isma'il a shekara ta alif dari bakwai da ashirin da bakwai 1727, ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa da ya mamaye Morocco, sau da yawa yana canza goyon baya tsakanin masu da'awar sarauta.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Thomas Pellow}}</ref> Rikicin ya kasance mafi yawa tsakanin shekara ta alif dari bakwai da ashirin da bakwai 1727 da 1757, lokacin da 'ya'yan Isma'il suka yi yaƙi don kula da sultanate, tare da kaɗan daga cikinsu da suka taɓa riƙe iko na dogon lokaci. ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' of Isma'il ta mulki ya zo ya yi amfani da iko mai girma kuma sun sami damar shigarwa ko kawar da sarakuna bisa ga bukatunsu a duk wannan lokacin, kodayake dole ne su yi gasa da kabilun ''Guich'' da wasu kabilun Amazigh (Berber) waɗanda sarakuna ma suka dogara da su.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> :{{Rp|238}}-238 [[Abdallah na Maroko|Abdallah]], daya daga cikin sarakuna masu nasara a wannan lokacin rikici, da farko ''''<nowiki/>'Abid'''' ne suka goyi bayansa amma daga ƙarshe ya zama abokan gaba a kansu bayan sheakara ta alif dari bakwai da talatin da uku 1733. A ƙarshe ya sami damar samun fa'ida a kansu ta hanyar kafa kawance tare da kabilar Amazigh ta Ait Idrasin, kabilar Oudaya ''Guich'', da shugabannin Fez. : 238 Wannan kawancen ya ci gaba da lalata ikon ''<nowiki/>'Abid''<nowiki/>' kuma ya shirya hanyar mika wuya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18th.<ref name=":20" /> : 238-240 Ingancin soja na 'Abid kuma ya sauka a tsawon lokaci, saboda ba a biya su ba. Wasu sun zama 'Yan fashi, wasu sun bar kuma sun koma birane. Shugabannin da suka biyo baya sun yi ƙoƙari kuma wasu sun yi nasarar tayar da kungiyar. Koyaya, ba su taɓa kasancewa masu ban tsoro kamar yadda suke a zamanin Isma'il ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=1998 |title=ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī {{!}} Moroccan military organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari "ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī | Moroccan military organization | Britannica"]. ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]''. 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Tarihi == === Ginshiki === A Maroko, wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata sun kasance 'yanci na doka [[Haratin]] waɗanda galibi sun fito ne daga' yan asalin baƙar fata waɗanda suka zauna a kudancin Maroko tun zamanin da ba a iya tunawa ba. : 109-110 <ref>{{Cite book|last=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata ya fito ne daga 'yan Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda galibi cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara ya kawo su da karfi.<ref name=":3" /> : 5 A tarihi, sarakunan da ke mulki a Maroko sun yi amfani da baƙar fata a cikin dakarun sojoji. Almoravids a karkashin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] sune na farko da suka yi amfani da baƙi baƙi a matsayin soja kuma Ibn Tashfin yana da masu tsaron jiki na baƙi kimanin dakarun sojoji mutum 2000. Wadannan masu tsaron jiki don kariya daga suka ko harbi daga makiya sa'adda ake gwabzawa a filin yaki sun ci gaba bayan Almoravids kuma sun zama al'ada ga sarakunan Maroko inda za su kafa rundunar fitaccen tare da manufar karewa da tilasta ikon Sarkin wato Sultan. Hakazalika, Almohadawa sun yi amfani da sojoji baƙar fata kuma bisa ga masanin tarihi na karni na goma sha biyu 12th Mohammed Al-Baydhaq, Ibn Tumart shine na farko da ya lakafta baƙar fata da aka kama a Zagora ''Abid al-Makhzen''. Dakarun sojojin baƙar fata sun yi aiki a cikin tafiye-tafiyen Almohad da Almoravid a Al-Andalus. Hakazalika, baƙar fata sojoji sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Marinids da Saadi. Dukansu Luis del Mármol Carvajal da Giovanni Lorenzo d'Anania sun lura cewa akwai baƙi a cikin sojojin Saadis. Anania ta ba da rahoton cewa Abdallah al-Ghalib yana da dakarun sojojin doki kimanin mutum 80,000 da ke dogaro da ''Granatini'' (Andalusians) da ''Gialof'' (Wolof amma ana amfani da su a cikin mahallin baƙar fata na Yammacin Afirka gabaɗaya) kuma kimanin mutum 12,000 daga cikinsu sun kafa masu tsaron kansa. Bayan mamayewar Saadian na Daular Songhai, an dawo da bayi mutum 20,000 zuwa Maroko tare da rabin bayi zuwa dakarun sojoji kuma an ba da wani rabin ga shugabannin rundunar sojan ruwa saboda burin sojan ruwa na [[Ahmad al-Mansur|Ahmed Al-Mansur]].<ref name=":3" /> : 121-124, 148, 151 <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> A tarihi, a Maroko, ƙarfin ikon sarauta dangane da tsarin abokan ciniki inda sarakuna za su nemi tallafi daga kungiyoyin kabilanci da Umurnin Sufi. Don musayar cirewa daga haraji da haƙƙin ƙasar da sultan ke sarrafawa, sultan zai sami sojoji daga kabilun da suka haɗa kai, umarnin Sufi da mercenaries. Isma'il ibn Sharif bai yi tunanin cewa wannan tsarin ya isa ya ci gaba da gwamnati ta tsakiya mai karfi ba yayin da membobin kabilun suka kasance masu aminci ga kabilunsu kuma membobin umarnin Sufi sun yi alkawarin biyayya ga shugabannin umarnin. Isma'il ya yi imanin cewa za a buƙaci dindindin, tsari da kuma rundunar dakarun soja ta gida don haɗa Morocco da karfafa mulkinsa.<ref name=":3" /> : 158–160 {{Rp|pages=158-160}} === Sarautar Isma'il === [[Fayil:Ismail_Ibn_Sharif.jpg|thumb|Mahaifiyar [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Isma'il ibn Sharif]] ƙwaraƙwarar baƙar fata ce kuma membobin Black Guard na iya zama masu motsawa ta hanyar "haɗin kai na launin fata" tare da Isma'il. : 163–164 : 163–164 ]] Isma'il, ko Moulay Isma'il ya yi mulki a matsayin Sultan na tsawon shekaru 55 tsakanin shakarar alif dari shida da saba'in da biyu 1672 da 1727, daya daga cikin sarauta mafi tsawo a tarihin Maroko. Da yake mulki daga sabon babban birnin a [[Ameknas|Meknes]], ya bambanta kansa a matsayin mai mulki wanda yake so ya kafa wata jiha ta Maroko a matsayin cikakkiyar iko a cikin ƙasar, mai zaman kanta daga kowane rukuni a cikin Maroko - sabanin sarakunan da suka gabata waɗanda suka dogara da wasu kabilun ko yankuna a matsayin tushen ikonsu. :{{Rp|230}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;230&#x200A; Ya yi nasara a wani bangare ta hanyar kirkirar sabuwar runduna da ta kunshi bayi waɗanda amincinsu zai kasance a gare shi kaɗai.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":20" /> : 231 A shekara ta alif dari shida da casa'in da tara 1699, ya ba da umarni don bautar da duk baƙar fata na Afirka a Maroko, har ma da waɗanda aka haifa da 'yanci ko kuma Musulmi ne, saboda haka, ya keta ka'idoji biyu na tsakiya na dokar Islama game da bautar.<ref name=":2" /> Rubuce-rubucen Maroko sun nuna cewa Isma'il ya bautar da baƙar fata sama da 221,000 tsakanin shekara ta alif dari shida da casa'in da tara 1699 da 1705. A cikin binciken waɗannan abubuwan, masanin tarihi Chouki El Hamel ya yi jayayya cewa ƙoƙarin Isma'il na tabbatar da waɗannan ayyukan ya haifar da sabon nau'in maganganun wariyar launin fata a yankin wanda ya haɗa baƙar fata na Afirka da bautar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=El Hamel |first=Chouki |date=2002 |title='Race', Slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean Thought: The Question of the Haratin in Morocco. |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=29–52 |doi=10.1080/13629380208718472 |s2cid=219625829 |via=Taylor and Francis Online}}</ref> Tunanin kwararru na sojoji da suka hada da bayi wadanda suka kasance masu aminci ga sultan kawai ya samo asali ne daga tarihin tarihin sauran rundunonin soja na [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da [[Arewacin Afirka]] da aka dauka daga bayi. Sojojin Isma'il sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su musamman ta hanyar misalin Janissaries a cikin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], wanda wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi da shi.<ref name=":3" /> {{Rp|pages=298-300}}: 227  ''<nowiki/>'Abid al-Bukhari'' ko "Black Guard" ko kuma sun kasance masu kula da karbar haraji da kuma sintiri a cikin ƙauyuka masu zaman kansu na Maroko; sun murkushe tawaye a kan mulkin Isma'il ba kawai ta kabilun masu adawa ba har ma da 'ya'yan Isma'il masu tayar da kayar baya, waɗanda suka sauya sheka daga aiki a matsayin gwamnonin lardinsa zuwa tawaye a matsayin masu cin zarafin kursiyinsa. "Black Guard" sun kasance masu tsaron sirri da bayin Sultan Isma'il, suna iya shiga cikin kamfen ɗin da aka yi wa sansanonin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Turai da ke kan iyakar daularsa (kamar [[Tanja|Tangier]], wanda aka karbe shi bayan Ingilishi ya janye daga gare ta kuma ya dame shi a cikin shekarar alif dari shida da tamamin da tamanin da hudu 1684 a matsayin martani), kodayake ana ba da irin waɗannan ayyuka ga bayi na Turai (wanda ake kira '''<nowiki/>'Alluj'' Larabci: "العلوج", jam'i na ''<nowiki/>'alj'', ma'ana "baƙin Kirista") da sojoji masu aminci na ƙabilar Maroko, waɗanda aka ɗauka sun fi dacewa da sojan doki. An girmama su sosai, ana biyan su da kyau, kuma suna da iko a siyasa. A kusa da shekara ta alif dari shida da casin da bakwai 1697-1698 an ba su damar mallakar dukiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=1998 |title=ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī {{!}} Moroccan military organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> === Bayan mutuwar Isma'il === [[Fayil:A Moroccan Guard by Stefano Ussi.jpg|thumb|Wani mai tsaron Morocco na Stefano Ussi]] Bayan mutuwar Isma'il a shekara ta alif dari bakwai da ashirin da bakwai 1727, ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa da ya mamaye Morocco, sau da yawa yana canza goyon baya tsakanin masu da'awar sarauta.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Thomas Pellow}}</ref> Rikicin ya kasance mafi yawa tsakanin shekara ta alif dari bakwai da ashirin da bakwai 1727 da 1757, lokacin da 'ya'yan Isma'il suka yi yaƙi don kula da sultanate, tare da kaɗan daga cikinsu da suka taɓa riƙe iko na dogon lokaci. ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' of Isma'il ta mulki ya zo ya yi amfani da iko mai girma kuma sun sami damar shigarwa ko kawar da sarakuna bisa ga bukatunsu a duk wannan lokacin, kodayake dole ne su yi gasa da kabilun ''Guich'' da wasu kabilun Amazigh (Berber) waɗanda sarakuna ma suka dogara da su.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> :{{Rp|238}}-238 [[Abdallah na Maroko|Abdallah]], daya daga cikin sarakuna masu nasara a wannan lokacin rikici, da farko ''''<nowiki/>'Abid'''' ne suka goyi bayansa amma daga ƙarshe ya zama abokan gaba a kansu bayan sheakara ta alif dari bakwai da talatin da uku 1733. A ƙarshe ya sami damar samun fa'ida a kansu ta hanyar kafa kawance tare da kabilar Amazigh ta Ait Idrasin, kabilar Oudaya ''Guich'', da shugabannin Fez. : 238 Wannan kawancen ya ci gaba da lalata ikon ''<nowiki/>'Abid''<nowiki/>' kuma ya shirya hanyar mika wuya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18th.<ref name=":20" /> : 238-240 Ingancin soja na 'Abid kuma ya sauka a tsawon lokaci, saboda ba a biya su ba. Wasu sun zama 'Yan fashi, wasu sun bar kuma sun koma birane. Shugabannin da suka biyo baya sun yi ƙoƙari kuma wasu sun yi nasarar tayar da kungiyar. Koyaya, ba su taɓa kasancewa masu ban tsoro kamar yadda suke a zamanin Isma'il ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=1998 |title=ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī {{!}} Moroccan military organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari "ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī | Moroccan military organization | Britannica"]. ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]''. 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> An sake kafa oda a Maroko a karkashin dan Abdallah, Mohammed ibn Abdallah (Mohammed III), wanda ya zama sarki a shekara ta alif dari bakwai da sabain da bakwai 1757. Da yawa daga cikin ''<nowiki/>'yan Abid'' sun yi watsi da tawagarsu suka shiga cikin jama'ar kasar, kuma Mohammed III ya sami damar sake tsara wadanda suka rage zuwa gawarwakin sojansa. {{Rp|239-240}}Daga baya, a cikin sheakara ta alif dari bakwai da sabain da biyar 1775, ya yi ƙoƙari ya nisanta ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' daga mulki ta hanyar ba da umarnin canja su daga Meknes zuwa Tangier a arewa. ''Abid'' ya bijire masa, ya kuma yi yunkurin ayyana dansa Yazid ( Moulay Yazid na baya) a matsayin sarki, amma nan da nan sai na baya ya sauya ra’ayinsa, aka yi sulhu da mahaifinsa. Bayan haka, Mohammed III ya tarwatsa tawagar ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' zuwa garrison a Tangier, Larache, [[Rabat]], [[Marrakesh]] da kuma Sous, inda suka ci gaba da haifar da rikici har zuwa shekara ta alif dari bakwai da tamin da biyu 1782. <ref name=":20" /> {{Rp|240}} == Tarihi == === Ginshiki === A Maroko, wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata sun kasance 'yanci na doka [[Haratin]] waɗanda galibi sun fito ne daga' yan asalin baƙar fata waɗanda suka zauna a kudancin Maroko tun zamanin da ba a iya tunawa ba. : 109-110 <ref>{{Cite book|last=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata ya fito ne daga 'yan Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda galibi cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara ya kawo su da karfi.<ref name=":3" /> : 5 A tarihi, sarakunan da ke mulki a Maroko sun yi amfani da baƙar fata a cikin dakarun sojoji. Almoravids a karkashin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] sune na farko da suka yi amfani da baƙi baƙi a matsayin soja kuma Ibn Tashfin yana da masu tsaron jiki na baƙi kimanin dakarun sojoji mutum 2000. Wadannan masu tsaron jiki don kariya daga suka ko harbi daga makiya sa'adda ake gwabzawa a filin yaki sun ci gaba bayan Almoravids kuma sun zama al'ada ga sarakunan Maroko inda za su kafa rundunar fitaccen tare da manufar karewa da tilasta ikon Sarkin wato Sultan. Hakazalika, Almohadawa sun yi amfani da sojoji baƙar fata kuma bisa ga masanin tarihi na karni na goma sha biyu 12th Mohammed Al-Baydhaq, Ibn Tumart shine na farko da ya lakafta baƙar fata da aka kama a Zagora ''Abid al-Makhzen''. Dakarun sojojin baƙar fata sun yi aiki a cikin tafiye-tafiyen Almohad da Almoravid a Al-Andalus. Hakazalika, baƙar fata sojoji sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Marinids da Saadi. Dukansu Luis del Mármol Carvajal da Giovanni Lorenzo d'Anania sun lura cewa akwai baƙi a cikin sojojin Saadis. Anania ta ba da rahoton cewa Abdallah al-Ghalib yana da dakarun sojojin doki kimanin mutum 80,000 da ke dogaro da ''Granatini'' (Andalusians) da ''Gialof'' (Wolof amma ana amfani da su a cikin mahallin baƙar fata na Yammacin Afirka gabaɗaya) kuma kimanin mutum 12,000 daga cikinsu sun kafa masu tsaron kansa. Bayan mamayewar Saadian na Daular Songhai, an dawo da bayi mutum 20,000 zuwa Maroko tare da rabin bayi zuwa dakarun sojoji kuma an ba da wani rabin ga shugabannin rundunar sojan ruwa saboda burin sojan ruwa na [[Ahmad al-Mansur|Ahmed Al-Mansur]].<ref name=":3" /> : 121-124, 148, 151 <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> A tarihi, a Maroko, ƙarfin ikon sarauta dangane da tsarin abokan ciniki inda sarakuna za su nemi tallafi daga kungiyoyin kabilanci da Umurnin Sufi. Don musayar cirewa daga haraji da haƙƙin ƙasar da sultan ke sarrafawa, sultan zai sami sojoji daga kabilun da suka haɗa kai, umarnin Sufi da mercenaries. Isma'il ibn Sharif bai yi tunanin cewa wannan tsarin ya isa ya ci gaba da gwamnati ta tsakiya mai karfi ba yayin da membobin kabilun suka kasance masu aminci ga kabilunsu kuma membobin umarnin Sufi sun yi alkawarin biyayya ga shugabannin umarnin. Isma'il ya yi imanin cewa za a buƙaci dindindin, tsari da kuma rundunar dakarun soja ta gida don haɗa Morocco da karfafa mulkinsa.<ref name=":3" /> : 158–160 {{Rp|pages=158-160}} === Sarautar Isma'il === [[Fayil:Ismail_Ibn_Sharif.jpg|thumb|Mahaifiyar [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Isma'il ibn Sharif]] ƙwaraƙwarar baƙar fata ce kuma membobin Black Guard na iya zama masu motsawa ta hanyar "haɗin kai na launin fata" tare da Isma'il. : 163–164 : 163–164 ]] Isma'il, ko Moulay Isma'il ya yi mulki a matsayin Sultan na tsawon shekaru 55 tsakanin shakarar alif dari shida da saba'in da biyu 1672 da 1727, daya daga cikin sarauta mafi tsawo a tarihin Maroko. Da yake mulki daga sabon babban birnin a [[Ameknas|Meknes]], ya bambanta kansa a matsayin mai mulki wanda yake so ya kafa wata jiha ta Maroko a matsayin cikakkiyar iko a cikin ƙasar, mai zaman kanta daga kowane rukuni a cikin Maroko - sabanin sarakunan da suka gabata waɗanda suka dogara da wasu kabilun ko yankuna a matsayin tushen ikonsu. :{{Rp|230}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;230&#x200A; Ya yi nasara a wani bangare ta hanyar kirkirar sabuwar runduna da ta kunshi bayi waɗanda amincinsu zai kasance a gare shi kaɗai.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":20" /> : 231 A shekara ta alif dari shida da casa'in da tara 1699, ya ba da umarni don bautar da duk baƙar fata na Afirka a Maroko, har ma da waɗanda aka haifa da 'yanci ko kuma Musulmi ne, saboda haka, ya keta ka'idoji biyu na tsakiya na dokar Islama game da bautar.<ref name=":2" /> Rubuce-rubucen Maroko sun nuna cewa Isma'il ya bautar da baƙar fata sama da 221,000 tsakanin shekara ta alif dari shida da casa'in da tara 1699 da 1705. A cikin binciken waɗannan abubuwan, masanin tarihi Chouki El Hamel ya yi jayayya cewa ƙoƙarin Isma'il na tabbatar da waɗannan ayyukan ya haifar da sabon nau'in maganganun wariyar launin fata a yankin wanda ya haɗa baƙar fata na Afirka da bautar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=El Hamel |first=Chouki |date=2002 |title='Race', Slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean Thought: The Question of the Haratin in Morocco. |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=29–52 |doi=10.1080/13629380208718472 |s2cid=219625829 |via=Taylor and Francis Online}}</ref> Tunanin kwararru na sojoji da suka hada da bayi wadanda suka kasance masu aminci ga sultan kawai ya samo asali ne daga tarihin tarihin sauran rundunonin soja na [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da [[Arewacin Afirka]] da aka dauka daga bayi. Sojojin Isma'il sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su musamman ta hanyar misalin Janissaries a cikin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], wanda wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi da shi.<ref name=":3" /> {{Rp|pages=298-300}}: 227  ''<nowiki/>'Abid al-Bukhari'' ko "Black Guard" ko kuma sun kasance masu kula da karbar haraji da kuma sintiri a cikin ƙauyuka masu zaman kansu na Maroko; sun murkushe tawaye a kan mulkin Isma'il ba kawai ta kabilun masu adawa ba har ma da 'ya'yan Isma'il masu tayar da kayar baya, waɗanda suka sauya sheka daga aiki a matsayin gwamnonin lardinsa zuwa tawaye a matsayin masu cin zarafin kursiyinsa. "Black Guard" sun kasance masu tsaron sirri da bayin Sultan Isma'il, suna iya shiga cikin kamfen ɗin da aka yi wa sansanonin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Turai da ke kan iyakar daularsa (kamar [[Tanja|Tangier]], wanda aka karbe shi bayan Ingilishi ya janye daga gare ta kuma ya dame shi a cikin shekarar alif dari shida da tamamin da tamanin da hudu 1684 a matsayin martani), kodayake ana ba da irin waɗannan ayyuka ga bayi na Turai (wanda ake kira '''<nowiki/>'Alluj'' Larabci: "العلوج", jam'i na ''<nowiki/>'alj'', ma'ana "baƙin Kirista") da sojoji masu aminci na ƙabilar Maroko, waɗanda aka ɗauka sun fi dacewa da sojan doki. An girmama su sosai, ana biyan su da kyau, kuma suna da iko a siyasa. A kusa da shekara ta alif dari shida da casin da bakwai 1697-1698 an ba su damar mallakar dukiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=1998 |title=ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī {{!}} Moroccan military organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> === Bayan mutuwar Isma'il === [[Fayil:A Moroccan Guard by Stefano Ussi.jpg|thumb|Wani mai tsaron Morocco na Stefano Ussi]] Bayan mutuwar Isma'il a shekara ta alif dari bakwai da ashirin da bakwai 1727, ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa da ya mamaye Morocco, sau da yawa yana canza goyon baya tsakanin masu da'awar sarauta.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Thomas Pellow}}</ref> Rikicin ya kasance mafi yawa tsakanin shekara ta alif dari bakwai da ashirin da bakwai 1727 da 1757, lokacin da 'ya'yan Isma'il suka yi yaƙi don kula da sultanate, tare da kaɗan daga cikinsu da suka taɓa riƙe iko na dogon lokaci. ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' of Isma'il ta mulki ya zo ya yi amfani da iko mai girma kuma sun sami damar shigarwa ko kawar da sarakuna bisa ga bukatunsu a duk wannan lokacin, kodayake dole ne su yi gasa da kabilun ''Guich'' da wasu kabilun Amazigh (Berber) waɗanda sarakuna ma suka dogara da su.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> :{{Rp|238}}-238 [[Abdallah na Maroko|Abdallah]], daya daga cikin sarakuna masu nasara a wannan lokacin rikici, da farko ''''<nowiki/>'Abid'''' ne suka goyi bayansa amma daga ƙarshe ya zama abokan gaba a kansu bayan sheakara ta alif dari bakwai da talatin da uku 1733. A ƙarshe ya sami damar samun fa'ida a kansu ta hanyar kafa kawance tare da kabilar Amazigh ta Ait Idrasin, kabilar Oudaya ''Guich'', da shugabannin Fez. : 238 Wannan kawancen ya ci gaba da lalata ikon ''<nowiki/>'Abid''<nowiki/>' kuma ya shirya hanyar mika wuya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18th.<ref name=":20" /> : 238-240 Ingancin soja na 'Abid kuma ya sauka a tsawon lokaci, saboda ba a biya su ba. Wasu sun zama 'Yan fashi, wasu sun bar kuma sun koma birane. Shugabannin da suka biyo baya sun yi ƙoƙari kuma wasu sun yi nasarar tayar da kungiyar. Koyaya, ba su taɓa kasancewa masu ban tsoro kamar yadda suke a zamanin Isma'il ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=1998 |title=ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī {{!}} Moroccan military organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari "ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī | Moroccan military organization | Britannica"]. ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]''. 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> An sake kafa oda a Maroko a karkashin dan Abdallah, Mohammed ibn Abdallah (Mohammed III), wanda ya zama sarki a shekara ta alif dari bakwai da sabain da bakwai 1757. Da yawa daga cikin ''<nowiki/>'yan Abid'' sun yi watsi da tawagarsu suka shiga cikin jama'ar kasar, kuma Mohammed III ya sami damar sake tsara wadanda suka rage zuwa gawarwakin sojansa. {{Rp|239-240}}Daga baya, a cikin sheakara ta alif dari bakwai da sabain da biyar 1775, ya yi ƙoƙari ya nisanta ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' daga mulki ta hanyar ba da umarnin canja su daga Meknes zuwa Tangier a arewa. ''Abid'' ya bijire masa, ya kuma yi yunkurin ayyana dansa Yazid ( Moulay Yazid na baya) a matsayin sarki, amma nan da nan sai na baya ya sauya ra’ayinsa, aka yi sulhu da mahaifinsa. Bayan haka, Mohammed III ya tarwatsa tawagar ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' zuwa garrison a Tangier, Larache, [[Rabat]], [[Marrakesh]] da kuma Sous, inda suka ci gaba da haifar da rikici har zuwa shekara ta alif dari bakwai da tamin da biyu 1782. <ref name=":20" /> {{Rp|240}} Zuriyar 'Abid sun ci gaba da kasancewa dakarun soja masu karfi a ƙarƙashin mulkin Moulay Slimane (alif dari bakwai da casa'in da biyu r. 1792-1822), amma ba su kasance ginshiƙi ɗaya na ƙarfin soja na sultan ba. Slimane ya dauki matakai don rage ikonsu, kamar daukar ma'aikatan kabilanci (kamar yadda aka saba yi kafin mulkin Isma'il) don yin aiki a matsayin ma'auni. Wasu daga cikin 'Abid sun ci gaba da rike mukamai masu iko a cikin tsakiya da karamar hukuma. [1]: 228-230 Meknes ya ci gaba da kasancewa daya daga cikin manyan sansanonin su a wannan lokacin. A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na mulkinsa, yayin da yake fuskantar tashin hankali da rikice-rikice, Slimane ya nemi farfado da manufofin soja na Isma'il da sake shiga Haratin (masu baƙar fata masu 'yanci) cikin sojoji. Koyaya, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa ya sa wannan aikin ya zama da wahala kuma yawan Haratin da aka shiga ba su da mahimmanci.[1] : 231 Wanda ya gaji Slimane, Abd ar-Rahman, ya kuma yi ƙoƙari ya sake yin rajistar sojoji baƙi don ƙarfafa sojoji don mayar da martani ga nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya wanda ya fara a shkara ta alif dari takwas da talatin 1830. [1] : 234 Cinikin bayi ya kasance mai ƙarfi a farkon karni na 19, kuma Abd ar-Rahman ya ƙi buƙatun diflomasiyyar Burtaniya don kawo ƙarshen cinikin bayi.[1] : 233-235 Koyaya, bayan cin nasara a Yaƙin Isly (shekara dari takwas da arba/in da hudu 1844) kuma yayin da lambobin sadarwa tare da Turai suka karu a cikin sauran ƙarni, daga baya 'Sultans Alawi sun yi ƙoƙari su sake fasalin sojoji zuwa rundunar sojoji masu zaman kansu "na zamani" tare da sojoji masu albashi maimakon albashi na gargajiya. A cikin tsari, yawan sojojin 'Abid sun ragu. A karkashin mulkin Moulay Hassan daga shekara ta alif dari takwas da sabain da uku (r. 1873-1894) kusan kimanin dakaru 5000 ne kawai ke aiki a cikin sojojin sultan, gabaɗaya a matsayin sojan doki. Wani masanin Faransa wanda ya ziyarci Maroko a cikin shekarun alif dari takwas da tamanin 1880 ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan adadin zai karu a lokacin yaƙi.[1] : 235–236  == Tarihi == === Ginshiki === A Maroko, wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata sun kasance 'yanci na doka [[Haratin]] waɗanda galibi sun fito ne daga' yan asalin baƙar fata waɗanda suka zauna a kudancin Maroko tun zamanin da ba a iya tunawa ba. : 109-110 <ref>{{Cite book|last=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na yawan baƙar fata ya fito ne daga 'yan Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda galibi cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara ya kawo su da karfi.<ref name=":3" /> : 5 A tarihi, sarakunan da ke mulki a Maroko sun yi amfani da baƙar fata a cikin dakarun sojoji. Almoravids a karkashin [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] sune na farko da suka yi amfani da baƙi baƙi a matsayin soja kuma Ibn Tashfin yana da masu tsaron jiki na baƙi kimanin dakarun sojoji mutum 2000. Wadannan masu tsaron jiki don kariya daga suka ko harbi daga makiya sa'adda ake gwabzawa a filin yaki sun ci gaba bayan Almoravids kuma sun zama al'ada ga sarakunan Maroko inda za su kafa rundunar fitaccen tare da manufar karewa da tilasta ikon Sarkin wato Sultan. Hakazalika, Almohadawa sun yi amfani da sojoji baƙar fata kuma bisa ga masanin tarihi na karni na goma sha biyu 12th Mohammed Al-Baydhaq, Ibn Tumart shine na farko da ya lakafta baƙar fata da aka kama a Zagora ''Abid al-Makhzen''. Dakarun sojojin baƙar fata sun yi aiki a cikin tafiye-tafiyen Almohad da Almoravid a Al-Andalus. Hakazalika, baƙar fata sojoji sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Marinids da Saadi. Dukansu Luis del Mármol Carvajal da Giovanni Lorenzo d'Anania sun lura cewa akwai baƙi a cikin sojojin Saadis. Anania ta ba da rahoton cewa Abdallah al-Ghalib yana da dakarun sojojin doki kimanin mutum 80,000 da ke dogaro da ''Granatini'' (Andalusians) da ''Gialof'' (Wolof amma ana amfani da su a cikin mahallin baƙar fata na Yammacin Afirka gabaɗaya) kuma kimanin mutum 12,000 daga cikinsu sun kafa masu tsaron kansa. Bayan mamayewar Saadian na Daular Songhai, an dawo da bayi mutum 20,000 zuwa Maroko tare da rabin bayi zuwa dakarun sojoji kuma an ba da wani rabin ga shugabannin rundunar sojan ruwa saboda burin sojan ruwa na [[Ahmad al-Mansur|Ahmed Al-Mansur]].<ref name=":3" /> : 121-124, 148, 151 <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Michael A. Gomez}}</ref> A tarihi, a Maroko, ƙarfin ikon sarauta dangane da tsarin abokan ciniki inda sarakuna za su nemi tallafi daga kungiyoyin kabilanci da Umurnin Sufi. Don musayar cirewa daga haraji da haƙƙin ƙasar da sultan ke sarrafawa, sultan zai sami sojoji daga kabilun da suka haɗa kai, umarnin Sufi da mercenaries. Isma'il ibn Sharif bai yi tunanin cewa wannan tsarin ya isa ya ci gaba da gwamnati ta tsakiya mai karfi ba yayin da membobin kabilun suka kasance masu aminci ga kabilunsu kuma membobin umarnin Sufi sun yi alkawarin biyayya ga shugabannin umarnin. Isma'il ya yi imanin cewa za a buƙaci dindindin, tsari da kuma rundunar dakarun soja ta gida don haɗa Morocco da karfafa mulkinsa.<ref name=":3" /> : 158–160 {{Rp|pages=158-160}} === Sarautar Isma'il === [[Fayil:Ismail_Ibn_Sharif.jpg|thumb|Mahaifiyar [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Isma'il ibn Sharif]] ƙwaraƙwarar baƙar fata ce kuma membobin Black Guard na iya zama masu motsawa ta hanyar "haɗin kai na launin fata" tare da Isma'il. : 163–164 : 163–164 ]] Isma'il, ko Moulay Isma'il ya yi mulki a matsayin Sultan na tsawon shekaru 55 tsakanin shakarar alif dari shida da saba'in da biyu 1672 da 1727, daya daga cikin sarauta mafi tsawo a tarihin Maroko. Da yake mulki daga sabon babban birnin a [[Ameknas|Meknes]], ya bambanta kansa a matsayin mai mulki wanda yake so ya kafa wata jiha ta Maroko a matsayin cikakkiyar iko a cikin ƙasar, mai zaman kanta daga kowane rukuni a cikin Maroko - sabanin sarakunan da suka gabata waɗanda suka dogara da wasu kabilun ko yankuna a matsayin tushen ikonsu. :{{Rp|230}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;230&#x200A; Ya yi nasara a wani bangare ta hanyar kirkirar sabuwar runduna da ta kunshi bayi waɗanda amincinsu zai kasance a gare shi kaɗai.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":20" /> : 231 A shekara ta alif dari shida da casa'in da tara 1699, ya ba da umarni don bautar da duk baƙar fata na Afirka a Maroko, har ma da waɗanda aka haifa da 'yanci ko kuma Musulmi ne, saboda haka, ya keta ka'idoji biyu na tsakiya na dokar Islama game da bautar.<ref name=":2" /> Rubuce-rubucen Maroko sun nuna cewa Isma'il ya bautar da baƙar fata sama da 221,000 tsakanin shekara ta alif dari shida da casa'in da tara 1699 da 1705. A cikin binciken waɗannan abubuwan, masanin tarihi Chouki El Hamel ya yi jayayya cewa ƙoƙarin Isma'il na tabbatar da waɗannan ayyukan ya haifar da sabon nau'in maganganun wariyar launin fata a yankin wanda ya haɗa baƙar fata na Afirka da bautar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=El Hamel |first=Chouki |date=2002 |title='Race', Slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean Thought: The Question of the Haratin in Morocco. |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=29–52 |doi=10.1080/13629380208718472 |s2cid=219625829 |via=Taylor and Francis Online}}</ref> Tunanin kwararru na sojoji da suka hada da bayi wadanda suka kasance masu aminci ga sultan kawai ya samo asali ne daga tarihin tarihin sauran rundunonin soja na [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da [[Arewacin Afirka]] da aka dauka daga bayi. Sojojin Isma'il sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su musamman ta hanyar misalin Janissaries a cikin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], wanda wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi da shi.<ref name=":3" /> {{Rp|pages=298-300}}: 227  ''<nowiki/>'Abid al-Bukhari'' ko "Black Guard" ko kuma sun kasance masu kula da karbar haraji da kuma sintiri a cikin ƙauyuka masu zaman kansu na Maroko; sun murkushe tawaye a kan mulkin Isma'il ba kawai ta kabilun masu adawa ba har ma da 'ya'yan Isma'il masu tayar da kayar baya, waɗanda suka sauya sheka daga aiki a matsayin gwamnonin lardinsa zuwa tawaye a matsayin masu cin zarafin kursiyinsa. "Black Guard" sun kasance masu tsaron sirri da bayin Sultan Isma'il, suna iya shiga cikin kamfen ɗin da aka yi wa sansanonin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Turai da ke kan iyakar daularsa (kamar [[Tanja|Tangier]], wanda aka karbe shi bayan Ingilishi ya janye daga gare ta kuma ya dame shi a cikin shekarar alif dari shida da tamamin da tamanin da hudu 1684 a matsayin martani), kodayake ana ba da irin waɗannan ayyuka ga bayi na Turai (wanda ake kira '''<nowiki/>'Alluj'' Larabci: "العلوج", jam'i na ''<nowiki/>'alj'', ma'ana "baƙin Kirista") da sojoji masu aminci na ƙabilar Maroko, waɗanda aka ɗauka sun fi dacewa da sojan doki. An girmama su sosai, ana biyan su da kyau, kuma suna da iko a siyasa. A kusa da shekara ta alif dari shida da casin da bakwai 1697-1698 an ba su damar mallakar dukiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=1998 |title=ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī {{!}} Moroccan military organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> === Bayan mutuwar Isma'il === [[Fayil:A Moroccan Guard by Stefano Ussi.jpg|thumb|Wani mai tsaron Morocco na Stefano Ussi]] Bayan mutuwar Isma'il a shekara ta alif dari bakwai da ashirin da bakwai 1727, ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa da ya mamaye Morocco, sau da yawa yana canza goyon baya tsakanin masu da'awar sarauta.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Thomas Pellow}}</ref> Rikicin ya kasance mafi yawa tsakanin shekara ta alif dari bakwai da ashirin da bakwai 1727 da 1757, lokacin da 'ya'yan Isma'il suka yi yaƙi don kula da sultanate, tare da kaɗan daga cikinsu da suka taɓa riƙe iko na dogon lokaci. ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' of Isma'il ta mulki ya zo ya yi amfani da iko mai girma kuma sun sami damar shigarwa ko kawar da sarakuna bisa ga bukatunsu a duk wannan lokacin, kodayake dole ne su yi gasa da kabilun ''Guich'' da wasu kabilun Amazigh (Berber) waɗanda sarakuna ma suka dogara da su.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Heinrichs}}</ref> :{{Rp|238}}-238 [[Abdallah na Maroko|Abdallah]], daya daga cikin sarakuna masu nasara a wannan lokacin rikici, da farko ''''<nowiki/>'Abid'''' ne suka goyi bayansa amma daga ƙarshe ya zama abokan gaba a kansu bayan sheakara ta alif dari bakwai da talatin da uku 1733. A ƙarshe ya sami damar samun fa'ida a kansu ta hanyar kafa kawance tare da kabilar Amazigh ta Ait Idrasin, kabilar Oudaya ''Guich'', da shugabannin Fez. : 238 Wannan kawancen ya ci gaba da lalata ikon ''<nowiki/>'Abid''<nowiki/>' kuma ya shirya hanyar mika wuya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18th.<ref name=":20" /> : 238-240 Ingancin soja na 'Abid kuma ya sauka a tsawon lokaci, saboda ba a biya su ba. Wasu sun zama 'Yan fashi, wasu sun bar kuma sun koma birane. Shugabannin da suka biyo baya sun yi ƙoƙari kuma wasu sun yi nasarar tayar da kungiyar. Koyaya, ba su taɓa kasancewa masu ban tsoro kamar yadda suke a zamanin Isma'il ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=1998 |title=ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī {{!}} Moroccan military organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abid-al-Bukhari "ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī | Moroccan military organization | Britannica"]. ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]''. 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> An sake kafa oda a Maroko a karkashin dan Abdallah, Mohammed ibn Abdallah (Mohammed III), wanda ya zama sarki a shekara ta alif dari bakwai da sabain da bakwai 1757. Da yawa daga cikin ''<nowiki/>'yan Abid'' sun yi watsi da tawagarsu suka shiga cikin jama'ar kasar, kuma Mohammed III ya sami damar sake tsara wadanda suka rage zuwa gawarwakin sojansa. {{Rp|239-240}}Daga baya, a cikin sheakara ta alif dari bakwai da sabain da biyar 1775, ya yi ƙoƙari ya nisanta ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' daga mulki ta hanyar ba da umarnin canja su daga Meknes zuwa Tangier a arewa. ''Abid'' ya bijire masa, ya kuma yi yunkurin ayyana dansa Yazid ( Moulay Yazid na baya) a matsayin sarki, amma nan da nan sai na baya ya sauya ra’ayinsa, aka yi sulhu da mahaifinsa. Bayan haka, Mohammed III ya tarwatsa tawagar ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' zuwa garrison a Tangier, Larache, [[Rabat]], [[Marrakesh]] da kuma Sous, inda suka ci gaba da haifar da rikici har zuwa shekara ta alif dari bakwai da tamin da biyu 1782. <ref name=":20" /> {{Rp|240}} Zuriyar 'Abid sun ci gaba da kasancewa dakarun soja masu karfi a ƙarƙashin mulkin Moulay Slimane (alif dari bakwai da casa'in da biyu r. 1792-1822), amma ba su kasance ginshiƙi ɗaya na ƙarfin soja na sultan ba. Slimane ya dauki matakai don rage ikonsu, kamar daukar ma'aikatan kabilanci (kamar yadda aka saba yi kafin mulkin Isma'il) don yin aiki a matsayin ma'auni. Wasu daga cikin 'Abid sun ci gaba da rike mukamai masu iko a cikin tsakiya da karamar hukuma. [1]: 228-230 Meknes ya ci gaba da kasancewa daya daga cikin manyan sansanonin su a wannan lokacin. A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na mulkinsa, yayin da yake fuskantar tashin hankali da rikice-rikice, Slimane ya nemi farfado da manufofin soja na Isma'il da sake shiga Haratin (masu baƙar fata masu 'yanci) cikin sojoji. Koyaya, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa ya sa wannan aikin ya zama da wahala kuma yawan Haratin da aka shiga ba su da mahimmanci.[1] : 231 Wanda ya gaji Slimane, Abd ar-Rahman, ya kuma yi ƙoƙari ya sake yin rajistar sojoji baƙi don ƙarfafa sojoji don mayar da martani ga nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya wanda ya fara a shkara ta alif dari takwas da talatin 1830. [1] : 234 Cinikin bayi ya kasance mai ƙarfi a farkon karni na 19, kuma Abd ar-Rahman ya ƙi buƙatun diflomasiyyar Burtaniya don kawo ƙarshen cinikin bayi.[1] : 233-235 Koyaya, bayan cin nasara a Yaƙin Isly (shekara dari takwas da arba/in da hudu 1844) kuma yayin da lambobin sadarwa tare da Turai suka karu a cikin sauran ƙarni, daga baya 'Sultans Alawi sun yi ƙoƙari su sake fasalin sojoji zuwa rundunar sojoji masu zaman kansu "na zamani" tare da sojoji masu albashi maimakon albashi na gargajiya. A cikin tsari, yawan sojojin 'Abid sun ragu. A karkashin mulkin Moulay Hassan daga shekara ta alif dari takwas da sabain da uku (r. 1873-1894) kusan kimanin dakaru 5000 ne kawai ke aiki a cikin sojojin sultan, gabaɗaya a matsayin sojan doki. Wani masanin Faransa wanda ya ziyarci Maroko a cikin shekarun alif dari takwas da tamanin 1880 ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan adadin zai karu a lokacin yaƙi.[1] : 235–236  [[Fayil:Arrivée_de_la_Garde_noire_du_sultan_du_Maroc_Moulay_Youssef_à_Paris,_9-7-1926.jpg|thumb|Masu tsaron baƙar fata na Morocco a cikin 1926]] A tsawon lokaci, yawancin tsoffin ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' da zuriyarsu sun bar sojoji kuma sun sami 'yancinsu. Sun warwatse kuma sun sake zama a duk faɗin ƙasar. A matsayin tsoffin bayi, ana tambayar matsayinsu na 'yanci a wasu lokuta, amma malaman addinin Maroko gabaɗaya sun tabbatar da cewa suna da' yanci. :: 238  Wasu baƙi da iyalai sun ci gaba da riƙe matsayi mai iko a cikin gwamnatin Maroko. Mafi sanannen misali shine [[Ba Ahmed|Ahmad Ibn Musa]], wanda aka fi sani da Ba Ahmed, wanda danginsa suka mallaki ofishin ''hajib'' na sultan (mai zama mai mulki da vizier na 19th) daga kafa kasar a ƙarƙashin sarakuna da yawa. Ba Ahmed da kansa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai mulkin ''de facto'' na Maroko a cikin shekaru hudu na farko na mulkin 'Abd al-Aziz alif dari takwas da casa'in da hudu (r. 1894-1908), wanda ya taimaka ya kafa shi a kan kursiyin. <ref name=":3" />:: 239 -237 Cinikin bayi na Sahara ya ci gaba a cikin karni na 19th, har ma a fuskar matsin lamba na Turai, amma a shekara ta alif dari tara 1900 an rage shi sosai. <ref name=":3" /> An soke bautar 257 a hukumance a Maroko a shekara alif dari tara da sha biyu 1912, bayan tilasta [[Kariyar Faransa a Maroko|Mulkin mallaka na Faransa]]: 238 Wasu zuriyar ''<nowiki/>'Abid'' sun ci gaba da aiki a cikin gwamnati daban-daban. : 240 : 240  80h1dhmscmucsezlw0xp6etnlncx9zc 0 101005 829501 646403 2026-05-04T06:34:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Reem Gaafar''' ( Arabic , haifaffen 1983) marubuci ɗan ƙasar Sudan ne, mai bincike kuma likitan lafiyar jama'a . An buga rubuce-rubucenta na almara da na almara a cikin mujallu da wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi kiwon lafiya. A cikin 2023, ta sami lambar yabo ta Tsibiri don Novel na farko daga Afirka don rubutun littafinta mai zuwa ''A Bakin Cike da Gishiri'' . == Rayuwa da aiki == Gaafar ya girma tsakanin [[New Zealand]] da [[Oman]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reem Gaafar |url=https://andariya.com/authors/5a537422f39d8e0014d22f6a/Reem%20Gaafar/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Andariya magazine}}</ref> A shekarar 2007, ta samu digirin farko a fannin likitanci da tiyata a jami'ar Juba da ke kudancin Sudan. Bayan ta fara aiki a matsayin likita na asibiti, ta juya ga lafiyar jama'a a cikin 2012 kuma ta zama mazaunin likitancin al'umma a Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Sudan. A cikin 2014, ta sami digiri na biyu na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a daga Jami'ar Liverpool, UK. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Diab |first=Ola |date=2023-07-30 |title=Interview with Reem Gaafar, The First Sudanese to Win The Island Prize for African Novels |url=https://500wordsmag.com/interviews/interview-with-reem-gaafar-the-first-sudanese-to-win-the-island-prize-for-african-novels/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=[[500 Words Magazine]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718013014/https://500wordsmag.com/interviews/interview-with-reem-gaafar-the-first-sudanese-to-win-the-island-prize-for-african-novels/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayinsa na mai bincike kuma likitan lafiyar jama'a, Gaafar yana da alaƙa da Makarantar Gwamnati ta Mohammed bin Rashid, [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] kuma tun daga 2022 a matsayin Mataimakin Bincike na Graduate a Faculty of Health Sciences na Jami'ar Ontario Tech a Kanada. A matsayinta na mai ba da shawara, ta yi aiki da kungiyoyi da suka hada da ofishin hukumar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] a Khartoum, gwamnatin rikon kwarya da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya a Sudan, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Lafiya da Magunguna ta Landan, da kuma yakin sadarwar lafiya a yankin MENA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reem Gaafar, Maysoon Dahab and Rahaf Abukoura, Author at African Arguments |url=https://africanarguments.org/author/reem-gaafar/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=African Arguments |language=en-GB}}</ref> Daga cikin wasu, ta buga nazarin da suka shafi [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], manufofin lafiyar hankali da haɗarin lafiyar yara a Sudan da UAE. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reem Gaafar |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reem-Gaafar |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Researchgate}}</ref> <ref name="Abukoura">{{Cite web |last=Abukoura |first=Reem Gaafar, Maysoon Dahab and Rahaf |date=2022-01-28 |title=Covid-19 Response in Sudan: The Pandemic vs. the Politics |url=https://africanarguments.org/2022/01/covid-19-response-in-sudan-the-pandemic-vs-the-politics/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=African Arguments |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin labarin 2014 da Aljazeera ta buga, an nakalto ta tare da kwarewa sosai game da sashin kula da lafiyar jama'a a Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Syeed |first=Nafeesa |title=Sudan hospitals |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/1/6/sudans-hospitals-ravaged-by-privatisation |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2020, an zaɓi Gaafar don tallafin karatu na Gidauniyar Miles Moreland . A cikin 2023, ta ci lambar yabo ta tsibiri don wani labari na farko daga Afirka don rubutun littafinta ''na Bakin Cike da Gishiri'' . Sunan littafin yana nufin karin magana na Sudan da ke haifar da "dandanin da ya bari a bakin mutum bayan babban rashi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Snaje |first=Olivia |date=2024-04-12 |title=History, superstition, and realism come together in Sudanese author Reem Gaafar's 'A Mouth Full of Salt' |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/342282/history-superstition-and-realism-come-together-in-sudanese-author-reem-gaafars-a-mouth-full-of-salt/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.theafricareport.com}}</ref> Ita ce marubuciya ta farko daga Sudan da wannan lambar yabo ta bambanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malec |first=Jennifer |date=2023-06-15 |title=Sudanese writer Reem Gaafar wins 2023 Island Prize for 'compelling, profound and brilliant' debut novel A Mouth Full of Salt |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2023/06/15/the-jrb-daily-sudanese-writer-reem-gaafar-wins-2023-island-prize-for-compelling-profound-and-brilliant-debut-novel-a-mouth-full-of-salt/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mawallafin Holland House Books ya ba da taƙaitaccen bayanin wannan labari, wanda Littattafan Saqi suka buga a cikin 2024: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saqi Books scoops 'searing' debut novel from Gaafar |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/saqi-books-scoops-searing-debut-novel-from-gaafar |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The Bookseller |language=En}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Shortlist 2023 {{!}} Holland House Books |url=https://www.hhousebooks.com/the-shortlist-2023/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004113006/https://www.hhousebooks.com/the-shortlist-2023/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Blockquote|title=''A Mouth Full of Salt'', Reem Gaafar}} == Shawarwari ga gudunmawar mata ga al'umma == Gaafar ya kuma bayar da shawarwarin kare hakkin mata, kiwon lafiyar mata da kuma kungiyoyin farar hula baki daya. A cikin labarinsu na 2019 mai taken ''Mata 'Yan Sudan a Zuciyar Juyin Juya Hali'', Gaafar da 'yar jaridar Sudan Omnia Shawkat sun bayyana dalilai, ayyuka da muhimmiyar rawar da matan Sudan suka taka kafin da kuma lokacin [[juyin juya halin Sudan]] na 2018/19. Wani muhimmin al’amari a cikin nazarinsu shi ne rawar da kafafen sada zumunta suka bayar na yunkurin juyin juya hali, inda kafafen yada labaran gargajiya suka gaza. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shawkat |first=Omnia and Reem Gaafar |date=12 February 2019 |title=Sudanese Women at the Heart of the Revolution |url=https://africanfeminism.com/sudanese-women-at-the-heart-the-revolution/ |access-date=6 March 2021 |website=African Feminism (AF) |language=en-US}}</ref> An buga labarin almara da rubuce-rubucen da ba na almara ba a cikin mujallu da suka haɗa da ''Hujja ta Afirka, Feminism na Afirka, Mujallar Teakisi, Andariya, Mujallar Kalmomi 500, Manufofin Lafiya na Duniya'' da ''Tsarin Lafiya na Duniya.'' <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ijeoma |first=Eneanya |date=2023-06-21 |title=Reem Gaafar is Blurring the Lines between Science and Creativity: In Conversation with Afrocritik |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/reem-gaafar-is-blurring-the-lines-between-science-and-creativity-in-conversation-with-afrocritik/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Afrocritik |language=en}}</ref> == wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa == * ''Baki Cike Da Gishiri'' . 2024. London: Littattafan Saqi, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-86356-772-8</nowiki>. '''Gajerun labarai''' * ''Hasken Hamada.'' Magid, Djamela, et al. (eds). 2014. ''Na San 'Yan Sudan Biyu: Tarihin Rubutun Ƙirƙirar Rubutun daga Sudan da Sudan ta Kudu.'' [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0993110801|978-0993110801]] * ''Nemo Descartes'' . Nana Ekua Brew-Hammond (ed.). 2023. ''Dangantaka: Anthology na Muryar Afirka da na Kasashen waje'' . New York: Harpervia, tambarin HarperCollins Publishers. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0063089044</nowiki> '''Kasidu da labaran jarida''' * ''Neman Gida Ba Ya Karewa'' . 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaafar |first=Reem |date=2016-12-18 |title=The Never Ending Search For Home |url=https://teakisi.com/the-never-ending-search-for-home/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Teakisi |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''Matan Sudan guda 30 ya kamata ku sani.'' ''2016'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaafar |first=Reem |date=2016-06-15 |title=30 Sudanese Women You Should Know |url=https://teakisi.com/30-sudanese-women-you-should-know/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Teakisi |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''Takaitacce: Cire Gimbin Ƙarfafan Kiɗa'' . 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Briefcase: Bridging Musical Generational Gaps by Reem Gaafar |url=https://andariya.com/post/Briefcase-Bridging-Musical-Generational-Gaps |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Andariya}}</ref> * ''FGM, Tuki Mata, da Ciwon Stockholm na Ƙungiyoyin Zalunta.'' 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaafar |first=Reem |date=2017-10-20 |title=FGM, Women Driving, And The Stockholm Syndrome Of Oppressive Societies |url=https://teakisi.com/fgm-women-driving-and-the-stockholm-syndrome-of-oppressive-societies/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Teakisi |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''Tawayen Sudan.'' ''2018.'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaafar |first=Reem |date=2018-01-17 |title=Sudan Revolts |url=https://teakisi.com/sudan-revolts/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Teakisi |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''Matan Sudan a Zuciyar Juyin Juya Hali.'' ''2019.'' <ref name=":0"/> * ''Martanin Covid-19 a Sudan: Cutar da Siyasa.'' 2022. <ref name="Abukoura"/> == Duba kuma == * Adabin Sudan * Jerin marubutan Sudan == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * Magid, Djamela et al. (eds.), [http://www.andariya.com/post/I-Know-Two-Sudans ''Na Sani Sudani Biyu: Ƙirar Rubutun Ƙirƙirar Rubutun daga Sudan da Sudan ta Kudu''], 2014 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * ''[https://life.reemgaafar.com Rayuwa daga Ra'ayin Reem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530191248/https://life.reemgaafar.com/ |date=2025-05-30 }} ,'' Reem Gaafar's blog na sirri * [http://500wordsmag.com/interviews/interview-with-reem-gaafar-the-first-sudanese-to-win-the-island-prize-for-african-novels/ Hira da Reem Gaafar]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} akan mujallar 500 Words * [https://qantara.de/en/article/year-war-sudan-we-havent-lived-dignity-long-time Hira da Reem Gaafar kan rubuce-rubucenta da yakin da aka manta a Sudan] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Ƴar Jarida]] 3iuuzd2zk3eytntz29s125wagt1oun0 0 107506 829488 797596 2026-05-04T03:46:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829488 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashin daidaito na muhalli a Ƙasar Ingila''' shine hanyar da ingancin muhalli ya bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban a Burtaniya.<ref name="defra1">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat09/0701110944_AQinequalitiesFNL_AEAT_0506.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415121248/http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat09/0701110944_AQinequalitiesFNL_AEAT_0506.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-15 |access-date=2011-11-14}}</ref> Ana jin waɗannan bambance-bambance a fannoni da yawa na muhalli, gami da gurɓataccen iska, samun damar sararin samaniya da kuma fuskantar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=London Sustainability Exchange |url=http://www.lsx.org.uk/resources/EJIDefinition_page3198.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425162529/http://www.lsx.org.uk/resources/EJIDefinition_page3198.aspx |archive-date=2012-04-25 |access-date=2016-12-10 |publisher=LSX}}</ref> == Ma'anar 'rashin daidaito na muhalli' == === Ma'anar === Hukumar Kula da Muhalli, wata kungiya ce ta Burtaniya da ba ta sashen ba ta Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara (DEFRA), ta bayyana 'rashin daidaito na muhalli' kamar haka: 'Don lura ko da'awar rashin daidaito na cikin muhalli shine nuna cewa wani bangare na muhallar an rarraba shi ba daidai ba tsakanin kungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban (wanda ya bambanta da zamantakewar zamantakewa, kabilanci, jinsi, jinsi, shekaru, wuri, da sauransu).<ref name="staffs1">{{Cite web |date= |title=Microsoft Word - PUBLISHED FLOOD.doc |url=http://www.staffs.ac.uk/schools/sciences/geography/links/IESR/downloads/SC020061_SR1%20report%20-%20inequalities%20%20flood%20risk.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320062150/http://www.staffs.ac.uk/schools/sciences/geography/links/IESR/downloads/SC020061_SR1%20report%20-%20inequalities%20%20flood%20risk.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-20 |access-date=2016-12-10 |website=Staffs.ac.uk}}</ref> Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Ci gaba (SDRN) ta bayyana rashin daidaito na muhalli kamar haka: 'Rashin daidaito na Muhalli yana nufin rarraba haɗarin muhalli da haɗari da samun damar kayan muhalli. '<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.sd-research.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/sdrnbriefingtwo_final_000.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425162529/http://www.sd-research.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/sdrnbriefingtwo_final_000.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-25 |access-date=2011-11-14}}</ref> Gordon Walker (Sashen Geography, Cibiyar Muhalli ta Lancaster, Jami'ar Lancaster da Malcolm Eames (Jami'ar Cardiff) sun bayyana 'rashin daidaito na muhalli' a matsayin 'rufe tambayoyi masu yawa na bambanci ko rashin daidaito, gami da: * Wanene ke da inganci mai kyau da kuma yanayi mai aminci don zama a ciki, wanda ke fuskantar gurɓataccen yanayi, haɗari da haɗari kuma wanda ke nesa ko karewa daga irin waɗannan tasirin? * Wanene ke samun dama da cinye albarkatun muhalli kuma wanene ba zai iya yin hakan ba, ko kuma yana iyakance matakin samun dama da amfani? * Wanene zai iya tsara yanke shawara na muhalli kuma wanene ba haka ba? Wanene aka haɗa wanda aka cire? '<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://geography.lancs.ac.uk/envjustice/eiseminars/downloads/ei_discussion.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313100328/http://geography.lancs.ac.uk/envjustice/eiseminars/downloads/ei_discussion.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-13 |access-date=2011-11-14}}</ref> Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Liam Downey (2005) ya rarrabe hanyoyi daban-daban guda biyar na bayyana rashin daidaito na muhalli: i) Ma'anar wariyar launin fata da gangan: Bisa ga wannan ma'anar, rashin daidaito na muhalli yana tasowa lokacin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suka sanya haɗarin muhalli da gangan a cikin unguwanni marasa rinjaye. ii) Ma'anar bayyanar da ba ta dace ba: Bisa ga wannan ma'anar, rashin daidaito na muhalli ya taso 'lokacin da membobin takamaiman ƙungiyar zamantakewa suka fi fuskantar wasu abubuwan gurɓata muhalli fiye da yadda za mu yi tsammani idan an rarraba membobin ƙungiyar a duk faɗin sararin zama'. iii) Ma'anar tasirin kiwon lafiya daban-daban: Bisa ga wannan ma'anar, rashin daidaito na muhalli ya taso 'lokacin da mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiyar kusanci da zama ko fallasa haɗarin muhalli an rarraba shi ba tare da daidaito ba a cikin kungiyoyin zamantakewa. iv) Ma'anar tasirin zamantakewa daban-daban: Bisa ga wannan ma'anar, rashin daidaito na muhalli ya taso 'lokacin da membobin takamaiman ƙungiyar zamantakewa suka fi zama a cikin unguwanni masu haɗari da muhalli fiye da yadda za mu yi tsammani idan an rarraba membobin ƙungiyar a bazuwar wuri na zama.' v) Rarraba nauyin nauyi da ma'anar fa'idodi: Bisa ga wannan ma'anar, rashin daidaito na muhalli yana tasowa lokacin da kungiyoyin da ke samun fa'idori mafi girma daga dangantakar zamantakewar jari-hujja (bisa ga masu goyon bayan wannan ma'aunin, wannan yana nufin fararen fata da matsakaicin aji) ba su da nauyi daga gurɓataccen masana'antu fiye da kungiyoyin waɗanda ke samun fa-fajiyar fa'iddiga daga dangantakar jama'ar jari-hu'a (bisa ga magoya bayan wannan ma-hujja, wannan ma'idar, wannan ma-halin yana nufin mutane masu launi da ma'aikata). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Downey |first=L |year=2005 |title=Assessing Environmental Inequality: How the conclusions we draw vary according to the definitions we employ |journal=Sociol Spectr |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=349–369 |doi=10.1080/027321790518870 |pmc=3162366 |pmid=21874079}}</ref> === Tarihi === Ma'anar rashin daidaito na muhalli ya fito ne a cikin mahallin motsi na [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]]. Yunkurin Adalci na Muhalli ya samo asali ne a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1980 <ref>{{Cite web |title=II |url=http://www.ejrc.cau.edu/ejinthe21century.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125172813/http://www.ejrc.cau.edu/ejinthe21century.htm |archive-date=2011-11-25 |access-date=2011-11-14}}</ref> don mayar da martani ga damuwa game da al'ummomi daga yanayin kabilanci matalauta, baƙar fata da ƙananan da ke fama da batutuwan muhalli kuma an cire su daga yanke shawara na muhalli. An sami ci gaba sosai a kan inganta tsarin shari'ar muhalli a Burtaniya a Scotland, wanda ya fara da jawabin da Jack McConnell, Ministan farko na Zartarwa na Scotland ya yi a 2002. McConnell ya ce: '... gaskiyar ita ce mutanen da ke da damuwa game da muhalli na gaggawa a Scotland su ne waɗanda ke fuskantar sakamakon rayuwa mara kyau a kowace rana, kuma suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ya lalace - kusa da gurɓataccen masana'antu, wanda ke fama da hayakin motoci, tituna da ke cike da datti da ganuwar da aka rufe da rubutu. Wannan gaskiya ne ga Scotland da kuma gaskiya a wasu wurare a duniya. Waɗannan yanayin da ba za su dace da al'ummominmu ba, kuma waɗanda dole ne su jimre wa irin waɗannan mahalli inda za su kawo iyali, ko kuma su girma da kansu.<ref name="scotland2006">{{Cite web |date= |title=Sustainable Development: A Review of International Literature |url=http://scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2006/05/23091323/12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206170552/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2006/05/23091323/12 |archive-date=2013-02-06 |access-date=2016-12-10 |website=Scotland.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=XX88 |url=https://xx88.us.com/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713084915/https://xx88.us.com/ |archive-date=2025-07-13 |access-date=2011-03-09 |website=fortune-tigers }}</ref> Bayan wannan jawabin, kuma a cikin hasken yakin neman zaɓe na Adalci na Muhalli ta [[Abokan Duniya]] Scotland, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Access to Environmental Justice &#124; Friends of the Earth Scotland |url=http://www.foe-scotland.org.uk/access-to-justice |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227225926/http://www.foe-scotland.org.uk/access-to-justice |archive-date=2016-12-27 |access-date=2016-12-10 |website=Foe-scotland.org.uk}}</ref> an yi nassoshi ga Adalci na Muhalli a cikin takardun manufofin Scotland da yawa (misali Scottish Executive 2002c, 2003, 2003a (Yarjejeniyar Haɗin gwiwa); Sashen Zartarwa na Scotland, 2001, 2003, 2004, da 2005). Babban Jami'in Scotland, a cikin shekara ta 2005, ya ba da umarnin bincike kan hanyoyin da za a iya samun bayanai game da muhalli ga jama'a, kuma kwanan nan ya ba da umurni ga binciken da ke binciken tasirin ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="scotland2006"/> == Mutanen da abin ya shafa == Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta bayyana cewa 'Mutanen da ke fama da talauci a cikin al'umma da tattalin arziki galibi suna rayuwa a cikin mafi munin yanayi. Misali, waɗanda ke zaune a cikin mafi yawan yankunan Ingila suna fuskantar mafi munin ingancin iska kuma suna da karancin damar samun sararin samaniya da isasshen gidaje. Wadannan matsalolin na iya shafar lafiyar mutane da jin daɗi kuma suna iya ƙarawa ga nauyin rashin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Hakanan suna iya iyakance damar da mutane ke da ita don inganta rayuwarsu da kuma lalata ƙoƙarin sabunta unguwanni. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun kasance mafi rauni kuma an ware su a cikin al'umma. '<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |title=Environment Agency - Addressing environmental inequalities |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/position/41189.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529041353/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/position/41189.aspx |archive-date=2012-05-29 |access-date=2011-11-14}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai shaidar cewa mutane daga asalin BME (baƙar fata da ƙabilu) suna fama da mafi munin yanayin muhalli, kuma an cire su daga yanke shawara na muhalli. UK NGO da tunani-tank Capacity Global, a cikin 'BMEs - Tackling Social and Environmental Justice', suna jayayya cewa akwai shingen da yawa, wanda ke hana ayyukan al'ummomin BAME kan magance matsalolin muhalli.<ref name="capacity1">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.capacity.org.uk/downloads/BAMEs_tackling_social_environmental_justice.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402025518/http://www.capacity.org.uk/downloads/BAMEs_tackling_social_environmental_justice.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-02 |access-date=2011-11-14}}</ref> == Misalan == === Samun damar zuwa wuraren shakatawa, wuraren kore da yanayin halitta === Mafi yawan masu arziki kashi 20 cikin 100 na unguwanni na majalisa suna da sau biyar na adadin wuraren shakatawa ko sararin samaniya (ba tare da lambuna ba) ga kowane mutum fiye da mafi yawan marasa galihu kashi 10 cikin 100 na gidaje.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |date= |title=Online Casino - Play Blackjack, Roulette, Slots & More &#124; Casino Oasis |url=http://www.cabe.org.uk/files/urban-green-nation.pdf |access-date=2016-12-10 |website=Cabe.org.uk |archive-date=2011-01-18 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http://www.cabe.org.uk/files/urban-green-nation.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a da ƙasa da kashi 2% na baƙar fata da mazauna kabilanci suna da sau shida fiye da wuraren shakatawa da sau goma sha ɗaya fiye da sararin samaniya na jama'a kamar yadda wards ke da fiye da kashi 40 cikin dari na yawan jama'ar mutane ne daga baƙar fata kuma 'yan tsiraru.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Dangane da White Paper na DEFRA na 2011 a kan Muhalli na Halitta, mutane a yankunan da ba su da yawa kusan sau shida fiye da waɗanda ke cikin masu arziki don bayyana yankinsu a matsayin 'kore', kuma 'waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan marasa galihu, al'ummomin kabilanci, tsofaffi da waɗanda ke da nakasa suna da ƙarancin damar yin amfani da su ko kuma suna amfani da su ƙasa ƙasa ƙasa. Wannan takarda ta haɗa da abubuwan da ke rayuwa (ƙungiyoyin da ke da ke da yawa na rayuwa ciki har da dabbobi masu rai, koguna masu tasowa, yankunan da yankunan da ƙasƙantar da ƙasƙanci, yankunan BME), yankunan da ƙauyuka masu tasowa). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm80/8082/8082.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725050649/http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm80/8082/8082.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-25 |access-date=2011-11-14}}</ref> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1nnowf4jha09jp2vlq7aa2np01in22h 0 108954 829486 721676 2026-05-04T03:16:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829486 wikitext text/x-wiki Rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen ya raba yanayin duniya zuwa ƙungiyoyin sauyin yanayi guda biyar, tare da raba kowane rukuni bisa la'akari da yanayin hazo da yanayin yanayi. Manyan kungiyoyi biyar sune A (na wurare masu zafi), B (m), C [[Zazzaɓi|(zazzabi)]], D (na nahiya), da E (yankin duniya). Kowane rukuni da rukuni na wakilta da wasiƙa. An sanya duk yanayin yanayi babban rukuni (harafin farko). Duk yanayin yanayi ban da waɗanda ke cikin rukunin E ana ba su rukunin hazo na yanayi (harafi na biyu). Misali, Af yana nuna yanayin dajin na wurare masu zafi. Tsarin yana ba da rukunin yanayin zafin jiki ga duk ƙungiyoyi banda waɗanda ke cikin rukunin A, wanda harafi na uku ya nuna don yanayin yanayi a B, C, D, da harafi na biyu don yanayin yanayi a cikin E. Sauran misalan sun haɗa da: Cfb yana nuna yanayin teku tare da lokacin zafi mai zafi kamar yadda aka nuna ta ƙarshen b., yayin da Dwb ke nuna yanayin yanayin zafi na nahiyar Semi-monsoonal, shima tare da yanayin zafi na nahiya. An rarraba yanayi bisa ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗa na musamman ga kowane nau'in yanayi.<ref name="kottek2006">{{Cite journal |last=Kottek |first=Markus |last2=Grieser |first2=Jürgen |last3=Beck |first3=Christoph |last4=Rudolf |first4=Bruno |last5=Rubel |first5=Franz |date=2006 |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated |url=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/40083/metz_Vol_15_No_3_p259-263_World_Map_of_the_Koppen_Geiger_climate_classification_updated_55034.pdf |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=259–263 |bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130}}</ref> Tsarin yanayi na Köppen shine tsarin [[Yanayin yanayi|rarraba yanayi]] da aka fi amfani dashi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2024 |title=EnergyPlus™ Version 24.2.0 Documentation: Auxiliary Programs |url=https://energyplus.net/assets/nrel_custom/pdfs/pdfs_v24.2.0/AuxiliaryPrograms.pdf |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=EnergyPlus |page=52 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Climatology|masanin yanayin yanayi]] na Jamus da Rasha Wladimir Köppen (1846-1940) ne ya fara buga shi a 1884, tare da sauye-sauye da yawa daga baya da Köppen ya yi, musamman a 1918 da 1936. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Köppen |first=Wladimir |date=1884 |title=Die Wärmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der Wärme auf die organische Welt betrachtet |trans-title=The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world) |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/koeppen.htm |url-status=live |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |publication-date=2011 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=351–360 |bibcode=2011MetZe..20..351K |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2011/105 |s2cid=209855204 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908130507/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/koeppen.htm |archive-date=8 September 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubel |first=F. |last2=Kottek |first2=M |date=2011 |title=Comments on: 'The thermal zones of the Earth' by Wladimir Köppen (1884) |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=361–365 |bibcode=2011MetZe..20..361R |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2011/0285}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Rudolf}}</ref> Daga baya, masanin yanayin yanayi na Jamus Rudolf Geiger (1894-1981) ya gabatar da wasu canje-canje ga tsarin rarrabuwa a cikin 1954 da 1961, wanda saboda haka wani lokacin ake kira '''Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen-Geiger'''. Kamar yadda Köppen ya tsara tsarin bisa ga kwarewarsa a matsayin masanin ilmin halitta, manyan kungiyoyin yanayinsa suna wakiltar rarrabuwa ta nau'in ciyayi. Baya ga gano yanayin yanayi, ana iya amfani da tsarin don nazarin yanayin halittu da gano manyan nau'ikan ciyayi a cikin yanayin. Saboda haɗin kai tare da rayuwar [[shuka]] na yankin da aka ba shi, tsarin yana da amfani wajen tsinkayar canje-canjen rayuwar shuka a cikin yankin nan gaba.<ref name="Beck">{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |author-link6=Eric Franklin Wood |date=30 October 2018 |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |volume=5 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6207062 |pmid=30375988}}</ref> An inganta tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen a cikin tsarin rarraba yanayi na Trewartha a cikin 1966 (an sake dubawa a cikin 1980). Tsarin Trewartha ya nemi ƙirƙirar yankin yanayi mai tsabta na tsakiyar latitude, wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin sukar tsarin Köppen (kungiyar sauyin yanayi C ta kasance gabaɗaya)  {{Rp|200–201}}   == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == {| class="wikitable plainlist" style="margin:auto;" |+Köppen tsarin rarraba yanayi alamomin bayanin tebur<ref name="Beck"/><ref name="kottek2006"/><ref name="Peel"/> ! scope="col" |Na farko ! scope="col" |Na biyu ! scope="col" |Na uku |- ! scope="row" |A (Tropical) | * f (Rainforest) * m (Monsoon) * w (Savanna, hunturu mai bushe) * s (Savanna, lokacin rani mai bushe) | |- ! scope="row" |B (Rashin Rashin Rashin | * W (ƙasa mai bushe) * S (Kananan tsaunuka masu bushewa) | * h (Hot) * k (Yana da sanyi) |- ! scope="row" |C (Rashin tausayi) | * w (Rashin hunturu) * f (Ba lokacin fari ba) * s (Lokacin Ruwa) | * a (Hot lokacin rani) * b (Yakin bazara) * c (Lokacin sanyi) |- ! scope="row" |D (Duniya) | * w (Rashin hunturu) * f (Ba lokacin fari ba) * s (Lokacin Ruwa) | * a (Hot lokacin rani) * b (Yakin bazara) * c (Lokacin sanyi) * d (Tsarin sanyi sosai) |- ! scope="row" |E (Polar) | * T (Tundra) * F (Ice cap) | |} Ts''D''="mw_A">A rarra''B'' yanayi na Köpp''E'' ya raba yanayi zuwa manyan kungiyoyi biyar na yanayi: A (na wurare masu zafi), B (mai bushewa), ''C'' (mai matsakaici), D (na nahiya), da E (na wurare). Harafin na biyu yana nuna nau'in hazo na yanayi, yayin da harafin na uku ke nuna matakin zafi.<ref name="hanschen">{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Hans |last2=Chen |first2=Deliang |author-link2=Chen Deliang |title=Köppen climate classification |url=http://hanschen.org/koppen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814145617/http://hanschen.org/koppen/ |archive-date=14 August 2017 |access-date=4 August 2017 |website=hanschen.org}}</ref> Ana bayyana lokacin bazara a matsayin lokacin watanni shida wanda ya fi zafi ko dai daga Afrilu zuwa Satumba da / ko Oktoba zuwa Maris, yayin da hunturu shine lokacin watanni shida da ya fi sanyi.<ref name="Beck"/><ref name="Peel"/> === Rukunin A: Yanayin zafi === [[Yanayin zafi|Yanayin wurare masu zafi]] suna da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 18 °C (64.4 °F) ko sama da haka kowane wata na shekara, tare da hazo mai girma.<ref name="Beck"/><ref name="Peel">{{Cite journal |last=Peel |first=M. C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B. L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |url=https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |doi=10.5194/Hess-11-1633-2007 |issn=1027-5606 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ''Af'' = [[Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi]]; matsakaicin ruwan sama na akalla {{Convert|60|mm|in|1}} in) a kowane wata. * ''Am'' = Yanayin zafi na wurare masu zafi; watan da ya fi bushewa (wanda kusan koyaushe ke faruwa a ko ba da daɗewa ba bayan "winter" solstice ga wannan gefen ma'auni) tare da hazo ƙasa da {{Convert|60|mm|in|1}}<nowiki> in), amma aƙalla 100 − (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) t o t a l n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n (m m) 25 ) {\textstyle 100-\left ({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,ruwa\, (mm) }{25}}\right) } .</nowiki><ref name="Beck"/><ref name="Peel"/> * ''Aw'' ko As = Yanayin zafi mai laushi da bushe ko Savanna; tare da watan da ya fi bushewa yana da hazo kasa da {{Convert|60|mm|in|1}}<nowiki> in) kuma ƙasa da 100 − (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) t o t a l n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n (m m) 25 ) {\textstyle 100-\left ({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,ruwa\, (mm) }{25}}\right) } .</nowiki><ref name="Beck" /><ref name="Peel" /> === Rukunin B: Yankin hamada da tsaka-tsaki === [[Fayil:Mitchell_grass_downs_post_rain_Boulia_Shire_Queensland_P1070007.jpg|right|thumb|Yankin ciyawa mai tsaka-tsaki, Queensland, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]]] Ana ƙayyade iyakar hazo a cikin millimeters ta hanyar ninka matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a Celsius da 20, sannan ƙara:{{ordered list|280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the spring and summer months (April–September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October–March in the Southern), or|140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer, or|0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer.|type=lower-alpha}} Idan hazo na shekara-shekara ya kasance ƙasa da 50% na wannan kofa, rarrabuwa shine BW (m: yanayin hamada); idan yana cikin kewayon 50% -100% na kofa, rarrabuwa shine BS (Semi-arid: steppe weather).<ref name="Beck"/><ref name="Peel"/> Ana iya haɗa harafi na uku don nuna zafin jiki. Anan, h yana nufin yanayin ƙananan latitude (matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara sama da 18 °C (64.4 °F)) yayin da k ke nuna yanayin tsakiyar latitude (matsakaicin zafin shekara ƙasa da 18 °C). Bugu da ƙari, n ana amfani da shi don nuna yanayin yanayi mai yawan hazo da H don tsayin tsayi. <ref name="Cereceda">{{Cite journal |last=Cereceda |first=P. |last2=Larrain |first2=H. |last3=osses |first3=P. |last4=Farias |first4=M. |last5=Egaña |first5=I. |year=2008 |title=The climate of the coast and fog zone in the Tarapacá Region, Atacama Desert, Chile |journal=Atmospheric Research |volume=87 |issue=3–4 |pages=301–311 |bibcode=2008AtmRe..87..301C |doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.11.011 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="gepchile">{{Cite web |title=Clasificación climática de Köppen |url=http://www.gep.uchile.cl/Biodiversidad/medio_fisico/clima_01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122045953/http://www.gep.uchile.cl/Biodiversidad/medio_fisico/clima_01.html |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=21 January 2018 |publisher=University of Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref name="Inzunza">{{Cite web |last=Inzunza |first=Juan |title=Capitulo 15. Climas de Chile |url=http://nimbus.com.uy/weather/Cursos/Curso_2006/Textos%20complementarios/Meteorologia%20descriptiva_Inzunza/cap15_Inzunza_Climas%20de%20Chile.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122051833/http://nimbus.com.uy/weather/Cursos/Curso_2006/Textos%20complementarios/Meteorologia%20descriptiva_Inzunza/cap15_Inzunza_Climas%20de%20Chile.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=22 January 2018 |website=Meteorología Descriptiva y Aplicaciones en Chile |page=427 |language=es}}</ref>&nbsp; * ''BWh'' = Yanayin hamada mai zafi * ''BWk'' = Yanayin hamada mai sanyi * ''BSh'' = Yanayin zafi mai zafiYanayi mai zafi mai zafi * ''BSk'' = Yanayin sanyi mai tsaka-tsaki === Rukunin C: Yanayin yanayi === [[Fayil:West_Penwith_Coast2.jpg|right|thumb|Cornwall, Burtaniya, tana da yanayin yanayi na teku]] Temperate climates have the coldest month averaging between {{Convert|0|°C|°F|0}}<ref name="Peel"/> (or {{Convert|-3|°C|°F|1}})<ref name="kottek2006"/> and {{Convert|18|°C|°F|1}} and at least one month averaging above {{Convert|10|°C|°F|0}}.<ref name="Peel" /><ref name="kottek2006" /> For the distribution of precipitation in locations that both satisfy a dry summer (Cs) and a dry winter (Cw), a location is considered to have a wet summer (Cw) when more precipitation falls within the summer months than the winter months while a location is considered to have a dry summer (Cs) when more precipitation falls within the winter months.<ref name="Peel" /> This additional criterion applies to locations that satisfies both Ds and Dw as well.<ref name="Peel" /> * Cfa = Yanayin yanayi mai zafi; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Cfb = Matsakaicin yanayin teku ko yanayin tsaunuka masu zafi; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaitan yanayin zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Cfc = Subpolar yanayin teku; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Cwa = yanayin damina mai tasiri na damina; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa. * Cwb = Sauyin yanayi na wurare masu zafi na tuddai ko yanayin damina mai tasiri; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaitan yanayin zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa. * Cwc = Yanayin sanyi na tsaunin tsaunuka ko yanayin damina mai tasiri; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa. * Csa = Yanayin Bahar Rum mai zafi-lokaci; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a watan rani mafi bushewa, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 40 mm (1.6 in). <ref name="Beck"/> * ''Csb'' = {{Convert|0|°C|°F|0}}; watan da ya fi sanyi sama da 0 ° C (32 ° F) (ko -3 ° C (26.6 ° F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi ƙasa da {{Convert|22|°C|°F|1}} ° C (71.6 ° F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da {{Convert|10|°C|°F|0}} ° C (50 ° F). Akalla sau uku ruwan sama watan da ya fi ruwan sama na hunturu kamar yadda yake a cikin watan rani mafi bushe, kuma watan da yafi bushe na rani yana karɓar ƙasa da {{Convert|40|mm|in|1}} in). <ref name="Beck" /> * ''Csc'' = {{Convert|0|°C|°F|0}}; watan da ya fi sanyi sama da 0 ° C (32 ° F) (ko -3 ° C (26.6 ° F)) da kuma watanni 1-3 matsakaicin sama da {{Convert|10|°C|°F|0}} ° C (50 ° F). Akalla sau uku ruwan sama watan da ya fi ruwan sama na hunturu kamar yadda yake a cikin watan rani mafi bushe, kuma watan da yafi bushe na rani yana karɓar ƙasa da {{Convert|40|mm|in|1}} in). <ref name="Beck" /> [[Fayil:Chenarivervalley.jpg|right|thumb|Boreal gandun daji a [[Alaska]] yana da yanayin subbarctic]] Continental climates have at least one month averaging below {{Convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{Convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and at least one month averaging above {{Convert|10|°C|°F|0}}.<ref name="Peel"/><ref name="kottek2006"/> * Dfa = Yanayin yanayi mai zafi na lokacin rani; mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Dfb = Dumi-lokacin zafi yanayi na nahiyar; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaita yanayin zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Dfc = Sauyin yanayi; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Dfd = Sauyin yanayi mai tsananin sanyi; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa -38 °C (-36.4 °F) da watanni 1-3 matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba). * Dwa = Damina-tasirin yanayin zafi-zafi na nahiya; mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa. * Dwb = Yanayin damina mai tsananin zafi na lokacin rani yana tasiri; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaita yanayin zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa. * Dwc = yanayin damina mai tasiri; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa. * Dwd = Damina-tasirin yanayin sanyi mai tsananin sanyi; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa -38 °C (-36.4 °F) da watanni 1-3 matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Aƙalla yawan ruwan sama sau goma a cikin watan rani mafi ƙanƙanta kamar na watan hunturu mafi bushewa * Dsa = yanayin yanayi mai zafi na rani mai tasiri na Bahar Rum; mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), matsakaicin zafin rana mafi zafi na watan sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F) kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a cikin watan bazara, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 30 mm (1.2 in). * Dsb = yanayin yanayi mai zafi na lokacin rani mai tasiri na Bahar Rum; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), matsakaita zafin watan mafi zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F) kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a cikin watan bazara, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 30 mm (1.2 in). * Dsc = yanayi na subarctic mai tasiri na Rum; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a cikin watan bazara, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 30 mm (1.2 in). * Dsd = Yanayin yanayin sanyi mai tsananin sanyi ya rinjayi Rum; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa -38 °C (-36.4 °F) da watanni 1-3 matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a cikin watan bazara, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 30 mm (1.2 in). === Rukunin E: Yanayin yanayi na Polar da Alpine === Yanayin yanayi na Polar da alpine yana da kowane wata na shekara tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki a ƙasa da {{Convert|10|°C|°F|0}} ° C (50 ° F).<ref name="Beck"/><ref name="Peel"/> == Rukunin A: Yanayin zafi / megathermal == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_A_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Rarraba yanayin zafi]] Sauyin yanayi na wurare masu zafi suna da yanayin zafi akai-akai (a matakin teku da ƙananan tuddai); duk watanni 12 na shekara suna da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 18 °C (64.4 °F) ko sama; kuma gabaɗaya babban hazo na shekara-shekara. An raba su kamar haka: === ''Af'': Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi === Dukkanin watanni 12 suna da matsakaicin ruwan sama na akalla {{Convert|60|mm}} in). Wadannan yanayi yawanci suna faruwa 10 ° latitude na ma'auni. Wannan yanayi ba shi da yanayi na halitta dangane da sauye-sauyen zafi da danshi. Lokacin da aka mamaye mafi yawan shekara ta hanyar tsarin matsin lamba na Doldrums saboda kasancewar Yankin Haɗuwa na Intertropical (ITCZ) kuma lokacin da babu guguwa to yanayin ya cancanci zama na equatorial. Lokacin da iskar kasuwanci ta mamaye mafi yawan shekara, yanayin yanayi ne na gandun daji na kasuwanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Wasu daga cikin wuraren da wannan yanayin hakika sun kasance iri ɗaya kuma suna da ruwa a ko'ina cikin shekara (misali, arewa maso yammacin Pacific Coast na Kudu da Amurka ta tsakiya, daga Ecuador zuwa Costa Rica; duba, alal misali, Andagoya, Colombia), amma a yawancin lokuta, lokacin mafi girma da rana da tsawon kwanaki yana da kyau sosai (kamar a Palembang, Indonesia) ko lokacin ƙananan rana da kuma gajeren rana (kamar yadda Malaysia ta iya samun karin ruwa). Daga cikin waɗannan wurare, wasu suna da tsaftataccen yanayi na equatorial (Balikpapan, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Lae, Medan, Paramaribo, Pontianak, da Singapore) tare da tsarin sarrafa sararin samaniya na ITCZ kuma babu guguwa ko yanayin ƙasa tare da guguwa lokaci-lokaci (Davao, Ratnapura, Victoria). [abubuwan da ake bukata]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">(Kalmar aseasonal tana nufin rashin a cikin yankuna masu zafi na manyan bambance-bambance a cikin sa'o'i na hasken rana kuma yana nufin kowane wata (ko yau da kullum) zafin jiki a ko'ina cikin shekara. Canje-canje na cyclic na shekara-shekara yana faruwa a cikin wurare masu zafi, amma ba kamar yadda ake iya gani ba kamar yadda suke a cikin yanki mai zafi, ko da yake ba shi da alaka da zafin jiki, amma ga samun ruwa ko a matsayin ruwan sama, hazo, ƙasa, ko ruwa na ƙasa, amsawar dabba, pheeology. haifuwa, da sauransu), da kuma ayyukan ɗan adam (shuka shuka, girbi, farauta, kamun kifi, da dai sauransu) suna saurare zuwa wannan 'lokacin yanayi' , hakika, a cikin wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Amirka da Amurka ta tsakiya, 'lokacin damina' (da 'lokacin ruwa mai girma') ana kiransa invierno (Spanish) ko inverno (Portuguese), ko da yake yana iya faruwa a lokacin rani season') ana kiransa verano ko verão, kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin hunturu ta Arewacin Hemisphere). [abubuwan da ake bukata]</sup> === ''Am'': Yanayin zafi na wurare masu zafi === Irin wannan yanayi yana haifar da iskar monsoon wanda ke canzawa bisa ga yanayi. Wannan yanayin yana da wata mafi bushewa (wanda kusan koyaushe ke faruwa a ko ba da daɗewa ba bayan "winter" solstice ga wannan gefen ma'auni) tare da ruwan sama ƙasa da {{Convert|60|mm|in|1}} in), amma aƙalla 100 − (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) t o t a l n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n (m m) 25 ) {\textstyle 100-\left ({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,ruwa\, (mm) }{25}}\right) } na matsakaicin ruwan sama na kowane wata. {{Rp|208}} === ''Aw/As'': Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi === [[Fayil:Elephant_herd_(5912064891).jpg|right|thumb|Hoton [[Giwa|giwaye]] a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, [[Sudan ta Kudu]]]] ==== ''Aw'': Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi tare da hunturu mai bushe ==== Yanayin ''Aw'' yana da lokacin fari, tare da watan da ya fi bushewa yana da hazo kasa da {{Convert|60|mm|in|1}} in) kuma ƙasa da 100 − (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) t o t a l n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n (m m) 25 ) {\textstyle 100-\left ({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\, precipitation\, (mm) }{25}}\right) } na matsakaicin ruwan sama na kowane wata. {{Rp|208–211}} Yawancin wuraren da ke da wannan yanayin ana samun su a gefen waje na wurare masu zafi daga ƙananan matasa zuwa tsakiyar 20s latitudes, amma lokaci-lokaci wuri na ciki-na zafi (misali, San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) kuma ya cancanci. Tekun Caribbean, gabas daga Gulf of Urabá a kan iyakar Colombia-Panama zuwa Kogin Orinoco, a kan Tekun Atlantika (kimanin 4,000 km (2,500 mi)), suna da lokacin bushewa mai tsayi (mafi girman yanayin yanayi na BWh (duba ƙasa), wanda ke da ƙarancin hazo mai ƙarancin aminci, yanzu, alal misali, a cikin yankuna masu nisa, Corajirani, da arewacin Venezuela, a cikin mafi yawan yankunan da ke cikin yankin Corajirani, a cikin mafi yawan yankunan da ke cikin yankin Corajirani da Venezuela. a Kudancin Amirka, waɗanda ke samun <300 mm (12 in) jimlar hazo na shekara, kusan duka cikin watanni biyu ko uku). Wannan yanayin ya ƙara zuwa Ƙananan Antilles da Manyan Antilles waɗanda ke samar da busasshen bel na Caribbean. Tsawon lokacin rani yana raguwa a cikin ƙasa (kudu); a latitude na kogin Amazon - wanda ke gudana zuwa gabas, kudu da layin equatorial - yanayin shine Af. Gabas daga Andes, tsakanin busasshiyar Caribbean, maras daɗaɗɗen daɗaɗɗen Caribbean da kuma daɗaɗɗen Amazon shine kogin Orinoco na Llanos ko savannas, daga inda wannan yanayin ya ɗauki sunansa. ==== ''Kamar yadda'': Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi tare da lokacin rani mai bushe ==== Wani lokaci An yi amfani da shi a maimakon ''Aw'' idan lokacin fari ya faru a lokacin rana mafi girma da kwanaki masu tsawo (a lokacin rani).<ref name="kottek2006"/><ref name="nwskoppen">{{Cite web |title=JetStream Max: Addition Köppen-Geiger Climate Subdivisions |url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/climate_max |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224025419/https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/climate_max |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |publisher=National Weather Service}}</ref> Wannan shi ne yanayin a wasu sassan Hawaii, arewa maso yammacin Jamhuriyar Dominican, Gabashin Afirka, kudu maso gabashin Indiya da arewa maso gabashin Sri Lanka, da kuma Gabashin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Brazil]]. A wuraren da ke da irin wannan yanayi, lokacin rani yana faruwa a lokacin tsananin rana da tsawon kwanaki gabaɗaya saboda tasirin inuwar ruwan sama. == Rukunin B: Yanayi mai bushewa (ƙasa da tsaka-tsaki) == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_B_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Rarraba Yanayin zafi]] Wadannan yanayi suna da halayyar yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kasa da ƙimar ƙofar da ke kusa da yiwuwar evapotranspiration. :{{Rp|212}} An lissafa ƙimar ƙofar (a cikin millimeters) kamar haka: Ƙara matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara a cikin °C da 20, sannan ƙara{{ordered list|280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun half of the year (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October through March in the Southern), or|140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or|0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is so received.|type=lower-alpha}}According to the modified Köppen classification system used by modern climatologists, total precipitation in the warmest six months of the year is taken as a reference instead of the total precipitation in the high-sun half of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Critchfield, H.J. |year=1983 |title=Criteria for classification of major climatic types in modified Köppen system |url=http://snow.cals.uidaho.edu/Clim_Map/koppen_criteria.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930221104/http://snow.cals.uidaho.edu/Clim_Map/koppen_criteria.htm |archive-date=30 September 2009 |publisher=University of Idaho |edition=4}}</ref> Idan hazo na shekara-shekara ya kasance ƙasa da 50% na wannan kofa, rarrabuwa shine BW (m: yanayin hamada); idan yana cikin kewayon 50% -100% na kofa, rarrabuwa shine BS (Semi-arid: steppe weather). Ana iya haɗa harafi na uku don nuna zafin jiki. Anan, h yana nuna yanayin ƙasa mara nauyi (matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara sama da 18 °C) yayin da k ke nuna yanayin tsaka-tsaki (matsakaicin zazzabi na shekara ƙasa da 18 °C). Yankunan hamada da ke gefen yammacin nahiyoyi a wurare masu zafi ko kusa da wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke da hazo da girgije mai yawa, kodayake waɗannan wurare suna cikin mafi bushewa a duniya dangane da ainihin hazo da aka karɓa, ana iya lakafta su ''BWn'' tare da n wanda ke nuna yanayin da ke nuna hazo mai yawa. <ref name="Cereceda"/> <ref name="gepchile"/><ref name="Inzunza"/> Ana iya samun nau'in ''BSn'' daidai a cikin tsaunuka masu hazo.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Atlas Agroclimático de Chile–Estado Actual y Tendencias del Clima (Tomo I: Regiones de Arica Y Parinacota, Tarapacá y Antofagasta |url=http://www.agrimed.cl/atlas/tomo1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222105247/http://www.agrimed.cl/atlas/tomo1.html |archive-date=22 December 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |publisher=Universidad de Chile |language=es}}</ref> === ''BW'': Arid climates === [[Fayil:Namibská_poušť_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Dajin Namib]] Yanayin hamada ko busasshiyar yanayi (BW) wani nau'in yanayi ne mai busasshen yanayi wanda a cikinsa akwai tsananin ƙanƙara mai yawa akan hazo. Mafi yawan sanko, dutse, ko yashi a cikin yanayin hamada sun bushe kuma suna riƙe danshi kaɗan, da sauri yana ƙafe ruwan sama kaɗan da suka samu. Rufe kashi 14.2% na fadin duniya, hamada mai zafi sune nau'in yanayi na biyu mafi yawan al'umma a duniya bayan yanayin Polar.<ref name="peel et al">{{Cite journal |last=Peel |first=M.C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B.L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T.A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification |url=https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202204538/https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-02 |access-date=2019-05-20 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai bambancin yanayi guda biyu na hamada: yanayin hamada mai zafi (BWh), da yanayin sanyin hamada (BWk). Don keɓance "yanayin hamada mai zafi" daga "yanayin sanyin hamada", ana amfani da ma'anar zazzabi na shekara-shekara na 18 °C (64.4 °F) azaman isotherm ta yadda wuri mai nau'in yanayi na BW tare da yanayin da ya dace sama da wannan isotherm ana rarraba shi azaman "zafi mai bushewa subtype" (BWh), da kuma wurin da yanayin zafin da ya dace a ƙasan isotherm (nau'in B) an ƙirƙira shi azaman "B". Yawancin yanayin hamada / busasshiyar yanayi suna karɓar tsakanin 25 da 200 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-01 |title=What is a Desert Climate? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-desert-climate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226192324/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-desert-climate.html |archive-date=2021-12-26 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> kodayake wasu daga cikin yankunan da suka fi zafi a Tsakiyar Ostiraliya, [[Sahel]] da Guajira Peninsula na iya zama, saboda matsanancin yiwuwar evapotranspiration, an sanya su a matsayin busasshi tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara har zuwa 430 millimeters ko 17 inci. ==== ''BWh'': Hamada mai zafi ==== <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Yanayin hamada mai zafi (BWh) yawanci ana samun su a ƙarƙashin tudu masu zafi a cikin ƙananan latitudes na tsakiya ko ƙananan wurare, sau da yawa tsakanin 20 ° da 33 ° arewa da kudu. A cikin waɗannan wurare, kwanciyar hankali mai saukowa da babban matsi yana ɗaga sama da gizagizai da haifar da zafi, bushewar yanayi tare da tsananin hasken rana. Ana samun yanayi mai zafi a hamada a fadin manyan yankuna na Arewacin Afirka, Yammacin Asiya, arewa maso yammacin yankin Indiya, kudu maso yammacin Afirka, ciki Australia, kudu maso yammacin Amurka, arewacin Mexico, sassan kudu maso gabashin Spain, bakin tekun Peru da Chile da kuma sassan sertão na Brazil. Wannan ya sa hamadar zafi ta kasance a kowace nahiya banda Antarctica. A lokacin babban rana (lokacin rani), zafi mai zafi yana mamayewa. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata-wata yawanci tsakanin 29 da 35 °C (84 da 95 °F), kuma karatun tsakar rana na 43–46 °C (109–115 °F) na gama gari. [abubuwan da ake bukata]</sup> ==== ''BWk'': Hamada mai sanyi ==== [[Fayil:Snow_Comes_to_the_Atacama_Desert.jpg|thumb|Dashi mai ban mamaki a cikin hamadar Atacama, a tsawo {{Cvt|2600|m|ft}} m (8,500 ]] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Yanayin sanyi na hamada (BWk) yawanci yana nuna zafi (ko dumi a wasu lokuta), bushewar lokacin rani, kodayake lokacin rani ba yawanci zafi bane kamar yanayin hamada mai zafi. Ba kamar yanayin hamada mai zafi ba, yanayin sanyin hamada yana nuna sanyi, bushewar damuna. Dusar ƙanƙara tana da wuya a yankuna masu wannan yanayin. Hamadar Gobi dake arewacin China da Mongoliya misali daya ne na hamada mai sanyi. Ko da yake yana zafi a lokacin rani, yana raba lokacin sanyi na sauran Asiya ta ciki. Lokacin bazara a cikin hamadar Atacama ta Kudancin Amurka yana da laushi, tare da ɗan bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin yanayi. Yanayin sanyin hamada ana samun su a mafi tsayi fiye da yanayin hamada mai zafi kuma yawanci ya fi bushewa fiye da yanayin hamada mai zafi. Yanayin sanyin hamada yawanci yana cikin yankuna masu zafi a cikin 30s da 40s latitudes, yawanci a cikin inuwar ruwan sama na manyan tsaunuka, yana hana hazo daga iskar yamma.</sup> === ''BS'': Yanayin yanayi na tsaka-tsaki === [[Fayil:BS_climate.png|thumb|Yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi]] Sauyin yanayi mai ƙazamin bushewa ko ƙwanƙwasa busasshen yanayi ne. Tana kan yankunan da ke samun hazo ƙasa da yuwuwar ƙawance, amma ba ƙasa da yanayin hamada ba. Akwai nau'o'in yanayi daban-daban na tsaka-tsakin yanayi, dangane da masu canji kamar yanayin zafi, kuma suna haifar da nau'o'in halittu daban-daban. ==== ''BSh'': Rashin zafi mai zafi ==== <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Yanayin zafi mai zafi (nau'in "BSh") yana kasancewa daga manyan matasa zuwa tsakiyar 30s latitudes na wurare masu zafi da ƙananan wurare, yawanci a kusa da yankunan da ke da yanayi na wurare masu zafi na savanna ko yanayin yanayi mai zafi. Wadannan yanayi suna da zafi, ko kuma wani lokacin zafi sosai, lokacin rani da dumi zuwa lokacin sanyi, tare da wasu zuwa karancin hazo. An fi samun yanayi mai zafi a kusa da gefuna na hamadar wurare masu zafi.</sup> ==== ''BSk'': Rashin sanyi mai tsaka-tsaki ==== <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Yanayin sanyi mai sanyi (nau'in "BSk") yana kasancewa a cikin wurare masu tsayi na yankuna masu zafi gaba ɗaya daga tsakiyar 30s zuwa ƙananan latitudes 50s, yawanci suna iyaka da yanayin yanayi mai laushi ko yanayin Rum. Ana kuma samun su galibi a cikin nahiyoyin duniya tazara daga manyan jikunan ruwa. Yanayin sanyi mai sanyi yakan kasance yana da zafi zuwa busasshen lokacin rani, kodayake lokacin bazara yawanci ba ya da zafi kamar na yanayi mai zafi. Ba kamar yanayin yanayi mai zafi ba, wuraren da ke da yanayin sanyi mai ratsa jiki suna da sanyi da yuwuwar daskarewa. Waɗannan yankuna yawanci suna ganin dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu, kodayake dusar ƙanƙara ta yi ƙasa da ta wurare a wurare masu kama da yanayi mai ɗanɗano.</sup> == Rukunin C: Yanayin zafi / yanayin zafi == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_C_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Rarraba yanayi mai matsakaici]] A cikin tsarin yanayin Köppen, yanayin yanayin zafi ana bayyana shi azaman yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F), kamar yadda aka ambata a baya) a cikin watansu mafi sanyi amma ƙasa da 18 °C (64.4 °F). Matsakaicin zafin jiki na -3 °C (26.6 °F) yayi kusan daidai da iyakar daskararrun ƙasa mai daskarewa da murfin dusar ƙanƙara na tsawon wata ɗaya ko fiye. Harafi na biyu yana nuna yanayin hazo-w yana nuna busasshen hunturu (matsakaicin hazo mafi ƙarancin watan hunturu ƙasa da ɗaya cikin goma mafi ƙarancin lokacin rani matsakaicin hazo). s yana nuna aƙalla yawan ruwan sama har sau uku a cikin watanni mafi sanyi na hunturu kamar a cikin watan rani mafi bushewa. f yana nufin hazo mai girma a duk yanayi (ba a cika sharuddan da aka ambata a sama ba).<ref name="Beck"/> Harafi na uku yana nuna matsakaicin zafin lokacin rani—wani yana nuna matsakaicin zafin wata mafi zafi sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F) yayin da b yana nuna matsakaicin watanni mafi zafi ƙasa da 22 °C amma tare da aƙalla watanni huɗu sama da 10 °C (50.0 °F), kuma c yana nuna matsakaicin watanni ɗaya zuwa uku sama da 5 °C.<ref name="Beck"/><ref name="Peel"/><ref name="kottek2006"/>&nbsp; === ''Cs'': Yanayin yanayi na Bahar Rum === [[Fayil:Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Tekun Aegean a Ölüdeniz, Turkiyya]] ==== ''Csa'': Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum ==== Wadannan yanayi yawanci suna faruwa a gefen yammacin nahiyoyi tsakanin latitudes na 30 ° da 45 °.<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Melvin R. |title=Mediterranean Climate |url=http://californiarangeland.ucdavis.edu/Mediterranean_Climate/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235950/http://californiarangeland.ucdavis.edu/Mediterranean_Climate/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2015 |website=UCRangelands |publisher=University of California}}</ref> Wadannan yanayi suna cikin yankin gaba a cikin hunturu, don haka suna da matsakaiciyar yanayin zafi da canji, yanayin ruwan sama. Lokacin bazara yana da zafi kuma ya bushe, saboda mamayewar tsarin matsin lamba na subtropical, sai dai a yankunan bakin teku, inda lokacin rani ya fi sauƙi saboda kasancewar ruwan sanyi na teku wanda zai iya kawo hazo amma ya hana ruwan sama. : 221–223 {{Rp|221–223}} ==== ''Csb'': Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum ==== Yanayin busasshen lokacin rani wani lokaci yana ƙara zuwa ƙarin wuraren da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata bai kai 22°C (71.6°F), galibi a cikin latitudes na 40s. An rarraba waɗannan yanayi a matsayin Csb.<ref name="Beck"/> ==== ''Csc'': Yanayin sanyi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum ==== Yanayin sanyin rani na Bahar Rum (Csc) yana wanzuwa a wurare masu tsayi da ke kusa da yankunan yanayi na Csb na bakin teku, inda tasirin ruwa mai ƙarfi ya hana matsakaicin zafin hunturu na wata-wata daga faɗuwa ƙasa da 0 °C (32 °F). Wannan yanayin ba kasafai ake samunsa ba kuma galibi ana samunsa a lungu da sako na tsaunin Cascades da Andes, yayin da yanayin bushe-bushen lokacin rani ya kara kaimi a cikin Amurka fiye da sauran wurare. Ana iya samun lokuta masu ban sha'awa na wannan yanayi a wasu wuraren bakin teku a Arewacin Atlantic da kuma tsaunuka masu tsawo a Hawaii. === ''Cfa'': Yanayin zafi mai zafi === [[Fayil:漓江山水.jpg|thumb|Yanayin zafi a cikin Kogin Li, China]] Wadannan yanayi yawanci suna faruwa ne a gabar tekun gabas da gefen gabas na nahiyoyi, yawanci a cikin manyan latitudes na 20s da 30s. Ba kamar busasshiyar yanayin rani na Bahar Rum ba, yanayin yanayin zafi mai zafi yana da dumi da rigar kwarara daga wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke haifar da yanayi mai dumi da ɗanɗano a cikin watanni na rani. Don haka, lokacin rani (ba hunturu ba kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin Rum) galibi shine lokacin mafi sanyi. Magudanar ruwa daga manyan wurare masu zafi da damina na haifar da kwararowar kudu daga wurare masu zafi wanda ke kawo iska mai dumi da danshi zuwa ƙananan sassan gabas na nahiyoyi. Wannan kwararar sau da yawa shine abin da ke kawo tsawa mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi amma ɗan gajeren lokacin rani don haka yanayin yanayi mafi kusa da kudanci kamar kudu maso gabashin Amurka, Kudancin China, da [[Japan]]. : 223–226 {{Rp|223–226}} === ''Cfb'': Yanayin yanayi na teku === ==== Yanayin bakin teku na yamma ==== Sauyin yanayi na Cfb yakan faru ne a cikin manyan latitudes na tsakiya a gefen yammacin nahiyoyi; Suna yawanci suna nan da nan kusa da yanayin yanayin Bahar Rum a cikin 40s da 50s latitudes. Koyaya, a kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya, kudu maso gabashin Amurka ta Kudu, da matsanancin kudancin Afirka ana samun wannan yanayin nan da nan zuwa yanayin yanayin zafi, a wuraren da ke kusa da bakin teku da kuma a ɗan ƙasa kaɗan. A yammacin Turai, wannan yanayin yana faruwa a yankunan bakin teku har zuwa 68 ° N a Norway. Wadannan yanayi suna mamaye duk shekara ta gaban polar, wanda ke haifar da canji, sau da yawa matsi. Lokacin zafi yana da laushi saboda sanyin igiyoyin teku. Lokacin hunturu ya fi sauran yanayin zafi a cikin latitudes iri ɗaya, amma yawanci gajimare, kuma akai-akai jike. Hakanan ana fuskantar yanayin yanayi na Cfb a wurare masu tsayi a wasu wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi, inda yanayin zai kasance na dazuzzukan dajin na wurare masu zafi idan ba don tsayin daka ba. Ana kiran waɗannan yanayi "highlands". : 226–229 {{Rp|226–229}} ==== Yanayin subtropical highland tare da ruwan sama iri ɗaya ====   Sauyin yanayi na ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ruwan sama iri ɗaya (Cfb) wani nau'in yanayi ne na teku wanda aka fi samunsa a tsaunukan Ostiraliya, kamar a ciki ko kusa da Babban Rarraba Range a arewacin jihar New South Wales, haka nan kuma ba safai a wasu nahiyoyi, kamar Kudancin Amurka, da sauransu. Ba kamar yanayin Cwb na yau da kullun ba, suna yawan samun ruwan sama ya bazu ko'ina cikin shekara. Suna da halaye na yanayin yanayin Cfb da Cfa, amma ba kamar waɗannan yanayin ba, suna da bambancin zafin rana da ƙarancin zafi, saboda wurin da suke cikin ƙasa da kuma tsayin daka. === ''Cfc'': Yanayin yanayi na Subpolar === Sauyin yanayi na tekun subpolar (Cfc) yana faruwa ne ko sama da tsayi fiye da yanayin yanayin ruwan teku kuma galibi ana tsare su ko dai don ƙunsar ɓangarorin bakin teku a gefen iyakar yamma na nahiyoyi, ko kuma, musamman a Arewacin Hemisphere, zuwa tsibiran da ke kan irin wannan gabar teku. Suna faruwa a cikin sassan biyu, gabaɗaya a cikin manyan latitudes na 50s da 60s a Arewacin Hemisphere da latitudes na 50s a Kudancin Hemisphere. === ''Cw'': Yanayin zafi mai zafi === ==== ''Cwa'': Yanayin zafi mai zafi na hunturu ==== Cwa sigar damina ce ta tasirin damina ta yanayin yanayi mai ɗanɗano, yana da yanayin busasshen lokacin sanyi-rigar rani na gargajiya mai alaƙa da yanayin damina. Ana samun su a wurare masu kama da yanayin Cfa, sai dai a yankunan da damina ta fi yawa. Waɗannan yankuna suna cikin Kudancin Mazugi na Kudancin Amurka, Filin Gangetic na Kudancin Asiya, kudu maso gabashin Afirka, sassan Gabashin Asiya da Mexico, da Arewacin Vietnam na kudu maso gabashin Asiya. ==== ''Cwb'': Yanayin zafi mai zafi ==== Dry-winter subtropical highland weather (Cwb) wani nau'in yanayi ne wanda aka fi samunsa a cikin tsaunuka masu zafi a cikin wurare masu zafi na Amurka ta tsakiya, Kudancin Amirka, Afirka, da Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ko yankunan da ke cikin ƙananan wurare. Ana lura da lokacin sanyi kuma bushewa, kuma lokacin rani na iya yin ruwa sosai. A cikin wurare masu zafi, damina tana tsokanar damina saboda yawan iska na wurare masu zafi da kuma bushewar damuna ta hanyar matsanancin matsin lamba. ==== ''Cwc'': Yanayin sanyi mai sanyi na subtropical ==== Busashen sanyi-hunturu sanyin yanayin tsaunuka (Cwc) yana wanzuwa a wurare masu tsayi masu tsayi kusa da yanayin Cwb. Wannan yanayin ba kasafai ake samunsa ba kuma ana samunsa musamman a keɓance wurare mafi yawa a cikin Andes na Bolivia da Peru, da kuma a cikin ƙananan tsaunin kudu maso gabashin Asiya. == Rukunin D: Yanayin yanayi na nahiyar / micro-othermal == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_D_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Rarraba yanayi na nahiyar]] Waɗannan yanayin suna da matsakaicin zafin jiki sama da 10 °C (50 °F) a cikin mafi kyawun watanninsu, kuma matsakaicin watan mafi sanyi ƙasa da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F), kamar yadda aka ambata a baya). Wadannan yawanci suna faruwa ne a cikin nahiyoyi da kuma kan iyakar gabas ta sama, yawanci arewacin 40°N. A cikin Kudancin Ƙasar, yanayin rukunin D yana da wuyar gaske saboda ƙarancin ƙasa a tsakiyar latitudes da kusan cikakkiyar rashin ƙasa a 40-60 ° S, akwai kawai a wasu wurare masu tsaunuka. === ''Dfa/Dwa/Dsa'': Yanayin zafi na rani mai zafi === [[Fayil:Odori_Park_Sapporo_Snow_Festival_2007.JPG|thumb|Birnin Sapporo mai dusar ƙanƙara, Japan, yana da yanayin zafi na nahiyar (''Dfa'') ]] Yanayin yanayi na ''Dfa'' yawanci yana faruwa a cikin manyan 30s da ƙananan 40s latitudes, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki a cikin watan da ya fi zafi fiye da {{Convert|22|C}} ° C (72 ° F). A Turai, waɗannan yanayin suna da bushewa sosai fiye da Arewacin Amurka. ''Dsa'' ya wanzu a tsaunuka masu tsawo kusa da yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csa''). {{Rp|231–32}} Wadannan yanayi suna wanzuwa ne kawai a Arewacin Hemisphere saboda Kudancin Kudancin ba shi da wani babban yanki da ke ware daga yanayin daidaitawar teku a cikin tsakiyar latitudes. A gabashin Asiya, yanayin Dwa ya kara gaba zuwa kudu zuwa tsakiyar tsakiyar 30s saboda tasirin tsarin matsa lamba na Siberiya, wanda kuma ke sa lokacin sanyi a wurin ya bushe, kuma lokacin rani na iya zama jika sosai saboda yanayin damina. ''Dsa'' ya wanzu ne kawai a tsaunuka masu tsawo kusa da yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csa''). === ''Dfb/Dwb/Dsb'': Yanayin zafi na rani mai zafi / yanayin zafi === Sauyin yanayi na Dfb nan da nan ya yi daidai da yanayin zafi na nahiya, gabaɗaya a cikin manyan 40s da ƙananan latitudes na 50s a Arewacin Amurka da Asiya, sannan kuma yana haɓaka zuwa manyan latitudes zuwa manyan 50s da ƙananan latitudes na 60s a tsakiyar da gabashin Turai, tsakanin yanayin yanayin teku da nahiyoyi. Kamar yadda yake tare da duk yanayin yanayi na rukuni na D, yanayin ''Dwb'' galibi yana faruwa ne kawai a arewacin arewa. Dsb ya taso ne daga yanayin yanayin Dsa, amma a ko da ma mafi tsayi ko latitudes, kuma musamman a Arewacin Amirka, tun da yanayin tekun Bahar Rum ya kara girma fiye da na Eurasia. === ''Dfc/Dwc/Dsc'': Yanayin Subarctic/boreal === Yanayin yanayi na ''Dfc'', ''Dsc'' da ''Dwc'' suna faruwa a gefen sauran yanayin yanayi na rukuni na D, ko a tsawo mafi girma, gabaɗaya a cikin latitudes na 50s da 60s. : 232–235 {{Rp|232–235}} === Dfd / Dwd / Dsd: Yanayin Subarctic / boreal tare da hunturu mai tsanani === Wuraren da ke da wannan yanayin suna da sanyi mai tsanani, tare da zafin jiki a cikin watansu mafi sanyi ƙasa da -38 °C (-36 °F). Wadannan yanayi suna faruwa ne kawai a gabashin Siberiya, kuma sune na biyu mafi sanyi, kafin EF. Mafi yawan yanayin sanyi da aka yi rikodin a Arewacin Hemisphere na wannan yanayin ne. Sunayen wasu wuraren da ke da wannan yanayi sun zama ma'anar gaske ga matsananci, tsananin sanyin hunturu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2017 |title=Climate Types: Types of Climate {{!}} Climatology |url=https://www.geographynotes.com/climate/types/climate-types-types-of-climate-climatology/5506 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=Geography Notes}}</ref> == Rukunin E: Yanayin yanayi na Polar == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Rarraba Yanayin yanayi na polar]] A cikin tsarin yanayi na Köppen, ana bayyana yanayin zafi a matsayin mafi zafi na kowane wata yana ƙasa da {{Convert|10|°C}} ° C (50 ° F). Yanayin yanayi na polar an kara raba shi zuwa nau'o'i biyu, yanayin tundra da yanayin kankara: === ET: Yanayin Tundra === Sauyin yanayi na Tundra (ET): watan mafi zafi yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki tsakanin 0 °C (32 °F) da 10 °C (50 °F). Wadannan yanayi suna faruwa ne a gefuna na arewa na Arewacin Amurka da talakawan ƙasar Eurasian (mafi yawan arewacin 70 °N ko da yake ana iya samun su a kudu da nisa dangane da yanayin gida), da kuma tsibirin da ke kusa. Hakanan ana samun yanayin ET akan wasu tsibiran kusa da Haɗin Antarctic, da kuma a tuddai masu tsayi a wajen yankunan polar, sama da layin bishiyar. === ''EF'': Yanayin kankara === [[Fayil:Denman_Glacier.jpg|right|thumb|Denman Glacier, Antarctica]] Ice cap weather (EF): wannan yanayin ya mamaye Antarctica, Greenland na ciki, da koli na manyan tsaunuka masu yawa, har ma da ƙananan latitudes. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata-wata baya wuce 0 °C (32 °F). == Muhimmancin muhalli == === Biomass === Rarraba yanayi na Köppen ya dogara ne akan alakar da ke tsakanin yanayi da ciyayi. Wannan rarrabuwa yana ba da ingantacciyar hanya don kwatanta yanayin yanayin da aka ayyana ta yanayin zafi da hazo da yanayin yanayinsu tare da awo guda ɗaya. Saboda yanayin yanayin da rarrabuwar Köppen ya gano yana da dacewa da muhalli, an yi amfani da shi sosai don taswirar rarraba yanayin yanayi na dogon lokaci da yanayin yanayin halittu masu alaƙa.<ref name="Chen">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=D. |last2=Chen |first2=H. W. |year=2013 |title=Using the Köppen classification to quantify climate variation and change: An example for 1901–2010 |url=http://hanschen.org/uploads/Chen_and_Chen_2013_envdev.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Environmental Development |volume=6 |pages=69–79 |bibcode=2013EnvDe...6...69C |doi=10.1016/j.envdev.2013.03.007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031103425/http://hanschen.org/uploads/Chen_and_Chen_2013_envdev.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> === Canjin yanayi === A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami karuwar sha'awar amfani da rarrabuwa don gano canje-canje a cikin yanayi da yiwuwar canje-canje cikin ciyayi a tsawon lokaci.<ref name="hanschen"/> Muhimmancin muhalli na rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen shine cewa yana taimakawa wajen hango tsire-tsire masu rinjaye bisa ga bayanan yanayi da kuma akasin haka. A cikin 2015, wata takarda ta Jami'ar Nanjing da aka buga a cikin Rahoton Kimiyya da ke nazarin rarrabuwar yanayi ta gano cewa tsakanin 1950 zuwa 2010, kusan kashi 5.7% na duk fadin duniya sun ƙaura daga rarrabuwar ruwa da sanyi zuwa rarrabuwa da bushewa. Har ila yau, marubutan sun gano cewa canjin "ba za a iya bayyana shi azaman bambance-bambancen dabi'a ba amma abubuwan da ke motsa jikin mutum".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan, D. |last2=Wu, Q. |date=2015 |title=Significant anthropogenic-induced changes of climate classes since 1950 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |pages=13487 |bibcode=2015NatSR...513487C |doi=10.1038/srep13487 |pmc=4551970 |pmid=26316255}}</ref> Nazarin 2018 yana ba da cikakkun taswira don taswirar rarraba yanayi na yanzu da na gaba na Köppen-Geiger a ƙudurin 1-km.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |date=30 October 2018 |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=180214 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6207062 |pmid=30375988 |s2cid=53111021}}</ref> == Sauran taswirar yanayi na Köppen == Duk taswirar suna amfani da ma'anar ≥{{Convert|0|°C}} ° C (32 ° F) don iyakar matsakaici.<ref name="Beck"/><gallery mode="packed" style="text-align:center"> Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_North_America_1991–2020.svg|North America Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Europe_1991–2020.svg|Europe Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_RUS_1991–2020.svg|Russia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Central Asia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Eastern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|East Asia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_South_America_1991–2020.svg|South America Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Africa_1991–2020.svg|Africa Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Western_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Western Asia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|South Asia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southeastern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Southeast Asia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Melanesia_1991–2020.svg|Melanesia/Oceania Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_AUS_1991–2020.svg|Australia Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NZL_1991–2020.svg|New Zealand Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991–2020.svg|World (1991–2020) Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_2071–2099_SSP245.svg|World (2071–2099, SSP245) </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Rarrabawar yanayi na Trewartha * Yankin da ya fi wuya * Yankunan rayuwa na Holdridge * Jerin birane ta hanyar rarraba yanayi na Köppen == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0g0zyqh9nbcmvk2md2qd3hdlqpbdhd4 0 109067 829505 826220 2026-05-04T07:04:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes''' (ACReSAL) wani aiki ne na shekaru shida wanda Bankin Duniya ya tallafawa, wanda ke da niyyar dawo da wuraren da suka lalace a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/651961639671634678/nigeria-agro-climatic-resilience-in-semi-arid-landscapes-acresal-project |access-date=August 22, 2024 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Yankin yana da alamun manyan ƙalubale, gami da yawan [[talauci]], ƙananan matakan karatu da rubutu, da kuma yanayin rauni, rikici, da tashin hankali. Rashin [[Kadarorin muhalli|albarkatun kasa]], rashin amfanin gona, da haɗarin yanayi kamar hamada sun kara rikitar da halin da ake ciki. Bugu da ƙari, yankin yana fama da rashin shiga cikin [[Fasaha|Fasahar zamani]] da rashin ƙarfin ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Recognize 'enormous challenges' facing northern Nigeria to forge new hope, Guterres urges {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/05/1117472 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=news.un.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manufofin da Matsayi == Babban manufar aikin ACReSAL shine kara aiwatar da ayyukan kula da shimfidar wuri mai ɗorewa a cikin wuraren ruwa da aka yi niyya a duk faɗin Arewacin [[Najeriya]]. Aikin yana da niyyar karfafa ikon Najeriya don hadin gwiwar kula da yanayin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-27 |title=AGRO-Climatic Resilience in Semi-arid Landscapes (ACRESAL) Project |url=https://ead.gov.ng/agro-climatic-resilience-in-semi-arid-landscapes-acresal-project/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website={{!}} Federal Ministry of Environment {{!}} EAD |language=en-GB}}</ref> Zuwa 2028, ACReSAL na da niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 1 na ƙasar da ta lalace, yana ba da gudummawa ga babban burin [[Muhammadu Buhari|Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari]] na dawo da hekita miliyan 4 na ƙasar noma da ta lalacewa ta hanyar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=ACReSAL - FCT ACReSAL |url=https://acresalfcta.org.ng/acresal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822200634/https://acresalfcta.org.ng/acresal/ |archive-date=2024-08-22 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=acresalfcta.org.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> ACReSAL tana magance ɓangarori da yawa, gami da muhalli, [[noma]], da [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]], don yaki da hamada, dawo da yanayin halittu, da inganta yawan aikin gona. Aikin yana neman rage rikice-rikice tsakanin [[Makiyayi|makiyaya]] da [[manoma]] ta hanyar inganta tsarin amfani da ƙasa, inganta haɗin kan al'umma, da inganta kokarin gina zaman lafiya. == Muhimman Matsakaici == An kuma tsara tsoma baki na ACReSAL don inganta juriya na al'ummomi a yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki. Ayyukan da suka fi dacewa sun haɗa da maido da yanayin halittu, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kula da lalacewa, da kuma daidaita dunes na yashi. Har ila yau, aikin yana mai da hankali kan bunkasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwa, kamar [[madatsar ruwa]], ƙananan tafkuna masu amfani da yawa, da Tsarin ban ruwa. Wadannan kokarin an yi su ne don taimakawa al'ummomi su daidaita da yanayin yanayin busasshiyar ƙasa da rage mummunar tasirin [[Canjin yanayi]] akan yawan aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-17 |title=WHO WE ARE . – Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid landscapes (ACReSAL) project |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/?page_id=752 |access-date=2024-08-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Matakan Cibiyoyi da Ci gaba == Don tabbatar da dorewar sa hannu, ACReSAL ta jaddada muhimmancin karfafa cibiyoyi da sabis na bayanai a fadin bangarori da jihohi. Wannan ya haɗa da tallafi don ingantaccen shugabanci, bin ka'idoji, sa ido kan muhalli, da kimanta tasirin. Ta hanyar karfafa ruwa da tsarin amfani da ƙasa, aikin yana da niyyar gina ikon Najeriya na dogon lokaci don aiwatar da ayyukan da ke da sauyin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria-Agro-Climatic-Resilience-in-Semi-Arid- ... |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/651961639671634678/pdf/Nigeria-Agro-Climatic-Resilience-in-Semi-Arid-Landscapes-ACReSAL-Project.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802064724/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/651961639671634678/pdf/Nigeria-Agro-Climatic-Resilience-in-Semi-Arid-Landscapes-ACReSAL-Project.pdf |archive-date=August 2, 2024 |access-date=August 22, 2024}}</ref> [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya]] tana aiki a matsayin jagorar hukumar aiwatarwa don ACReSAL, tana aiki tare da hadin gwiwar Ma'aikatu na Ruwa na Tarayya, da Aikin Gona da Ci gaban Karkara. Yanayin bangarori da yawa da kuma cibiyoyin da yawa na aikin ya tabbatar da cewa yana magance matsalolin da ke tattare da [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=agro-climatic resilience in semi-arid landscapes (acresal) ... |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/499111635422456433/pdf/Environmental-and-Social-Management-Framework-ESMF-Agro-Climatic-Resilience-in-Semi-Arid-Landscapes-ACReSAL-P175237.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822200634/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/499111635422456433/pdf/Environmental-and-Social-Management-Framework-ESMF-Agro-Climatic-Resilience-in-Semi-Arid-Landscapes-ACReSAL-P175237.pdf |archive-date=2024-08-22 |access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref> == Ƙaddamarwar Jihar Gombe ga Ƙarfin Muhalli == Gwamnan Jihar [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]], Alhaji [[Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya|Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya]], ya sake jaddada jajircewar gwamnatinsa na magance lalacewar muhalli da gina juriya don ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa. Da kuma yake magana a lokacin kaddamar da Ofishin Tallafin Aiwatarwa na Gombe State ACReSAL, wanda aka gudanar a Gidan Gwamnati a Gombe, Gwamna Yahaya ya nuna manyan kalubalen muhalli da jihar ke fuskanta saboda yanayin ƙasa na musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--staff byline; no author given--> |date=2023-07-31 |title=Gov. Yahaya Commits to Climate Resilience As Gombe Launches ACReSAL Project |url=https://naturenews.africa/gov-yahaya-commits-to-climate-resilience-as-gombe-launches-acresal-project/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Naturenews.africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Gwamna Yahaya ya lura cewa [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] tana daga cikin wadanda suka fi shafar al'amuran muhalli kamar ambaliyar ruwa, tsarin [[Ruwan sama]] mara kyau, mamayewar hamada, da raguwar filayen noma, dukansu sun yi tasiri sosai ga aikin gona da rayuwar mutane. Ya jaddada cewa barazanar yunwa da ke faruwa a kasar tana da alaƙa da lalacewar muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Kamila |date=2023-07-05 |title=Gombe state Governor takes proactive measures to prevent flooding |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-governor-takes-proactive-measures-to-prevent-flooding/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822200634/https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-governor-takes-proactive-measures-to-prevent-flooding/ |archive-date=2024-08-22 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Voice of Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan ya hau mulki a shekarar 2019, Gwamna Yahaya ya ba da fifiko ga shirye-shiryen muhalli, gami da biyan takwarorinsa kudade don aikin Gudanar da Ruwa na Najeriya (NEWMAP), wanda ya haifar da ayyukan ci gaba da yawa a jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2021 |title=NEWMAP, group collaborate to tackle erosion in Gombe - EnviroNews - latest environment news, climate change, renewable energy |url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/newmap-group-collaborate-to-tackle-erosion-in-gombe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822215257/https://www.environewsnigeria.com/newmap-group-collaborate-to-tackle-erosion-in-gombe/ |archive-date=22 August 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=EnviroNews}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan shirye-shiryen gwamnatinsa, aikin Gombe Goes Green (3G), yana da niyyar yaki da [[Desertification|hamada]], [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], da lalacewar ƙasa ta hanyar dasa bishiyoyi miliyan huɗu a cikin shekaru huɗu. Wannan aikin ya kuma samar da aiki ga kimanin matasa 27,000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor Yahaya launches second phase of gombe goes green project |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/402511-governor-yahaya-launches-second-phase-of-gombe-goes-green-project.html?tztc=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715194731/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/402511-governor-yahaya-launches-second-phase-of-gombe-goes-green-project.html?tztc=1 |archive-date=2023-07-15 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref> Baya ga aikin 3G, gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Tsarin Zaizayar Najeriya da Gudanar Ruwa|NEWMAP]] don magance matsalolin lalacewa masu tsanani, kamar waɗanda ke shafar Jami'ar Jihar Gomba da Malam Inna Community. Gwamnatin jihar ta ci gaba da nuna jajircewarta ga aikin ACReSAL ta hanyar biyan Naira miliyan 573 a cikin takwarorinta da kuma cika duk bukatun shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |date=2023-11-22 |title=Gombe signs N12bn contract to tackle gully erosion |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-signs-n12bn-contract-to-tackle-gully-erosion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822200633/https://punchng.com/gombe-signs-n12bn-contract-to-tackle-gully-erosion/ |archive-date=2024-08-22 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Gwamna Yahaya ya tabbatar da cewa gwamnatinsa za ta ci gaba da tallafawa nasarar aiwatar da ACReSAL a Jihar Gombe, gami da samar da ƙarin tallafin kuɗi. Kwanan nan ya kaddamar da kwamitin da aka keɓe don maido da hanyoyin shanu, filaye, gandun daji, da wuraren ajiyar wasanni a cikin jihar, yana jaddada sadaukarwar gwamnatinsa ga kiyaye albarkatun kasa da dorewar muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |date=2023-07-27 |title=Gombe inaugurates committee to mitigate farmers/ herders clashes |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-inaugurates-committee-to-mitigate-farmers-herders-clashes/#google_vignette |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822200634/https://punchng.com/gombe-inaugurates-committee-to-mitigate-farmers-herders-clashes/#google_vignette |archive-date=2024-08-22 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1bowqdws21nxb09metwq3c6kd48kpdq 0 109199 829522 819198 2026-05-04T07:32:16Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319529632|Samp]]" 829522 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samp''' abinci ne da aka yi da busasshen ƙwayar masara wanda aka niƙa aka yanka har sai ya karye, amma ba kamar [[Abincin Mielie|shinkafar mealie]] ko mielie ba. Rufin da ke kewaye da ƙwayar yana sassautawa kuma ana cire shi yayin da ake niƙawa da kuma yin tambari. Ana cin sa a duk faɗin Kudancin Afirka da kuma mutanen Lozi da Tonga na [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da sukari da madara mai tsami. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toi |first=Cheryl Sam |last2=Cleaton-Jones |first2=Peter |date=April 2006 |title=The effect of traditional African food mixtures on growth, pH and extracellular polysaccharide production by mutans streptococci in vitro |journal=Anaerobe |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=99–105 |doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2006.01.001 |issn=1075-9964 |pmid=16701622}}</ref> Haka kuma ana iya yin sa da miya da wasu ƙarin abubuwa. Ana dafa shi da wake a cikin nau'in [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] na umngqusho kuma wani lokacin ana cin sa da chakalaka . Haka kuma ana iya yin sa da naman sa, rago, kaji da kuma a cikin kayan ciye-ciye. "Samp" asalinsa ɗan asalin Amurka ne, wanda ya fito daga kalmar Narragansett "nasàump." Tun farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka, 'yan asalin Ingila sun kira naman masara ko hatsi "samp." Kamar hominy, ana shirya samp daga groats (ƙwayayen da aka cire) na [[masara]], amma ana samar da su biyun ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ana iya dafa ƙwayayen masara (masara) marasa karyewa da waɗanda ba a huda ba (tafasa) har sai sun yi laushi. Ana kiran wannan abincin " stampmielies " a cikin harshen Afirka. Sau da yawa ana ba da Samp tare da wake, kamar yadda yake a cikin "samp da wake". == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin masara * Dikgobe * == Manazarta == bfdwhx8mv2m5ii89bgikr5u1t121yvr 829523 829522 2026-05-04T07:32:35Z Sardeeq 39275 829523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samp''' abinci ne da aka yi da busasshen ƙwayar masara wanda aka niƙa aka yanka har sai ya karye, amma ba kamar [[Abincin Mielie|shinkafar mealie]] ko mielie ba. Rufin da ke kewaye da ƙwayar yana sassautawa kuma ana cire shi yayin da ake niƙawa da kuma yin tambari. Ana cin sa a duk faɗin Kudancin Afirka da kuma mutanen Lozi da Tonga na [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da sukari da madara mai tsami. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toi |first=Cheryl Sam |last2=Cleaton-Jones |first2=Peter |date=April 2006 |title=The effect of traditional African food mixtures on growth, pH and extracellular polysaccharide production by mutans streptococci in vitro |journal=Anaerobe |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=99–105 |doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2006.01.001 |issn=1075-9964 |pmid=16701622}}</ref> Haka kuma ana iya yin sa da miya da wasu ƙarin abubuwa. Ana dafa shi da wake a cikin nau'in [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] na umngqusho kuma wani lokacin ana cin sa da chakalaka . Haka kuma ana iya yin sa da naman sa, rago, kaji da kuma a cikin kayan ciye-ciye. "Samp" asalinsa ɗan asalin Amurka ne, wanda ya fito daga kalmar Narragansett "nasàump." Tun farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka, 'yan asalin Ingila sun kira naman masara ko hatsi "samp." Kamar hominy, ana shirya samp daga groats (ƙwayayen da aka cire) na [[masara]], amma ana samar da su biyun ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ana iya dafa ƙwayayen masara (masara) marasa karyewa da waɗanda ba a huda ba (tafasa) har sai sun yi laushi. Ana kiran wannan abincin " stampmielies " a cikin harshen Afirka. Sau da yawa ana ba da Samp tare da wake, kamar yadda yake a cikin "samp da wake". == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin masara * Dikgobe * == Manazarta == ijp78i34anv6f64dykmfmpaqadq7m46 0 109934 829476 797471 2026-05-04T01:04:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Wfm_kelvin_clyde.jpg|thumb|Kelvin yana gudana a ƙarƙashin Clydeside Expressway kuma ya shiga cikin Kogin Clyde (kamar yadda aka gani daga jirgin ƙasa a kan Kelvin Railway Viaduct), wanda aka ɗauka kafin a gina ƙarin gada da ke aiki da Gidan Tarihi na Riverside]] '''Kogin Kelvin''' (''Scottish Gaelic'') wani yanki ne na Kogin Clyde a arewa da arewa maso gabashin [[Glasgow]], Scotland . Ya tashi a kan tudu kudu maso gabashin ƙauyen Banton, gabashin Kilsyth . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Robert Murray |title=Source of the Kelvin (C) Robert Murray :: Geograph Britain and Ireland |url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1716279}}</ref> A kusan kilomita 22 (35 tsawo, da farko yana gudana a kudu zuwa Dullatur Bog inda ya fada cikin wani mutum da aka yi rami kuma yana ɗaukar digiri casa'in yana gudana zuwa yamma ta hanyar Strathkelvin da kuma iyakar arewacin bog daidai da Forth da Clyde Canal. Jami'ar Glasgow tana kusa da kogi, a Gilmorehill . A shekara ta 1892, an kirkiro taken ''Baron kelvin'' ga masanin kimiyyar lissafi da injiniya William Thomson, farfesa a jami'ar. Sunan "kelvin" don na'urar zafin jiki, wanda aka zaba don girmama Ubangiji Kelvin, don haka ya samo asali ne daga kogi. Kelvin Walkway ya bi kogi daga Gidan Tarihi na Riverside inda ya haɗu da Clyde zuwa Ruwa na Allander, wanda ya biyo baya zuwa Milngavie, yana ƙirƙirar hanyar haɗi tsakanin Clyde Walkway da West Highland Way. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kelvin Walkway |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/glasgow/kelvin-walkway.shtml |access-date=2025-07-16}}</ref> == Magana == Hydronym ''Kelvin'' mai yiwuwa ne daga asalin Brittonic.<ref name="BLITON">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Alan G. |title=A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence - Guide to the Elements |url=https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2019_Edition.pdf |access-date=25 October 2018 |website=Scottish Place Name Society - The Brittonic Language in the Old North |archive-date=7 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307061257/https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2019_Edition.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana iya haɗawa da ''*Celeμïn'', wanda Welsh cognate ''celefyn'' yana nufin "tushen, tsutsa", <ref name="BLITON" /> ko kuma ƙarancin asalin Indo-Turai na wannan kashi *klãh1-, "tashi".<ref name="BLITON" /> == Haɗuwa == Muhimmancin farko na kogin (kuma ya fi girma) haduwar kogin yana tare da Chantyclear Burn wanda ya samo asali daga tudun Dullatur.  Daga nan ya ci gaba da kwarara zuwa yamma yana haɗuwa da sau da yawa (saboda ruwan da ake karkatar da shi zuwa magudanar ruwa) Shawend Burn zuwa yammacin gadar Craigmarloch.  Muhimman ra'ayi na gaba shine Garrel a wani wuri kudu maso gabas na Kilsyth kudu da Dumbreck Marsh.  Kelvin daga nan ya wuce ta babban filin ambaliya a arewacin Twechar inda Dock Water ke ciyar da shi, Queenzie Burn, Cast Burn da Board Burn kafin ya isa Kirkintilloch a haduwarsa da mafi yawan ruwan Glazert da Luggie.  Daga nan ya wuce Torrance, ya bi ta Balmore Haughs, zuwa kudancin Bardowie, inda ya shiga cikin ruwa na Allander, bayan haka ya ɗauki hanyar kudu maso yamma zuwa Maryhill, Hillhead, ta Kelvingrove Park da kuma ƙarƙashin Clydeside Expressway kafin ya fada cikin kogin Clyde a Yorkhill Basin a cikin birnin Glasgow. == Dabbobi == Dabbobin Doki tare da Strathkelvin sun haɗa da squirrel mai launin toka, magpie, gray heron, dipper, cormorant, blue tit, babban tit, chaffinch, Snipe na yau da kullun, babban woodpecker, blackbird, redwing, carrion crow, kingfisher, mallard, Goosander, roe deer, red fox, otter, water vole, American mink da brown rat. Kokarin da aka yi na inganta ingancin ruwa an ba shi lada ta hanyar dawo da salmon. Kogin koyaushe yana da gida ga launin ruwan kasa kuma ana iya kamun nau'ikan biyu ta hanyar samun izinin da ya dace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Fly Fishing on the Kelvin |url=http://theriverkelvin.co.uk/theclub.htm |access-date=2008-04-26}}</ref> == Bridges a kan Kelvin == [[Fayil:Torrance_from_the_air_(geograph_2965680).jpg|right|thumb|Torrance Bridge a kan Kogin Kelvin a gaba tare da Milton na Campsie da Lennoxtown a bango.]] Kelvin yana gada a wurare da yawa a cikin Glasgow.  Wataƙila mafi shahara shine Babban Gadar Yamma akan Babban Titin Yamma a Ƙarshen Yamma na birni.  A ƙasan wannan tashar ƙasa ce mai ɗauke da sunan Kelvinbridge, sunan da aka fi haɗawa da yankin.  Sauran gadoji sun haɗa da ɗaya kusa da bangon Antonine a Balmuildy, Ha'penny Footbridge a Glasgow Botanic Gardens, ƙananan gadoji a Sarauniya Margaret Drive, Belmont Street da Eldon Street, da yawa a cikin filayen Kelvingrove Park, Partick Bridge akan Titin Dumbarton da fitattun layin dogo da hanyoyin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a Yorkhill inda ta shiga cikin sanyin sanyi. Kelvin Aqueduct yana ɗauke da Forth da Clyde Canal a kan kogi kusa da Maryhill; shi ne mafi girma a Burtaniya lokacin da aka buɗe shi. Ana amfani da kogin a matsayin ambaliyar ruwa ga tashar. Hanyoyin ruwa guda biyu suna gudana a layi daya daga asalin Kelvin a cikin ƙauyuka a arewacin Glasgow (kusan haɗuwa a wurare da yawa kamar Auchinstarry kusa da Kilsyth, a Kirkintilloch da tsakanin Cadder da Torrance) amma suna bin hanyoyi daban-daban ta arewa da yammacin birnin. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koguna]] cf3fk6eh4u0a992cd2j09fp5tj8vuq9 0 111630 829493 693086 2026-05-04T04:38:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Rynsztok.jpg|thumb|Guguwar guguwa a kan titi a Warsaw, Poland]] '''Rashin ruwa na guguwa''', ruwan guguwa (United Kingdom, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Kanada]]), ruwan babbar hanya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Highway drain |url=https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/Highways/flooding/Highway-drains.aspx |access-date=5 September 2024 |publisher=staffordshire County Council }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ruwan da ke ƙasa / ruwan da ke sama (United Kingdom), ko ruwan da ke cikin guguwa da aka tsara don zubar da ruwan sama da ruwan ƙasa daga wuraren da ba su da ruwa kamar tituna, wuraren ajiye motoci, wuraren ajiye ajiye motoci. Rashin guguwa ya bambanta a cikin ƙira daga ƙananan rijiyoyin busassun gida zuwa manyan tsarin birni. Rashin ruwa yana karɓar ruwa daga magudanar tituna a kan mafi yawan manyan Hanyoyi, manyan hanyoyi da sauran hanyoyi masu yawa, da kuma garuruwa a yankunan da ke da Ruwan sama mai yawa wanda ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, da garuruwan bakin teku tare da guguwa na yau da kullun. Ko da ruwan sama daga gidaje da gine-gine na iya haɗawa da ruwan guguwa. Tunda yawancin tsarin zubar da ruwa na guguwa sune magudanar ruwa wanda ke fitar da ruwan guguwa da ba a kula da shi ba zuwa koguna ko rafi, duk wani abu mai haɗari da aka zuba a cikin magudanar zai gurɓata wuraren da ake nufi da ruwa. Hadari wani lokacin ba zai iya sarrafa yawan ruwan sama da ke faɗuwa a cikin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ko guguwa ba. Rashin ruwa na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliwar titi. Yankuna da yawa suna buƙatar tankuna a cikin dukiya wanda ke riƙe da runoff na ɗan lokaci a cikin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi kuma yana ƙuntata fitarwa zuwa ga ragowar jama'a. Wannan yana rage haɗarin mamayewar shara ta jama'a. Wasu ruwan guguwa sun haɗu da ruwan sama (ruwa mai ruwan sama) tare da datti, ko dai da gangan idan aka haɗa magudanar ruwa, ko kuma ba da gangan ba. == Nomenclature == Ana amfani da kalmomi masu alaƙa da yawa daban-daban a cikin Turanci na Amurka da na Burtaniya. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Term !American !British !Comments |- |Combined sewer |A sewer designed and intended to serve as a sanitary sewer and a storm sewer, or as an industrial sewer and a storm sewer{{Rp|121}} |Same as American English |Stormwater mixed with sewage |- |Storm sewer, Surface water sewer, or surface sewer |A sewer designed and intended to carry only stormwater, surface runoff, street wash waters, and drainage<ref name="J King" />{{Rp|668}} |A sewer designed and intended to carry only rainwater runoff |Only stormwater |- |Stormwater bypass |Same as British English |A combined sewer discharge pipeline intended to bypass [[Maganin shara a ruwa|wastewater treatment plants]] during peak runoff events{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2015}} |Stormwater mixed with sewage |- |Road channel |See roadside ditch |A roadside channel to prevent uncontrolled runoff along roadway surfaces{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2015}} |Only stormwater |- |Road gully |See roadside ditch |Consists of a gully grating on a chamber that connects to a surface water sewer / drain, ditch, or [[Korama|watercourse]] |Only stormwater |- |Roadside ditch |A roadside channel to prevent uncontrolled runoff along roadway surfaces |See road gully |Only stormwater |} == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Storm_Drain.JPG|thumb|Tsarin guguwar guguwa na Amurka yana karɓar Runoff na birane]] === Inlet === Akwai manyan nau'ikan ruwan sama guda biyu (mai gudana a hanya ko rami a Burtaniya) hanyoyin shiga: hanyoyin shiga gefe da hanyoyin shiga. Ƙofar gefen suna kusa da ƙofar kuma sun dogara da ikon buɗewa a ƙarƙashin dutse na baya ko lintel don kama kwarara. Yawanci suna baƙin ciki a gefen tashar don inganta ƙarfin kamawa. Yawancin mashigai suna da grid ko grid don hana mutane, motoci, manyan abubuwa ko tarkace fadawa cikin magudanar ruwa. Ana yin tazarar sanduna ta yadda ruwa ba zai tauye ba, amma laka da ƙananan abubuwa da yawa su ma na iya faɗuwa. Koyaya, idan sandunan katako sun yi nisa sosai, buɗewar na iya haifar da haɗari ga masu tafiya a ƙasa, masu keke, da sauran waɗanda ke kusa. Gilashin da ke da dogayen kunkuntar ramukan da ke daidai da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na da matukar damuwa ga masu keken keke, saboda titin gaban keken na iya makale, yana sa mai keken ya haye sanduna ko ya rasa iko ya fadi. Magudanar ruwan guguwa a tituna da wuraren ajiye motoci dole ne su kasance da ƙarfi sosai don ɗaukar nauyin abin hawa, kuma galibi ana yin su ne da baƙin ƙarfe ko siminti mai ƙarfi. == Manazarta == satvx4ivtrdg75lu0uwnj49x2gss6ly 0 111911 829360 789372 2026-05-03T18:39:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829360 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Perugia''' (/pəˈruːdʒə/ fō-ROO-jə, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Perugia |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/perugia |access-date=30 May 2019 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}</ref> US kuma /-dʒiə, peɪˈ-/ -⁠jee-ə, pay-; [] i; Latin: Perusia) babban birnin [[Umbria]] ne a tsakiyar Italiya, wanda Kogin [[Tiber]] ya haye. Birnin yana kusa da kilomita {{Convert|164|km|mi}} (102 arewacin [[Rum|Roma]] da kilomita {{Convert|148|km|mi}} (92 kudu maso gabashin [[Florence]]. Ya rufe babban tudu da kuma wani ɓangare na kwarin da ke kewaye da yankin. Tana da mazauna 124,400 a shekarar 2025.{{IPA|it|peˈruːdʒa|lang|It-Perugia.ogg}} Tarihin Perugia ya koma zamanin Etruscan; Perugia na ɗaya daga cikin manyan Biranen Etruscan. Har ila yau, an san birnin a matsayin garin [[jami'a]], tare da Jami'ar Perugia da aka kafa a cikin 1308, Jami'ar Baƙi, da wasu ƙananan kwalejoji kamar Kwalejin Fine Arts "Pietro Vannucci" (Italiyanci: Accademia di Belle Arti "Pietre Vannucci") jama'a da aka kafa ta a cikin 1573, Cibiyar Harshen Harshen Jami'ar perugia don masu fassara da masu fassara, Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Perugia, da sauran cibiyoyin. Perugia kuma sanannen cibiyar al'adu da fasaha ce ta Italiya. Birnin yana karbar bakuncin bukukuwan shekara-shekara da abubuwan da suka faru, misali, tsohon bikin Yurochocolate (Oktoba), yanzu a Bastia Umbra, bikin Umbria Jazz (Yuli), da kuma Bikin Jarida na Duniya (a watan Afrilu), kuma yana da alaƙa da sanannun mutane da yawa a cikin zane-zane. Mai zane Pietro Vannucci, wanda ake kira Perugino, ɗan asalin Città della Pieve ne, kusa da Perugia . Ya yi wa Sala del Cambio na gida ado da jerin zane-zane; ana iya ganin Hotuna takwas a cikin National Gallery of Umbria . Perugino na iya kasancewa malamin [[Raphael]], babban mai zane-zane na [[Renaissance]] wanda ya samar da zane-zane biyar a Perugia (a yau ba a cikin birni ba) da kuma fresco ɗaya. Wani mai zane, Pinturicchio, ya zauna a Perugia. Galeazzo Alessi shine sanannen masanin gine-gine daga Perugia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=COMP Italy Internship Programme {{!}} About Perugia |url=https://www.comp.hkbu.edu.hk/outreach/perugia/perugia.html |access-date=2022-02-23 |website=www.comp.hkbu.edu.hk}}</ref> Alamar birnin ita ce griffin, wanda za'a iya gani a cikin nau'ikan takardu da siffofi a kan gine-gine da ke kewaye da birnin. Har ila yau alama ce ta kulob din kwallon kafa na gida A.C. Perugia, wadanda a baya suka taka leda a Jerin A. Da yake ba su taɓa zama zakarun Italiya ba, kulob din bai ci nasara ba a kakar 1978-79 duk da kammala na biyu a gasar. == Tarihi == {{Historical populations|1861|42515|1871|49507|1881|50718|1901|60822|1911|66277|1921|72404|1931|77352|1936|82407|1951|95310|1961|112511|1971|129921|1981|142348|1991|144732|2001|149125|2011|162449|2021|162362}} === Umbrians da Etruscans === Perugia wani yanki ne na Umbrian amma ya ''Farisa'' bayyana a cikin tarihin rubuce-rubuce a matsayin Perusia, ɗaya daga cikin biranen 12 na Etruria; <ref name="Britannica" /> an fara ambata shi a cikin asusun Q.Q. Fabius Pictor's, wanda Livy ya yi amfani da shi, na balaguron da Fabius Maximus Rullianus ya yi a kan Etruscan League a cikin 310 ko 309 BC. A wannan lokacin an amince da ''indutiae'' (truce) na shekaru talatin; duk da haka, a cikin 295 Perusia ya shiga cikin Yaƙin Samnite na Uku kuma an tilasta shi, tare da Volsinii da Arretium (Arezzo), don neman zaman lafiya a cikin shekara mai zuwa. === Lokacin Romawa === A cikin 216 da 205 KZ, ya taimaka wa Roma a Yaƙin Punic na Biyu, amma daga baya ba a ambaci shi ba har zuwa 41-40 KZ, lokacin da Lucius Antonius ya nemi mafaka a can, kuma [[Augustus|Octavian]] ya ci shi bayan dogon kewaye, kuma sanatocinsa suka mutu. An sami harsasai da yawa da slingers suka yi amfani da su a ciki da kewayen birnin. An ƙone birnin, an gaya mana, ban da haikalin Vulcan da Juno - manyan bangon Etruscan, a dabi'a, da wuya su sha wahala kwata-kwata - kuma garin, tare da yankin na mil, duk wanda ya zaɓa ya ba shi izinin zama. Dole ne a sake gina shi kusan a lokaci guda, saboda akwai tushe da yawa don siffofi, an rubuta ''Augusto sacr (um) Perusia restituta''; amma bai zama colonia ba, har zuwa 251-253 AD, lokacin da aka sake zama a matsayin ''Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia'', a ƙarƙashin sarki Trebonianus Gallus . === Farkon Zamanin Tsakiya === Ba a ambaci shi ba sai dai daga masu ilimin ƙasa har sai da ita ce kadai birni a Umbria don tsayayya da Totila da Ostrogoths, waɗanda suka kama shi kuma suka rushe birnin a cikin 547, bayan dogon kewaye, a bayyane yake bayan da aka kwashe sojojin Byzantine na birnin. Tattaunawa tare da sojojin da ke kewaye sun fada hannun bishop na birnin, Herculanus, a matsayin wakilin mutanen garin. An ce Totila ya ba da umarnin a kashe bishop din kuma a fille kansa. St. Herculanus (Sant'Ercolano) daga baya ya zama mai kula da birnin. === Zamanin Tsakiya === A zamanin Lombard, ana magana da Perugia a matsayin ɗayan manyan biranen Tuscia . A cikin karni na 9, tare da yardar [[Charlemagne]] da Louis the Pious, ya wuce a ƙarƙashin popes; amma a ƙarni na 11, yankinsa yana tabbatar da kansa, kuma tsawon ƙarni da yawa birnin ya ci gaba da kula da rayuwa mai zaman kanta, yana yaƙi da yawancin ƙasashe da birane makwabta - Foligno, Assisi, Spoleto, Todi, Siena, Arezzo, da dai sauransu. A cikin 1186, Henry VI, ''rex romanorum'' da ikon mulkin mallaka na gaba, ya ba da amincewa ga gwamnatin gwamnati ta Garin, bayan haka, Paparoma Innocent III da aka kafa, sanarwa ta mulkin mallaka, wanda ya zama sanarwa, Paparomomin, Paparlema, Paparata, sanarwa, wanda ya kafa babban mulkin mallaka ta mulkin mallaki Stons, wanda ya ba da aka kafa ikon mulkin mallaki, Paparatocin da ya zama sananne, Paparomo ya zama saninsa na birnin; Paparoma, Paparonawa da ya zama babban birnin, Paparoto. [[Fayil:01_Perugia_Grifo_Codice_Medioevo.jpg|thumb|Perugia griffin, a cikin wani takarda na [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] na zamani]] A lokatai daban-daban, Paparoma ya sami mafaka daga hargitsin Roma a cikin ganuwarta, kuma ita ce wurin taro na conclaves biyar (Perugia Papacy), ciki har da waɗanda aka zaɓa Honorius III (1216), Clement IV (1265), Celestine V (1294), da Clement V (1305); kasancewar Paparoma ya kasance yana da ka'ida ta kwantar da hankali tsakanin kishiyoyin ciki. Amma Perugia ba ta da hankali kawai don biyan bukatun papal kuma ba ta taɓa karɓar ikon mallakar papal ba; birnin ya yi amfani da ikonsa kan membobin limaman coci, haka kuma a cikin 1282, Perugia ta kori saboda wani sabon harin da sojoji suka kai kan Ghibellines ba tare da la'akari da haramcin Paparoma ba. A gefe guda, gefe da gefe tare da griffin tagulla na karni na 13 na Perugia sama da ƙofar Palazzo dei Priori yana tsaye, a matsayin alama ta Guelphic, zaki, da Perugia sun kasance masu aminci ga mafi yawan ɓangaren jam'iyyar Guelph a cikin gwagwarmayar Guelphs da Ghibellines, amma wannan ya bayyana halin siyasa a Italiya. don ba da ƙima ga ikon Paparoma; a cikin 1319, Perugia ya ayyana Angevin Saint Louis na Toulouse "Mai tsaro na birnin da kuma na Palazzo na gabaninsa"[2] kuma ya sanya siffarsa a cikin sauran tsarkakan majiɓinci sama da wadataccen ƙofar Palazzo dei Priori. Tsakanin karni na 14 Bartholus na Sassoferrato, wanda sanannen masanin shari'a ne, ya tabbatar da cewa Perugia ba ta dogara ga sarki ko goyon bayan papal ba. A cikin 1347, a lokacin da Rienzi ya yi rashin sa'a na kasuwanci don farfado da jamhuriyar Roma, Perugia ta aika da jakadu 10 don girmama shi, kuma lokacin da wakilan fadar Paparoma suka nemi tilasta shi ta hanyar sojojin kasashen waje, ko kuma don ba da gudummawa, sun gamu da tsayin daka, wanda ya shiga yakin bude baki tare da Paparoma Urban V a 1369; a shekara ta 1370, jam'iyyar mai daraja ta cimma yarjejeniya ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Bologna, kuma Perugia ta tilasta karbar takardar izinin Paparoma; duk da haka. Babban magatakarda na Paparoma, Gérard du Puy, Abbot na Marmoutier kuma ɗan'uwan Gregory IX, [3] an kori shi ta hanyar zanga-zangar da aka yi a shekara ta 1375, kuma an lalata katangarsa na Porta Sole a ƙasa.[4]. ==== Sarakunan Perugia ==== [[Fayil:Biordo_Michelotti2022.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Biordo Michelotti, Ubangiji na Perugia daga 1393 zuwa 1398]] ===== Biordo Michelotti (1393-1398) ===== A ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1393, Condottiero (kaftin din sojan haya) Biordo Michelotti, memba na mashahurin bangaren da aka sani da Raspanti, ya yi nasarar shiga Perugia, kuma babban majalisa ya nada shi a matsayin "Knight of the people" na Perugia da kuma "janar kyaftin" na mayakan. Kwamitin na musamman mai mutum ashirin da biyar ne aka dorawa alhakin korar manyan mutane dari da hamsin, yayin da Biordo ya yanke shawarar dawo da manyan mutane wadanda ba a yi la’akari da su da laifin tayar da fitina ba. Daga cikin manyan mutanen da aka yi gudun hijira akwai Braccio da Montone, ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun shugabannin soja na lokacin, wanda ya sha alwashin ba zai nemi "wata yarjejeniya ko yarjejeniya da Raspanti na Perugia ba. Ya kasance daidai da manyan mutanen da ke gudun hijira, musamman Braccio da Montone, rai kuma shugaban ƙungiyar masu daraja a gudun hijira. Gwamnatin Raspanti ta jagoranci kokarin ta bayan rikici na 1393. Da yake riƙe da kusan dukkanin iko, an gane Biordo a matsayin "Ubangiji na farko na Perugia," duk da cewa a lokacin gajeren mulkinsa (1393-1398), ya bar firist ɗin da duk cibiyoyin al'umma da ke akwai, yana mai da hankali ne kawai kan fadada mulkinsa bayan Perugia. Bayan auren da ya yi da Giovanna Orsini, Biordo da amaryarsa sun zauna a fadar Porta Sole, amma a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1398, Biordo ya sha wahala daga wani makirci da Francesco Guidalotti, masanin San Pietro ya shirya. A cikin sabon gidansu, Giovanni da Annibaldo, 'yan uwan abbot na San Pietro sun yi wa Michelotti wuka. [[Fayil:GiovAmbrogiodePredisattribGianGaleazzoVisconti.jpg|left|thumb|171x171px|Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Ubangiji na Perugia daga 1400 zuwa 1402]] ===== Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1400-1402) ===== Mutuwar Michelotti ta cire wani muhimmin batu, kuma ƙungiyoyi sun yi barazanar kwanciyar hankali a ciki da waje da ganuwar. A halin yanzu, ashirin da biyar sun yi aiki tuƙuru don neman wata hukuma da za ta iya kare birnin da kuma rage bashin da ya fi yawa. Bukatar mutane don samun 'yancin kai ba ta da gaggawa, kuma a cikin karni na 15, imani na yau da kullun shine cewa dole ne su yarda da mai mulki ko maigidan da zai iya samar da mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don rayuwa. Zaɓin ya fadi a kan Duchy na Milan, kuma a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1400, Gian Galeazzo Visconti ya ayyana shi a matsayin ubangijin Perugia ta hanyar mika wuya ga birnin. Don mayar da martani ga wakilan wakilai goma da Perugia ta aiko masa, ya soke bashin Perugians. Sarautarsa ba ta da tsawo, kuma a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1402, Visconti ya mutu. [[Fayil:Braccio_Fortebraccio,_portrait_of_Anonymous.jpg|thumb|245x245px|Braccio da Montone]] ==== Braccio da Montone (1416-1424) ==== A cikin 1408, Ladislao D'Angiò Durazzo, Sarkin Naples, ya yi nasarar kama Perugia kuma ya yi niyya don gudanar da shi ta Braccio Fortebracci.  Koyaya, Braccio yayi adawa da wannan ra'ayin kuma ya ƙi tayin.  Duk da haka, a cikin 1411, Perugia ya mika wuya ga Sarkin Naples, yana son wani baƙo ya yi sarauta maimakon wani mai daraja.  Braccio ya kalli wannan a matsayin babban cin amana da 'yan uwansa suka yi ya gudu.  A cikin Nuwamba 1410, Braccio ya kewaye Perugia amma ya kasa kama shi saboda juriyar birnin.  Ya yi galaba a kan dakarun da ke binsa, ya kuma tsoratar da garuruwan da ke kewaye.  A cikin Afrilu 1416, ya dawo tare da babban sojoji kuma ya kai hari ga Perugia.  Bayan nasara a watan Yuli, Perugia ta mika wuya, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen gwamnatin Raspanti.  Braccio yayi mulki a matsakaici.  A cikin 1417, ya shiga Roma kuma ya yi shelar kansa mai kare birnin, daga baya ya koma Umbria.  Bayan rikice-rikice da nasarorin soja, Paparoma ya nada shi Vicar.  Bayan ya koma Perugia, ya gudanar da ayyukan jama'a.  Ya tafi Bologna, ya koma, ya tafi Calabria.  Lokacin da aka hana shi shiga L'Aquila, ya kewaye shi amma ya fuskanci hamayya daga Paparoma da Sarauniya.  Kungiyar ta kai masa hari a kusa da Pescara a cikin 1424, wanda ya kai ga mutuwarsa.  Daga baya ɗansa ya binne shi a Perugia tare da girmamawa.  A lokacin mulkin Braccio Fortebracci da Montone, an gudanar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci na jama'a, irin su gidan Braccio a cikin filin, wanda kawai loggias ya rage, ko "Sopramuro," wanda Braccio ya sake gina wani tsarin tallafi: "briglie di Braccio." === Renaissance === [[Fayil:Braccio_Baglioni,_Gonfalone_di_Benedetto_Bonfigli.jpg|thumb|269x269px|Braccio Baglioni, Ubangiji na Perugia daga 1438 zuwa 1479.]] [[Fayil:Perugia-Towers_Benedetto-Bonfigli.jpg|left|thumb|Perugia a cikin 1454]] A lokacin 1438-1479, dangin Baglioni sun gudanar da ikon ɓoye a kan Perugia, wanda ba a nuna shi da cikakken iko na ikon jama'a ba. Braccio I Baglioni, yana amfani da matsayinsa na kyaftin din 'yan bindiga na Mai Tsarki kuma yana da ɗan'uwan Braccio da Montone, tsohon Ubangiji na Birnin, ya yi tasiri a kan Perugia wanda da sauri ya kafa mafi girmansa. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, cibiyar Umbrian ta sami ci gaba yayin da Baglioni suka aiwatar da manufofin fadadawa da kyawawan birni, gami da gina sabbin hanyoyi da fada. [[Fayil:Pietro_Perugino_cat52a-1.jpg|left|thumb|212x212px|Pietro Perugino, hoton kansa''Hoton kai'']] Tsakanin 1429 da 1433, an faɗaɗa Palazzo dei Priori kuma an gina sabbin majami'u da masallatai masu zaman kansu. Gudanar da Baglioni ya ja hankalin masu zane-zane kamar Piero della Francesca, Pinturicchio, da Raphael, suna mai da Perugia muhimmiyar cibiyar fasaha. A wannan lokacin, Perugia ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar Renaissance ta Umbrian, wanda aka yi alama da samar da bangarori takwas da ke nuna rayuwar Saint Bernardino, ƙoƙari na hadin gwiwa mai yiwuwa ya haɗa da Pinturicchio, Piermatteo d'Amelia, da saurayi Perugino, da sauransu, wanda aka fi sani da "taller na 1473." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Key to Umbria: Perugia |url=https://www.keytoumbria.com/Perugia/Workshop_of_1473.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.keytoumbria.com}}</ref> Pietro "Perugino" Vannucci ya kirkiro ayyuka da yawa a cikin birni, gami da sake zagayowar frescoes a cikin Hall of Audiences na Collegio del Cambio. Bugu da ƙari, dangin Baglioni sun ba da umurni da gina babban fadar aristocratic a matsayin mazauninsu na sirri, wanda kawai ɓangaren da aka haɗa cikin Rocca Paolina ya kasance a yau. Domenico Veneziano ne ya yi wa fadar ado tare da zane-zane wanda ke nuna iyalai masu daraja na Perugian da manyan shugabannin soja na baya. [[Fayil:Giuseppe-rossi_rocca-paolina.jpg|thumb|Rocca Paolina, ra'ayi na sansanin soja a cikin zanen karni na 19]] Bayan cin zarafin juna na Oddi da iyalan Baglioni, a karshe iko ya kasance a cikin Baglioni, wanda ko da yake ba su da wani matsayi na shari'a, sun yi watsi da duk sauran hukumomi, ko da yake su na jini na cikin gida ya ƙare a kisan kiyashi, 14 Yuli 1500. Gian Paolo Baglioni an yaudare shi zuwa Roma a 1520 kuma Leo ya fille kansa;  kuma a shekara ta 1540, Rodolfo, wanda ya kashe wani shugaban limamin coci, Pier Luigi Farnese ya ci nasara, kuma birnin, wanda sojojinsa suka kama kuma suka yi masa ganima, an hana shi gata.  An gina wani kagara da aka fi sani da Rocca Paolina, bayan sunan Paparoma Paul III, don zanen Antonio da Sangallo the Younger "ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam." [[Fayil:Rocca_Paolina.jpg|left|thumb|A cikin Rocca Paolina]] A shekara ta 1797, sojojin Faransa sun ci birnin. A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1798, an kafa ''Jamhuriyar Tiberina'', tare da Perugia a matsayin babban birni, da kuma tricolour na Faransa a matsayin tutar. A cikin shekara ta 1799, Jamhuriyar Tiberina ta haɗu da Jamhuriyar Roma. A cikin 1832, 1838, da 1854, girgizar ƙasa ta buge Perugia. Bayan rushewar Jamhuriyar Romawa ta 1848-49, lokacin da aka rushe Rocca a wani bangare, 'yan Austriya sun kwace shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1849. A watan Yunin shekara ta 1859, mazauna sun yi tawaye da ikon ɗan lokaci na Paparoma kuma sun kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi, amma sojojin Pius IX sun murkushe tawaye. A watan Satumbar 1860, an haɗa birnin a ƙarshe, tare da sauran Umbria, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Masarautar Italiya. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, birnin ya sha wahala ne kawai kuma Sojojin Burtaniya na 8 sun sake shi a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1944.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advance to the Gothic Line |url=https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=314 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=World War II Database}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Perugia has become famous for chocolate, mostly because of a single firm, Perugina, whose ''Baci'' ("kisses" in English) are widely exported. Perugian chocolate is popular in Italy. The company's plant located in San Sisto (Perugia) is the largest of Nestlé's nine sites in Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Industrial Relations Observatory, April 9, 2003 |url=http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2003/04/inbrief/it0304104n.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131010102309/http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2003/04/inbrief/it0304104n.html |archive-date=October 10, 2013 |access-date=2013-06-08 |publisher=Eurofound.europa.eu}}</ref> According to the Nestlé USA official website, today Baci is the most famous chocolate brand in Italy.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Birnin yana karbar bakuncin bikin cakulan, YuroChocolate, a kowace Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehndorff, John |title=Thousands converge on historic city to celebrate everything chocolate Associated Press, October 21, 2002 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-68871343.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102174308/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-68871343.html |archive-date=2012-11-02 |access-date=2013-06-08}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Perugia ita ce babban birnin yankin Umbria . Nisa ta birane daga Perugia: Assisi {{Convert|19|km|mi}} km (12 , Siena {{Convert|102|km|0}} , Florence {{Convert|145|km|0}} km (90 , Roma {{Convert|164|km|mi}} . === Yanayi === Kodayake Perugia tana cikin tsakiyar Italiya, birnin yana fuskantar [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi]] (Köppen climate classification ''Cfa'') mai kama da yawancin Arewacin Italiya saboda wurin da yake ciki da kuma bambancin yanayin tuddai na Umbria. Yawanci, lokacin rani yana da dumi zuwa zafi da zafi, yayin da hunturu yana da sanyi tare da dusar ƙanƙara a wasu lokuta. Yanayin yanayi a wannan yanki yana da bambance-bambance tsakanin highs da low, tare da isasshen ruwan sama a duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perugia, Italy Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=8161&cityname=Perugia,+Umbria,+Italy&units= |access-date=May 10, 2020 |website=Weatherbase }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><gallery mode="nolines" widths="160" heights="160"> Fayil:Perugia_-_Cattedrale_di_San_Lorenzo.jpeg|''Cathedral of S. Lorenzo'' Fayil:San_Francesco_al_Prato,_Perugia_2023.jpg|Deconsecrated church of San Francesco al Prato Fayil:Chiesa_di_San_Filippo_Neri,_Perugia_2022.jpg|Baroque church of San Filippo Neri Fayil:Panoramica_presbitero_chiesa_del_gesù_perugia.jpg|Presbytery overview of the church of Gesu, Perugia Fayil:Santa_Giuliana,_Perugia.jpg|Cistercian monastery of Santa Giuliana Fayil:Perugia,_sant'angelo,_esterno_03.jpg|San Michele Arcangelo, Perugia Fayil:Basilica_di_San_Domenico_(Perugia).jpg|Basilica San Domenico Fayil:IMG_1021_-_Perugia_-_Sant'Ercolano_-_7_agosto_2006_-_Foto_G._Dall'Orto.jpg|Sant'Ercolano Fayil:Chiesa_di_San_Bevignate_2.JPG|San Bevignate </gallery> [[Fayil:Perugia_vista_dal_museo_archeologico_nazionale_dell'Umbria,_2023.jpg|thumb|286x286px|Perugia da aka gani daga gidan kayan gargajiya na Umbria]] == Yawan jama'a == <gallery mode="nolines" widths="160" heights="160"> Fayil:Perugia_-_palazzo_priori_1.jpg|Palazzo dei Priori: the centre of communal government Fayil:Fontana_Maggiore,_Perugia.jpg|Fontana Maggiore Fayil:Orto_botanico_della_basilica_di_san_pietro_perugia.jpg|Orto Botanico dell'Università di Perugia Fayil:Perugia_-Gli_affreschi_di_Raffaello_nella_cappella.jpg|Chapel of ''San Severo'' </gallery>A cikin 2007, akwai mutane 163,287 da ke zaune a cikin biranen Perugia, wanda ke lardin Perugia, Umbria, wanda 47.7% maza ne kuma 52.3% mata ne. Ƙananan yara (yara masu shekaru 18 zuwa ƙasa) sun kai kashi 16.41 na yawan jama'a idan aka kwatanta da masu karbar fansho waɗanda ke da kashi 21.51. Wannan ya kwatanta da matsakaicin Italiya na kashi 18.06 (ƙananan) da kashi 19.94 (masu fansho). Matsakaicin shekarun mazauna Perugia shine 44 idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin Italiyanci na 42. A cikin shekaru biyar tsakanin 2002 da 2007, yawan mutanen Perugia ya karu da kashi 7.86 cikin ɗari, yayin da Italiya gaba ɗaya ta karu da kashi 3.85 cikin ɗari. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, 90.84% na yawan jama'a [[Italian people|Italiyanci]] ne. Mafi yawan baƙi sun fito ne daga wasu ƙasashen [[Turai]] (musamman daga [[Albaniya|Albania]] da [[Romainiya|Romania]]): 3.93%, [[Amurka]]: 2.01%, da [[Arewacin Afirka]]: 1.3%. Yawancin mazauna [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] ne. == Ilimi == Perugia a yau tana da manyan jami'o'i biyu, tsohuwar Università degli Studi (Jami'ar Perugia) da Jami'ar Baƙi (Università per ''Stranieri''). Stranieri tana aiki a matsayin makarantar yaren Italiyanci da al'adu ga ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Sauran cibiyoyin ilimi sune Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Perugia "Pietro Vannucci" (wanda aka kafa a 1573), Cibiyar Nazarin Kiɗa ta Perugia don nazarin kiɗa na gargajiya, da Makarantar watsa shirye-shiryen RAI ta Jarida ta Rediyo-Television . Har ila yau, birnin yana karɓar bakuncin Cibiyar Umbra, shirin jami'a mai amincewa ga ɗaliban Amurka da ke karatu a ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Umbra Institute |url=https://www.umbra.org}}</ref> ''Jami'ar Sapori'' (Jami'ar Tastes), cibiyar Ilimi da Horar da Kwarewa ta Kasa, tana cikin birnin. == Rarrabawar == ''Commune'' ya haɗa da frazioni na Bagnaia, Bosco, Capanne, Casa del Diavolo, Castel del Piano, Cenerente, Civitella Benazzone, Civitela d'Arna, Collestrada, Colle Umberto I, Cordigliano, Colombella, Farneto, Ferro di Cavallo, Fontignano, Fratticiola Selvatica, La Bruna, La Cinno, Lidar, Madonna, Monte, Monte Ponte, Ponte, Maganno, Ponte Ponte P Ponte, San Ponte, Monte Monte Ponte, Santa Ponte, Pi Pi Pi Piano, Pontegiano, Poniano, Pato, Ponte Pi Piano Ponte, Mont Mont Mont Montan Ponte, St Stato, Pato Ponte, Mar Marato, P Ponte Pato, San Pato, Pi Piano. Sauran yankuna sune Boneggio, Canneto, Colle della Trinità, Monte Pulito, Montevile, Pieve di Campo, Montemalbe da Monte Morcino . Collestrada, a yankin unguwar Ponte San Giovanni, ya ga yaƙi tsakanin mazaunan Perugia da Assisi a cikin 1202. == Babban abubuwan da aka gani == === Coci === * ''Cocin S. Lorenzo'' * [[Fayil:Vetrata_San_Domenico,_Perugia,_2023.jpg|thumb|Gilashin gilashi na Basilica na San Domenico (1411) a Perugia yana da mita 23 a tsawo da mita 8 a faɗin, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya.]] ''San Pietro'': ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 cocin da masallaci. * ''San Domenico'': Cocin Basilica na tsarin Dominican, ginin ya fara ne a 1394 kuma ya gama a 1458. Kafin 1234, wannan shafin yana da kasuwanni da baje kolin dawakai. Tsarin waje wanda aka danganta ga Giovanni Pisano, yayin da Carlo Maderno ya sake yin ado da ciki a cikin salon Baroque. An yanke babban belfry a wani bangare a tsakiyar karni na 16. Gidan ciki yana da kabarin Paparoma Benedict XI mai ban sha'awa da kuma mawaƙa na katako daga zamanin Renaissance. Gilashin gilashi na Basilica na San Domenico yana daya daga cikin manyan a duniya. * ''Sant'Angelo'', wanda kuma ake kira ''San Michele Arcangelo'': ƙaramin cocin Paleo-Kirista daga ƙarni na 5 zuwa 6. Ginshiƙai goma sha shida na dā suna tsara tsarin zagaye wanda ke tunatar da cocin Roman na Santo Stefano Rotondo. * ''[[Sant'Antonio Abate di Perugia|Sant'Antonio Abate]]''. * ''[[San Bernardino, Perugia|San Bernardino]]'': cocin da Agostino di Duccio ya yi. * ''[[Sant'Ercolano, Perugia|San Ercolano]]'': cocin ƙarni na 14 wanda yayi kama da hasumiya mai tsayi. Wannan cocin yana da bene biyu. An rushe bene na sama lokacin da aka gina Rocca Paolina. An ba da kayan ado na ciki na Baroque daga 1607. Babban bagaden yana da sarcophagus da aka samo a cikin 1609. * ''[[Santa Giuliana, Perugia|Santa Giuliana]]'': coci da gidan ibada wanda magajin gidan ibada na mata ya kafa a cikin 1253. A cikin shekarunta na baya, cocin ya suna don lalata. Daga baya, sojojin Napoleon sun juya cocin ya zama hatsi. Yanzu, cocin asibitin soja ne. Cocin, tare da nau'i ɗaya, yana ɗauke da alamun frescoes na ƙarni na 13, wanda mai yiwuwa ya yi amfani da shi don rufe dukkan ganuwar. Gidan yana da misali mai ban sha'awa na gine-ginen Cistercian na tsakiyar karni na 14 daga {{Interlanguage link|Matteo Gattaponi|it}} [it]. Sashe na sama na campanile ya fito ne daga karni na 13. * ''San Bevignate'': cocin Templar . * Chiesa na San Prospero. * Cocin Compagnia della Morte . <gallery mode="nolines" widths="160" heights="160"> Fayil:Perugia_-_Cattedrale_di_San_Lorenzo.jpeg|''Cathedral of S. Lorenzo'' Fayil:San_Francesco_al_Prato,_Perugia_2023.jpg|Deconsecrated church of San Francesco al Prato Fayil:Chiesa_di_San_Filippo_Neri,_Perugia_2022.jpg|Baroque church of San Filippo Neri Fayil:Panoramica_presbitero_chiesa_del_gesù_perugia.jpg|Presbytery overview of the church of Gesu, Perugia Fayil:Santa_Giuliana,_Perugia.jpg|Cistercian monastery of Santa Giuliana Fayil:Perugia,_sant'angelo,_esterno_03.jpg|San Michele Arcangelo, Perugia Fayil:Basilica_di_San_Domenico_(Perugia).jpg|Basilica San Domenico Fayil:IMG_1021_-_Perugia_-_Sant'Ercolano_-_7_agosto_2006_-_Foto_G._Dall'Orto.jpg|Sant'Ercolano Fayil:Chiesa_di_San_Bevignate_2.JPG|San Bevignate </gallery> === Gine-gine na duniya === * The Palazzo dei Priori (Town Hall, encompassing the Collegio del Cambio, Collegio della Mercanzia, and Galleria Nazionale), one of Italy's greatest buildings. The Collegio del Cambio has frescoes by Pietro Perugino, while the Collegio della Mercanzia has a fine later 14th century wooden interior. ** Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria, the National Gallery of Umbrian art in Middle Ages and Renaissance (it includes works by Duccio, Piero della Francesca, [[Fra Angelico|Beato Angelico]], Perugino) * ''Fontana Maggiore'', a medieval fountain designed by Fra Bevignate and sculpted by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano. * Chapel of ''San Severo'', which retains a fresco painted by [[Raphael]] and Perugino. * the ''Rocca Paolina'', a Renaissance fortress (1540–1543) of which only a bastion today is remaining. The original design was by Antonio and Aristotile da Sangallo, and included the ''Porta Marzia'' (3rd century BC), the tower of [[Gentile Baglioni]]'s house and a medieval cellar. * Orto Botanico dell'Università di Perugia, the university's botanical garden * Palazzo Donini, the centre of the Regional Council of Region of Umbria. [[Fayil:Torre_del_Cassero_o_Porta_Sant'Angelo_(Perugia).jpg|left|thumb|Hasumiyar Cassero di Porta Sant'Angelo]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8zpbraqe9od74zb17eloa2ywojtkg56 0 112102 829491 694258 2026-05-04T04:24:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:조리돌림.JPG|thumb|Shugaba na ƙungiyar Koriya ta Kudu Lee Jung-jae yana jin kunya ta mulkin soja na Park Chung Hee (1961).]] Sunanin jama'a ko kunyatar jama'a wani nau'i ne na azabtarwa wanda babban fasalinsa shine cin mutunci ko kunyatarwa ga mutum, yawanci mai laifi ko fursuna, musamman a wurin jama'a. An yi amfani da shi akai-akai a matsayin nau'in hukunci mai izini a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, kuma har yanzu ana yin sa ta hanyoyi daban-daban (misali makarantu) a zamanin zamani. A Amurka, azabtarwa ce ta yau da kullun daga farkon [[Turawa ta mallaki Amurka|Mulkin mallaka na Turai]] har zuwa karni na 19. Ya fadi daga amfani na yau da kullun a karni na 20, kodayake ya ga farfadowa tun daga shekarun 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deardorff |first=Julie |date=April 20, 2000 |title=Shame Returns As Punishment |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2000/04/12/shame-returns-as-punishment/ |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> Tare da tasowa na kafofin sada zumunta, jin kunya ga jama'a ya koma cikin dijital, yana fallasawa da wulakanci mutane kowace rana, wani lokacin ba tare da iliminsu ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pundak |first=Chen |last2=Steinhart |first2=Yael |last3=Goldenberg |first3=Jacob |date=July 2, 2021 |title=Nonmaleficence in Shaming: The Ethical Dilemma Underlying Participation in Online Public Shaming |url=https://myscp.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcpy.1227 |journal=Journal of Consumer Psychology |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=478–500 |doi=10.1002/jcpy.1227 |url-access=subscription |via=CrossRef}}</ref> == Bayyanawa mai banƙyama == [[Fayil:Pillory_(PSF).png|thumb|Kwayoyin magani wani nau'i ne na azabtarwa.]] Rashin kunya na jama'a yana cikin nau'o'i da yawa. Gabaɗaya, mai laifi da aka yanke masa hukuncin daya daga cikin nau'ikan wannan hukunci na iya sa ran za a sanya su (a hana su) a cikin tsakiya, jama'a, ko kuma a buɗe wuri don 'yan uwan su iya shaida hukuncin cikin sauƙi kuma, a wasu lokuta, su shiga a matsayin nau'in "mulkin adalci". Kamar dai nau'ikan azabar jiki mai raɗaɗi, yana da kamanceceniya a cikin ilimi da sauran hukunce-hukunce na sirri (amma tare da wasu masu sauraro), a cikin mahallin ladabtarwa na cikin gida ko makaranta, kuma a matsayin al'ada . Siffofin jiki sun haɗa da tilasta sanya wasu alamun kamar "kunnen jaki" (wanda aka kwatanta a cikin takarda, a matsayin alamar mutum - ko aƙalla hali - rashin hankali), sanye hular dunce, tsayawa, durƙusa ko durƙusa a kusurwa, ko kuma rubuta wani abu akai-akai a kan allo ("Ba zan yada jita-jita ba", misali). Anan za'a iya ƙara matakan rashin jin daɗi na jiki daban-daban, kamar riƙe abubuwa masu nauyi, ko durƙusa akan ƙasa mara daidaituwa. Kamar azabtarwa ta jiki da tsautsayi, waɗannan sun zama rigima a yawancin al'ummomin zamani, a yawancin lokuta suna haifar da hani na doka da/ko (wani lokaci na son rai) sokewa. [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-041-10,_Paris,_der_Kollaboration_beschuldigte_Französinnen.jpg|alt=Black-and-white photograph of two women with shaved heads and blank expressions on their face walking down a street in Paris. The women are surrounded by a group of other people, most of whom are smiling.|left|thumb|Paris, 1944: Mata Faransanci da ake zargi da hadin gwiwa tare da Nazis an aske kawunansu kuma an nuna su a kan tituna ba tare da kafafu ba.]] Ashe kai na iya zama hukunci mai wulakanci wanda doka ta tsara, amma kuma wani abu da aka yi a matsayin "mulkin adalci" - misali mai mahimmanci wanda dubban matan Turai ne waɗanda aka ashe kawunansu a gaban taron jama'a masu farin ciki bayan yakin duniya na biyu, <ref name="GuardianShaving">{{Cite web |last=Beevor |first=Antony |date=2009-06-05 |title=An Ugly Carnival |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jun/05/women-victims-d-day-landings-second-world-war |access-date=2014-07-13 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref name="ShornWomen">''Shorn Women: Gender and Punishment in Liberation France'', {{ISBN|978-1-85973-584-8}}</ref> a matsayin horo don haɗuwa da Nazis masu mamayewa a lokacin yakin. An yi amfani da askewar jama'a ga masu haɗin gwiwa (gaskiya ko zargin) bayan da Allied ta 'yantar da yankunan da aka mamaye daga Sojojin Nazi.<ref name="GuardianShaving" /><ref name="ShornWomen" /> == Hukuncin jiki == [[Fayil:Antoin_Sevruguin_12_Falak_Whipping_the_soles_of_a_criminal.jpg|thumb|Fitar da ƙafafun jama'a a Iran]] [[Fayil:L'Exécution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg|thumb|Fuskar jama'a a Brazil, Jean-Baptiste Debret]] Baya ga takamaiman hanyoyin da ke da niyyar wulakanci, hanyoyi da yawa sun haɗu da ciwo da wulakanci ko ma mutuwa da wulakanciya. A wasu lokuta, ciwo - ko aƙalla rashin jin daɗi - ba shi da mahimmanci ko kuma ya zama na biyu ga wulakanci.<ref name="Rodogno_2009">{{Cite journal |last=Rodogno |first=Raffaele |date=2009 |title=Shame, Guilt, and Punishment |url=https://access.archive-ouverte.unige.ch/access/metadata/f6057b1e-f8f3-43cd-8f00-386953dc9c09/download |journal=Law and Philosophy |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=429–464 |doi=10.1007/s10982-008-9042-x |issn=0167-5249 |jstor=40284681 |s2cid=144526838 |access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Perlin_Weinstein_2014">{{Cite journal |last=Perlin |first=Michael L. |last2=Weinstein |first2=Naomi M. |date=26 December 2014 |title="Friend to the Martyr, a Friend to the Woman of Shame": Thinking About the Law, Shame and Humiliation |url=https://gould.usc.edu/students/journals/rlsj/issues/assets/docs/volume24/Fall2014/1.Perlin-weinstein.pdf |journal=[[Southern California Review of Law and Social Justice]] |volume=24}}</ref> === Hukuncin jama'a === Mafi sauki shine a ba da horo mai raɗaɗi a cikin jama'a - babban manufar na iya zama [[Deterrence (psychological)|hanawa]] masu laifi - don haka jama'a za su ga tsoron mai aikata laifin da baƙin ciki. Wannan na iya faruwa a [[Town square|filin gari]] ko wani wurin taruwa na jama'a kamar makaranta, ko kuma ya ɗauki nau'in procession ta tituna. Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne a cikin jumla ga ''[[Fuskar da aka yi wa bulala|Staupenschlag]]'' ([[Fuskar da aka yi wa bulala|flagellation]] ta hanyar bulala ko [[birching]], gabaɗaya a kan buttocks) a cikin jihohin Turai daban-daban, har zuwa karni na 19. <ref name="Frevert_20212">{{Cite journal |last=Frevert |first=Ute |date=20 January 2021 |title=The history of humiliation points to the future of human dignity |url=https://psyche.co/ideas/the-history-of-humiliation-points-to-the-future-of-human-dignity |journal=[[Psyche (magazine)|Psyche]] |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wani nau'in sojan ruwa shi ne Flogging kewaye da rundunar a kan jirgin ruwa da aka dauka daga jirgi zuwa jirgi don biyan kuɗi a jere na babban jimlar lashes.<ref name="SMG_Cat2">{{Cite web |title=Cat-o-nine tails, United Kingdom, 1700-1850 |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co154902/cat-o-nine-tails-united-kingdom-1700-1850-whip |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=Science Museum Group |language=en}}</ref> A wasu ƙasashe, ana aiwatar da hukuncin bulala a fili har zuwa yau.<ref name="UN_Convention_Against_Torture_20132">{{Cite web |last=UN Committee Against Torture |title=Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Decision No. 551/2013 |url=http://www.bayefsky.com/pdf/tunisia_t5_cat_551_2013.pdf |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=United Nations}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] euecbgjoj9j4xyeipkki8arlfmtxdit 0 112433 829354 695143 2026-05-03T17:50:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paulo Mendes da Rocha''' (25 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar ta 1928 - 23 ga watan Mayu, shekarar ta 2021) [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|masanin gine-gine]] ne na kasar Brazil. Mendes da Rocha ta halarci Kwalejin Gine-gine ta Jami'ar Presbyterian, ta kammala a shekara ta 1954. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.mackenzista.com.br/PDFs/Mack_36_Pags_20e21.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709181252/http://www.mackenzista.com.br/PDFs/Mack_36_Pags_20e21.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-09 |access-date=2007-07-11}}</ref> Yin aiki kusan kawai a kasar Brazil, Mendes da Rocha ya fara tsara gine-gine a cikin shekarar ta 1957, da yawa daga cikinsu an gina su a kankare, hanyar da wasu [waɗanda?] ke kira "Brazilian Brutalism", wanda za'a iya ba da izinin gina gine-gine da arha da sauri. Ya ba da gudummawa ga sanannun gine-ginen al'adu da yawa ga [[São Paulo]] kuma an yaba da shi sosai tare da ingantawa da sake farfado da birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FERNANDES, Luiz Gustavo Sobral. O novo projeto para a loja Forma. Minha Cidade, São Paulo, ano 19, n. 225.05, Vitruvius, abr. 2019 |url=http://vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/minhacidade/19.225/7329 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mendes da Rocha farfesa ne a Kwalejin Gine-gine ta Jami'ar São Paulo, wanda aka fi sani da FAU-USP, har zuwa shekarar ta 1998. Masanin gine-ginen Brazil Vilanova Artigas, daga makarantar a kasar Brazil ta Paulist ya rinjayi aikinsa. An girmama shi da lambar yabo ta Mies van der Rohe shekarar (2000), lambar yabo ta Pritzker shekarar (2006), da kuma Venice Biennale Golden Lion don nasarorin da ya samu shekarar ta (2016). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-06 |title=Paulo Mendes da Rocha Awarded Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement |url=http://www.archdaily.com/786934/paulo-mendes-da-rocha-awarded-golden-lion-for-lifetime-achievement-venice-biennale-2016-reporting-from-the-front |access-date=2016-05-06 |website=ArchDaily |language=en-US}}</ref> Mendes da Rocha ya mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, shekarar ta 2021, a São Paulo yana da shekaru 92. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-23 |title=Morre Paulo Mendes da Rocha, o último gigante da arquitetura brasileira |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2021/05/morre-paulo-mendes-da-rocha-o-ultimo-gigante-da-arquitetura-brasileira.shtml |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt-BR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paulo Mendes da Rocha, referência mundial da arquitetura, morre aos 92 anos |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/nacional/2021/05/23/paulo-mendes-da-rocha-referencia-mundial-da-arquitetura-morre-aos-92-anos}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2021 |title=Paulo Mendes da Rocha obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/may/26/paulo-mendes-da-rocha-obituary |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> == Manyan ayyukan == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:500px;" |+ !Shekara !Gine-gine ko samfurin !Wurin da yake |- !1957 |Gymnasium a cikin Paulistano Athletics ClubKungiyar Wasannin motsa jiki ta Paulistano |[[São Paulo|São Paulo, Brazil]] |- !1957 | colspan="2" |Paulistano Armchair (wanda aka [http://www.objekto.fr Haske] bugawa a shekara ta 2004 ta Objekto) |- !1964 |Ginin Gida na Guaimbê |São Paulo, Brazil |- !1969 |Gidan Brazil a Expo '70Bayyanawa '70 |[[Osaka|Osaka, Japan]] |- !1973 |Filin wasa na Serra Dourada |Goiânia, Brazil |- !1987 |Cocin Saint Peter |São Paulo, Brazil |- !1987 |Tsarin Gidan baje kolin kayan aiki |São Paulo, Brazil |- !1988 |[[Brazilian Sculpture Museum|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Brazil]] |São Paulo, Brazil |- !1992 |Patriarch Plaza da Viaduct do Chá |São Paulo, Brazil |- !1993 |Gidan Tarihi na Jiha |São Paulo, Brazil |- !1997 |Cibiyar Al'adu ta FIESP |São Paulo, Brazil |- !2002 |Patriarch Plaza |São Paulo, Brazil |- !2015 |Gidan Tarihi na Kasa |Lisbon, Portugal |- !2017 |Gidan Quelhas |Lisbon, Portugal |- !2017 |SESC 24 ga Mayu |São Paulo, Brazil |} == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:SESC_24_de_Maio_(01).jpg|SESC 24 de Maio, São Paulo (2017) Fayil:Museu_dos_Coches_2.jpg|Museu dos Coches, Lisbon (2015) Fayil:Paulo_mendes_da_rocha_-_capela_de_são_pedro_apóstolo_-_campos_do_jordão_-_são_paulo_-_brasil.jpg|Saint Peter Chapel, São Paulo (1987) Fayil:PMENDES3.JPG|Patriarch Plaza, São Paulo (2002) Fayil:MuBE_19.JPG|Brazilian Sculpture Museum, ''Mube'', São Paulo (1988). Fayil:Pinacoteca_do_Estado_de_São_Paulo,_Brasil_-_interiores.JPG|Pinacotheca, ''Pinacoteca do Estado'', São Paulo (1993) </gallery> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} === Tushen === * Artigas, Rosa: "Paulo Mendes da Rocha", Cosac & Naify * Spiro, Annette: "Paulo Mendes da Rocha. Ayyuka da Ayyuka". * A cikin littafin nan, Ana; TAVARES, Gonçalo M.; SIMÕES, João Carmo. Paulo Mendes da Rocha: Gidan Tarihi na Kasa. [Hasiya] * "An tsara nan gaba ko Zaɓaɓɓun rubuce-rubuce na Paulo Mendes da Rocha", monade, Lisboa, 2019 (English version) == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141215235710/http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2006/essay Kyautar Pritzker - bayanin martaba] * [http://www.citymayors.com/environment/pritzker2006.html Bayanan martaba na CityMayors.com] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/10/arts/design/10prit.html Bayanan New York Times] * [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5331826 Bayanan NPR] * [http://www.objekto.fr Haske] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] iw0te2xubz05liizbndh0r2ronjnyri 0 113058 829492 696938 2026-05-04T04:34:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sunspots''' ne na wucin gadi spots a kan Sun wanda yake duhu fiye da kewayen yankin. Su yankuna ne na rage yawan zafin jiki wanda ya haifar da maida hankali ga Magnetic flux wanda ke hana convection. Sunspots suna bayyana a cikin yankuna masu aiki, yawanci a nau'i-nau'i na polarity na magnetic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunspots |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gsd/outreach/education/sam1/Activity10.html |access-date=22 February 2013 |publisher=NOAA}}</ref> Yawan su ya bambanta bisa ga kimanin shekaru 11 na zagaye na rana. Kowane sunspots ko rukuni na sunspots na iya kasancewa a ko'ina daga 'yan kwanaki zuwa' yan watanni, amma a ƙarshe ya lalace. Sunspots suna fadadawa da kwangila yayin da suke motsawa a fadin Sun, tare da diamita daga {{Convert|16|km|mi}} km (10 <ref name="nascom">{{Cite web |title=How Are Magnetic Fields Related To Sunspots? |url=http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/explore/lessons/sunspots6_8.html |access-date=22 February 2013 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> zuwa {{Convert|160000|km|mi}} km (100,000 . <ref name="howstuffworks">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2009 |title=Sun |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/sun-info3.htm |access-date=22 February 2013 |publisher=HowStuffWorks}}</ref> Za'a iya ganin manyan sunspots daga Duniya ba tare da taimakon na'urar daukar hoto ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mossman |first=J. E. |year=1989 |title=1989QJRAS..30...59M Page 60 |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1989QJRAS..30...59M/0000060.000.html |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=30 |page=59 |bibcode=1989QJRAS..30...59M |access-date=2021-06-27 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629185709/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1989QJRAS..30...59M/0000060.000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Suna iya tafiya a saurin dangi, ko motsi mai kyau, na 'yan daruruwan mita a kowane sakan lokacin da suka fara fitowa. Nuna aiki mai karfi na magnetic, sunspots suna tare da wasu abubuwan da ke faruwa a yankin kamar su coronal loops, sanannun, da abubuwan da suka faru. Yawancin hasken rana da coronal mass ejections sun samo asali ne a cikin waɗannan yankuna masu aiki da ke kewaye da ƙungiyoyin sunspot. Irin waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura a kai tsaye a kan [[Tauraro|taurari]] ban da Rana ana kiransu taurari, kuma an auna haske da duhu.<ref name="strassmeier">{{Cite web |last=Strassmeier |first=K. G. |date=1999-06-10 |title=Smallest KPNO Telescope Discovers Biggest Starspots (press release 990610) |url=http://www.aip.de/groups/activity/presse/pressrelease990610.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624105256/http://www.aip.de/groups/activity/presse/pressrelease990610.html |archive-date=24 June 2010 |access-date=20 February 2008 |publisher=[[University of Vienna]] |quote=starspots vary on the same (short) time scales as Sunspots do ... HD&nbsp;12545 had a warm spot (350&nbsp;K above photospheric temperature; the white area in the picture)}}</ref> == Tarihi == An samo rikodin farko na sunspots a cikin Sinanci ''I Ching'', wanda aka kammala kafin 800 BC. Rubutun ya bayyana cewa an lura da ''dou'' da ''mei'' a cikin rana, inda kalmomin biyu suna nufin ƙaramin duhu.<ref name="Xu">{{Cite journal |last=Xu Zhen-Tao |year=1980 |title=The hexagram "Feng" in "the book of changes" as the earliest written record of sunspot |journal=Chinese Astronomy |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=406 |bibcode=1980ChA.....4..406X |doi=10.1016/0146-6364(80)90034-1}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen farko na lura da hasken rana da gangan ya fito ne daga China, kuma ya kasance zuwa 364 BC, bisa ga maganganun masanin tauraron dan adam Gan De (甘德) a cikin kundin tauraron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Early Astronomy and the Beginnings of a Mathematical Science |url=http://nrich.maths.org/6843 |access-date=2010-07-14 |website=NRICH (University of Cambridge)}}</ref> A shekara ta 28 KZ, masu binciken sararin samaniya na kasar Sin suna yin rikodin abubuwan da aka gani a cikin bayanan mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1988 |title=The Observation of Sunspots |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1988_Oct/ai_6955852/ |url-status=dead |journal=UNESCO Courier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702095337/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1988_Oct/ai_6955852/ |archive-date=2011-07-02 |access-date=2010-07-14}}</ref> Magana ta farko da aka ambaci wani wuri a cikin wallafe-wallafen Yammacin Turai shine kusan 300 BC, ta masanin Girka na dā Theophrastus, ɗalibin [[Plato]] da [[Aristotle]] kuma magajin wannan. Hotunan farko da aka sani na sunspots an yi su ne ta hanyar ɗan majami'ar Ingila John na Worcester a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1128. <ref name="StephensonWillis1999">{{Cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=F. R. |last2=Willis |first2=D. M. |year=1999 |title=The earliest drawing of sunspots |journal=Astronomy & Geophysics |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=6.21–6.22 |bibcode=1999A&G....40f..21S |doi=10.1093/astrog/40.6.6.21 |issn=1366-8781 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sunspots an fara lura da su ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1610 ta hanyar masanin tauraron dan adam na Ingila Thomas Harriot . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vokhmyanin |first=M. |last2=VArlt |first2=R. |last3=Zolotova |first3=N. |date=10 March 2020 |title=Sunspot Positions and Areas from Observations by Thomas Harriot |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-020-01604-4 |journal=Solar Physics |volume=295 |issue=3 |pages=39.1–39.11 |bibcode=2020SoPh..295...39V |doi=10.1007/s11207-020-01604-4 |s2cid=216259048 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An rubuta abubuwan da ya lura a cikin litattafansa kuma an bi su a watan Maris na shekara ta 1611 ta hanyar lura da rahotanni daga masana tauraron dan adam na Frisia Johannes da David Fabricius.<ref name="solargreat">{{Cite web |title=Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics 1 |url=http://web.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/great_moments.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301083022/http://web.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/great_moments.html |archive-date=1 March 2006 |access-date=2006-03-19 |website=Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar Johannes Fabricius yana da shekaru 29, rahotonsa sun kasance ba a san su ba kuma abubuwan da Christoph Scheiner da [[Galileo Galilei]] suka gano da kuma wallafe-wallafen sun sun rufe su. Wataƙila Galileo ya fara lura da hasken rana a lokaci guda kamar Harriot; duk da haka, bayanan Galileo ba su fara ba sai 1612.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vokhmyanin |first=M. |last2=Zolotova |first2=N. |date=5 February 2018 |title=Sunspot Positions and Areas from Observations by Galileo Galilei |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-018-1245-1 |journal=Solar Physics |volume=293 |issue=2 |pages=31.1–31.21 |bibcode=2018SoPh..293...31V |doi=10.1007/s11207-018-1245-1 |s2cid=126329839 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, masu ilimin taurari da yawa na wannan zamanin sun shiga cikin neman sunspots. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine sanannen masanin taurari Johannes Hevelius wanda ya rubuta ƙungiyoyi 19 a lokacin farkon Maunder Minimum (1653-1679) a cikin littafin Machina Coelestis . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoyt |first=Douglas V. |last2=Schatten |first2=Kenneth H. |date=1995-09-01 |title=Overlooked sunspot observations by Hevelius in the early Maunder Minimum, 1653–1684 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00732815 |journal=Solar Physics |language=en |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=371–378 |bibcode=1995SoPh..160..371H |doi=10.1007/BF00732815 |issn=1573-093X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A farkon karni na 19, [[William Herschel]] na daya daga cikin na farko da ya yi hasashen alaka da wuraren rana tare da yanayin zafi a duniya kuma ya yi imanin cewa wasu siffofi na hasken rana zasu nuna karuwar dumama a duniya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herschel |first=William |date=31 December 1801 |title=XIII. Observations tending to investigate the nature of the sun, in order to find the causes or symptoms of its variable emission of light and heat; with remarks on the use that may possibly be drawn from solar observations |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=91 |pages=265–318 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1801.0015 |s2cid=122986696 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokacin da yake fahimtar halayen hasken rana da kuma tsarin tsarin hasken rana, ba da gangan ya ɗauki raƙuman raƙuman rana ba daga Yuli 1795 zuwa Janairu 1800 kuma watakila shi ne farkon wanda ya fara gina tarihin da ya gabata na abubuwan da aka gani ko ɓacewa. Daga nan ya gano cewa rashin wuraren rana ya zo daidai da tsadar alkama a Ingila. Shugaban [[Royal Society|kungiyar Royal Society]] yayi sharhi cewa hauhawar farashin alkama ya samo asali ne sakamakon [[Monetary inflation|hauhawar farashin kayayyaki]] . Bayan shekaru da yawa masana kimiyya irin su [[Richard Carrington]] a 1865 da [[John Henry Poynting]] a 1884 sun yi ƙoƙari kuma sun kasa gano alaƙa tsakanin farashin alkama da wuraren rana, kuma bincike na zamani ya gano cewa babu wata ma'amala mai mahimmanci tsakanin farashin alkama da lambobin sunspot. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Love |first=Jeffrey J. |date=27 August 2013 |title=On the insignificance of Herschel's sunspot correlation |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=40 |issue=16 |pages=4171–4176 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.4171L |doi=10.1002/grl.50846 |s2cid=1654166}}</ref> == Manazarta == qfk8bca191e7t8d0ue3nonhi2t668zu 0 113633 829489 698330 2026-05-04T04:03:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Pollution_in_South-Korea.jpg|thumb|Ana iya ganin gurɓataccen yanayi a Koriya ta Kudu a wasu dare]] '''[[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]] a Koriya ta Kudu''' yana ƙara barazana ga mutane da muhalli. Rashin gurɓata iska ya fito ne daga tushe da yawa, na cikin gida da na duniya. Hanyoyi da yawa na gurɓata sun karu a Koriya ta Kudu tun lokacin da ta zama Masana'antu da sauri, musamman a da sauran biranen. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin samaniya ta Amurka (NASA), Seoul tana ɗaya daga cikin biranen duniya da ke da mafi munin gurɓataccen iska. Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2013, matsakaicin PM10 na birnin ya fi girma fiye da yawancin manyan biranen duniya kamar: Los Angeles, Tokyo, Paris, da London. Wannan ya haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da muhalli. Koriya suna sayen abin rufe fuska da masu tsabtace iska don numfasawa iska mai tsabta, kuma suna aiki don rage hayaki na ƙasar. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Koriya ta Kudu tana da mafi munin ingancin iska daga cikin kasashe ³ mafi arziki a duniya waɗanda ke cikin OECD. Dangane da Rahoton Ingancin Air na Duniya na AirVisual na 2019, matsakaicin ƙurar Koriya ta Kudu na shekara-shekara a cikin 2018 ya kasance 24.9μg / m3, wanda shine mafi muni tsakanin ƙasashen membobin OECD.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Moon Joon |date=2019 |title=The Effects of Transboundary Air Pollution From China on Ambient Air Quality in South Korea |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3361486 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3361486 |issn=1556-5068 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Gurɓata a Koriya ta Kudu ya karu bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]].<ref name=":1" /> A cikin 1960, Koriya ƙasa ce mai tasowa tare da ƙaramin masana'antu kuma tana dogara sosai da taimakon ƙasashen waje. Al'ummar Koriya ta Kudu sun fara babban canji daga tattalin aikin gona zuwa tattalin arzikin masana'antu, wanda kawai ya hanzarta ta hanyar Yaƙin Koriya. Bayan yakin, Amurka ta ba da taimako mai mahimmanci ga Koriya ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hukumar sake ginawa ta Koriya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNKRA). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=2009 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950 - 1960 |url=https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K.-Armstrong/3460/article.html}}</ref> Da zarar sabuwar ƙasa ce ta masana'antu, tattalin arzikin Koriya ta Kudu ya karu da kashi 10% a kowace shekara ta cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990. A yau, Koriya ta Kudu ita ce masana'antu da fitar da wutar lantarki, tun daga shekarar 2015 ita ce ta 11 mafi girma a duniya, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2015 |title=South Korea: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology |url=https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=552 |access-date=19 May 2019 |website=AZoCleantech.com}}</ref> amma wannan ya haifar da samar da wutar lantarki da ke amfani da kwal da kuma hayakin mota. <ref name=":2" /> Daga 2014 zuwa 2016 an yanke dala miliyan 1,139 a masana'antar kula da gurɓata iska ta Koriya ta Kudu. Koyaya, tun daga wannan lokacin, [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli (Koriya ta Kudu)|Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya]] ta tsara gurɓataccen iska 11 da wasu abubuwa 32 na iska waɗanda aka rarraba su a matsayin masu haɗari. Koriya kuma tana shirin rufe 10 daga cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki na 61 da ke aiki nan da shekara ta 2025.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Jinjoo |date=5 December 2023 |title=South Korea- Commercial Guide |url=https://www.trade.gov/knowledge-product/korea-air-pollution-control}}</ref> Tare da wannan saurin ci gaba Koriya ta Kudu kanta ta zama babbar hanyar gurɓata iska a cikin ƙasar, gami da daga motocin diesel, kayan aikin gini, dumama da sanyaya iska, da tashoshin wutar lantarki.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Environment |date=December 2016 |title=Air Quality Measures South Korea |url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Session%201.1.%20Youngsook%20Yoo_ROK.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Environment}}</ref> A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 na Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya, kashi 97% na masu amsa sun lura cewa gurɓataccen iska yana haifar da ciwo na jiki ko na tunani. A mayar da martani, gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta mayar da martana ga jama'a ta hanyar ayyana bala'in zamantakewa don sakin kudaden gaggawa.<ref name=":92" /> A lokacin annobar COVID-19, an samu raguwar kashi 27% a cikin yawan gurɓataccen iska. Koyaya, a watan Maris na 2021, Koriya ta Kudu ta fuskanci mummunar guguwar ƙurar rawaya a cikin shekaru goma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Seoul is struggling to improve its air quality |url=https://tomorrow.city/a/seoul-air-quality-improvement |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=tomorrow.city |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yonhap |date=29 March 2021 |title=S. Korea suffocated by extremely powerful yellow dust storm |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210329000209 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=[[The Korea Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == === China === Nazarin da yawa ya nuna cewa mafi yawan gurɓataccen Koriya ta Kudu ya fito ne daga [[Sin|China]] saboda yaduwar ƙura mai kyau da masana'antun kasar Sin da tashoshin wutar lantarki suka samar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Wooyoung |date=27 November 2018 |title=South Korea smothered in Chinese air pollution |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/11/27/South-Korea-smothered-in-Chinese-air-pollution/3891543308613/}}</ref> Kasar Sin tana haifar da kashi 30 zuwa 50 cikin 100 na PM a Koriya ta Kudu a kwanakin matsakaicin ingancin iska, amma kashi 60 zuwa 80 cikin 100 a kwanakin da ke da mafi munin ingancin iska.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the main causes of air pollution in South Korea? |url=https://www.iqair.com/us/south-korea |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303042126/https://www.iqair.com/us/south-korea |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 6y4s1vl8bt1sjs4274b3ar2zrak6e0o 0 114883 829265 813505 2026-05-03T12:34:55Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349424760|Fried rice]]" 829265 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Chaufa_salvaje_Selva_17042010.JPG|thumb|''Arroz chaufa'', shinkafar Peru-China soyayyen]] [[Fayil:Korean_cuisine-Kimchi_bokkeumbap.jpg|thumb|''Kimchi-bokkeum-bap'' na Koriya]] '''Shinkafa soyayye''' abinci ne na shinkafa da aka dafa wanda aka soya a cikin wok ko kaskon soya kuma yawanci ana haɗa shi da wasu sinadarai kamar ƙwai, [[Kayan miya|kayan lambu]], abincin teku, ko [[nama]] . Sau da yawa ana cin sa a matsayin babban abinci ko kuma a matsayin rakiyar wani abinci. Shinkafa soyayye wani abu ne da ya shahara a cikin abincin Gabashin Asiya, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da wasu abincin Kudancin Asiya . A matsayin abincin da aka yi a gida, shinkafa soyayye yawanci ana yin ta ne da sinadaran da suka rage daga wasu abinci, wanda hakan ke haifar da bambance-bambance marasa adadi. Shinkafa soyayye ta fara bunƙasa ne a zamanin daular Sui a [[Sin|China]] . Nau'o'in shinkafa da aka soya da yawa suna da nasu jerin kayan abinci na musamman. A China, nau'ikan da aka fi so sun haɗa da shinkafar soya ta Yangzhou da shinkafar soya ta Hokkien . Ana ɗaukar chāhan na Japan a matsayin abincin kasar Sin na Japan, wanda aka samo daga abincin shinkafar soya ta kasar Sin. A kudu maso gabashin Asiya, nau'in nasi goreng na Indonesia, Malaysian, da Singapore da aka gina makamancin haka da kuma thai khao phat na Thai abinci ne da aka fi so. A Yamma, yawancin gidajen cin abinci da ke ba wa masu cin ganyayyaki abinci sun ƙirƙiro nasu nau'in shinkafar soya, gami da shinkafar soya ta ƙwai. Haka kuma ana ganin shinkafar soya a cikin jerin abincin gidajen cin abinci na ƙasashen da ba na Asiya ba suna ba da abinci ba tare da al'adar abincin ba. Bugu da ƙari, abincin wasu ƙasashen Latin Amurka ya haɗa da bambancin shinkafar soya, gami da chaulafan na Ecuador, arroz chaufa na Peru, arroz frito na Cuban, da mampostea na Puerto Rican. [[Fayil:Cashew_seafood_fried_rice_served_in_a_pineapple.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa da aka soya a cikin abarba]] Shinkafa soyayye abinci ne da aka saba ci a kan titi a Asiya da sauran sassan duniya. A wasu ƙasashen Asiya, ƙananan gidajen cin abinci, masu sayar da kaya a kan tituna da masu sayar da kaya a kan tituna sun ƙware wajen ba da shinkafa soyayye. A biranen [[Bhutan|Bhutanese]], ana samun masu sayar da shinkafa soyayye a kan tituna suna ajiye motocin abincinsu a tituna masu cike da jama'a ko wuraren zama. Yawancin wuraren sayar da abinci a kan tituna na kudu maso gabashin Asiya suna ba da shinkafa soyayye tare da zaɓin kayan ado da abinci na gefe. == Shiri == [[Fayil:Fried_Rice_In_China.webm|right|thumb| Bidiyon da ke nuna yadda ake shirya shinkafar soyayyen shinkafa ta kasar Sin]] Shinkafa da aka dafa ita ce babban sinadari, tare da nau'ikan kayan abinci iri-iri, kamar kayan lambu, ƙwai, [[nama]] ( kaza, naman sa, naman alade, rago, naman rago ), nama mai kiyayewa ( naman alade, [[Ham|naman]] alade, tsiran alade ), abincin teku ( kifi, jatan lande, kaguwa ), da namomin kaza . Sau da yawa ana ƙara kayan ƙanshi kamar [[albasa]], shallots, scallions, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], citta da [[tafarnuwa]] don ƙarin ɗanɗano. Ana iya amfani da man girki kamar man kayan lambu, man sesame, man shanu mai haske, ko man kitse don shafa mai a wok ko kwanon soya don hana mannewa, da kuma don ɗanɗano. Ana iya ƙara kayan ƙanshi na shinkafa da aka soya da gishiri, nau'ikan miyar waken soya daban-daban, miyar oyster, miyar teriyaki da sauran miya da kayan ƙanshi da yawa. Shahararrun kayan ado sun haɗa da yankakken scallions, yankakken barkono, soyayyen shallots, rassan faski ko ganyen coriander, ganyen mint, ƙwai da aka dafa, soyayyen tsaban [[Riɗi|sesame]], flakes na teku ( gim ko nori ), yankakken kokwamba, tumatir, lemun tsami, ko kayan lambu da aka dafa. Yin shinkafar soyayye da sabon shinkafa na iya hana ta soya yadda ya kamata, wanda hakan zai haifar da laushi mara kyau. == Tarihi == === Asalin ƙasar Sin === Tarihin farko na shinkafar soyayye yana cikin daular Sui (589-618 AD) a China, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Fried Rice |url=http://ifood.tv/chinese/chinese-fried-rice/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323110208/https://ifood.tv/chinese/chinese-fried-rice/about |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2019-04-12 |website=iFood.tv}}</ref> musamman a birnin Yangzhou . An ƙirƙiro ta ne a matsayin mafita mai amfani don amfani da ragowar [[shinkafa]], wanda in ba haka ba zai taurare bayan sanyaya. Ta hanyar soya shinkafar kwana ɗaya da mai, ƙwai, kayan lambu da ƙananan nama, gidaje sun sami damar ƙirƙirar sabon abinci mai daɗi da araha. <ref name="Fried Rice and Long Life">{{Cite web |title=Fried Rice and Long Life |url=https://www.whetstonemagazine.com/journal/fried-rice-and-long-life |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> <ref name="Yangzhou Fried Rice: The Journey from Leftover Rice to Culinary Icon">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2025 |title=Yangzhou Fried Rice: The Journey from Leftover Rice to Culinary Icon |url=https://www.dionefood.com/en/blogs/0017-yangzhou-fried-rice-the-journey-from-leftover-rice-to-culinary-icon |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> Dabarar soya abinci, wadda aka fi sani da ''chǎo'' a cikin Sinanci, ta riga ta kasance muhimmiyar siffa ta girkin Sinawa . <ref name="Chinese Cookery: Notes on the History of Chinese Stir Fry">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2014 |title=Chinese Cookery: Notes on the History of Chinese Stir Fry |url=https://scholars-stage.org/chinese-cookery-notes-on-the-history-of-chinese-stir-fry/ |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> A farkon zamanin da, soya abinci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin [[Dafa abinci|hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa]] wajen shirya abinci mai sauri, yana ba da damar dafa abinci daidai gwargwado kuma a ƙara kayan ƙanshi a cikin wok mai zafi. Don haka shinkafar soya ta dace da tsarin girke-girke na gargajiya, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama abincin da aka saba amfani da shi a yawancin abincin yankin Sinawa. A tsawon lokaci, bambancin shinkafar soyayye ya bunƙasa a cikin ƙasar Sin, musamman a yankunan kudanci kamar Fujian da Guangdong, inda shinkafa ta kasance abin da ake amfani da shi a yau . Waɗannan nau'ikan shinkafar soyayye daga baya za su yi tasiri ga nau'ikan shinkafar soyayye da suka bazu zuwa ƙasashen waje ta hanyar ƙaura da ciniki, suna kafa harsashin daidaitawa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya . <ref name="Slices of History on Your Plate: Chinese Influence on Southeast Asian Dishes">{{Cite web |title=Slices of History on Your Plate: Chinese Influence on Southeast Asian Dishes |url=https://seasia.co/2025/06/01/slices-of-history-on-your-plate-chinese-influence-on-southeast-asian-dishes |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == dq7se9xztosita5qp0u0hftqsitxb14 829266 829265 2026-05-03T12:35:23Z Sardeeq 39275 829266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Chaufa_salvaje_Selva_17042010.JPG|thumb|''Arroz chaufa'', shinkafar Peru-China soyayyen]] [[Fayil:Korean_cuisine-Kimchi_bokkeumbap.jpg|thumb|''Kimchi-bokkeum-bap'' na Koriya]] '''Shinkafa soyayye''' abinci ne na shinkafa da aka dafa wanda aka soya a cikin wok ko kaskon soya kuma yawanci ana haɗa shi da wasu sinadarai kamar ƙwai, [[Kayan miya|kayan lambu]], abincin teku, ko [[nama]] . Sau da yawa ana cin sa a matsayin babban abinci ko kuma a matsayin rakiyar wani abinci. Shinkafa soyayye wani abu ne da ya shahara a cikin abincin Gabashin Asiya, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da wasu abincin Kudancin Asiya . A matsayin abincin da aka yi a gida, shinkafa soyayye yawanci ana yin ta ne da sinadaran da suka rage daga wasu abinci, wanda hakan ke haifar da bambance-bambance marasa adadi. Shinkafa soyayye ta fara bunƙasa ne a zamanin daular Sui a [[Sin|China]] . Nau'o'in shinkafa da aka soya da yawa suna da nasu jerin kayan abinci na musamman. A China, nau'ikan da aka fi so sun haɗa da shinkafar soya ta Yangzhou da shinkafar soya ta Hokkien . Ana ɗaukar chāhan na Japan a matsayin abincin kasar Sin na Japan, wanda aka samo daga abincin shinkafar soya ta kasar Sin. A kudu maso gabashin Asiya, nau'in nasi goreng na Indonesia, Malaysian, da Singapore da aka gina makamancin haka da kuma thai khao phat na Thai abinci ne da aka fi so. A Yamma, yawancin gidajen cin abinci da ke ba wa masu cin ganyayyaki abinci sun ƙirƙiro nasu nau'in shinkafar soya, gami da shinkafar soya ta ƙwai. Haka kuma ana ganin shinkafar soya a cikin jerin abincin gidajen cin abinci na ƙasashen da ba na Asiya ba suna ba da abinci ba tare da al'adar abincin ba. Bugu da ƙari, abincin wasu ƙasashen Latin Amurka ya haɗa da bambancin shinkafar soya, gami da chaulafan na Ecuador, arroz chaufa na Peru, arroz frito na Cuban, da mampostea na Puerto Rican. [[Fayil:Cashew_seafood_fried_rice_served_in_a_pineapple.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa da aka soya a cikin abarba]] Shinkafa soyayye abinci ne da aka saba ci a kan titi a Asiya da sauran sassan duniya. A wasu ƙasashen Asiya, ƙananan gidajen cin abinci, masu sayar da kaya a kan tituna da masu sayar da kaya a kan tituna sun ƙware wajen ba da shinkafa soyayye. A biranen [[Bhutan|Bhutanese]], ana samun masu sayar da shinkafa soyayye a kan tituna suna ajiye motocin abincinsu a tituna masu cike da jama'a ko wuraren zama. Yawancin wuraren sayar da abinci a kan tituna na kudu maso gabashin Asiya suna ba da shinkafa soyayye tare da zaɓin kayan ado da abinci na gefe. == Shiri == [[Fayil:Fried_Rice_In_China.webm|right|thumb| Bidiyon da ke nuna yadda ake shirya shinkafar soyayyen shinkafa ta kasar Sin]] Shinkafa da aka dafa ita ce babban sinadari, tare da nau'ikan kayan abinci iri-iri, kamar kayan lambu, ƙwai, [[nama]] ( kaza, naman sa, naman alade, rago, naman rago ), nama mai kiyayewa ( naman alade, [[Ham|naman]] alade, tsiran alade ), abincin teku ( kifi, jatan lande, kaguwa ), da namomin kaza . Sau da yawa ana ƙara kayan ƙanshi kamar [[albasa]], shallots, scallions, [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], citta da [[tafarnuwa]] don ƙarin ɗanɗano. Ana iya amfani da man girki kamar man kayan lambu, man sesame, man shanu mai haske, ko man kitse don shafa mai a wok ko kwanon soya don hana mannewa, da kuma don ɗanɗano. Ana iya ƙara kayan ƙanshi na shinkafa da aka soya da gishiri, nau'ikan miyar waken soya daban-daban, miyar oyster, miyar teriyaki da sauran miya da kayan ƙanshi da yawa. Shahararrun kayan ado sun haɗa da yankakken scallions, yankakken barkono, soyayyen shallots, rassan faski ko ganyen coriander, ganyen mint, ƙwai da aka dafa, soyayyen tsaban [[Riɗi|sesame]], flakes na teku ( gim ko nori ), yankakken kokwamba, tumatir, lemun tsami, ko kayan lambu da aka dafa. Yin shinkafar soyayye da sabon shinkafa na iya hana ta soya yadda ya kamata, wanda hakan zai haifar da laushi mara kyau. == Tarihi == === Asalin ƙasar Sin === Tarihin farko na shinkafar soyayye yana cikin daular Sui (589-618 AD) a China, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Fried Rice |url=http://ifood.tv/chinese/chinese-fried-rice/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323110208/https://ifood.tv/chinese/chinese-fried-rice/about |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2019-04-12 |website=iFood.tv}}</ref> musamman a birnin Yangzhou . An ƙirƙiro ta ne a matsayin mafita mai amfani don amfani da ragowar [[shinkafa]], wanda in ba haka ba zai taurare bayan sanyaya. Ta hanyar soya shinkafar kwana ɗaya da mai, ƙwai, kayan lambu da ƙananan nama, gidaje sun sami damar ƙirƙirar sabon abinci mai daɗi da araha. <ref name="Fried Rice and Long Life">{{Cite web |title=Fried Rice and Long Life |url=https://www.whetstonemagazine.com/journal/fried-rice-and-long-life |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> <ref name="Yangzhou Fried Rice: The Journey from Leftover Rice to Culinary Icon">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2025 |title=Yangzhou Fried Rice: The Journey from Leftover Rice to Culinary Icon |url=https://www.dionefood.com/en/blogs/0017-yangzhou-fried-rice-the-journey-from-leftover-rice-to-culinary-icon |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> Dabarar soya abinci, wadda aka fi sani da ''chǎo'' a cikin Sinanci, ta riga ta kasance muhimmiyar siffa ta girkin Sinawa . <ref name="Chinese Cookery: Notes on the History of Chinese Stir Fry">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2014 |title=Chinese Cookery: Notes on the History of Chinese Stir Fry |url=https://scholars-stage.org/chinese-cookery-notes-on-the-history-of-chinese-stir-fry/ |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> A farkon zamanin da, soya abinci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin [[Dafa abinci|hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa]] wajen shirya abinci mai sauri, yana ba da damar dafa abinci daidai gwargwado kuma a ƙara kayan ƙanshi a cikin wok mai zafi. Don haka shinkafar soya ta dace da tsarin girke-girke na gargajiya, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama abincin da aka saba amfani da shi a yawancin abincin yankin Sinawa. A tsawon lokaci, bambancin shinkafar soyayye ya bunƙasa a cikin ƙasar Sin, musamman a yankunan kudanci kamar Fujian da Guangdong, inda shinkafa ta kasance abin da ake amfani da shi a yau . Waɗannan nau'ikan shinkafar soyayye daga baya za su yi tasiri ga nau'ikan shinkafar soyayye da suka bazu zuwa ƙasashen waje ta hanyar ƙaura da ciniki, suna kafa harsashin daidaitawa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya . <ref name="Slices of History on Your Plate: Chinese Influence on Southeast Asian Dishes">{{Cite web |title=Slices of History on Your Plate: Chinese Influence on Southeast Asian Dishes |url=https://seasia.co/2025/06/01/slices-of-history-on-your-plate-chinese-influence-on-southeast-asian-dishes |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == rx4lca3nntsrwilx3mbkh65dq0jsoyj 0 116426 829594 809689 2026-05-04T11:10:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Roderick Weir "R.W"''' (an Haife shi 6 Janairu 1939), masanin ilimin Ostiraliya ne kuma masanin tarihin Kimiyya. Gida ya kasance Farfesa na Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya, Jami'ar Melbourne daga 1975 zuwa 2002 a kan ritayarsa. A baya ya kasance malami sannan kuma babban malami a Sashen Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya. Ya kasance Daraktan Gidauniyar Cibiyar Taswirar Kimiyya ta Australiya (ASAP) 1985-96 kuma Shugaban Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Kasa. Aikin ASAP yanzu ana gudanar da shi ta Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Australiya, cibiyar da ke kan gaba don rubutun kan layi na tarihin kimiyya da fasaha na Ostiraliya. Farfesa Home ƙwararren marubuci ne, tare da manyan ayyukan tarihi don yabo; alal misali, rubuta nasarorin kimiyya Ferdinand von Mueller, masanin kimiyyar Jamus-Austriya wanda Gwamna Charles La Trobe ya nada masanicin Botanist na Victoria a 1853.<ref> R.W Home, A.M. Lucas, S. L. Maroske, D.M. Sinkora, J.H. Voigt, M. Wells. ''Regardfully Yours: Selected Correspondence of Ferdinand von Mueller'', Peter Lang Publishing (Berne), Vols. 1-3, 1998-2006.</ref> ==Karatu da Ayyuka== Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Melbourne (BSc), da Jami'ar Indiana (PhD), DLitt. Jagoran Physics, Kwalejin Haileybury 1960-64. Malami, Sashen Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya, Jami'ar Melbourne 1967-70, Babban Malami 1970-75, Farfesa 1975-2002. Shugaban, Ƙungiyar Australiya don Tarihi, Falsafa da Nazarin zamantakewa na Kimiyya 1977-80. Abokin Kwalejin Ilimin Bil'adama ta Australiya kuma memba mai dacewa na Kwalejin Tarihin Kimiyya ta Duniya. Edita, Bayanan Tarihi na Kimiyyar Australiya 1984-. Darektan Gidauniyar Aikin Tarihi na Kimiyyar Australiya 1985-96 kuma Shugaban Hukumar Ba da Shawarako ta. Kodayake Farfesa Home ya yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Melbourne a watan Disamba 2002, ya ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rubutawa da kuma adana tarihin kimiyyar Australiya a matsayin Editan Tarihin Tarihi na Kimiyyar Australiya (HRAS), mujallar rikodin tarihin kimiyya, mai tsabta da amfani, a Australia da kudu maso yammacin Pacific. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== *[http://www.hps.unimelb.edu.au/ Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Melbourne]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/ Australian Science Archives Project (ASAP)] *[http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/108.htm Historical Records of Australian Science (HRAS)] *[http://www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au/umfs/archives/UMFS172a.htm R.W.Home: Archival Holdings] *[http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/biogs/P002396b.htm R.W.Home: Brief Biography] *[http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/bib/P002396p.htm R.W.Home: Published Works] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Home, Roderick W.}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1939]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 2e5w1umenvg08o5z2ks73zpbfpbwz5u 0 117034 829406 734315 2026-05-03T21:07:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829406 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Pindiga_Emirate.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Pindiga]] [[Fayil:Muhammad_Sayoji_Ahmad.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Pindiga]] '''Pindiga''' ita ce babban birnin Masarautar Pindiga da ke cikin karamar hukumar [[Akko na (Nijeriya)|Akko]] ta [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-14 |title=Dankwambo tasks Pindiga Emirate on peace |url=https://dailytrust.com/dankwambo-tasks-pindiga-emirate-on-peace |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pindiga emirate honours Gombe SSG |url=https://periscopenga.com/2020/09/pindiga-emirate-honours-gombe-ssg-with-sarkin-rafin/}}</ref> Pindiga gida ne mai tarihin ban sha'awa wanda [[Jukunawa|Jukun]] ya gina tsakanin karni na 16 da 17. Garin ya fara ne da karamin rukuni na mutane da ke zaune a kan dutse kuma yanzu ya girma ya zama na biyar mafi girma a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Masarautar Pindiga |url=https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/PindigaTarihi.html#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.rumbunilimi.com.ng}}</ref> == Tarihi == Pindiga wani gari ne na tarihi a yankin karamar hukuma ta Akko, Jihar Gombe; mutanen [[Jukunawa|Jukun]] daga [[Yemen]] sun fara zama a yankin mutanen da ke baya a karni na 16 da 17. Sarkin "Sarki" na Gombe Buba Yaro ya fara yaƙi da su a ƙauyen Binga a cikin shekara ta 1815 AD, amma duk da ƙoƙarinsa, bai iya shawo kansu ba har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Yaƙin ya ci gaba ta wannan hanyar har zuwa lokacin sarkin Gombe, Umarun Kwairanga . Sojojin da ke yaƙi da Jukun a yankin Binga sun kafa babban taro na sojoji daga [[Masarautar Bauchi|Bauchi]], [[Misau]], [[Jama'are]], da sauran wurare. Sai dai idan wadanda suka gudu da fatan ceton rayukansu, ana kiran salon yaƙi da aka yi musu a matsayin aiki ya [[Mutuwa|kashewa]] kowa. Wadanda suka tsere daga baya sun dawo kuma sun zauna a kan dutse da suka kira "[[Khartoum (state)|Khartoum]]" Sun zaɓi ba da sunan sabon mulkin mallaka bayan sunan da aka ba su sakamakon zaman da suka yi a baya a Khartoum, wanda yanzu yake a [[Sudan]].<ref name=":0"/> Bayan dogon lokaci a kan dutsen, sun yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa wurin da ke ƙasa da kilomita ɗaya da rabi daga wurin da suka gabata kuma suna zaune a kan wani dutse da aka sani da puli, wanda yanzu aka sani da dutsen Jukun kuma yana bayan Pindiga. Bayan masu mulkin mallaka sun ci Gombe a cikin fada a 1903, sun sauke Jukuns daga tsaunuka kuma sun zauna a Pindiga . <ref name=":0"/> == Yanayi == Pindiga tana fuskantar lokacin rigar da ya fi dacewa, wani bangare na lokacin fari, da kuma zafi na shekara-shekara. Matsakaicin [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] na shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 57 ° F da 99 ° F, da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da 53 ° F ko ya tashi sama da 104 ° F.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Pindiga Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/65579/Average-Weather-in-Pindiga-Nigeria-Year-Round#:~:text=In%20Pindiga,%20the%20wet%20season,it%20is%20hot%20year%20round. |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=14 Day Weather Pindiga |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/14-days/pindiga_nigeria_2324857 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}</ref> == Matsakaicin zafin jiki == Tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun na 96 ° F, lokacin zafi ya ɗauki watanni 2.3, daga Fabrairu 13 zuwa Afrilu 22. Yawanci ya kai saman 97 ° F da ƙarancin 74 ° F, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a Pindiga. Tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun a ƙasa da 85 ° F, lokacin sanyi ya ɗauki watanni 3.2, daga Yuli 4 zuwa Oktoba 9. Disamba shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Pindiga, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 89 ° F da ƙananan zafin jiki ya 58 ° F.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=ArabiaWeather |url=https://www.arabiaweather.com/EN/weather-forecast/pindiga/102324857/ng |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=ArabiaWeather |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pindiga, NG Weather In July 2020 |url=https://weatherandclimate.com/nigeria/gombe/pindiga/july-2020 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=weatherandclimate.com}}</ref> == Bikin == Pindiga wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin garuruwa da ƙauyuka a yankin Karamar Hukumar Akko yana da bukukuwa biyu na musamman; bikin Eku da Tangra . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akko Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/319/akko |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> == Makarantu == Makarantun firamare da ke garin Pindiga sun hada da makarantar firamare ta tsakiya, makarantar firamaren Udan-boma da makarantar firama ta Gwagol . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Central primary school |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/central-primary-school-pindiga }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Other schools in pindiga |url=https://www.cybo.com/NG/pindiga/education-other/}}</ref> Jami'ar tarayya guda daya da aka samu a garin ita ce Jami'ar Tarayya Kashere (FUK), jihar Gombe . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The top 10 schools in Pindiga « SCHOOLS.HEYPLACES.COM.NG |url=https://schools.heyplaces.com.ng/Pindiga/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=schools.heyplaces.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal University, Kashere, Gombe State Gombe Nigeria |url=https://www.campus.africa/university/federal-university-kashere-gombe-state/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=campus.africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana mai da hankali ne kan aiwatarwa da samun ilimi da kuma sadaukar da kai ga sabis na ilmantarwa, Motto na FUK shine 'Ilimi don 'Yan ƙasa na Duniya'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vision & Mission – Federal University of Kashere |url=https://fukashere.edu.ng/vision-mission/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320095801/https://fukashere.edu.ng/vision-mission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9om7ilowx3dx6fm6if1xf8jm0s9o93p 0 121614 829389 740637 2026-05-03T20:22:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829389 wikitext text/x-wiki   Phyllis Omido (an haife ta a Phyllis Indiatsi Omido c. 1978), [1] wanda aka yiwa lakabi da " Erin Brockovich na Gabashin Afirka", ƴar gwagwarmayar kare muhalli ce na Kenya . Ta kasance daya daga cikin mutane 6 da aka baiwa lambar yabo ta muhalli ta Goldman a shekarar 2015. [2] Ta shahara da shirya zanga-zangar adawa da wata masana'antar narkar da gubar da ke tsakiyar Owino Uhuru, wata unguwa da ke kusa da Mombasa . Kamfanin ya haifar da gubar dalma ta hanyar tayar da dalma a cikin muhalli, inda ta kashe mazauna yankin, musamman yara, tare da cutar da wasu ciki har da nata. An rufe shukar a ƙarshe. [3] Ita ce ta kafa Cibiyar Adalci, Mulki da Ayyukan Muhalli (CJGEA). <ref name="philip">{{Cite web |last=Philip |title=Kenya's Phyllis Omido bags Goldman Environmental Prize |url=http://www.philsinfo.com/component/content/article/50-cat2/4010-kenyas-phyllis-omido-bags-goldman-environmental-prize.html |website=philsinfo.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Phyllis Omido a kauyen Kidinye, gundumar Vihiga, ga Margaret Omido da Alfred Omido. Tana da ’yan’uwa biyu da ’yar’uwa, babban yayanta George Mukutu kuma kanwarta tilo ita ce Susan Monyani Kasuki, yayin da kaninta shi ne Silas Enane. Omido ita ce uwa daya tilo, mai sadaukarwa mai ‘ya’ya biyu mai suna Kingdavid Jeremiah Indiatsi da Margaret Esma Ehwa <ref>{{Cite web |last=NATION |first=AFRICA |date=22 February 2019 |title=Mother stages protest outside Mombasa hospital over 'huge' bill-Kenya |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/mombasa/mother-stages-protest-outside-mombasa-hospital-over-huge-bill-141204?view=htmlamp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417065057/https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/mombasa/mother-stages-protest-outside-mombasa-hospital-over-huge-bill-141204?view=htmlamp |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=2022-02-24 |website=nation.africa}}</ref> Ta karanci harkokin kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Nairobi|Jami’ar Nairobi]] kuma ta yi aiki a masana’antu a Kenya sama da shekaru 15. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Phyllis Omido |url=https://centerforjgea.com/profile/miss-phyllis-omido |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805170223/https://centerforjgea.com/profile/miss-phyllis-omido |archive-date=5 August 2016 |access-date=24 April 2015 |website=centerforjgea.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan aiki == === Ƙungiya a kan shukar narkewa === Kamfanin ya fara aiki a cikin 2009 a Owino Uhuru. Ya ceci gubar daga tsohuwar batir mota. Sakamakon aikin shine hayaƙin gubar da aka saki a cikin muhalli. Har ila yau, ba a kula da ruwan acid ba kuma an saka shi cikin rafi da mazauna ke amfani da su don yin wanka. Yayin da yake aiki a wurin a matsayin jami’in hulda da jama’a, Omido ya ba da aikin [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|tantance tasirin muhalli]] (EIA). Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa shukar na fitar da gubar a cikin muhalli. A matsayinta na jami'ar hulda da jama'a, ta ba da shawarar cewa an rufe gidan narkar da kuma sake buɗe wani wuri. Shugabanninta sun ƙi yarda kuma suka sake mata aiki, suka kawo wani mai ba da shawara na dabam don gama EIA. Jim kadan bayan ta fara aiki a gidan smelter, sai jaririn Omido ya yi rashin lafiya. Ta kai shi asibiti. Da farko sun zaci taifot ne ko kuma zazzabin cizon sauro, amma an tabbatar da cewa gubar dalma ce. Ta karasa da cewa tabbas daga smelter ne. Ta zabo yara guda uku, ta yi musu gwajin jini. Kowannensu yana da matakan gubar da ke sama da matakin aminci bisa ga ƙa'idodin da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka ta gindaya. Daga nan ta bar aikin ta ta fara kamfen na rufe shukar. A shekarar 2012, Omido, tare da danta, wasu mutane dauke da makamai sun kama su a wajen gidanta amma sun yi nasarar tserewa. Bayan samun wani sakamako daga shugabannin kamfanoni da jami’an gwamnati na rufe kamfanin, ta shirya zanga-zanga. An kama ta tare da wasu mambobi 16 na CJGEA yayin da suke fafutukar yaki da barasa mai guba. An kai samame ofisoshin CJGEA tare da kwace wasu takardu da kwamfutoci. Bayan da ta kwana a gidan yari, an tuhume ta da laifin tada zaune tsaye da kuma yin taro ba bisa ka'ida ba. Bayan an dauki tsawon lokaci ana fafatawa a kotu, alkalin kotun ya yi watsi da karar a karkashin sashe na 210. Alkalin kotun ya bayyana cewa ta yi aiki da doka. Daga nan ta fara samun taimako daga [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] da sauran kungiyoyi. Ta gana da [[Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman]] kan sharar guba. Wannan ne ya sa majalisar dattawan Kenya ta zo ma’aikatar don tantance ikirari. An rufe shuka a ƙarshe a cikin Janairu 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahara Tribune » Kenyan environmental activist Phyllis Omido wins the prestigious Goldman prize |url=http://saharatribune.com/kenyan-environmental-activist-phyllis-omido-wins-the-prestigious-goldman-prize/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530223439/http://saharatribune.com/kenyan-environmental-activist-phyllis-omido-wins-the-prestigious-goldman-prize/ |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=24 April 2015 |website=Sahara Tribune}}</ref> === Cibiyar Shari'a, Mulki da Ayyukan Muhalli === A cikin 2009, Omido ya kafa Cibiyar Adalci, Mulki da Muhalli (CJGEA). Kungiyar ta yi rajista a gundumar Kilifi kuma mai hedkwata a Mombasa, an kafa kungiyar ne domin magance matsalolin muhalli da matsugunan da ke kusa da yankunan masana'antu na Kenya ke fuskanta. A cikin yin haka, CJGEA ta kuma shiga cikin magance wasu batutuwa, kamar shugabanci, canjin siyasa, da yancin ɗan adam. Shirye-shiryen da kungiyar ke bayarwa sune sauyin yanayi da mulkin muhalli, gwagwarmaya da haƙƙin ɗan adam, taimakon doka, da ilimi. CJGEA ta ha]a hannu da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] wajen ƙirƙirar fim game da gubar al'ummomi da kayan guba. Za ta mayar da hankali ne kan mace-mace da al'amurran kiwon lafiya, da kuma rashin hukunci da rashin mutunta muhalli da bin doka da oda da masu laifi suka aikata. An kaddamar da fim din ne a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni, 2014 domin ya zo daidai da taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na farko kan muhalli da aka gudanar a [[Nairobi]] . === Aiki na baya-bayan nan === A watan Fabrairun 2013, mai wakiltar CJGEA, Omido ya halarci taron tuntuɓar Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da muhalli, wanda Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki nauyinsa. A cikin 2013 Omido ya wakilci HRD na Kenya a Haɗari a [[Dublin]], Ireland. A shekarar 2014 ta je [[Geneva|birnin Geneva]] na kasar Switzerland don halartar taron ba da shawara kan kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa. Daga Satumba 5 zuwa 7, 2014, ta halarci 3rd Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Cibiyar Horo da Bincike -Yale Conference on Environmental Governance da Democracy a Jami'ar Yale, New Haven, Connecticut. A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2014, ta kasance a [http://www.kios.fi KIOS], taron karawa juna sani na kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa [[Finland|na Finnish]] . Ta ci gaba da zawarcin gwamnati. A cikin 2014, uku masu fasa shara masu guba a cikin matalauta, an mayar da matsugunan birane zuwa wasu sassan Mombasa. == Kyauta == Omido ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓa shida na 2015 [[Ƙyautar Muhalli ta Goldman|Goldman Environmental Prize]] . Kyautar ita ce mafi girma a duniya ga masu fafutuka na asali wadanda dalilinsu shine muhalli. Ta samu kofi tare da kyautar dalar Amurka 175,000 ko kuma Shilin Kenya miliyan 5.7. Omido yana cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. A cikin 2021, an saka ta a cikin [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' {{'}} na shekara-shekara jerin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Calma |first=Justine |date=September 15, 2021 |title=These climate stars are among the world's most 'influential' people |url=https://www.theverge.com/22675853/climate-change-stars-time-influential-people-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111040416/https://www.theverge.com/22675853/climate-change-stars-time-influential-people-2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=November 11, 2021 |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en}}</ref> Sauran lambobin yabo da ta samu a shekarunta na fafutuka su ne: {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Shekara ! Kyauta |- | '''2018''' | Zakaran Muhalli na gundumar Mombasa |- | '''2018''' | Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Italiya Mace mai ƙarfin hali kuma memba mai girma na Bar |- | '''2020''' | Kyautar Ethecon Blue Planet. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cece |first=Siago |last2=Atieno |first2=Winnie |date=2020-09-24 |title=Kenya: Fight to Expose Lead Poisoning Pays Off for Whistle-Blower |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202009240307.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224182053/https://allafrica.com/stories/202009240307.html |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-24 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}</ref> |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://centerforjgea.com/ Cibiyar Adalci, Gwamnati da Ayyukan Muhalli (CJGEA)] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 09si4dvtv4n12wfxt5w89fi2ou1lclu 0 121615 829403 740642 2026-05-03T20:39:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Phyllis Omido (an haife ta a Phyllis Indiatsi Omido c. 1978), [1] wanda aka yiwa lakabi da " Erin Brockovich na Gabashin Afirka", ƴar gwagwarmayar kare muhalli ce na Kenya . Ta kasance daya daga cikin mutane 6 da aka baiwa lambar yabo ta muhalli ta Goldman a shekarar 2015. [2] Ta shahara da shirya zanga-zangar adawa da wata masana'antar narkar da gubar da ke tsakiyar Owino Uhuru, wata unguwa da ke kusa da Mombasa . Kamfanin ya haifar da gubar dalma ta hanyar tayar da dalma a cikin muhalli, inda ta kashe mazauna yankin, musamman yara, tare da cutar da wasu ciki har da nata. An rufe shukar a ƙarshe. [3] Ita ce ta kafa Cibiyar Adalci, Mulki da Ayyukan Muhalli (CJGEA). <ref name="philip">{{Cite web |last=Philip |title=Kenya's Phyllis Omido bags Goldman Environmental Prize |url=http://www.philsinfo.com/component/content/article/50-cat2/4010-kenyas-phyllis-omido-bags-goldman-environmental-prize.html |website=philsinfo.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Phyllis Omido a kauyen Kidinye, gundumar Vihiga, ga Margaret Omido da Alfred Omido. Tana da ’yan’uwa biyu da ’yar’uwa, babban yayanta George Mukutu kuma kanwarta tilo ita ce Susan Monyani Kasuki, yayin da kaninta shi ne Silas Enane. Omido ita ce uwa daya tilo, mai sadaukarwa mai ‘ya’ya biyu mai suna Kingdavid Jeremiah Indiatsi da Margaret Esma Ehwa <ref>{{Cite web |last=NATION |first=AFRICA |date=22 February 2019 |title=Mother stages protest outside Mombasa hospital over 'huge' bill-Kenya |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/mombasa/mother-stages-protest-outside-mombasa-hospital-over-huge-bill-141204?view=htmlamp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417065057/https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/mombasa/mother-stages-protest-outside-mombasa-hospital-over-huge-bill-141204?view=htmlamp |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=2022-02-24 |website=nation.africa}}</ref> Ta karanci harkokin kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Nairobi|Jami’ar Nairobi]] kuma ta yi aiki a masana’antu a Kenya sama da shekaru 15. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Phyllis Omido |url=https://centerforjgea.com/profile/miss-phyllis-omido |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805170223/https://centerforjgea.com/profile/miss-phyllis-omido |archive-date=5 August 2016 |access-date=24 April 2015 |website=centerforjgea.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan aiki == === Ƙungiya a kan shukar narkewa === Kamfanin ya fara aiki a cikin 2009 a Owino Uhuru. Ya ceci gubar daga tsohuwar batir mota. Sakamakon aikin shine hayaƙin gubar da aka saki a cikin muhalli. Har ila yau, ba a kula da ruwan acid ba kuma an saka shi cikin rafi da mazauna ke amfani da su don yin wanka. Yayin da yake aiki a wurin a matsayin jami’in hulda da jama’a, Omido ya ba da aikin [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|tantance tasirin muhalli]] (EIA). Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa shukar na fitar da gubar a cikin muhalli. A matsayinta na jami'ar hulda da jama'a, ta ba da shawarar cewa an rufe gidan narkar da kuma sake buɗe wani wuri. Shugabanninta sun ƙi yarda kuma suka sake mata aiki, suka kawo wani mai ba da shawara na dabam don gama EIA. Jim kadan bayan ta fara aiki a gidan smelter, sai jaririn Omido ya yi rashin lafiya. Ta kai shi asibiti. Da farko sun zaci taifot ne ko kuma zazzabin cizon sauro, amma an tabbatar da cewa gubar dalma ce. Ta karasa da cewa tabbas daga smelter ne. Ta zabo yara guda uku, ta yi musu gwajin jini. Kowannensu yana da matakan gubar da ke sama da matakin aminci bisa ga ƙa'idodin da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka ta gindaya. Daga nan ta bar aikin ta ta fara kamfen na rufe shukar. A shekarar 2012, Omido, tare da danta, wasu mutane dauke da makamai sun kama su a wajen gidanta amma sun yi nasarar tserewa. Bayan samun wani sakamako daga shugabannin kamfanoni da jami’an gwamnati na rufe kamfanin, ta shirya zanga-zanga. An kama ta tare da wasu mambobi 16 na CJGEA yayin da suke fafutukar yaki da barasa mai guba. An kai samame ofisoshin CJGEA tare da kwace wasu takardu da kwamfutoci. Bayan da ta kwana a gidan yari, an tuhume ta da laifin tada zaune tsaye da kuma yin taro ba bisa ka'ida ba. Bayan an dauki tsawon lokaci ana fafatawa a kotu, alkalin kotun ya yi watsi da karar a karkashin sashe na 210. Alkalin kotun ya bayyana cewa ta yi aiki da doka. Daga nan ta fara samun taimako daga [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] da sauran kungiyoyi. Ta gana da [[Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman]] kan sharar guba. Wannan ne ya sa majalisar dattawan Kenya ta zo ma’aikatar don tantance ikirari. An rufe shuka a ƙarshe a cikin Janairu 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahara Tribune » Kenyan environmental activist Phyllis Omido wins the prestigious Goldman prize |url=http://saharatribune.com/kenyan-environmental-activist-phyllis-omido-wins-the-prestigious-goldman-prize/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530223439/http://saharatribune.com/kenyan-environmental-activist-phyllis-omido-wins-the-prestigious-goldman-prize/ |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=24 April 2015 |website=Sahara Tribune}}</ref> === Cibiyar Shari'a, Mulki da Ayyukan Muhalli === A cikin 2009, Omido ya kafa Cibiyar Adalci, Mulki da Muhalli (CJGEA). Kungiyar ta yi rajista a gundumar Kilifi kuma mai hedkwata a Mombasa, an kafa kungiyar ne domin magance matsalolin muhalli da matsugunan da ke kusa da yankunan masana'antu na Kenya ke fuskanta. A cikin yin haka, CJGEA ta kuma shiga cikin magance wasu batutuwa, kamar shugabanci, canjin siyasa, da yancin ɗan adam. Shirye-shiryen da kungiyar ke bayarwa sune sauyin yanayi da mulkin muhalli, gwagwarmaya da haƙƙin ɗan adam, taimakon doka, da ilimi. CJGEA ta ha]a hannu da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] wajen ƙirƙirar fim game da gubar al'ummomi da kayan guba. Za ta mayar da hankali ne kan mace-mace da al'amurran kiwon lafiya, da kuma rashin hukunci da rashin mutunta muhalli da bin doka da oda da masu laifi suka aikata. An kaddamar da fim din ne a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni, 2014 domin ya zo daidai da taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na farko kan muhalli da aka gudanar a [[Nairobi]] . === Aiki na baya-bayan nan === A watan Fabrairun 2013, mai wakiltar CJGEA, Omido ya halarci taron tuntuɓar Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da muhalli, wanda Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki nauyinsa. A cikin 2013 Omido ya wakilci HRD na Kenya a Haɗari a [[Dublin]], Ireland. A shekarar 2014 ta je [[Geneva|birnin Geneva]] na kasar Switzerland don halartar taron ba da shawara kan kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa. Daga Satumba 5 zuwa 7, 2014, ta halarci 3rd Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Cibiyar Horo da Bincike -Yale Conference on Environmental Governance da Democracy a Jami'ar Yale, New Haven, Connecticut. A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2014, ta kasance a [http://www.kios.fi KIOS], taron karawa juna sani na kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa [[Finland|na Finnish]] . Ta ci gaba da zawarcin gwamnati. A cikin 2014, uku masu fasa shara masu guba a cikin matalauta, an mayar da matsugunan birane zuwa wasu sassan Mombasa. == Kyauta == Omido ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓa shida na 2015 [[Ƙyautar Muhalli ta Goldman|Goldman Environmental Prize]] . Kyautar ita ce mafi girma a duniya ga masu fafutuka na asali wadanda dalilinsu shine muhalli. Ta samu kofi tare da kyautar dalar Amurka 175,000 ko kuma Shilin Kenya miliyan 5.7. Omido yana cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. A cikin 2021, an saka ta a cikin [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' {{'}} na shekara-shekara jerin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Calma |first=Justine |date=September 15, 2021 |title=These climate stars are among the world's most 'influential' people |url=https://www.theverge.com/22675853/climate-change-stars-time-influential-people-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111040416/https://www.theverge.com/22675853/climate-change-stars-time-influential-people-2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=November 11, 2021 |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en}}</ref> Sauran lambobin yabo da ta samu a shekarunta na fafutuka su ne: {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Shekara ! Kyauta |- | '''2018''' | Zakaran Muhalli na gundumar Mombasa |- | '''2018''' | Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Italiya Mace mai ƙarfin hali kuma memba mai girma na Bar |- | '''2020''' | Kyautar Ethecon Blue Planet. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cece |first=Siago |last2=Atieno |first2=Winnie |date=2020-09-24 |title=Kenya: Fight to Expose Lead Poisoning Pays Off for Whistle-Blower |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202009240307.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224182053/https://allafrica.com/stories/202009240307.html |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-24 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://centerforjgea.com/ Cibiyar Adalci, Gwamnati da Ayyukan Muhalli (CJGEA)] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sg5kakqemlm7hq9gxwu3uc8jvknf95i 0 122897 829465 759173 2026-05-03T23:29:03Z Olugold 15747 829465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=|regions=Igbo gargajiya|native_name=Iria ceremony |religions=gargajiya|languages=Igbo|image=[[Fayil:Iriabo_African_traditional_attire.jpg|thumb|Wani matashi mai suna ''Iriabo''.]]}} [[Fayil:Iriabo_first_dance.jpg|thumb|Tsohon ''Iriabo'', ko kuma wanda ya farawa bikin Iria, yana shiga cikin rawa na bikin.]] '''Iria ceremony'''<ref name="passage">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=Iria Festival: Excitement in Rivers community as maidens are set to dance half-naked |url=https://punchng.com/iria-festival-excitement-in-rivers-community-as-maidens-are-set-to-dance-half-naked/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> biki ne da kabilar '''Ijaw''' ke gudanarwa a Jihar Rivers, Najeriya.[1] Muhimmin biki ne na al’adu wanda ke nuna sauyin mace daga wani mataki na rayuwar mata zuwa wani a cikin al’ummar Ijaw. Ana fi gudanar da bikin ne a masarautun '''Ibani''' da ke cikin Kananan Hukumomin '''Bonny''' da '''Opobo-Nkoro''' na Jihar Rivers.<ref name="rite">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=IRIA CEREMONY: GLORIFICATION OF IBANI WOMANHOOD |url=https://kristinareports.net/iria-ceremony-glorification-of-ibani-womanhood/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=KRISTINA REPORTS |language=en-US}}</ref> Mataki na farko na bikin Iria ana ɗaukarsa al'ada ce ta wucewa ga 'yan mata yayin da suka kai ga [[balaga]] kuma suka fara girma a jiki. Kafin wannan matakin, yarinya yarinya tana gudu tsirara a kusa da unguwar, amma da zarar ta kai shekarun balaga, iyayenta suna samun murfin mata. Gabatar da wannan murfin ga yarinyar alama ce ta musamman, kuma ana yin bikin da babbar sha'awa. Ana kiran mai farawa na Iria a cikin [[Yaren Kalabari|Harshen Ibani]] a matsayin ''Iriabo'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-15 |title=Di colourful Iria ritual into womanhood for dis ancient Nigerian tribe |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/world-59998905 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref><ref name="passage">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=Iria Festival: Excitement in Rivers community as maidens are set to dance half-naked |url=https://punchng.com/iria-festival-excitement-in-rivers-community-as-maidens-are-set-to-dance-half-naked/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://punchng.com/iria-festival-excitement-in-rivers-community-as-maidens-are-set-to-dance-half-naked/ "Iria Festival: Excitement in Rivers community as maidens are set to dance half-naked"]. ''Punch Newspapers''. 2018-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Bikin yana da matakai uku, kowanne yana dacewa da rukunin shekaru daban-daban. Idan wani mai shirin shiga mataki na ƙarshe na '''Bibite''' bai taɓa gudanar da wani daga cikin matakan da suka gabata ba, kamar yadda hakan ke faruwa a wasu lokuta, to dole ne a fara aiwatar da dukkan waɗannan matakan kafin a wuce zuwa mataki na ƙarshe.: <ref name="rite">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=IRIA CEREMONY: GLORIFICATION OF IBANI WOMANHOOD |url=https://kristinareports.net/iria-ceremony-glorification-of-ibani-womanhood/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=KRISTINA REPORTS |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kristinareports.net/iria-ceremony-glorification-of-ibani-womanhood/ "IRIA CEREMONY: GLORIFICATION OF IBANI WOMANHOOD"]. ''KRISTINA REPORTS''. 2022-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> # # ''Opu-Egerebite'': Wannan matakin an yi shi ne ga 'yan mata masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 21, da kuma wadanda suka girme su. A lokacin bikin Opu-Egerebite, matasan mata suna ɗaure murfin wuyan da ake kira Ikaki, tare da popo da yadudduka na damask, tare da riguna masu dacewa. # Bibite: An tanadar Bibite ga mata masu shekaru 40 da sama. A wannan matakin, mata suna sa tufafin gargajiya kamar su intorica George wrapper da lili-inji wrapper. Mataki na Bibite yana da matsayi mafi girma na girmamawa da girmamawa a cikin bikin Iria a Bonny da [[Opobo]], kuma yana samun kulawa da girmamawa ta musamman. ==Hotuna== <gallery mode="packed" heights="140" caption="[[commons:Category:Images From Opobo Iria Womanhood celebration|Bikin Mata na Iriabo]]"> File:Madam Stella Obomanu Iria Ceremony 8.jpg File:Iriabo Stella Obomanu Womanhood Celebration 19.jpg File:Miss Stella Obomanu Iria Ceremony 4.jpg File:Iriabo Stella Obomanu Womanhood Celebration 40.jpg File:Iriabo first dance.jpg File:Iriabo African traditional attire.jpg </gallery> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Al'adun Najeriya]] e4optufvj7upc8ss2vlbxs344oggs5q 829466 829465 2026-05-03T23:29:27Z Olugold 15747 /* Hotuna */ 829466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=|regions=Igbo gargajiya|native_name=Iria ceremony |religions=gargajiya|languages=Igbo|image=[[Fayil:Iriabo_African_traditional_attire.jpg|thumb|Wani matashi mai suna ''Iriabo''.]]}} [[Fayil:Iriabo_first_dance.jpg|thumb|Tsohon ''Iriabo'', ko kuma wanda ya farawa bikin Iria, yana shiga cikin rawa na bikin.]] '''Iria ceremony'''<ref name="passage">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=Iria Festival: Excitement in Rivers community as maidens are set to dance half-naked |url=https://punchng.com/iria-festival-excitement-in-rivers-community-as-maidens-are-set-to-dance-half-naked/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> biki ne da kabilar '''Ijaw''' ke gudanarwa a Jihar Rivers, Najeriya.[1] Muhimmin biki ne na al’adu wanda ke nuna sauyin mace daga wani mataki na rayuwar mata zuwa wani a cikin al’ummar Ijaw. Ana fi gudanar da bikin ne a masarautun '''Ibani''' da ke cikin Kananan Hukumomin '''Bonny''' da '''Opobo-Nkoro''' na Jihar Rivers.<ref name="rite">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=IRIA CEREMONY: GLORIFICATION OF IBANI WOMANHOOD |url=https://kristinareports.net/iria-ceremony-glorification-of-ibani-womanhood/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=KRISTINA REPORTS |language=en-US}}</ref> Mataki na farko na bikin Iria ana ɗaukarsa al'ada ce ta wucewa ga 'yan mata yayin da suka kai ga [[balaga]] kuma suka fara girma a jiki. Kafin wannan matakin, yarinya yarinya tana gudu tsirara a kusa da unguwar, amma da zarar ta kai shekarun balaga, iyayenta suna samun murfin mata. Gabatar da wannan murfin ga yarinyar alama ce ta musamman, kuma ana yin bikin da babbar sha'awa. Ana kiran mai farawa na Iria a cikin [[Yaren Kalabari|Harshen Ibani]] a matsayin ''Iriabo'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-15 |title=Di colourful Iria ritual into womanhood for dis ancient Nigerian tribe |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/world-59998905 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref><ref name="passage">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=Iria Festival: Excitement in Rivers community as maidens are set to dance half-naked |url=https://punchng.com/iria-festival-excitement-in-rivers-community-as-maidens-are-set-to-dance-half-naked/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://punchng.com/iria-festival-excitement-in-rivers-community-as-maidens-are-set-to-dance-half-naked/ "Iria Festival: Excitement in Rivers community as maidens are set to dance half-naked"]. ''Punch Newspapers''. 2018-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Bikin yana da matakai uku, kowanne yana dacewa da rukunin shekaru daban-daban. Idan wani mai shirin shiga mataki na ƙarshe na '''Bibite''' bai taɓa gudanar da wani daga cikin matakan da suka gabata ba, kamar yadda hakan ke faruwa a wasu lokuta, to dole ne a fara aiwatar da dukkan waɗannan matakan kafin a wuce zuwa mataki na ƙarshe.: <ref name="rite">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=IRIA CEREMONY: GLORIFICATION OF IBANI WOMANHOOD |url=https://kristinareports.net/iria-ceremony-glorification-of-ibani-womanhood/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=KRISTINA REPORTS |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kristinareports.net/iria-ceremony-glorification-of-ibani-womanhood/ "IRIA CEREMONY: GLORIFICATION OF IBANI WOMANHOOD"]. ''KRISTINA REPORTS''. 2022-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> # # ''Opu-Egerebite'': Wannan matakin an yi shi ne ga 'yan mata masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 21, da kuma wadanda suka girme su. A lokacin bikin Opu-Egerebite, matasan mata suna ɗaure murfin wuyan da ake kira Ikaki, tare da popo da yadudduka na damask, tare da riguna masu dacewa. # Bibite: An tanadar Bibite ga mata masu shekaru 40 da sama. A wannan matakin, mata suna sa tufafin gargajiya kamar su intorica George wrapper da lili-inji wrapper. Mataki na Bibite yana da matsayi mafi girma na girmamawa da girmamawa a cikin bikin Iria a Bonny da [[Opobo]], kuma yana samun kulawa da girmamawa ta musamman. ==Hotuna== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120" caption="[[commons:Category:Images From Opobo Iria Womanhood celebration|Bikin Mata na Iriabo]]"> File:Madam Stella Obomanu Iria Ceremony 8.jpg File:Iriabo Stella Obomanu Womanhood Celebration 19.jpg File:Miss Stella Obomanu Iria Ceremony 4.jpg File:Iriabo Stella Obomanu Womanhood Celebration 40.jpg File:Iriabo first dance.jpg File:Iriabo African traditional attire.jpg </gallery> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Al'adun Najeriya]] 0x4u3328zfr6dde94nqelbmfzudh6gs 829467 829466 2026-05-03T23:31:10Z Olugold 15747 /* Hotuna */ 829467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=|regions=Igbo gargajiya|native_name=Iria ceremony |religions=gargajiya|languages=Igbo|image=[[Fayil:Iriabo_African_traditional_attire.jpg|thumb|Wani matashi mai suna ''Iriabo''.]]}} [[Fayil:Iriabo_first_dance.jpg|thumb|Tsohon ''Iriabo'', ko kuma wanda ya farawa bikin Iria, yana shiga cikin rawa na bikin.]] '''Iria ceremony'''<ref name="passage">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=Iria Festival: Excitement in Rivers community as maidens are set to dance half-naked |url=https://punchng.com/iria-festival-excitement-in-rivers-community-as-maidens-are-set-to-dance-half-naked/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> biki ne da kabilar '''Ijaw''' ke gudanarwa a Jihar Rivers, Najeriya.[1] Muhimmin biki ne na al’adu wanda ke nuna sauyin mace daga wani mataki na rayuwar mata zuwa wani a cikin al’ummar Ijaw. Ana fi gudanar da bikin ne a masarautun '''Ibani''' da ke cikin Kananan Hukumomin '''Bonny''' da '''Opobo-Nkoro''' na Jihar Rivers.<ref name="rite">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=IRIA CEREMONY: GLORIFICATION OF IBANI WOMANHOOD |url=https://kristinareports.net/iria-ceremony-glorification-of-ibani-womanhood/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=KRISTINA REPORTS |language=en-US}}</ref> Mataki na farko na bikin Iria ana ɗaukarsa al'ada ce ta wucewa ga 'yan mata yayin da suka kai ga [[balaga]] kuma suka fara girma a jiki. Kafin wannan matakin, yarinya yarinya tana gudu tsirara a kusa da unguwar, amma da zarar ta kai shekarun balaga, iyayenta suna samun murfin mata. Gabatar da wannan murfin ga yarinyar alama ce ta musamman, kuma ana yin bikin da babbar sha'awa. Ana kiran mai farawa na Iria a cikin [[Yaren Kalabari|Harshen Ibani]] a matsayin ''Iriabo'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-15 |title=Di colourful Iria ritual into womanhood for dis ancient Nigerian tribe |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/world-59998905 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref><ref name="passage">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=Iria Festival: Excitement in Rivers community as maidens are set to dance half-naked |url=https://punchng.com/iria-festival-excitement-in-rivers-community-as-maidens-are-set-to-dance-half-naked/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://punchng.com/iria-festival-excitement-in-rivers-community-as-maidens-are-set-to-dance-half-naked/ "Iria Festival: Excitement in Rivers community as maidens are set to dance half-naked"]. ''Punch Newspapers''. 2018-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Bikin yana da matakai uku, kowanne yana dacewa da rukunin shekaru daban-daban. Idan wani mai shirin shiga mataki na ƙarshe na '''Bibite''' bai taɓa gudanar da wani daga cikin matakan da suka gabata ba, kamar yadda hakan ke faruwa a wasu lokuta, to dole ne a fara aiwatar da dukkan waɗannan matakan kafin a wuce zuwa mataki na ƙarshe.: <ref name="rite">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=IRIA CEREMONY: GLORIFICATION OF IBANI WOMANHOOD |url=https://kristinareports.net/iria-ceremony-glorification-of-ibani-womanhood/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=KRISTINA REPORTS |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kristinareports.net/iria-ceremony-glorification-of-ibani-womanhood/ "IRIA CEREMONY: GLORIFICATION OF IBANI WOMANHOOD"]. ''KRISTINA REPORTS''. 2022-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> # # ''Opu-Egerebite'': Wannan matakin an yi shi ne ga 'yan mata masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 21, da kuma wadanda suka girme su. A lokacin bikin Opu-Egerebite, matasan mata suna ɗaure murfin wuyan da ake kira Ikaki, tare da popo da yadudduka na damask, tare da riguna masu dacewa. # Bibite: An tanadar Bibite ga mata masu shekaru 40 da sama. A wannan matakin, mata suna sa tufafin gargajiya kamar su intorica George wrapper da lili-inji wrapper. Mataki na Bibite yana da matsayi mafi girma na girmamawa da girmamawa a cikin bikin Iria a Bonny da [[Opobo]], kuma yana samun kulawa da girmamawa ta musamman. ==Hotuna== <gallery mode="packed" heights="150" caption="[[commons:Category:Images From Opobo Iria Womanhood celebration|Bikin Mata na Iriabo]]"> File:Iriabo Stella Obomanu Womanhood Celebration 06.jpg File:Madam Stella Obomanu Iria Ceremony 8.jpg File:Iriabo Stella Obomanu Womanhood Celebration 19.jpg File:Miss Stella Obomanu Iria Ceremony 4.jpg File:Iriabo Stella Obomanu Womanhood Celebration 40.jpg File:Iriabo first dance.jpg </gallery> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Al'adun Najeriya]] ruw9k0geuhh2isfskhm6dos9jduq5yr 829468 829467 2026-05-03T23:31:44Z Olugold 15747 /* Hotuna */ 829468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=|regions=Igbo gargajiya|native_name=Iria ceremony |religions=gargajiya|languages=Igbo|image=[[Fayil:Iriabo_African_traditional_attire.jpg|thumb|Wani matashi mai suna ''Iriabo''.]]}} [[Fayil:Iriabo_first_dance.jpg|thumb|Tsohon ''Iriabo'', ko kuma wanda ya farawa bikin Iria, yana shiga cikin rawa na bikin.]] '''Iria ceremony'''<ref name="passage">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=Iria Festival: Excitement in Rivers community as maidens are set to dance half-naked |url=https://punchng.com/iria-festival-excitement-in-rivers-community-as-maidens-are-set-to-dance-half-naked/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> biki ne da kabilar '''Ijaw''' ke gudanarwa a Jihar Rivers, Najeriya.[1] Muhimmin biki ne na al’adu wanda ke nuna sauyin mace daga wani mataki na rayuwar mata zuwa wani a cikin al’ummar Ijaw. Ana fi gudanar da bikin ne a masarautun '''Ibani''' da ke cikin Kananan Hukumomin '''Bonny''' da '''Opobo-Nkoro''' na Jihar Rivers.<ref name="rite">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=IRIA CEREMONY: GLORIFICATION OF IBANI WOMANHOOD |url=https://kristinareports.net/iria-ceremony-glorification-of-ibani-womanhood/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=KRISTINA REPORTS |language=en-US}}</ref> Mataki na farko na bikin Iria ana ɗaukarsa al'ada ce ta wucewa ga 'yan mata yayin da suka kai ga [[balaga]] kuma suka fara girma a jiki. Kafin wannan matakin, yarinya yarinya tana gudu tsirara a kusa da unguwar, amma da zarar ta kai shekarun balaga, iyayenta suna samun murfin mata. Gabatar da wannan murfin ga yarinyar alama ce ta musamman, kuma ana yin bikin da babbar sha'awa. Ana kiran mai farawa na Iria a cikin [[Yaren Kalabari|Harshen Ibani]] a matsayin ''Iriabo'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-15 |title=Di colourful Iria ritual into womanhood for dis ancient Nigerian tribe |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/world-59998905 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref><ref name="passage">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=Iria Festival: Excitement in Rivers community as maidens are set to dance half-naked |url=https://punchng.com/iria-festival-excitement-in-rivers-community-as-maidens-are-set-to-dance-half-naked/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://punchng.com/iria-festival-excitement-in-rivers-community-as-maidens-are-set-to-dance-half-naked/ "Iria Festival: Excitement in Rivers community as maidens are set to dance half-naked"]. ''Punch Newspapers''. 2018-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Bikin yana da matakai uku, kowanne yana dacewa da rukunin shekaru daban-daban. Idan wani mai shirin shiga mataki na ƙarshe na '''Bibite''' bai taɓa gudanar da wani daga cikin matakan da suka gabata ba, kamar yadda hakan ke faruwa a wasu lokuta, to dole ne a fara aiwatar da dukkan waɗannan matakan kafin a wuce zuwa mataki na ƙarshe.: <ref name="rite">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=IRIA CEREMONY: GLORIFICATION OF IBANI WOMANHOOD |url=https://kristinareports.net/iria-ceremony-glorification-of-ibani-womanhood/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=KRISTINA REPORTS |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kristinareports.net/iria-ceremony-glorification-of-ibani-womanhood/ "IRIA CEREMONY: GLORIFICATION OF IBANI WOMANHOOD"]. ''KRISTINA REPORTS''. 2022-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> # # ''Opu-Egerebite'': Wannan matakin an yi shi ne ga 'yan mata masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 21, da kuma wadanda suka girme su. A lokacin bikin Opu-Egerebite, matasan mata suna ɗaure murfin wuyan da ake kira Ikaki, tare da popo da yadudduka na damask, tare da riguna masu dacewa. # Bibite: An tanadar Bibite ga mata masu shekaru 40 da sama. A wannan matakin, mata suna sa tufafin gargajiya kamar su intorica George wrapper da lili-inji wrapper. Mataki na Bibite yana da matsayi mafi girma na girmamawa da girmamawa a cikin bikin Iria a Bonny da [[Opobo]], kuma yana samun kulawa da girmamawa ta musamman. ==Hotuna== <gallery mode="packed" heights="150" caption="[[commons:Category:Images From Opobo Iria Womanhood celebration|Bikin Mata na Iriabo]]"> File:Iriabo Stella Obomanu Womanhood Celebration 06.jpg File:Madam Stella Obomanu Iria Ceremony 8.jpg File:Iriabo Stella Obomanu Womanhood Celebration 19.jpg File:Miss Stella Obomanu Iria Ceremony 4.jpg File:Iriabo Stella Obomanu Womanhood Celebration 40.jpg </gallery> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Al'adun Najeriya]] n7fnexipzxtao4bfespocnsxmo3fdbx 0 123859 829581 749740 2026-05-04T09:47:12Z Ammarpad 4826 ingantawa 829581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samah Ramadan Mohamed''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1978, a [[Kairo|Alkahira]]) 'yar wasan judoka ce ta Masar, wacce ta taka leda a rukunin mata masu nauyi.<ref>{{Cite sports-reference|title=Samah Ramadan|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ra/samah-ramadan-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417101449/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ra/samah-ramadan-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2020|access-date=10 January 2013}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar wasan Olympics sau biyu, kuma ta lashe lambar yabo sau biyar a Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta Judo . Ta kuma kayar da Adijat Ayuba ta Najeriya don lambar zinare a cikin aji na 78 kg a Wasannin Afirka na 2007 a [[Aljir|Algiers, Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Games, Algiers, 2007, Algeria |url=http://www.judoinside.com/event/view/4910/ |access-date=10 January 2013 |publisher=Judo Inside}}</ref>&nbsp; Ramadan ta fara bugawa gasar Olympics ta 2004 a [[Athens]], inda ta rasa wasan farko na mata masu nauyi (+78 kg), ta hanyar Ippon da Soto makikomi (a waje), ga Tea Donguzashvili na Rasha. Ramadan daga baya ta cancanci zagaye na maimaitawa, amma Choi Sook-Ie na Koriya ta Kudu ta doke ta a wasan farko.&nbsp; A [[2008 Summer Olympics|Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2008]] a [[Beijing]], Ramadan ta yi gasa a karo na biyu a cikin rukunin mata na +78 kg. Ta sami gaisuwa don zagaye na biyu na farko, kafin ta sake rasa a wannan lokacin ga [[Idalys Ortiz]] na Cuba ta hanyar ippon da seoi nage (kafarka). <ref>{{Cite sports-reference|title=Samah Ramadan|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ra/samah-ramadan-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417101449/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ra/samah-ramadan-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2020|access-date=10 January 2013}}</ref> Saboda abokin hamayyarta ya ci gaba zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe, Ramadan ta ba da wata lambar tagulla ta hanyar kayar da [[Janelle Shepherd]] ta Australia a zagaye na maimaitawa. Ta gama ne kawai a matsayi na bakwai, bayan da ta rasa wasan karshe na sakewa ga wani dan wasan judoka na Koriya ta Kudu [[Kim Na-Young (judoka)|Kim Na-Young]], wanda ya samu nasarar zira kwallaye na [[waza-ari]]-awasete-ippon (cikakken maki biyu), da [[kesa-gatame]] (karin riƙewa), a minti uku da talatin.<ref>{{cite news |date=19–25 July 2007 |title=Not where we once were |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/854/sp1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326220548/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/854/sp1.htm |archive-date=26 March 2013 |accessdate=10 January 2013 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly Online}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==manazarta == 0fz01aizmwto3lgi0jkejljv02b1ncc 0 125216 829364 753636 2026-05-03T18:55:06Z PaulLim11 37929 /* Halin da aka yi */ Matthew Mercer image 829364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Al'adun Cringe''' (listenⓘ) wani abu ne na Intanet wanda ke nuna Ba'a da ba'a game da abun ciki, halayen, ko maganganun da ake ganin abin kunya ne ko abin kunya. Kalmar cringe ta samo asali ne daga bayyana kunyar mutum zuwa zama lakabin rashin kulawa da aka yi amfani da shi ga nau'o'i daban-daban na nunawa a kan layi da halayyar magoya baya. Wannan abin mamaki ya fito ne a farkon shekarun 2000 a matsayin martani ga abubuwan da ke kan layi amma sannu a hankali ya canza zuwa ikon al'adu wanda ya shafi al'ummomin magoya baya, bayyanawa mai ban sha'awa, da halayyar kafofin watsa labarai. Al'adun Cringe sun sami karbuwa ta musamman ta hanyar dandamali na kan layi kamar Reddit da 4chan, kuma an lura da su don haifar da raguwar Fandoms daban-daban lokacin da aka lakafta su a matsayin cringe. Al'adun Cringe sun wuce Al'ummomin Intanet zuwa saitunan ilimi da ƙwararru. Malamai sun lura da karuwar sanin kai tsakanin dalibai game da nuna ƙoƙari a cikin aikinsu (wanda aka sani da tryharding). A farkon shekarun 2020, wani koma baya na al'adu game da al'adun cringe ya fara fitowa, tare da jama'a da fitattun mutane da ke ba da shawara don bayyana kansu da gaske da kuma ƙin tsoron kasancewa a ɗauka a matsayin "ƙoƙari sosai". == Asalin == [[Fayil:Fursuit_Group_Photo-Furry_Migration.jpg|thumb|Wani rukuni na furries, mai karɓar al'adun al'adu.]] Kalmar cringe ta sami canji na asali daga amfani da ita na asali wanda ke kwatanta martani na jiki ga kunya. Kalmar ta sami karbuwa a cikin dandalin tattaunawa na kan layi a farkon shekarun 2000, lokacin da wulakanci na jama'a a kan layi ya kasance sabon abu. Al'adun cringe na farko sun jawo yawancin abubuwan da ke ciki daga [[YouTube]]. A cewar Kaitlyn Tiffany na The Atlantic, yawancin cringe sun samo asali ne daga mutanen da ba su fahimci cewa kowa a duniya zai iya ganin bidiyon su ba. Abubuwan da suka faru da farko sun mayar da hankali kan tausayi da kunya, tare da masu kallo da suka shafi yanayin da ba su dace ba da suka gani. Shahararrun misalai na farko na cringe sun haɗa da bidiyon ''Star Wars Kid'' na 2002 da "My Video for Briona for Our 7 Month", inda wani mutum ya yi murmushi, ya goge bakinsa, kuma ya yi sanarwa ta soyayya ga abokin aikinsa.<ref name="atlantic">{{Cite web |last=Tiffany |first=Kaitlyn |date=2022-01-15 |title=How Did We Get So 'Cringe'? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/01/cringe-culture-everywhere/621272/ |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Al'adun cringe na farko sun haɗa da nau'o'i da yawa, gami da raini wa kai, wasa, da kuma nau'o-nau'i. A kan /b/ (4chan's "random" board), tattaunawar farko ta yi niyya ga kungiyoyi kamar masu amfani da Tumblr, mayaƙan adalci na zamantakewa, Fangirls, da furries, yayin da ake amfani da su don bayyana "al'amuran" waɗanda ba su da isasshen ilimin Al'adun Intanet don fahimtar jin daɗinsa na ba'a.<ref name="atlantic">{{Cite web |last=Tiffany |first=Kaitlyn |date=2022-01-15 |title=How Did We Get So 'Cringe'? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/01/cringe-culture-everywhere/621272/ |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTiffany2022">Tiffany, Kaitlyn (January 15, 2022). [https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/01/cringe-culture-everywhere/621272/ "How Did We Get So 'Cringe'?"]. ''[[The Atlantic]]''.</cite></ref> A watan Yulin 2012, mai amfani da Reddit Michael Dombkowski ya karɓi r / cringe subreddit bayan kallon wani ɓangaren KENS5 game da matasa. Dombkowski ya kirkiro RSS feeds don faɗakar da shi a duk lokacin da wani ya ambata ya lalace ko'ina a Reddit, sannan ya ƙarfafa masu amfani su ziyarci subreddit. Subridet din ya tattara ra'ayoyin shafi 10,000 na kowane wata a cikin watan farko, wanda ya karu zuwa 941,000 a watan Satumbar 2012 da miliyan 5 a watan da ya biyo baya. A cewar The Daily Dot, Dombkowski ya yi niyyar subreddit don haifar da tausayi daga masu kallo maimakon yin ba'a ga batutuwansa.<ref name="dailydot">{{Cite web |last=Alfonso III |first=Fernando |date=2014-03-03 |title=The dark side of Reddit's cringe culture |url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/reddit-cringe-cringepics-bullying/ |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Dombkowski ya haramta duk hotuna daga r / cringe kuma ya kirkiro r / cringepics a matsayin sub-net na spinoff don abun ciki na hoto. Da farko al'umma ta yi adawa da wannan shawarar, yayin da masu amfani suka damu da cewa zai raba al'umma. A cikin 'yan watanni, r / cringepics sun mAMA r / cringe a cikin zirga-zirga da masu biyan kuɗi. A shekara ta 2014, haɗin gwiwar sun tara masu biyan kuɗi sama da 500,000 da kuma fiye da miliyan 30 na kowane wata. A cikin wani kamfani na watan Maris na 2013 AMA ("Ka tambayi Ni Duk abin da"), babban manajan Reddit Erik Martin ya bayyana cewa ya ƙi "r / cringepics da duk wani abu da ya shafi cringe da dukan ra'ayin. "<ref name="dailydot">{{Cite web |last=Alfonso III |first=Fernando |date=2014-03-03 |title=The dark side of Reddit's cringe culture |url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/reddit-cringe-cringepics-bullying/ |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlfonso_III2014">Alfonso III, Fernando (March 3, 2014). [https://www.dailydot.com/irl/reddit-cringe-cringepics-bullying/ "The dark side of Reddit's cringe culture"]. ''[[The Daily Dot]]''.</cite></ref> == Tasirin == Al'adun Cringe sun shafi Fandoms daban-daban. Screen Rant ya yi wa abin da ya faru wanda fandom ya ɓace kwatsam lokacin da aka yi la'akari da cringe (saboda ayyukan mutane a cikin fandom ko fandom da aka sake kimantawa gaba ɗaya) a matsayin "My Hero Academia Effect".<ref name="screenrant" /> My Hero Academia da farko ya ji daɗin shahara a cikin 2020 a lokacin annobar COVID-19, amma sake fitowar bidiyon [[TikTok]] masu kunya na masu halartar taron a cikin 2020 ya sa aka yi la'akari da fandom na My Hero Academia, kuma saboda haka yawancin magoya bayan anime sun watsar da shi. Hakazalika, fandom na Homestuck webcomic, wanda ya gudana daga 2009 zuwa 2016, ya fuskanci bincike lokacin da cosplayers suka cika wanka tare da Sharpies don cimma launin launin fata (yana kwaikwayon ƙirar haruffa na Homestuc), wanda ya haifar da lalacewar dukiya a otal-otal da haramtacciyar taron. Yawancin magoya baya daga baya sun watsar da fandom, kuma a sakamakon haka, a cewar Screen Rant, Homestuck fandom kusan ba ya wanzu a 2024. Ya kamata a lura cewa tun daga ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2025 gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ''SpindleHorse'', wanda ke da alhakin shahararren wasan kwaikwayo na Hazbin Hotel (wani mai karɓar tattaunawar al'adun Cringe) ya fitar da wani matukin jirgi mai rai na Homestuck a [[YouTube]]. Sauran fandoms da aka ɗauka masu la'akari da su sun haɗa da Stranger Things da Hazbin Hotel fandoms.<ref name="screenrant">{{Cite web |last=Flory |first=Mallory |date=2024-05-23 |title=The "My Hero Academia Effect": Cringe Culture and Its Impact on Anime |url=https://screenrant.com/mha-hero-academia-effect-cringe-culture-anime-fandom/ |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref> Isobel Heal na ''Varsity'' ya bayyana cewa "ba shi da tabbas sosai a matsayin matashi har ma ya yi la'akari da sauraron waƙoƙin da My Little Pony ko Five Nights a Freddy's suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ba tare da la'akari le yadda suke da kyau ba, amma ya gano cewa halartar kide-kide na Living Tombstone ya ba ta damar shawo kan waɗannan hanawa. Ta rubuta cewa kowa da kowa a cikin taron ya kasance "ba ya jin tsoro don shiga cikin wauta na dukan dare," wanda ya ba ta damar "bar da tsaron da na sauka kuma na more maraice ba tare da jin tsoron jin 'ƙaddamarwa ba". Heal ta bayyana kwarewarta na raira waƙa tare da waƙoƙi kamar "Discord", waƙar My Little Pony-themed, ta ba da abin da ta bayyana a matsayin warkar da "raunin ƙarami" kuma tana wakiltar wani nau'in abubuwan da aka hana saboda Matsin zamantakewa da zalunci.<ref name="varsity">{{Cite web |last=Heal |first=Isobel |date=2025-06-28 |title=Embracing cringe with The Living Tombstone |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/music/29890 |website=[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]]}}</ref> == Halin da aka yi == Farfesa na Jami'ar New York Ocean Vuong ya lura cewa ɗalibai suna ƙara jinkirin bayyana ƙoƙarin da ke bayan aikin kirkirar su.<ref name="rolling stone" /> Vuong ya bayyana cewa ɗalibai galibi suna cewa "Ina so in zama marubuci mai kyau, amma ɗan ƙarami ne" kuma suna yin rashin amincewa saboda ana iya karanta shi a matsayin basira.<ref name="rolling stone">{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Mel |date=2025-07-22 |title=Cringe Culture is Making Us Afraid to Try, Says Ocean Vuong |url=https://rollingstonephilippines.com/culture/ocean-vuong-on-cringe-culture/ |website=[[Rolling Stone Philippines]]}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, [[Twitter|X]]-link" data-linkid="102" href="./Taylor_Swift" id="mwoA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift ta yi magana game da al'adun cringe a cikin jawabin da ta fara a Jami'ar New York: ta shawarci masu digiri su "koyi rayuwa tare da cringe" kuma cewa "cringe ba za a iya gujewa ba a tsawon rayuwa. " Sauran shahararrun mutane sun yi jawabai na jama'a suna yaƙi da ra'ayin da ake tsammani cewa "tryharding" yana da rikici. A cikin jawabin karɓar kyautar Screen Actors Guild Awards na 31, Timothée Chalamet ya jaddada neman girman kai da ƙoƙarin da ya saka a cikin matsayinsa, wanda ya bambanta da maganganun karɓa na tawali'u. A cikin jawabin karɓar Grammy Awards na shekara-shekara na 67, rapper Doechii ya kuma jaddada sadaukarwarta da aiki tuƙuru. A cewar The Daily Dot, masu amfani da X sun kira jawabin Chalamet da Doechii "mai wartsakewa" kuma sun yi tir da wadanda suka rungumi al'adun cringe a matsayin "masu hasara".<ref name="dailydot2">{{Cite web |last=Weedston |first=Lindsey |date=2025-04-07 |title=The era of the tryhard is here: Why Gen Z is done pretending not to care |url=https://www.dailydot.com/culture/tryhard-cool-again/ |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Matthew Mercer - IGN Live 2024.jpg|thumb|Matthew Mercer, masanin dungeon na shahararren jerin yanar gizo na Critical Role, ya soki al'adun cringe kamar yadda yake hana ainihin kansa.]] A cikin 2023, mai kula da dungeon mai mahimmanci Matthew Mercer ya yi magana game da al'adun cringe a New York Comic Con: "Muna rayuwa a cikin wani lokaci mai ban mamaki na 'al'adun crange' inda za'a iya kiran duk abin da ke gaskiya cringe. Kuma ban yarda da hakan ba. " Mercer ya jaddada cewa yawancin abin da aka watsar da shi a matsayin cringe ya ƙunshi "mutane su kasance ainihin kansu".<ref name="popverse">{{Cite web |last=McDermott |first=Jim |date=2023-11-09 |title=Critical Role's Matthew Mercer calls out "cringe culture" |url=https://www.thepopverse.com/critical-role-matthew-mercer-calls-out-cringe-culture |website=[[Popverse]]}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawaƙa Ariana Grande ta tattauna kwarewarta tare da al'adun cringe a cikin wata hira a kan kwasfan fayiloli Shut Up Evan . Ta bayyana lamarin a matsayin "maras adalci", tana mai cewa ya kamata a ba mutane damar bayyana sha'awa da farin ciki ba tare da hukunci ba. Ta ci gaba da bayyana cewa a yayin da ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a fim din 2024 Wicked akwai wadanda suka fahimci halayenta da kuma [[Cynthia Erivo]] a lokacin yawon shakatawa na fina-finai a matsayin "maras gaskiya" sabili da haka ya fadi.<ref>{{Cite AV media}}</ref> == Bincike == A cikin 2021, Steven Dashiell ya rubuta a cikin mujallar Studies in Popular Culture cewa cringe al'adu aiki a matsayin hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don iyakokin zamantakewa a cikin My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom, kuma wannan cringe al-adu aiki ba kawai tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban ba har ma a cikin fandoms da kansu. A cikin bincikensa, Dashiell ya bincika zaren Reddit inda wani brony (wani babban mai sha'awar My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic) ya nuna kunya game da wasu bronies. zaren ya sami tsokaci sama da 400 wanda mahalarta suka shiga cikin abin da Dashiell ya kira wasu-izing: nisanta kansu daga halayen da suka ɗauka cringeworthy. Maimakon kare bronies da aka soki, masu sharhi sun yi amfani da kalmar cringe don bayyana halayensu ga wasu halayen magoya baya yayin da suke rarrabe kansu daga abin da ake kira "marasa kyau" don daidaita sa hannun kansu a cikin fandom. Wani rahoto na Hinge na Fabrairu 2024 ya bayyana cewa fiye da rabin Generation Z suna damuwa game da cringe yayin soyayya kuma suna da kashi 50 cikin dari fiye da dubban mutane su jinkirta amsawa don kauce wa zama kamar wuce gona da iri.<ref name="motherjones">{{Cite web |last=Cao |first=Steffi |date=2024-08-09 |title=One Nation, Under Cringe |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/08/walz-harris-trump-cringe-weird-us-politics/ |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Masu adawa da Bronies * Kawar da al'ada * Wasan kwaikwayo na Cringe * Cin zarafin yanar gizo * Al'adun Intanet * Rashin guba mai ban dariya * Jin kunya a kan layi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3i8eyrxijad663qyrn99rmo0rp1zw7j 0 127661 829559 817578 2026-05-04T08:19:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}6 '''Richard Wilding''' OBE (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1965 ) masanin kimiyya ne na Burtaniya kuma ƙwararren masani ne a fannin dabaru, [[sufuri]] da kuma kula da sarkar samarwa. An san shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana a duniya a cikin kayan aiki da kuma kula da sarkar samarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> Shi ne tsohon Shugaban Cibiyar Kula da Kayayyaki da Sufuri ta Chartered a Burtaniya, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2019 |title=Alan Jones to lead CILT(UK) into its next century |url=https://ciltuk.org.uk/Membership/Organisation/Corporate/Corporate-News/ArtMID/8578/ArticleID/24116/Alan-Jones-to-lead-CILTUK-into-its-next-century |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Chartered Institute of Logistics & Transport U.K. }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararru ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke da hannu a harkokin sufuri da sufuri da kuma hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki. Shi ne kuma Farfesa na Emeritus a fannin Dabaru na Samar da Kayayyaki a [[Jami'ar Cranfield]] . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Wilding a [[Sheffield]], Yorkshire, Ingila kuma ɗan Christine da Malcolm Wilding ne. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Princethorpe, Warwickshire . <ref name="rugbyadvertiser.co.uk">{{Cite web |title=New Year's Honours: charity fundraiser and business brain among those on list from Rugby |url=http://www.rugbyadvertiser.co.uk/news/new-year-s-honours-charity-fundraiser-and-business-brain-among-those-on-list-from-rugby-1-4639877 |access-date=15 March 2017 |website=www.rugbyadvertiser.co.uk |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mahaifinsa, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, yana aiki a Jami'ar Sheffield . Wilding ya bayyana a wata hira da jaridar The Star Newspaper, Sheffield cewa ya koyi tafiya a kan hanyoyin sashen kimiyyar lissafi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa ya sha wahala a makaranta sakamakon matsalar bin diddigin ido da ba a gano ba sai a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, wanda hakan ya sa ya sha wahala wajen jarrabawar makaranta. <ref name="rugbyadvertiser.co.uk" /> <ref name=":2" /> == Ilimi == Wilding ya yi karatun Kimiyyar Kayan Aiki da Fasaha a Jami'ar Sheffield, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1987. Ya kammala karatunsa na digirin digirgir, 'Uncertainty generation in supply chains', na ɗan lokaci yana aiki a Jami'ar Warwick, ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1998. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shafe shekaru da dama yana aiki a masana'antu kafin ya "faɗa cikin makarantar ilimi ba zato ba tsammani", <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> ya shiga ƙungiyar masana'antu ta Warwick a 1991. A shekarar 1998 ya koma Jami'ar Cranfield kuma aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa Farfesa kuma Shugaban Gudanar da Hadarin Sarkar Kayayyaki a 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Ubanni" na wannan fanni Wannan matsayin ya samo asali kuma a halin yanzu shi Farfesa ne na Dabarun Sarkar Kayayyaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Richard Wilding OBE |url=https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/som/people/professor-richard-wilding-327515 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Cranfield University}}</ref> A wannan matsayin ya ɗauki wasu mukamai daban-daban ciki har da Darakta, Amintacce kuma Shugaban Cibiyar Kula da Sufuri da Sufuri ta Chartered tsakanin 2011 da 2019 <ref name=":5"/> da Darakta kuma Amintacce na Cibiyar Kula da Sufuri ta Chartered a 2020. An naɗa shi Malamin Koyarwa na Ƙasa a 2019 wanda ya ƙware a fannin andragogy a cikin yanayin kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilding |first=Richard |date=2 October 2019 |title=How to teach the most demanding students of all |url=https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/news-and-views/NTFS-2019-How-to-teach-the-most-demanding-students-of-all |access-date=15 October 2019 |website=Advance HE - News and Views}}</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da BBC News a rubuce da kuma tattaunawa kan kula da sarkar samar da kayayyaki, musamman batutuwan isar da kayayyaki a gida Ya yi aiki da Channel 4 a wani shirin Dispatches mai suna "Where's my missing mail" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> kuma an buga shi a Financial Times. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara yin gargaɗi game da katsewar sarkar samar da kayayyaki da ke tafe na [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] kuma kafofin watsa labarai na duniya sun ambaci shawarwarinsa da fahimtarsa game da tasirin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar coronavirus]] (misali <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Richard Wilding OBE |url=https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/som/people/professor-richard-wilding-327515 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Cranfield University}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2015 |title=Cranfield supply chain professor to be new CILT chair - Logistics Real Estate |url=http://www.logistics-re.eu/first/cranfield-supply-chain-professor-to-be-new-cilt-chair/ |access-date=15 March 2017 |work=Logistics Real Estate |language=en-US |archive-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316204356/http://www.logistics-re.eu/first/cranfield-supply-chain-professor-to-be-new-cilt-chair/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>[https://www.cips.org/PageFiles/121350/CIPS%20Briefing%20Document%20GBT%20v20%2027.07.21.pdf https://www.cips.org/PageFiles/121350/CIPS%20Briefing%20Document%20GBT%20v20%2027.]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ) Ya shiga cikin wani muhimmin muhawara ta talabijin a gidan talabijin na ƙasar Burtaniya mai suna " Good Morning Britain " yana ba da shawara kan sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba na tara kayayyaki a sarkar samar da kayayyaki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilding |first=Richard |date=2 October 2019 |title=How to teach the most demanding students of all |url=https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/news-and-views/NTFS-2019-How-to-teach-the-most-demanding-students-of-all |access-date=15 October 2019 |website=Advance HE - News and Views}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2020 |title=Is Coronavirus Stockpiling Selfish or Sensible? {{!}} Good Morning Britain |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55scb67iaIo |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=YouTube - Good Morning Britain}}</ref> An bayyana sha'awarsa a matsayin "ƙirƙirar ayyuka a masana'antu don ƙara darajar abokan ciniki da rage farashi" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> An fi saninsa da sabbin hanyoyinsa na sarrafa kayayyaki da samar da kayayyaki na duniya, <ref name="IET Awards - IET Conferences">{{Cite web |title=IET Awards - IET Conferences |url=http://conferences.theiet.org/achievement/winners/achievement/achieve-medals-winners.cfm |access-date=15 March 2017 |website=conferences.theiet.org |language=en-US |archive-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322215529/http://conferences.theiet.org/achievement/winners/achievement/achieve-medals-winners.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> tasirinsa mai mahimmanci ga sana'ar <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=U.K. Haulier |date=October 4, 2017 |title=Cranfield Professor identified as top U.K. logistics professional in 2017 |url=https://www.ukhaulier.co.uk/news/road-transport/awards/cranfield-professor-identified-as-top-uk-logistics-professional-in-2017/ |access-date=October 16, 2017 |website=www.ukhaulier.co.uk |publication-date=October 4, 2017}}</ref> da kuma bidiyonsa da darussan ilimi na kan layi. Wilding ya fara amfani da shirye-shiryen vodcasts, podcasts da MOOCs don ilimin samar da kayayyaki, gami da Tashar YouTube <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> da kuma kwas ɗin kasuwanci na iTunesU mai nasara "Supply Chain Management & Logistics: Gabatarwa ga Ka'idoji da Manufofi". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> A shekarar 2022 ya ƙaddamar da wani kwas na koyon Linkedin mai suna "Gina Sarƙoƙin Samar da Kayayyaki Masu Juriya Don Ingantaccen Gudanar da Hadari". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo, girmamawa da kuma karramawa == Wilding ya sami lambobin yabo da dama saboda aikinsa da kuma tasirinsa a harkokin kasuwancin duniya. An nada shi a [[Order of the British Empire|matsayin Jami'in Mafi Kyau na Daular Burtaniya (OBE)]] a bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta Sarauniya ta 2013 saboda hidimar kasuwanci. A shekarar 2017 an ba shi kyautar "gudummawar rayuwa ga horo da ci gaba a fannin sufuri" a kyaututtukan baiwar jigilar kayayyaki, in ji ambaton " ....ya kasance mai kwarin gwiwa da kuma kwarin gwiwa ga mutane da kamfanoni ta hanyar raba iliminsa na sufuri da samar da kayayyaki. Gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin rayuwa ba ta kai ta kowa ba" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> An ba shi lambar yabo ta Viscount Nuffield Silver Medal for Nasara a Tsarin Zane da Samarwa a shekarar 2013 <ref name="IET Awards - IET Conferences"/> tare da amincewa da shi a matsayin "mai kirkire-kirkire kuma mai ilimi. Ya jagoranci kuma ya samar da sabbin hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki a cikin sarkokin samar da kayayyaki na kamfanoni marasa adadi ta hanyar jagorancinsa na fasaha tsawon sama da shekaru 20" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> Ya lashe kyautar gudummawar gudummawar kai tsaye ta hanyar samar da kayayyaki ta Turai a shekarar 2010 da kuma kyautar bambancin sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta Turai "Kyautar Sabis Mai Kyau don Jagorancin Tunani da Sabis ga Gudanar da Sufuri". An saka Wilding a cikin jerin sunayen mutane mafiya tasiri a masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta SHD tun daga shekarar 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> jerin sunayen mutane mafiya tasiri a masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta Burtaniya. An ba shi lambar yabo ta "Lambar Yabo ta Lantarki ta 100" a shekarar 2017; wannan lambar yabo ta ware mutum a cikin jerin wanda a shekarar da ta gabata ya haifar da babban tasiri a cikin sana'ar. Ta haka ne aka gane shi a matsayin babban ƙwararren sufuri na Burtaniya na 2017. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=U.K. Haulier |date=October 4, 2017 |title=Cranfield Professor identified as top U.K. logistics professional in 2017 |url=https://www.ukhaulier.co.uk/news/road-transport/awards/cranfield-professor-identified-as-top-uk-logistics-professional-in-2017/ |access-date=October 16, 2017 |website=www.ukhaulier.co.uk |publication-date=October 4, 2017}}</ref> A cikin jerin da aka sake mai da hankali kan 2019, ta amfani da sabbin ka'idojin hukunci, an gane shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tasiri na waje guda 5 na sana'ar jigilar kayayyaki daga jami'o'i, [[Trade association|ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci]] da hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙwarewa na gaba <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> An amince da Farfesa Wilding a matsayin mai tasiri na waje na lamba 1 daga jami'o'in Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> An amince da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tasiri na Lantarki ta Duniya guda 10 akan LinkedIn: Jerin manyan masu tasiri na Lantarki ta hanyar samar da kayayyaki daga cikin masu amfani da Lantarki ta 660,000,000 a ƙasashe da yankuna 200 a faɗin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Katja |date=March 2020 |title=Delivered: The Global Logistics Magazine |url=https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-delivered-issue-3-2020.pdf}}</ref> An kuma sanya shi a matsayin mai tasiri a kan samar da wutar lantarki a lamba 1 a shafin Twitter tun daga shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Richard Wilding OBE |url=https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/som/people/professor-richard-wilding-327515 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Cranfield University}}</ref> An saka shi a cikin jerin sunayen [[Who's Who (UK)|Who's Who]] (AC Black) da [[Debrett's]] da [[Marquis Who's Who]] . <ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2015 |title=Cranfield supply chain professor to be new CILT chair - Logistics Real Estate |url=http://www.logistics-re.eu/first/cranfield-supply-chain-professor-to-be-new-cilt-chair/ |access-date=15 March 2017 |work=Logistics Real Estate |language=en-US |archive-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316204356/http://www.logistics-re.eu/first/cranfield-supply-chain-professor-to-be-new-cilt-chair/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta == j6a25mbkx6msg3w0ojp4ifxsdgzf0on 0 127949 829602 809701 2026-05-04T11:54:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Florence Lansang Danon-Gayda GCrGH''' (wanda aka sani da sana'a da Rosa Rosal; Tagalog:; Oktoba 16, 1928 - Nuwamba 15, 2025) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Philippine kuma mai jin kai. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo a ƙarshen 1940s kuma ta kasance mai ƙwazo a duk lokacin Golden Age na cinema na Philippine, an lura da rawar da ta taka a Anak Dalita (1956), Badjao (1957), da Biyaya ng Lupa (1959). Ta shiga cikin talabijin a ƙarshen 1960s a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen sabis na jama'a kuma ta fito a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa har zuwa 2005. An nada Rosal mamba a kwamitin gwamnonin Red Cross na Philippine a 1965 kuma ya yi jana'izar kamfen ɗin bada gudummawar jini na jama'a a Philippines. Abubuwan yabonta sun hada da Ramon Magsaysay Award, Order of the Golden Heart, FAMAS Awards biyu, da Gawad Urian. Reader's Digest Asia ta nada mata mafi yawan amintattun halayen Filipina a cikin 2010.<ref>https://manilastandard.net/showbiz/celebrity-profiles/314668623/seasoned-actress-and-humanitarian-rosa-rosal-dies-at-97.html</ref> ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== An haifi Rosal Florence Lansang Danon a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1928, a Manila.<ref>https://journalnews.com.ph/rosa-rosal-pumanaw-sa-edad-97/</ref>Mahaifiyarta Gloria Lansang ta fito ne daga Santa Rita, Pampanga, yayin da mahaifinta Julio Danon dan asalin Faransa ne da Masari.<ref>https://www.pep.ph/peptionary/187501/rosa-rosal-from-movie-queen-to-devoted-humanitarian-a755-20251115-lfrm2</ref>Ɗan'uwanta, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo-darektan Don Danon, ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin mai tsayawa ga ɗan wasan Hollywood Rudolph Valentino.<ref>https://www.rmaward.asia/awardee/rosal-rosa</ref>Tana da shekaru 12, ta koyi fasahar buga rubutu da na’urar bugu .<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/sb/sb003602.htm |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-01-01 |archive-date=2008-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715005539/http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/sb/sb003602.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin da Jafanawa suka mamaye Filifin, Rosal ya yi aiki a matsayin mai karanta labarai a gidan rediyon Jafananci.<ref>https://journalnews.com.ph/rosa-rosal-pumanaw-sa-edad-97/</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, Rosal ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Asibitin San Lazaro. Wata rana da daddare, tana wucewa wurin daukar fim sai furodusan fim din, Luis Nolasco ya hango ta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/sb/sb003602.htm |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-01-01 |archive-date=2008-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715005539/http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/sb/sb003602.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>Nolasco ya ba ta kwangilar fim, wanda ya jagoranci kayan sa, Nolasco Brothers Studio.<ref>https://journalnews.com.ph/rosa-rosal-pumanaw-sa-edad-97/</ref> Ta yi karatun grade a Antonio Regidor Elementary School. Ta yi karatun sakandare a Arellano High School.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20081008093320/http://www.op.gov.ph/printerfriendly.asp?newsid=16427</ref>Ta yi rajista a darussan dare a Cosmopolitan Colleges kuma ta sami digiri a Gudanar da Kasuwanci a 1954.<ref>https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/starweek-magazine/2002/08/18/172564/rosa-rosal146s-lifetime-charity</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa== Rosal ya yi aure a takaice a cikin 1957 ga wani matukin jirgi na Amurka, Walter Gayda, wanda ta haifi ɗa, Toni Rose, wanda daga baya ya zama mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin.<ref>https://www.pep.ph/peptionary/187501/rosa-rosal-from-movie-queen-to-devoted-humanitarian-a755-20251115-lfrm2</ref> Rosal ya mutu a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cardinal Santos da ke San Juan, Metro Manila, a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2025, sakamakon kamuwa da ciwon huhu da gazawar koda. Ta kasance 97.[18][19][20]<ref>https://www.manilatimes.net/2025/11/16/news/national/rosa-rosal-veteran-actress-and-humanitarian-dies-at-97/2224655</ref> Duban jama'a game da ragowar gawar ta ya faru ne a ranar 17-19 ga Nuwamba, a wurin shakatawa na tunawa da tarihi a Taguig.<ref>https://entertainment.inquirer.net/638722/rosa-rosals-wake-begins-nov-17-in-taguig</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2025]] okfpki0hvuy84adegxa7d9iaqwb2j46 0 127964 829462 817350 2026-05-03T22:54:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Priscilla Kolibea Mante''' ita ce mace ta farko (wanda a yanzu aka sani kawai) a ƙasar Ghana, mai bincike kuma Farfesa a fannin Magunguna a Sashen Magunguna, [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah]], wacce a yanzu haka take a harabar Kumasi. Aikin bincikenta ya mayar da hankali kan hanyoyin magance cututtukan farfadiya masu jure wa magani da kuma cututtukan wurare masu zafi da aka yi watsi da su. A cikin aikinta, ta fi bincika ayyukan maganin farfadiya na shukar alkaloid cryptolepine da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi a cikin maganin farfadiya da neurocysticercosis ke haifarwa. Manufarta ita ce gano hanyar da za ta taimaka wa cryptolepine ya shiga cikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya yadda ya kamata don rage haɗarin farfadiya, yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya su sarrafa yanayinsu yadda ya kamata. Baya ga nazarinta game da farfadiya, Mante ta kuma yi aiki don samar da sabbin hanyoyin magance ciwo, damuwa, da baƙin ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=International Rising Talents |url=https://en.unesco.org/science-sustainable-future/women-in-science/rising-talents |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-21 |title=Meet Priscilla Kolibea Mante, the only Ghanaian and African to win the UNESCO science award in 2019 |url=https://www.pulse.com/bi/tech/meet-priscilla-kolibea-mante-the-only-ghanaian-and-african-to-win-the-unesco-science/9lhqkf0 |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=pulse ghana |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntreh |first=Nii |date=2019-03-20 |title=Meet the Ghanaian scientist who won a 100k Euro UNESCO award for science |url=https://yen.com.gh/124715-ghanaian-scientist-priscilla-kolibea-mante-wins-unesco-science-award.html |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=Yen - Ghana news. |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204192554/https://yen.com.gh/124715-ghanaian-scientist-priscilla-kolibea-mante-wins-unesco-science-award.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=KNUST Lecturer receives L'Oréal-UNESCO award |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2019/March-25th/knust-lecturer-receives-loral-unesco-award.php |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=Myjoyonline }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |last2= |first2= |date=2018-01-13 |title=Introducing Dr. Priscilla K. Mante - Knowing It Series |url=https://wegoinnovate.org/there-is-more-to-a-successful-college-experience-than-just-good-grades/ |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=WeGo Innovate |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Priscilla Kolibea Mante: This Scientist is Trying to Ease Depression and Anxiety |url=https://onthedotwoman.com/woman/dr-priscilla-kolibea-mante |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=onthedotwoman |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204192554/https://onthedotwoman.com/woman/dr-priscilla-kolibea-mante |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2019, ita kaɗai ce 'yar Afirka da ta sami kyautar L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science International Rising Talent Award . Ita ce kuma ta sami kyautar L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science bayan karatun digiri na uku a Afirka. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=International Rising Talents |url=https://en.unesco.org/science-sustainable-future/women-in-science/rising-talents |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-21 |title=Meet Priscilla Kolibea Mante, the only Ghanaian and African to win the UNESCO science award in 2019 |url=https://www.pulse.com/bi/tech/meet-priscilla-kolibea-mante-the-only-ghanaian-and-african-to-win-the-unesco-science/9lhqkf0 |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=pulse ghana |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntreh |first=Nii |date=2019-03-20 |title=Meet the Ghanaian scientist who won a 100k Euro UNESCO award for science |url=https://yen.com.gh/124715-ghanaian-scientist-priscilla-kolibea-mante-wins-unesco-science-award.html |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=Yen - Ghana news. |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204192554/https://yen.com.gh/124715-ghanaian-scientist-priscilla-kolibea-mante-wins-unesco-science-award.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=KNUST Lecturer receives L'Oréal-UNESCO award |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2019/March-25th/knust-lecturer-receives-loral-unesco-award.php |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=Myjoyonline }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |last2= |first2= |date=2018-01-13 |title=Introducing Dr. Priscilla K. Mante - Knowing It Series |url=https://wegoinnovate.org/there-is-more-to-a-successful-college-experience-than-just-good-grades/ |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=WeGo Innovate |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta kuma ci gaba da lashe kyautar OWSD Early Career Fellowship ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 August 2019 |title=Twenty women scientists will receive research grants under the second year of the OWSD Early Career fellowship programme. |url=https://owsd.net/resources/news-events/2019-owsd-early-career-fellows-announced |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231102038/https://owsd.net/resources/news-events/2019-owsd-early-career-fellows-announced |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 |website=Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ilimi == Mante ta kammala karatunta na sakandare a [[Wesley Girls' Senior High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Wesley]], [[Cape Coast]], Ghana. Ta sami [[Doctor of Philosophy|digirin digirgir]] a fannin Magunguna daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah a shekarar 2013. Binciken digirin digirgir na Mante ya mayar da hankali kan amfani da maganin Antiaris toxicaria a matsayin maganin rage kumburi, musamman a Ghana. A wannan lokacin ta kuma yi bincike kan hanyoyin magance cututtukan jijiyoyi na tsakiya. Mante ta yi karatun digiri na uku a [[Michigan Medicine|Makarantar Likita ta Jami'ar Michigan]] da ke Amurka, inda ta sami tallafin karatu na STEM Seed Grant na Jami'ar Michigan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=International Rising Talents |url=https://en.unesco.org/science-sustainable-future/women-in-science/rising-talents |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Priscilla Mante {{!}} The AAS |url=https://aasciences.ac.ke/affiliate/priscilla-mante |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=The African Academy of Sciences}}</ref> == Sana'a == Mante mai rijistar maganin magunguna ce a Majalisar Magunguna ta Ghana kuma memba ce a Ƙungiyar Magunguna ta Ghana. Ta kasance mai rijistar maganin magunguna tun daga 2010. Tun daga 2013, Mante ta yi aiki a Sashen Magunguna na Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah inda take mataimakiyar farfesa. Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar [https://www.ghanayoungacademy.org/ Kwalejin Matasa ta Ghana] (2019 - 2022). A shekarar 2022, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar Matasa ta Duniya . An sake zaɓe ta a karo na biyu a 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=International Rising Talents |url=https://en.unesco.org/science-sustainable-future/women-in-science/rising-talents |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar Masana Magunguna ta Ilimi, zamantakewa da Bincike ta Ghana (An zaɓe ta a 2023, an sake zaɓe ta a 2025) kuma memba ce a kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Magunguna ta Ghana (2023-2025); An sake zaɓe ta a karo na biyu (2025-2027). Mante ta sami karɓuwa a duniya saboda jagorancinta a fannin diflomasiyya da manufofin bincike. A matsayinta na Shugabar Kwalejin Matasa ta Duniya (2022–2024), ta haɓaka tsare-tsare don ƙara yawan shigar masana kimiyya a farkon aiki a cikin yanke shawara na duniya. Ita memba ce ta Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Duniya na UNESCO don Mata a Kimiyya. Mante kuma memba ce a kwamitin gudanarwa na Dandalin Kimiyya na Duniya na 2024. Ta ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawar manufofin kimiyya ta duniya ta hanyar aikinta da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Afirka (UNECA), da Haɗin gwiwar InterAcademy (IAP) da Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya (ISC). Mante sananne ne saboda sha'awarta ga ilimi da kuma jagorantar mata a kimiyya don ci gaba da ayyukansu. "Duniya za ta ba mu sarari. Da zarar mata sun matsa lamba don samun manyan mukamai, to da wuya a yi watsi da su." - Dr. Mante, game da karuwar kasancewar mata a fannin kimiyya <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Priscilla Mante {{!}} The AAS |url=https://aasciences.ac.ke/affiliate/priscilla-mante |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=The African Academy of Sciences}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=International Rising Talents |url=https://en.unesco.org/science-sustainable-future/women-in-science/rising-talents |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fu2iiwy78e4rxrdtm9ftcrfcgkszfyt 0 128391 829557 762606 2026-05-04T08:10:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Carew Reynell''' (12 Afrilu 1912 - 7 Satumba 1940) ya kasance matukin jirgi na gwaji kuma matukin jirage a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. An haife shi a cikin fitaccen dangin masu yin giya na Reynell daga Reynella, Kudancin Ostiraliya. Mahaifinsa, Carew Reynell, wanda babban mai yin giya ne ya mutu a Gallipoli a shekarar 1915 yayin da yake jagorantar Dokin Haske na 9.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reynell, Richard Carew (1912–1940) |url=http://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/reynell-richard-carew-1658 |access-date=2 October 2015 |website=Obituaries Australia |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Reynell ya yi karatu a Kwalejin St Peter's da ke Adelaide, kuma ya bar Ostiraliya a shekarar 1929 don karatun noma a Kwalejin Balliol, [[Jami'ar Oxford]].<ref name="bbm.org.uk">{{Cite web |title=Battle of Britain London Monument – F/Lt. R C REYNELL |url=http://www.bbm.org.uk/Reynell.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930145510/http://www.bbm.org.uk/Reynell.htm |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=2 October 2015 |website=bbm.org.uk}}</ref> A shekarar 1931 ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Royal Air Force, yana aiki a Rundunar Sojoji ta 43 kuma ya zama malami a Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama ta 8, Montrose. Kafin fara Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi mai gwaji tare da Hawker Aircraft.<ref name="bbm.org.uk" /> A lokacin da yake Ingila, Reynell ya haɗu da Marjorie Watts-Allan. Sun yi aure kuma suka haifi ɗa, John, wanda ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu a shekarar 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reynella Memorial Hall, corner Old Main South Road and Reynell Road, Old Reynella, 2005 |url=http://www.onkaparingacity.com/libraries/localstudies/view_details.asp?RefID=1231 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930031319/http://www.onkaparingacity.com/libraries/localstudies/view_details.asp?RefID=1231 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=2 October 2015 |website=Local Studies On-line |publisher=Onkaparinga Libraries}}</ref> A watan Agusta na shekarar 1940, Reynell ya sake shiga rundunar sojoji ta 43 domin tantance yanayin guguwar Hawker a fagen fama. A cikin makonni biyu na fafatawar, ya harbo jirgin sama daya kuma ya samu maki da dama. A ranar 7 ga Satumba, aka kira Reynell zuwa Hawker don maye gurbin wani matukin jirgi da aka kashe. Ya zabi kammala ayyukan tashi na ranar. Wannan ita ce ranar da aka fara kai manyan hare-hare a kan London kuma rundunarsa ta jiragen sama 12 ta kai hari kan jiragen saman Jamus 100. An harbo jirgin saman Reynell kusa da Blackheath kuma ya karye. Reynell ya tsira amma layarsa ba ta bude ba. Reynell ya tsira daga tserewa sakamakon raunuka masu tsanani amma ya mutu a wurin.[1] [undefined] A shekarar 2013, an bude wani dutse da aka gina domin tunawa da Reynell a wurin shakatawa na Point View, Greenwich, kusa da wurin.[2] An binne shi a Makabartar Brookwood da ke Surrey. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1912]] 2c9nyo5zw2teztydyo31k7blftnyoi5 0 129936 829346 787098 2026-05-03T17:17:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paul Ortiz''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964) masanin tarihin Amurka ne. Shi farfesa ne na tarihin aiki a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] <ref name="faculty_page">{{Cite web |title=Paul Ortiz |url=https://www.ilr.cornell.edu/people/paul-ortiz |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=People at ILR |publisher=Cornell University}}</ref> kuma ya kasance tsohon darektan Shirin Tarihin Magana na Samuel Proctor a Jami'an Florida.<ref name="faculty_page_UF">{{Cite web |title=Paul Ortiz |url=https://history.ufl.edu/directory/current-faculty/paul-ortiz/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903195546/http://history.ufl.edu/directory/current-faculty/paul-ortiz/ |archive-date=3 September 2018 |access-date=7 February 2018 |website=Department of History |publisher=University of Florida}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haife shi a shekara ta 1964, Paul Ortiz tsohon soja ne na ƙarni na uku kuma ya kammala karatun koleji na ƙarni ya farko. Ya kasance paratrooper kuma mai aiki da rediyo,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sun |first=Paul Ortiz Special to The |title=Paul Ortiz: The cost of war for veterans and civilians |url=https://www.gainesville.com/opinion/20161106/paul-ortiz-cost-of-war-for-veterans-and-civilians |website=Gainesville Sun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Huertas |first=Jovahn |title=UF Oral History director merges academics and activism |url=https://www.gainesville.com/article/20140103/SPORTS/604130548 |website=Gainesville Sun }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ya kai matsayin sajan, a cikin [[United States Army|Sojojin Amurka]] daga 1982 zuwa 1986 tare da 82nd Airborne Division da 7th Special Forces Group a Amurka ta Tsakiya. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Sojojin Sojojin Amurka don aikin da ya dace a yayin fashewar Nevado del Ruiz stratovolcano a [[Tolima Department|Tolima, Colombia]], a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1985.<ref name="Samuel Proctor Oral History Program2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Paul Ortíz, Director 2008-Present |url=https://oral.history.ufl.edu/welcome/staff/dr-paul-ortiz-director/ |access-date=7 February 2018 |website=Samuel Proctor Oral History Program |publisher=University of Florida |archive-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819083739/http://oral.history.ufl.edu/welcome/staff/dr-paul-ortiz-director/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Littattafan da aka zaɓa === * Tarihin Afirka da Latinx na Amurka (ReVisioning American History, 2018) * 'Yanci da aka ci amanar Jami'ar California Press (2006) * ''Tunawa da Jim Crow'' na William H. Chafe (Editor), Raymond Gavins (Editor) Robert Korstad (Editor"), tare da Paul Ortíz da sauransu New Press (2008) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] 8evw6kc6reu55eleyq60qiuux0plwjk 0 130735 829582 798824 2026-05-04T09:57:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Risto Ahti (an haife shi 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1943 a Lahti) marubuci ne na Finnish kuma mai karɓar Kyautar Eino Leino a shekara ta 1994.<ref> [http://www.kustantajat.fi/kirjasaatio/palkinnot/einoleino/ Kustantajat.fi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130161420/http://www.kustantajat.fi/kirjasaatio/palkinnot/einoleino/ |date=30 January 2010 }}</ref> == A Turanci == * ''Narcissus a cikin hunturu'', 1994 {{ISBN|1873918089}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== * [http://www.finlit.fi/booksfromfinland/bff/102/ahti.htm Translated poems from ''Vain tahallaan voi rakastaa'' (''You can only love deliberately'', WSOY, 2001)]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] g1ic54wpalx36pckxudc7mnxzplbx1c 0 131079 829282 791341 2026-05-03T14:18:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Padinjarethalakal Cherian Alexander''' (20 Maris 1921 - 10 Agusta 2011) ya kasance jami'in gudanarwa na Indiya na 1948 wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Tamil Nadu daga 1988 zuwa 1990 kuma a matsayin Gwamna na Maharashtra daga 1993 zuwa 2002. An dauke shi a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasar Indiya a shekarar 2002. A lokacin da yake Maharashtra, yana da ƙarin alhakin [[Goa]] daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Ya kuma kasance memba na Rajya Sabha wanda ke wakiltar Maharashtra a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa daga 29 ga Yuli 2002 zuwa 2 ga Afrilu 2008. <ref name="rajya">{{Cite web |title=Members Page:Dr. P. C. Alexander |url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx |access-date=2014-02-03 |publisher=Rajya Sabha website}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tsawo tare da Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da Indiya da kuma nadin da ya yi a matsayin Babban Sakatare mai iko ga Firayim Minista na Indiya a lokacin shekarunsa tare da Indira Gandhi . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Indiya a Kotun St. James. Tarihin kansa shine Ta hanyar Corridors of Power . Sauran ayyukansa sun hada da ''Shekaru tare da Indira Gandhi'', The Perils of Democracy, da Indiya a cikin Sabon Millennium . == Tarihin iyali, farkon rayuwa da asali == [[Fayil:The_Governor_of_Maharashtra,_Shri_P._C._Alexander_calling_on_the_President_of_India,_Shri_K._R._Narayanan_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg|thumb|Gwamnan Maharashtra, Shri P. C. Alexander ya kira Shugaban Indiya, Shri K. R. Narayanan a Rashtrapati Bhavan]] An haifi P. C. Alexander a wani shahararren ahalin Malankara Orthodox Kirista Padinjarethalakal a ranar 20 ga Maris 1921 ga P. J. Cherian da Mariamma . <ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=206422 ഡോ.പി.സി.അലക്‌സാണ്ടര്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു - Latest News - Mathrubhumi] {{Webarchive}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Bishop Hodges, kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a Tarihi da Tattalin Arziki daga Jami'ar Travancore (yanzu Jami'ar Kerala). A wannan lokacin ya kuma kasance Shugaban, kungiyar daliban Jami'ar Travancore . <ref name="rajya"/> == Ayyuka == Alexander ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati a 1949, ya shiga IAS a ranar 15 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar a matsayin jami'in gaggawa.[1] Ya rike manyan mukamai da yawa a lokacin aikinsa, kuma ya shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a. Alexander ita ce babban sakatare ga Indira Gandhi kuma kusan ta yi aiki a matsayin inuwa da mai ba da shawara kan manufofi na shekaru bayan dawowarta mulki a watan Janairun 1980. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1985, ya yi murabus a matsayin Babban Sakataren Firayim Minista Rajiv Gandhi saboda abin kunya na leken asiri na Coomar Narain inda sakatarensa na sirri TN Kher, mataimakinsa Malhotra da sauransu ya kasance yana da hannu a samar da manyan takardun tsaro da tsaro na Coomar Нараin wanda ya kasance dan kasuwa ne na Bombay tare da ƙungiyar masana'antu ta Maneklal wacce ke da hannu a cikin kwangilar soja ta gwamnati.<ref name=":01">{{Cite web |title=Coomar Narain News Photo Coomar Narain (centre), a busi... |url=https://timescontent.timesgroup.com/photo/news/Coomar-Narain/135885 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Times Of India |language=English }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An sanya tushen Coomar Narain a cikin hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban kuma an bayyana shi lokacin da Ofishin leken asiri ya fara sa ido kan ma'aikatan gwamnati da jami'an diflomasiyya da yawa. Narain ya ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci wanda ya haɗa da takardun tsaro na Indiya da na ciki ga manyan manyan kasashe kamar Faransa da Tarayyar Soviet waɗanda suka kasance manyan masu samar da tsaro ga Indiya. <ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=206422 ഡോ.പി.സി.അലക്‌സാണ്ടര്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു - Latest News - Mathrubhumi] {{Webarchive}}</ref><ref name=":01" /><ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=206422 ഡോ.പി.സി.അലക്‌സാണ്ടര്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു - Latest News - Mathrubhumi] {{Webarchive}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ruoj1zhq8iyih7rs6q8rkjpyaf4hkkd 0 131606 829550 770201 2026-05-04T08:02:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Howard Hunt''' (Satumba 12, 1935 - Disamba 16, 2023) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma mai sassaka ɗan Amurka. A rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 20, ya zama "fitaccen mai sassaka ɗan Afirka-Amurka mai kama da zane da mai zane na sassaka jama'a." <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Richard Hunt {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/richard-hunt-2357 |access-date=April 4, 2021 |website=americanart.si.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> Hunt ɗan asalin Chicago ne, ya yi karatu a [[Makarantar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago|Makarantar Fasaha ta Chicago]] a shekarun 1950. Yayin da yake can ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinsa. A shekarar 1971, shi ne mai sassaka ɗan Afirka-Amurka na farko da ya yi nazari a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani . Hunt ya ƙirƙiri kwamitocin sassaka na jama'a sama da 160, fiye da kowane mai sassaka <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2015 |title=Richard Hunt |url=https://www.arts.gov/stories/podcast/richard-hunt |access-date=April 4, 2021 |website=www.arts.gov |language=en}}</ref> a wurare masu shahara a jihohi 24 a faɗin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard Hunt |url=https://explore.publicartarchive.org/richard-hunt/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Public Art Archive |language=en-US}}</ref> Da yake ya shafe shekaru saba'in yana aiki, Hunt ya gudanar da nune-nunen shi kaɗai sama da 170 kuma ana wakilta shi a cikin gidajen tarihi sama da 125 a faɗin duniya. Sanannen sassaka da ayyukansa na zamani da na takarda sun bayyana a nune-nunen gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi tun daga shekarun 1950. Richard Hunt ya yi amfani da "kayayyakin masana'antu da hanyoyin zamani don sassaka siffofi na halitta da na tarihi, kamar 'yanci, gudu, da ci gaba" a duk tsawon aikinsa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin mawakan farko da suka yi aiki a hukumar gudanarwa ta National Endowment for the Arts kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a hukumar Smithsonian American Art Museum . A shekarar 2022, [[Barack Obama]] ya bayyana cewa "Richard Hunt yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mawakan da Chicago ta taɓa samarwa." <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=[[Obama Foundation]] |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Richard Hunt to create installation at the Obama Presidential Center |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcfIV1nzyPM&t=220s |via=YouTube}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Griffey |first=Randall |date=December 21, 2023 |title=Remembering Influential Sculptor Richard Hunt |url=https://americanart.si.edu/blog/sculptor-richard-hunt |access-date=December 26, 2023 |website=Smithsonian American Art Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Richard Hunt a shekarar 1935 a yankin Kudu na Chicago kuma ya girma a unguwannin Woodlawn da Englewood . Hunt da ƙanwarsa, Marian, sun girma tare da iyayensu, Cleophus Howard Hunt, mai aski, da Etoria Inez Henderson Hunt, mai kula da laburare da kuma mai kwalliya. Mafarauta zuriyar bayi ne da aka kawo daga Yammacin Afirka ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Savannah, kuma galibi suna ziyartar danginsu a Georgia. Duk da cewa ya ƙaura zuwa [[Galesburg, Illinois]] yana da shekara goma sha ɗaya, ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa a birnin Chicago. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=Richard Hunt |url=https://africanamerican2-abc-clio-com.york.ezproxy.cuny.edu/Search/Display/1445369?terms=richard+hunt&sType=quick |journal=The American Mosaic: The African American Experience}}</ref> <ref name="saic-auction">{{Cite web |last=Sauer |first=Peter |title=Meet the Auction Artist: Richard Hunt (BFA 1957, HON 1979) |url=https://www.saic.edu/news/meet-the-auction-artist-richard-hunt |access-date=December 17, 2023 |website=[[School of the Art Institute of Chicago]]}}</ref> Tun yana ƙarami yana sha'awar fasaha. Tare da mahaifiyarsa, mai kwalliya kuma mai kula da laburare, ya halarci wasannin kwaikwayo na kamfanonin opera na gida waɗanda ke rera waƙoƙin gargajiya na [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], Rossini, Verdi, da Handel . [[Fayil:Richard_Hunt_Hero_Construction,_1958_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg|thumb|''Gine-gine na Jarumai,'' 1958, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, IL]] Tun yana matashi, Hunt ya fara aikinsa a fannin sassaka, yana aiki da yumbu, sassaka itace, da kuma yin zane-zanen Sculpt-Metal. <ref name="askart.com">{{Cite web |title=Richard Howard Hunt – Artist, Fine Art Prices, Auction Records for Richard Howard Hunt |url=http://www.askart.com/artist/Richard_Howard_Hunt/22373/Richard_Howard_Hunt.aspx |access-date=December 12, 2017 |website=Askart.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yayin da aikinsa ya fara a wani sitidiyo na wucin gadi a ɗakin kwanansa na shekarun 1940, daga ƙarshe ya gina sitidiyo na ƙasa a shagon aski na mahaifinsa, daga baya kuma ya gina sitidiyo na ƙasa a gidan danginsa na Englewood . <ref name="askart.com" /> == Sana'a == Daga 1955 zuwa 1970s, Hunt ya yi amfani da tarkacen yadi a matsayin wurin hakar ma'adinai kuma ya canza ƙarfe da aka ceto zuwa sassaka masu kama da juna da aka haɗa. Ayyukan farko kamar ''Head's Head'' (1956) '','' ''Arachne'' (1956) '', Steel Bloom, Number 10 (1956),'' da ''Hero Construction'' (1958) sun kafa harsashin binciken Hunt na siffofi daban-daban na sassaka; da kuma haɗakar abubuwan ɗan adam, halittu, da metamorphic zuwa ayyukan fasaha guda ɗaya. Waɗannan sassaka na farko sun biyo bayan jerin abubuwan ƙarfe da aka haɗa tare da salon kira wanda ya gwada sararin samaniya. Bayan tasirin Julio González, sassaka "zane a sararin samaniya" na Hunt ya tura iyakokin ƙarfin ƙarfe don ƙirƙirar siffofi masu laushi da faɗi. A farkon 1960s, Hunt ya fara bincika siffofi da aka rufe tare da mai da hankali kan haɗa siffofi masu zagaye, na halitta da yanayin axial. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard Hunt |url=https://explore.publicartarchive.org/richard-hunt/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Public Art Archive |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] ===MANAZARTA=== 98u66xf8s5j0anvqxy06yly8zrx66bg 0 132101 829381 771350 2026-05-03T20:09:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Philippe Mario Aghion''' <ref> name="LH">{{Cite web |title=Décret du 31 décembre 2012 portant promotion et nomination |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000026871328 |website=[[Légifrance]] |language=fr}}</ref> FBA ( ; an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1956) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2025/aghion/facts/ |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]]}}</ref> masanin tattalin arziki ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke Shugaban Tattalin Arziki na Cibiyoyi, Farfesa na Ƙirƙira da Ci Gaba a Kwalejin Faransa kuma Kurt Björklund ya Jagoranci Farfesa a Ƙirƙira da Ci Gaba a INSEAD . <ref>name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=Philippe Aghion {{!}} Collège de France |url=https://www.college-de-france.fr/en/chair/philippe-aghion-economics-of-institutions-innovation-and-growth-statutory-chair/biography |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.college-de-france.fr |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shi ma farfesa ne mai ziyara a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London . <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/people/philippe-aghion |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en}}</ref> An san Aghion da Peter Howitt da tsarin Aghion-Howitt . Don wannan aikin, sun raba rabin kyautar tunawa da Nobel ta 2025 a fannin Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziki "don ka'idar ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar lalata ƙirƙira ". <ref> name="reuters">{{Cite web |last=Ahlander |first=Johan |last2=Allen |first2=Jonathan |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |title=Trio win Nobel economics prize for work on innovation, growth and 'creative destruction' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/mokyr-aghion-howitt-win-2025-nobel-economics-prize-2025-10-13 |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Philippe Aghion a birnin Paris a shekarar 1956, <ref> name="nobel">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2025 |title=The Prize in Economic Sciences 2025 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2025/10/press-economicsciencesprize2025.pdf |website=The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}}</ref> shi ne ɗan Gaby Aghion, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Cetinic |first=Oleg |last2=Leicester |first2=John |date=13 October 2025 |title=Nobel laureate Philippe Aghion says creative upbringing shaped his vision of innovation and freedom |url=https://apnews.com/article/philippe-aghion-nobel-prize-fashion-chloe-paris-a4e99a761407dd51b310586afd31453a |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> wani mai zane na kayan kwalliya na Faransa kuma wanda ya kafa gidan kayan kwalliya na Faransa Chloé . <ref name=":1" /> An ce Gaby ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar ''prêt-à-porter'' . <ref name=":1" /> Mahaifinsa, Raymond Aghion, yana da gidan adana kayan fasaha a Boulevard Saint-Germain . <ref name=":2" /> Iyayensa biyu sun fito ne daga iyalan Yahudawa daga [[Alexandria|Alexandria, Masar]] . <ref name=":2" /> Daga baya suka ƙaura zuwa [[Faris|Paris]], a cikin Latin Quartier kafin su sayi gida a Neuilly-sur-Seine . A wata hira, Aghion ya tuna cewa ya girma ne tare da masu fasaha, ciki har da Karl Lagerfeld . <ref name=":1" /> Aghion ya sauke karatu daga sashen ilimin lissafi na École normale supérieure de Cachan (yanzu ENS Paris-Saclay, Jami'ar Paris-Saclay ), kuma ya sami digiri na ''diplôme d'études approfondies'' da ''doctorat de troisième sake zagayowar'' (na uku digiri doctorate) a ilmin lissafi tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Panthneor Paris . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wallet |first=Paul-Henri |date=14 October 2025 |title=Philippe Aghion : quelles études a suivi le nouveau prix Nobel d'économie ? |url=https://etudiant.lefigaro.fr/article/etudes/philippe-aghion-quelles-etudes-a-suivi-le-nouveau-prix-nobel-d-economie-20251014/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=Le Figaro Etudiant |language=fr}}</ref> Ya sami PhD a fannin tattalin arziki daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] a 1987. <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == Aghion ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a shekarar 1987 lokacin da ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa. <ref name=":0"/> A shekarar 1989 ya koma Faransa ya zama mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Faransa (CNRS). <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1990, an nada shi Mataimakin Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Bankin Turai don Sake Ginawa da Ci Gaba (EBRD), <ref name=":0" /> kafin ya koma Kwalejin Nuffield, Oxford sannan ya koma Kwalejin Jami'a ta London a shekarar 1996. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2002, ya koma Harvard inda ya zama Farfesa Robert C. Waggoner a fannin Tattalin Arziki, kujera da ya rike har zuwa shekarar 2015 lokacin da aka nada shi Farfesa na Tattalin Arziki na Shekaru 100 a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (LSE). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2025/aghion/facts/ |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2015, yayin da ya zama farfesa a LSE, an kuma nada Aghion a matsayin Shugaban Tattalin Arziki a Kwalejin de France, wata cibiya ta musamman a Faransa. Matsayin farfesa na shugaban ƙasa a Kwalejin de France matsayi ne da ake girmamawa sosai a tsakanin ɗaliban jami'o'in Faransa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2025/aghion/facts/ |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Aghion ya zama Kurt Björklund, Shugaban Farfesa a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaba a INSEAD, kuma darektan ilimi na dakin gwaje-gwajen tattalin arziki na INSEAD. A wannan shekarar, ya zama farfesa mai ziyara a LSE, kuma ya ci gaba da zama mataimakin Cibiyar Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki ta LSE. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2025/aghion/facts/ |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]]}}</ref> === Sauran ayyuka === An zaɓe Aghion a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 2009 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2025/aghion/facts/ |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]]}}</ref> kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Zartarwa da Kulawa (ESC) na CERGE-EI . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/people/philippe-aghion |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=6 April 2011 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> Ya kasance shugaban Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai a 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2025/aghion/facts/ |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]]}}</ref> Ya kasance editan ''Binciken Tattalin Arziki na Shekara-shekara'' tun 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2025/aghion/facts/ |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]]}}</ref> Kafin zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Faransa na 2012, Aghion ya sanya hannu kan buƙatar wasu masana tattalin arziki don nuna goyon bayansa ga ɗan takara [[François Hollande]] . A shekarar 2016, Babban Sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [[Ban Ki-moon]] ya naɗa Aghion a matsayin memba na wata ƙungiyar ƙwararru da ke ba da shawara ga Hukumar Aiki ta Lafiya da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, wadda shugabannin [[Faransa]] [[François Hollande]] da [[Jacob Zuma]] na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] suka jagoranta tare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2025/aghion/facts/ |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an naɗa shi a matsayin memba na Babban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Babban Bankin Duniya - Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (HLAG) kan Murmurewa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa da Ci Gaba, waɗanda Mari Pangestu, Ceyla Pazarbasioglu, da Nicholas Stern suka jagoranta tare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/people/philippe-aghion |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en}}</ref> Ƙarin ayyukan ba da shawara sun haɗa da: * Cibiyar Binciken Tattalin Arziki da Ilimin Digiri na Biyu - Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki (CERGE-EI), Memba na Kwamitin Amintattu * Cibiyar de Recerca en Economia Internacional (CREI), Jami'ar Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara == Bincike == [[Fayil:The_State_of_France_(21012963534).jpg|left|thumb|A Jami'ar Boston (Fabrairu 2015).]] A shekarar 1992, tare da Peter Howitt, ya gabatar da wani tsari na tushen ka'idar ci gaban ciki ta Schumpeterian, <ref name="A Model of Growth">{{Cite web |last=Aghion |first=Philippe |last2=Howitt |first2=Peter |date=January 1990 |title=A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w3223.pdf |access-date=2025-10-14 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |language=en |doi=10.3386/w3223}}.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2025/aghion/facts/ |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kirkire-kirkire da lalata kirkire-kirkire . A cikin shekarun 2000, ya bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin gasa, cibiyoyi, da ci gaba, musamman dangantakar da ke tsakanin U da kuma tsakanin ƙarfin gasa da kirkire-kirkire. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Arezki |first=Rabah |last2=Fan |first2=Rachel Yuting |last3=Nguyen |first3=Ha |date=August 2021 |title=Technology adoption and the middle‐income trap: Lessons from the Middle East and East Asia |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rode.12775 |access-date=2025-10-14 |pages=1711–1740 |language=en |doi=10.1111/rode.12775 |issn=1363-6669}}.</ref> Kamfanin AOC Media ya soki Aghion da kyakkyawan fata na fasaha, alaƙa da ci gaban GDP a matsayin babban abin da ke nuna babban tasiri, da kuma ƙarancin fahimtar matsalar muhalli ta zamani mai fa'ida da dama. === Aghion-Howitt (1992) da kuma rashin jituwar halakar ƙirƙira === A cewar Ufuk Akcigit, tsarin da Philippe Aghion da Peter Howitt suka ƙirƙiro a cikin labarinsu na 1992 <ref name="A Model of Growth"/> ya kawo sauyi a cikin nazarin yanayin ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar ba da damar komawa baya tsakanin ka'ida da bayanai na matakin kamfani, wanda ke bayyana shaharar samfurin a cikin wallafe-wallafen tattalin arziki. Hanyarsu ta bayyana ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin Schumpeterian na "lalata ƙirƙira," inda sabbin abubuwa ke sanya tsoffin fasahohi su tsufa (tasirin "satar kasuwanci") da kuma jagorantar shiga da fita daga kamfanoni. Ƙoƙarin ƙirƙira martani ne ga neman haya na kamfanoni. Waɗannan hayar suna aiki a matsayin karas da lalata ƙirƙira a matsayin sanda; duk da haka, lokacin da haya suka yi yawa, suna ba wa manyan kamfanoni damar kafa shinge don shiga. A lokaci guda, sha'awar ƙirƙirar kirkire-kirkire yana ɓacewa, kuma ci gaba na iya raguwa lokacin da sandar ta tafi kuma karas ɗin ya riga ya tabbata. Musamman haɗakar bambancin kamfanoni shine ke nuna asalin wannan rudani, yana ba da damar nazarin yanayin ci gaba ya danganta da ko kamfanoni ƙanana ne ko manya, masu ci gaba ko masu shiga, a kan iyakar fasaha ko a matsayin mai kwaikwayon. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2025)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>ana buƙata<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === "Tarkon Matsakaici na Kuɗi" === Philippe Aghion ya kuma bayar da gudummawa wajen nazarin "tarkon matsakaicin kudin shiga," yana mai nuni da wahalar da wasu ƙasashe masu tasowa ke fuskanta wajen tsallaka iyaka zuwa matsayin tattalin arziki mai ci gaba. A ganinsa, ci gaban da tarin jari da kwaikwayon fasaha ke haifarwa yana ba da damar cimma nasara cikin sauri amma ya kai ga iyakarsa yayin da ƙasashe ke tunkarar iyakar fasaha. <ref name=":4"/> == Rahoton Aghion (2010) == Philippe Aghion ya jagoranci wani rukunin ma'aikata na ƙwararru goma na ƙasashen duniya <ref name="figaro2010">{{Cite web |last=Natacha Polony |date=26 January 2010 |title=Un rapport pour mieux diriger les universités de demain |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/formation/2010/01/26/01015-20100126ARTFIG00494-un-rapport-pour-mieux-diriger-les-universites-de-demain-.php |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=lefigaro.fr/}}</ref> waɗanda aikinsu ya fara mayar da hankali kan kwatanta 'yancin kai na jami'o'i na ƙasashen duniya, sannan kuma kan aiwatar da cibiyoyin ilimi na musamman ( {{Interlanguage link|Initiative d'excellence|fr}} ). <ref name="figaro2010" /> An gabatar da rahoto mai sassa biyu a watan Janairun 2010 ga Ministar Ilimi Mai Girma Valérie Pécresse . <ref name="figaro2010" /> Wannan rahoton ya ba da shawarar kafa "daidaitaccen shugabanci" a jami'o'i. Ta hanyar amfani da misalan Harvard, MIT, Oxford, ko Cambridge, ta yarda cewa babu wani tsarin shugabanci guda ɗaya. <ref name="lemonde2010">{{Cite web |last=Philippe Jacqué |date=27 January 2010 |title=Des pistes de réflexion pour les futurs "campus d'excellence" |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2010/01/27/des-pistes-de-reflexion-pour-les-futurs-campus-d-excellence_1297336_3224.html |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=lemonde.fr}}</ref> Ta gabatar da shawarar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi biyu na shugabanci a manyan jami'o'i. Na farko, kwamitin gudanarwa, zai ƙunshi mafi yawan membobin waje, waɗanda za su naɗa shugaban ƙasa mai iko mai yawa. Na biyun zai kasance a cikin "majalisar dattawa ta ilimi," wani dandali na gaskiya na shawarwari na kimiyya da na koyarwa. == Ra'ayin Siyasa == A matsayinsa na ɗalibi a Faransa, ya kasance mai goyon bayan kwaminisanci. A lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Faransa na 2012, ya sanya hannu kan roƙon masana tattalin arziki da ke goyon bayan ɗan takara [[François Hollande]] saboda "dacewar zaɓuɓɓukan da aka gabatar, musamman dangane da dawo da ci gaba da aiki". A shekarar 2017, ya nuna goyon bayansa ga [[Emmanuel Macron]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/people/philippe-aghion |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == === Daraja === * Jarumin Ƙungiyar Daraja (2012) <ref name="LH">{{Cite web |title=Décret du 31 décembre 2012 portant promotion et nomination |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000026871328 |website=[[Légifrance]] |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000026871328 "Décret du 31 décembre 2012 portant promotion et nomination"]. ''[[Légifrance]]'' (in French).</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> * Jami'in Ordre na kasa du Mérite (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2025/aghion/facts/ |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]]}}</ref> === Kyaututtuka === A shekarar 2019, Aghion da Peter Howitt sun sami kyautar BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award a fannin tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippe Aghion |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2025/aghion/facts/ |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]]}}</ref> Shi da Howitt an kuma ba su rabin kyautar tunawa da Nobel a fannin Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziki a shekarar 2025 "saboda ka'idar ci gaba mai dorewa ta hanyar lalata kirkire-kirkire", sauran rabin kuma za a ba su Joel Mokyr . <ref name="nobel">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2025 |title=The Prize in Economic Sciences 2025 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2025/10/press-economicsciencesprize2025.pdf |website=The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2025/10/press-economicsciencesprize2025.pdf "The Prize in Economic Sciences 2025"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences''. 13 October 2025.</cite></ref> == Littattafai == * Aghion, Philippe; Antonin, Celine; Bunel, Simon (2021): ''Ikon Rushewar Kirkire-kirkire: Hauhawar Tattalin Arziki da Arzikin Al'ummai'' . Harvard University Press. . * Aghion, Philippe; Howitt, Peter (2009); ''Tattalin Arzikin Ci Gaba.'' MIT Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01263-8|<bdi>978-0-262-01263-8</bdi>]] * Aghion, Philippe; Griffith, Rachel (2006). ''Gasar da Ci Gaba'' . MIT Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01218-8|<bdi>978-0-262-01218-8</bdi>]] * Aghion, Philippe; Durlauf, Steven N. (2005). ''Littafin Jagorar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki'' . '''1A''' . Amsterdam: Elsevier. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52041-8|<bdi>978-0-444-52041-8</bdi>]] . * Aghion, Philippe; Durlauf, Steven N. (2005). ''Littafin Jagorar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki'' . '''1B''' . Amsterdam: Elsevier. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52043-2|<bdi>978-0-444-52043-2</bdi>]] . * Aghion, Philippe; Howitt, Peter (1998). ''Ka'idar ci gaban halittu'' . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01166-2|<bdi>978-0-262-01166-2</bdi>]] . == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen Yahudawan da suka lashe kyautar Nobel == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oztftz8kkkapnlh4wmny6mp537lv1y9 0 132848 829549 772963 2026-05-04T08:00:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Hu Tsu Tau''' ( Chinese ; 30 Oktoba 1926 - 8 Satumba 2023) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Singapore wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kuɗi tsakanin 1985 da 2001. Memba a Jam'iyyar Action ta Jama'a (PAP), ya kasance ɗan Majalisar Dokoki (MP) na Kreta Ayer SMC tsakanin 1984 da 1997, da kuma Kreta Ayer–Tanglin GRC tsakanin 1997 da 2001. Hu shi ne ministan kuɗi mafi daɗewa a Singapore kuma ya yi jawabai 16 na kasafin kuɗi . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Hukumar Kuɗi ta Singapore tsakanin 1985 da 1997. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Hu a Singapore ga Hu Tsai Kuen [zh], likita, [1] da Margaret Kwan Fu Shing. Ta hanyar mahaifinsa, yana da alaƙa da marubucin ɗan ƙasar Singapore ɗan Amurka Kevin Kwan . Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Anglo-Chinese kafin ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, a 1952 tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]]. Daga baya ya ci gaba da kammala digirin digirgir a fannin Injiniyan sunadarai a Jami'ar Birmingham . <ref>{{Cite news |last=Ho |first=Olivia |date=14 May 2017 |title='I'm no crazy rich Asian', says author Kevin Kwan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/im-no-crazy-rich-asian-says-author-kevin-kwan |access-date=24 May 2020 |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116134133/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/im-no-crazy-rich-asian-says-author-kevin-kwan |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Hu ya shiga ƙungiyar kamfanonin [[Shell|Royal Dutch Shell]] a shekarar 1960, kuma ya kai matsayin shugaba da babban jami'i a Singapore, inda ya yi aiki daga 1977 zuwa 1983. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Ho |first=Olivia |date=14 May 2017 |title='I'm no crazy rich Asian', says author Kevin Kwan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/im-no-crazy-rich-asian-says-author-kevin-kwan |access-date=24 May 2020 |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116134133/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/im-no-crazy-rich-asian-says-author-kevin-kwan |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1983, an naɗa Hu a matsayin babban daraktan Hukumar Kuɗi ta Singapore (MAS) da kuma Hukumar Zuba Jari ta Singapore (GIC), inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1984 a lokaci guda. Ya kasance shugaban Hukumar Kuɗi ta Singapore daga 1985 zuwa 1997. <ref name="monetaryauthoritychairmen">{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.mas.gov.sg/who-we-are/Our-History |website=Mas.gov.sg}}</ref> Hu ya fara siyasa a babban zaɓen 1984 a matsayin ɗan takarar Jam'iyyar People's Action Party (PAP) wanda ya fafata a zaɓen Kreta Ayer SMC kuma ya yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Ho |first=Olivia |date=14 May 2017 |title='I'm no crazy rich Asian', says author Kevin Kwan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/im-no-crazy-rich-asian-says-author-kevin-kwan |access-date=24 May 2020 |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116134133/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/im-no-crazy-rich-asian-says-author-kevin-kwan |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga baya aka naɗa shi Ministan Lafiya a 1985, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1987. Ya kuma zama Ministan Kuɗi daga 1985 zuwa 2001. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Ho |first=Olivia |date=14 May 2017 |title='I'm no crazy rich Asian', says author Kevin Kwan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/im-no-crazy-rich-asian-says-author-kevin-kwan |access-date=24 May 2020 |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116134133/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/im-no-crazy-rich-asian-says-author-kevin-kwan |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Ministan Ci Gaban Ƙasa daga 1992 zuwa 1993. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Hu ya auri Irene Tan Dee Leng, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu da ita. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Ho |first=Olivia |date=14 May 2017 |title='I'm no crazy rich Asian', says author Kevin Kwan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/im-no-crazy-rich-asian-says-author-kevin-kwan |access-date=24 May 2020 |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116134133/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/im-no-crazy-rich-asian-says-author-kevin-kwan |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fito ne daga zuriyar 'yan China na Hakka . Hu ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2023, yana da shekaru 96. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] ===MANAZARTA=== j2i9h9rqtjba7l30hp809sfo6dj7tuy 0 134143 829277 787024 2026-05-03T13:18:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hotel de Inmigrantes''' (Otal din baƙi) wani tsari ne mai rikitarwa na gine-gine, sau da yawa idan aka kwatanta da wani birni, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1905 da 1911 a [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] don karɓar baƙi da kuma dakatar da yaduwar cututtukan da ke yaduwa bayan barkewar kwalara a duk faɗin duniya.<ref name="cronicas">{{Cite web |last=Insausti |first=Magdalena |date=30 May 2020 |title=Crónicas del Hotel de Inmigrantes |url=https://buenosaireshistoria.org/juntas/cronicas-del-hotel-de-inmigrantes/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=Buenos Aires Historia}}</ref><ref name="nacion">{{Cite web |last=González Cozzolino |first=Javier |date=2019-03-21 |title=Hotel de los Inmigrantes: historia del edificio que alojó a 1 millón de nuestros antepasados |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/hotel-inmigrantes-historia-del-edificio-alojo-1-nid2230806/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=La Nacion |language=es}}</ref><ref name="interior">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=El hotel |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/migraciones/museo/el-hotel |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=Argentine Ministry of Interior}}</ref> Otal din, wanda ya ga fiye da baƙi miliyan daya suka wuce a cikin shekaru 42, yanzu yana da Gidan Tarihi na Shige da Fice na Kasa da kuma Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani ta Tres de Febrero.<ref name="nacion" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=ACERCA DE MUNTREF MUSEO DE LA INMIGRACIÓN SEDE HOTEL DE INMIGRANTES |url=http://untref.edu.ar/muntref/es/museo-de-la-inmigracion/acerca-de-mi/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |publisher=Museos de la Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero |language=es}}</ref><ref name="universes">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=MUNTREF, CAC and Museum of Immigration |url=https://universes.art/en/art-destinations/argentina/buenos-aires/art-spaces/muntref |access-date=2022-03-26 |publisher=Universes in Universe: Art Destinations}}</ref> == Tarihi == Bayan barkewar kwalara ta 1873-1874, wanda jiragen ruwa masu ƙaura suka kawo Amurka, gwamnatin Argentina ta nemi ra'ayoyi game da yadda za a dakatar da cututtukan ƙasashen waje daga shiga ƙasar.[1][2] Guillermo Wilcken, shugaban Hukumar Shige da Fice ta Tsakiya ta Argentina, ya fara tsara cibiyar inda kasar za ta iya aiwatar da ka'idojin shige da fice, don haka kare lafiyar jama'a.[3][4] Ya yi ƙoƙari ya guji kiran sabon ginin da Asylum na Baƙi saboda ma'anar kalmar tare da bara da talauci.[3] Maimakon haka, ya ba da shawarar Otal din Shige da Fice, Ma'aikatar Shige da fice, ko Cibiyar Shige da Shige da Sife.[3] [[Fayil:Hotel_de_Inmigrantes_Retiro_AGN.jpg|left|thumb|Jiragen ruwa da suka isa tashar jiragen ruwa kusa da Rotonda de Retiro (hagu), 1880]] An jinkirta wannan aikin na tsawon shekaru 20 saboda tsarin mulki da kuma wani barkewar kwalara.<ref name="untref">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=The Immigrant hotels |url=http://untref.edu.ar/muntref/wp-content/themes/muntref/pdf/los-hoteles-de-inmigrantes-muntref-en.pdf |access-date=2022-03-26 |publisher=Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero}}</ref><ref name="nacion" /> Gwamnati ta amince da tsare-tsaren da kasafin kuɗi a 1883 da kuma ginin a 1889 amma ba a ba da kwangila ga 'yan kwangila, Udina & Mosca ba har zuwa 1905 <ref name="untref" /><ref name="nacion"/><ref name="interior"/> A cikin 1909, bayan ƙarin jinkiri, masanin gine-ginen Hungary Juan Kronfuss da kamfanin kwangila na Jamus Wayss & Freytag sun maye gurbin su.<ref name="nacion" /><ref name="cronicas"/> An gina ginin ne a Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Buenos Aires, musamman Puerto Madero, don sauƙin amfani.<ref name="petrovski">{{Cite web |last=Petrovski |first=Nikola |date=2018-03-13 |title=Hotel de Inmigrantes offered the chance for a new life to migrants in the early 1900s |url=https://www.abandonedspaces.com/public/hotel-de-inmigrantes.html?chrome=1 |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=Abandoned Spaces}}</ref> Gidajen zama suna daga cikin gine-gine na farko da za a gina ta amfani da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi a Buenos Aires.<ref name="nacion" /><ref name="interior" /> Har ila yau, yana kusa da tashar jirgin kasa da ta shiga cikin birni kai tsaye, wanda ya sanya shi wuri mai dacewa.<ref name="cronicas" /> An yi amfani da La Rotonda de Retiro, wani tsohuwar kayan aiki a filin abin da ke yanzu Tashar jirgin kasa ta Retiro, tsakanin 1877 da 1911 kafin bude otal ɗin. Zai iya saukar da mutane 800, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙarfin otal ɗin.<ref name="nacion"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=ACERCA DE MUNTREF MUSEO DE LA INMIGRACIÓN SEDE HOTEL DE INMIGRANTES |url=http://untref.edu.ar/muntref/es/museo-de-la-inmigracion/acerca-de-mi/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |publisher=Museos de la Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero |language=es}}</ref> Wani hadaddun da ke da wannan sunan har yanzu yana tsaye a kusa da Bahía Blanca kuma yanzu yana aiki a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-03 |title=El viejo Hotel de Inmigrantes de Bahía Blanca se suma al Día de los Monumentos |url=https://www.grupolaprovincia.com/zona/el-viejo-hotel-de-inmigrantes-de-bahia-blanca-se-suma-al-dia-de-los-monumentos-276693 |access-date=2022-03-26 |publisher=Grupo La Provincia |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Monumentos Históricos Nacionales de la República Argentina Provincias de Buenos Aires, Córdoba y Santa Fe Parte 2 |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/guia_monumentos_bscorsfe_parte2.pdf |access-date=2022-03-26 |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Cultura, Ciencia y Technología y la Comisión Nacional de Monumentos, de Lugares y de Bienes Históricos |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wilcken ya tsara ginin don burge baƙi na Turai da kuma fentin hoton "Mafarki na Amurka." <ref name="cronicas" /> Ya yi amfani da manufar sauƙin tsaftacewa da kashe cututtuka, tare da ganuwar fararen tiles da manyan ganguna, a wani bangare an tsara shi bayan asibitoci. <ref name="nacion"/> Wasu masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa ba shi da "ta'aziyya ko tsabta... wanda ya sa... waɗanda suka isa sun rasa duk begen wadata," yayin da wasu suka ga shi a matsayin hanyar maraba da baƙi yayin da suke ba su damar kiyaye mutuncin su.<ref name="cronicas"/> [[Fayil:Gigantografía_Inmigrantes_esperan_su_turno.jpg|left|thumb|Mazauna suna jiran lokacin cin abincin su ya fara.]] [[Fayil:Hotel_de_los_Inmigrantes_-_dormitorio_de_mujeres_-_1912-_AGN.gif|right|thumb|Gidajen gado a cikin dakunan kwana na mata da yara]] [[Fayil:Editatón_Hotel_de_los_Inmigrantes_2016_(30).jpg|left|thumb|Baƙi suna yawo a cikin manyan filayen Gidan Tarihin Shige da Fice.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} jo8ncifwp38oz8vouutuiembtz559e1 0 140033 829469 792457 2026-05-03T23:35:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Punta''' rawa ce ta 'yan asalin Afirka da kuma waƙar al'adu ta mutanen Belize, Guatemala, Honduran da Nicaraguan Garífuna, waɗanda suka samo asali daga tsibirin Caribbean na Saint Vincent da Grenadines (wanda kuma aka sani da Yurumei). Tana da abubuwan [[Afirka]] da Arawak waɗanda suma halayen [[Harshen Garifuna|yaren Garífuna]] ne. Ana kuma kiranta da '''banguity''' ko '''bunda''' . Mutanen da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje na Garífuna, waɗanda aka fi sani da "Ƙasar Garifuna", sun samo asali ne daga zuriyarsu zuwa ga mutanen Yammacin Afirka waɗanda suka tsere daga bauta da kuma mutanen Arawak da Kalinago na asali. Ana amfani da Punta don sake tabbatarwa da bayyana gwagwarmayar da al'ummar 'yan asalin ƙasar ke fuskanta ta hanyar fasahar al'adu kamar rawa da kiɗa; don nuna ƙarfin juriyarsu; da kuma sake haɗuwa da kakanninsu. Bayan [[Honduras]], punta kuma tana da mabiya a [[Belize]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], Saint Vincent da Grenadines, da kuma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Waƙoƙin na iya kasancewa cikin Garifuna, [[Creole na Belize|Kriol]], [[Turanci]] ko [[Yaren Sifen|Sifaniyanci]] . Yawancin waƙoƙi ana yin su ne a cikin harsunan Arawakan na asalin Garinagu kuma galibi suna yin su ne kawai a zamanin yau na waƙoƙin Garífuna na gargajiya. <ref> name="Greene" </ref> Kasancewar rawar da ta fi shahara a al'adun Garífuna, Ana yin rawa ta Punta musamman a jana'izar Garífuna, a bakin teku, da kuma a wuraren shakatawa. Punta sanannen ƙabila ce ta Garífuna da zamani kuma ana iya ganinta a matsayin fasahar gargajiya ta waƙa wadda ke haɗa tsoffin al'adu da sautuka da sabbin sautuka. <ref> name="Greene" </ref> Chumba da hunguhungu, raye-rayen da'ira a cikin sautuka uku, galibi ana haɗa su da punta. <ref> name="Rosenberg" </ref> == Asalin da kuma yanayin tarihi == A al'adunsu, mutanen suna kiran kansu da Garinagu da Garifuna, inda Garifuna galibi ya shafi al'adunsu, kiɗa, da rawa maimakon amfani da shi don gano mutanensu. Akwai nau'ikan asalin ma'anar ''punta'' da aka yi niyya ga rawa da kiɗan Garifuna da yake wakilta. Kalmar ''punta'' Latinization ce ta tsohuwar waƙar [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] da ake kira ''[[Bunda (music)|bunda]]'', ko " bututu " a cikin yaren [[Mutanen Mandé|Mandé]] . Wani yuwuwar yana nufin ''punta'' a cikin ma'anar Sifaniyanci "daga lokaci zuwa lokaci", yana nufin ƙarshen yatsun hannu ko motsi daga wuri zuwa wuri. <ref> name="serrano">{{Cite web |last=Serrano |first=Amy |title=From Punta to Chumba: Garifuna Music and Dance in New Orleans |url=http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/garifuna.html |access-date=25 November 2013 |publisher=Louisiana Division of the Arts}}</ref> Rawar Punta namiji da mace ne ke yin ta, wanda ke canzawa daban-daban a cikin da'irar da masu kallo suka kafa. <ref> name="Taylor">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Douglas MacRae |title=The Black Carib of British Honduras |url=http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/ehrafe/fullContext.do?method=fullContext&forward=searchFullContext&col=collection('/eHRAF/ethnography/MidAmer/SA12')&docId=sa12-007&page=sa12-007-04347&offsetId=sa12-007-04368&tocOffsetId=tocsa1200704338&resultSelect=2 |access-date=20 November 2013 |publisher=Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Inc.}}</ref> Suna fara fuskantar juna kuma siffar ta bambanta da ƙwarewar masu rawa, amma koyaushe tana wakiltar juyin halittar soyayya inda da farko namijin ke bi, sannan macen, yayin da ɗayan ya ja da baya; kuma yana ƙarewa ne kawai lokacin da ɗayansu, saboda gajiya ko rashin ƙarin himma, ya yarda da shan kaye ta hanyar yin ritaya daga zoben, don wani ya ɗauki matsayinsa nan take. <ref name="Taylor" /> Rawar Punta rawa ce ta soyayya mai kama da zakara da kaza tare da motsi mai sauri na gindi, kwatangwalo, da ƙafafu, yayin da saman jiki ya kasance ba tare da motsi ba. Ma'aurata suna ƙoƙarin yin rawa mai salo da jan hankali, tare da mafi kyawun motsin kugu, fiye da masu fafatawa da su. Yayin da yamma ke ci gaba, Punta ta zama "zafi" sosai; yayin da masu kallo suka yi ta kuka da waɗanda suka fi so da cewa: mígira-ba labu, "kar ku bar (ku tafi) a ƙarƙashinsa!" ko: mígira-ba tabu, "kar ka bar (kashe) a ƙarƙashinta!" wanda ke da irin wannan tasirin kamar, "kada ka bari shi (ko ita) ya doke ka!" <ref name="Taylor" /> Bayan lokaci saboda mawuyacin tarihinsu, kiɗa da rawa sun zama hanyar bayyana rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kewayensu, abin hawa don isar da saƙonnin Garifuna da ra'ayoyi, da kuma maganin bikin rayuwa da kuma sakin azabar Garifuna. "Yayin da salon waƙar punta ke nuna riƙe al'ada ta hanyar kiɗa, salon rawa na punta yana nuna ci gaba da rayuwa." Rawar asali tana jan hankali a tsakanin jinsi da shekaru, ko an bayyana ta a cikin hanyarta ta asali, mafi tsari tare da ƙanƙantar kugu mai jujjuyawa wanda ke nuna sha'awar jima'i, ko kuma hanyar da ta fi ƙarfin hali da tayar da hankali da ke kwaikwayon jima'i. Sautin bugun da ke ci gaba da bugawa yana wakiltar mafi kyawun nau'in kusanci da na zahiri, wanda ke jan hankalin mutane na ƙabilu daban-daban. An yi bukukuwan Punta a ranakun hutu kamar Kirsimeti da Sabuwar Shekara ta hanyar masanin ilimin ɗan adam Cynthia Chamberlain Bianchi a lokacin karatunta a ƙarshen shekarun 1970-tsakiyar shekarun 1980. <ref name="Bianchi">{{Cite web |last=Bianchi |first=Cynthia Chamberlain |title=Gubida illness and religious ritual among the Garifuna of Santa Fe, Honduras: an ethnopsychiatric analysis |url=http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/ehrafe/fullContext.do?method=fullContext&forward=searchFullContext&col=collection('/eHRAF/ethnography/MidAmer/SA12')&docId=sa12-016&page=sa12-016-03556&offsetId=sa12-016-03579&tocOffsetId=tocsa1201603571&resultSelect=2 |access-date=20 November 2013 |publisher=University Microfilms International}}</ref> An fi yin bukukuwan addini ko na kakanninmu, kamar yadda aka saba gani a lokacin farkawar dare na tara ta masanin ilimin ɗan adam Nancie Gonzales a lokacin aikinta a Amurka ta Tsakiya. <ref name="Gonzales">{{Cite web |last=Gonzales |first=Nancie L. Solien |title=Sojourners of the Caribbean: ethnogenesis and ethnohistory of the Garifuna |url=http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/ehrafe/fullContext.do?method=fullContext&forward=searchFullContext&col=collection('/eHRAF/ethnography/MidAmer/SA12')&docId=sa12-001&page=sa12-001-03926&offsetId=sa12-001-03954&tocOffsetId=tocsa1200103922&resultSelect=2 |access-date=20 November 2013 |publisher=University of Illinois Press}}</ref> Idan mutuwa ta faru da daddare, to farkawar za ta fara da sassafe washegari kuma ta ci gaba da yini, ta ƙare da binnewa da yamma. Duk da haka, idan mutuwar ta kasance da rana, farkawar dare za ta biyo baya tare da mutane suna zuwa suna tafiya a ko'ina, tare da addu'o'i da shan giya abin da aka saba gani ne. <ref name="Gonzales" /> Ana iya ɗaukar rawa ta Punta a matsayin muhimmin abu na kallon dare kuma ya zama dole ga mahalarta da yawa. Gonzales ta yi tunani a kan aikinta da sauran masana ilimin ɗan adam, kamar Virginia Kearns, inda ta kammala da cewa an sami irin wannan shaida a Belize, da kuma nata a Honduras, cewa yawancin rawa da ba da labarin punta an ci gaba da su har zuwa wayewar dare ta tara, maimakon a haɗa su a kowane lokaci. <ref name="Gonzales" /> Waƙar Punta ta shahara saboda salon kira da amsawa da kuma bugun ganga mai ƙarfi wanda ke nuna asalin Afirka da Amerindian. <ref name="serrano" /> Mutanen Garinagu suna cewa waƙarsu ba game da ji ko motsin rai ba ce, kamar yadda yake a yawancin ƙasashen Latin Amurka, amma game da abubuwan da suka faru da kuma mu'amala da duniyar da ke kewaye da su. Wata dattijo daga Garifuna, Rutilia Figueroa, ta ce: "Garifuna suna rera waƙar azabarsu. Suna rera waƙar damuwarsu. Suna rera waƙar abin da ke faruwa. Muna rawa idan akwai mutuwa. Al'ada ce [da aka yi niyya] don kawo ɗan farin ciki ga iyali, amma kowace waƙa tana da ma'ana daban. Kalmomi daban-daban. Garifuna ba ta rera waƙar soyayya. Garifuna tana rera waƙar abubuwan da ke ratsa zuciyarka." <ref name="serrano"/> == Matsayin mata == A lokacin da take karatunta a kudancin Belize daga 1974 zuwa 1976, Virginia Kerns ta shaida rawar da mata suka taka da kuma rawar da suka taka a wasan punta da kanta. Ta tuna: "A lokacin da ake rera waƙar, wata mace ta raba giyar rum ga sauran waɗanda ke wurin. Daga baya, suna jin cikakken tasirin abubuwan sha da yawa, matan suka fara rawa ta punta kuma yanayin ya ƙara yin daɗi. A waje, taron masu kallo da ba makawa suna taruwa, galibi matasa da yara, waɗanda ke shawagi a gefen irin waɗannan bukukuwan na ibada." <ref name="kearns">{{Cite web |last=Kearns |first=Virginia |year=1983 |title=Women and the ancestors: Black Carib kinship and ritual |url=http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/ehrafe/fullContext.do?method=fullContext&forward=searchFullContext&col=collection('/eHRAF/ethnography/MidAmer/SA12')&docId=sa12-004&page=sa12-004-04830&offsetId=sa12-004-04844&tocOffsetId=tocsa1200404662&resultSelect=2 |access-date=20 November 2013 |publisher=University of Illinois Press}}</ref> Ta kuma lura cewa tsawon rawan zai iya ci gaba har zuwa washegari da rana, ya danganta da wadatar giyar rum da kuma sha'awar masu rawa. <ref name="kearns" /> A cikin wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan a shekarar 2009, Amy Serrano ta yi nazari sosai kan tushen Garinagu da tasirinsa a cikin New Orleans. Ta lura cewa a wasu wasannin kwaikwayo maza suna yin wasa, mata kuma suna kallo, yayin da wasu kuma maza da mata suna mu'amala da rawa ko kuma mata kawai suna yin wasa. Ana iya ganin waɗannan tasirin a ɓangaren kira da amsawa na punta, da kuma rawa da kunna kayan kida. <ref name="serrano"/> Yayin da maza a cikin al'ummar Garifuna ke koyon al'adunsu ta hanyar koyon aiki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a New Orleans, mata suna kiyayewa da kuma isar da raye-rayen al'adu da waƙoƙi ga ƙananan tsararraki ta hanyar ba da labari. Wannan ci gaba da wannan al'ada yana kama da na baya, kamar lokacin da Garifuna ta fara isa Honduras kuma matan suka noma gidaje inda ruhaniyar Afirka ta Yamma da ta asali suka haɗu da addinin Katolika cikin bayyanar al'adun Garifuna da ke tasowa, kuma sama da duka, a cikin iyali, al'ada, da biki. <ref name="serrano">{{Cite web |last=Serrano |first=Amy |title=From Punta to Chumba: Garifuna Music and Dance in New Orleans |url=http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/garifuna.html |access-date=25 November 2013 |publisher=Louisiana Division of the Arts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSerrano">Serrano, Amy. [http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/garifuna.html "From Punta to Chumba: Garifuna Music and Dance in New Orleans"]. Louisiana Division of the Arts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Don fayyace wannan magana daga binciken Serrano, "Juan M. Sambula, tsohon mai fafutukar kare al'umma daga Honduras wanda kwanan nan ya zo New Orleans don aikin sake ginawa ya raba waɗannan: 'A gare mu, mata sun sadaukar da kansu ga yara da coci saboda al'adun da muke da su sun dogara ne akan kabilar Gari ta Afirka, wacce aka gauraya da Arawak. Don haka ina ganin rawar da uwa ke takawa a wannan lamarin ya bambanta domin ta sadaukar da kanta ga yara da coci yayin da namijin ya sadaukar da kansa ga abokansa.' " <ref name="serrano"/> == Kayan kida == [[Fayil:Músics_al_pororó_2015_01.JPG|thumb|Mawaka a bikin pororó a titunan Livingston, Izabal, Guatemala. Disamba 2015]] Kiɗan punta ya ƙunshi waƙa mai amsawa tare da membranophones na asali, idiophones, da airphones. Membranophones kayan aiki ne da ke ƙirƙirar sauti ta hanyar fata mai girgiza ko vellum da aka shimfiɗa a kan wani buɗaɗɗe, kamar yadda yake a cikin duk ganguna. <ref name="Virtual">{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Virtual Instrument Museum |url=http://learningobjects.wesleyan.edu/vim//cgi-bin/type.cgi |access-date=25 November 2013 |publisher=Wesleyan University }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Idiophones kayan aiki ne da ke samar da sauti ta hanyar girgiza wani abu mai ƙarfi wanda ba shi da tashin hankali, wanda aka fi samu a cikin shakers, scrapers, da xylophones. <ref name="Virtual" /> Aerophones kayan aiki ne da ke ƙirƙirar sauti ta hanyar girgiza iska a cikin ginshiƙi ko bututu, kamar bututu da ƙaho. <ref name="Virtual" /> Sauran kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a al'adar Garifuna sun haɗa da calabash rattles da ake kira shakkas (chaka) da conch-shell trumpets. Kayan kida na Garifuna guda biyu sune ganguna masu kai ɗaya da aka sani da ''primera'' da ''segunda'' . ''Primera'', ko kuma ganga mai taken tenor, ita ce ƙarama a cikin biyun. Ana amfani da wannan ganga yayin da mai ganga ke ƙirƙirar jerin waƙoƙin da ke da mabuɗin yin waƙoƙin punta. ''Segunda'' ita ce ganga mai bass. Mai buga wannan kayan kida yana maimaita mita biyu na ostinato a duk faɗin waƙar. Yayin da ganga ta biyu ke bugawa a tsaye, ganga ta farko da sauran kayan kida kamar maracas da conch shell suna yin waƙoƙin solo iri ɗaya da waɗanda ke cikin waƙar jazz. <ref name="Griffin">{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Wendy |title=Punta's Names Show Different Origins |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/arts/honduras/discovery_eng/art/dance/punta2.html |access-date=20 November 2013 |publisher=Stanford University }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana rera al'adar punta don farkawa a cikin Garifuna, tare da mai waƙa da kuma ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Kodayake kiɗan punta na iya yin sauti mai daɗi, kalmomin sau da yawa suna iya zama baƙin ciki. Ana iya fassara waƙa ɗaya kamar, "Jiya kun yi lafiya. Jiya da daddare kun kamu da zazzaɓi. Yanzu da safe kun mutu." <ref name="Griffin" /> == Juyin Halitta da Canje-canje a Punta == Daga asalin mahallinsa, punta ta canza ta hanyar zamani da zamani. A da, punta ta ƙunshi rawa tsakanin namiji da mace, inda suke fafatawa da juna ta hanyar girgiza kwatangwalo da motsa ƙafafunsu zuwa bugun ganga. <ref name="kristina" /> Wannan jigon sha'awa da kusanci an ɗauke shi a matsayin bai dace da yara ba, waɗanda aka ware su daga al'ada. Yanzu, ya fi zama ruwan dare a ga yara suna shiga da kallon rawar punta. <ref name="kristina">{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Kristina |title=Interview with Adebisi Akinrimisi |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/arts/honduras/discovery_eng/art/dance/punta3.html |access-date=20 November 2013 |publisher=Stanford University }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wani canji da ke tasowa a ƙarni da ya gabata ya zo ne a cikin ƙaruwar rawar da mata ke takawa a matsayin mawaƙa da masu buga ganga, waɗanda ake tunanin matsayin maza ne kawai kuma ana barin mata su yi wasa ne kawai idan babu maza. <ref name="kristina" /> Mata sun faɗaɗa tasirinsu a punta, da kuma punta rock, kodayake punta rock har yanzu yana ɗauke da shirye-shirye da wasanni masu dacewa da maza. <ref name="Pryor">{{Cite journal |last=Pryor |first=Tom |date=1 September 2007 |title=Andy Palacio and the Garifuna Collective: Reviving the Music of Central America's West African Diaspora |url=http://ehis.ebscohost.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=d009b983-459e-4b16-8e64-8597ae96ba00%40sessionmgr115&hid=109 |journal=Sing Out! |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=43–49 |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> An kuma yi Punta a baya a cikin bukukuwan kakannin da al'adun addini na waɗanda suka mutu kwanan nan, amma yanzu ana iya ganinta a cikin kowane nau'i na bukukuwa, kamar bukukuwan ranar haihuwa, bukukuwan tarayya, ko tarurrukan hutu a matsayin ma'anar bayyana al'adu. <ref name="kristina" /> An kuma buga waƙoƙin punta na gargajiya da ganguna biyu na katako, harsashi mai kama da conch, da wani nau'in maracas. A yau, an ƙara kayan kida na sauti da na lantarki don ƙirƙirar "dutsen punta", wanda ya zama babban fitarwa na Garinagu kuma ya shahara a duk faɗin Amurka ta Tsakiya da kuma Amurka. <ref name="kristina"/> Sautin mita biyu na punta shine babban tushen dutsen punta. Punta rock wani sha'awar kiɗa ne wanda ya fara a farkon shekarun 1980 kuma ya ci gaba a yau tsakanin matasa a cikin al'ummomin Garifuna na Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala da Honduras. <ref name="Pryor"/> Andy Palacio, wani mai fasaha na Belize, ya yi imanin cewa dutsen punta "haɗe ne na waƙoƙin Garifuna tare da ɗan reggae, ɗan R&B, da ɗan rock and roll". <ref name="Pryor" /> Kodayake dutsen punta ya sami kulawar ƙasa ga matasan Garifuna na zamani, bai maye gurbin kiɗan punta na asali ba. Ana kyautata zaton Punta tana rayuwa tare da Punta rock, kuma tana riƙe da muhimmancinta a matsayin babban nau'in kiɗan da ake amfani da shi a cikin sharhin zamantakewa. <ref name="Pryor" /> == Shahararrun mawakan kiɗan Punta da Punta == "Punta ta yi aiki a matsayin misali na sabon harshe na faɗar kiɗa (punta rock) da kuma ci gaba da juyin juya halin shahararrun kiɗan Garifuna na zamani gabaɗaya". <ref name="Pryor"/> Zamani da punta suna wanzuwa a lokaci guda a matsayin ma'aunin dogaro da juna da haɗin kai na sauye-sauyen fasaha da kiɗa, tare da zamani a matsayin cibiyar juyin halittar punta, wanda ke aiki a matsayin hanyar da za a iya ganin tasirin zamani. Wannan sauyi ya kuma ba wa punta rock da punta damar jan hankalin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na shekaru kuma a yi amfani da su a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa. <ref name="Pryor" /> Mawaki kuma mai zane-zane Pen Cayetano da ƙungiyar Turtle Shell Band sun gabatar da wasan punta rock a shekarar 1978, a 5 Moho Street, Dangriga, Belize. Waƙoƙinsa a [[Harshen Garifuna|yaren Garifuna]] sun ƙara guitar mai amfani da wutar lantarki ga salon wasan punta na gargajiya. Salon Cayetano ya shahara cikin sauri a [[Belize]] kuma daga nan ya bazu zuwa al'ummomin Garifuna a Honduras da Guatemala. Matasa maza da mata na Garifuna masu ci gaba waɗanda suka yi koyi da salon Amurka kuma ba sa ci gaba da al'adu sun fuskanci farfaɗowar al'adunsu. Wasu mawaka sun fara rubuta waƙoƙin Garifuna ga salon Garifuna na gargajiya. Waƙoƙinsu sun ba wa batutuwan siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na mutanen Garifuna na Belize dandamali na duniya kuma sun zaburar da sabuwar tsara don amfani da baiwarsu ga siffofin kakanninsu da abubuwan da suka fi damuwa da su. Mawakan Punta a Tsakiyar Amurka, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da sauran wurare sun sami ci gaba tare da gabatar da kayan kida na piano, iskar katako, tagulla da kirtani . Punta rock ya girma tun farkon shekarun 1980 har ya haɗa da wasu kayan kida na lantarki kamar synthesizer da guitar bass na lantarki da sauran kayan kida na busa. Wakokin Punta tare da Reggaeton sun shahara kuma suna da tasiri a tsakanin dukkan al'ummar [[Honduras]] . Sau da yawa ana haɗa su da Sifaniyanci, Punta tana da masu sauraro da yawa saboda ƙaura daga Honduras da Guatemala zuwa Amurka, wasu sassan Latin Amurka da Turai, musamman [[Ispaniya|Spain]] . Honduras Punta ta sa Punta ta Belize da Guatemala ta yi amfani da ƙarin Sifaniyanci saboda nasarar kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa ke samu. Lokacin da Banda Blanca ta [[Honduras]] ta sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan 3 na "Sopa De Caracol" ("Conch Soup"), wanda asalinsa ɗan [[Belize|Belizean]] [[Herman Ramos|Chico Ramos]] ne, mutanen Garifuna na Belize sun ji an yaudare su amma sun yi murnar nasarar. Wannan nau'in kiɗan yana ci gaba da samun magoya baya masu ƙarfi a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] . Punta na Belize ya bambanta da na gargajiya na punta domin waƙoƙin galibi suna cikin [[Creole na Belize|Kriol]] ko [[Harshen Garifuna|Garifuna]] kuma ba kasafai ake samun su a cikin [[Yaren Sifen|Sifaniyanci]] ko [[Turanci|Ingilishi ba]] . calypso da soca sun yi tasiri a kai. Kamar calypso da soca, punta na Belize yana ba da sharhin zamantakewa da barkwanci mai ban dariya, kodayake farkon rawar punta ta kauce wa na farko. Calypso Rose, Lord Rhaburn da Cross Culture Band sun taimaka wa [[mutanen Belizean Kriol]] su karɓi punta ta hanyar rera waƙoƙin calypso game da punta - waƙoƙi kamar "Gumagrugu Watah" da "Punta Rock Eena Babylon". Manyan masu watsa shirye-shiryen kiɗan Punta sun haɗa da WAVE Radio da Krem Radio . == Al'adun Punta da Garifuna a wajen Amurka ta Tsakiya == Al'adar Garifuna ta bunƙasa kuma ta wuce iyakokin ƙasa ta hanyar haɗakar bayyanar asalin ƙabilar punta ta hanyar kiɗa, rawa, da harshe a Tsakiyar Amurka da Amurka. A halin yanzu, mafi yawan jama'a daga cikin kiyasin mutanen Garfiuna 200,000 na ƙasashen waje ana iya samun su a Honduras (90,000), tare da ƙananan jama'a a Belize (15,000), Guatemala (6,000), da kuma wasu dubbai da yawa da suka bazu a Kudancin Amurka kuma kusan 50,000 suna zaune a Arewacin Amurka. <ref name="serrano"/> Yankuna uku na manyan wuraren Garifuna sun haɗa da Birnin New York, Miami, New Orleans da galibi Houston. <ref name="serrano" /> Kodayake wani lokacin ba a lura da su a cikin manyan al'ummominsu a Amurka ba, Garinagu suna ci gaba da kiyaye yarensu, al'adunsu, abincinsu, da kuma sanannun labaran labarai ta hanyar kiɗa da rawa daban-daban da suka bambanta. A shekara ta 2001, UNESCO ta ayyana harshen Garifuna da al'adunsa a matsayin "babban abin tarihi na gado na baki da na dindindin na ɗan adam", don gane haɗarin fuskantar barazanar fuskantar barazanar rayuwa da kuma asarar irin wannan al'ada mai ban sha'awa. <ref name="Pryor"/> Al'ummomin Garifuna suna amfani da rawa da kiɗan punta don ci gaba da al'adunsu da kuma koyar da ƙananan tsararraki na kakanninsu. Wannan al'ada tana haifar da alfahari kuma tana ba wa ƙananan tsararraki wani asali na zahiri da za su manne a cikin yanayi inda duniya za ta iya rinjaye ƙananan al'adu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0hzf6007o17ep94w0hy9d9zti5qumq8 0 140565 829589 794975 2026-05-04T10:43:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Roberta Allen''' ƙwararriyar mai zane ce, kuma marubuciyar almara wadda ta binciko hanyoyin da harshe ke canzawa ko kuma yake ba da haske game da hotuna. An san ta da ayyukanta na kafofin watsa labarai da yawa. Ta bayyana a cikin nune-nunen rukuni sama da ɗari a duk duniya. == Rayuwar farko da tafiye-tafiye == An haifi Allen kuma ta girma a birnin [[New York (birni)|New York na jihar New York]] . Tana da shekaru ashirin, ta yi tafiya ita kaɗai zuwa Turai kuma ta zauna na ɗan lokaci a [[Athens]], [[Amsterdam]] da [[Berlin]], sannan daga baya a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] . Tsawon shekaru, ta yi tafiya, sau da yawa ita kaɗai, zuwa yankin Amazon na Peru, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Misra|Masar]], [[Mali]], da ƙasashe a Tsakiyar Amurka. Tafiye-tafiyenta sun zaburar da labaranta da yawa. == Aikin fasaha == Allen ta shahara da ayyukanta na tunani, waɗanda suka haɗa da hotuna da rubutu, kuma sun haɗa da zane-zane, hotunan kwaikwaiyo, littattafan masu zane, jerin hotuna/rubutu, sassaka da kayan aiki. Ayyukanta a farkon shekarun 1970 sun samo asali ne daga imanin [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]] cewa mafi zurfin abubuwan da muka fuskanta suna faruwa ne ta hanyar sabani, kuma duk inda aka sami sabani, barkwanci yana nan. A cikin shekarun 1970, ta nuna tare da Sol LeWitt, Robert Ryman da [[Carl Andre]], da sauransu, a gidan adana kayan tarihi na John Weber da ke New York. Allen ta fara aiki a matsayin mai zane a Amsterdam, inda ta yi baje kolin hotunan mutum ɗaya na farko a 1967. Bayan wasanni da dama na mutum ɗaya a New York, ta shiga John Weber Gallery a 1973 kuma ta yi baje kolin hotunan mutum ɗaya a can a 1974, 1975, 1977 da 1979. Ta kuma yi baje kolin hotunan mutum ɗaya a shekarun 1970 a Milan, Düsseldorf, Brussels, Munich da Rome, da kuma baje kolin hotunan gidan tarihi na mutum ɗaya a MoMA PS1, LIC, NY, a 1977, 80; da Kunstforum, Städtische Galerie a Lenbachhaus, Munich, a 1981, <ref name="munchen">{{Cite web |title=Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus |url=http://viaf.org/viaf/129728232/}}</ref> da kuma Perth Institute of Modern Arts, Perth, Western Australia, a 1989. Bayan 1981 ta fi son zama a wajen duniyar fasaha, yayin da take ci gaba da yin zane-zane na ra'ayi kuma tana nuna lokaci-lokaci. A shekarar 2014, Laburaren Kiɗa da Fasaha na Athenaeum da ke La Jolla, California, sun fara yin kundin tarihin littattafan masu fasaha na shekarun 1970. An gabatar da wani baje kolin zane-zane na mutum ɗaya na shekarun 1970 a Minus Space <ref name="minus space">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2014 |title=Roberta Allen: Works from the 1970s |url=http://www.minusspace.com/2014/04/roberta-allen-works-from-the-1970s/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627171644/https://www.minusspace.com/2014/04/roberta-allen-works-from-the-1970s/ |archive-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> da ke Dumbo, Brooklyn, da kuma wani baje kolin zane-zane na zamani da littattafan masu fasaha na musamman a Athenaeum a shekarar 2016. An gabatar da wani baje kolin mutum ɗaya, ''"Some Facts About Fear,"'' a shekarar 2017 a Minus Space da ke Brooklyn. <ref>{{Cite web |last=John Seed |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Clusters of Loose Geometries in Conceptual "Thought Drawings" |url=https://hyperallergic.com/337518/clusters-of-loose-geometries-in-conceptual-thought-drawings/ |publisher=hyperallergic}}</ref> == Aikin rubutu == Allen ta wallafa, tsakanin sauran littattafai, tarin ƙananan labarai guda uku, wani labari, wani labari mai ban dariya da kuma tarihin tafiya. A cikin rubuce-rubucenta, ta yi tambaya game da yadda muke fahimtar duniya da kanmu, kuma ta yi la'akari da yadda hankalinmu ke aiki da kuma yadda muke hulɗa. Sha'awarta ga harshe ita ce gadar da ta haɗa waɗannan ayyukan fasaha daban-daban. Ta fara rubuta almara a shekarar 1979 yayin da take yin zane-zane na ra'ayi. An buga labaranta na farko a shekarar 1980 ta Sun & Moon Press <ref name="Sun and Moon">{{Cite web |title=Folder 14 Allen, Roberta Box 2 |url=http://pdf.oac.cdlib.org/pdf/ucsd/spcoll/mss0224.pdf |publisher=Sun & Moon Press Archive }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a cikin littafin tarihin ''Contemporary American Fiction,'' tare da John Ashbery da [[Walter Abish]], da sauransu. Tarin labaranta na farko shine ''The Traveling Woman'', (Vehicle Editions). Sauran littattafanta sune ''The Daughter'', (Autonomedia), ''Cefanen Mutane'', ( Coffee House Press ); ''Amazon Dream'' ( City Lights ) ''Fast Fiction'', (Story Press), ''The Playful Way to Stric Writing'', ''The Playful Way to Know Yourself'', (duka Houghton Mifflin ) da ''The Dreaming Girl'' (Painted Leaf, sabon bugu na Ellipsis Press). Tarin labaranta na baya-bayan nan shine ''The Princess of Herself'', wanda Pelekinesis Press ta buga a shekarar 2017. Gajerun wakokinta da gajerun labaranta sun bayyana a cikin mujallu sama da 300 na adabi, ciki har da ''Conjunctions'', ''Guernica'', ''Bomb'', ''The Brooklyn Rail'', ''Open City'', ''The Collagist'', ''Gargoyle'' da kuma a cikin tarin littattafai da yawa, ciki har da ''Micro Fiction (mujallar) | Micro Fiction'', wanda WW Norton ta buga a 2017. Ta sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta 2015 don lambar yabo ta Gertrude Stein don Fiction. Ta kasance ɗalibi a Tennessee Williams a Fiction a Jami'ar Kudu kuma ɗalibi a Yaddo . == Nunin mutum ɗaya da aka zaɓa == * 2017 Minus Space, Brooklyn, NY * Laburaren Kiɗa da Fasaha na Athenaeum na 2016, La Jolla, CA. * 2014 Minus Space, Brooklyn, NY * 1989 Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Perth, Perth, Yammacin Ostiraliya * 1981 Galerie Walter Storms, Munich, Jamus * 1981 Kunstforum, Stadt. Galerie im Lembachhaus, Munich, Jamus * 1981 Galleria Primo Piano, Rome, Italiya * Gidan Tarihi na PS 1 na 1980, Long Island City, NY * Hotunan John Weber na 1979, NYC * Hotunan Hal Bromm na 1978, NYC * 1978 MTL Galerie, Brussels, Belgium * Cibiyar Fasaha ta 1978, Kwalejin Post ta CW, Glenvale, LI., NY * 1977 Galerie Maier-Hahn, Dusseldorf, Jamus * Hotunan John Weber na 1977, NYC * 1977 Franklin Furnace, NYC * Gidan Tarihi na PS 1 na 1977, Long Island City, NY * 1975 John Weber Gallery, NYC * 1974 John Weber Gallery, NYC * 1974 Galleria Toselli, Milan, Italiya * 1967 Galerie 845, Amsterdam, Netherlands == Tallafi da zumunci == * An daɗe ana neman kyautar Gordon Burn Prize don Gimbiya ta Kanta a 2017-18 * Kyautar Mawaki ta Bishiyar Rai ta 2017 * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Virginia ta 2010, Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Zama, Amherst, VA * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Virginia ta 2005, Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Zama, Amherst, VA * 1998 Tennessee Williams Fellow a fannin Rubutu/Rubutu a Gidaje, Jami'ar Kudu, Sewanee, TN * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Virginia ta 1994, Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Zama, Amherst, VA * 1993 Yaddo Residency Fellowship, Saratoga Springs, New York * 1989 Ƙungiyar Mawakan Zamani, Hotunan Zane-zane na Yammacin Ostiraliya, Perth, Yammacin Ostiraliya * 1987 Yaddo Residency Fellowship, Saratoga Springs, New York * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Virginia ta 1986, Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Zama, Amherst, VA * 1985 VCCA Residency Feliowship * 1985 LINE (Majalisar NEA & NYS) Grant * Ƙungiyar 'Yancin zama ta Yaddo ta 1983 * 1978-79 CAPS (Masu Fasaha Masu Kirkire-kirkire na Ayyukan Jama'a) Tallafin (Siffofin Zane) * 1972 Ossabaw Island Project Residency Fellowship * 1971-72 Ƙungiyar Mazaunin MacDowell == Littattafan masu fasaha da yawa == * ''Wasu Bayanai Game da Tsoro'', wanda mai zane, Rome, 1981, bugu mai iyaka * ''Duk abin da ake da shi a duniya wani ne ya san shi, amma ba wanda ya san shi ba'', Ottenhausen Verlag, Munich, 1981, bugu na 300 * ''Yiwuwa'', John Weber Gallery & Parasol Press, 1977, bugu na 1000 * ''Ayyukan da ba su da ma'ana'', Cibiyar tattara bayanai, NY 1977, bugu na 1000 * ''Kibiya Mara Ma'ana'', wanda mai zane, 197G, bugu na 1000 ya buga * ''Layukan da Aka Kama a Raba'', Parasol Press, SA, 1975, bugu mai iyaka na 200 * ''Layin Iyaka Mai Ganuwa'', Parasol Press, SA, 1975, bugu mai iyaka na 200 == Zaɓaɓɓun littattafan karatu == * Silverblatt, Michael, "Roberta Allen: Gimbiya Kanka," Bookworm, KCRW Los Angeles, CA, Maris 22, 2018, kai tsaye da kuma kan layi. * Torri, Erika, ''Roberta Allen,'' Tarin Littattafan Mawaƙa, Laburaren Kiɗa da Fasaha na Athenaeum, La Jolla, CA., Mayu 2017, shafuka 64. * Zinnser, John, "Rubuta Labarai Masu Kare Kansu: Hira da Roberta Allen," Mujallar Bomb, (Ta Intanet), 11 ga Oktoba, 2017 * Seed, John, ''Rukunin Lissafi Masu Sauƙi a cikin "Zane-zanen Tunani,"'' Roberta Allen (Bita), Mai Rashin Lafiyar Jiki, Nuwamba 10, 2016 akan layi. * Catalog na nuni, ''Un Museo Ideale: Tarin Bianca & Mario Bertolini'', Museo del Novecento, Milan, Italiya, 2015. * Goodrich, Melissa, (Hira ta Yanar Gizo) "Mai Salon Gashi Wanda Ya Faɗi Ƙafa Ashirin Ya Sauka A Tsaye: Hira da Roberta Allen," Blog ɗin Collagist, Dzanc Books, Janairu 22, 2014 * Vartanian, Hrag, ''Mafi Kyawun 2014: Manyan Nunin Fasaha 10 na Brooklyn: #2 Roberta Allen: Yana aiki daga shekarun 1970 a Minus Space'', Hyperallergic, Disamba 23, 2014, akan layi. * McConnell, Suzanne, “Yarinyar Mafarki,” Yanar Gizo Mai Kyau, Jirgin Kasa na Brooklyn, Fabrairu 2012 * Wynn Kramarshy / Amy Eshoo, Edita, ''560 BROADWAY: Tarin Zane na New York a Wurin Aiki, 1991-2006'', Gidauniyar Bene na Biyar tare da Jami'ar Yale Press, 2008, shafi na 161, 177. * Indiana, Gary, “Have Pain Will Travel.” Muryar Ƙauye, Littattafai, Disamba 23, 1986, 72. * “Kalmomi a Midocean.” “An lura da shi da jin daɗi,” (Ƙarin bayani) Jaridar New York Times Book Review, 22 ga Yuni, 1986, 39. * ''Erweiteerte Fotografie/Extended Photography'', katalogin nuni a Wiener Secession, Vienna, Austria, 1981 * Rein, Ingrid, ''Paradoxa mit Pfeil und Fisch, Die Installationen von Roberta Allen'', Suddeutsche Zeitung, Afrilu 27, 1981 * Skira Annuel, ''Art Actuel'', 1979, Geneva, Bayanin mai zane, p 32 * O'Grady, Holly, Kibiyar Ban Dariya: Shigarwa da Littattafai na Roberta Allen, (labari), ''Mujallar Fasaha'', Fabrairu 1979, shafi na 156,157 * Lopes Cardozo, Judith, Roberta Allen (bita) ''Artforum'', Fabrairu 1978, shafi 73, 74 * Lubell, Ellen, Roberta Allen (bita) ''Mujallar Arts'', Oktoba 1977, shafi 23,24 * Deitch, Jeffrey, Roberta Allen, (labari), ''Mujallar Fasaha'', Yuni 1977, shafi na 6 * Auping, Michael, Kasidar baje kolin ''New Work/New York'' a Jami'ar Jihar California, Los Angeles, 1976. * Lubell, Ellen, Alighiero E. Boetti/Roberta Allen (bita), ''Mujallar Arts'', Afrilu 1975, shafi 19, 20 * Gilbert-Rolfe, Jeremy, Roberta Allen (bita), ''Artforum'', Mayu 1974, shafi na 69 == Tarin jama'a da aka zaɓa == * Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, NYC * Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan, NYC * Gidan Tarihi na Cooper-Hewitt, NYC * Bibliotheque du Faransa, Paris, Faransa * Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio * Gidan Tarihin Fasaha na Worcester, Worcester, MA * Stadtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich, Jamus * Hotunan Zane-zane na Yammacin Ostiraliya, Perth, Yammacin Ostiraliya * Wadsworth Athenaeum, Hartford, CT. * Athenaeum, Laburaren Kiɗa da Fasaha, La Jolla, CA * Museo del Novecento, Milan, Italiya == Koyarwa (rubutu) == Mukaman koyarwa sun haɗa da: Shirin Rubutu, Jami'ar New School daga 1992 zuwa 2010, Makarantar Fasaha ta Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'ar Kudu, Sewanee, TN, Makarantar Zane ta Parsons, NY, Taron Marubuta na bazara, Jami'ar Hofstra, Taron Ƙungiyar Rubuce-rubuce ta Mata ta Duniya, Kwalejin Skidmore, Saratoga Springs, NY. Bitar rubuce-rubuce ta Allen ta fara ne a 1991 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa yanzu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] dzj91ovic1vlhe46nrlvn8j7lfc0mvn 0 140650 829479 795557 2026-05-04T02:04:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ramadan a [[Afghanistan]]''' yana da muhimmancin addini da al'adu a Afghanistan, inda yawancin jama'a ke yin addinin Islama. Ramadan alama ce ta al'adu na musamman, ayyukan sadaka, da tarurruka na al'umma, da ayyukan sadaka. == Ranar da ganin wata == Lokaci na Ramadan a Afghanistan ya bi kalandar wata ta Musulunci, tare da kwanakin farawa da ƙarshen da aka ƙayyade ta hanyar ganin wata mai ƙwanƙwasawa (Hilal). Rashin daidaituwa a cikin kwanakin na iya tasowa saboda kwamitocin kallon wata na yanki, kamar hukumomin addini na Afghanistan ko daidaitawa da sanarwar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramadan 2025 - Date of 1st Ramzan 1447 Hijri in Afghanistan in 2025 |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/islam/islamic-event/afghanistan/ramadan.html |website=UrduPoint}}</ref> Bambance-bambance na iya faruwa idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe makwabta kamar [[Pakistan]]. == Bukatar da al'adu == Ranar farko ta Ramadan koyaushe hutu ne na jama'a a Afghanistan. Kamar sauran kasashe masu yawan Musulmai, gidajen cin abinci da cafes suna rufewa a lokacin hasken rana a cikin watan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2017 |title=IN PICTURES: What's Ramadan like in Afghanistan? |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2017/06/01/IN-PICTURES-What-s-Ramadan-like-in-Afghanistan- |website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref> A lokacin Ramadan, Musulmai na Afghanistan suna yin azumi daga asuba har zuwa faɗuwar rana, suna guje wa abinci, abin sha, da sauran bukatun jiki. Ana karya azumi a faɗuwar rana tare da abincin da ake kira [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]] . Iftars na gargajiya na Afghanistan sau da yawa suna farawa da Shorba, miya mai ta'aziyya da aka yi da kayan lambu da nama da aka dafa a hankali, sannan kuma sabo gurasa da busassun 'ya'yan itace - suna ba da sauƙi amma mai farin ciki ga bikin maraice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramadan Journeys &#124; Afghanistan Celebrates Ramadan with Gathering & Hospitality &#124; NileFM &#124; EGYPT'S#1 FOR HIT MUSIC |url=https://www.nilefm.com/entertainment/article/11902/ramadan-journeys-afghanistan-celebrates-ramadan-with-gathering%C2%A0-hospitality |website=nilefm.com}}</ref> Baya ga azumi, 'yan Afghanistan suna halartar masallatai, suna ba da sa'o'i da yawa ga addu'a da tunani. Ana jaddada ayyukan al'umma da ayyukan sadaka a wannan lokacin, suna nuna ruhun karimci da tausayi na Ramadan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Album: Ramadan life in Afghanistan |url=https://english.news.cn/20240318/12980e59be6a42f0b360c29dbda39fbc/c.html |website=english.news.cn}}</ref> === Ayyukan al'adu === Ɗaya daga cikin al'adun al'adu na musamman da aka kiyaye a [[Herat]], wani birni a [[Western Afghanistan|yammacin Afghanistan]], shine ''"Ramazan Khwani,"'' ko waka ta Ramadan. Wannan al'adar tarihi ta ci gaba da kasancewa wani bangare mai karfi na rayuwar al'adu, adana al'adun yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amiry |first=Sharif |date=April 3, 2024 |title=Afghanistan: Herat residents preserve historic 'Ramazan Khwani' tradition |url=https://amu.tv/90200/}}</ref> == Ayyukan jama'a da na sadaka == Ramadan a Afghanistan yana jaddada al'umma da sadaka. Iyalai galibi suna karbar bakuncin jama'a, suna gayyatar maƙwabta da waɗanda ba su da sa'a. Masallatai da kungiyoyin agaji suna rarraba abinci ga mabukata, tabbatar da cewa kowa zai iya shiga cikin albarkatun watan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mosque iftars bring Afghans together in cherished Ramadan tradition |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2477716/amp |website=Arab News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2020 |title=Traditions of Ramadan for Afghani people |url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/360364/Traditions-of-Ramadan-for-Afghani-people |website=Hawzah News Agency }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Sahur|sa'a]] al'ada ta musamman ta haɗa da kunna dohol (wani nau'in drum) da sassafe don tayar da mutane don suhoor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABWA's representative in Afghanistan talks about customs of the country during Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr - مجمع جهانی اهل بیت |url=https://www.ahl-ul-bayt.ahl-ul-bayt.org/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/item/abwa%E2%80%99s-representative-in-afghanistan-talks-about-customs-of-the-country-during-ramadan-and-eid-al-fitr |website=www.ahl-ul-bayt.ahl-ul-bayt.org }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kalubale a cikin bikin == Duk da yanayin bikin Ramadan, yawancin 'yan Afghanistan suna fuskantar manyan kalubale. Kasar tana fama da daya daga cikin manyan rikice-rikicen jin kai a duniya, wanda ya kara tsanantawa da yunwa, talauci, da rashin aiki. Wadannan batutuwan suna rufe watan mai tsarki ga iyalai da yawa waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya kowace rana don biyan bukatun yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahimi |first=Faiza |title=Hunger, Poverty Overshadow Ramadan In Afghanistan |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-ramadan-poverty-hunger/32858912.html |website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref> Koyaya, shirye-shirye irin su rarrabawar Ramadan ta Islamic Relief suna ba da taimako. Wadannan kokarin suna kawo bege ga iyalai masu rauni, suna samar da kayan aiki da tallafi a lokacin da ake kara rikicin yunwa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline}}{{Ramadan}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ldew3f2kg13d8vne146x5zcbzyityos 0 140653 829481 797583 2026-05-04T02:14:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Al'ummar musulmin ƙasar na bikin '''Ramadan a Burtaniya''', wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 6.0% na al'ummar ƙasar (kusan mutane miliyan 3.9), wanda hakan ya sanya Musulunci ya zama addini na biyu mafi girma a [[Birtaniya]] bayan Kiristanci. == Ganin wata == Ranakun watan Ramadan a Burtaniya suna bin [[Hijira kalanda|kalandar watan Musulunci]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Ramadan 2025: What is it and when does it start? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/articles/c0mwvg74gg8o |website=BBC Newsround}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2025 |title=Ramadan 2025: When does it start and what are the rules? |url=https://www.the-independent.com/life-style/ramadan-2025-moon-sighting-saudi-arabia-fasting-b2706355.html |website=The Independent}}</ref> An tabbatar da farkon ganin wata a cikin Burtaniya ta hanyar ƙungiyar New Cresent Society sau da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar Royal Observatory Greenwich, <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to sight the new crescent Moon {{!}} Moon Sighting & Islamic calendar |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/space-astronomy/how-sight-new-crescent-moon |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid Moonsighting LIVE 2024 {{!}} Royal Observatory Greenwich |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/whats-on/online/eid-moonsighting-live |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramadan New Crescent Moon Watch 2025 {{!}} Royal Observatory |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/whats-on/online/ramadan-moonsighting-live-28-february-2025 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seagrove |first=Paul |date=2023-03-23 |title=Changing month by the Moon |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/changing-month-by-the-moon |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.cam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> kodayake wasu ƙananan al'ummomi sun dogara da sanarwa daga lissafin ilmin taurari na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] duk da cewa ingancin wannan yana cikin Musuluncin Sunni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2025 |title=This is when Ramadan 2025 starts in the UK as Muslims begin fasting |url=https://www.nationalworld.com/celebrations/ramadan-2025-saudi-arabia-sights-crescent-moon-for-muslims-to-begin-fasting-what-it-means-4990668 |website=NationalWorld}}</ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Butt |first=Maira |date=March 20, 2025 |title=Ramadan 2025: Muslims bring the centuries-old spiritual month down to Earth |url=https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/ramadan-2025-muslims-bring-the-centuries-old-spiritual-month-down-to-earth/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Eid 2025: UK experts challenge Saudi's 'impossible' Shawwal crescent sighting; Eid-ul-Fitr in KSA on Sunday, March 30 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/eid-2025-uk-experts-challenge-saudi-s-impossible-shawwal-crescent-sighting-eid-ul-fitr-in-ksa-on-sunday-march-31-101743262257490.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> == An yi hasashen kwanakin watan Ramadan a Burtaniya (1447-1457 AH) == Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hasashen ranakun farawa na Ramadan da Eid al-Fitr a Burtaniya bisa ga bayanan ganin wata da [[HM Nautical Almanac Office|Ofishin HM Nautical Almanac]] ya buga, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crescent Moon Visibility for late February and early March 2025 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/crescent-moon-visibility-for-late-february-and-early-march-2025 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hm Nautical Almanac Office News and Announcements - Archived News |url=http://www.govwire.co.uk/archive/hm-nautical-almanac-office |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.govwire.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> kamar yadda ƙungiyar [[New Crescent Society]] (NCS), babbar ƙungiyar ganin wata ta Burtaniya ta yi amfani da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bentley |first=David |date=2025-02-28 |title=Ramadan 2025 start date for UK now confirmed by multiple moonsighting groups |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/uk-news/ramadan-2025-start-date-uk-31107710 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Birmingham Live |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-20 |title=How do we know when Ramadan starts and ends? It's up to the moon. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/ramadan-sighting-of-the-moon |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=History |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Suffa Blog - How Do Muslims in the UK Decide the Start of a New Hijri Month? - By Muhammad Rusydi Azmi & Others |url=https://thesuffafoundation.org/blog/how-do-muslims-in-the-uk-decide-the-start-of-a-new-hijri-month |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=thesuffafoundation.org |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Duk ranakun na wucin gadi ne kuma suna ƙarƙashin ganin wata na gida. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+An yi hasashen kwanakin watan Ramadan da Eid al-Fitr (UK, 1447-1457 AH) ! Shekarar Hijira ! Ranar fara azumin Ramadan (Birtaniya) ! Ranar fara Eid al-Fitr (Birtaniya) ! Matsayi |- | 1447 AH | 19 ga Fabrairu 2026 | 21 Maris 2026 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1448 AH | 8 ga Fabrairu 2027 | 10 Maris 2027 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1449 AH | 29 Janairu 2028 | 28 ga Fabrairu 2028 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1450 AH | 17 Janairu 2029 | 15 Fabrairu 2029 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1451 AH | 6 Janairu 2030 | 4 ga Fabrairu 2030 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1452 AH | 26 Disamba 2030 | 25 Janairu 2031 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1453 AH | 16 Disamba 2031 | 14 Janairu 2032 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1454 AH | 5 ga Disamba 2032 | 3 Janairu 2033 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1455 AH | 24 Nuwamba 2033 | 23 Disamba 2033 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1456 AH | 13 Nuwamba 2034 | 13 Disamba 2034 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1457 AH | 2 Nuwamba 2035 | 2 ga Disamba 2035 | ''An annabta'' |} == Ayyukan Addini == Musulmai suna kauracewa abinci, abin sha, da kuma ayyukan zunubi tun daga fitowar alfijir ( [[Sahur|Suhur]] ) har zuwa faduwar rana ( [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]] ). Saboda tsawon sa'o'in rana na Birtaniya, azumi yana kaiwa har zuwa awanni 16-17 a lokacin rani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2016 |title='Longest' Muslim holy month of Ramadan in 33 years begins |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-36459143 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Kamar sauran masallatai na Babban Masallacin London, ana gudanar da addu'o'in [[Sallah Tarawihi|Taraweeh]] na dare, tare da gasannin karatun Alqur'ani da fassara a cikin harshen kurame don haɗa kai. <ref name="auto2"/> Ana tunawa da " [[Lailatul ƙadari|Daren Ƙarfi]] " (Ramadan 27) da addu'o'i masu tsawo da karatun Alqur'ani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Night of Power - Laylatul Qadr 2024 |url=https://www.islamic-relief.org.uk/giving/islamic-giving/ramadan/laylatul-qadr/ |website=Islamic Relief UK}}</ref> == Al'adun girki da Abincin Iftar == Bude azumi da [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]] al'ada ce mai daraja. A Burtaniya, abincin Iftar galibi yana ɗauke da gaurayen abincin gargajiya daga al'adu daban-daban. Abubuwan da aka saba ci sun haɗa da dabino, miyar lentil, [[Samosa|samosas]], da [[Kebab|kebabs]] . Albarkatu kamar BBC Good Food suna ba da tarin girke-girke da aka tsara don Ramadan, tun daga zaɓin Suhoor mai ƙarfafawa zuwa abincin Iftar mai daɗi. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Barker |first=Sam |date=March 4, 2025 |title=This UK Charity Hosts Free Open Iftar Meals In Iconic Venues - Such As Shakespeare's Globe, The V&A, And More |url=https://secretldn.com/ramadan-tent-project-open-iftar/?utm_source=clipboard&utm_medium=web_share&utm_content=ramadan-tent-project-open-iftar |website=Secret London}}</ref> Gidajen cin abinci da manyan kantuna a Burtaniya galibi suna biyan buƙatun abincin halal da kayan abinci na musamman na Ramadan. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Jeraj |first=Samir |date=March 31, 2025 |title=Ramadan is worth up to £1.3bn to UK economy |url=https://hyphenonline.com/2025/03/31/ramadan-economy-growth-uk-1-3bn-equi/ |website=Hyphen}}</ref> == Ayyukan agaji da kuma hulɗar al'umma == Sadaka muhimmin ginshiki ne na Ramadan. A Burtaniya, shirye-shirye kamar [[Ramadan Tent Project|Aikin Tanti na Ramadan]] suna nuna wannan ruhin ta hanyar shirya bukukuwan buda baki kyauta a wurare masu tarihi kamar Trafalgar Square da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert . Waɗannan tarurrukan suna da nufin haɓaka fahimtar al'adu daban-daban da haɗin kan al'umma ta hanyar gayyatar mutane daga kowane fanni don yin buda baki. <ref name="auto"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK charity host final Ramadan iftar in London as Eid approaches |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/uk-charity-host-final-ramadan-iftar-london-eid-approaches}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.ramadantentproject.com/ |website=Ramadan Tent Project &#124; RTP}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyi kamar Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Duniya da ke [[Landan]] suna shirya liyafar cin abinci tsakanin addinai tare da shugabannin [[Kirista]], [[Yahudawa]], da [[Baha'i|Bahá'í]], wanda ke ƙarfafa haɗin kai tsakanin jama'a. <ref name="auto2"/> "Iftar da Maƙwabcinka" wani aiki ne da ke gayyatar masu neman mafaka da waɗanda ba Musulmi ba su ci abinci tare, yana mai jaddada haɗin kai. <ref name="auto2"/> Shugabannin siyasa, ciki har da Firayim Minista, suna gabatar da gaisuwar Ramadan, suna wayar da kan jama'a da kuma shirya liyafar buda baki . <ref>{{Cite web |last=O |first=Y. |date=May 11, 2019 |title=Ramadan messages from political leaders and MPs |url=https://londragazete.com/english/175566/ramadan-messages-from-political-leaders-and-mps/ |website=Londra Gazete }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2025 |title=In a first, UK's House of Commons hosts iftar, PM Keir Starmer attends |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/iftar-in-british-parliament-uks-house-of-commons-hosts-historic-party-for-the-first-time-ever-2689417-2025-03-05 |website=India Today}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2025 |title=Ramadan: 'Amazing atmosphere' at Windsor Castle Iftar event |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9849q3jd2po |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref> == Tasirin tattalin arziki ==   Kalmar "Ramadan Rush" ta fito ne a cikin 2011 don bayyana karuwar ayyukan sayarwa a lokacin Ramadan, wanda aka danganta da kwararar masu arziki na Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Burtaniya. Ramadan yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga tattalin arzikin Burtaniya, tare da kimantawa da ke nuna cewa jimillar tasirin tattalin arzikinsa ya kama daga fam miliyan 800 zuwa fam biliyan 1.3 a kowace shekara. Wannan ya haɗa da kashe kuɗi a kan abinci, tufafi, da kyaututtuka, da kuma gudummawar agaji. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2025 |title=Ramadan: Its value to British Society and the Economy |url=https://equi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/EQUI-Ramadan-March-2025-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328104913/https://equi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/EQUI-Ramadan-March-2025-Report.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-28}}</ref> Bangaren tafiye-tafiye da yawon buɗe ido kuma yana fuskantar ƙaruwa, yayin da Musulmai da yawa ke tafiya don ziyartar dangi da abokai ko kuma fara hutu a wannan lokacin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How does Ramadan affect Businesses in UK? |url=https://www.greaterbirminghamchambers.com/resource/how-does-ramadan-affect-businesses-in-uk-.html |website=www.greaterbirminghamchambers.com}}</ref> Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa tattalin arzikin Ramadan na Burtaniya ya bunƙasa cikin sauri a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, wanda ke nuna ƙaruwar ikon siye da tasirin Musulmai 'yan Burtaniya. <ref name="auto1"/> == Yaɗa labarai da fahimtar jama'a == Wakiltar kafofin watsa labarai game da Ramadan ta ga ci gaba mai mahimmanci. A shekarar 2025, [[BBC]] ta watsa sallar Idi kai tsaye daga [[Bradford Central Mosque|Babban Masallacin Bradford]] a karon farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asbali |first=Nadeine |date=April 2, 2025 |title=As a child, I was afraid of my friends seeing me pray. Watching Eid live on the BBC was a huge moment |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/apr/02/eid-live-bbc-pray-british-muslims |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Duk da haka, hotunan kafofin watsa labarai na iya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce; misali, Magajin Garin Landan [[Sadiq Khan]] ya fuskanci suka kan sakonsa na Idin yana magana ne game da rikice-rikicen duniya, wanda ya haifar da muhawara game da siyasantar da bukukuwan addini. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Jawad |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Sadiq Khan's biased Eid message was political vanity |url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/columnists/article/sadiq-khans-biased-eid-message-was-political-vanity-l0lsmrp8b |website=www.thetimes.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8w9fszq0jxkx47xjj9eqecyngsw9hw2 0 140655 829480 817396 2026-05-04T02:09:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Musulmai 'yan Kanada suna bikin '''Ramadan a Kanada''' kamar sauran Musulmai a duniya a matsayin watan azumi, addu'a, tunani, da kuma al'umma. [[Kanada]] gida ce ga al'ummar Musulmi masu bambancin ra'ayi da kuma ci gaba, ibadar addini, al'adun gargajiya, da ayyukan zamantakewa suna nuna watan Ramadan . == Bayani == Ramadan yana ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Shika-shikan Musulunci guda biyar]] kuma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Musulmai. A Kanada, inda Musulmai suka kai kusan kashi 5% na al'ummar ƙasar (sama da mutane miliyan 1.8), ana yin watan ta hanyar azumi daga fitowar alfijir zuwa faɗuwar rana, yawaitar addu'o'i, sadaka, da tarukan al'umma.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2025 |title=Ramadan in Canada 2025: When and How to Celebrate |url=https://uaestories.com/ramadan-in-canada-2025-when-and-how-to-celebrate/}}</ref> Wannan lamari ya bambanta a faɗin ƙasar saboda girman yanayin ƙasar Kanada, al'adu daban-daban, da kuma lokutan hasken rana daban-daban.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Ebad |date=March 18, 2024 |title=When is Ramadan 2025? Key Dates |url=https://mwcanada.org/when-is-ramadan/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramadan 2025: Fasting hours and iftar times around the world |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/2/ramadan-2025-fasting-hours-and-iftar-times-around-the-world |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Kwanaki da ganin wata == Ramadan yana bin [[Hijira kalanda|kalandar watan Musulunci]], ma'ana kwanakin farawa da ƙarewa suna canzawa da kwanaki 10-12 kowace shekara a kalandar Gregorian . Kwamitin ganin wata na gida a birane kamar [[Toronto]], [[Vancouver]], da [[Montréal|Montreal]] ne ke tantance ainihin ranakun, ko kuma ta hanyar bin sanarwar ƙasashen da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramadan 2025: When does it start and everything else you need to know |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/ramadan-when-does-it-start-and-everything-else-you-need-know |website=Middle East Eye}}</ref> <ref name="auto"/> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2025 |title=Ramadan 2025 |url=https://www.isnacanada.com/ramadan-2025/ |website=ISNA Canada }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Ramadan 2025 - Info, Dates & Donate |url=https://www.islamicreliefcanada.org/our-work/ramadan |website=Islamic Relief Canada}}</ref> Yankunan Arewa kamar Yellowknife na iya samun tsawon lokacin azumi (15+) kuma wani lokacin suna bin lokutan [[Makkah]] don samun sauƙi. <ref name="auto2"/> == Ayyukan al'umma == Musulman Kanada suna bikin Ramadan ta hanyar al'adu daban-daban: [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Buɗe Ido]] na Al'umma: Masallatai da cibiyoyin Musulunci suna shirya abinci don yin buɗa baki tare. <ref name="auto4"/> <ref name="auto2"/> Sadaka ( [[Zakka]] da Sadaqah ): Ƙara yawan gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyi kamar Islamic Relief Canada da bankunan abinci na gida. <ref name="auto3"/> [[Qiraʼat|Karatun Alqur'ani]] : Da yawa suna da nufin kammala [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]], tare da addu'o'in [[Sallah Tarawihi|Taraweeh]] da ke sauƙaƙa wannan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When Is Ramadan 2025 in Canada? |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/canada/ramadan-begins |website=www.timeanddate.com}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen Ilimi: Lakcoci da bita kan [[Ilimin Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]].<ref name="auto"/> == Gwamnati da kuma sanin jama'a == [[Canadian government|Gwamnatin Kanada]] ta amince da muhimmancin Ramadan ta hanyar sanarwa a hukumance da kuma amincewa da jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2025 |title=Statement by the Prime Minister on Ramadan |url=https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/statements/2025/02/28/statement-prime-minister-ramadan |website=Prime Minister of Canada}}</ref> Misali, Ministan Lafiya [[Kamal Khera]] ya jaddada Ramadan a matsayin lokacin karimci, tausayi, da kuma sabunta alƙawarin tallafawa marasa galihu.<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web |last=Heritage |first=Canadian |date=February 28, 2025 |title=Statement by Minister Khera on the first day of Ramadan |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/news/2025/02/statement-by-minister-khera-on-the-first-day-of-ramadan.html |website=www.canada.ca }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kuma kunna fitilun tarihi kamar Hasumiyar CN a watan Ramadan.<ref name="auto2"/> Kuma ana ci gaba da ƙoƙarin yaƙi da wariya ga shirye-shiryen da ke yaƙi da ƙiyayyar Musulunci.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Heritage |first=Canadian |date=February 28, 2025 |title=Statement by Minister Khera on the first day of Ramadan |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/news/2025/02/statement-by-minister-khera-on-the-first-day-of-ramadan.html |website=www.canada.ca }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g9ne1au6lqd9habnlpgnjfpp5taegbp 0 140819 829601 797777 2026-05-04T11:41:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rona Barrett''' (an haife ta '''Rona Burstein''' ; 8 ga Oktoba, 1936) marubuciya ce kuma 'yar kasuwa 'yar Amurka mai sharhi kan jita-jita . Tana gudanar da Gidauniyar Rona Barrett, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a Santa Ynez, California, wacce ta sadaukar da kanta ga taimako da tallafawa tsofaffi masu buƙata. == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Barrett a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1936, a cikin wani iyali [[Yahudawa]] a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . {{Sfn|Leszczak|2015}} <ref> name="AVClubRona">{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Kyle |date=July 12, 2013 |title=Read This: Catching up with Rona Barrett, 1970s gossip queen |url=https://www.avclub.com/read-this-catching-up-with-rona-barrett-1970s-gossip-1798247343 |access-date=August 21, 2024 |website=AV Club}}</ref> <ref> name="BuzzFeedRona">{{Cite web |last=Petersen |first=Anne Helen |date=May 7, 2015 |title=All The Dirt On Rona Barrett, The Forgotten Gossip Girl |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/annehelenpetersen/all-the-dirt-on-rona-barrett-the-forgotten-gossip-girl |access-date=August 21, 2024 |website=BuzzFeed}}</ref> Tun tana ƙarama, ta shawo kan matsalar ƙashin ƙugu da ta sa tafiya ta yi wahala, kuma ta shirya ƙungiyoyin magoya baya ga mawaƙan da take sha'awa, kamar Eddie Fisher da Steve Lawrence . <ref> name="TMZ">{{Cite web |title=Rona Barrett |url=http://www.tmz.com/person/rona-barrett/ |access-date=April 20, 2016 |website=[[TMZ]]}}</ref> Ta zama marubuciyar tsegumi ga Bell-McClure Syndicate a 1957, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta fara aiki da Bob Marcucci, manajan matasan Frankie Avalon da Fabian . A shekarar 1966, ta fara watsa labaran tsegumi na Hollywood a tashar talabijin [[Los Angeles|ta Los Angeles]] KABC-TV . Ana iya ganinta a talabijin akai-akai, tana fitowa a gidajen talabijin guda biyar mallakar [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] da ke fadin kasar. WABC-TV da ke New York ta sanya labarin tsegumi da aka riga aka yi rikodinsa a cikin labaranta na dare, amma mai gabatar da shirin Roger Grimsby galibi ya gabatar da shi ta hanyar yin maganganu marasa daɗi game da ita. <ref> name="TMZ">{{Cite web |title=Rona Barrett |url=http://www.tmz.com/person/rona-barrett/ |access-date=April 20, 2016 |website=[[TMZ]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.tmz.com/person/rona-barrett/ "Rona Barrett"]. ''[[TMZ]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Barrett ya sanya jerin maƙiyan [[Frank Sinatra]] ta hanyar sukar rayuwarsa ta sirri, musamman dangantakarsa da 'ya'yansa. Barrett ya kuma fusata ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Ryan O'Neal]] bayan ta rubuta wasu abubuwa marasa daɗi game da shi. Don ɗaukar fansa, ana zargin ya aiko mata da akwati dauke da tarantula kai tsaye. Ta ƙirƙiri shirye-shiryen talabijin na musamman na farko game da fina-finai, talabijin, kiɗa, wasanni da shahararrun 'yan siyasa, kuma tana da jerin mujallu kan masana'antar nishaɗi waɗanda aka fi daraja a shagunan jaridu, ciki har da ''fim ɗin Rona Barrett Hollywood: Babu abin da ya fi gaskiya'', wanda Laufer Media ta buga. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |editor2-last=Wieder, Judy |title=Rona Barrett's Hollywood: Nothing But the Truth |url=https://www.amazon.com/Rona-Barretts-Hollywood-Nothing-Truth/dp/B001DZOCKA |website=Amazon}}</ref> Ta kuma bayyana a <nowiki><i id="mwPQ">Jack Paar Tonite</i></nowiki>, inda ta yi karo da Clement Freud . Barrett ta fara fitowa a shirin ''Good Morning America'' a shekarar 1975. A shekarar 1980, ta koma shirin ''Today Show'' na NBC kuma an sanya mata hannu don ta jagoranci shirin ''Tomorrow'' na NBC tare da Tom Snyder, amma takaddama tsakanin jama'a da Snyder, wacce ta dauke ta a matsayin wakiliya maimakon abokiyar gabatarwa kuma ta ki barin bangarenta ya jagoranci shirin ko da lokacin da ta yi wata babbar hira, ya sa ta daina shirin a watan Yunin 1981. Ta yi kokarin wasu ayyuka a [[NBC]] wadanda ko dai cibiyar sadarwa ta ki amincewa da su a matsayin masu tsada ko kuma wadanda, a yanayin ''Television: Inside and Out'', aka mayar da su cikin mummunan lokaci. Bayan ta bar NBC, Barrett ta kasance babbar wakiliya a ''Entertainment Tonight'' daga 1983 zuwa 1986. A shekarar 1989, ta koma NBC na ɗan lokaci don ɗaukar nauyin shirye-shiryen safe guda 10 ''a At Rona's'' . A shekarar 1990, ta bayyana a matsayin baƙo a matsayin mai yin hira a WWF 's WrestleMania VI a Skydome (yanzu Rogers Centre ) a [[Toronto]] . <ref name="Modern">{{Cite web |title=Before Barbara Walters, There Was Rona Barrett |url=http://www.moderntimesmagazine.com/page19/150817-Arts-Reel-Real-Barrett/150817-Arts-Reel-Real-Barrett.php |access-date=April 21, 2016 |website=Modern Times Magazine |archive-date=February 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212002327/http://www.moderntimesmagazine.com/page19/150817-Arts-Reel-Real-Barrett/150817-Arts-Reel-Real-Barrett.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1991, ta yi ritaya daga aikin jarida ta koma gonarta da ke Santa Ynez, [[California]], inda ta sadaukar da lokacinta wajen gudanar da Gidauniyar Rona Barrett, wata kungiya mai fafutukar kare hakkin tsofaffi marasa galihu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2016 |title=How Rona Barrett Became The Gossip Industry's Forgotten Trailblazer |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/annehelenpetersen/all-the-dirt-on-rona-barrett-the-forgotten-gossip-girl |website=[[BuzzFeed]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2010 |title=Rona Barrett returns to the spotlight - Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jun-17-la-et-rona-20100617-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}} </ref> === Mai wasan kwaikwayo === Barrett ya kuma yi fina-finai lokaci-lokaci, inda ya taka rawar gani a fina- ''finan The Phynx'' (1970), ''Sextette'' (1978) da ''Mannix'' (Kashi na 1, Kashi na 15; Kashi na 8, Kashi na 12). === Littattafai === A shekarar 1972, an buga littafinta mai suna The Lovo-maniacs . An buga tarihin rayuwarta Miss Rona a shekarar 1974. Ya fara da: " Inci ɗaya, Rona. Don Allah, bari in saka shi a cikin inci ɗaya!" kamar yadda wata shahararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da ba a ambaci sunanta ba ta roƙi a bar ta ta fuskanci jima'i kaɗan da ita. A cikin littafin, ta amince tana da aikin yi kuma ta tattauna cikakkun bayanai game da shigarta a ƙungiyar magoya bayan matasa da kuma aikinta tare da shugabannin Frankie Avalon. Ta rubuta littafin How You Can Look Rich and Achieve Sexual Ecstasy (1978). == Daraja == A shekarar 2009, an sadaukar da ita ga Tauraron Zinare na Palm Springs a kan Taurarin Palm Springs . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Palm Springs Walk of Stars |url=http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web-storage/Stars/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013165655/http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web-storage/Stars/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |access-date=February 23, 2016}}</ref> == Harkokin kasuwanci == Barrett ya kafa Kamfanin Rona Barrett Lavender a Santa Ynez, California, a matsayin mai samar da kayan wanka na lavender, kayan kwalliya, abinci da kuma kayan ƙanshi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keeler |first=Janet K. |date=July 31, 2001 |title=Rona Barrett's new scoop |url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/073101/Seniority/Rona_Barrett_s_new_sc.shtml |access-date=April 20, 2016 |website=[[Tampa Bay Times]]}}</ref> Kamfanin yana bin tsarin amfani da kayayyakin masarufi masu alamar shahara don samar da kuɗi da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da wata manufa mai zaman kanta. An ba da wani ɓangare na duk ribar da kamfanin ya samu ga Gidauniyar Rona Barrett. A cewar gidan yanar gizon gidauniyar, sun daina sayar da kayayyakin lavender kuma an sayar da kamfanin. Barrett ta fara Gidauniyar Rona Barrett, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ta sadaukar da kanta ga taimako da tallafawa tsofaffi masu bukata, wacce aka tallafa mata da kashi 2% na ribar da ta samu daga kasuwancinta na lavender har sai da ta daina samarwa. Gidauniyar tana karɓar gudummawa kai tsaye ne kawai kuma tana aiki kan gina ƙauye mai suna "Golden Inn and Cottages" ga tsofaffi masu buƙatar gidaje da wuraren kulawa masu kyau. Tun daga watan Mayu na 2012, shirin gwaji ne wanda har yanzu ana ci gaba da haɓakawa. Yanzu, a cikin 2025 Golden Inn and Cottages al'umma ce mai wadata ga tsofaffi masu ƙarancin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://ronabarrettfoundation.org/history/ |access-date=April 20, 2016 |publisher=Rona Barrett Foundation }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Barrett ya auri Bill Trowbridge daga ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1973, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Lois |date=December 15, 1975 |title=Love Her or Loathe Her, Rona Barrett Is Hollywood's Queen of the Tattle-tongues |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20065953,00.html |access-date=April 20, 2016 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> har zuwa rabuwarsu a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1982. {{Sfn|Terrace|1985}} Daga baya sun sulhunta kuma suka ci gaba da zama tare har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2001. A shekarar 1986, ta sayi gonar noma a Santa Ynez kuma ta fara tafiya zuwa Los Angeles. <ref name="Modern"/> A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2008, ta auri Daniel Busby. Barrett ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta tana danne asalinta na Yahudawa. <ref name="AVClubRona">{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Kyle |date=July 12, 2013 |title=Read This: Catching up with Rona Barrett, 1970s gossip queen |url=https://www.avclub.com/read-this-catching-up-with-rona-barrett-1970s-gossip-1798247343 |access-date=August 21, 2024 |website=AV Club}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRyan2013">Ryan, Kyle (July 12, 2013). [https://www.avclub.com/read-this-catching-up-with-rona-barrett-1970s-gossip-1798247343 "Read This: Catching up with Rona Barrett, 1970s gossip queen"]. ''AV Club''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Lokacin da ta gabatar da kanta a hukumar, ta canza sunan mahaifiyarta zuwa Barrett wanda ba ya yin kama da na Yahudawa. <ref name="BuzzFeedRona">{{Cite web |last=Petersen |first=Anne Helen |date=May 7, 2015 |title=All The Dirt On Rona Barrett, The Forgotten Gossip Girl |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/annehelenpetersen/all-the-dirt-on-rona-barrett-the-forgotten-gossip-girl |access-date=August 21, 2024 |website=BuzzFeed}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPetersen2015">Petersen, Anne Helen (May 7, 2015). [https://www.buzzfeed.com/annehelenpetersen/all-the-dirt-on-rona-barrett-the-forgotten-gossip-girl "All The Dirt On Rona Barrett, The Forgotten Gossip Girl"]. ''BuzzFeed''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim ɗin fim == === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="2" | 1970 | ''Phynx'' | Mai Rubuta Labarai Kan Tsegumi | fim ɗin barkwanci wanda Lee H. Katzin ya bada umarni <ref name="The Phynx">{{Cite web |title=The Phynx |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/86644/the-phynx#credits |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324134835/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/86644/The-Phynx/#credits |archive-date=March 24, 2012 |access-date=April 21, 2016 |website=[[Turner Classic Movies]]}}</ref> |- | ''Kada Ka Jefa Matakai Cikin Zobe'' | Jaruman da suka taka rawa a fim | Fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo wanda Steve Ihnat ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni <ref name="Do Not Throw Cushions Into the Ring">{{Cite web |title=Do Not Throw Cushions into the Ring |url=http://www.moviefone.com/movie/do-not-throw-cushions-into-the-ring/1057091/main/ |access-date=April 21, 2016 |website=Movie Fone}}</ref> |- | 1978 | ''Sextet'' | Kanta | fim ɗin barkwanci/waƙa wanda Ken Hughes ya jagoranta <ref name="Sextette">{{Cite web |title=Sextette |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/89694/sextette#credits |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608104711/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/89694/Sextette/#credits |archive-date=June 8, 2013 |access-date=April 21, 2016 |website=[[Turner Classic Movies]]}}</ref> |- | 1979 | ''Al'amari Kusan Cikakke'' | Kanta | ba a ba da lambar yabo ba |- |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |1968 | rowspan="2" |''Mannix'' | rowspan="2" |Herself |episode: "The Falling Star" (S 1:Ep 15) |- |1974 |episode: "A Choice of Victims" (S 8:Ep 12) |- |1974 |''The Odd Couple'' |Herself |episode: "The Dog Story" (S 5:Ep 5) |- |1975 |''Match Game 75'' |Herself |episodes: 38 through 42 |- |1976 |''The Sonny &amp;amp; Cher Show'' |Herself |episode: "Premiere" (S 1:Ep 1) |- |1981 |''Television: Inside and Out'' |Herself/host |short-lived TV show about television personalities |- |1985 |''America'' |Correspondent |short-lived TV show |- |1987 |''Moonlighting'' |Herself |episode: "The Straight Poop" (S 3:Ep 9)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Straight Poop |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0651096/reference |access-date=June 30, 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 1990 | WrestleMania VI | Mai yin hira | Skydome (yanzu Cibiyar Rogers ) a Toronto |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7ogo7btnzd2elo4pl4h2yufmyo7yktn 0 141684 829278 799062 2026-05-03T13:25:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Otelia Roberta Shields Howard''' (Satumba 15, 1900 – Disamba 13, 1945) farfesa ce 'yar Amurka a fannin Turanci. Ta koyar fiye da shekaru ashirin a Kwalejin Jihar Virginia, kuma ta kafa jaridar makarantar, ''Virginia Statesman'' . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Otelia Roberta Shields a Petersburg, Virginia, 'yar James E. Shields da Otelia Jones Shields. Mahaifinta, shugaban makaranta, memba ne na farko a aji na kammala karatun digiri a Cibiyar Normal and Collegiate ta Virginia a 1886. Ta yi horo a matsayin malamar makaranta a Cibiyar Normal and Collegiate ta Virginia, sannan ta halarci Jami'ar Fisk, inda ta kasance memba na Fisk Pageant Singers kuma ta sami digiri na farko a Turanci tare da babban girmamawa a 1921. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 1921 |title=The Higher Training of Negroes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA111 |journal=The Crisis |volume=22 |pages=111}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Columbia a 1926. Ɗan'uwanta, James E. Shields Jr., likita ne da aka horar a Jami'ar Howard . Likitan jijiyoyi Audrey S. Penn 'yar'uwarta ce. == Sana'a == Shields ta kasance memba mai rijista a reshen digiri na Jihar Virginia na Alpha Kappa Alpha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Notable Delta Omega Women |url=https://www.aka-deltaomega.org/notable-delta-omega-women |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=Delta Omega |language=en}}</ref> kuma shugabar YWCA ta gida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Jessi |date=2021-03-24 |title="She was, before her marriage, an accomplished teacher." |url=https://uncommonwealth.virginiamemory.com/blog/2021/03/24/she-was-before-her-marriage-an-accomplished-teacher/ |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=The UncommonWealth |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta da YWCA, ta shirya Kwamitin Jin Daɗin 'Yan Mata da Ayyukan Mata na Majalisar Yaƙin Camp Lee da ke Petersburg. Howard ta koyar fiye da shekaru ashirin a makarantarta ta ƙarshe, wacce aka sake mata suna Virginia State College, ta fara aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta a shekarar 1921, sannan ta zama farfesa a shekaru da dama bayan haka. Ta kafa ƙungiyar girmamawa ta makarantar da jaridarta, Virginia Statesman a shekarar 1929. A shekarar 1930 ta fara bayar da lambar yabo ta Shields-Howard, kyautar ɗalibai ta shekara-shekara don rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙira. Ta kuma gyara mujallar Virginia State College Gazette da Catalogue, kuma ta jagoranci wasannin kwaikwayo na ɗalibai, gami da shirya A Doll's House a shekarar 1928. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Otelia Shields ta auri farfesa a fannin ilmin halitta Roscoe Conklin Howard a shekarar 1936. Otelia Shields Howard ta mutu a shekarar 1945, a birnin Petersburg, sakamakon matsalolin da suka shafi [[Sclerosis da yawa|cutar sclerosis mai yawa]] . An buga wani bugu na musamman na ''Virginia Statesman'' mai suna "In Memoriam" don tunawa da ita, a watan Maris na shekarar 1846. An ci gaba da bayar da kyautarta, sai kawai aka sake mata suna da lambar yabo ta tunawa da Shields Howard don Adabin Kirkire-kirkire. Howard Hall, wani ɗakin kwanan mata da aka sanya mata suna a Jami'ar Jihar Virginia, an gina shi a shekarun 1960 kuma aka rushe shi a shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Maurice B. |date=Fall 2018 |title=The Buildings are Gone, but the Legacy Exists Forever |url=https://issuu.com/vsumagazine/docs/f2018-magazine-web/20 |journal=Virginia State University Alumni Magazine |pages=20 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] 74uvlgximgr8ijiy2glk87xspuxa3zm 0 141691 829374 817244 2026-05-03T19:47:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Phebe Archon Hayes''' masaniyar tarihi ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan tarihin Baƙar fata 'yan asalin Iberia Parish, Louisiana . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Towards a Common Goal: Iberia African American Historical Society Center for Research and Learning Opens at Shadows-on-the-Teche |url=https://savingplaces.org/stories/iberia-african-american-historical-society-center-for-research-and-learning |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=SavingPlaces.org |publisher=[[National Trust for Historic Preservation]]}}</ref> Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin mai ilimin magana, mai gudanar da ilimi, da kuma farfesa. Hayes ita ce ta kafa ƙungiyar tarihi ta Afirka ta Amurka (IAAHS) ta Iberia . <ref>name="KLFY">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=Research society uncovering forgotten black history in New Iberia |url=https://www.klfy.com/local/iberia-parish/research-society-uncovering-forgotten-black-history-in-new-iberia/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=[[KLFY-TV]] |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2020 |title='My mission is to uncover that hidden history' — Phebe Hayes |url=https://thecurrentla.com/2020/my-mission-is-to-uncover-that-hidden-history-phebe-hayes/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=The Current |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a wurare da dama (ciki har da shugaban jami'a ) a Jami'ar Louisiana da ke Lafayette (UL Lafayette) daga 1986 zuwa 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Simerman |first=John |date=2018-11-24 |title=For black New Iberians, racist policing under Ackal's watch dredges up these painful memories |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/acadiana/news/crime_police/for-black-new-iberians-racist-policing-under-ackals-watch-dredges-up-these-painful-memories/article_254b00b6-ec1b-11e8-9053-b7547f1d6a75.html |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=[[The Advocate (Louisiana)|The Advocate]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref> name="Esker">{{Cite web |last=Esker |first=Fritz |date=2019-04-01 |title=Trailblazers: Dr. Phebe Hayes |url=https://www.myneworleans.com/trailblazers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222070944/https://www.myneworleans.com/trailblazers/ |archive-date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=New Orleans}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Louisiana da ke Lafayette (UL Lafayette) daga 1986 zuwa 2013, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na sashen kimiyyar sadarwa da nakasassu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwalejin nazarin gabaɗaya a UL Lafayette, daga 1998 zuwa 2013. A lokacin da take ritaya, ta yi aikin sa kai a ɗakin karatu, kuma ta sami littafi game da fitattun likitoci daga Iberia Parish daga 1859 zuwa 1959, amma mazan fararen fata ne kawai aka ambata. <ref name="Esker">{{Cite web |last=Esker |first=Fritz |date=2019-04-01 |title=Trailblazers: Dr. Phebe Hayes |url=https://www.myneworleans.com/trailblazers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222070944/https://www.myneworleans.com/trailblazers/ |archive-date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=New Orleans}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEsker2019">Esker, Fritz (2019-04-01). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240222070944/https://www.myneworleans.com/trailblazers/ "Trailblazers: Dr. Phebe Hayes"]. ''New Orleans''. Archived from [https://www.myneworleans.com/trailblazers/ the original] on 2024-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Tana da tunanin [[tarihin baki]] tun lokacin yarintarta game da likitocin baƙar fata na gida, kuma an yi mata wahayi zuwa ga binciken tarihin da ya ɓace. <ref name="Esker" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dillard |first=Coshandra |date=2023-09-05 |title=What Is Our Collective Responsibility When We Uncover Honest History? |url=https://www.learningforjustice.org/magazine/fall-2023/what-is-our-collective-responsibility-when-we-uncover-honest-history |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Learning for Justice, Vol. 5}}</ref> A cikin bincikenta ta sami likitoci 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa ashirin na tarihi daga Iberia Parish, ciki har da Dr. Emma Wakefield-Paillet . <ref name="Esker" /> Ta taimaka wajen tara kuɗi don sanya wani allo na tarihi a 2018, don girmama Wakefield-Paillet. <ref name="Esker" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=Louisiana's first black female doctor being honored with marker |url=https://www.katc.com/news/around-acadiana/iberia-parish/2018/11/03/louisianas-first-black-female-doctor-being-honored-with-marker/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=[[KATC (TV)]] |language=en}}</ref> An karrama aikinta na bincike kan Wakefield-Paillet, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Trailblazer Award ta mujallar New Orleans a 2019. <ref name="Esker" /> Hayes ya kafa ƙungiyar tarihi ta Afirka ta Amurka ta Iberia (IAAHS) a shekarar 2017, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta 501(c)(3) wadda ta mayar da hankali kan tarihin Afirka ta Amurka a Iberia Parish, Louisiana. <ref name="KLFY">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=Research society uncovering forgotten black history in New Iberia |url=https://www.klfy.com/local/iberia-parish/research-society-uncovering-forgotten-black-history-in-new-iberia/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=[[KLFY-TV]] |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.klfy.com/local/iberia-parish/research-society-uncovering-forgotten-black-history-in-new-iberia/ "Research society uncovering forgotten black history in New Iberia"]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''[[KLFY-TV]]''. 2023-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=IAAHS to open research center |url=https://www.thedailyiberian.com/news/iaahs-to-open-research-center/article_d84643ae-56f9-11ed-9aaa-e776e1e787c8.html |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=[[The Daily Iberian]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stickney |first=Ken |date=2022-11-07 |title=New historical center to plumb Iberia Parish for untold history of Black residents |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/acadiana/news/new-historical-center-to-plumb-iberia-parish-for-untold-history-of-black-residents/article_0300ab04-5b8f-11ed-9525-b375bddce10b.html |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=The Advocate |language=en}}</ref> Hayes da IAAHS sun kuma haɗa gwiwa da Cibiyar Nazarin Louisiana ta UL Lafayette a matsayin wurin adana tarin tarihi da na tarihi na IAAHS. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dickens |first=Shanna P. |date=2018-12-10 |title=A Legacy Remembered |url=https://www.thedailyiberian.com/acadiana-lifestyle/a-legacy-remembered/article_52ebdade-f410-11e8-b8d0-e3dd9776eb9c.html |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=[[The Daily Iberian]] |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222060535/https://www.thedailyiberian.com/acadiana-lifestyle/a-legacy-remembered/article_52ebdade-f410-11e8-b8d0-e3dd9776eb9c.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3vqztcg4j56msg7f9mectq0kt4uvjin 0 142121 829295 800679 2026-05-03T15:28:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Patricia Yvonne Cullen''' (née '''McAleer'''; An haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1965) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search the register - The Nursing and Midwifery Council |url=https://www.nmc.org.uk/registration/search-the-register/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.nmc.org.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Error {{!}} Royal College of Nursing |url=https://www.rcn.org.uk/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=The Royal College of Nursing |language=en}}</ref> 'yar siyasar Sinn Féin ce ta Irish, 'yar kungiyar kwadago kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisar (MP) na Fermanagh da Kudancin Tyrone tun 2024. Cullen ya kasance Babban Darakta kuma Babban Sakatare na Royal College of Nursing daga Yuli 2021 zuwa Mayu 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=Professor Pat Cullen steps down from RCN General Secretary and Chief Executive role {{!}} News {{!}} Royal College of Nursing |url=https://www.rcn.org.uk/news-and-events/news/uk-professor-pat-cullen-steps-down-from-rcn-general-secretary-and-chief-executive-role-290524 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=The Royal College of Nursing |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Cullen Patricia Yvonne McAleer a Carrickmore, County Tyrone, ƙarama cikin 'ya'ya bakwai da manomi Paddy McAleer da matarsa, Annie suka haifa. Shawarar babbar 'yar'uwarta, Birdie, ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya ta zaburar da Pat ta bi wannan sana'ar. Ɗan'uwanta da 'yan'uwanta mata huɗu daga cikin biyar duk sun zama ma'aikatan jinya. Ɗaya 'yar'uwar Pat tana da nakasa ta koyo, wanda hakan ya sa Pat ta yi karatun aikin jinya a fannin lafiyar kwakwalwa. == Sana'a == Cullen ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a yankin yammacin Belfast a lokacin Matsalolin . A lokacin da take aikin jinya a Asibitin Holywell da ke Antrim tana da shekaru 18, Cullen ta rubuta wasiƙar koke ga shugabannin asibitoci game da manufar "tattalin arzikinsu", inda aka kwace muhimman kadarorin marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali a matsayin hukunci saboda ɗabi'u "masu wahala". Ta yi nasarar sanya asibitin ya sassauta manufar. Daga baya ta zama mai ba da shawara kan tabin hankali mai rijista. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-20 |title=Who is RCN chief and former nurse Pat Cullen? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/pat-cullen-rcn-nhs-nurse-strike-who-b2248513.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Cullen ta ci gaba da riƙe mukamai a Hukumar Lafiyar Jama'a da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Jin Daɗi, kafin ta shiga Kwalejin Kula da Jinya ta Royal (RCN) a 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coyle |first=Conor |date=2022-12-15 |title=Meet the NI woman at the head of the Royal College of Nursing |url=https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/who-pat-cullen-northern-ireland-25757223 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=BelfastLive |language=en}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2019, ta zama darektan Hukumar Kula da Jinya ta Arewacin Ireland ta RCN. Ta fara aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar kuma Babban Jami'i a watan Afrilun 2021, kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin Sakatare Janar na wucin gadi kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na RCN na Burtaniya a watan Yulin 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Team {{!}} Royal College of Nursing |url=https://www.rcn.org.uk/about-us/our-structure/rcn-executive-team |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=The Royal College of Nursing |language=en}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2022, ta jagoranci yajin aikin Hukumar Lafiya ta Ƙasa inda ma'aikatan jinya na Ingila da Wales suka shiga yajin aiki a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya na shekaru 106. [1] A watan Afrilun 2023, ƙungiyar ta sanar da yajin aikin a ƙarshen mako na hutun banki na watan Mayu (30 ga Afrilu zuwa 2 ga Mayu) bayan da membobin RCN suka ƙi tayin albashi. [2] A shekarar 2023, ''New Statesman'' ya bayyana Cullen a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Burtaniya", inda aka sanya shi a matsayi na 15 a cikin jerin manyan mutane masu ƙarfin hagu na wannan shekarar, sama da 'yan siyasa da aka zaɓa da yawa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] f0x8h727fr4lefunrg620pr5o5eoz8c 0 142471 829584 801598 2026-05-04T10:04:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rita Oyoku''' (an haife ta ne a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1977) 'yar [[Najeriya]] ce mai ba da agaji, kuma mai ba da gudummawa. Tana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Kasuwanci da Zuba [[Vanuatu|Jamhuriyar Vanuatu]] zuwa Najeriya, tare da umarni don inganta cinikayya da dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu tun daga watan Fabrairun 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleamer |first=The |date=2023-02-08 |title="Rita Oyoku appointed first republic of Vanuatu trade commissioner" |url=https://thegleamer.com/rita-oyoku-appointed-first-republic-of-vanuatu-trade-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Gleamer News |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Rita Oyoku a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], Najeriya . Ta kammala karatun firamare a Makarantar Yara ta Sojoji, Ikeja Cantonment a Legas (1983-1989). Daga nan ta halarci Kwalejin Hopebay a Legas (1990-1995). Ta bi ilimi mafi girma a Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a Makarantar Ilimi ta Gudanarwa ta London, Burtaniya, tsakanin 2009 da 2011. == Ayyuka == A cikin 2013, Oyoku ta kafa Gidauniyar Rita Oyoku, ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba da ke mai da hankali kan karfafa al'ummomi ta hanyar ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban zamantakewa a Najeriya da bayan haka. A cikin 2016, ta ƙaddamar da shirin Global Harmony Envoy International Initiative don magance tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura mara kyau ta hanyar karfafa tattalin arziki, hanyoyin motsi na doka, da haɗin gwiwar kan iyaka tare da gwamnatoci da jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Reputation Poll |date=2024-01-28 |title=100 MOST REPUTABLE AFRICANS [2024 EDITION] - Reputation Poll Intl |url=https://www.reputationpoll.com/100-most-reputable-africans-2024/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Daga 2021 zuwa 2023, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan cinikin kasashen waje ga magajin garin Belmopan, Belize . A cikin 2021, an ambaci Rita daga cikin mambobin kwamitocin kulawa na Tarayyar Darts ta Najeriya.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=sunnews |date=2021-05-02 |title=Full list of members of national sports federations' caretaker committees |url=https://thesun.ng/full-list-of-members-of-national-sports-federations-caretaker-committees/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}</ref>'' Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an nada ta Shugabar Tarayyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FULL LIST: Minister inaugurates 29 sports federation boards |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/489030-full-list-minister-inaugurates-29-sports-federation-boards.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2022, an nada Oyoku a matsayin Kwamishinan Ciniki na [[Vanuatu]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vanuatu">Jamhuriyar Vanuatu zuwa [[Najeriya]]. Tana da alhakin karfafa dangantakar kasashen biyu, inganta kasuwanci da saka hannun jari, da kuma bincika haɗin gwiwar dabarun tsakanin Vanuatu da Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2023-02-16 |title=Vanuatu appoints first trade commissioner to Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/vanuatu-appoints-first-trade-commissioner-to-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2025, an nada Rita Oyoku a matsayin jakada na sanarwar Jena, wani shiri na duniya da ke zaune a Jamus wanda ke tallafawa manufofin ci gaba 17 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A matsayinsa na Shugaba na GHEII, Oyoku musamman ya sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa ta duniya mai maki shida a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024 a gaban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka gudanar a Nairobi. Sanarwar ta yi kira ga daukar mataki kan manyan kalubalen duniya ciki har da ilimi mai araha, tsaro na abinci, motsi kyauta a duk faɗin Afirka, da sauransu.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Delta]] [[Rukuni:Mata a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jvijx5yiljp4s6vj9wsdmv3js4y24s3 0 142744 829590 802391 2026-05-04T10:46:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Roberta Gropper''' (16 ga Agusta 1897 - 1 ga Fabrairu 1993) 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ce ta Kwaminisanci ta Jamus wadda ta zama memba na Reichstag (majalisar ƙasa) a 1930. <ref name="RGmugshot">{{Cite web |date=1930 |title=Kommunistische Partei |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000005/images/index.html?nativeno=572 |access-date=10 June 2016 |website=Reichstags-Handbuch. Source includes a (rather unflattering) photo-portrait of Roberta Gropper |publisher=Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München |page=572}}</ref> A 1934 ta gudu zuwa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] inda ta faɗa cikin ɓangaranci na jam'iyyu kuma ta shafe fiye da shekaru uku a sansanin tsare mutane: wannan kuma ya biyo bayan gudun hijirar Siberia. Ta sami damar komawa Berlin a 1947 kuma ta zama babbar 'yar siyasa a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus ( <nowiki><i id="mwEw">Gabashin Jamus</i></nowiki> ) . <ref name="RGlautHDK">{{Cite web |title=Gropper, Roberta * 16.8.1897, † 1.2.1993 |url=http://bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=4386 |access-date=10 June 2016 |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="RGlautES">{{Cite web |last=Eberhard Schröder |title=Footnote 16 Roberta Gropper, geb. am ... |url=http://archiv2007.sozialisten.de/politik/publikationen/rundbrief/pdf/rundbrief2003_03.pdf |access-date=10 June 2016 |website=Diskussion zum Thema "Antifascusmus und Stalinismus" Zensl Mühsams Rückkehr unerwünscht |publisher=Die Linkspartei PDS, Berlin |page=47}}</ref> == Rayuwa == === Shekarun farko === An haifi Roberta Gropper a Memmingen, wani gari mai matsakaicin girma a tsaunuka a kudancin [[Ulm]] . Mahaifinta mai saka ne. A shekarar 1905, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa [[Ulm]], kuma suna nan tsakanin 1911 da 1924. Roberta Gropper tana aiki a masana'antar sigari. A shekarar 1915 ta shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta ma'aikata ( ''Arbeiterjugend'' ), kuma ta zama memba a ƙungiyar ƙwadago a shekarar 1918. <ref name="RGlautHDK"/> Tana da shekaru 20 a shekarar 1917, lokacin da Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta rabu, galibi saboda rashin jituwa game da goyon bayan gwamnati kan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yaƙin]], kuma ta shiga Jam'iyyar Independent Social Democratic Party ( <nowiki><i id="mwKw">Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands</i></nowiki> / USPD) . <ref name="RGlautES"/> A cikin rikicin juyin juya hali da ya biyo bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, ta kasance memba na majalisar ma'aikata a Ulm. A shekarar 1919 Gropper ta kasance memba a cikin ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta gida a Ulm. <ref name="RGlautHDK" /> === Fafutukar Kwaminisanci === A shekarar 1924 ta zama ma'ajiyar kuɗi kuma a shekarar 1925 ta zama shugabar ɓangaren mata na ƙungiyar shugabannin jam'iyya ( ''Bezirksleitung'' ) na jam'iyyar Württemberg, wacce ke da hedikwata a [[Stuttgart]] . A nan ne ta san babban editan "Jaridar Ma'aikata" ( ''Arbeiterzeitung'' ), Paul Langner, wanda daga baya ta auri. A shekarar 1927 ta halarci, a matsayin wakilin Württemberg, taron Jam'iyyar Goma sha ɗaya, wanda aka gudanar a wannan shekarar a [[Essen]] . A ƙarshen 1927, tare da mijinta, ta ƙaura zuwa Mannheim, inda ta shiga ƙungiyar shugabannin jam'iyyar na yankin Rhenish Palatinate . Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar sashen mata da kuma mai buga rubutu. Sai su biyun suka sake ƙaura, a lokacin kaka na 1928, zuwa Gleiwitz a yankin Upper Silesia, inda suka ɗauki nauyin jam'iyya iri ɗaya. A watan Yunin 1929 ta koma [[Berlin]], tana aiki a matsayin mai buga rubutu a babban ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Soviet ta dindindin da kuma Sashen Bayanai na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Jamus . A lokacin bazara na 1930 ta zama shugabar sashen mata na ƙungiyar shugabannin yanki a Berlin-Brandenburg, bayan haka ta jagoranci Sashen Mata na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar har zuwa watan Yunin 1932. Wannan lokacin yana ɗaya daga cikin ci gaba da ɓangaranci a cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Jamus, wanda ya nuna kai tsaye gwagwarmayar iko da ke faruwa a Moscow wanda [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] ya sami damar kawar da abokan hamayya daga mukaman da ke da tasiri. A Berlin, an sallami Gropper daga ayyukanta na jam'iyyar saboda ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Neumann - Remmele, wadda ta yi adawa da ɓangarorin da ke goyon bayan [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] a cikin jam'iyyar. Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai koyarwa ga Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar. <ref name="RGlautHDK"/> Tare da aikin jam'iyyarta, tsakanin 1930 da Yuli 1932, ta wakilci gundumar zaɓen Berlin a Reichstag (majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa) . [1] Yanayin siyasa ya canza sosai a watan Janairu 1933 lokacin da 'yan Nazi suka karɓi mulki suka mayar da Jamus mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyya ɗaya . Ayyukan siyasa (banda goyon bayan jam'iyyar Nazi) sun zama haramtattu. An kama mijinta a ranar 1 ga Maris 1933, kuma ya yi shekara mai zuwa ko makamancin haka a cikin "tsaro mai kariya". [2] Roberta Gropper ta ci gaba da aiki, wanda yanzu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a Jamus har zuwa Mayu 1934, lokacin da ta yi ƙaura zuwa Paris, tana amfani da sunan murfin "Paula Brenner". Zuwa watan Fabrairu 1935, tana tafiya ta Stockholm da Copenhagen, ta isa Tarayyar Soviet, [3] tare da mijinta wanda ya kasance a can tun watan Agusta 1934. [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] 39rzc61rv8ph2g65j2uphlcd10qdnmg 0 142827 829473 802588 2026-05-04T00:18:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sister '''R. S. Subbalakshmi''' (wani lokacin ana rubuta '''Subbulakshmi''' ko '''Subhalakshmi''') (18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1886 - 20 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1969), ta kasance Mai gyara zamantakewa al'umma da kuma ilimi a Indiya. &nbsp; == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:R.S.Subbalakshmi_early_1900s.jpg|left|thumb|Subbalakshmi a shekarun 1900.]] An haifi Subbalakshmi a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1886 a ƙauyen Rishiyurur da ke gundumar Tiruvarur ta yanzu, [[Tamil Nadu]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://srkmsaradavidyalaya.org/about-us/our-founder/}}</ref> (ko kuma a yankin Mylapore) . na [[Chennai]], babban birnin jihar). Ita ce 'yar farko ga Visalakshi da RV Subramania Iyer (injiniya a Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Fadar Shugabancin Madras ). Sun fito ne daga dangin Tamil Brahmin na gargajiya daga tsohuwar Gundumar Tanjore . An sanya Subbalakshmi a matsayi na farko a jarrabawar jama'a a gundumar Chingleput, a matsayi na huɗu na Shugabancin Madras tana da shekaru tara. Ta yi [[Aure na yara a Indiya|aure tun tana ƙarama, kamar yadda aka saba]], amma mijinta ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan haka. A watan Afrilun 1911, ta zama mace ta farko ta Hindu da ta kammala karatunta daga Shugabancin Madras <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madras Musings - We care for Madras that is Chennai |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2024/madras-first-hindu-woman-graduate.html }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma ta yi hakan da lambar yabo ta aji ɗaya daga Kwalejin Shugabanci, Madras . == Aikin zamantakewa == A shekarar 1912, ta kafa ƙungiyar Sarada Mata domin samar da wurin taro da dandamali ga matan gida da sauran mata don haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a a tsakaninsu game da matsalolin zamantakewa da kuma ƙarfafa su su ilmantar da kansu da kuma gidan Sarada Illam ko Gidan Bazawara, wanda ya gyara tare da ilmantar da zawarawa yara a Madras. <ref name="Malathi Ramanathan p 24" /> A shekarar 1921 <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://srkmsaradavidyalaya.org/about-us/presidents-welcome/}}</ref> ko 1927, ta kafa Sarada Vidyalaya a ƙarƙashin ikon ƙungiyar Sarada Ladies Union. A shekarar 1922 ta ƙaddamar da Kwalejin Horarwa da Aiki ta Lady Willingdon kuma ita ce shugabar makarantar ta farko. Ta kuma kafa Srividya Kalanilayam, wata makaranta ga manyan mata a Mylapore a shekarar 1942, kuma yayin da take shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta Mylapore, ta kafa ƙungiyar makaranta ta Mylapore Ladies Club, a shekarar 1956, wadda aka sake mata suna zuwa Makarantar Vidya Mandir, a Mylapore. <ref name="Malathi Ramanathan p 24" /> A shekarar 1954, ta shiga cikin kafa cibiyar kula da jin dadin jama'a ga mata da yara a ƙauyen Madambakkam, kusa da Tambaram . == Aikin siyasa == A lokacin da take aikin gwamnati a matsayin Shugabar Kwalejin Horarwa ta Lady Willingdon kuma Babban Jami'in Kula da Dakunan kwanan dalibai na Ice House, an hana Subbalakshmi shiga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Indiya . Domin ci gaba da gudanar da makarantarta, Subbalakshmi ta yi watsi da imaninta da ƙoƙarinta na hana auren yara ƙanana. Duk da haka, ta yi amfani da iyawarta wajen magana da [[Yaren Tamal|harshen Tamil]], ta yi ƙoƙarin kawar da auren yara ƙanana da kuma ƙarfafa ilimin 'yan mata. Taron farko mai tarihi, na taron matan All India da aka kafa a lokacin, wanda aka kira "Taron Matan All India kan Gyaran Ilimi", an gudanar da shi a Kwalejin Fergusson, Pune a watan Janairun 1927. [1] Subbalakshmi tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wakilai hamsin da takwas da suka halarci wannan taron. [1] [2] Ta goyi bayan Dokar Hana Auren Yara, wadda aka zartar a shekarar 1930, kuma ta bayyana a gaban kwamitin Joshi [3] [4] wanda ya tsara dokar da ta taimaka wajen ɗaga shekarun auren 'yan mata zuwa goma sha huɗu da kuma maza zuwa goma sha shida. Bayan ritaya, ta shiga cikin ayyukan Ƙungiyar Matan Indiya, wadda ta yi abota da Annie Besant da sauransu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dokokin Madras daga 1952 zuwa 1957. == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == Shahararren Raj na Burtaniya ya karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Kaisar-i-Hind ta Zinare don hidimar jama'a a shekarar 1920. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 1958, gwamnatin Indiya mai zaman kanta ta ba ta kyautar Padma Shri . <ref name="Padma Shri">{{Cite web |last=Search |first=Padma Shri Awardee |title=Padma Shri awardees list |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131221505/http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php |archive-date=31 January 2009 |access-date=23 April 2012}}</ref> <ref name="Photo">{{Cite web |last=Padma Shri Awardees |first=Photos of |title=Padma Shri Award photo |url=http://photodivision.gov.in/IntroPhotodetails.asp?thisPage=1007 |access-date=26 April 2012 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Subbulakshmi ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1969, wanda shine Ranar Ekadashi . <ref name="Rajaji">{{Cite journal |last=Rajagopalachari |first=C |year=1970 |title=Sahodari Subbalakshmi Sevai: Rajaji's Garland of Praise |journal=Sister Subbalakshmi Ammal First Commemorative Souvenir |issue=Madras Sarada Ladies Union}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1969]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qlrnfg38oqbbyjgab0ar6n86drtj6nq 0 143357 829357 804077 2026-05-03T18:18:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dame Penelope Anne Constance Keith''' (née '''Hatfield'''; ''An haife ta'' a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1940) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ingila kuma mai gabatarwa, mai aiki a fina-finai, rediyo, mataki da talabijin kuma an san ta da rawar da ta taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya The Good Life da To the Manor Born . Ta gaji Lord Olivier a matsayin shugaban Asusun Taimako na 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo bayan mutuwarsa a 1989, kuma an nada ta Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) a cikin 2014 New Year Honours don hidimomi ga zane-zane da sadaka.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=31 December 2013}}</ref> Keith ya shiga [[Royal Shakespeare Company|Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare]] a 1963, kuma ya ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Olivier ta 1976 don Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na wasan Donkeys' Years . Ta zama sunan gida a Burtaniya tana wasa da Margo Leadbetter a cikin sitcom The Good Life (1975-78), inda ta lashe lambar yabo ta BAFTA TV ta 1977 don Mafi kyawun Nishaɗi. A shekara ta 1978 Keith ta lashe lambar yabo ta BAFTA TV don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau don The Norman Conquests . Daga nan sai ta fito a matsayin Audrey fforbes-Hamilton a cikin sitcom To the Manor Born (1979-81), wasan kwaikwayon da ya sami masu sauraro sama da miliyan 20. Ta ci gaba da fitowa a wasu sitcoms shida, ciki har da Executive Stress (1986-88), No Job for a Lady (1990-92) da Next of Kin (1995-97). Tun daga shekara ta 2000, ta yi aiki galibi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, tare da rawar da ta taka ciki har da Madam Arcati a cikin Blithe Spirit (2004) da Lady Bracknell a cikin The Importance of Being Earnest (2007). == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Penelope Anne Constance Hatfield a Sutton, Surrey a shekara ta 1940. Mahaifinta, jami'in soja wanda ya kasance Manjo a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ya bar mahaifiyarta, Connie, lokacin da Keith ke jariri, kuma ta yi shekaru na farko a Clacton-on-Sea, Essex da Clapham, kudancin London. Babban kawunta, John Gurney Nutting, ya kasance abokin tarayya a kamfanin gine-ginen J Gurney Nutning & Co Limited, kuma Keith ya tuna zaune a cikin motar [[Charles III|Yarima na Wales]]. Keith ta fara aikinta tana aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Burtaniya, gami da [[Lincoln]], [[Manchester]], da Salisbury . Keith ya fara fitowa a cikin The Tunnel of Love, ''Gigi'', da Flowering Cherry . A shekara ta 1963, ta shiga [[Royal Shakespeare Company|Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare]] kuma ta yi aiki tare da su a Stratford da kuma Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aldwych a London.<ref name="Shakespeare Birthplace Trust o822">{{Cite web |title=RSC Performances |url=https://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/rsc-performances/search/rsc_person:keith-penelope |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=Shakespeare Birthplace Trust }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] 03rhjnngqsptdek8iy23z80jdkgfxoc 0 144167 829444 806146 2026-05-03T21:30:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dame Polina Leopoldovna Bayvel''' (Russian: ; an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1966) injiniya ce kuma masanin kimiyya ta Burtaniya. A halin yanzu Farfesa ce a fannin Sadarwa da Networks a Sashen Injiniyan lantarki da Lantarki a Kwalejin Jami'ar London.<ref name="cf9c26">{{Cite web |title=Six IOP members are recognised in 2017 New Year Honours |url=http://www.iop.org/news/17/jan/page_68718.html |access-date=2017-01-03 |publisher=Institute of Physics }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga bincike da ƙirar hanyar sadarwar gani mai tsawo.<ref name="frs">{{Cite web |last=Anon |year=2016 |title=Professor Polina Bayvel FREng FRS |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/polina-bayvel-12845/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429121052/https://royalsociety.org/people/polina-bayvel-12845/ |archive-date=2016-04-29 |publisher=[[Royal Society]]}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{Blockquote|"All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]." --{{cite web |url= https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies |access-date= 2016-03-09 |url-status= bot: unknown |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}}}</ref><ref name="ucl">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Prof Polina Bayvel |url=https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=PBAYV08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430225336/https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=PBAYV08 |archive-date=2016-04-30 |publisher=University College London}}</ref> == Ilimi da rayuwar farko == Bayvel an haife ta ne a cikin iyalin [[Yahudawa]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=All The News From Hampsted Garden Suburb Synagogue |url=http://hgss.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/NL-April-2017-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070551/http://hgss.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/NL-April-2017-1.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2017 |access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> kuma ta girma a [[Kharkiv]] da Leningrad (yanzu [[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]) har zuwa 1978. Mahaifinta masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne Leopold P. Bayvel, mahaifiyarta Raisa (Rachel) masanin fasaha ne / injiniya kuma daga baya ta buga karatu a tarihin Yahudawa na Gabashin Turai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayvel |first=Rachel |date=1 January 2003 |title=Fifty Years On |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0449010X.2003.10703810 |journal=Jewish Quarterly |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=56–58 |doi=10.1080/0449010X.2003.10703810 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Ingila a Hasmonean High School for Girls da Kwalejin Jami'ar London inda aka ba ta digiri na farko a shekarar 1986 sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 1990. A cikin 1990, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Royal Society Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship a cikin Fibre Optics Laboratory a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Soviet a Moscow . == Bincike da aiki == Binciken Bayvel ya mayar da hankali kan kara saurin da iyawar tsarin sadarwa na fiber na gani, da kuma mahimman nazarin ƙarancin ƙwarewar gani da rage su <ref name="frs"/> .<ref name="DuserBayvel2002">{{Cite journal |last=Duser |first=M. |last2=Bayvel |first2=P. |year=2002 |title=Analysis of a dynamically wavelength-routed optical burst switched network architecture |journal=Journal of Lightwave Technology |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=574–585 |bibcode=2002JLwT...20..574D |citeseerx=10.1.1.6.1412 |doi=10.1109/50.996576}}</ref><ref name="SavoryGavioli2007">{{Cite journal |last=Savory |first=Seb J. |last2=Gavioli |first2=Giancarlo |last3=Killey |first3=Robert I. |last4=Bayvel |first4=Polina |year=2007 |title=Electronic compensation of chromatic dispersion using a digital coherent receiver |journal=Optics Express |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=2120–6 |bibcode=2007OExpr..15.2120S |doi=10.1364/OE.15.002120 |pmid=19532448 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="BaroniBayvel1997">{{Cite journal |last=Baroni |first=S. |last2=Bayvel |first2=P. |year=1997 |title=Wavelength requirements in arbitrarily connected wavelength-routed optical networks |journal=Journal of Lightwave Technology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=242–251 |bibcode=1997JLwT...15..242B |doi=10.1109/50.554330}}</ref> Ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga bincike da ƙirar manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na gani.<ref name="6674f8">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2016 |title=Three UCL scientists elected Fellows of the Royal Society |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0516/110516-royal-society-fellows |access-date=2016-05-11 |publisher=University College London}}</ref> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya nuna yiwuwar amfani da yankin wavelength don hanya a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar gani a kan kewayon nesa da lokaci. Ta kafa amfani da waɗannan sabbin ra'ayoyin gine-ginen cibiyar sadarwa, waɗanda aka aiwatar da su a ko'ina a cikin tsarin kasuwanci da cibiyoyin sadarwa. Wadannan tsarin da cibiyoyin sadarwa suna tallafawa Intanet, da kayan aikin sadarwa na dijital - kuma suna da mahimmanci ga ci gabanta.[1] Wani sabon aikin, aikin Farawa, yana da niyyar gwada fasahar da za ta sa haɗin intanet ya fi sauri da aminci, wanda Polina Bayvel ya nuna zai ba su damar gwada su a sikelin ƙasa.[2] Cibiyar Nazarin Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Jiki (EPSRC) ce ta ba da kuɗin bincikenta.[3] == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Bayvel ya lashe lambar yabo da lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Clifford Paterson a shekara ta 2002. An kuma zabe ta Fellow na Royal Academy of Engineering a shekara ta 2002 kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki da Injiniyoyin Injiniya (IEEE) Photonic Society Engineering Achievement Award a shekara ta 2013. Bayvel ta sami lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a shekarar 2014 daga Jami'ar Kudancin Wales . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Awards 2014 |url=https://www.southwales.ac.uk/about/our-organisation/honorary-fellows/honorary-awards-2014/#:~:text=Professor%20Polina%20Bayvel%20was%20awarded,her%20contribution%20to%20scientific%20research. |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=www.southwales.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014 ta gabatar da Lecture na Clifford Paterson kuma a shekarar 2015 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Royal Academy of Engineering Colin Campbell Mitchell . <ref name="patterson">{{YouTube|title=Communicating with Light: Clifford Paterson Lecture by Professor Polina Bayvel FREng}}</ref><ref name="frs" /> An zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekarar 2016 . <ref name="frs"/><ref name="6674f8"/> An nada Bayvel a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|Kwamandan Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) a cikin Kyautar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2017 don hidimomi ga injiniya. <ref name="53b573">{{Cite web |title=Press release: New Year's Honours 2017 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-years-honours-2017 |access-date=2016-12-30 |publisher=Government UK}}</ref> A cikin 2019, an zabi Bayvel a cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na The Optical Society, yana aiki na shekaru uku 2020-2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2019 |title=The Optical Society Elects Satoshi Kawata as 2020 Vice President - Novus Light Today |url=https://www.novuslight.com/the-optical-society-elects-satoshi-kawata-as-2020-vice-president_N9636.html |access-date=2019-09-18 |website=www.novuslight.com}}</ref> A cikin 2023, an ba Bayvel lambar yabo ta Royal Society Rumford Medal don gudummawa ta farko ga ilimin lissafi na asali da na gani, wanda ya ba da damar cimma babban damar, faɗin bandwidth, tsayi da yawa, tsarin sadarwa na gani waɗanda suka tallafa wa juyin juya halin fasahar bayanai. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka ba da wannan lambar yabo tun lokacin da aka kafa lambar yabo a cikin 1800. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rumford Medal |url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/rumford-medal/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=www.royalsociety.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Polina Bayvel tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu.<ref name="spouse">{{Cite web |title=Parent-Carer Scientist: Polina Bayvel |url=https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/diversity-in-science/parent-carer-scientist/polina-bayvel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430220200/https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/diversity-in-science/parent-carer-scientist/polina-bayvel/ |archive-date=2016-04-30 |publisher=Royal Society}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6bb0bpm31ufmesuyd3e7guvtk3wl91b 0 144357 829280 815096 2026-05-03T13:34:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dame Henrietta Miriam Ottoline Leyser''' DBE FRS (an haife ta 7 Maris 1965) masanin kimiyyar tsire-tsire ne na Burtaniya kuma Regius Farfesa na Botany a Jami'ar Cambridge . Daga 2013 zuwa 2020 ta kasance darakta na Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge . Daga 2020 zuwa 2025 ta kasance Shugaba na UK Research and Innovation (UKRI). == Ilimi == An yi rajistar haihuwar Leyser a Ploughley, Oxfordshire . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FreeBMD Entry Info |url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?r=232069449:3327&d=bmd_1627336144 |website=www.freebmd.org.uk}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Wychwood da ke Oxford da Jami'ar Cambridge a matsayin dalibi na farko na Kwalejin Newnham, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya ta [[Genetics|Halitta]] a 1986 sannan ta sami digiri a fannin Genetics <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2017 |title=Ottoline Leyser on Radio 4 |url=https://wychwoodschool.org/news/ottoline-leyser-radio-4/ |publisher=Wychwood School }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a 1990 don bincike wanda Ian Furner ke kula da shi.<ref name="bbsrc">{{Cite web |title=Great British bioscience pioneers – Professor Ottoline Leyser |url=http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/news/people-skills-training/2014/140403-f-gb-bioscience-pioneers-ottoline-leyser |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616154707/http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/news/people-skills-training/2014/140403-f-gb-bioscience-pioneers-ottoline-leyser |archive-date=2015-06-16 |publisher=BBSRC}}</ref> == Bincike da aiki == Binciken postdoctoral na Leyser a Jami'ar Indiana ya riga ya zama lacca a Jami'an York, inda ta yi aiki daga 1994 zuwa 2010. Daga nan sai ta shiga cikin kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Sainsbury mai zaman kanta a Cambridge, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amsen |first=Eva |date=15 November 2011 |title=An interview with Ottoline Leyser |journal=Development |volume=138 |issue=22 |pages=4815–17 |doi=10.1242/dev.075333 |pmid=22028022 |doi-access=}}</ref> kuma ta kasance darektan wannan cibiyar daga 2013 zuwa 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Ottoline Leyser |url=https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20027339.html |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Binciken Leyser yana cikin kwayoyin halitta na ci gaban shuke-shuke da hulɗar hormones na shuke-fuki tare da muhalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sedwick |first=C. |year=2014 |title=Ottoline Leyser: The beauty of plant genetics |journal=The Journal of Cell Biology |volume=204 |issue=3 |pages=284–85 |doi=10.1083/jcb.2043pi |pmc=3912528 |pmid=24493584}}</ref> A wani lokaci a kusa da 2019, Leyser ya jagoranci Kwamitin Gudanar da Kimiyya da Manufofin Cibiyar a Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Management Committee |url=http://www.csap.cam.ac.uk/about-csap/people/governance/management-committee/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719045404/http://www.csap.cam.ac.uk/about-csap/people/governance/management-committee/ |archive-date=19 July 2019 |website=Centre for Science and Policy |publisher=University of Cambridge |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> A cikin 2020 an nada ta Babban Darakta na Bincike da Innovation na Burtaniya, hukumar da ke jagorantar kudaden gwamnati zuwa bincike da kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="ukri">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2020 |title=Professor Dame Ottoline Leyser to join UK Research and Innovation as new Chief Executive |url=https://www.ukri.org/news/professor-dame-ottoline-leyser-to-join-uk-research-and-innovation-as-new-chief-executive/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20200923113746/https://www.ukri.org/news/professor-dame-ottoline-leyser-to-join-uk-research-and-innovation-as-new-chief-executive/ |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=2020-05-14 |website=UKRI}}</ref> An zabe ta Regius Farfesa na Botany a Cambridge a wannan shekarar. === Kyaututtuka da girmamawa === An zabi Leyser a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekara ta 2007. Zaben da ta yi ya ce: {{Cquote|Ottoline Leyser has made unique and central contributions to understanding of development. The focus of her work has been [[plant hormones]], notably [[auxin]], and her identification of the auxin receptor solved a classic problem in biology. She isolated several of the key [[mutants]] and has elucidated [[Upstream and downstream (transduction)|downstream pathways]] of hormone action, using this knowledge to characterise the control of shoot architecture. She played a world-leading role in promoting ''[[Arabidopsis]]'' as a key [[model organism]] in modern biology and has provided leadership to the Arabidopsis research community through the resource network GARNet.<ref name=royal>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710033832/https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27EC/2007/26%27)|archive-date=10 July 2019|url-status=dead|title=EC/2007/26: Ottoline Leyser Certificate of Election|publisher=Royal Society|url=https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27EC%2F2007%2F26%27)}}</ref>}} An nada Leyser a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|Kwamandan Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) a cikin 2009 New Year Honours . Ta kasance memba na Majalisar Nuffield kan Bioethics daga 2009 zuwa 2015, kuma memba na Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar kan Biofuels (2009-2011). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Council Members |url=http://nuffieldbioethics.org/about/council-members/council-members |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422034004/http://nuffieldbioethics.org/about/council-members/council-members |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=Nuffield Council on Bioethics}}</ref> An zabi Leyser a matsayin abokin tarayya na kasashen waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 2012. <ref name="nas">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2012 |title=National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected |url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2012_05_01_NAS_Election.html |access-date=23 August 2021 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Ta kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Leopoldina ta Jamus tun daga shekara ta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae: Prof. Dr. Ottoline Leyser |url=https://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Mitglieder/CV_Leyser_Ottoline_EN.pdf |access-date=23 August 2021 |website=leopoldina.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Norway (NTNU) ta ba ta digiri na girmamawa. Sauran girmamawa sun hada da lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa ta Society of Experimental Biology (2000), lambar yabo ta Royal Society ta Rosalind Franklin (2007), lambar yabo ta Silver ta International Plant Growth Substance Association (2010), da kuma lambar yabo ta UK Genetic Society (2016, wanda ya amince da gudummawa mai ban mamaki ga binciken kwayoyin halitta). An nada Leyser a matsayin Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) a cikin 2017 New Year Honours don hidimomi ga shuka kimiyya, kimiyya a cikin al'umma, da daidaito da bambancin kimiyya.[1] A wannan shekarar, ta sami lambar yabo ta Mata a Kimiyya daga Ƙungiyar Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Turai (EMBO) da Tarayyar Kungiyoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar Turai (FEBS). [2] == Rayuwa ta mutum == Leyser 'yar masana tarihi ce Henrietta Leyser da Karl Leyser . Ta auri Stephen John Day a 1986 kuma tana da ɗa ɗaya da 'yar ɗaya.<ref name="whoswho" /> Ta kasance baƙo sau biyu na Jim Al-Khalili a shirin BBC Radio 4 The Life Scientific . <ref name="tls">{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 - The Life Scientific, Ottoline Leyser on how plants decide what to do |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08q5wxx |access-date=2020-02-04 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 - The Life Scientific, The Life Scientific at 10: What does it take to be a scientist? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0010gjg |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005 an yi mata tambayoyi a kan NPR game da auxin da TIR1. A cikin 2023 ta kasance baƙo na Michael Berkeley a kan Private Passions . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dame Ottolinne Leyser |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m001t2hj}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] gxejiu9dte4oiofrzb5amsnd4rd5u38 0 144620 829353 807336 2026-05-03T17:39:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paulette Missambo''' 'yar siyasa ce [[Gabon|ta Gabon]] wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar majalisar dattawan Gabon daga ranar 18 ga watan Satumba, 2023 zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, 2025. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Paulette Missambo a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, 1949 a Kessipoughou, Lardin Ogooué-Lolo, [[Gabon]]. Ta halarci Jami'ar Omar Bongo da ke [[Libreville]], Gabon kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Charles de Gaulle-Lille III a [[Lille]], [[Faransa]] tare da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu, da kuma difloma a fannin nazarin harsunan Faransa. Ta koma Gabon kuma a shekarar 1982 aka naɗa ta shugabar makaranta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙasa ta Port-Gentil, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama shugabar makaranta mace ta farko a Gabon. <ref name="FAWE bio">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Paulette Missambo |url=https://fawe.org/team/hon-paulette-missambo-3/ |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=fawe.org |publisher=Forum for African Woman Educationalists }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == An naɗa Missambo Ministar Ayyukan Jama'a da Gyaran Gudanarwa a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba 1990 kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa ranar 21 ga watan Yuni 1991. An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokoki ta Gabon a shekarar 1991 a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Gabon kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2009. <ref name="FAWE bio"/> Ta wakilci [[Libreville]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liste Alphabétique des Députés |url=http://www.assemblee.ga/article.php3?id_article=4 |access-date=26 January 2009 |publisher=[[National Assembly of Gabon|Assemblee Nationale du Gabon]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 21 ga watan Yuni 1991 zuwa 25 ga watan Maris 1994, ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Ƙasa. Daga ranar 28 ga watan Janairu, 1997, zuwa 28 ga watan Disamba 2007, ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Jiha mace ta farko. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Aiki, Aiki da Horar da Sana'o'i tsakanin 25 ga watan Janairu 1999 zuwa 27 ga watan Janairu 2002; Ministan Sufuri da Jiragen Sama tsakanin ranar 27 ga watan Janairu 2002 zuwa 4 ga watan Satumba 2006; da Ministan Lafiyar Jama'a tsakanin 4 ga watan Satumba 2006 da 28 ga watan Disamba 2007. <ref name="FAWE bio" /> A shekarar 2009 ta bar Jam'iyyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Gabon ta shiga jam'iyyar Nation Union.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goma |first1=Yves-Laurent |title=Gabon: Paulette Missambo investie candidate de l'Union nationale à la présidentielle |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230521-gabon-paulette-missambo-investie-candidate-de-l-union-nationale-%C3%A0-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle |access-date=23 September 2023 |work=rfi |date=21 May 2023 |language=French}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko da ta jagoranci wata jam'iyyar siyasa a Gabon.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goma |first1=Yves-Laurent |title=Gabon: Paulette Missambo élue présidente du parti d'opposition Union nationale |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211114-gabon-paulette-missambo-%C3%A9lue-pr%C3%A9sidente-du-parti-d-opposition-union-nationale |access-date=23 September 2023 |work=rfi |date=14 November 2021 |language=French}}</ref> An naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar Majalisar Dattawan Gabon a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba, 2023 bayan [[Juyin mulkin Gabon 2023|juyin mulkin Gabon na shekarar 2023.]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2023 |title=Gabon: ex-opposition and former pro-Bongo at the head of Parliament |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/12/gabon-ex-opposition-and-former-pro-bongo-at-the-head-of-parliament/ |access-date=13 September 2023 |publisher=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912213425/https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/12/gabon-ex-opposition-and-former-pro-bongo-at-the-head-of-parliament/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Girmamawa == * Jami'in Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Faransa <ref name="FAWE bio"/> * Kwamandan Ordre des Palmes académiques <ref name="FAWE bio" /> * Babbar Jami'ar Order of the Equatorial Star <ref name="FAWE bio" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] dxqh7ti2lhj8qyfgdlgbv1mwmsuek07 0 144675 829352 807503 2026-05-03T17:26:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Paula_Jaraquemada.jpg|thumb|Paula Jaraquemada]] '''Paula Jaraquemada Alquizar''' (1768–1851) ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan kishin ƙasa na Chile a gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai daga Spain . [[Fayil:Paula_Jaraquemada_-_historia_de_Chile.jpg|thumb|Zane da ke nuna Jaraquemada yana fuskantar sojojin sarauta.]] == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1768, Jaraquemada 'yar Domingo de Jaraquemada ce da Cecilia de Alguizar. <ref name="mhn">{{Cite web |title=Paula Jaraquemada Alquízar |url=http://mhn.cl/618/articles-30049_archivo_35.pdf |access-date=1 September 2017 |publisher=Departamento Educativo, Museo Histórico Nacional |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta kasance dangi ga Iyalin Carrera . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paula Jaraquemada (1768-1851) - Memoria Chilena |url=http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-100721.html |access-date=2019-11-24 |website=Memoria Chilena: Portal |language=es}}</ref> A ƙarshen 'yancin kai na Chile, Paula, wacce take da shekaru 50, ta karɓi rundunar sojojin Patriot a cikin hacienda a Paine ( Maipo ). Ta ba su mafaka bayan shan kaye a Yaƙin Cancha Rayada, a ranar 19 ga Maris 1818, ta kare su daga hannun 'yan Spain. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paula Jaraquemada |url=https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/j/jaraquemada.htm |access-date=1 September 2017 |publisher=Biografías y Vidas |language=Spanish}}</ref> <ref name="mhn"/> Ta samar da kayan aiki da kuma farfaɗo da sojojin, ta taimaka wa dawaki kuma ta umarci bayinta su kasance cikin wannan rundunar. Babban nasarar da ta samu ita ce ta yi mu'amala da wani kyaftin ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, wanda ya isa wurinta don tara kayan aiki ga sojojinsa. Kyaftin ɗin ya nemi makullan rumbun ajiyarta, amma ta musanta cewa "Ba zan taɓa ba ku makullin ba. Babu wanda, sai ni, ke ba da umarni a wannan gidan." Jami'in ya yi watsi da amsarta kuma ya sake ba da umarnin makullan. Paula ba ta yi kasa a gwiwa ba a muhawarar, ta ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin bayoneti ɗin daga wani soja ta saka a ƙirjinta. Ta ce, ta fi son mutuwa maimakon karɓar umarnin. [1] Ana kallon Jaraquemada a matsayin wata alama ta mace 'yar ƙasar Chile da ke tsayawa tsayin daka kan mulki kamar Inés Suárez da [[Javiera Carrera]] . Har yanzu ana ambatonta a matsayin abin koyi ga masu zanga-zangar zamani game da cin zarafi. == Rayuwa bayan 'Yanci == A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarta, Paula Jaraquemada ta sadaukar da kanta ga ayyukan agaji, tana ziyartar marayu da marasa gida. A gidan gyaran hali na mata da ke Santiago, ta sami muhimman ci gaba ga fursunonin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biografía de Paula Jaraquemada (Su vida, historia, bio resumida) |url=https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/4846/Paula%20Jaraquemada |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=www.buscabiografias.com}}</ref> == Girmamawa == * A El Bosque, an sanya wa makarantar yara da kuma wani titi suna saboda ita. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paula Jara Quemada – Mi Jardín Infantil |url=https://www.mijardininfantil.cl/jardines/paula-jara-quemada/ |access-date=2019-11-24 |language=es}}</ref> * A Santiago, akwai wani asibiti mai suna " [[Hospital San Borja Arriarán|Asibitin San Borja Arriarán]] " wanda da farko ake kira "Asibitin Paula Jaraquemada". * Ana sanya wa makarantu da yawa suna da sunanta, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin Quilicura, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Colegio Paula Jaraquemada |url=http://www.pjq.cl/ |access-date=2019-11-24 |website=www.pjq.cl}}</ref> Paine, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paula Jaraquemada Alquízar (Escuela Nº119) {{!}} Municipalidad de Paine |url=http://www.paine.cl/paula-jaraquemada-alquizar/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303063339/http://www.paine.cl/paula-jaraquemada-alquizar/ |archive-date=2020-03-03 |access-date=2019-11-24 |language=es}}</ref> Recoleta, <ref>{{Cite web |title=» Liceo Paula Jaraquemada {{!}} |url=https://www.recoleta.cl/liceo-paula-jaraquemada/ |access-date=2019-11-24 |website=Municipalidad De Recoleta |language=es-CL}}</ref> Iquique <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporacion Municipal de Desarrollo Social de Iquique |url=http://www.cormudesi.cl/JARAQUEMADA.html |access-date=2019-11-24 |website=www.cormudesi.cl}}</ref> da Peñalolen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-20 |title=Escuela Paula Jaraquemada de Peñalolén |url=http://colegiopaulajaraquemadapenalolen.cl/mapaubicacion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020190821/http://colegiopaulajaraquemadapenalolen.cl/mapaubicacion.html |archive-date=2016-10-20 |access-date=2019-11-24}}</ref> == Manazarta == kvhz2lqozzggveosvzzzabbeaeq87fb 0 144978 829482 817403 2026-05-04T02:18:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ramatou Baba Moussa''' (ta mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2025) 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar [[Benin]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Abalo|first=Ulrich|date=19 October 2025|title=Décès de l’ancienne députée et ministre Ramatou Baba Moussa|url=https://fraternitefm.bj/?Deces-de-l-ancienne-deputee-et-ministre-Ramatou-Baba-Moussa|trans-title= |work=Fraternité|language=French|location= |publisher= |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref> Moussa ta yi aiki a majalisar dokoki ta farko ta Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata uku daga cikin mata 64.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ganhouégnon|first=Hervé|date=8 May 2019|title=La gent feminine dans un marche de dupe|url=https://www.beninplus.com/femmes/la-gent-feminine-dans-un-marche-de-dupe-1|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223065553/https://www.beninplus.com/femmes/la-gent-feminine-dans-un-marche-de-dupe-1#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|archivedate=23 December 2021|trans-title=|work=BeninPlus|language=French|location=|publisher=|access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nagnonhou|first=Thibaud C.|date=19 August 2020|title=De 1960 à 2020: 16 législatures pour diverses fortunes|url=https://lanation.bj/de-1960-a-2020-16-legislatures-pour-diverses-fortunes/|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Flanation.bj%2Fde-1960-a-2020-16-legislatures-pour-diverses-fortunes%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|archivedate=26 December 2022|trans-title= |work=[[La Nation (Benin)|La Benin]]|language=French|location= |publisher= |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Mayun 1998, Shugaba [[Mathieu Kérékou]] ya naɗa ta Ministar Kare Jama'a da Harkokin Mata.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kouamouo|first=Theophile|date=17 April 2001|title=Où sont passés les enfants-esclaves qui errent dans le golfe du Bénin ?|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2001/04/17/ou-sont-passes-les-enfants-esclaves-qui-errent-dans-le-golfe-du-benin_4171375_1819218.html|trans-title= |work=[[Le Monde]]|language=French|location= |publisher= |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hospice.chez.com/polcont.html|title=Les Membres du Gouvernement Actuel|work=chez.com|language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Membres du Gouvernement Actuel |url=http://hospice.chez.com/polcont.html |website=chez.com |language=French}}</ref> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata uku a majalisar ministocinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liste des Orateurs |url=https://www.fao.org/4/x3803f/x3803f25.htm |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=26 May 1998|title=BENIN-POLITIQUE: Status quo sur la Promotion des Femmes Dans les Institutions de l'Etat.|url=https://ipsnews.net/francais/1998/05/26/benin-politique-statu-quo-sur-la-promotion-des-femmes-dans-les-institutions-de-letat/|trans-title= |work=[[Inter Press Service]]|language=French|location= |publisher= |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/4/x3803f/x3803f25.htm|title=Liste des Orateurs|work=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|language=French}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=17 April 2001|title=Le navire des « enfants esclaves » repéré|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/le-navire-des-enfants-esclaves-repere-17-04-2001-2002106420.php|trans-title= |work=[[Le Parisien]]|language=French|location= |publisher= |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref> Moussa ta mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoban, 2025.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mensah|first=Marc|date=19 October 2025|title=Décès d’une ancienne députée et ex ministre|url=https://www.24haubenin.info/?Deces-d-une-ancienne-deputee-et-ex-ministre|trans-title=|work=24 Heures au Bénin|language=French|location=|publisher=|access-date=21 October 2025}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] l8nr5lgimnp0b5xa39f1sx8xj8t9ae3 0 144981 829271 808366 2026-05-03T12:51:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oroma Elewa''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Najeriya, marubuciya kuma darakta mai kirkira. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Project: Oroma Elewa |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/202006/project-oroma-elewa-83291 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=Art Forum}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Street |first=Mikelle |title=This Transnational African Editor Is Getting Into Performance Art |url=https://observer.com/2017/04/oroma-elewa-africa-magazine-performing/ |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=Observer}}</ref> A cikin fasaharta, Elewa tana nazarin tsarin zamantakewa da tasirin su akan ainihi, tunani, magana da halayyar. Ayyukanta sun damu da yin tunani da yin tambayoyi game da abubuwan da suka faru na mutum wanda ke da mahimmancin zamantakewa, al'adu, siyasa da launin fata, mata na zamani kuma, a cikin kalmominta, 'facets of Black identity, gami da tunanin Afirka na kasa da kasa, kwarewar diasporic, da kuma mallakar "Black Body".[her]<ref name="auto1"/> Mai zane ya fara zama sananne a matsayin Babban Edita da kuma mai wallafa Pop"Africana, mujallar fashion da fasaha wacce ta fadada salon Afirka na zamani, salon da kyawawan abubuwa ga masu sauraro na duniya.<ref name="auto"/> == Ayyuka == === Pop"Afirka 2009-14 === Oroma Elewa ta ƙaddamar da Pop"Africana, wani littafi mai mahimmanci wanda ke fadada al'adu da salon Afirka ga masu sauraro na duniya a cikin 2009. Mujallar ta ba da sabon hangen nesa game da Afirka kuma ta kalubalanci tsofaffi game da nahiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Resneck |first=Jacob |title=Pop'Africana |url=https://coolhunting.com/culture/popafricana/ |website=Cool Hunting}}</ref> An yi bikin Pop"Africana don isar da 'farfado da hoton Afirka".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stylee Fridays: Pop'Africana |url=https://www.thefader.com/2008/11/7/stylee-fridays-pop-africana |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=The Fader}}</ref> A wata hira da Vogue Italia, Elewa ta yi bayani dalla-dalla game da niyyarta ta kirkirar Pop"Africana, tana mai cewa ' hangen nesa na Afirka da ke karewa da girmama son kai da kuma 'yan Afirka, cewa ra'ayin duniya game da mu ya sake juyawa. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardison |first=Bethann |title=Oroma Elewa |url=https://www.vogue.it/en/vogue-black/spotlight-on/2011/01/oroma-elewa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607194313/https://www.vogue.it/en/vogue-black/spotlight-on/2011/01/oroma-elewa |archive-date=2015-06-07 |website=Vogue}}</ref> Mujallar ta rufe a cikin 2014, tare da Elewa yana mai cewa ci gaban [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] ya ba mutane damar ba da labarinsu, yana ci gaba da cewa 'kasancewa da iya ba da labarinku ya fi ƙarfin kowane fasalin mujallar. '<ref name="auto"/> === Yankin Guava da aka ragargaza (2017-yau) === Littafin farko na Oroma Elewa, Crushed Guava Leaves, an buga shi a cikin 2017.[1] Littafin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da Elewa ya samu da kuma abubuwan da ya lura, yana tattara waƙoƙi da labaru waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin 'hotunan al'adu da aka tsara don yin aiki".[2] An rubuta labarun don a daidaita su don mataki, fim, motsi ko sauti - babu wani hoto da aka haɗa. A cikin 2018, an nuna tarin zane-zane da mai zane ya fassara wasu labaran da ke cikin littafin a Oof Books . [3] An bayyana aikin gaba ɗaya a matsayin aikin kirkira na biyu ga mai zane, inda ta fara bincika yiwuwar 'aiki a matsayin matsakaici don magana ta al'adu'. [3] === Yankin Babes & Ashawo Superstars (2019-yau) === Oroma Elewa ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayon 'Area Babes and Ashawo Superstars' a kan kafofin sada zumunta a cikin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Area Babes & Ashawo Superstars |url=https://www.instagram.com/area.babes_ashawo.superstars/?hl=en |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=Instagram}}</ref> Don wannan aikin, mai zane yana amfani da tsarin meme na yau da kullun na maganganun dijital na zamani don gabatar da tattaunawa mai mahimmanci game da aji, iko, siyasa ta jima'i da sauran batutuwa game da [[Mata na Afirka]] na zamani da mata na Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O’tsemaye |first=Roli |title=Protest Art by Black Women Who Won't be Silenced |url=https://thesoleadventurer.com/life-defiance-and-survival-protest-art-by-black-women-who-wont-be-silenced-by-roli-otsemaye/ |website=TSA - Contemporary Art Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mtada |first=Chelsea |title=Performance Artist Oroma Elewa Is Giving Us The Content We Deserve. |url=https://guap.co.uk/oroma-elewa-is-giving-us-content/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522131022/https://guap.co.uk/oroma-elewa-is-giving-us-content/ |archive-date=22 May 2022 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=Guap}}</ref> Wadannan haruffa ana gabatar da su ta hanyar asali da sakewa daga zamanin zinariya na [[Nollywood]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Adedoyin |title=How memes breathed new life into Nollywood |url=https://gal-dem.com/how-nollywood-memes-are-impacting-nigerian-pop-culture/ |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=Gal-Dem }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yankin Babes da Ashawo Superstars suna kawo wani bangare ga maganganun al'adu sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su haramtacce kuma suna shiga mai kallo cikin tattaunawar da ke wanzu a waje da ka'idojin mata; musamman hukumar tattalin arziki da siyasa mai 'yanci na jima'i; ma'amala da in ba haka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visual artist and performer Otobong Nkanga presents "Togethering" with Oroma Elewa, Bill Kouélany, Obi Okigbo and Adéolá Olágúnjú at Galerie in City - Fabienne Leclerc |url=https://www.onart.media/en/events/visual-artist-and-performer-otobong-nkanga-presents-togethering-with-oroma-elewa-bill-kouelany-obi-okigbo-and-adeola-olagunju-at-galerie-in-situ-fabienne-leclerc/ |website=Onart}}</ref> == Frida Kahlo Rikici == Waƙar Oroma Elewa 'Ni ne nasa muse. Ni ne batun da na fi sani. Batun da nake so in inganta. " An yi kuskuren sau da yawa ga [[Frida Kahlo]] ta manyan cibiyoyin fasaha da wallafe-wallafen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-03 |title=How Artists Are Using The Selfie As A Radical Weapon For Change |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/10-artists-who-use-selfies-as-their-radical-weapons_n_55e7393ae4b0c818f61a303b |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=HuffPost UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-28 |title=The Vacant Muse |url=https://www.kinfolk.com/the-vacant-muse/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Kinfolk |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Tosetti Value Award don daukar hoto, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARTISSIMA PRIZES: 5 November |url=https://www.artissima.art/en/artissima-prizes-5-november/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Nuni == * ''Kamfanin Ashawo,'' Solo Show, In Situ, Paris. Maris-Afrilu 2022 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=CORPORATE ASHAWO - Oroma Elewa |url=http://www.insituparis.fr/fr/expositions/presentation/181/CORPORATE%20ASHAWO |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=www.insituparis.fr}}</ref> * ''ARTissima 2022,'' Fiera Internazionale D'Arte Contemporanea, Turin. Nuwamba, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exhibition Artissima 2022 - artist, news & exhibitions - photography-now.com |url=https://photography-now.com/exhibition/155412 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=photography-now.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oroma Elewa |url=https://www.artissima.art/artists/oroma-elewa/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |language=it-IT }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kudin: Hoton Bayan Capture, 8th Triennal of Photography, Hamburg. Satumba, 2022 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Exhibition CURRENCY: PHOTOGRAPHY BEYOND CAPTURE - artist, news & exhibitions - photography-now.com |url=https://photography-now.com/exhibition/153704 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=photography-now.com}}</ref> * ''Art Basel, Paris+'', Paris. 2022. * Geneva Art Fair 2022, A Situ, Paris. Maris, 2022. * Ma'aurata - Otobong Nkanga tare da Oroma Elewa, Bill Kouélany, Obi Okigbo, da Adeola Olagunju. Gidan baje kolin In Situ, birnin Paris. Janairu - Fabrairu 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rédaction |first=La |date=2022-01-31 |title=Visual artist and performer Otobong Nkanga presents « Togethering » with Oroma Elewa, Bill Kouélany, Obi Okigbo and Adéọlá Ọlágúnjú at Galerie In Situ - Fabienne Leclerc |url=https://www.onart.media/en/events/visual-artist-and-performer-otobong-nkanga-presents-togethering-with-oroma-elewa-bill-kouelany-obi-okigbo-and-adeola-olagunju-at-galerie-in-situ-fabienne-leclerc/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=ON ART MEDIA |language=en-US}}</ref> * Burned Out, Le18, Marrakech Disamba 2019 - Fabrairu 2020. == Ƙarin karantawa == * Oroma Elewa, Kashe Guava Leaves, Self-published, 2017 * Otobong Nkanga, Togethering; tare da Oroma Elewa, Bill Kouélany, Obi Okigbo, da Adeola Olagunju, In Situ, Paris. 2022 (16-21) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1oxr5x18tz5hul06rnmdxw0abtohu8j 0 145276 829272 809204 2026-05-03T12:59:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osarenoma Igbinovia''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1996) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wacce ke buga wa Bayelsa Queens a [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Najeriya]], da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon mata ta Najeriya a matakin ƙasa. == Ayyuka == A matakin matasa, ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2012 da 2014. A lokacin da aka gina wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin [[Gasar cin Kofi ta Matan Najeriya|Kofin Tarayya]] ta 2016 da [[Delta Queens F.C.|Delta Queens]], Igbinovia ta bayyana horar da tawagarta a matsayin kwararru da dabarun, ta bayyana cewa wuri a wasan karshe zai zama neman su a wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Timitimi, Igbinovia Upbeat Ahead Of Delta Queens Clash |url=http://ladiesmarch.com/2016/09/1875/ |access-date=2017-08-08 |website=Ladiesmarch.com |archive-date=2017-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901120025/http://ladiesmarch.com/2016/09/1875/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, Igbinovia ta zira kwallaye masu mahimmanci ga Najeriya a kan Senegal wanda ya tabbatar da cancanta ga gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2016. [1] A wasan karshe na rukuni a gasar da Mali, Igbinovia ta taka leda a wasan, inda ta doke 'yan Mali, kwallaye hudu zuwa zero.[2] A watan Mayu 2016, an zabi Igbinovia tare da abokin wasan Bayelsa Queens, [[Rofiat Sule]] don fitowar Mayu na 'yar [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Najeriya]] ta watan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Igbinovia, Five Others Get Player Of The Month Award Nomination |url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=19251 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> == Daraja == * 2014 FIFA U-20 World Cup - masu tsere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Osas Igbinovia |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/osarenoma-igbinovia/260426/ |website=Soccerway.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Osas Igbinovia |url=http://www.eurosport.com/football/osarenoma-igbinovia_prs326811/person.shtml |website=Eurosport.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] 12oxq1hcqhv6x9a1uymdxzr6bmbw8gq 0 145474 829356 817236 2026-05-03T17:57:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox musical artist|honorific_prefix=|Name=Paxton|honorific_suffix=|image_upright=|Landscape=<!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->|alt=|caption=|native_name=|native_name_lang=|Birth_name=Paxton Fielies|Alias=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=y|2000|09|17}}|birth_place=[[Bishop Lavis]], [[Cape Town]], South Africa|Origin=|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|df=y|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date first) -->|death_place=|Genre=[[Pop music|Pop]]|Occupation=Singer, songwriter|Instrument=Vocals|Years_active=2017{{endash}}present {{infobox person | embed = yes | television = ''[[Idols South Africa]]''}}|Label=[[Gallo Record Company|Gallo]]|website=<!-- {{URL|example.com}} or {{Official URL}} -->|module={{s-start}} {{succession box |title=''[[Idols South Africa]]'' winner |before=Noma Khumalo |after=[[Yanga Sobetwa]] |years=[[Idols South Africa (season 14)|Season 13]] (2017)}} {{s-end}}|module2=|module3=}} Paxton Fielies (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2000), wacce aka fi sani da Paxton, mawaƙiya ce ƴar Afirka ta Kudu, marubuciyar waƙa kuma mai ba da agaji.[1] Ta yi fice a shekarar 2017, bayan ta lashe kakar wasa Na 13 ta Idols ta Afirka ta Kudu. [2] Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a Afirka ta Kudu da ta lashe taken.[3] == Rayuwa da aiki == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Paxton Fielies a ranar 17 ga Satumba 2000 a Bishop Lavis, Cape Town . Ta ci gaba da sha'awar kiɗa tun tana 'yar shekara 7 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta yara ta New Apostolic Church. A shekara ta 2013, ta yanke shawarar barin mawaƙa kuma ta mai da hankali kan makaranta. Ta fara raba murfin shahararrun waƙoƙi a [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=IOL |date=30 June 2016 |title=From playground singer to future star |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBGY4BYWejI |via=YouTube}}</ref> Ta sami bayyanar sosai lokacin da murfinta na "Lay Me Down" na mawaƙin mawaƙa na Ingilishi [[Sam Smith]] ya bazu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makhudu |first=Tshegofatso |title=Paxton breaks the record on Idols SA |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/Celebs/paxton-breaks-the-record-on-idols-sa-20171120 |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gunkumi na Afirka ta Kudu Season 13 === Paxton ta bayyana cewa mahaifiyarta ita ce babban dalilin da ya sa ta yanke shawarar yin sauraro ga Idols South Africa kuma ta kalli 2017 a matsayin shekara mai haɗari.[1] "Na san zai zama shekara ta sadaukarwa. Zan iya mai da hankali kan ilimina ko kuma zan iya shiga masana'antar nishaɗi. Ba zan iya yin duka biyun ba. Amma na kuma san cewa ko da na buga zinariya, ba kawai ina so in zama mai cin nasara na Idols ba. Ina so in kasance da yawa, "ta gaya wa WeekendSpecial a cikin wata hira. [2] Ita ce mutum na farko da ya karbi tikitin zinariya a cikin sauraron Cape Town don Idols Season 13 lokacin da ta saurara tare da "Confetti" na Tori Kelly. A lokacin gasar "Theatre Week", fassarar ta na "American Boy" ta Estelle ta ba ta matsayi a cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 16 na kakar. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayon Paxton a kan wasan kwaikwayon sun haɗa da fassarar "Over the Rainbow" ta Judy Garland, <ref>{{Cite web |last=IdolsSA |date=2 October 2017 |title=Top 8 Reveal: Paxton let's her voice soar – Idols SA Season 13 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rf5MiVX-D90 |via=YouTube}}</ref> "Careless Whisper" ta [[George Michael]], "Side to Side" ta Ariana Grande da "Listen" ta [[Beyoncé|Beyonce]]. Ta gabatar da waƙarta ta farko "Demonstrate" a wasan kwaikwayo na karshe a wasan kwaikwayon. Paxton shine ƙarami mafi ƙanƙanta da ya lashe Idols tun lokacin da Jody Williams ya lashe a 2007. === Ayyukan gumaka === {| class="wikitable" |'''Top 2''' |"American Boy" na Estelle da "Over The Rainbow" na Judy Garland[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sd0c9hrwcQ8 "A kan Rainbow" na ''Judy Garland''] |- |'''Top 3''' |[https://youtube/rzjWnzMrc_4 "Stay" na ''Rihanna'' Feat. ''Mikky Ekko'']{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} da "Kisan Ni a hankali" ta Fugees[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yL6rqXD_1zc '''"Kisan Ni a hankali"''' ta hanyar Fugees''Masu Tserewa''] |- |'''Top 4''' |"Turn To You" na Christina Aguilera da [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gi4az8cpMkA "Common" na ''Alicia Keys''] |- |'''Top 5''' |'''''"Ku tafi"''''' ta ''Jade'' da '"Tashi don Ƙauna'" ta Destiny's Child[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cqm13sJL0SY "'Tashi don Ƙauna'" ta Destiny's Child''Ɗan ƙaddara''] |- |'''Top 6''' |"Saurara" na Beyonce da "Just The Way You Are" na Bruno Mars[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDkAsuZEpMU '''"Kawai Hanyar da kake"''' na ''Bruno Mars''] |- |'''Top 7''' |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COUk3MyztZ4 "Cheap Thrills" na ''Sia''] |- |'''Top 8''' |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rf5MiVX-D90 "A kan Rainbow" na ''Judy Garland''] |- |'''Top 9''' |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MO2N_3a9-Qg "Careless Whisper" na ''George Michael''] |- |'''Top 10''' |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsWJQIfMZmk "Side To Side" na Ariana Grande''Ariana Mai Girma''] |- |'''Top 16''' |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyPBBwyp5H0 '''"A nan"''' ta Alessia Cara''Alessia Cara ce ta wallafa''] |} === Bayan gumaka === === 2018 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta lashe Idols, kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban sun yi mata tambayoyi kuma sun yi ta a wuraren zama da kuma shirye-shiryen talabijin. Babban aikinta na farko ya zo ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017 lokacin da ta raira waƙa kai tsaye a "Cape Town Festival Of Lights" a Grand Parade, Cape Town . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Archillies |first=Cindy |title=[GALLERY] Cape stars shine at the festival of lights |url=https://ewn.co.za/2017/12/04/gallery-cape-stars-shine-at-the-festival-of-lights |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=ewn.co.za}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da inganta alamar ta tare da wasan kwaikwayo na waƙoƙi daga wasu masu fasaha, da kuma nata, Demonstrate, wanda ya zama na farko daga kundi na farko mai zuwa. Rijistar da samar da aikin ya fara ne a watan Janairun 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matric and an album: Paxton Fielies is determined to do it all |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-01-15-matric-and-an-album-paxton-fielies-is-determined-to-do-it-all/ |access-date=2019-11-15 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun 2018, an saki waƙarta ta farko, Smother, tare da Pop da R&B mawaƙa-marubucin waƙa, Craig Lucas. Waƙar ta zama ta biyu daga cikin kundin studio na farko na Lucas, Restless . An sadu da sake dubawa mai kyau, galibi don samar da shi da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Paxton da Lucas. Ya sami nasarar kasuwanci, ya kai lamba ''Sanya,'' a kan wasu labaran kiɗa na Afirka ta Kudu. An tabbatar da zinariya a watan Yunin 2019, sama da shekara guda bayan an sake shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WATCH: Craig's Smother single hit gold status |url=https://www.dailyvoice.co.za/news/western-cape/watch-craigs-smother-single-hit-gold-status-28418879 |access-date=2019-11-15 |website=www.dailyvoice.co.za |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin gabatarwa, Paxton da Lucas sun yi waƙar a wurare da yawa, musamman a Cape Town Philharmonic Orchestra Debut Gala. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, Paxton ta yi a bikin Huawei KDay kuma ta ci gaba da inganta alamar ta. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, ta "yi" ''Angifuni,'' ta biyu daga cikin kundi na farko. An sake shi a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2018 zuwa sake dubawa mai kyau. An yaba da shi saboda samar da Afro-Pop, abun ciki na lyrical da kuma amfani da harshen [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]], tunda Paxton mai zane ne mai launi. Ya fara ne a lamba 10 a kan sigogi na kiɗa na Afirka ta Kudu kuma daga ƙarshe ya kai lamba ɗaya. Ita ce ta fi cin nasara a kasuwanci har zuwa yau. A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2018, an saki kundi na farko na Paxton, This Is Me, ta hanyar dijital don saukewa da yawo. An karbe shi da kyau, tare da masu sukar da yawa suna lura da tasirin daban-daban na nau'o'i daban-daban a kan aikin. Daga baya aka samar da kwafin jiki. An fara gabatar da kundin. A watan Yulin 2018, lokacin da take kan rangadin kundi, ta yi a bikin White Nights na Saint Petersburg a Rasha, daya daga cikin manyan al'adun al'adu na kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |title=Paxton Fielies Counts Down to Russian Performance This Week! |url=https://www.undergroundpress.co.za/news/paxton-fielies-russian-white-nights |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=undergroundpress.co.za }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lokacin da ta koma Afirka ta Kudu, ta yi aiki a matsayin daya daga cikin Ayyukan buɗewa ga mawaƙan R & B / Soul, Karyn White ta Afirka na yawon shakatawa na "Divas 2018".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2018 |title=Karyn White and SA's own unite for Divas 2018 |url=https://springsadvertiser.co.za/193229/international-diva-karyn-white-on-sa-stage/ |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Springs Advertiser}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2018, bayan bikin ranar haihuwarta ta 18, ta tafi yawon shakatawa na kulob don ci gaba da inganta kundin ta. A ranar 15 ga Oktoba 2018, an saki "Where Are You Now?" a matsayin na uku daga This Is Me. Waƙar ta sami bita mai kyau. Ya sami nasarar kasuwanci mai matsakaici. Ta yi Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika a gasar cin kofin Currie ta 2018 a Afirka ta Kudu. [https://youtube/jEYt_e8bSh0]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Ta ci gaba da inganta kiɗa zuwa Sabuwar Shekara. === 2019 === A watan Janairun 2019, ta bayyana a bangon mujallar Club X . Wannan aikin ne da take aiki a kai tun Nuwamba 2018. A watan Fabrairu, ta yi aiki a matsayin aikin buɗewa don wasan kwaikwayon R & B singer, Tamia, a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yawon shakatawa na "Passion Like Fire".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paxton Fielies to open Tamia's Cape Town concert {{!}} IOL Entertainment |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/music/local/paxton-fielies-to-open-tamias-cape-town-concert-19353436 |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Independent Online}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Paxton ya fitar da "Kiss The Haze", a lokaci guda tare da bidiyon kiɗa, a matsayin na huɗu daga This Is Me. Waƙar tana cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da R & B / Soul da mai zane-zane na Afro-Pop, Tresor. Waƙar ta sadu da sake dubawa mai kyau, galibi don samar da ita. A ranar 25 ga Maris 2019, Paxton ya yi a Musexpo a Los Angeles, [[California|Carlifornia]] kuma ya sami yarjejeniyar rikodin kasa da kasa, saboda wannan aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paxton talks dropping new music and hints at going to LA {{!}} IOL Entertainment |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/music/local/paxton-talks-dropping-new-music-and-hints-at-going-to-la-36823646 |access-date=2019-11-15 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> A ƙarshen watan Afrilu, an zabi ta a Kyautar Kiɗa ta Afirka ta Kudu don Mafi Kyawun Pop Album da Sabon Shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paxton nominated for 2 SAMAs |url=https://www.dailyvoice.co.za/lifestyle-entertainment/entertainment/paxton-nominated-for-2-samas-22165038 |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=dailyvoice.co.za}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, an nuna ta a kan mai zane-zane na Pop / R & B, kundi na farko na Yanga, Promised Land, don waƙar "Catch Me".<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHOC BENEFIT CONCERT – Artscape Theatre Centre – Cape Town |url=https://www.artscape.co.za/event/choc-benefit-concert/ |access-date=21 September 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2019, ta fitar da wani ba album ba, "No Distractions", hadin gwiwa tare da House DJ, Dr Moruti . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Broide |first=El |date=2019-11-15 |title=Former Idols SA Winner Paxton Drops New Single 'No Distractions' |url=https://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/celebrity-news/former-idols-sa-winner-paxton-drops-new-single-no-distractions/ |access-date=2019-11-15 |website=People Magazine |language=en-ZA }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Taimako == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, Paxton ya halarci bikin Gidauniyar Kyautar Yara ta Duniya a [[Sweden]]. Ta raira waƙa a can a gaban wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo daga ko'ina cikin duniya da Sarauniya Silvia . Ita da wasu bakwai an ba su kyautar duniya kuma sun zama jakadu don kamfen din sarauniya "Kai, Ni: Hakkin Daidaitawa", suna ba da shawara ga daidaito da dama tsakanin yara na kowane jinsi. Wannan ya nuna farkon aikinta na jin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paxton Fielies sings for Sweden's Queen |url=https://www.ecr.co.za/shows/stacey-norman/paxton-fielies-sings-swedens-queen/ |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=ECR}}</ref> Ta koma Sweden don bikin na 2019. An gudanar da shi a watan Mayu kuma Paxton da sauran jakadu bakwai daga Cape Town sun yi a bikin. Bayan dawowarsu daga bikin Kyautar Yara ta Duniya a cikin 2018, an ba su aiki don rubuta wata kasida game da haƙƙin 'yan mata wanda aka buga a cikin The Globe, wanda shine mujallar Kyautar Yara na Duniya, a cikin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paxton Fielies among SA ambassadors heading to Sweden {{!}} Cape Argus |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/paxton-fielies-among-sa-ambassadors-heading-to-sweden-22409235 |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Independent Online}}</ref> Tare da goyon bayan Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Yammacin Cape, Paxton, tare da MEC Debbie Schäfer da DJ na rediyo Carl Wastie sun kaddamar da kamfen ɗin yaki da zalunci na "''Ka ɗaga muryarka, ba wayar ka ba''" a watan Agusta 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEC Debbie Schäfer launches anti-bullying campaign in Mitchells Plain, 16 Aug {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/speeches/minister-schafer-paxton-fielies-and-carl-wastie-launch-anti-bullying-campaign-mitchells |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Kamfen ɗin yana da niyyar ilimantar da mutane game da haɗarin zalunci da raba bidiyo na zalunci da ke faruwa a kafofin sada zumunta. Paxton ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a kide-kide irin su "CHOC Benefit Concert", wanda ke da niyyar wayar da kan jama'a ga yara da aka gano suna da ciwon daji da cututtukan jini da kuma "Euwin Stevens Benefit Concart" wanda ya faru a [[Ranar Mandela]], wanda ke da nufin ilimantar da mutane game da muhimmancin ilimi. Ita da mawaƙan Pop, Jarrad Ricketts, sun haɗu da Ƙungiyar Kula da Makarantar Peninsula a watan Agustan 2019, don wayar da kan jama'a game da yunwa tsakanin yara. Kamfen ɗin ya buƙaci mutane su ba da gudummawa don taimakawa wajen ciyar da wasu yara na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2019 |title=Entries now open for Blisters for Bread in association with Lucky Star 2019 |url=https://www.psfa.org.za/entries-now-open-for-blisters-for-bread-in-association-with-lucky-star-2019/ |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Peninsula School Feeding Association}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ta dakatar da karatun sakandare kuma a halin yanzu tana mai da hankali kan aikinta. A ƙarshen 2018, ta sha wahala daga cin zarafin yanar gizo lokacin da mahaliccin Facebook, Isaac Meyer, ya fara yin meme yana yin ba'a game da kamanninta, gashi, iyali da al'adun al'adu. Bayan 'yan watanni, ta yi magana a fili game da wannan lamarin. "Mahaifiyata koyaushe tana cewa duk abin da ya faru a yarinta ko shekarun matasa yana tare da ku har abada. Na san mutanen da suka wuce 30 kuma har yanzu ina tuna cewa mutumin da ya zalunta su a makaranta ko ainihin abin da ya gabata da kuma yadda ya faru. Ya lalata Girman kai na matasa, "Ta gaya wa Times Live.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idols SA's Paxton speaks out against cyber bully: I feel disrespected |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-10-11-idols-sas-paxton-speaks-out-against-cyber-bully-i-feel-disrespected/ |access-date=20 September 2019 |website=TimesLIVE}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Kundin studio === * ''Wannan Ni ne'' (2018) * ''23:23'' (2023) === Ma'aurata === * Nuna (2017) (Daga ''Wannan Ni ne'') * Smother (tare da Craig Lucas) (2018) (Daga Restless - Craig Lucas) * Angifuni (2018) (Daga ''Wannan Ni ne'') <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike |first=Steven |date=20 July 2019 |title=Paxton Angifuni |url=https://iminathi.net/paxton-angifuni-mp3-download/ |access-date=2019-07-20 |website=[[iminathi]]}}</ref> * Ina kake Yanzu? (2018) (Daga ''Wannan Ni ne'') * Kiss The Haze (tare da Treasure) (2019) (Daga ''Wannan Ni ne'') * So High (tare da Shekhinah) (2023) (daga "23:23") * Kasancewa Akwai (tare da Majorsteez) (2023) (daga "23:23") * Touch & Go (2023) (daga ''23:23'') * Babu Distractions (tare da Dr Moruti) (2019) (Ba-Album Single) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike |first=Steven |date=16 November 2019 |title=Paxton No Distractions |url=https://iminathi.net/paxton-no-distractions-ft-dr-moruti/ |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=[[iminathi]]}}</ref> == Hotunan bidiyo == === A matsayin jagora mai zane === {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin bidiyon kiɗa a matsayin mai zane-zane, tare da sauran masu wasan kwaikwayo, daraktoci, taken kundin da kuma nuna shekarar da aka saki !Taken !Sauran masu wasan kwaikwayo !Daraktoci (s) !Album !Shekara |- |"Nuna nunawa" |N/A |N/A |''Wannan Ni ne'' |2017 |- |"Smother" (Bidiyo na Rayuwa) |Craig Lucas |N/A |''Rashin kwanciyar hankali'' |2018 |- |"Angifuni" (Bidiyo na Waƙoƙi) |N/A |Matiyu Marinus |''Wannan Ni ne'' |2018 |- |"Angifuni" |N/A |N/A |''Wannan Ni ne'' |2018 |- |"Ina kake Yanzu?" (Lyric Video) |N/A |[Hasiya] |''Wannan Ni ne'' |2018 |- |"Ku yi sumba da Haze" |Dukiya |N/A |''Wannan Ni ne'' |2019 |- |"Babu Abin Dakatarwa" |Dokta Moruti |N/A |''Ba-Album Single ba'' |2019 |} == Yawon shakatawa == === Ayyukan buɗewa === * Karyn White - Divas 2018 (2018) * Tamia - Passion Like Fire Tour (2019) == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin kyaututtuka da gabatarwa, suna nuna lambar yabo, rukuni, aiki da sakamako !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="2" |2019 | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Afirka ta Kudu |Mafi kyawun Pop Album |''Wannan Ni ne''|{{Nom}} |- |Sabon Shekara |Shi da kansa|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Idols South Africa}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3mmy3jq1pv9b66082pm20tvtr9zcq7l 0 146129 829496 823572 2026-05-04T05:48:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rebecca Chan Chung''' ( Chinese; an san ta da ƙwarewa da '''Rebecca Chan''', Chinese; 27 ga Yuni, 1920 - 7 ga Disamba, 2011) ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta soja wacce ta yi aiki tare da Flying Tigers da Sojojin [[Amurka]] a [[Sin|China]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. A matsayinta na ma'aikaciyar jinya a Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na China (CNAC), ta yi tafiya a kan jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu kusan sau hamsin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.cnac.org/ |website=cnac.org}}</ref> Bayan yaƙin, ta zama malamar aikin jinya kuma shugabar sashen aikin jinya a [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profiles |url=http://ww12.arianalife.com/tc/topic-type-tc/profiles-tc/%E5%86%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%89%8B%EF%BC%8C%E7%86%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%83/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630104916/http://ww12.arianalife.com/tc/topic-type-tc/profiles-tc/%E5%86%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%89%8B%EF%BC%8C%E7%86%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%83/ |archive-date=June 30, 2023 |website=ww12.arianalife.com}} </ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == === Haihuwar haihuwa da iyaye === An haifi Rebecca Chan Chung a asibitin David Gregg na Mata da Yara (wanda aka fi sani da asibitin Yiji 柔濟醫院 da ke kan Duo Bao Road 多寶路 a Guangzhou, China, a lokacin Warlord Era. Ita ce ta biyu daga cikin iyayenta. Mahaifiyarta, Lee Sun Chau 周理信 (1890-1979), tana ɗaya daga cikin likitocin mata na Yammacin kasar Sin na farko a China kuma likitanci ne a asibitar David Gregg don Mata da Yara a lokacin haihuwar Rebecca Chan Chung. Mahaifinta, Po-Yin Chan (陳步賢) (1883-1965), ya kasance mai juyin juya hali a karkashin Dokta Sun Yat-sen a Juyin Juya Halin kasar Sin na 1911 kuma ya kasance Sanata na Guangzhou a cikin 1920s. === Makaranta === Rebecca Chan Chung ta kammala karatu daga makarantar St. Paul's Girls" School (firamare, a halin yanzu St. Paul ta Co-educational College) a [[Hong Kong]] a 1933. A shekara ta 1938, ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar 'yan mata ta Diocesan (makarantar sakandare) a [[Hong Kong]], lokacin da Miss H.D. Sawyer ta kasance shugabar makarantar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headmistresses of DGS and DGJS |url=http://www.doga.org.hk/index.php/conversations/110-interviews/headmistresses/80-headmistresses-of-dgs-and-dgjs |website=www.doga.org.hk }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Rebecca Chan ta sami horo na jinya wanda Gwamnatin [[Hong Kong]] ta gudanar a asibitin Sarauniya Mary (Hong Kong), Hong Kong, a cikin 1938-1941. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, a Yaƙin Hong Kong a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1941, ta kammala karatu a cikin gaggawa, tare da Takardar shaidar Horar da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Gwamnatin Hong Kong ta bayar a ranar 10 ga Disamba. Babban Matron Alice Mary Davies da Darakta na Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya Sir Percy Selwyn Selwyn-Clarke ne suka sanya hannu kan takardar shaidar. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] a 1942–1943, Chan ma'aikaciyar jinya ce a Flying Tigers sannan kuma Rundunar Sojan Amurka, a ko kusa da Filin Jirgin Sama na Kunming (wanda a halin yanzu ake kira Kunming Wujiaba International Airport ), Kunming, [[Sin|China]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2015 |title=UB lecture, exhibit to commemorate role of Flying Tigers in World War II |url=http://buffalonews.com/2015/09/26/ub-lecture-exhibit-to-commemorate-role-of-flying-tigers-in-world-war-ii/}}</ref> Ta yi aiki da likita Fred Manget, wacce take ƙarƙashin Claire Lee Chennault . A 1943–1944, a matsayin mai kula da jiragen sama (Nurse) tare da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Ƙasa na China (CNAC),<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNAC - China National Aviation Corporation |url=http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/cn1.htm |website=www.timetableimages.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2010 |title=What was CNAC? |url=http://gregcrouch.com/2010/what-was-cnac}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sowerby |first=Arthur de Carle |date=June 16, 2011 |title=China National Aviation Corporation: CNAC Douglas DC 2 flying over Shanghai |url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_286227}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Legend of CNAC: China National Aviation Corporation, 1929–1949 |url=https://www.flysfo.com/museum/exhibitions/legend-cnac-china-national-aviation-corporation-1929%E2%80%931949 |website=www.flysfo.com}}</ref> ta tashi sama da Hump <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=C. Peter |title=Burma Road and the Hump |url=http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=326}}</ref> ta ratsa [[Himalaya|Himalayas]] tsakanin Calcutta, [[Indiya]], da [[Chongqing]], [[Sin|China]], kusan sau hamsin. Waɗannan jiragen suna da haɗari saboda jiragen propeller da ake da su a wancan lokacin ba su dace da tashi a tsaunukan da ake buƙata ba. A shekarar 1942, Japan ta yanke hanyar Burma,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burma Road &#124; highway, Asia &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Burma-Road |access-date=June 30, 2023 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Burma Road facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Burma Road |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/myanmar-political-geography/burma-road |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Burma Road @ National Geographic Magazine |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature5/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106113221/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature5/ |archive-date=January 6, 2008 |website=ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> don haka hanyar Hump ta zama hanya ɗaya tilo ta shiga China. A tsakanin 1943–1948, ta kasance mai kula da jiragen sama, ma'aikaciyar jinya sannan kuma babbar ma'aikaciyar jinya a Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Ƙasa na China wanda ke da hedikwata a Filin Jirgin Sama na Dum Dum (wanda a halin yanzu ake kira Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport ), [[Kolkata]] (ko Calcutta), [[Indiya]], kuma bayan 1946 a Filin Jirgin Sama na Shanghai Longhua, [[Shanghai]], [[Sin|China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNAC Flight Stewadress Rebecca Chan |url=http://cnac.org/rebeccachan01.htm |website=cnac.org}}</ref> Tarihin rayuwarta, ''Piloted to Serve'', ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da gogewarta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piloted to Serve: Memoirs of World War II Veteran Rebecca Chung - The American Legion |url=https://www.legion.org/yourwords/books/168156/piloted-serve-memoirs-world-war-ii-veteran-rebecca-chung |website=www.legion.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Piloted to Serve |url=https://www.facebook.com/PilotedToServe/ |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nurse of Flying Tigers honored |url=http://chinawatch.washingtonpost.com/2015/01/nurse-of-flying-tigers-honored/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518123258/http://chinawatch.washingtonpost.com/2015/01/nurse-of-flying-tigers-honored/ |archive-date=May 18, 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2017 |website=chinawatch.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] o1nqu9fq8opl6af09ts4qrlcuvjmwir 0 146568 829497 813456 2026-05-04T05:51:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829497 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Chamber_candlestick_MET_SF2006_470_27a-d_img1.jpg|thumb|Kamara candlestick by Emes, c. 1817-1818. Daga tarin Met.]] [[Fayil:Pap-boat,_silver_gilt,_marked_1817-1818_Wellcome_M0018463.jpg|thumb|[[Pap boat|Jirgin Pap]] na Rebecca Emes, alama 1817-1818]] Rebecca Emes (ta mutu a shekara ta 1830) ta kasance mai yin azurfa ta Ingila, wacce aka sani da kayan azurfa na gida. Ba a san komai game da rayuwarta ba. Ta auri mai zane-zane da mai zane-zanen ruwa John Emes . A shekara ta 1796 John Emes ya zama abokin tarayya a kamfanin silversmith na London na [[Thomas Chawner]] da dansa Henry Chawner . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Emes & Edward Barnard I - Antique Silver from waxantiques |url=http://www.waxantiques.com/silver-makers/rebecca-emes-&-edward-barnard-i/12844 |access-date=2018-03-03 |website=www.waxantiques.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kamfanin ya ƙware a cikin shayi na azurfa da sabis na kofi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Gordon |year=2008 |title=Emes family |url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7002071909 |access-date=2018-03-04 |website=Grove Art |language=en |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2071909 |isbn=978-1-884446-05-4}}</ref> Lokacin da dattijon Chawner ya yi ritaya, Emes ya zama mai shi kaɗai kuma mai yiwuwa ya ci gaba da aikinsa na ƙirƙirar zane-zane don wallafe-wallafen yayin da Rebecca ta fara aiki a kasuwancin azurfa. John Emes ya mutu a 1808 kuma Rebecca ta zama abokin tarayya tare da Edward Barnard, foreman, da Henry Chawner.<ref name=":0" /> Kamfanin, wanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan Rebecca Emes & Edward Barnard, ya girma sosai a lokacin mulkin su.<ref name=":0" /> Emes ya janye daga kasuwancin a cikin 1829.<ref name="auto" /> == Manazarta == <references /> * [http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb73-aad/1979/7:aad/1988/5:aad/2006/3:aad/2009/8.txt Emes & Barnard Silversmiths] a kan Cibiyar Tarihi {{Authority control}} kjdlapzv6j9anjqh9p5lvp5w1r6a33w 0 146708 829591 814310 2026-05-04T10:54:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robin Louise Fontes''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Robin Louise Fontes |url=https://www.westpointaog.org/page.aspx?pid=3390&reid=zLj7gpE6yiO9JmTXBHkWOA%3d%3d&bbsys=0&bbrt=0 |access-date=March 30, 2019 |website=West Point Association of Graduates }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1964) babban janar ce ta Sojojin Amurka mai ritaya wanda ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kwamanda janar (aiki) na Kwamandan Cyber na Sojoji na Amurka. A watan Yulin 2017 ta dauki jagorancin ''Combined Security Transition Command'' - Afghanistan, ta zama jami'in soja mace soja mafi girman matsayi a Afghanistan tun lokacin da Amurka ta mamaye wannan kasar a shekara ta 2001. A matsayin jami'in mustang, an dauki Fontes aiki soja a 1986 tare da mai da hankali kan Asiya ta Tsakiya, daga ƙarshe ta yi aiki a Tajikistan, Pakistan, da Indiya, sannan kuma ta yi 'yan shekaru a Afghanistan. Ta rike matsayinta na ƙarshe bayan murabus din Michael Flynn daga Gwamnatin Trump ya kawo karshen matsayinta na babban darakta na Indiya, Pakistan da Harkokin Asiya ta Tsakiya a Majalisar Tsaro ta Amurka. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Fontes ta shiga ''Kronos Fusion Energy'' a matsayin abokiyar haɗin gwiwa kuma memba na kwamitin da ke kula da fadadawa na kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robin Fontes |url=https://www.kronosfusionenergy.com/boardmembers/robin-fontes |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=KRONOS FUSION ENERGY |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan soja == === Farkon aiki === An haife ta ne a jihar [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] kuma ta girma a Kuna, Idaho, <ref name="KIVI" /> Fontes ta girma a Treasure Valley kuma ta ba da rahoton cewa ta nemi aikin soja tun tana 'yar shekara 12. Ta shiga cikin Sojojin Amurka a 1981, ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Sojojin Amirka a West Point a 1986 kuma an ba ta umurni a matsayin mataimaki na biyu a cikin Sojoji.<ref name="DVIDS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2, 1986 |title=PN1038 – Army; 99th Congress (1985–1986) |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/99th-congress/1038 |website=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin jagora a Jamus, daga baya ta koma West Point don aiki a matsayin kwamandan kamfanin.<ref name="Princeton" /> Yayinda take mataimakiyar farko, ta rubuta labarai biyu ga ''<nowiki/>'Yan sanda na Soja'', littafin hukuma na reshen ta. Labarin farko (a watan Yulin 1988) yana da taken "The 1987 BG Jeremiah P. Holland Award and the MP Company that Earned It". Na biyu (a watan Yuni 1991) an kira shi "MP Role in the Opening of the Berlin Wall". An zaba ta don shirin Jami'in Yankin Waje a 1993, wanda ya haifar da halartarta a Cibiyar Harshen Tsaro, inda ta koyi [[Rashanci|Rasha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Military Police Professional Bulletin Articles (1952–Present) |url=http://www.wood.army.mil/mpbulletin/pdfs/MP_Article_List.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221212854/http://www.wood.army.mil/mpbulletin/pdfs/MP_Article_List.pdf |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |publisher=[[Military Police Corps (United States)|Military Police Corps]] |page=68}}</ref><ref name="Princeton">{{Cite web |title=Provincial Reconstruction Teams: Extending Afghan Government Influence Beyond Kabul |url=https://lisd.princeton.edu/events/provincial-reconstruction-teams-extending-afghan-government-influence-beyond-kabul |website=[[Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs]]}}</ref> Ta kuma koyi Dari da [[Farisawa|Farisa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women in the Army: Profiles: MAJOR GENERAL Robin L. Fontes |url=https://www.army.mil/women/profiles/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306192211/http://www.army.mil/women/profiles/ |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=April 17, 2018 |website=[[army.mil]]}}</ref> Daga baya ta kuma kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Washington (inda ta sami digiri na biyu a karatun kasa da kasa) da Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro ta Turai ta George C. Marshall. <ref name="DVIDS">{{Cite web |last=Andriacco |first=Mike |date=July 7, 2011 |title=RSC-N says farewell to former commander, welcomes new |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/73496/rsc-n-says-farewell-former-commander-welcomes-new |website=[[Defense Video & Imagery Distribution System]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, Fontes ta yi aiki a matsayin mai haɗin soja a [[Miniska|Minsk]]. Ta kwashe 'yan shekaru a Tajikistan ta fara aiki a matsayin wakilin soja na Amurka sannan daga baya a matsayin mai tsaron Amurka kamar yadda Yaƙin basasar Tajikistan ya ƙare.<ref name="Princeton" />{{Sfn|Koontz|2008}} === A matsayinsa na jami'in filin wasa === Bayan hare-haren ta'addanci na 11 ga Satumba a shekara ta 2001, Fontes ta yi aiki ga Babban Kwamandan Amurka J5 tana kula da batutuwan hadin gwiwar siyasa da soja a Afghanistan.{{Sfn|Koontz|2008}} A watan Yunin shekara ta 2004, an tura ta zuwa rundunar hadin gwiwa - hedkwatar Afghanistan a [[Kabul]] kuma ta yi aiki a karkashin David Barno a matsayin shugaban Ma'aikatan CJ5 don daidaita siyasa da soja. Ma'aikatanta ne ke da alhakin kiyaye Janar Barno "a kan saƙo", kula da manufofi da ke tasiri ga ayyukan soja, da kuma yin aikin hulɗa tare da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Afghanistan da Ofishin Taimako na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Afghanistan.{{Sfn|Koontz|2008}} A ƙarshen shekara ta farko a Afghanistan kuma bayan Karl Eikenberry ya ɗauki umurni daga Barno, Fontes ya ba da kansa don jagorantar Kungiyar sake ginawa ta lardin (PRT) a [[Tarinkot]] . <ref name="college" /> Daniel Green, Mai ba da shawara kan siyasa ga PRT, ya ba da rahoton cewa kodayake wasu Sojoji a PRT suna da damuwa ta farko saboda jinsi, ba da daɗewa ba aka dakatar da waɗannan damuwa.{{Sfn|Green|2012}} Ta kasance mai aiki sosai wajen yin hulɗa da mutanen Afghanistan. Green ta ce Fontes, a lokacin mataimakin kwamandan, ya ba da gudummawa ga 'yan daruruwan daloli na kudinta don karɓar bakuncin abincin rana a kan PRT ga shugabannin Afghanistan na gida.{{Sfn|Green|2012}} Wani labarin a cikin Vanity Fair ya ba da labarin cewa ta taɓa ƙin barin taron da dattawan Afghanistan a Gundumar Chora a ƙarƙashin barazanar harbin ƙananan makamai, saboda tsoron bayyana rauni a fuskar [[Taliban]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Langwiesche |first=William |author-link=William Langewiesche |date=February 2010 |title=THE DISTANT EXECUTIONER |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2010/02/sniper-201002 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> Green ta tabbatar da cewa a farkon shekara ta 2006, ta tsira daga harin na'urar fashewa ta farko da aka kai wa kansa a Lardin Urozgan saboda wani bangare na gazawar na'urar ta fashe duk harsashin bam din da ta kunshi.{{Sfn|Green|2012}} Ta bar Afghanistan a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006 don halartar Kwalejin Yakin Amurka, ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 2007. {{Sfn|Koontz|2008}} An ɗaukaka ta a wannan shekarar zuwa Colonel. Daga baya aka sanya ta a matsayin shugabar Ofishin Taimako na Tsaro na Amurka a Pakistan . <ref name="DVIDS"/> [[Fayil:Mongolian_ANA_Trainers_(6160691366).jpg|right|thumb|Fontes, yayin da yake kwamandan Yankin-Arewa, ya ba da lambar yabo ga babban jami'in Sojojin Mongoliya tare da lambar yabo ta NATO ba ta 5 ba don hidimarsa kusa da [[Mazar-i-Sharif]].]] A watan Yulin 2011, Fontes ta fara rangadin shekara guda a Mazar-i-Sharif a matsayin mai kula da Kwamandan Yankin Arewa, kwamandan NATO na sojojin mamayewa a Arewacin Afghanistan. Daga 2012 zuwa 2013, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa goma sha biyar a Cibiyar Weatherhead don Harkokin Kasa da Kasa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] d9b428sawv38jvslypz3tpizk1ff7wt 0 146769 829463 814491 2026-05-03T23:00:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Priscilla Otti (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1970) 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa a Najeriya . Ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta Jihar Abia a yanzu a matsayin matar Alex Otti, gwamnan Jihar. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Priscilla Otti a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1970, a [[Aba|Aba, Jihar Abia]] . Ta yi karatun sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata da ke Aba, sannan daga baya ta yi karatun tattalin arziki a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], [[Nsukka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2025 |title=Otti pens beautiful words for wife on her birthday |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/844854-otti-pens-beautiful-words-for-wife-on-her-birthday.html |website=Premium Times}}</ref> <ref name="gist">{{Cite web |title=Priscilla Otti biography |url=https://gistflare.com.ng/priscilla-otti-biography-age-wikipedia-net-worth-state-of-origin-education-husband-children-parents-son-daughter/ |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=gistflare.com}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta, ta yi aiki a matsayin [[Banki|ma'aikacin banki]] kafin ta zama 'yar kasuwa. <ref name="will">{{Cite web |date=July 16, 2023 |title=First Ladies and their pet projects |url=https://thewillnews.com/first-ladies-and-their-pet-projects/ |website=The Will News}}</ref> A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa, ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan mata da mata, da kuma yaki da cin zarafin mata bisa ga jinsi, kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title="My passion is to ensure that the girl child is protected to succeed" - Mrs Otti |url=https://nationalambassadorngr.com/mrs-otti-my-passion-is-to-ensure-that-the-girl-child-is-protected-to-succeed/ |website=National Ambassador Nigeria}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2025 |title=We'll sustain fight against GBV, improve young women's empowerment - Otti's wife |url=https://punchng.com/well-sustain-fight-against-gbv-improve-young-womens-empowerment-ottis-wife/ |website=Punch Nigeria}}</ref> Ta kuma tallafawa harkokin kula da yara ta hanyar bayar da gudummawa, kuma ta shiga cikin ci gaban al'umma ta hanyar kaddamar da ayyukan ilimi da kiwon lafiya a Jihar Abia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=Two years in office as her excellency Mrs Priscilla Otti commissions life changing projects |url=https://peopleofabia.com/two-years-in-office-her-excellency-mrs-priscilla-otti-commissions-life-changing-projects-in-isiala-ngwa |website=People of Abia}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2024 |title=Mrs. Otti commends Mbaise Daughters for their resilience, commitment to community development |url=https://nationalambassadorngr.com/abia-first-lady-becomes-matron-mdia/ |website=National Amabassador Nigeria}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2025 |title=Otti donates educational materials to schoolchildren in Abia |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/09/17/otti-donates-educational-materials-to-schoolchildren-in-abia/ |website=This Day Live}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, ta yi aiki tare a wani shiri mai suna "Flow with Confidence Sanitary Pad Initiative" tare da [[uwargidan shugaban Najeriya]], [[Oluremi Tinubu|Remi Tinubu]], wani shiri da aka yi niyya don inganta tsafta da lafiyar jinin al'ada tsakanin 'yan mata a makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2026 |title=Remi Tinubu unveils menstrual hygiene initiative |url=https://www.punchng.com/remi-tinubu-unveils-menstrual-hygiene-initiative/%3famp |website=Punch E-paper }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A matsayinta na 'yar kasuwa, ita ce Shugabar Kamfanin Silhouette Fashion House, wata alama ta kayan kwalliya ta mata. <ref name="will"/> <ref name="gist"/> Tana da aure da [[Alex Otti]] kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the governor |url=https://abiastate.gov.ng/meet-the-governor/ |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Abia State Government}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fcwbz8mf7wbn8rps8lqrt8u1wm3lpra 0 146779 829287 817221 2026-05-03T14:41:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Palmer C. Hayden''' (an haife shi '''Peyton Cole Hedgeman''' ; Janairu 15, 1890 &#x2013; Fabrairu 18, 1973) [[Painting|ɗan zane]] ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya zana rayuwar [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata]], shimfidar wurare, yanayin teku, da tasirin [[Afirka]] . Ya zana, ya zana da [[mai]] da ruwan ruwa, kuma ƙwararren mai fasaha ne a zamaninsa. == Rayuwa ta farko == Asalin sunansa Peyton Cole Hedgeman, An haifi Hayden a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1890, a Wide water, Virginia . Babban ɗan'uwansa ne ya gabatar da Hayden ga fasaha, wanda ya fara zane tun yana ƙarami. Duk da sha'awarsa ga fasaha tun yana ƙarami, Hayden yana da burin zama ɗan wasa mai son yin wasa . Abin takaici, cikas da dama sun hana hakan, ciki har da yanayinsa na sirri da rashin kwanciyar hankali na kuɗi a cikin iyalinsa. Duk da babban nasarar da ya samu a matsayin mai fasaha, Hayden daga baya ya yi nadamar shawarar da ya yanke na barin mafarkinsa na farko. Baƙin ciki ya ci gaba da kasancewa a zuciyar Hayden kamar yadda yake a wasu ayyukansa. ''Tsakar dare a Crossroads'' wani zane ne da ke nuna shawarar da aka tilasta masa ya yanke. Duk da cewa lanƙwasa ƙafafu da fuskarsa da ke nuna sha'awarsa ga hanyar mawaƙin, a ƙarshe ya zaɓi ɗayan hanyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmer Hayden (1890- 1973) – The Arts In New York City |url=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/nycarts2017/2017/11/06/palmer-hayden-1890-1973/ |access-date=2020-11-23 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wannan aikin yana nuna mahimmancin rikicin Hayden. Hayden ya shiga aikin soja a shekarar 1912. Yayin da yake shiga, ya ga yana jin daɗin lokacin hutunsa, har ma ya sami malami a matsayin laftanar na biyu Arthur Boetscher, wanda ke jin daɗin zana taswira kuma sau da yawa yakan koyar da Hayden ba tare da wata matsala ba. Wannan shine ƙwarewar farko ta Hayden a fannin ilimin fasaha. Bayan shekaru huɗu na hidima a soja, Hayden ya yanke shawarar sake shiga. An tura shi zuwa ga rundunar sojojin dawaki ta 10 a West Point inda aikinsa shine kula da dawaki da horar da dawaki da 'yan kadet suka koya hawa. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma shiga kwas ɗin zane-zane na wasiƙa, inda yake kashe dala 10 daga cikin dala 18 da yake samu kowane wata. Bayan an sallame shi daga aikin soja, ya koma Greenwich Village, wata unguwa da ke ƙasan Manhattan a cikin [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . A lokacin da yake neman ci gaban aikinsa na fasaha, ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gidan waya, mai gyaran gida, da kuma wasu ayyuka daban-daban na ɗan lokaci domin ya biya wa kansa bukata. Wannan lokacin rayuwarsa ya kasance mai wahala, amma duk da haka ya cancanci a yaba masa domin Hayden ya zama ƙwararren mai fasaha na Harlem a zamaninsa. == Farkon fasaha da tafiye-tafiyen Paris == Hayden ya nemi ƙwarewar fasaha ta hanyar karatun zanen gawayi a Jami'ar Columbia yayin da yake aiki dare ɗaya a ofishin gidan waya. Lokacin da Hayden ya yanke shawarar cewa aikinsa na ofishin gidan waya ya ɗauki lokaci mai yawa, ya yi murabus ya fara aikin gyaran gida a gine-ginen gidaje daban-daban a faɗin birnin New York. Ba zato ba tsammani, mai haya na farko da ya yi wa aiki shine Victor Perard, mai zane kuma malamin fasaha a Cooper Union, wanda a da ake kira Cooper Institute. An ɗauki Hayden aiki don tsaftace ɗakin studio na Perard kuma an ƙarfafa shi ya ci gaba da haɓaka fasaharsa. A shekarar 1925, Hayden ya sami damar yin karatu a ƙarƙashin Perard a Cooper Union da ke birnin New York. A wannan shekarar, ya yi tafiya zuwa Maine don yin karatu a yankin fasaha na Boothbay. Haɗuwa da Alice Dike, wata mata da yake ɗaukar kayan daki, ta haifar da tattaunawa kan fasaha da gogewarsa a matsayin mai fasaha. Da yake ƙoƙarinsa, Dike ya ba shi ƙasida daga cocinsa da ke watsa kyautar Gidauniyar Harmon Foundation ''don Nasara Mai Kyau'', wadda ke ƙarfafa mutane su shiga cikin ayyukansu. Hayden ya yanke shawarar shiga kuma a shekarar 1926, ya lashe kuɗi da lambar zinare don zanensa ''Schooners'' bayan an amince da shi a matsayin wanda ya sami ''Nasara Mai Kyau a Fasahar Kayayyaki'' a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na farko na Gidauniyar Harmon. <ref name="Hanks">{{Cite journal |url-status=30–42}}</ref> Dangane da wannan girmamawa, wani jigo a jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' ya ɗaukaka shi da rashin kunya, yana cewa "Ma'aikacin Negro Ya Lashe Kyautar Fasaha ta Harmon: Lambar Zinare da $400 An Ba wa Mutumin da Ya Wanke Tagogi Don Samun Lokaci Don Fenti", yana nuna cewa aikinsa da launin fatarsa sune abubuwan da ke nuna aikinsa maimakon ƙoƙarinsa mai yawa. <ref name="Hanks" /> Duk da cewa jigogi masu alaƙa da launin fata ba su kasance manyan ra'ayoyi a cikin ayyukan Hayden ba, wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar Harmon, William E. Harmon, duk da haka, yana yin wani furuci na jama'a ta hanyar yabon zane-zane da wani baƙar fata ɗan asalin Amurka ya ƙirƙira a bainar jama'a. Haka kuma ana yaba wa kyautar saboda ƙaddamar da aikinsa na mai fasaha saboda yadda aka ɗauki wannan abin alfahari ga kowa, musamman ga mai gyaran gida mai sauƙi. <ref>{{Cite journal |url-status=102–115}}</ref> Nasarar Hayden tare da Gidauniyar The Harmon ta haifar da babban wasan kwaikwayo nasa na kaɗaici a watan Afrilun 1926 a Civic Club. Bayan nasarorin da ya samu, Hayden ya tara kuɗi da yawa, da kuma kuɗin lashe kyaututtuka daga Gidauniyar The Harmon da kuma kyautar dala 3,000 daga Dike, don yin tafiya zuwa [[Faris|Paris]], Faransa na tsawon shekaru biyar, inda ya sami ƙarin kwarin gwiwa ga fasaharsa. Bai yi rajista a makarantar fasaha a can ba, amma ya koyi daga gogewa. Hayden ba wai kawai ya kama al'ummar [[wiktionary:Parisian|Paris]] ba, har ma da haɗakar Afro-European cikin yanayi mai kyau. Wani mai fasaha mai suna Clivette Le Fevre ya ba shi jagoranci na ɗan lokaci, amma a ƙarshe, dangantakar ta ƙare saboda rashin yarda da Le Fevre game da baiwar Hayden. Shekarun Hayden a birnin Paris, da kuma salon sa na asali, sun bayyana musamman a cikin fim ɗin ''Nous Quatre a Paris'' na shekarar 1930, wanda ya nuna maza huɗu baƙaƙe a cikin wani gidan cin abinci, waɗanda aka zana da manyan lebe da fuskokin zane mai ban dariya don jaddada siffofin baƙaƙen da aka guji kuma galibi ana ganin su a matsayin abin ƙyama, sakamakon tattaunawar da aka yi da fararen kyau. A lokacin da yake Faransa, Hayden bai ci gaba da zama a birnin Paris ba, sai ya yi tafiya zuwa bakin teku domin ci gaba da zana shimfidar wurare da kuma yanayin teku. Ya fi son Concarneau, wani ƙaramin ƙauye da masunta ke kula da shi, kuma ya zana wurare da dama na garin, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine ''Andrée de la Mer'' . Ya kuma ziyarci gidajen tarihi da dama da kuma nune-nune iri-iri, kamar Louvre, kuma ya sami wahayi a cikin ganuwar birnin. Hayden ya saba da [[Falsafa|masanin falsafa]] Alain Locke, wanda ya nuna masa [[fasahar Afirka]] da ya tattara daga tafiye-tafiyensa masu yawa. Sha'awar Hayden ga fasahar Afirka ta sa shi ya ga zane-zane da ke nuna zane-zane, alamu, da siffofi na Afirka, kamar ''Fetiche et Fleurs'' a shekarar 1933. Ya kuma yi sha'awar kafa garuruwan Arewacin Afirka na mulkin mallaka kuma ya zana abin da ya gani a gidajen tarihi da nune-nune. == Dawowa, sharhin launin fata da salon rubutu == Bayan shekaru biyar a ƙasashen waje, yana tafiya da kuɗaɗen da aka aro daga American Aid Society of Paris, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da aka yi niyya don tallafa wa Amurkawa a ƙasashen waje, Hayden ya yanke shawarar komawa Amurka a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 1932. Ya ci gaba da zama a birnin New York, inda ya zauna kafin ya tafi ƙasashen waje, kuma bayan dawowarsa, ya zama mai zane a Hukumar Ci Gaban Ayyuka tare da albashin kusan dala 30 a kowane mako. Sabanin yadda yake taka rawa a al'adun Afirka da wariyar launin fata a ƙasashen waje, Hayden ya zana galibi gine-gine da shimfidar wurare a wannan lokacin. A lokacin hutunsa, ya ci gaba da zane-zanen mai da ruwan ruwa, amma kuma ya yi zane-zanen alkalami da tawada. Ayyukansa sun fi shahara saboda nuna rayuwar Baƙar fata-Amurkawa a lokacin Harlem Renaissance, da kuma rikice-rikice/matsaloli na launin fata, fahimtar wariyar launin fata, da kuma tatsuniyoyin Afirka. Wasu masu suka sun bayyana zane-zanensa a matsayin na asali da kuma wulaƙantawa don nuna ra'ayoyin ƙiyayya [[Kyamar Baki|ga Baƙar fata]] 'Yan Amurkawa ta hanyar ƙara girman ƙirji, lebe, da hanci da kuma nuna yawan cin kankana da sauran abinci da ke da alaƙa da wariyar launin fata ta baƙar fata, kamar a cikin ''Race na Kankana'' . Sauran masana tarihi na fasaha sun gano wasu daga cikin alamun farko na ƙarfafa baƙar fata a cikin aikin Hayden don mallakarsa da rungumar bayyana ra'ayoyi waɗanda ya sake maimaitawa ga masu suka ta hanyar tasirinsu mai yawa. Yawancin zane-zanensa bayan shekarunsa a Paris suna da alaƙa da Harlem Renaissance da rayuwar birane baƙar fata a cikin birnin. Duk da haka, yayin da zane-zanen rayuwar Baƙar fata-Amurkawa su ne abin da aka fi tunawa da shi, ba su ne kawai ikirarin shahararsa ba; Aikin Hayden ya fara ne da zane-zanen shimfidar wuri kuma wannan ya ci gaba a lokaci guda tare da fasaharsa da ke da tasiri ga launin fata, inda yanayi ya fi fitowa fili fiye da zane-zanen rayuwar Baƙar fata-Amurkawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolfskill |first=Phoebe |date=September 2009 |title=Caricature and the New Negro in the Work of Archibald Motley Jr. and Palmer Hayden |journal=Art Bulletin |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=343–365 |doi=10.1080/00043079.2009.10786158 |s2cid=191463495}}</ref> Wani abin sha'awa nasa shi ne yanayin teku da rayuwa a cikin tasoshin jiragen ruwa masu cike da jama'a, kamar yadda yake a [[Samartaka|lokacin ƙuruciyarsa]] . Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru galibi suna da mahimmanci a gare shi na addini, wanda Hayden bai ƙara yin bayani a kai ba. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da jin daɗinsa a cikin al'ummar masu fasaha ke ƙaruwa, ya ba da muryar siyasa a cikin zane-zanensa, kuma a cikin 1935, ya nuna ''The Actuation of NIRA'', wanda ya nuna ƙin amincewar [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli]] ga Dokar Farfado da Masana'antu ta Ƙasa bisa ga rashin bin ƙa'ida . Hayden ya fito da fasaha ya zama mafi bayyana yayin da aikinsa ya zama mai bayyana kai tsaye da gwaji. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Hayden mafi shahara shine ''The Janitor Who Paints'' (1937). Wannan zanen, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da zanen zanga-zanga à la ''The Execution of NIRA'', masu suka sun ɗauka a matsayin sharhin kansu game da ra'ayoyin Hayden game da ayyuka iri-iri, waɗanda ba a biya su da wuri ba da ya yi don ya tsira wanda aka soki shi a cikin manema labarai. Duk da nasararsa da shahararsa ba kawai a Amurka ba, har ma a Turai, wasu suna ɗaukar Hayden a matsayin mai gyaran gida mai tawali'u wanda ba shi da ƙwarewa ko ƙwarewa ta fasaha. A cikin wannan zanen, an nuna wata mace, namiji, da yaro 'yar Afirka a cikin wani yanki mai cike da jama'a wanda zane, kayan tsaftacewa, da kayan ado na gida masu sauƙi suka ƙara toshe shi. An nuna duka ukun da lebe masu kauri, waɗanda suka shahara, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zane-zanen mutanen Afirka, kuma a cikin daftarin farko, an rataye hoton [[Abraham Lincoln]] mai ban mamaki a bango. Sunan zanen, da kuma bambancin kayan tsaftacewa da kayan fasaha, yana nuna daidaito, kamar wanda ya kasance a rayuwar Hayden kafin a san shi da aikinsa. Ba makawa, al'ummar baƙi da fari sun yi wa Hayden kallon matsala saboda yadda suka amince da mummunan ra'ayi a cikin wannan zanen. == Hayden mai shekaru == Shekaru goma bayan ziyararsa ta farko a 1926, Hayden ya koma Paris na ɗan lokaci; babu wani abu da aka sani game da wannan ziyarar. Ya dawo New York cikin shekara guda kuma yana da shekaru 50, ya auri Miriam Huffman. Ya yanke shawarar fara wani sabon aiki a 1944, wanda ya haifar da ƙoƙari na shekaru uku wanda ya kai ga ayyukansa mafi gamsuwa: jerin waƙoƙin John Henry. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmer Hayden, Harlem Renaissance Artist and Beyond |url=http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/palmer-hayden-harlem-renaissance-artist-and-beyond |website=African American Registry: A Non-Profit Organization}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayin ya samo asali ne daga wani labari da mahaifinsa ya faɗa masa tun yana ƙarami kuma ya fara bincike kan sahihancin tatsuniyar, yana samun kwarin gwiwa don haɗawa cikin fasaharsa. Duk wani bayani game da dalilin da ya sa Hayden ya ji daɗi sosai game da John Henry da jerin waƙoƙin gaba ɗaya ba a fayyace su ba kuma ba a fayyace su ba, amma wataƙila suna da alaƙa da alaƙar da yake da ita da al'ummar Baƙar fata. A lokacin da ya girma, Hayden ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai himma da fasaharsa, ana zaɓensa akai-akai don kyaututtuka masu daraja da kuma yin tafiye-tafiye tsakanin Paris da Amurka don ƙarfafa wahayinsa. Wariyar launin fata ta kasance wani batu mai mahimmanci a rayuwarsa da fasaharsa, wanda ya sa ya yi magana a bainar jama'a game da manufofin wariyar launin fata da ke kawo cikas ga al'ummomin Baƙar fata da Hispanic . An ga misali na wannan a cikin 1966, lokacin da Hayden ya rubuta wa William Booth, Shugaban Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Birni, game da fafutukar neman adadi mai yawa na 'yan Afirka, Latinos, da fararen fata a cikin kwamitin don hana cin zarafin da aka haifar da wariya da iko. Hayden ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1973, jim kaɗan bayan ya sami tallafin da zai nuna sojojin Afirka na Amurka tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙen duniya. == Ayyuka == * [https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/sakrani20/files/2016/11/hayden-janitor-og.jpg Mai gyaran gida]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, na asali, mai a kan zane, 1937 * [https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/janitor-who-paints-10126 Mai gyaran gida, wanda aka yi] wa kwaskwarima, mai a kan zane, Smithsonian, ca. 1937 * Archived [https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/sakrani20/files/2016/11/still-life-hayden.jpg Fetiche da Fleurs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702053949/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/sakrani20/files/2016/11/still-life-hayden.jpg |date=2022-07-02 }} , mai a kan zane, 1926 * [https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/sakrani20/files/2016/11/hayden-nousquatre.jpg Nous quatre a Paris]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Ruwan ruwa, 1930 * [https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/sakrani20/files/2016/11/midsummer-night-hayden.jpg Daren Tsakiyar Lokacin bazara a Harlem]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, mai a kan zane, 1936 == Nassoshi == * Hanks, Eric. [http://www.mhanksgallery.com/hayart.html "Tafiya Daga Mahadar Hanya: Juyawar Dama ta Palmer Hayden"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425061544/http://www.mhanksgallery.com/hayart.html |date=2018-04-25 }} Archived . 2002. ''Sharhin Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Fasahar Baƙar fata ta Amurka'', Juzu'i na 16, Lamba ta 1, shafi na 1.&nbsp;30–42. * Riggs, Thomas. [http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/palmer-hayden-harlem-renaissance-artist-and-beyond "Palmer Hayden, Mai Zane na Harlem Renaissance da Bayansa"] . 1997. Rijistar Baƙar fata ta Amurka. * [https://archive.today/20130415054417/http://artsedge.kennedycenter.org/exploring/harlem/faces/hayden_text.html Palmer Hayden] . 2003. Sauke Ni a Harlem, ina binciken hanyoyin shiga. Cibiyar John F. Kennedy don Fasahar Wasanni. * "Palmer Hayden". [https://web.archive.org/web/20061027163842/http://www.fatherryan.org/harlemrenaissance/page.htm Renaissance na Harlem] . 10/12/06. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20021002154346/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/arts/hayden.html Renaissance na Harlem] . 2002. Palmer Hayden. Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Ilimi. * Wintz, Cary D. & Finkelman, Paul (2004). ''Kundin Tarihi na Renaissance na Harlem'' . Juzu'i na 1. Routledge, * Sakrani, Rehmat. [https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/sakrani20/palmer-hayden-painter/ "Palmer Hayden, Painter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319124704/https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/sakrani20/palmer-hayden-painter/ |date=2023-03-19 }} City, A. (nd). == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Works by or about Palmer Hayden at the Internet Archive * [http://www.aaa.si.edu/collectionsonline/haydpalm/ Palmer C. Hayden papers online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a0wz5gswukhzcwu4qrbtkguiak3lowc 0 146799 829359 817239 2026-05-03T18:23:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Pengiran Zety Sufina binti Pengiran Haji Sani''' (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1971) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Brunei wadda a halin yanzu take aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ministar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki tun daga shekarar 2022. Bugu da ƙari, ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Dabaru da Manufofi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-25 |title=Board Of Directors |url=http://www.csps.org.bn/about/bod/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.csps.org.bn |language=en}}</ref> mataimakiyar shugabar Hukumar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arzikin Brunei (BEDB), <ref>{{Cite web |title=About BEDB |url=https://www.bedb.com.bn/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.bedb.com.bn |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shugaban Kamfanin Ghanim International, kuma Darakta a Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Royal Brunei (RBA) daga 2021 zuwa 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pengiran Hajah Zety Sufina Binti DATO PADUKA HAJI SANI personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/DxlVAkPKdorimOy8fvx_gHq_ZCk/appointments |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce kuma mataimakiyar shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na cibiyoyi da dama kamar Babban Bankin Brunei Darussalam (BDCB) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://www.bdcb.gov.bn/Pages/Board-of-Directors0505-5018.aspx |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.bdcb.gov.bn }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jerudong Park (JPMC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-08 |title=Board of Directors |url=https://www.jpmcbrunei.com/board-of-directors/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.jpmcbrunei.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802003444/https://www.jpmcbrunei.com/board-of-directors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta bai wa Pengiran Zety Sufina tallafin karatu na musamman a shekarar 1989. A shekarar 1993, ta sami digirin farko a fannin lissafin kuɗi ( masu daraja ) daga [[Jami'ar Hull]] da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] . Ta fara aiki a matsayin jami'ar kuɗi a Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ta Ma'aikatar Kuɗi jim kaɗan bayan kammala karatunta, tana aiki a sassa daban-daban, ciki har da Sashen Ba da Lamunin Gidaje, Sashen Babban Lissafa Kuɗi, da Sashen Albashi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Deputy Minister of Finance and Economy |url=https://www.mofe.gov.bn/SitePages/deputy-minister-of-finance-fiscal.aspx |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.mofe.gov.bn}}</ref> A watan Mayun 1998, an tura Pengiran Zety Sufina zuwa Ofishin Kudi da Sayen Kaya na Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DFA). Ta sami damar cike gurbin Mataimakin Daraktan Kudi a DFA a watan Disamba na 2005 bayan an ƙara mata matsayi zuwa Babbar Jami'ar Kudi. An mayar da ita zuwa Sashen Kashe Kuɗi na Ma'aikatar Kuɗi a watan Maris na 2010, inda babban alhakinta shine kula da kasafin kuɗin jihar, kuma an ba ta matsayin Mataimakin Daraktan Kasafin Kuɗi shekara guda bayan haka. Ta sami ƙwarewa mai amfani a fannin ci gaban ƙasashen duniya da kuma ƙoƙarin rage [[talauci]] yayin da take aiki na tsawon shekara guda a Bankin Duniya da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], a shekarar 2012 a matsayin Babbar Mai Ba da Shawara a Ofishin Babban Daraktan Mazaɓar Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. <ref name=":0"/> An naɗa Pengiran Zety Sufina a matsayin Mataimakiyar Darakta a Sakatariyar Majalisar Wawasan Brunei a Ofishin Firayim Minista a watan Afrilun 2015, kimanin shekara guda bayan ta koma Brunei. Kafin hakan, ta shafe watanni kaɗan a matsayin Mukaddashin Babban Mataimakin Akanta Janar a Ma'aikatar Baitulmali a Ma'aikatar Kuɗi. <ref name=":0"/> An nada Pengiran Zety Sufina a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare na Dindindin na Ma'aikatar Tsaro (Kuɗi da Gudanarwa) a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2016. An nada ta a matsayin Sakatare na Dindindin (Aiki da Kamfanoni) a Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2018, bayan an ɗaga ta zuwa Sakatare na Dindindin (Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi) a Ofishin Firayim Minista a ranar 12 ga Agusta na wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brunei Darussalam's second minister of finance and economy gets added role |url=https://www.asiaasset.com/post/7948-brunei-mfe-0926 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.asiaasset.com}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin Sakatare na Dindindin (Masana'antu) a Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Tattalin Arziki a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2019. <ref name=":0"/> An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kare Juna Tsakanin Sakamakon Ayyukan Hankali da Kare Hakkin Fasaha a cikin Haɗin gwiwar Sojoji da Fasaha tsakanin gwamnatocin Rasha da Brunei a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2018 ta hannun Pengiran Zety Sufina da Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Kadarorin Fasaha ta Rasha . A ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2022, sarkin Brunei ya sanar da maye gurbin ministoci takwas da kuma nadin mace ta farko a majalisar ministocin kasar. An daga matsayin Pengiran Zety Sufina, daya daga cikin mata 'yan sabuwar majalisar ministocin daga sakatare na dindindin zuwa mataimakiyar minista a Ma'aikatar Kudi da Tattalin Arziki (MOFE). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ain Bandial |author-link=Ain Bandial |last2=Rasidah Hj Abu Bakar |date=2022-06-07 |title=HM: New cabinet must carry out duties with 'full loyalty and responsibility' |url=https://thescoop.co/2022/06/07/hm-new-cabinet-must-carry-out-duties-with-full-loyalty-and-responsibility/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=thescoop.co |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Pengiran Zety Sufina ita ce babbar 'yar'uwarta guda biyar kuma an haife ta a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 1971. Tana da 'ya'ya huɗu, tana auren Kwamanda (Mai Ritaya) Haji Azlan bin Haji Ahmad, kuma tana jin daɗin hawa keke, [[Tafiya|tafiye-tafiye]], da [[Photography|ɗaukar hoto]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Finance and Economy - deputy-minister-of-finance-fiscal |url=https://www.mofe.gov.bn/SitePages/deputy-minister-of-finance-fiscal.aspx |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.mofe.gov.bn}}</ref> == Daraja == Pengiran Zety Sufina ta sami lambobin yabo masu zuwa: * [[Fayil:First_Class_of_the_Order_of_Seri_Paduka_Mahkota_Brunei_(SPMB).svg|50x50px]] Odar Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei First Class (SPMB; 15 Yuli 2022) - ''Datin Seri Paduka'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nooratini Haji Abas |date=2022-07-15 |title=23 PENERIMA DIKURNIAKAN BINTANG-BINTANG KEBESARAN NBD |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Arkib%20Dokumen/2022/PELITA%20BRUNEI%2016072022.pdf |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn |language=ms}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] h1gvp8djmrycuzsl28qhkj9lox4pm1v 0 146875 829599 815161 2026-05-04T11:31:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Romaizah binti Haji Mohd Salleh''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Maris 1966) malamar makaranta ce kuma jami'ar ilimi 'yar ƙasar Brunei wacce a halin yanzu take Ministar Ilimi (MoE) tun daga shekarar 2022, Shugabar Majalisar Jami'ar Teknologi Brunei (UTB), <ref>{{Cite web |title=UTB EXCELLENCE AWARD CEREMONY IN CONJUNCTION WITH UTB CONVOCATION CEREMONY 2022 {{!}} Universiti Teknologi Brunei |url=https://www.utb.edu.bn/news/utb-excellence-award-ceremony-in-conjunction-with-utb-convocation-ceremony-2022/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.utb.edu.bn}}</ref> Jami'ar Brunei Darussalam (UBD), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Universiti Brunei Darussalam |url=https://ubd.edu.bn/about/organisation/organisations/ubd-council.html |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=ubd.edu.bn |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da Jami'ar Musulunci ta Sultan Sharif Ali (UNISSA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Council – UNISSA |url=https://unissa.edu.bn/governance/council/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=unissa.edu.bn}}</ref> Ta taɓa riƙe muƙamin Mataimakiyar Minista kuma Mukaddashin Minista a ma'aikatar a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MISC Construction – Dual TVET Program |url=http://www.mod.gov.bn/MISC/SitePages/Dual%20TVET%20Program.aspx |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.mod.gov.bn}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Penceramah – DATIN SERI PADUKA DR. HAJAH ROMAIZAH HAJI... |url=http://kongresbelia.gov.bn/Lists/Speakers/NewDispForm.aspx?ID=4 |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=kongresbelia.gov.bn}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Romaizah ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] a Makarantar Firamare ta Panchor Murai daga Yuli 1990 zuwa Janairu 1991, inda ta kafa harsashin aikinta na ilimi. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Sashen Kimiyya da Ilimin Lissafi daga Janairu 1991 zuwa Oktoba 1999, daga baya kuma ta zama malamar makaranta daga Nuwamba 1999 zuwa Yuli 2005. Bugu da ƙari, ta ɗauki nauyin Mai Gudanar da Ilimi na Ci gaba daga Janairu 2005 zuwa Disamba 2006, tana kula da shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don haɓaka ƙwarewa da koyo na tsawon rai . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE |url=https://www.seameo.org/img/ministers/brunei1.pdf |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.seameo.org}}</ref> A matsayinta na Babbar Malama a Sashen Kimiyya da Ilimin Lissafi daga Yuli 2005 zuwa Nuwamba 2011, Romaizah ta shiga cikin ayyukan koyarwa, bincike, da kuma kula da ilimi, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ilimi a fagen. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Kimiyya da Ilimin Lissafi daga Janairu 2007 zuwa Maris 2009, inda ta jagoranci shirye-shiryen dabaru da ayyukan ilimi na sashen. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE |url=https://www.seameo.org/img/ministers/brunei1.pdf |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.seameo.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.seameo.org/img/ministers/brunei1.pdf "CURRICULUM VITAE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''www.seameo.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> An naɗa Romaizah a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Kimiyya a wannan cibiyar daga Afrilu 2009 zuwa Disamba 2009, tana ba da gudummawa ga haɓakawa da daidaita shirye-shiryen ilimi a fannin ilimin kimiyya. Daga ƙarshe ta fara aiki a matsayin Shugabar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah daga Janairu 2010 zuwa Yuni 2012, tana kula da harkokin ilimi da ayyukan gudanarwa a cikin cibiyar. <ref name=":0"/> == Aikin siyasa == Romaizah ta riƙe manyan mukamai a cikin Ma'aikatar Kuɗi, kamar yin aiki a matsayin Daraktan Tsare-tsare, Ci gaba da Bincike daga Disamba 2011 zuwa 19 ga Satumba 2013; memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Nazarin Dabaru da Manufofi (CSPS) daga 1 ga Yuli 2013 zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2017; mataimakin sakatare na dindindin na Ilimi Mai Zurfi, mataimakin sakatare na dindindin na Ilimi Mai Zurfi, da kuma darektan Tsare-tsare, Ci gaba, da Bincike daga 2 ga Disamba 2014 zuwa 27 ga Janairu 2016; sakatare na dindindin daga 28 ga Janairu 2016 zuwa 29 ga Janairu 2018, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brunei, S'pore share education developments |url=https://borneo363.rssing.com/chan-61976226/article3680.html |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=borneo363.rssing.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Berita – Brunei dilantik selaku Presiden ASSC |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Lists/Berita/NewDisplayForm.aspx?ID=11442&ContentTypeId=0x0100BC31BF6D2ED1E4459ACCF88DA3E23BA8 |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn}}</ref> da kuma mukaddashin darektan zartarwa na CSPS daga 19 ga Satumba 2015 zuwa 8 ga Janairu 2016. <ref name=":0"/> Romaizah ta ɗauki muhimman mukamai na shugabanci, ciki har da mataimakin shugaban Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Jerudong (JIS) daga ranar 8 ga Yuni 2018; mataimakin shugaban Majalisar Bincike ta Brunei daga 20 ga Agusta 2018 zuwa 10 ga Afrilu 2021; memba na Kwamitin Aiki na Majalisar Tsara da Aiki ta Manpower (MPEC) a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2019; ta sake shiga kwamitin gudanarwa na CSPS a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2021. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE |url=https://www.seameo.org/img/ministers/brunei1.pdf |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.seameo.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.seameo.org/img/ministers/brunei1.pdf "CURRICULUM VITAE"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''www.seameo.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Daga baya Romaizah ta jagoranci Kwamitin Binciken Yayasan Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah (YSHHB) daga 26 ga Yuni 2018 zuwa 12 ga Maris 2023; memba na kwamitin makarantar YSHHB daga 26 ga Yuni 2018 zuwa 12 ga Maris 2021; mataimakin shugaban kwamitin gwamnonin daga 13 ga Maris 2021 zuwa 12 ga Maris 2023. shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Brunei Polytechnic daga 1 ga Mayu 2018 zuwa 30 ga Afrilu 2024; Cibiyar Ilimi ta Fasaha ta Brunei daga 1 ga Afrilu 2018 zuwa 31 ga Maris 2024. == Aikin minista == Bayan sake fasalin majalisar ministoci a ranar 30 ga Janairu 2018, an naɗa Romaizah mataimakiyar minista a Ma'aikatar Ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=sfas |date=30 January 2018 |title=Brunei makes history with two new female Deputy Ministers |url=https://sfasandbox.wordpress.com/2018/01/30/brunei-makes-history-with-two-new-female-deputy-ministers/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=SFA Sandbox |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> Bayan sake fasalin majalisar ministoci a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2022, Romaizah za ta maye gurbin Hamzah Sulaiman a matsayin ministan ilimi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Berita – Sultan reshuffles Cabinet |url=https://www.egnc.gov.bn/Lists/Berita/NewDispForm.aspx?ID=83&ContentTypeId=0x010092501A74CAD3A04EB3B7BF1432E8A0AF |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.egnc.gov.bn}}</ref> wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayi a gwamnatin Brunei . <ref>{{Cite web |last=NEGARA |first=WARTAWAN LUAR |date=8 June 2022 |title=Brunei lantik menteri wanita pertama |url=https://www.utusan.com.my/luar-negara/2022/06/brunei-lantik-menteri-wanita-pertama/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=Utusan Malaysia |language=ms-MY}}</ref> An zaɓi Romaizah don ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar SEAMEO na wa'adin 2023–2025 a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=Bot Verification |url=https://www.ovp.gov.ph/index.php/post/vp-sara-new-seameo-council-prexy-2023-2025 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.ovp.gov.ph}}</ref> == Daraja == * [[Fayil:First_Class_of_the_Order_of_Seri_Paduka_Mahkota_Brunei_(SPMB).svg|50x50px]] Order na Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei First Class (SPMB) - ''Datin Seri Paduka'' * [[Fayil:Second_Class_of_the_Order_of_Seri_Paduka_Mahkota_Brunei_(DPMB).svg|50x50px]] Odar Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei Na Biyu (DPMB; 15 Yuli 2017) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nooratini Haji Abas |date=2017-07-17 |title=Seramai 35 orang menerima Bintang Kebesaran NBD |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Arkib%20Dokumen/2017/Julai/pelitabrunei_170717.pdf |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn |pages=11 |language=ms}}</ref> * [[Fayil:First_Class_of_the_Order_of_Setia_Negara_Brunei_(PSNB).svg|50x50px]] Order na Setia Negara Brunei First Class (PSNB; 15 Yuli 2022) - ''Datin Seri Setia'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=gp |date=2022-07-16 |title=Berkenan kurnia bintang Kebesaran Kepada 23 penerima |url=https://mediapermata.com.bn/berkenan-kurnia-bintang-kebesaran-kepada-23-penerima/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Berkenan kurnia bintang Kebesaran Kepada 23 penerima |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] omx6y596z75zlrmegi6bl1pa2ekgyz4 0 146923 829358 815486 2026-05-03T18:21:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Pengiran [[Alhaji|Hajah]] Nooriyah binti Pengiran Haji Yussof''' jami'ar diflomasiyya ce 'yar ƙasar Brunei wadda ta zama jakadiya a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] tun daga shekarar 2019, <ref>{{Cite web |title=directoryofmissionabroad_Korea |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/Pages/directoryofmissionabroad_Korea.aspx |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=mfa.gov.bn}}</ref> kuma tsohuwar shugabar ofishin jakadancin Brunei a Kota Kinabalu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruneian Consulate General in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia |url=https://visacent.com/consulate-general/bruneian-consulate-general-in-kota-kinabalu-malaysia/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=visacent.com}}</ref> Tana kuma cikin jakada mai daraja Membobin ƙungiyar Asiya ta Koriya. <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Honorary Ambassador Members |url=https://asiasociety.org/korea/honorary-ambassador-members |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=asiasociety.org |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin diflomasiyya == A farkon aikinta, ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar bincike a Sashen Siyasa na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje . Christina Liew ta gana da Pengiran Nooriyah don tattaunawa kan yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa da Brunei Darussalam Tourism don haɓaka haɓakar yawon buɗe ido a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2018. Wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido a ƙasarta, a cewarta, sun haɗa da Jerudong Park, Taman Mahkota, Ulu Temburong National Park, Kampong Ayer, [[Masallaci|masallatai]], wurin shakatawa mai taken ruwa, da [[Tafki|tafkuna]] . Ta ce, Kota Kinabalu wuri ne da 'yan ƙasar Brunei ke so su ziyarta, musamman a lokacin hutun makaranta da kuma a watan Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-03 |title=Looking forward to Brunei tourism spin-offs |url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/127680/looking-forward-to-brunei-tourism-spin-offs/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=dailyexpress.com.my}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2019, [[Al-Muhtadee Billah|Yarima Al-Muhtadee Billah]] ya tarbi sabbin wakilan Brunei da aka naɗa, ciki har da Pengiran Nooriyah a matsayin jakadar Brunei a Jamhuriyar Koriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-16 |title=Crown Prince receives in audience newly appointed and outgoing envoys |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/crown-prince-receives-in-audience-newly-appointed-and-outgoing-envoys-2/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722221541/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/crown-prince-receives-in-audience-newly-appointed-and-outgoing-envoys-2/ |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn}}</ref> A wannan rana, an gabatar mata da takardar shaidarta daga [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] a Istana Nurul Iman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamad Azmi Awang Damit |date=2019-04-15 |title=INFODEPT01-004 |url=http://www.infofoto.gov.bn/main.php?g2_itemId=816211 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=infofoto.gov.bn |language=ms}}</ref> Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Brunei, Pengiran Nooriyah, ya kai ziyarar fatan alheri ga Tun Juhar Mahiruddin da matarsa, Norlidah, a Istana Seri Kinabalu a ranar 22 ga wata. A cewarta, manufar ziyarar ita ce tattaunawa da Juhar game da rantsar da ita a matsayin sabuwar jakadar kasar a Koriya ta Kudu a watan Mayu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-22 |title=Kunjungan perpisahan Pengiran Nooriyah terhadap Tun Juhar |url=https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2019/04/22/kunjungan-perpisahan-pengiran-nooriyah-terhadap-tun-juhar |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=utusanborneo.com.my |language=ms}}</ref> Pehin Dato Halbi ya jagoranci tawagar Brunei zuwa taron tattaunawa kan tsaro na Seoul (SDD 2023) da kuma baje kolin sararin samaniya da tsaro na Seoul (ADEX) da aka gudanar a [[Seoul]], daga 17 zuwa 22 ga Oktoba 2023, tare da Pengiran Nooriyah. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Perkukuh kerjasama keselamatan, keamanan melalui dialog |url=https://www.jpm.gov.bn/Lists/Berita%20JPM%202022/NewDispForm.aspx?ID=699&source=/SitePages/Home.aspx |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=jpm.gov.bn |language=ms }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND RBAF DELEGATION ATTENDS 2023 SEOUL DEFENSE DIALOGUE (SDD) AND AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE EXHIBITION (ADEX) |url=https://www.mindef.gov.bn/Lists/News/DispForm.aspx?ID=6057 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=mindef.gov.bn}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=MinDef, RBAF at South Korean defence forum |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/mindef-rbaf-at-south-korean-defence-forum/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=MinDef, RBAF at South Korean defence forum |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Pengiran Nooriyah ita ce diyar mai martaba Pengiran Lela Wijaya Pengiran Dato Seri Laila Jasa Haji Yussof (1917-2004), da matarsa Pengiran Datin Hajjah Siti Hadizah, wanda duka biyun zuriyar gidan sarauta ne. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=A. V. M. Horton |date=2004-01-01 |title=Negara Brunei Darussalam: obituaries 2004. |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00067806&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA134382050&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Borneo Research Bulletin |language=English |volume=35 |pages=8–17}}</ref> Tana da jimlar ƴan'uwa 10 da ƴan'uwa mata 4, <ref name=":0" /> waɗanda suka haɗa da Pengiran Menudin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyna Mohammad |date=2005-09-16 |title=Sultanate – News {{!}} Negara Brunei Darussalam {{!}} Deputy Sultan visits MINDEF directorate |url=http://www.sultanate.com/news_server/16_sept_3.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=sultanate.com}}</ref> A baya ta rike taken Dayangku . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Honorary Ambassador Members |url=https://asiasociety.org/korea/honorary-ambassador-members |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=asiasociety.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://asiasociety.org/korea/honorary-ambassador-members "Honorary Ambassador Members"]. ''asiasociety.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] aouqs16smeq5obwlh7u00vsgzsjamuc 0 146970 829304 817186 2026-05-03T16:07:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Patricia Parsons Hickerson''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1942) babban janar ne mai ritaya a cikin Sojojin Amurka . Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 32 kuma ta kasance Adjutant Janar na Sojoji daga 1991 zuwa 1994. Bayan da ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 2001, Hickerson ta rike mukamin babban janar, mace ta uku a tarihin Sojojin Amurka da ta karbi tauraruwarta ta biyu, kuma babban jami'in mace a cikin sojoji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Major General Patricia Hickerson, USA Ret. |url=https://www.awfdn.org/trailblazers/major-general-patricia-hickerson-usa-retired/ |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=Army Women's Foundation |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Patricia Parsons Hickerson a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1942, a Louisville, Kentucky, ga John Millard da Rose Parsons. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Ta halarci Kwalejin Converse inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin kiɗa a shekarar 1964 sannan daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kiɗa a shekarar 1966 saboda ta kasance ƙwararren mai busa sarewa. [1] Kafin aikin soja, ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta. Ta kuma kammala karatun digiri a fannin Jagoranci ga Shugabannin Gudanarwa, Cibiyar Jagoranci Mai Kirkire-kirkire tare da Shirin Manyan Shugabannin Gudanarwa, Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy, Jami'ar Harvard . [1] == Aikin soja == Bayan halartar Converse, Hickerson ya shiga kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Mata ta Rundunar Sojojin Mata a shekarar 1968, inda ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka a matsayin Laftanar na biyu .Lokacin da sojoji suka kawo ƙarshen daftarin a shekarar 1972, Sojojin Amurka suna buƙatar ƙarin jami'ai a cikin ayyukansu yayin da Yaƙin Vietnam ya ci gaba har zuwa 1975. <ref name=":0"/> Wannan ya bar gibin aiki ga mata don cikewa kuma Hickerson ya dace da lissafin. A wannan shekarar aka ɗaukaka ta zuwa Laftanar ta farko ta hanyar ci gaba da aikinta da ilimin soja. Ta fara aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar jami'ar kula da ma'aikata a cikin Sashen Kula da Ma'aikata a Gundumar Soja a Washington daga 1968 zuwa 1969. Hickerson ta koma ta zama kwamandan ƙungiyar mawaka ta 14, ƙungiyar mawaka mata ɗaya tilo a tarihin sojojin Amurka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rundunar Sojojin Mata ta Amurka a Fort McClellan, Alabama daga 1970 zuwa 1972. <ref name=":0" /> Ta ci gaba da halartar Kwas ɗin Ci Gaba na Jami'an Sojoji a 1973 kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu na farko da suka kammala kwas ɗin a Fort Benning, Georgia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bayan nasarar makarantar sojoji, Hickerson ta zama mai ba da shawara kan reshe a cikin Ƙungiyar Shirye-shiryen Reshe na Yaƙi a Fort Gillem, Georgia daga 1973 zuwa 1975. Hickerson ta ci gaba da zama Jami'ar Shiga Jami'a a Kwalejin Soja ta Amurka (USMA) na tsawon shekaru biyu. Wannan ya nuna jami'a mace ta farko da ta kasance a cikin ma'aikata a tarihin Long Grey Line. <ref name=":0" /> Tasirinta ya taimaka wajen buɗe hanyar yin USMA ta zama mai ilimi tare, yayin da aka shigar da ɗaliban jami'a mata biyu na farko a lokacin da take a West Point. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">an buƙata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bayan zamanta a West Point, Hickerson ta halarci Kwalejin Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar na Ma'aikata a 1978. Daga nan ta tura zuwa Koriya a matsayin jami'in gudanarwa na sirri a Cibiyar Sojojin Amurka daga 1978 zuwa 1979 kuma ta zama Mataimakiyar Shugaban Ma'aikata na Ma'aikata a Sashen Sojoji na Biyu daga 1979 zuwa 1980. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] 7u8s632h130gscparbldna8bzl4fd8s 0 147157 829588 816627 2026-05-04T10:42:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Roberta Achtenberg''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1950) lauya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Hukumar Haƙƙoƙin Bil'adama ta Amurka . <ref> name="www.usccr.gov">{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}</ref> A da ta kasance mataimakiyar sakatare a Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci Gaban Birane ta Amurka, ta zama jami'ar gwamnati ta farko da ta fito fili [[Maɗigo|ta 'yan madigo]] ko 'yan luwaɗi a Amurka wacce Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar da naɗinta a matsayin shugabar gwamnati. Wannan zaman tabbatarwa ya jawo yabo, adawa, da goyon baya sosai. Achtenberg ta yi makaranta a rassan Jami'ar California daban-daban sannan daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Utah. <ref> name="CalState">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}</ref> Kafin aikinta na siyasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya, darakta, malami, da kuma kafa ƙungiyoyi. <ref>name="CalState"</ref> Achtenberg tana da aure da ɗa, kuma an karrama ta da kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin gida da ƙasa kuma ta yi wallafe-wallafe da yawa a tsawon aikinta. <ref> name="Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} Board of Trustees {{!}} CSU |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref> <ref>name="Rapp-2015">{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == === Rayuwar farko === Achtenberg's father was Jewish and immigrated to the United States from the [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet Union]], while her mother was from [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]].<ref name="Rapp-2015"/> Both parents had minimal formal education.<ref name="Rapp-2015" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg, California, 1990 |url=http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/out-and-elected/1990/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404134506/http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/out-and-elected/1990/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=OutHistory.org |language=en-US}}</ref> They owned a grocery store in Los Angeles and raised Roberta and her three siblings in California. === Ilimi === Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Morningside da ke Inglewood, California, Achtenberg ta halarci Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, sannan ta koma Jami'ar California, Berkeley, kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1972 da digirin farko na Fasaha a Tarihi. <ref name="CalState"/> <ref name="Rapp-2015"/> A Berkeley, ta kammala karatunta na Phi Beta Kappa . Achtenberg ta kuma haɗu da tsohon mijinta, David Chavkin a Berkeley. <ref name="Rapp-2015" /> <ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com">{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com |url=https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323034915/https://lgbthistorymonth.com/roberta-achtenberg?tab=biography |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=lgbthistorymonth.com}}</ref> Ta fara karatun lauya a Jami'ar California, Kwalejin Shari'a ta Hastings, kafin daga bisani ta karɓi Likitan Shari'a daga Jami'ar Utah a shekarar 1975. <ref name="CalState" /> <ref name="Rapp-2015" /> === Rayuwa ta sirri === Roberta Achtenberg ta rabu da David Chavkin cikin ladabi a shekarar 1977, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta fito fili ta bayyana wa iyalinta a matsayin 'yar madigo. <ref name="Rapp-2015">{{Cite web |last=Rapp |first=Linda |date=2015 |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date= |website=GLBTQ Archive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRapp2015">Rapp, Linda (2015). [http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf "Roberta Achtenberg"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''GLBTQ Archive''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110180649/http://glbtqarchive.com/ssh/achtenberg_r_S.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 10, 2017.</cite></ref> Bayan da Achtenberg ta fito fili, ta sami goyon baya da adawa daga ƙasa. <ref name="Rapp-2015" /> Mutanen LGBTQ+ da abokan hulɗarta sun yi zanga-zanga don goyon bayanta, kuma ƙungiyoyin addini da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi mata zanga-zanga. <ref name="Rapp-2015" /> Achtenberg ta haɗu da tsohuwar abokiyar zamanta, Mary Morgan, alkali a Kotun Gundumar San Francisco, a shekarar 1979, kuma ta zama abokan hulɗa a shekarar 1982. <ref name="Rapp-2015"/> <ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com"/> A shekarar 1985, Achtenberg da Morgan sun haifi ɗa mai suna Benjamin. <ref name="Rapp-2015" /> <ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com" /> Achtenberg da Morgan suna ɗaya daga cikin ma'auratan 'yan madigo da aka fi sani da suna da ɗa a lokacin da Achtenberg ke siyasa. <ref name="Gaffney-2021">{{Cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Stuart |last2=Lewis |first2=John |date=February 11, 2021 |title=Pete Buttigieg and the 'Damned Lesbian' |url=https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504050157/https://sfbaytimes.com/pete-buttigieg-and-the-damned-lesbian/ |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=San Francisco Bay Times}}</ref> A lokacin faretin alfahari tsakanin 'yan madigo da 'yan madigo na San Francisco, Achtenberg da Mary Morgan sun rungumi juna suka sumbaci juna yayin da suke hawa kan ruwa tare da ɗansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce a lokacin shigarta harkar siyasa ta tarayya. A shekarar 1995, Achtenberg ta yi jawabi a bikin Maris na San Francisco Dyke da kuma taron Pride na 'yan madigo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Francisco Dyke March and Gay Pride Footage, 1995 · Lesbian Herstory Archives AudioVisual Collections |url=http://herstories.prattinfoschool.nyc/omeka/items/show/881 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=herstories.prattinfoschool.nyc}}</ref> In 2015, she spoke at the University of Utah's S.J Quinney College of Law's Commencement ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Civil Rights Commissioner Roberta Achtenberg to Deliver 2015 Commencement Address at University of Utah's S.J. Quinney College of Law |url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/u-s-civil-rights-commissioner-roberta-achtenberg-to-deliver-2015-commencement-address-at-university-of-utah-s-s-j-quinney-college-of-law |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.newswise.com |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kafin ya zama jami'in gwamnati, Achtenberg ya yi aiki fiye da shekaru 15 a matsayin lauya mai kare haƙƙin jama'a, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, darektan ƙungiyar agaji, da kuma mai koyar da harkokin shari'a. Tsakanin 1975 da 1976, ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Makarantar Shari'a [[Jami'ar Stanford|ta Jami'ar Stanford]] . <ref name="CalState"/> <ref name="www2.calstate.edu">{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg |url=https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073321/https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/roberta-achtenberg.aspx |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-04-03 |website=www2.calstate.edu}}</ref> A shekarar 1976, Achtenberg ta zama Shugabar Makarantar Shari'a ta Sabuwar Kwalejin California . <ref name="Mixner-2011" /> <ref name="CalState" /> <ref name="www2.calstate.edu" /> Achtenberg ta goyi bayan al'ummar LGBTQ a farkon aikinta na siyasa. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da kafa Cibiyar Haƙƙin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa a 1977, tare da Donna Hitchens . <ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com"/> Cibiyar tana aiki ne ga mutanen LGBTQ+, kuma tana ba su ayyukan shari'a da shawarwari, shawarwari, da ayyukan ilimi. <ref name="Newton-2009" /> Bugu da ƙari, a shekarar 1978, Achtenberg ta wakilci haƙƙin LGBTQ a lokacin da take cikin Kwamitin Yaƙi da Jinsi na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa . <ref name="Rapp-2015"/> <ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com"/> Yayin da take aiki a ƙungiyar, ta gyara ''Harkokin Jima'i da Dokar'' (1985). <ref name="Rapp-2015" /> Wata matsala da wannan aikin ya nuna ita ce samar da jagora kan yadda za a bai wa 'yan madigo da 'yan luwaɗi wakilci mai dacewa. Takardar ta fayyace yadda za a wakilci matasa 'yan LGBTQ+ yadda ya kamata, yadda za a magance matsalolin Kwaskwarima ta Farko game da mutanen LGBTQ+ ko magana, da ƙari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Juveniles (From Sexual Orientation and the Law, P 10.1- 10.32, 1987, Roberta Achtenberg, ed. -- See NCJ-117686) {{!}} Office of Justice Programs |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/juveniles-sexual-orientation-and-law-p-101-1032-1987-roberta |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.ojp.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Amendment (From Sexual Orientation and the Law, P 9.1- 9.52, 1987, Roberta Achtenberg, ed. -- See NCJ-117686) {{!}} Office of Justice Programs |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/first-amendment-sexual-orientation-and-law-p-91-952-1987-roberta |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.ojp.gov}}</ref> Achtenberg ta taɓa yin aiki a Bankin Ba da Lamuni na Gidaje na Tarayya na San Francisco a Hukumar Daraktoci daga 1997 zuwa 2002 inda ta jagoranci Kwamitin Gidaje Masu Sauƙi, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Lauya Ma'aikaci ga Shirin Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo na Masu Faɗaɗa Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo. <ref name="www.usccr.gov"/> <ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com"/> A shekara ta 2000, ta zama Darakta Andrew J. Wong, Inc., kuma ta yi aiki a can tun daga lokacin. <ref name="Rapp-2015"/> <ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com" /> A shekara ta 2018 an naɗa ta cikin ƙungiyar Canjin Manufofin Magajin Garin San Francisco, London Breed, don taimakawa wajen magance matsaloli daban-daban, ciki har da manufofin LBGTQ. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Political Notebook: Lesbians, gay man to lead Breed policy panel |url=https://www.ebar.com/story.php?ch=news&sc=news&id=262165 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Bay Area Reporter |language=en-us}}</ref> Ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma abokiyar hulɗa da ABK City Advisors, kuma tana aiki a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara a Lennar Corporation, kuma ita ce Mataimakiyar Shugabar Hukumar Daraktocin Bankin San Francisco. <ref name="www.usccr.gov"/> <ref name="CalState">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=CalState}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml "Roberta Achtenberg Board of Trustees"]. ''CalState''. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com"/> '''<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.abkcityadvisors.com/about |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=ABK City Advisors |language=en-US}}</ref>''' == Aikin siyasa == Achtenberg bai yi nasara ba don tsayawa takara a zaben musamman na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California na 1988 don maye gurbin Art Agnos, ya sha kashi a hannun John Burton. An zabe ta a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Masu Kula da San Francisco a cikin 1990, karo na farko da 'yan mata biyu (tare da Carole Migden) suka lashe kujeru a cikin kwamitin. A lokacin da take kan Kwamitin Masu Kula da San Francisco, ta yi aiki a kan batutuwa daga haƙƙin mutane zuwa ƙananan kasuwanni zuwa yin mafaka na tashin hankali na cikin gida.<ref name="Rapp-2015"/> Yayinda yake aiki a Kwamitin Masu Kula a shekarar 1992, an nada Achtenberg a kwamitin da ke tsara dandalin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kasa.<ref name="Rapp-2015" /> A shekarar 1993, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya naɗa ta Mataimakin Sakatare a Ofishin Gidaje Masu Adalci da Daidaito, inda ta zama mutum na farko da aka naɗa kuma aka tabbatar da shi a matsayin memba a cikin majalisar ministoci. A matsayinta na Mataimakiyar Sakatare, Achtenberg ta yi nasarar haɗa wani gari da a da fari ne a Vidor, Texas. <ref name="Rapp-2015"/> <ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com"/> Akwai adawa da Ku Klux Klan ga wannan haɗin gwiwar gidaje na jama'a. <ref name="Rapp-2015" /> <ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com" /> Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki don taimakawa wajen nemo gidaje ga iyalai da suka rasa matsuguni sakamakon guguwa a 1994, kuma ta yi aiki don inganta adalci a tsarin gidaje. <ref name="Rapp-2015" /> Ƙungiyarta kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa Gore's Hammer Award . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Appendix I |url=https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/nprrpt/annrpt/vp-rpt96/appendix/hammer.html |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=govinfo.library.unt.edu}}</ref> Daga 1995 zuwa 1997, an naɗa ta a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci Gaban Birane ta Amurka . <ref name="CalState"/> <ref name="www.usccr.gov">{{Cite web |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg |archive-date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.usccr.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg "Roberta Achtenberg | U.S. Commission on Civil Rights"]. ''www.usccr.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230226210750/https://www.usccr.gov/about/roberta-achtenberg Archived] from the original on February 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Achtenberg ta bar mukamin a shekarar 1995 don tsayawa takarar magajin garin San Francisco, kuma ta zo ta uku a bayan Frank Jordan da Willie Brown (waɗanda za su yi nasara a zagaye na biyu). Daga 1998 zuwa 2004, Achtenberg ta taimaka wajen ƙirƙiro manufofi na Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta San Francisco da Cibiyar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ta San Francisco. <ref name="CalState" /> <ref name="www.usccr.gov" /> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Mataimakiyar Shugaba kan Manufofin Jama'a a Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci [[San Francisco|ta San Francisco]] har zuwa Janairu 2005. <ref name="www.usccr.gov" /> A shekarar 2004, a lokacin da take Babbar Mataimakiyar Shugaba, ta taimaka wa ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya, Phyllis Ann Lyon da Del Martin, samun lasisin aure na farko da San Francisco ta bayar ga ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael |first=Jason A. |date=2020-04-13 |title=Obituary: Phyllis Ann Lyon |url=https://pridesource.com/article/obituary-phyllis-ann-lyon/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Pride Source |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |url-status=13}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, Gwamna Gray Davis ya naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na Jami'ar Jihar California, inda ta zama shugabar kwamitin a watan Mayu na 2006, tana aiki a Kwamitin Amintattu na CSU har zuwa 2015. <ref name="www.usccr.gov"/> Achtenberg ta yi shekaru 16 a Kwamitin Amintattu na Jami'ar Jihar California, inda ta yi shekaru biyu a matsayin shugaba, inda ta ƙirƙiro Tsarin Samun Kyakkyawar Aiki. <ref name="Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=Roberta Achtenberg {{!}} Board of Trustees {{!}} CSU |url=http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2023-05-03}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073140/http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml "Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU"]. April 4, 2018. Archived from [http://calstate.edu/BOT/bios/achtenberg.shtml the original] on April 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Achtenberg kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Marasa Lafiya ta CSU, kuma memba ce a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Ƙasa ta Kula da Marasa Lafiya. <ref name="Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018" /> Saboda aikinta mai yawa da Jami'ar Jihar California, an ba ta digirin digirgir na Wasikun Jinƙai . <ref name="Roberta Achtenberg | Board of Trustees | CSU-2018" /> Achtenberg ita ce ke kula da Ƙungiyar Bita ta Hukumar Kula da Gidaje da Bunkasa Birane ta Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Bunkasa Birane wadda ta taimaka wa gwamnatin Obama a lokacin da ta fara aiki a shekarar 2008. <ref name="www.usccr.gov"/> A ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2011, [[Barack Obama|Shugaba Barack Obama]] ya naɗa Achtenberg a matsayin Kwamishina na Hukumar Kula da Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama ta Amurka . <ref name="www.usccr.gov" /> Ta yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 2016. <ref name="www.usccr.gov" /> === Mataimakin Sakataren Gidaje Masu Daidaito da kuma Sauraren Zaɓe da kuma Sauraron Tabbatarwa === Bayan muhawarar da ta ɗauki tsawon kwanaki uku, ciki har da awanni tara da rabi na zaɓen 'yan takara a ranakun 19 da 20 ga Mayu, Majalisar Dattawa ta 103 ta tabbatar da Achtenberg a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1993, inda ta sami ƙuri'u 58 na YEAs, yayin da 31 NAYs suka kaɗa ƙuri'a, inda 1 ya kaɗa ƙuri'a a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara, 10 kuma ba su kaɗa ƙuri'a ba. Roberta Achtenberg ita ce mutum ta farko da ta bayyana a fili cewa tana da LGBTQ+ da ta shiga cikin tsarin tabbatar da majalisar dattawa, kuma daga baya ta kasance mutum ta farko da ta riƙe mukamin tarayya. A lokacin zaman sauraron ƙarar, Sanatoci da yawa sun yi wa Achtenberg tambayoyi, ciki har da Sanatoci Faircloth, Boxer, da Bond . A duk tsawon lokacin, Sanata Jesse Helms ya yi mata suka da ƙarfi, wanda ya kira ta "mace 'yar madigo" cewa Majalisar Dattawa ya kamata ta ƙi amincewa da wannan matsayi. <ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com"/> <ref name="MILLER-1998" /> <ref name="Gaffney-2021"/> Achtenberg ta kuma sami adawa daga Christian Action Network, saboda fafutukar da take yi wa 'yan madigo masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. <ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com" /> <ref name="MILLER-1998" /> <ref name="Gaffney-2021" /> Achtenberg ta sami goyon baya daga ƙungiyoyi da mutane da yawa, kamar National Fair Housing Alliance, San Francisco Bar Association, National Association of Human Rights Workers, [[Dianne Feinstein|Sanata Feinstein]], da kuma [[Nancy polosi|'yar majalisar dokoki Pelosi]] . She also expressed her own viewpoints and goals related to the position. Achtenberg stated that, in the role of Assistant Secretary, she would strive to eradicate housing discrimination and allow people to make free and fair choices surrounding their housing. == Kyaututtuka == * Advocate Article, a gay and lesbian magazine, named Achtenberg the Advocate's "Woman of the Year" in 1993. * Awarded the Visibility Award in 1994 from GLAAD Media Awards<ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com"/> * Recognized five times as one of the "50 Most Influential Businesswomen" in the Bay Area by the San Francisco Business Times<ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com" /><ref name="www.usccr.gov"/> * Awarded the Founders Award from the National Center for Lesbian Rights<ref name="Rapp-2015"/> * Awarded the Award of Excellence by the National Community Reinvestment Coalition<ref name="www.usccr.gov" /> * Awarded "Woman of the Year" by the California State Senate for the Third District<ref name="www.usccr.gov" /> * Declared Management Volunteer of the Year by the United Way, Bay Area<ref name="www.usccr.gov" /> * Received the Southern California Women for Understanding Achievement Award<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.bibliopolis.com |title=1992 Lesbian Rights Award Banquet honoring Roberta Achtenberg Los Angeles, March 14, 1992 program by Southern California Women for Understanding on Bolerium Books |url=https://www.bolerium.com/pages/books/189395/southern-california-women-for-understanding/1992-lesbian-rights-award-banquet-honoring-roberta-achtenberg-los-angeles-march-14-1992-program |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Bolerium Books |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502202014/https://www.bolerium.com/pages/books/189395/southern-california-women-for-understanding/1992-lesbian-rights-award-banquet-honoring-roberta-achtenberg-los-angeles-march-14-1992-program |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Received the Women of Achievement Award from the National Organization for Women * Received an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters at California State University and California State University San Marcos<ref name="www2.calstate.edu"/> * In 2012, she was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of LGBT History Month.<ref name="lgbthistorymonth.com" /> * In 2021, she was named a Pride Honoree by the California Legislature's LGBTQ Caucus in recognition of her pioneering advocacy work and for being the first openly LGBTQ person to hold a federal position.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Legislative LGBTQ Caucus Pride Honorees {{!}} California Legislative Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Transgender and Queer Caucus |url=https://lgbtqcaucus.legislature.ca.gov/news/1623999600-2021-legislative-lgbtq-caucus-pride-honorees |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=lgbtqcaucus.legislature.ca.gov }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Was inducted into the LGBTQ Victory Institute's Hall of Fame as part of the Founding Class in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=LGBTQ Victory Hall of Fame {{!}} Pride & Progress |url=https://www.prideandprogress.org/hall-of-fame |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.prideandprogress.org |language=en}}</ref> * Recognized as #WomenWhoBuiltHUD by the Department of Housing and Urban Development in 2022 during Women's History Month<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2022 |title=HUDgov Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/HUDgov/status/1502736183213756417 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313095827/https://twitter.com/HUDgov/status/1502736183213756417 |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> == Littattafai == * "Gyaran Ɗabi'a: Iyakokin Shari'a kan Hanyoyi da Manufofi", 50 ''Notre Dame Lawyer'' 230 (1975) * ''Tsarin Jima'i da Dokar'', ta Roberta Achtenberg (edita) (1985) * "Shari'ar Fa'idodin Abokan Hulɗa: Faɗaɗa Ma'anar Iyali", Matthew bender ''Dokar Iyali ta Wata-wata'' (Mayu 1987) <ref name="United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993" /> * ''Iyayen 'Yan Luwaɗi da 'Yan Madigo da Masu Ɗauki da Masu Renon Yara,'' a cikin Iyayen 'Yan Luwaɗi da 'Yan Madigo, Bozett, Ed., Praeger Press (1987) <ref name="United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993" /> * ''Sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nicaragua: Rahoton Watan Agusta na 1986 Wakilan Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa zuwa Nicaragua'' (Mayu 1987) * ''Cutar Kanjamau da Kula da Yara: Jagora ga Tallafawa'', Cibiyar Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa (1989) <ref name="United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993" /> * ''Littafin Soyayya da Aure na 'Yan Madigo da 'Yan Luwadi: Ƙirƙirar Labarun Rayuwarmu'', na Paula Martinac, Roberta Achtenberg (mai ba da gudummawa) (1998) * ''Kiyayewa da Kare Iyalan 'Yan Madigo da Maza 'Yan Luwadi'', Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa (1986, 1990) <ref name="United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993" /> * ''Littafin Shari'ar Iyayen Madigo'', Bugu na Biyu, Cibiyar 'Yancin Madigo ta Ƙasa, tare da Donna Hitchens (1990) <ref name="United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993" /> * ''Kare Iyalan 'Yan Madigo'' a Haƙƙinmu na Soyayya, Vida, Ed, (1990) <ref name="United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking-1993" /> * ''Taimaka wa Matasan 'Yan Luwadi da 'Yan Madigo: Sabbin Manufofi, Sabbin Shirye-shirye, Sabbin Ayyuka'', na Teresa Decrescenzo (edita), Roberta Achtenberg (mai ba da gudummawa) (1994) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9fz6b5qkjz2483lfpnyhd9223u8shmn 0 147162 829498 816645 2026-05-04T06:14:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hon. '''Rebecca Miano, EGH''' lauya ce ta Kenya kuma shugabar kasuwanci ce ta nahiyar, a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido da namun daji. Ta taba aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Ma'aikatar Zuba Jari, Ciniki da Masana'antu daga Oktoba 2023 zuwa Yuli 2024. Ita ce tsohuwar Sakatariyar Ma'aikatar Gabashin Afirka, ASALs da Ci gaban Yankin. Kafin ta shiga majalisar ministoci, ta kasance manajan darakta kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na KenGen Plc. , mafi girma mai samar da wutar lantarki a yankin Gabashin Afirka daga Nuwamba 2017. A lokacin da take aiki, an lura da KenGen saboda mayar da hankali kan ci gaban makamashi mai dacewa, wanda ya haifar da karbuwa a cikin makamashi masu sabuntawa da kuma tsara yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta duniya da na yanki da yawa. Ta kafa kungiyar Pink Energy Forum don magance batutuwan mata da daidaito tsakanin jinsi a cikin bangaren makamashi. An tabbatar da ita a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2017, <ref name="One" /> bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da kyauta tun watan Agusta 2017. == Tarihi da ilimi == Miano tana da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] kuma ta halarci Shirin Horar da Lauyoyi a [[Kenya School of Law|Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya]] Har ila yau, tana da Jagora na Shari'a a Shari'a, wanda Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia ta bayar. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu === Tare da shekaru 25 da suka yi aiki da yawa a bangaren makamashi, Miano sanannen shugaban kasuwanci ne na nahiyar. Ta fara aiki a wani kamfanin lauya na Nairobi, Musyoka Annan & Company Advocates . Daga baya, ta yi aiki a Slater da Gordon, wani kamfanin lauya a Queensland, Australia.[1] A shekara ta 1998, ta shiga Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Kenya (KenGen) a matsayin mataimakiyar jami'in shari'a.[2] Bayan lokaci, ta tashi a matsayi don zama mataimakiyar sakataren kamfanin. A lokacin da ta ci gaba zuwa mukaddashin manajan darektan, a watan Agustan 2017, ta kasance darektan harkokin shari'a da sakataren kamfanin a KenGen, bayan ta yi aiki a duka matsayi biyu tun 2008. [1][2] A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Miano ta doke wasu masu neman takara 90 kuma an nada ta a matsayinta, ta maye gurbin Albert Mugo mai ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=KenGen begins search for Albert Mugo replacement |url=https://www.citizen.digital/business/kengen-begins-search-for-albert-mugo-replacement-159149 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin, ita ce mace ta farko kuma ita kaɗai ce shugabar zartarwa a KenGen. A shekara ta 2017, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata biyu kawai a Kenya wadanda suka jagoranci kamfani na kasa, ɗayan kuma shine MaryJane Mwangi, babban jami'in zartarwa na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kenya. === Jerin lokaci === * Yuli 2024: An nada Sakataren majalisar ministoci, Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido da namun daji * Oktoba 2023: An nada Sakataren Ma'aikatar, Ma'aikatu na Zuba Jari, Ciniki da Masana'antu * Satumba 2022: Naɗa shi a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar, Ma'aikatu na Gabashin Afirka, Arid da Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs), da Ci gaban Yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Rebecca Miano: Profile of Corporate Guru Named in Ruto's Cabinet - Kenyans.co.ke |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/80016-rebecca-miano-profile-corporate-guru-named-rutos-cabinet |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=www.kenyans.co.ke |language=EN}}</ref> * Miano ya kasance daga cikin Majalisar Ministocin EAC kuma memba ne na Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Afirka (EALA). == Sauran ayyukan == Ita ce ta kafa Gidauniyar Rebecca Miano, wacce ke mai da hankali kan jagoranci da karfafa mata da matasa kan jagoranci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Miano Foundation |url=https://rebeccamianofoundation.org/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=rebeccamianofoundation.org}}</ref> Miano is a member of the Law Society of Kenya, and a registered Certified Public Secretary of Kenya (CPS-K). Har ila yau, ita ce Patron of the Future Leaders Challenge Initiative da ke tallafawa masu ruwa da tsaki daga bangaren baƙi da yawon bude ido don haɗi da daidaitawa da dabarun babban birnin ɗan adam na Gabashin Afirka da kuma karfafawa da kuma ba da damar matasa masu basira su shiga masana'antar. == Sanarwa == * A cikin 2024, an zabi Miano a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jagoran Ayyukan Jama'a na Shekara a Gabashin Afirka 2024 Women of Excellence Awards . * A cikin 2023, an yi mata ado da Order of the Golden Heart (EGH), don nuna godiya ga gagarumar hidimar da ta yi wa Kenya. * A cikin 2019, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Moran of the Order of the Burning Spear (MBS) don nuna godiya ga gagarumar hidimar da ta yi wa al'ummar. * A shekara ta 2010, an yi wa Miano ado da Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya don nuna godiya ga aikinta * A watan Agustan 2020, an amince da jagorancinta da shugabancin kamfanoni a cikin Kyautar Jagorancin Kasuwancin Afirka ta mujallar ''Jagorancin Afirka''; ta lashe lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Ciniki na Afirka. * Kungiyar Bankin Duniya ce ta nada Miano a matsayin memba mai halarta a Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Jima'i da Ci gaba a watan Yunin 2021 inda za ta yi aiki na shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2022 |title=Rebecca Miano is a woman to watch in 2021 |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/rebecca-miano-is-a-woman-to-watch-in-2021-3249226}}</ref> * A shekara ta 2010, Miano ya lashe lambar yabo ta Sakataren Kamfanin na Shekara a cikin jerin lambobin yabo na Zakarun Gwamnati. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9yo086caoh3aj7t4rqo75or7x9mlxg5 0 147339 829301 817341 2026-05-03T15:59:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Patricia E. McQuistion''' ƴar Amurka ce Lieutenant janar janar na Sojojin Amurka . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kwamandan kuma shugaban ma'aikata na Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka daga 2012 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2015. <ref name="LG">{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2012 |title=General Officer Announcements |url=https://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=15025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025182627/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=15025 |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |access-date=January 24, 2015 |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref><ref name="AMC">{{Cite web |last=Mrs. Cherish T. Gilmore |date=April 10, 2015 |title=AMC says farewell to a great Soldier, master logistician |url=https://www.army.mil/article/146271/AMC_says_farewell_to_a_great_Soldier__master_logistician/ |access-date=May 4, 2015 |website=U.S. Army}}</ref> == Ayyukan soja == Patricia McQuistion ta sami horo na farko na jami'in soja a cikin shirin ROTC a Jami'ar Akron a Ohio. Ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a ilmin halitta kuma ta sami kwamishinta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na Sojojin Amurka a shekarar 1980. Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a cikin gudanar da saye a Kwalejin Babson da ke Wellesley, Massachusetts da kuma digiri na biyu na biyu a dabarun albarkatun kasa a Jami'ar Tsaro ta Kasa da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Majalisar Dattijai ta karɓi gabatarwa ta McQuistion don ci gaba zuwa kolonel tare da wasu 429 a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2000, kuma an amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2000 |title=PN767 — Army |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/106th-congress/767 |access-date=January 25, 2015 |website=U.S. Congress}}</ref> McQuistion ya ɗauki kwamandan Tobyhanna Army Depot a Pennsylvania a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2001, kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa Yuli 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2001 |title=First female commander of Toby Army Depot assumes the helm |url=http://www.poconorecord.com/article/20010714/News/307149991 |access-date=January 24, 2015 |website=Pocono Record}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Erin Doolittle |date=August 1, 2003 |title=Toby Army Depot {{sic|trans|fered|expected=transferred||nolink=y}} to new commander |url=http://www.poconorecord.com/article/20030801/News/308019990 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=Pocono Record}}</ref> An zabi ta don ci gaba zuwa matsayin brigadier janar a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 31, 2005 |title=General Officer Announcements |url=https://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=8838 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301233330/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=8838 |archive-date=March 1, 2010 |access-date=January 24, 2015 |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Majalisar Dattijai ta tabbatar da wannan gabatarwa a ranar 28 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2005 |title=Congressional Record |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r109:S28OC5-0010: |access-date=January 25, 2015 |website=The Library of Congress}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ta zama kwamandan Cibiyar Sayar da Tsaro a [[Columbus|Columbus, Ohio]] a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2007. An nada McQuistion a matsayin kwamandan janar na 21st Theater Sustainament Command a Kaiserslautern, Jamus a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2009 |title=General Officer Assignments |url=https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/News-Release-View/Article/ |access-date=January 24, 2015 |website=U.S. Department of Defense }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An cire McQuistion daga umurninta a Columbus a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, kuma ta ɗauki sabon umurninta ne a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=John Foreman |date=August 7, 2009 |title=Richardson takes command of Columbus supply center |url=http://www.dla.mil/DLA_Media_Center/Archive/newsarticle0468.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150126015123/http://www.dla.mil/DLA_Media_Center/Archive/newsarticle0468.aspx |archive-date=January 26, 2015 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=Defense Logistics Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Angelika Lantz |date=August 21, 2009 |title=21st TSC welcomes new commanding general |url=https://www.army.mil/article/26392/21st-tsc-welcomes-new-commanding-general/ |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=U.S. Army}}</ref> Daga baya aka zaba ta don ci gaba zuwa matsayin babban janar a ranar 15 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2009 |title=General Officer Announcements |url=https://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=13048 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301234931/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=13048 |archive-date=March 1, 2010 |access-date=January 24, 2015 |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Majalisar Dattijai ta sake duba wannan gabatarwa da sauri kuma ta amince da ita a ranar 28 ga Oktoba. Ta sami wannan ci gaba a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba. Bayan ta yi aiki a Jamus na tsawon shekaru biyu, an nada ta kwamandan janar na Kwamandan Tsaro na Sojojin Amurka a Rock Island, Illinois a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2011 |title=General Officer Announcements |url=http://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=14384 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150125014343/http://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=14384 |archive-date=January 25, 2015 |access-date=January 24, 2015 |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> An cire McQuistion daga umurnin da ta gabata a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, kuma ta ɗauki sabon matsayinta a ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jennifer H. Svan |date=August 25, 2011 |title=Maj. Gen. McQuistion passes command of 21st TSC to Brig. Gen. Piggee |url=http://www.stripes.com/maj-gen-mcquistion-passes-command-of-21st-tsc-to-brig-gen-piggee-1.153227/ |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=Stars and Stripes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Megan Marie McIntyre |date=October 28, 2011 |title=McQuistion takes reins of Army Sustainment Command |url=https://www.army.mil/article/68260/McQuistion_takes_reins_of_Army_Sustainment_Command/ |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=U.S. Army}}</ref> [[Fayil:Retirement_ceremony_(16893212697).jpg|thumb|McQuistion da shugabansu, Janar Dennis L. Via sun tsaya a hankali a bikin ritaya na McQuisction a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2015.]] An zabi McQuistion don ci gaba zuwa matsayin janar janar a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2012. [1] Majalisar Dattijai ta tabbatar da wannan gabatarwa a ranar 26 ga Afrilu.[2] An cire ta daga umurnin da ta gabata a ranar 27 ga Yuli.[3] Ta sami ci gaba a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta kuma ta ɗauki matsayinta na mataimakin kwamandan da shugaban ma'aikata na Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka a ranar 7 ga watan Agustan. Ta yi aiki a wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi har sai da ta yi ritaya a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2015.[4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] grczshndbgjrsxi6e1aiekdccd8op7l 0 147398 829378 817735 2026-05-03T19:52:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Philip Anthony Campbell''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philip Anthony Campbell |url=http://music.aol.com/artist/philip-anthony-campbell/1187529 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630032416/http://music.aol.com/artist/philip-anthony-campbell/1187529 |archive-date=30 June 2012 |access-date=20 December 2008 |website=AOL Music}}</ref> (7 ga Mayu 1961 - 13 ga Maris 2026) mawakin rock ne na ƙasar Wales, wanda aka fi sani da guitar a [[Motörhead]] daga 1984 har zuwa wargajewarta a 2015 bayan mutuwar wanda ya kafa kuma babban ɗan wasan ƙungiyar Lemmy . Ya kuma yi rangadin tare da ƙungiyarsa Phil Campbell da Bastard Sons, tare da 'ya'yansa maza uku. == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Philip Anthony Campbell a Pontypridd a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1961, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philip Anthony Campbell |url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p216552|pure_url=yes}} |access-date=20 December 2008 |website=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref> kuma ya fara buga guitar lokacin yana ɗan shekara 10, masu guitar kamar Jimi Hendrix, Tony Iommi na Black Sabbath, Jimmy Page na Led Zeppelin, Jan Akkerman, Michael Schenker da Todd Rundgren sun yi masa wahayi kuma sun yi masa tasiri. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 12, Campbell ya haɗu da Lemmy bayan wani wasan Hawkwind kuma ya nemi ya ba shi takardar shaidar zama ɗan wasa. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14, Campbell yana wasa a matsayin ƙwararren mawaƙi tare da ƙungiyar cabaret mai suna Contrast. Daga baya ya yi wasa da wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pub-rock mai suna Roktopus (ba za a iya rikitar da Rocktopus ba) a wasannin da ake yi a Kudancin Wales da kewaye. Ya sayi Les Paul na farko a shekarar 1978 a wani sayar da guitar na Ranar Sabuwar Shekara a wani shago da ke Ealing Broadway, London. Daga baya an sace guitar ɗin amma an dawo da shi. A shekarar 1979, Campbell ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai suna heavy metal, Persian Risk, suna wasa a waƙoƙinsu masu inci 7, "Calling For You" (1981) da "Ridin' High" (1983). An fitar da kundin waƙoƙin da suka ƙunshi wasu daga cikin ayyukansa tare da Persian Risk. == Motörhead == [[Fayil:Phil-campbell-03.jpg|left|thumb|227x227px|Phil Campbell yana zaune a Reds, [[Edmonton]], 2005]] A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1984, bayan tafiyar Brian Robertson, [[Motörhead]] ya gudanar da gwaji don sabon mai guitar, inda ya rage 'yan takarar zuwa masu guitar guda biyu: Michael " Würzel " Burston da Philip Campbell. Duk da cewa Lemmy ya fara shirin ɗaukar mai guitar guda ɗaya kawai, ya ɗauki Würzel da Campbell aiki bayan ya ji suna wasa tare. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1984, Motörhead ya zama baƙon kiɗa a shirin ''The Young Ones'' mai suna " Bambi ". Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun jerin waƙoƙin ƙungiyar, ''No Remorse'', ya biyo baya ba da daɗewa ba, an sake shi a ranar 15 ga Satumba. Daga baya Campbell ya yi rangadin duniya tare da ƙungiyar kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba na Motörhead har sai da suka wargaje. A ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2015, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaka kuma memba ɗaya tilo da ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba, Lemmy ya mutu. Washegari, mai buga ganga Mikkey Dee ya sanar da cewa Motörhead ya wargaje, yana mai cewa: "Ba za mu sake yin rangadin yawon buɗe ido ko wani abu ba. Kuma ba za a sake samun wani rikodin ba. Amma gobarar ta tsira, kuma Lemmy yana ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin zukatan kowa." <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2015 |title=Mikkey Dee: 'Motörhead Is Over' |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/mikkey-dee-motorhead-is-over/ |access-date=29 December 2015 |website=Blabbermouth.net}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2020, Campbell ya bayyana yadda ya kasance da wahala ganin Lemmy yana fama da wahala a ƙarshen rayuwarsa yana cewa Lemmy "bai cika tsufa ba" kuma yana "ƙara tsufa kaɗan" a rangadin ƙarshe na Motörhead. Ya kuma yarda cewa ƙarshen Motörhead ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba tun farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=54: The one with Motörhead's Phil Campbell |url=https://www.cattales.co.uk/54-the-one-with-motorheads-phil-campbell/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=CATtales |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kundin farko na studio na mutum ɗaya == A watan Fabrairun 2016, Campbell ya shiga situdiyo tare da tsohon mai buga makada na Slipknot Chris Fehn don yin rikodin sabon kundin waƙoƙin solo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2016 |title=Slipknot's Fehn guests on Phil Campbell solo album |url=http://www.teamrock.com/news/2016-02-09/slipknot-s-fehn-guests-on-phil-campbell-solo-album |access-date=13 March 2016 |website=TeamRock |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2016 |title=MOTÖRHEAD Guitarist PHIL CAMPBELL's Solo Album To Feature Guest Appearance By SLIPKNOT's CHRIS FEHN |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/motorhead-guitarist-phil-campbells-solo-album-to-feature-guest-appearance-by-slipknots-chris-fehn/ |access-date=13 March 2016 |website=Blabbermouth.net |language=en-US}}</ref> An fitar da kundin wakokin Campbell na farko mai suna Old Lions Still Roar a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2019 kuma yana dauke da mawakan baƙi daga Alice Cooper, Rob Halford, Dee Snider da Benji Webbe . [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] ===manazarta=== nff0as9xtz7e0kk6ju200v0v73f09rj 0 147655 829572 819008 2026-05-04T08:51:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rikici game da ainihin ranar Ista ya fara ne a Kiristanci na Farko tun farkon karni na 2 AD. Tattaunawa da rashin jituwa game da hanya mafi kyau na lissafin ranar Lahadi na Easter ya ci gaba tun daga lokacin kuma ya kasance ba a warware shi ba. Ƙungiyoyin Kirista daban-daban suna ci gaba da yin bikin Ista a ranakun daban-daban, tare da Ikklisiyoyin Orthodox (Gabas) da Yammacin Kirista suna zama sanannen misali. == Quartodecimanism == Quartodecimanism (daga Vulgate [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] quarta decima a cikin Leviticus 23:5, <ref>{{Bibleverse|Leviticus|23:5|4}}: "Mense primo, quarta decima die mensis, ad vesperum Pascha Domini est."</ref> ma'ana na goma sha huɗu) shine al'adar yin bikin Ista a ranar 14 ga Nisan a lokaci guda da Idin Ƙetarewa na Yahudawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IshYoBoy.com |date=2018-03-30 |title=When Heresy was Orthodox: Quartodecimanism as a Brief Case Study {{!}} CSCO |url=http://www.christianorigins.div.ed.ac.uk/2018/03/30/when-heresy-was-orthodox-quartodecimanism-as-a-brief-case-study/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521062020/https://www.christianorigins.div.ed.ac.uk/2018/03/30/when-heresy-was-orthodox-quartodecimanism-as-a-brief-case-study/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Passover-Easter-Quartodeciman Controversy |url=https://www.gci.org/articles/the-passover-easter-quartodeciman-controversy/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=Grace Communion International |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Easter Controversy |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05228a.htm |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> Quartodecimanism ya haifar da rarrabuwa biyu, wanda Blastus ya jagoranta a Roma kuma wanda Polycrates ya jagorantar a Gabas. == Majalisar farko ta Nicaea a cikin 325 == A cikin 325 wani majalisa, Majalisar farko ta Nicaea, ta kafa dokoki biyu: 'yancin kai daga Kalandar Yahudawa, da daidaito a duniya. Koyaya, ba ta ba da wata doka ta bayyane don ƙayyade wannan kwanan wata ba, rubuta kawai "dukkanin 'yan uwanmu a Gabas waɗanda suka bi al'adar Yahudawa daga yanzu suna yin bikin bikin da aka ce mafi tsarki na Ista a lokaci guda tare da Romawa da ku [Cocin Alexandria] da duk waɗanda suka kiyaye Ista daga farkon". <ref>{{Citation|journal=Henry}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba kafin Majalisar Nicean, a cikin 314, Majalisar Lardin Arles a Gaul ta ci gaba da cewa ya kamata a kiyaye Ista a wannan ranar a duk faɗin duniya kuma ya saita wasikun a duk faɗar da Roma. == Majalisar Dattawa ta Whitby a cikin 664 == Masu wa'azi na Romawa da suka zo Burtaniya a lokacin Paparoma Gregory I (590-604) sun sami Kiristoci na Burtaniya suna bin tsarin lissafin Ista daban daga wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Bahar Rum. Wannan tsarin, a kan shaidar Bede, ya daidaita Ista zuwa Lahadi da ke faɗuwa a cikin kwanaki bakwai daga 14th zuwa 20th na watan watan, bisa ga sake zagayowar shekaru 84. Columbanus ya tabbatar da iyakokin Nisan 14 - Nisan 20. Hanyar da Cocin Roma ta yi amfani da ita ita ce Nisan 15 - Nisan 21. Shekaru 84 da zagaye, iyakokin wata, da kuma equinox na Maris 25 suma suna karɓar tallafi daga nazarin McCarthy na Padua, Biblioteca Antoniana, MS I.27 . Kowane ɗayan waɗannan fasalulluka shi kaɗai zai iya haifar da bambance-bambance na lokaci-lokaci daga ranar Ista kamar yadda aka lissafa ta hanyar Alexandrian. Wannan sake zagayowar shekaru 84 (wanda ake kira latercus) ya ba da hanya ga computus na Iskandariya a matakai. Wataƙila an karɓi computus na Iskandariya a wasu sassan kudancin Ireland a farkon rabin karni na 7. Daga cikin harshen Ingilishi na arewa, an yanke shawarar yin amfani da ƙididdigar Alexandrian a kan sake zagayowar Britanno-Irish a majalisa ta Whitby a cikin 664. A ƙarshe, yankunan Irish a arewacin Burtaniya sun karɓi ƙididdigar Alexandrian a farkon ƙarni na 8. == Zamani na zamani yana kira ga sake fasalin ranar Ista == Bayan sake fasalin Gregorian na kalandar ta hanyar gabatar da ita a shekara ta 1582, Cocin Katolika ya ci gaba da bin wannan hanyar don lissafin ranar Easter amma ranar da aka samu ta bambanta da wanda aka lissafa ta amfani da Kalandar Julian saboda bambancin lokaci game da lokacin da aka yi la'akari da Equinox na bazara ya faru da kuma lokacin da cikakken wata ya fadi. Ikklisiyoyin Furotesta na Yammacin Kirista duk sun karɓi kalandar Gregorian a matakai daban-daban na baya. Cocin Orthodox na Gabas da yawancin Kiristoci na Gabas sun canza zuwa kalandar Julian da aka sake fasalin a 1924 yayin da wasu ke ci gaba da tsohuwar aikin da ya dace da kalandar Julian. Kokarin da yawa sun nemi cimma hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita don lissafin ranar Ista. A cikin 1997 Majalisar Ikklisiyoyin Duniya ta ba da shawarar sake fasalin hanyar ƙayyade ranar Ista <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Council of Churches |url=http://wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/faith/easter.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205073725/http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/faith/easter.html |archive-date=2008-12-05 |access-date=2006-08-14}}</ref> a wani taron koli a [[Aleppo]], [[Siriya]]: Za a bayyana Ista a matsayin Lahadi na farko bayan wata mai cike da taurari na farko bayan equinox na taurari, kamar yadda aka ƙaddara daga meridian na Urushalima. Za a aiwatar da sake fasalin tun daga shekara ta 2001, tunda a wannan shekarar kwanakin Gabas da Yammacin Easter za su dace. Wannan shawarar, duk da haka, ba a taɓa aiwatar da ita ba. == Dubi kuma == * Kwamfuta * Ba da izini * Sardica teburin Ista * Kalandar Gregorian * Gyara ranar Ista == Manazarta == rm2lhfoxcdwncuyw2blq9m4u5r3zi3y 0 147775 829404 819396 2026-05-03T20:43:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phyllis C. Zee''' ita ce Farfesa Benjamin da Virginia T. Boshes a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi, darektan Cibiyar Magungunan Circadian da Barci (CCSM) kuma shugabar Sashen Magungunan Barci (Neurology) a Makarantar Magunguna ta Feinberg, Jami'ar Northwestern, Chicago. Ita ce kuma darektan lafiya na Cibiyar Matsalolin Barci a Asibitin Northwestern Memorial. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phyllis C Zee, MD, PhD: Faculty Profile: Feinberg School of Medicine: Northwestern University |url=http://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/faculty-profiles/az/profile.html?xid=13785 |website=www.feinberg.northwestern.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Medicine |first=Northwestern |title=Phyllis C. Zee, MD, PhD |url=https://www.nm.org/doctors/1255418927 |website=Northwestern Medicine}}</ref> == Sana'a == A matsayinta na darektan CCSM, Zee tana kula da wani shiri na fannoni daban-daban a fannin binciken [[Bacci|barci]] na asali da na fassara da kuma yanayin motsin jiki, kuma sakamakon binciken da ta samu daga ƙungiyarta ya share fagen hanyoyin kirkire-kirkire don inganta barci da lafiyar jijiyoyin jini. Zee ita ce ta kafa asibitin maganin jijiyoyin jini na farko a Amurka, inda kuma ake samun magunguna masu inganci ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da matsalar hawan jini. Babban jigon shirin bincikenta shine fahimtar rawar da hulɗar circadian da barci ke takawa wajen bayyana da kuma haɓaka cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Binciken Zee ya mayar da hankali kan tasirin tsufa da jijiyoyin jijiyoyi akan bacci da yanayin circadian da kuma yanayin cututtukan circadian da kuma yanayin cututtukan barci da farkawa. Bugu da kuma ƙari, dakin gwaje-gwajenta yana nazarin tasirin hanyoyin shiga tsakani bisa ga circadian da barci, kamar motsa jiki, haske mai haske da jadawalin abinci mai sauri akan ayyukan fahimta, zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da kuma ƙarfinsu na jinkirta tsufa da jijiyoyin jini. Kwanan nan ƙungiyar bincikenta ta kuma sha'awar amfani da motsin sauti da na lantarki don haɓaka barci mai jinkirin ratsawa da ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin tsofaffi. Zee ta kuma rubuta littattafai sama da 300 da aka yi nazari a kansu, sharhi da babi-babi kan batutuwan barci, yanayin circadian, da kuma matsalolin barci/farkawa. Ta kuma horar da ɗalibai sama da 50 kafin digirin digirgir da kuma bayan digirin digirgir kuma ta jagoranci malamai da dama. Zee abokiyar Kwalejin Nazarin Barci ta Amurka ce, abokiyar Kwalejin Nazarin Jijiyoyi ta Amurka kuma memba na Ƙungiyar Jijiyoyin Jijiyoyi ta Amurka . Ta yi aiki a kwamitoci da dama na ƙasa da ƙasa, kwamitocin bita na kimiyya na NIH, da kuma kwamitocin ba da shawara na ƙasashen duniya. Ta kuma kasance tsohuwar shugabar Ƙungiyar Binciken Barci, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Sleep Research Society Presidents - SRS History |url=http://www.sleepresearchsociety.org/pastpresidents.aspx |access-date=2018-01-16 |website=www.sleepresearchsociety.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> tsohuwar shugabar Gidauniyar Ƙungiyar Binciken Barci kuma tsohuwar shugabar Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Cututtukan Barci ta NIH. Dr. Zee memba ce a Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Cututtukan Barci ta NIH ta Ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Advisory Council {{!}} National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/advisory-and-peer-review-committees/advisory-council |access-date=2018-01-16 |website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce wacce ta karɓi kyautar Kimiyyar Barci ta Kwalejin Nazarin Jijiyoyi ta Amurka ta 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards History |url=https://www.aan.com/education-and-research/research/awards-history/#anchorlink27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001456/https://www.aan.com/education-and-research/research/awards-history/#anchorlink27 |archive-date=2018-06-20 |access-date=2018-01-16 |website=www.aan.com |language=en}}</ref> da kuma kyautar Ilimi ta Kwalejin Nazarin Barci ta Amurka ta 2014, kyautar William C. Dement Academic Achievement Award. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2014 |title=AASM congratulates 2014 award recipients - American Academy of Sleep Medicine – Association for Sleep Clinicians and Researchers |url=https://aasm.org/aasm-congratulates-2014-award-recipients/ |access-date=2018-01-16 |website=aasm.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ppt1qekrcce7wy0qh6nfopjnikobycx 0 147943 829487 820323 2026-05-04T03:19:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rasheed Lawal Jimoh Ijaodola''' ya kasance likitan shari'a na Najeriya wanda ya kware a fannin shari'ar kundin tsarin mulki da batutuwan zabe. Ya kasance [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya]] (SAN) kuma memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya, reshen Ilorin, har zuwa mutuwarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial Team {{!}} KB Law Scholars Journal UK |url=https://kblsp.org.ng/index.php/kblsp/about/editorialTeam |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=kblsp.org.ng |archive-date=2025-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429205327/https://www.kblsp.org.ng/index.php/kblsp/about/editorialTeam |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ijaodola 'yar asalin Offa ce a yankin Offa na Jihar Kwara . Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Katolika a Ghana kuma ya sami digiri na farko da MSc a shari'a daga Jami'ar Legas da kuma PhD a Nazarin Kirista da wasu digiri uku na digiri, duk da kasancewa Musulmi. == Ayyukan shari'a == An kira Ijaodola zuwa mashaya a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1984.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jawondo, DPP, Ijaodola, Razaq, Akintoye, others lead SAN race in Kwara |url=https://thenationalpilot.ng/2020/11/05/jawondo-dpp-ijaodola-razaq-akintoye-others-lead-san-race-in-kwara/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=National Pilot Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan ilimi == Kafin mutuwarsa Ijaodola ya kasance Dean na Shari'a, Jami'ar Igbinedion, Okada, a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] [[Najeriya]] kuma a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin malami na Shari'aa a [[Jami'ar Ilorin]].<ref name=":1"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Lauyoyi yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] qnig2rn9tovug7c8othqedjx1ikc5de 0 148203 829578 822135 2026-05-04T09:33:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829578 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rikki Nathanson''' (an haife ta a shekara ta ) Yar gwagwarmayar Zimbabwe ne. Ta kafa kungiyar Trans Research Education Advocacy and Training (TREAT) a cikin 2015. Bayan kama ta saboda shiga gidan wanka na mata a [[Bulawayo]] a shekarar 2014, ta shigar da karar farar hula don lalacewa wanda ta lashe a shekarar 2019. A wannan lokacin, ta yi mafaka a Amurka kuma yanzu tana zaune a [[Maryland]]. == Ayyuka da gwagwarmaya == Rikki Nathanson (an haife shi a shekara ta ) ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Sakatariyar Yarjejeniya da Masu Gudanarwa, ya zama Sakataren kamfanin. Bayan sauyawa, ta bude kamfanin kera kayayyaki a shekarar 2005. Ta fara gwagwarmayarta ne a shekara ta 2007, lokacin da ta shiga kwamitin Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Jima'i. Nathanson ya kafa Trans Research Education Advocacy and Training (TREAT) a cikin 2015. Tana da hannu a Kudancin Afirka Trans Forum da kuma Afirka Key Populations Expert Group, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . <ref name="Brunswick">{{Cite web |title=Pride without Parades: The Importance of LGBTQ+ History in the Quarantine Era |url=https://www.brunswickgroup.com/pride-without-parades-webinar-i15964/ |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=Brunswick }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kotun Koli == A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, an kama Nathanson a wani kulob din dare a [[Bulawayo]] kan zargin aikata laifuka, bayan amfani da bayan gida na mata. Jami'an 'yan sanda shida da ke sanye da kayan tayar da kayar baya sun kama ta, inda ta kwashe kwanaki uku da dare biyu, ana yin mata gwaje-gwaje na jiki don tabbatar da jinsi.<ref name="Press">{{Cite web |title=Breaking News: Zimbabwe High Court awards damages in ground breaking judgement in favour of Ricky Nathanson, a transgender women from Bulawayo, Zimbabwe |url=https://outrightinternational.org/sites/default/files/Presser-RikkiN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719114335/https://outrightinternational.org/sites/default/files/Presser-RikkiN.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2020 |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> Lokacin da shari'ar ta zo kotu, alƙalin ya nemi masu gabatar da kara su bayyana abin da ya kasance kuma an tabbatar da cewa ba a aikata wani laifi ba, don haka an sauke tuhumar.<ref name="Advocate" /> Nathanson daga nan ya yanke shawarar karar farar hula a kan Farai Mteliso (mai fafutukar [[ZANU-PF]] wanda ya kira 'yan sanda), Augustine Chihuri (Kwamishinan Janar na' yan sanda a lokacin), Ignatius Chombo (Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida a lokacin) da Babban Sufeto Enock Masimba (Kwamandan 'yan sanda na Tsakiya na Bulawayo a lokacin). Bayan shekaru biyar, Nathanson ta lashe shari'ar kotu a shekarar 2019. A Babban Kotun, Mai Shari'a [[Francis Bere]] ya bayyana a cikin taƙaitaccen cewa "Wani ba zai iya kauce wa kammalawa cewa halin da 'yan sanda suka yi wajen kama da tsare mai shigar da kara ya kasance abin kunya ba saboda a bayyane yake, sun yi amfani da basirarsu wajen kama ta". Ya ba da lalacewar ZW $ 400,000 ga Nathanson kuma ya bar kuɗin ga waɗanda ake tuhuma. Nathanson ya nemi dala miliyan 2.7 a cikin lalacewa kuma ZW $ 400,000 ya kasance kusan US $ 1,100 a lokacin. "Muna farin ciki cewa adalci, adalci da tausayi sun yi nasara" in ji Tashwill Esterhuizen, lauya a Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kudancin Afirka (SALC).<ref name="Press"/> A cikin hukuncin Bere ya kuma amince da haƙƙin transgender, yana cewa Nathanson bai bayyana a matsayin namiji ko mace ba. == Gidan mafaka == A lokacin da ta samu nasarar shari'a a shekarar 2019, Nathanson ta riga ta zauna a Amurka, bayan da ta samu nasara wajen neman mafaka. Ta koma Rockville, Maryland kuma ta yi aiki a Casa Ruby, kungiyar LGBTQ da ke Washington, DC. A watan Satumbar 2019, ta shiga kwamitin gudanarwa na OutRight Action International . An ba ta lambar yabo ta Felipa de Souza ta OutRight a shekarar 2019. Ta nemi mafaka a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2018, bayan ta halarci taron koli na shekara-shekara na OutRight Action International a New York, kuma Amurka ta ba ta mafaka a mokolo ta 15 ga Fabrairu, 2019. Shawararta ta biyo bayan ci gaba da sa ido a Zimbabwe, gami da wayar da aka buga da kuma mota da ke biye da ita a watan Agusta 2018. A Casa Ruby, ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan rigakafin HIV / AIDS da kuma fadakarwa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ax3bsol9xnrbxywdsix5e7opx9uwazo 0 148410 829561 824096 2026-05-04T08:34:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rif Hutton''' (Nuwamba 28, 1952 - Afrilu 18, 2026) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. Wataƙila an fi saninsa da rawar da yake takawa a matsayin Dokta Ron Welch a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Doogie Howser, MD'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin wannan jerin daga 1990 har zuwa ƙarshen 1993. Daga 1997 zuwa 2001, ya bayyana a cikin rawar da ake yi akai-akai a matsayin Lt. Cmdr. Alan Mattoni a jerin ''JAG'' . Hutton kuma sananne ne don buga Russ Beeler, mai mallakar fiction na KFC, wanda ya bayyana a cikin tallace-tallace da yawa na KFC a farkon zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1990.<ref>{{cite news|author=Stuart Elliott |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/19/business/media-business-advertising-kfc-s-very-real-problems-may-be-solved-lake-edna.html?src=pm |title=THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; KFC's Very Real Problems May Be Solved in Lake Edna - New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1992-05-19 |accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi Hutton a [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]], kuma an girma a Gabashin Orange, New Jersey . Ya koma Los Angeles a tsakiyar shekarun 1970s don neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya tafi sauraro da yawa a farkon shekarunsa, amma nan da nan ya sami kansa ya lalace kuma ba shi da gida, yana samun taimako daga abokai.<ref name="LA Times">{{Cite web |last=LIBBY SLATE |date=1993-01-23 |title=Actor Rif Hutton Has Fun Growing With 'Doogie Howser, M.D.' - Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-01-23-ca-1478-story.html |access-date=2012-07-30 |publisher=Articles.latimes.com}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da ''Zuwa'' baƙon baƙo a cikin wasu shahararrun jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ciki har da The ''Jeffersons'', Night Court, LA Law, Married... ''tare da yara'', ''Hunter'', Wings, ''Murphy Brown'', The Larry Sanders Show, Getting By, ''Lois &amp;amp; Clark: Sabbin Labaran Superman'', Family Matters, da Cold Case da sauransu. Hutton ya kuma bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen mataki a yankin Los Angeles da kuma aiki a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo na murya. == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Hutton ya yi aure sau biyu. Aure na farko ya kasance ga wata mace mai suna Pat, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="LA Times"/> Na biyu shi ne ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Bridget Hoffman a shekara ta 2001. An ''Zuwa'' ruwaito a shekara ta 2000 cewa ya yi alkawarin aure ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Telma Hopkins . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-06-26 |title=Family Matters: 1989-1998 - Family Matters, Where Are They Now?, Darius McCrary, Jaleel White, Jomarie Payton, Reginald VelJohnson, Telma Hopkins |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20131627,00.html |access-date=2014-06-21 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Telma Hopkins Picture Pages |url=http://www.superiorpics.com/telma_hopkins/ |access-date=2012-07-30 |publisher=Superiorpics.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 1993-94, Hutton ta buga sha'awar soyayya ta Hopkins a cikin 'yan abubuwan da suka faru na sitcom dinta Getting By . Hutton ya mutu daga Ciwon daji na kwakwalwa a gidansa a Pasadena, California, a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2026, yana da shekaru 73.<ref>{{cite news |title='Doogie Howser, M.D.' Star Rif Hutton Dead at 73 |url=https://www.tmz.com/2026/04/20/rif-hutton-dead/ |access-date=20 April 2026 |publisher=TMZ |date=20 April 2026}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim === * Wavelength (1983) - Jami'in Sojan Sama * ''Ana nema: Matattu ko Rayayyu'' (1987) - Wakilin * ''Kuna Magana da Ni?'' (1987) - Baƙar fata * ''Motsawa'' (1988) - Mai ba da rahoto * Tsaya da Ceto (1988) - Pearson * LA Heat (1989) - Det. Royster * Mai ba da bashi (1991) - Mai ba da labarai * Going Under (1991) - Dr. Friendly * ''Star Trek Generations'' (1994) - Klingon Guard * ''Bigfoot: Gamuwa da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba'' (1995) - Jess * Yara na Masara III: Girbi na Urban (1995) - Arnold * Restraining Order (1999) - Sidney Evans * ''bene na goma sha uku'' (1999) - Joe * ''[[Botoromi|Shrek]]'' (2001) - Masu Tsaro na Ubangiji Farquaad (murya) * ''Osmosis Jones'' (2001) - Charlie (murya) * ''Gas'' (2004) - Brad * Shark Tale (2004) - Kifi (murya) * ''Tugger: Jeep 4x4 Wanda Ya So Ya tashi'' (2005) - Crewman # 1 (murya) * ''[[Madagascar]]'' (2005) - Jama'a memba (murya) * Stick It (2006) - Drill Sergeant * Curious George (2006) - Mailman (murya) * The Tale of Despereaux (2008) - Mutum a cikin taron (murya) * My Apocalypse (2008) - Sufetocin Gidaje * ''Astro Boy'' (2009) - Sakataren Metro City (murya) * Gimbiya da Frog (2009) - DJ (murya) * ''Rio'' (2011) - Ƙarin Muryoyi (murya) * Otal Transylvania (2012) - Ƙarin Muryoyi (murya) * ''ParaNorman'' (2012) - Blithe Hollow Townperson (murya) * Epic (2013) - Ƙarin Muryoyi (murya) * Rio 2 (2014) - Ƙarin Muryoyi (murya) * Ice Age: Collision Course (2016) - Ƙarin Muryoyi (murya) * ''Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV'' (2016) - Babban Jami'in # 2 (murya) * The Star (2017) - Ƙarin Muryoyi (murya) * ''Spider-Man: A cikin Spider-Verse'' (2018) - Ƙarin Muryoyi (murya) * ''Otal din Transylvania 3: hutun bazara'' (2018) - Ƙarin murya (murya) * The Angry Birds Movie 2 (2019) - Ƙarin Muryoyi (murya) * ''Hanyoyin Fury: Labarin Hank'' (2022) - Ƙarin Muryoyi (murya) === Talabijin === * ''Jeffersons'' (1985) - Roulette Spinner * ''227'' (1987) - Mutum # 1 * ''Webster'' (1989) - Bob * Duniya daban (1989) - Tsaro # 2 * ''Doogie Howser, MD'' (1989-1993) - Dokta Ron Welch * Aure, tare da Yara (1990) - Bailiff * Wings (1991) - T.V. Anchorman * ''<nowiki/>'Yar'uwa, 'Yar''" (1994) - Shugaban PTA * ''Fudge'' (1995) - Mista Green * ''Babban Asibitin'' (1995) - David Ward * Ingantawa na Gida (1995) - Mutum a Arena * ''Wayans Bros.'' (1995-1999) - Ted Winters / Wakilin Doug Steckler * Lois & Clark: Sabon Labaran Superman (1996) - Wakilin Rawlings * Jamie Foxx Show (1996) - Vray Beaujay * ''Matsalar Iyali'' (1997) - Reverend Fuller * ''Seinfeld'' (1998) - Mai siyarwa * Buffy the Vampire Slayer (2003) - Janar Janar * ''[[House (TV series)|Gidan]]'' (2005) - Morris * Wannan shi ne Raven (2005) - Reverend Mattson * ''CSI: Binciken Yanayin Laifi'' (2007) - Vernon Porter * Ghost Whisperer (2008) - Bill Eritt * The Mentalist (2008) - Dokta * Tunanin Laifuka (2016) - Warden Bryan Nabb * ''Babban Asibitin'' (2021) - Lenny == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name}} * Rif Huttona bayan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na murya [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 8i8jq1h2ekjvn29fn6rytp4sb3w0hv1 0 148493 829300 825330 2026-05-03T15:35:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Patrick Morris''' (An haife shi a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1954, a Cleveland, Ohio) tsohon kocin layin gaba ne a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Morris ya kasance mai tsaron gida na USC daga 1972 zuwa 1975, <ref name="bills_morris">{{Cite web |title=Bills name Pat Morris offensive line coach |url=https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-name-pat-morris-offensive-line-coach-9389604}}</ref> haruffa a 1975.<ref name="upi">{{Cite web |title=Southern Cal has hired three assistant football coaches to... - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/02/24/Southern-Cal-has-hired-three-assistant-football-coaches-to/4754414910800/}}</ref><ref name="2017MG">{{Cite web |title=2017 Media Guide |url=http://usctrojans.com/documents/2017/7/25/2017_USC_Football_Media_Guide.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2018 |website=usctrojans.com |publisher=USC Athletics}}</ref> : 168 {{Rp|168}} == Koyarwa == Morris ya fara aikin horar da shi nan da nan bayan aikinsa na wasa ya ƙare, ya zauna tare da USC a matsayin mataimakin digiri na 1976 da 1977, yana aiki tare da layin kai hari.<ref name="upi"/> Daga baya ya koma USC a matsayin kocin layin su a 1983, bayan ya kwashe kakar 1978 yana horar da layin kocin Arewacin Arizona da kuma shekarun 1979-1982 yana horar na Minnesota.<ref name="upi" /> Bayan shekaru hudu tare da USC, an hayar Morris a matsayin kocin layin kisa na Jihar Michigan, matsayin da ya rike daga 1987 zuwa 1994. Bayan horar da masu cin zarafi da tsananin ƙarewa a Stanford daga 1995 zuwa 1996, Morris ya shiga matsayi na horar da NFL a 1997 a matsayin mai tsananin tsananin iyaka da mataimakin kocin layin cin zarafi na San Francisco 49ers. An ci gaba da shi zuwa kocin layi na gaba wanda ya shiga kakar 1999, ya maye gurbin Bobb McKittrick wanda aka tilasta masa ya yi ritaya saboda ciwon daji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=49ers hire newcomer in shuffle of coaching jobs |url=https://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/49ers-hire-newcomer-in-shuffle-of-coaching-jobs-3084670.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728064322/https://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/49ers-hire-newcomer-in-shuffle-of-coaching-jobs-3084670.php |archive-date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2025-07-15}}</ref> Morris daga baya ya bi tsohon kocinsa na 49ers Steve Mariucci zuwa Detroit, yana aiki a matsayin kocin layin kai hari na Lions daga 2004 zuwa 2005. An kore shi tare da Mariucci a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2005, bayan wani mummunan lokacin da ya lalace tare da rashin samar da mummunan rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2005 |title=Lions ax Mariucci; Jauron takes over |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2005/11/29/lions-ax-mariucci-jauron-takes-over/ |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Morris ya shafe shekaru na 2006-2010 a matsayin kocin layin kai hari na Minnesota Vikings, yana horar da 'yan wasan Pro Bowl irin su Matt Birk, Bryant McKinnie, da Steve Hutchinson. Bayan canjin mulki a Minnesota, ya bar ya horar da layin kai hari na Tampa Bay Buccaneers a kakar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bucs Pick Morris to Lead O-Line |url=https://www.buccaneers.com/news/bucs-pick-morris-to-lead-o-line-3284183}}</ref> Ba a riƙe shi ba lokacin da aka kori kocin Raheem Morris da ma'aikatansa bayan kakar. An kira Morris a matsayin kocin layin bugawa na Buffalo Bills a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2013. <ref name="bills_morris"/> Sabon kocin Bills Rex Ryan bai riƙe shi ba ya shiga kakar 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2015 |title=Bills' Aaron Kromer placed on paid leave after battery arrest |url=https://www.al.com/sports/2015/07/bills_aaron_kromer_placed_on_p.html}}</ref> Bayan lokutan da yawa daga horarwa, an hayar Morris a matsayin kocin layi a cikin 2019 na San Diego Fleet na ɗan gajeren Alliance of American Football ta kocin Mike Martz.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2019 |title=Fleet's existence is highlighted by emerging center Kolone |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2019/02/28/fleets-existence-is-highlighted-by-emerging-center-kolone/}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131111181109/http://www.buffalobills.com/team/coaches/morris_pat/ee7bdd7d-6f6d-48b1-bf3a-7265dc1f49b7 Bayanan lissafi] * [http://www.vikings.com/TeamCoachProfile_Pat_Morris.aspx Bayanan Vikings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211191702/http://www.vikings.com/TeamCoachProfile_Pat_Morris.aspx |date=2007-12-11 }} An adana su 11 ga Disamba, 2007, a [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] tkdf7897e6n3wxlxiami06bivhh2s1b 0 148565 829483 826330 2026-05-04T02:31:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rana Muhammad Arshad''' ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar lardin Punjab, daga 2008 zuwa Mayu 2018 da 2024 zuwa yanzu. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 1970 a Sheikhupura [[Pakistan]] . <ref name="pap">{{Cite web |title=Punjab Assembly |url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/1019 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.pap.gov.pk |archive-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614113203/http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/1019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana da digiri na farko na Arts wanda ya samu a 1990 daga Jami'ar Punjab . <ref name="pap"/> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ya yi takara don kujerar Majalisar lardin Punjab a matsayin dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) daga mazabar PP-171 (Nankana Sahib-II) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2002 amma bai yi nasara ba. Ya samu kuri'u 12,820 kuma ya rasa kujerar ga Rai Ijaz Ahmed Khan, dan takara mai zaman kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=24 March 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> An zabe shi a Majalisar Lardin Punjab a matsayin dan takarar PML-N daga mazabar PP-171 (Nankana Sahib-II) a cikin kuri'un da aka gudanar a watan Yunin 2008. Ya samu kuri'u 22,715 kuma ya ci Sardar Iftikhar Ahmad Dogar, dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (Q). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=24 March 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> An sake zabarsa a Majalisar Lardin Punjab a matsayin dan takarar PML-N daga mazabar PP-171 (Nankana Sahib-II) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notification - Results Punjab Assembly 2013 election |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Downloads/General%20Election%202013/Detailed%20Gazzette/Notification%20-%20Punjab%20Assembly.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120053951/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Downloads/General%20Election%202013/Detailed%20Gazzette/Notification%20-%20Punjab%20Assembly.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2018 |access-date=20 January 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=List of winners of Punjab Assembly seats|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/429935|accessdate=18 January 2018|work=The News|date=13 May 2013|language=en}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, an nada shi a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar na Bayanai da Al'adu.<ref>{{cite news |title=35 parliamentary secys appointed |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1072208 |accessdate=13 September 2018 |work=dawn.com |date=13 December 2013}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na majalisar lardin Punjab a matsayin dan takarar PML-N daga mazabar PP-133 (Nankana Sahib-II) a babban zaben Pakistan na 2024 bayan ya karbi sanarwar daga hukumar zabe ta Pakistan a ranar 9 ga Afrilu. Ya lashe kujerar a kan Mian M. Atif, dan takarar PTI. [yanawa da ake buƙata]  Shi ne mukaddashin babban mai tsawatarwa na Majalisar Punjab kamar yadda sanarwar da aka fitar a baya ta nuna. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0818dz9ylcomxk2y174st8wg0fez5yp 0 148675 829477 827337 2026-05-04T01:20:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829477 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mercy Akuot Marang 'yar gwagwarmayar zamantakewar al'umma ce kuma mawaƙiya ce ta Sudan ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=The remarkable refugee women I have met and what they have taught me |url=https://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/stories/2019/3/5c8133464/the-remarkable-refugee-women-i-have-met-and-what-they-have-taught-me.html |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=UNHCR |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu tana zaune a Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist Mercy Akuot Sings, Runs Refugee Camp in Kenya |url=https://nowthisnews.com/videos/her/artist-mercy-akuot-sings-runs-refugee-camp-in-kenya |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=NowThis News |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810060734/https://nowthisnews.com/videos/her/artist-mercy-akuot-sings-runs-refugee-camp-in-kenya |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife ta ne a Sudan ta Kudu kuma ta fito ne daga Al'ummar Dinka ta Sudan ta Kudu . Ta yi kyau a makaranta kuma tana da burin zama lauya. Mercy ta tsere daga iyayenta tana da shekaru 15 kawai lokacin da iyayenta suka tilasta mata ta auri kawunta wanda ya girme ta.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="35" href="./Kakuma" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kakuma">Kakuma<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pdqKetNpsM&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;language&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2021-08-10&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwqg\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt14\" class=\"citation cs2\" id=\"mwqw\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pdqKetNpsM\" id=\"mwrA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\"><i id=\"mwrQ\">HOW I ESCAPED CHILD MARRIAGE TO BECOME A WOMEN'S RIGHTS ACTIVIST | Mercy Akuot | TEDxKakumaCamp</i></nowiki><nowiki></a></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwrg\">, retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwrw\">2021-08-10</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Mercy_Akuot#cite_note-:0-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ta bar Sudan ta Kudu a shekara ta 2008 kuma da farko ta sami mafaka a Uganda. Koyaya, kawunta mai shekaru 56 ya bi inda take a [[Kampala]] kuma ta bayyana cewa ta sha wahala daga tashin hankali na jiki, fyade da tsare shi ba bisa ka'ida ba daga gare shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Nation: This is what it means to be a refugee in Kenya – Refugee Consortium of Kenya |url=https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-this-is-what-it-means-to-be-a-refugee-in-kenya/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810060735/https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-this-is-what-it-means-to-be-a-refugee-in-kenya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga baya ta koma Kenya a shekarar 2015 bayan ta tsere daga kawunta kuma an shigar da ita a matsayin baƙo a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Kakuma a Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giannangeli |first=Marco |date=2019-06-09 |title=Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya: Fresh hope for a 'lost generation' |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1138276/kakuma-refugee-camp-kenya-football |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kodayake tana da burin zama lauya mai sana'a, ta bi aikinta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa da mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata saboda yanayin da ta sadu da shi tun tana ƙarama. Ta kuma ba da shawara game da auren yara yayin da ita kanta ke da kwarewar tsira daga yunkurin tilasta auren yara da iyayenta suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 Activists Who Are Fighting Child Marriage in Their Countries |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/child-marriage-women-activists-africa/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Global Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin jakada ga 'yan gudun hijira a sansanin 'yan gudun gudun hijira na Kakuma a Kenya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-12 |title=African refugees' success stories |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/9843/african-refugees-success-stories |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai sa kai tare da Majalisar 'yan gudun hijira ta Denmark don shirin karfafa mata a sansanin. A watan Yunin 2018, ta halarci tare da 'yan gudun hijira a sansanin TEDxKakuma wanda shine tarihin farko na TEDx a duniya da aka gudanar a sansanin 'yan gudun gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=UN Refugee |date=2018-06-10 |title=Refugee speakers steal show at historic TEDx event |url=https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693 |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDx just hosted its first event from a refugee camp |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/06/let-s-change-the-way-we-think-about-refugee-camps/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin taron TEDx na 2018, ta raba abubuwan da ta samu game da yadda ta tsere wa auren yara sannan daga baya ta zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. An zabi Mercy a matsayin daya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa guda biyu a karkashin aikin FilmAid's Finding a Star wanda aka yi tare da hadin gwiwar mawaƙin R & B na Kenya Wyre . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Wyre to release new album with refugees |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/word-is/2019-08-26-wyre-to-release-new-album-with-refugees/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Star |language=en-KE}}</ref> An kuma san aikin da Making Stars-Kakuma yayin da aka fara aikin tare da goyon bayan Wyre wanda ke da sha'awar taimakawa masu basira masu son kiɗa a sansanin Kakuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Nation: Music is our gift from Kakuma to the world – Refugee Consortium of Kenya |url=https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-music-is-our-gift-from-kakuma-to-the-world/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810063854/https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-music-is-our-gift-from-kakuma-to-the-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An bayyana cewa Finding a Star aikin ya taimaka wa Mercy don fara aikinta na sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEWSLETTER: Making an impact with the power of personal stories |url=https://www.filmaid.org/stories/2018/6/13/june-newsletter-projecting-hope-through-the-power-of-personal-stories |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=FilmAid |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810063856/https://www.filmaid.org/stories/2018/6/13/june-newsletter-projecting-hope-through-the-power-of-personal-stories |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta fito da wakar ta farko mai suna ''Anavyonifania'' a shekarar 2018. A watan Disamba na 2020, ta ƙaddamar da wani kundi mai taken Bado Mapema (''Har yanzu yana da wuri'') tare da wasu mata 'yan gudun hijira biyu (Lisa Queen da Mlay) a sansanin Kenya. Kundin ya nuna ainihin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi Mercy da sauran 'yan gudun hijira mata suka faru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DomínguezMunllonch |first=Montse |date=2020-12-14 |title=Mercy Akuot: Artist, Activist⁠. |url=https://www.coachabilityfoundation.org/post/mercy-akuot-artist-activist |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=misitio |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2021, an lissafa ta a matsayin daya daga cikin mata bakwai masu gwagwarmayar Afirka waɗanda suka cancanci labarin [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] ta Global Citizen, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Notable African Women Activists Who Deserve Wikipedia Pages |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/african-women-activists-wikipedia-wikigap/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Global Citizen |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == * ''Anavyonifania'' - 2018 * Taswirar Bado - 2020 == Dubi kuma == * Luise Radlmeier * Akuch Kuol Anyieth * William Akio * Aliir Aliir * [[Saadia Idris]] * Mac Andrew * Akuch Kuol Anyieth * Atem Kuol Atem == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6rljdbg58c4z1hc32sxeol20a2bjvfs 0 148777 829402 828307 2026-05-03T20:39:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Dr_Phyllis-P-Ntantala-Jordan.jpg|thumb|Dokta Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan]] '''Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan''' (an haife ta '''Phyllis Priscilla Ntantala'''; 7 ga Janairun 1920 - 17 ga Yulin 2016) ta kasance mai fafutukar siyasa da marubuciya a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan dies at 96 |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/phyllis-ntantala-jordan-dies-96/ |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=groundup.org.za}}</ref> Ita da masanin tarihin wallafe-wallafen Archibald Campbell Jordan su ne iyayen ɗan siyasa Pallo Jordan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ANC mourns passing of eminent Academic and Activist Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan - African National Congress |url=http://www.anc.org.za/content/anc-mourns-passing-eminent-academic-and-activist-phyllis-ntantala-jordan |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=anc.org.za }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Phyllis Priscilla "Nogqaza" Ntantala a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 1920 a Gqubeni, tare da karkatar Kogin Nqabarha, Dutywa a Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Mahaifin Ntantala-Jordan, George Govan Ntantala manomi ne mai wadata wanda ya yi aiki a Babban Majalisar Transkei, iBhunga da mahaifiyarta, Ida Balfour, ta kasance zuriyar al'ummar Kirista ta farko ta Afirka, wanda annabi Ntsikana ya kafa a cikin shekaru goma na biyu na karni na 19 a Gabashin Cape. <ref name="Ntantala1">{{Cite web |title=RIP Dr Phyllis Ntantala (1920 – 2016) |url=https://pensouthafrica.co.za/rip-dr-phyllis-ntantala-1920-2016/ |access-date=13 August 2017 |publisher=Pen South Africa}}</ref> A cikin bayanin yadda ta girma, Ntantala-Jordan ta ce, "Kamar [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]], ban bar gida ba tare da karin magana daya da shida a aljihunta ba. Na fito ne daga dangin mutanen da ke zaune a cikin Transkei".<ref name="Ntantala2">{{Cite web |title=ANC mourns passing of eminent Academic and Activist Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan |url=http://www.anc.org.za/content/anc-mourns-passing-eminent-academic-and-activist-phyllis-ntantala-jordan |access-date=13 August 2017 |publisher=ANC }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ntantala-Jordan ta fara karatunta tana da shekaru hudu. Watanni shida bayan haka, ta rasa mahaifiyarta. Bayan kammala Standard 6 (Grade 8), sannan yana da shekaru 12, an tura Ntantala-Jordan zuwa Healdtown. Healdtown ta sami shawarar sosai ga mahaifinta a kan Lovedale daga shugaban makarantar firamare Rhodes Cakata. Ntantala ya ce a Healdtown an bi da dalibai daidai duk da asalin su kuma karami fiye da Lovedale. A shekara ta 15, an ba Ntantala kyautar Transkeian Bhunga Scholarship don karatu a [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]] . A lokacin, Fort Hare, kodayake yana ba da digiri, ya shigar da ɗalibai don karatun digiri. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta kammala difloma ta malamai a Jami'ar Fort Hare a 1937. Ntantala-Jordan ya fara aiki a makarantar sakandare ta Bantu a Kroonstad a matsayin malami a 1938. A cikin 1939, Ntantala-Jordan ta auri marubucin [[Harshen Xhosa|isiXhosa]] Archibald Campbell Jordan, wanda ta sadu da shi a lokacin da take Jami'ar Fort Hare . <ref name="Ntantala3"/> A shekara ta 1945, bayan nadin AC Jordan a matsayin malami na Harsunan Bantu a Fort Hare, Jordans, sannan tare da yara biyu, kuma na uku a kan hanya, sun bar Kroonstad zuwa Gabashin Cape. Koyaya, zaman su a Jami'ar Fort Hare ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci. A shekara ta 1946, AC Jordan ya koma tare da iyalinsa zuwa Cape Town bayan ya samu nasarar neman lacca a cikin Harsunan Bantu a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] (UCT). A shekara ta 1957, Dokta Ntantala-Jordan ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Cape Town don Digiri mafi girma a cikin Dokar Kasa da Gudanarwa. Daga baya za ta sami cancanta daga [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]], Kwalejin Fasaha ta Madison da kuma Doctorate na girmamawa a Falsafa daga Jami'an Fort Hare . Saboda matsin siyasa da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta yi a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 da 1960, 'yan Jordan sun tafi gudun hijira a 1961. Jordans sun koma Amurka, inda aka kwantar da su da 'ya'yansu biyu. Ntantala-Jordan ya mutu yana da shekaru 96 a [[Michigan]] a ranar 17 ga Yulin 2016. Tana da shekaru 96. An kwantar da ita a [[Madison, Wisconsin]])">Kabari na Forest Hill a Madison, Wisconsin a ranar 30 ga Yulin 2016. Ntantala-Jordan da AC Jordan sun tsira daga ɗansu Pallo Jordan. == Ayyukan siyasa == Ntantala-Jordan ta danganta farkawarta ta siyasa ga lokacin da take malama a makarantar sakandare ta Bantu a Kroonstad . A cikin bayanin farkawarta ta siyasa, Ntantala-Jordan ta ce "Ko da yaushe ina gaya wa mutane cewa kwarewata ne a cikin Free State wanda ya haifar da fusata da sanin jama'a na... Yawancin ɗalibanmu a Kroonstad ba su ga makomar da ta wuce makarantarsu ba. Sun kasance a makaranta saboda wuri ne mafi kyau fiye da rayuwa a wurin. Na san cewa wani abu ba daidai ba ne a wani wuri ba. <ref name="Ntantala3"/> Lokacin da iyalinta suka koma Moshesh Avenue a wurin Langa bayan nadin mijinta AC Jordan a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] a 1946, Ntanta ya yi yaƙi da iyalinsa suka fita daga garin.<ref name="Ntantala4"/> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1946, bayan watanni na farautar gida a cikin fararen yankuna na lokacin (a karkashin Dokar Yankin Ƙungiya), 'yan Jordan sun rubuta wa Gwamna Janar Mista Brownlee, suna neman izinin sayen abubuwa da yawa daga Mista Guttman a Fleur Street, Lincoln Estate, Cape Town. A watan Nuwamba, 'yan Jordan sun sami izinin sayen kuri'a daga Mista Guttman ya zama ɗaya daga cikin iyalan Afirka na farko da suka yi hakan a yankin. Sun kira gidansu "Thabisano", wurin farin ciki. Jordans ba su taɓa aika yaransu zuwa makarantun Afirka ba kamar yadda gwamnati ta bukaci amma sun aika su zuwa St Marks English Church a Athlone, Rosmead da Livingstone High School a Claremont . <ref name="Ntantala3" /> A cikin shekaru biyar na farko a Cape Town, a ƙarshen 1940s da farkon 1950s, yayin da take kiwon 'ya'yansu, ta "yi aiki da aikin siyasa da kuma cikin Kungiyar Malaman Afirka ta Cape". Batutuwan da CATA ta mayar da hankali a farkon shekarun 1950 sun shafi hukunta Dokar Yankin Ƙungiya ta 1950, Dokar Hukumomin Bantu ta 1951, bikin Jan van Riebeeck a Grand Parade a Cape Town a 1952 da Dokar Ilimi ta Bantu ta 1953. <ref name="Ntantala4"/> Ntantala-Jordan ya rubuta "Ukwayo:Isikrweqe nekhakha", fassarar isiXhosa na "Boycott a matsayin makami na gwagwarmaya" na I.B Tabata, wanda Society of Young Africa (SOYA) ta rarraba a ko'ina a Transkei. Ntantala-Jordan ya yi jawabi a babban taron don adawa da bikin Jan van Riebeeck a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1952, kwana biyu kafin bikin da aka shirya don 6 ga Afrilu. Ntantala-Jordan ya bayyana bukukuwan a matsayin gazawar gwamnati da nasara ga kauracewa jama'a.<ref name="Ntantala3">{{Cite web |title=A Life's Mosaic: The Autobiography of Phyllis Ntantala by Phyllis Ntantala |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/lifes-mosaic-autobiography-phyllis-ntantala-phyllis-ntantala |access-date=13 August 2017 |publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> A shekara ta 1957, an nemi Ntantala-Jordan ta ba da gudummawa ga wata kasida ga wata mujallar da ake kira Afirka ta Kudu a kan "mata na Afirka" ta Ronnie Segal ta zaɓi ta rubuta game da "wasu mata waɗanda babu wanda ya taɓa ji game da su, waɗanda ba a taɓa gaya musu labarin su ba, saboda ba su da kyau 'na al'ummominsu". A cewarta, waɗannan "sun kasance wasu daga cikin 'yan mata da na girma tare da su, yanzu sun yi aure kuma suna rayuwa da rayuwar gwauraye, yayin da mazajen su suka tafi cikin birane".<ref name="Ntantala4">{{Cite web |title=A tribute to the late Dr. Phyllis Priscilla Ntantala-Jordan |url=http://www.humanities.uct.ac.za/news/tribute-late-dr-phyllis-priscilla-ntantala-jordan |access-date=13 August 2017 |publisher=University of Cape Town}}</ref> Labarin ta na biyu a cikin wannan mujallar yana da taken "The Widows of the Reserves" wanda daga baya aka fassara shi zuwa Flemish, Faransanci da Dutch.<ref name="Ntantala3"/> A lokacin Jihar gaggawa sakamakon [[Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville]] da zanga-zangar Langa na 21 ga Maris 1960, an yi cin zarafin baki. An kama AC Jordan kuma an kai masa hari a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1960, kwana biyar bayan sanarwar Jihar Gaggawa. A kan wannan asalin, Jordan ta zaɓi ƙaura zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. A farkon 1961, an ba AC Jordan kyautar Carnegie Travel Grant don ziyartar jami'o'i da kwalejoji a Amurka. Lokacin da aka hana shi fasfo, sai ya zaɓi izinin fita. Iyalinsa sun bi shi a 1962 kuma sun ƙare a Amurka.<ref name="Ntantala4"/> == Kyauta == Ana tunawa da Ntantala-Jordan a matsayin mai ilimi, marubuci kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. A cikin bayanin rawar da ta taka a gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci, [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka]] ta ce "mutuwar Mama Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan ta sace Afirka ta Kudu da duniya gaba ɗaya daga hankali mai basira, mai tambaya da kuma mai ban sha'awa. Mun rasa zakara na daidaiton jinsi ga mata na Afirka musamman... "<ref name="Ntantala2" /> Ntantala-Jordan da aka fassara zuwa Turanci littafin mijinta AC Jordan, ''Ingqumbo Yeminyanya'', ta yi magana a yawancin laccoci na jama'a, ta rubuta litattafai, littafin Bari mu ji su yi magana, littafi da ke fadada muryoyin jarumai da yawa da ba a san su ba a matsayin matan Afirka ta Kudu da tarihin rayuwarta: A Life's Mosaic: The Autobiography of Phyllis Ntantala . <ref name="Ntantala2"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Littattafai masu mahimmanci == * Hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita 2019. "'Firing with the pen': Tsakanin gadon ilimi na Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan". ''Jaridar Afirka ta Kudu ta Harsunan Afirka'' 40.1:26-31. == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/lifes-mosaic-autobiography-phyllis-ntantala-phyllis-ntantala/A Rayuwar Mosaic: Tarihin rayuwar Phyllis Ntantala ta Phyllis Ntantla] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] ek4xtrgafb8l7sar7etwxvcb2sdzk53 0 149013 829242 2026-05-03T11:59:15Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342218628|Hilbet]]" 829242 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hilbet''' ([[Harshen Tigrinya|Tigrinya]], ሕልበት) abinci ne na gargajiya wanda ya samo asali ne daga Mutanen Tigray-Tigrinya da ke kudancin [[Eritrea]] da arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Abinci ne mai cin ganyayyaki wanda aka yi daga wake, fenugreek, lentil, da sauran kayan yaji waɗanda aka niƙa cikin foda. Ana dafa foda na Hilbet sannan a yi masa bulala don yin nau'i-nau'i. A tsakiyar Hilbet zai sami sauce na takarda kuma ana cinye shi ta amfani da Injera.<ref>Traditional processing technology of faba bean into hilbet:</ref> Amfani da shi ya yadu sosai a yankunan tarihi kamar Akkele Guzay da Agame. == Manazarta == 8294rkq48pd0hk24jovnyt7l8ai3rxc 829243 829242 2026-05-03T11:59:37Z Nassmart1 28235 829243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hilbet''' ([[Harshen Tigrinya|Tigrinya]], ሕልበት) abinci ne na gargajiya wanda ya samo asali ne daga Mutanen Tigray-Tigrinya da ke kudancin [[Eritrea]] da arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Abinci ne mai cin ganyayyaki wanda aka yi daga wake, fenugreek, lentil, da sauran kayan yaji waɗanda aka niƙa cikin foda. Ana dafa foda na Hilbet sannan a yi masa bulala don yin nau'i-nau'i. A tsakiyar Hilbet zai sami sauce na takarda kuma ana cinye shi ta amfani da Injera.<ref>Traditional processing technology of faba bean into hilbet:</ref> Amfani da shi ya yadu sosai a yankunan tarihi kamar Akkele Guzay da Agame. == Manazarta == 3tpmeifae84eu3e7gsyj4nn18cmwdax 0 149014 829244 2026-05-03T12:00:33Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332530134|Jebena]]" 829244 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jebena''' (Amharic: ጀበና, romanized: ǧäbäna, Arabic: جبنة, romanized: jabana) is a traditional [[Itofiya|Ethiopian]] and [[Eritrea|Eritrean]] flask made of [[Tukwane|pottery]] and used to brew coffee. It is also popular in some parts of Egypt. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == [[Fayil:Coffee_pot_at_eritrean_restaurant.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Yankin arewacin Jebena ba shi da tsutsa kuma ana amfani dashi a Eritrea, Tigray, da Sudan.]] Ana amfani da jebena a Bikin kofi na Habasha da Eritrea, inda mata ke ba da kofi ga baƙi a cikin ƙananan yumɓu ko tukwane.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian Coffee Ceremony: Jebena and Cini |url=http://www.ethiopianrestaurant.com/ethiopian_coffee.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208053239/http://www.ethiopianrestaurant.com/ethiopian_coffee.html |archive-date=February 8, 2014 |access-date=February 11, 2015 |website=ethiopianrestaurant.com}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana yin sa ne da yumɓu kuma yana da wuyansa da zubar da ruwa, da kuma hannunsa inda wuyansa ya haɗu da tushe. Jebenas da aka yi amfani da su a Habasha yawanci suna da bututu, yayin da waɗanda aka yi amfani dasu a Eritrea yawanci ba sa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stefanie SpencerStefanie writes for the Voice in the Desert newspaper, a local paper serving Cochise County, Arizona. |date=2015-04-29 |title=Coffee Cultures: Eritrea and Ethiopia |url=https://ineedcoffee.com/coffee-cultures-eritrea-and-ethiopia/ |access-date=2019-11-22 |publisher=I Need Coffee |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da matsakaici, tare da wuyansa, ƙuƙwalwa da riƙewa, da kuma wasu bambance-bambance na yanki waɗanda ke da murfin ciyawar, da kuma ƙarin ƙuƙwalwar don zuba kofi daga, da kuma tushe daban-daban. Jebena, wanda ke dauke da ƙasa, wake kofi da ruwa, ana shimfiɗa kai tsaye a kan gawayi masu zafi don kawo ruwa zuwa zafin jiki. Yawanci, lokacin da kofi ya tafasa ta wuyan jebena, ana zuba shi cikin kuma daga wani akwati don sanyaya shi. Ana zuba ruwa a cikin jebena har sai ya kumbura. Don zuba kofi daga jebena, ana sanya matattarar da aka yi da gashin doki ko wasu kayan a cikin murfin jebena don hana filin tserewa. Amfanin kwalban yumɓu akan ƙarfe da gilashin kofi shine cewa yana riƙe da ruwa mai zafi na dogon lokaci. == Tarihi == Jebena yana da muhimmiyar matsayi a al'adun Habasha da Eritrea. Iyalai yawanci suna da ɗaya kawai, kuma yawanci ana ba da shi daga tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin kayan aiki, kayan ado. Ana iya bayyana jebena a matsayin 'kayan aiki', da kuma kayan aiki, saboda yana wakiltar muhimmiyar kwarewar al'adu da matsayi a al'adun Habasha da Eritrea. == Yaduwar == === Habasha === Yin kofi yana da alaƙa da mace a Habasha da kuma Horn of Africa. Lokacin da ake shayar da kofi tare da jebena, ƙaramar mace a cikin iyali koyaushe ita ce ta fara aikin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Stoclet |first=Natalie |title=In Ethiopia, there's a remarkably elaborate ceremony that shows how coffee turns into a drink from a fruit — here's what it's like to participate |url=https://www.insider.com/traditional-ethiopian-coffee-ceremony-2018-3 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Insider}}</ref> Yin kofi a cikin jebena kuma wani lamari ne na zamantakewa, inda a lokacin da yake ɗaukar shirya wake da yin kofi, iyalai za su yi hulɗa. Yanayin ado na jebena ya sa ya zama abin sha'awa ga iyali, tare da [[Tukwane|masu tukwane]] a Habasha sau da yawa ba su da damar yin amfani da kayan aiki kamar ƙafafun tukwane. A sakamakon haka, jebena mai ado sosai alama ce ta wadata da matsayi tsakanin iyalai a Habasha da Eritrea. === Masu ƙaura daga Habasha === 1bbmc4yemjcpmb83k58p8v166b8islu 829245 829244 2026-05-03T12:00:57Z Nassmart1 28235 829245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jebena''' (Amharic: ጀበና, romanized: ǧäbäna, Arabic: جبنة, romanized: jabana) is a traditional [[Itofiya|Ethiopian]] and [[Eritrea|Eritrean]] flask made of [[Tukwane|pottery]] and used to brew coffee. It is also popular in some parts of Egypt. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == [[Fayil:Coffee_pot_at_eritrean_restaurant.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Yankin arewacin Jebena ba shi da tsutsa kuma ana amfani dashi a Eritrea, Tigray, da Sudan.]] Ana amfani da jebena a Bikin kofi na Habasha da Eritrea, inda mata ke ba da kofi ga baƙi a cikin ƙananan yumɓu ko tukwane.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian Coffee Ceremony: Jebena and Cini |url=http://www.ethiopianrestaurant.com/ethiopian_coffee.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208053239/http://www.ethiopianrestaurant.com/ethiopian_coffee.html |archive-date=February 8, 2014 |access-date=February 11, 2015 |website=ethiopianrestaurant.com}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana yin sa ne da yumɓu kuma yana da wuyansa da zubar da ruwa, da kuma hannunsa inda wuyansa ya haɗu da tushe. Jebenas da aka yi amfani da su a Habasha yawanci suna da bututu, yayin da waɗanda aka yi amfani dasu a Eritrea yawanci ba sa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stefanie SpencerStefanie writes for the Voice in the Desert newspaper, a local paper serving Cochise County, Arizona. |date=2015-04-29 |title=Coffee Cultures: Eritrea and Ethiopia |url=https://ineedcoffee.com/coffee-cultures-eritrea-and-ethiopia/ |access-date=2019-11-22 |publisher=I Need Coffee |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da matsakaici, tare da wuyansa, ƙuƙwalwa da riƙewa, da kuma wasu bambance-bambance na yanki waɗanda ke da murfin ciyawar, da kuma ƙarin ƙuƙwalwar don zuba kofi daga, da kuma tushe daban-daban. Jebena, wanda ke dauke da ƙasa, wake kofi da ruwa, ana shimfiɗa kai tsaye a kan gawayi masu zafi don kawo ruwa zuwa zafin jiki. Yawanci, lokacin da kofi ya tafasa ta wuyan jebena, ana zuba shi cikin kuma daga wani akwati don sanyaya shi. Ana zuba ruwa a cikin jebena har sai ya kumbura. Don zuba kofi daga jebena, ana sanya matattarar da aka yi da gashin doki ko wasu kayan a cikin murfin jebena don hana filin tserewa. Amfanin kwalban yumɓu akan ƙarfe da gilashin kofi shine cewa yana riƙe da ruwa mai zafi na dogon lokaci. == Tarihi == Jebena yana da muhimmiyar matsayi a al'adun Habasha da Eritrea. Iyalai yawanci suna da ɗaya kawai, kuma yawanci ana ba da shi daga tsara zuwa tsara a matsayin kayan aiki, kayan ado. Ana iya bayyana jebena a matsayin 'kayan aiki', da kuma kayan aiki, saboda yana wakiltar muhimmiyar kwarewar al'adu da matsayi a al'adun Habasha da Eritrea. == Yaduwar == === Habasha === Yin kofi yana da alaƙa da mace a Habasha da kuma Horn of Africa. Lokacin da ake shayar da kofi tare da jebena, ƙaramar mace a cikin iyali koyaushe ita ce ta fara aikin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Stoclet |first=Natalie |title=In Ethiopia, there's a remarkably elaborate ceremony that shows how coffee turns into a drink from a fruit — here's what it's like to participate |url=https://www.insider.com/traditional-ethiopian-coffee-ceremony-2018-3 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Insider}}</ref> Yin kofi a cikin jebena kuma wani lamari ne na zamantakewa, inda a lokacin da yake ɗaukar shirya wake da yin kofi, iyalai za su yi hulɗa. Yanayin ado na jebena ya sa ya zama abin sha'awa ga iyali, tare da [[Tukwane|masu tukwane]] a Habasha sau da yawa ba su da damar yin amfani da kayan aiki kamar ƙafafun tukwane. A sakamakon haka, jebena mai ado sosai alama ce ta wadata da matsayi tsakanin iyalai a Habasha da Eritrea. === Masu ƙaura daga Habasha === 3reimaj0ejjc6mr8kc3ajbz060koiye 0 149015 829246 2026-05-03T12:01:27Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340484035|Ethiopian Jewish cuisine]]" 829246 wikitext text/x-wiki Abinci na Yahudawa na Habasha shine abincin Beta Isra'ila (Yahudawan Habasha). '''Abincin Yahudawa na Habasha''' yayi kama da abincin sauran Habashawa, tare da wasu bambance-bambance. Saboda abinci mai laushi kamar naman alade da kifi ba a cinye su da al'adun Kiristoci na Habasha ko Musulmai na Habasha, kiyaye kosher a Habasha al'ada ce da ba a ganuwa. Koyaya, akwai wasu bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa. Yahudawa na Habasha sun guji cin abinci na kasa da aka yi da nama, kamar ''Kitsfo'' da ''gored gored''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2015 |title=Talk of the Table |url=https://momentmag.com/talk-of-the-table-ethiopian-food/ |access-date=2019-10-11 |publisher=[[Moment (magazine)|Moment Magazine]]}}</ref> 'Yan kasuwa na Yahudawa a Addis Ababa ƙarni biyar da suka gabata sun yi tasiri sosai ga abincin Habasha ta hanyar gabatar da foda na curry da sauran fannoni na abincin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional Jewish Foods: Ethiopia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/regional-foods-ethiopia |access-date=2022-03-30 |publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref> == Kashrut na Habasha == Dokokin abinci na Habasha da Yahudawa sun dogara ne akan Leviticus, Kubawar Shari'a da Jubilees. Dabbobi da aka ba da izini da haramtacciyarsu da alamunsu sun bayyana a kan [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#3 Leviticus 11:3-8] da [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0514.htm#4 Kubawar Shari'a 14:4-8] An adana su 2019-01-22 a . An lissafa tsuntsaye da aka haramta a kan [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#13 Leviticus 11:13-23] da [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0514.htm#12 Kubawar Shari'a 14:12-20] An adana su 2019-01-22 a . An rubuta alamun kifi da aka ba da izini a kan [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#9 Leviticus 11:9-12] da [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0514.htm#9 Kubawar Shari'a 14:9-10] An adana su 2019-01-22 a . An haramta kwari da tsutsotsi bisa ga [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#41 Leviticus 11:41-42]. An haramta Tsuntsaye masu cin nama bisa ga [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#13 Leviticus 11:13-19]. == Abincin Shabbat == Shabbat an san shi da ''Sanbat'' a cikin yarukan Amharic da [[Harshen Tigrinya|Tigrinya]]. ''Sanbat [[Wat (abinci)|wat]]'' (Sabbath Wat) wata wat ce ta gargajiya ta Habasha da Yahudawa wacce aka shirya don Shabbat . ''Sanbat Wat'' [[Wat (abinci)|''doro wat'']] ne na kaza da ƙwai da aka dafa da [[injera]]. ''Sanbat Wat'' abinci ne mai ɗanɗano kuma ana yawan dafa shi da Berber, cloves, albasa, sauce na tumatir, da sauran sinadaran da ke da ɗanɗano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanbat Wat (Ethiopian Shabbat Stew) |url=https://reformjudaism.org/jewish-life/food-recipes/sanbat-wat-ethiopian-shabbat-stew |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013074601/https://reformjudaism.org/jewish-life/food-recipes/sanbat-wat-ethiopian-shabbat-stew |archive-date=2019-10-13 |access-date=2019-10-11 |publisher=[[Union for Reform Judaism|ReformJudaism.org]]}}</ref> ''''wats'''' da aka yi da kaza, nama, da kifi galibi ana cin su ne don abincin dare na Shabbat yayin da ake cinye wats na kayan lambu don karin kumallo. q9ilfhfa4vgy9fbygrnyrx5qrcicn0j 829247 829246 2026-05-03T12:02:01Z Nassmart1 28235 829247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Abinci na Yahudawa na Habasha shine abincin Beta Isra'ila (Yahudawan Habasha). '''Abincin Yahudawa na Habasha''' yayi kama da abincin sauran Habashawa, tare da wasu bambance-bambance. Saboda abinci mai laushi kamar naman alade da kifi ba a cinye su da al'adun Kiristoci na Habasha ko Musulmai na Habasha, kiyaye kosher a Habasha al'ada ce da ba a ganuwa. Koyaya, akwai wasu bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa. Yahudawa na Habasha sun guji cin abinci na kasa da aka yi da nama, kamar ''Kitsfo'' da ''gored gored''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2015 |title=Talk of the Table |url=https://momentmag.com/talk-of-the-table-ethiopian-food/ |access-date=2019-10-11 |publisher=[[Moment (magazine)|Moment Magazine]]}}</ref> 'Yan kasuwa na Yahudawa a Addis Ababa ƙarni biyar da suka gabata sun yi tasiri sosai ga abincin Habasha ta hanyar gabatar da foda na curry da sauran fannoni na abincin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional Jewish Foods: Ethiopia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/regional-foods-ethiopia |access-date=2022-03-30 |publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref> == Kashrut na Habasha == Dokokin abinci na Habasha da Yahudawa sun dogara ne akan Leviticus, Kubawar Shari'a da Jubilees. Dabbobi da aka ba da izini da haramtacciyarsu da alamunsu sun bayyana a kan [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#3 Leviticus 11:3-8] da [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0514.htm#4 Kubawar Shari'a 14:4-8] An adana su 2019-01-22 a . An lissafa tsuntsaye da aka haramta a kan [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#13 Leviticus 11:13-23] da [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0514.htm#12 Kubawar Shari'a 14:12-20] An adana su 2019-01-22 a . An rubuta alamun kifi da aka ba da izini a kan [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#9 Leviticus 11:9-12] da [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0514.htm#9 Kubawar Shari'a 14:9-10] An adana su 2019-01-22 a . An haramta kwari da tsutsotsi bisa ga [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#41 Leviticus 11:41-42]. An haramta Tsuntsaye masu cin nama bisa ga [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0311.htm#13 Leviticus 11:13-19]. == Abincin Shabbat == Shabbat an san shi da ''Sanbat'' a cikin yarukan Amharic da [[Harshen Tigrinya|Tigrinya]]. ''Sanbat [[Wat (abinci)|wat]]'' (Sabbath Wat) wata wat ce ta gargajiya ta Habasha da Yahudawa wacce aka shirya don Shabbat . ''Sanbat Wat'' [[Wat (abinci)|''doro wat'']] ne na kaza da ƙwai da aka dafa da [[injera]]. ''Sanbat Wat'' abinci ne mai ɗanɗano kuma ana yawan dafa shi da Berber, cloves, albasa, sauce na tumatir, da sauran sinadaran da ke da ɗanɗano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanbat Wat (Ethiopian Shabbat Stew) |url=https://reformjudaism.org/jewish-life/food-recipes/sanbat-wat-ethiopian-shabbat-stew |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013074601/https://reformjudaism.org/jewish-life/food-recipes/sanbat-wat-ethiopian-shabbat-stew |archive-date=2019-10-13 |access-date=2019-10-11 |publisher=[[Union for Reform Judaism|ReformJudaism.org]]}}</ref> ''''wats'''' da aka yi da kaza, nama, da kifi galibi ana cin su ne don abincin dare na Shabbat yayin da ake cinye wats na kayan lambu don karin kumallo. == Manazarta == hccqf1bvcxm79cwlrj8h3ha03cj3tfw 0 149016 829248 2026-05-03T12:02:21Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350332641|Kitcha]]" 829248 wikitext text/x-wiki <span>tta</span> {| class="infobox hrecipe adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" | | class="infobox-data" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" | | class="infobox-data country-name" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" | | class="infobox-data ingredient" | |} '''Kitta''' ( Tigrinya , '''kitta''' Amharic ) (Oromo) burodi ne mai siriri wanda aka saba da shi a abincin Habasha da [[Abincin Eritrea|Eritrea]] . Galibi ana yin sa ne da garin alkama, ruwa, da [[gishiri]] . Ana dafa shi a cikin tukunya mai zafi har sai an dafa gefe ɗaya. Sannan a ɗauko shi a dafa a ɗayan gefen. Sau da yawa ana ganin ɗan ƙonewa a kowane gefe. Kitcha zai ɗauki siffar kwanon rufi inda aka dafa shi (kamar pancake, kodayake ba shi da alaƙa). Ana cinye shi akai-akai a cikin abincin da ake kira kitcha fit-fit. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin abincin Afirka * Jerin gurasa == Manazarta == igikhoazj44bxxvb15w76ux7dcrdgal 829249 829248 2026-05-03T12:02:57Z Nassmart1 28235 829249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kitta''' ( Tigrinya , '''kitta''' Amharic ) (Oromo) burodi ne mai siriri wanda aka saba da shi a abincin Habasha da [[Abincin Eritrea|Eritrea]] . Galibi ana yin sa ne da garin alkama, ruwa, da [[gishiri]] . Ana dafa shi a cikin tukunya mai zafi har sai an dafa gefe ɗaya. Sannan a ɗauko shi a dafa a ɗayan gefen. Sau da yawa ana ganin ɗan ƙonewa a kowane gefe. Kitcha zai ɗauki siffar kwanon rufi inda aka dafa shi (kamar pancake, kodayake ba shi da alaƙa). Ana cinye shi akai-akai a cikin abincin da ake kira kitcha fit-fit. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin abincin Afirka * Jerin gurasa == Manazarta == 7iqd56nq0nwlsmcwyhgomyg2afd7i4l 0 149017 829250 2026-05-03T12:03:56Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324850184|Kitfo]]" 829250 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Kitfo_with_Ayibe..JPG|thumb|Platter tare da kitfo]] (Amharic: ክትፎ, [kɨtfo]) abinci ne na gargajiya na Habashawa wanda ya samo asali ne daga Mutanen Gurage . Ya ƙunshi nama mai laushi, wanda aka yi da shi a cikin ''mitmita'' (mai ƙanshi mai ƙanshi) da ''niter kibbeh'' (mai ƙyalli da aka saka da ganye da kayan yaji). Kalmar ta fito ne daga asalin Ethio-Semitic triconsonantal ''k-t-f'', ma'ana "don yankewa da kyau; m". {{IPA|am|kɨtfo|IPA}}{{IPA|am|kɨtfo|IPA}}{{IPA|am|kɨtfo|IPA}}<ref>Mesfin, D.J. Exotic Ethiopian Cooking, Falls Church, Virginia: Ethiopian Cookbooks Enterprises, 2006, pp.124, 129.</ref> Ko da yake ba a ɗauke kitfo a matsayin abinci mai daɗi ba, galibi ana girmama ''kitfo'' sosai. Ana yin sa a lokuta na musamman kamar bukukuwa kamar Meskel a ranar 27 ga Satumba, bikin murnar gano Gicciyen Gaskiya . == Dubi kuma == * Gored gored * Karamin nama * Kibbeh nayyeh * Jerin abincin Afirka * Jerin abinci da abinci na Habasha == Manazarta == qnbo7piklilkh2xh24u1s7g83w8l86u 829251 829250 2026-05-03T12:04:21Z Nassmart1 28235 829251 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Kitfo_with_Ayibe..JPG|thumb|Platter tare da kitfo]]{{Databox}} (Amharic: ክትፎ, [kɨtfo]) abinci ne na gargajiya na Habashawa wanda ya samo asali ne daga Mutanen Gurage . Ya ƙunshi nama mai laushi, wanda aka yi da shi a cikin ''mitmita'' (mai ƙanshi mai ƙanshi) da ''niter kibbeh'' (mai ƙyalli da aka saka da ganye da kayan yaji). Kalmar ta fito ne daga asalin Ethio-Semitic triconsonantal ''k-t-f'', ma'ana "don yankewa da kyau; m". {{IPA|am|kɨtfo|IPA}}{{IPA|am|kɨtfo|IPA}}{{IPA|am|kɨtfo|IPA}}<ref>Mesfin, D.J. Exotic Ethiopian Cooking, Falls Church, Virginia: Ethiopian Cookbooks Enterprises, 2006, pp.124, 129.</ref> Ko da yake ba a ɗauke kitfo a matsayin abinci mai daɗi ba, galibi ana girmama ''kitfo'' sosai. Ana yin sa a lokuta na musamman kamar bukukuwa kamar Meskel a ranar 27 ga Satumba, bikin murnar gano Gicciyen Gaskiya . == Dubi kuma == * Gored gored * Karamin nama * Kibbeh nayyeh * Jerin abincin Afirka * Jerin abinci da abinci na Habasha == Manazarta == l0veb0xltvm086we8rqp91ah25tm981 0 149018 829252 2026-05-03T12:04:39Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326634309|Kocho (food)]]" 829252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kocho''' ( Ge'ez , {{Transl|gez|ḳōč̣ō}} ) abinci ne mai kama da burodi da aka yi da yankakken ɓangaren litattafan ensete da aka niƙa. Tushen shukar ensete yana ɗauke da wani abu da aka tattara, aka niƙa, aka gauraya da yisti kafin a yi masa kifin na tsawon watanni uku zuwa shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Enset: The False Banana |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/enset-kocho-ethiopia |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref> Ana amfani da shi azaman babban abinci a cikin abincin Habasha maimakon [[injera]] ko tare da shi. A shekarar 1975, fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin shida na 'yan Habasha sun dogara gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na kocho don wani ɓangare na abincinsu. Ana cin sa tare da abinci kamar kitfo, gomen (ganye da aka dafa), da ayibe (cuku). Ana niƙa tushen don cire ɓangaren litattafan, wanda daga nan ake yin kifin na tsawon makonni da yawa kafin a dafa shi. Sau da yawa ana ba da Kocho tare da stew kuma abinci ne mai mahimmanci a wasu sassan Habasha. Yana da ɗanɗano mai tsami da kuma laushi mai yawa, kamar kullu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2011 |title=Catching up with Qocho |url=https://ethiopianfood.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/catching-up-with-qocho/}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga zare mai sheƙi na ganye da aka niƙa da kuma corm na shukar enset. Ana iya adana Kocho a ƙarƙashin ƙasa daga watanni uku zuwa watanni goma sha biyu, wanda hakan ke sa ya zama tushen abinci mai gina jiki a lokacin ƙarancin abinci. Yawanci ana amfani da Kocho a matsayin kayan aiki don tattara wasu abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Ethiopian enset feast - kocho and traditional dishes |url=https://rippleeffect.org/blog/ethiopian-enset-feast}}</ref> == Manazarta == t8vreh96dn0975rne1eo8gh96hvky7s 829253 829252 2026-05-03T12:04:57Z Nassmart1 28235 829253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kocho''' ( Ge'ez , {{Transl|gez|ḳōč̣ō}} ) abinci ne mai kama da burodi da aka yi da yankakken ɓangaren litattafan ensete da aka niƙa. Tushen shukar ensete yana ɗauke da wani abu da aka tattara, aka niƙa, aka gauraya da yisti kafin a yi masa kifin na tsawon watanni uku zuwa shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Enset: The False Banana |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/enset-kocho-ethiopia |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref> Ana amfani da shi azaman babban abinci a cikin abincin Habasha maimakon [[injera]] ko tare da shi. A shekarar 1975, fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin shida na 'yan Habasha sun dogara gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na kocho don wani ɓangare na abincinsu. Ana cin sa tare da abinci kamar kitfo, gomen (ganye da aka dafa), da ayibe (cuku). Ana niƙa tushen don cire ɓangaren litattafan, wanda daga nan ake yin kifin na tsawon makonni da yawa kafin a dafa shi. Sau da yawa ana ba da Kocho tare da stew kuma abinci ne mai mahimmanci a wasu sassan Habasha. Yana da ɗanɗano mai tsami da kuma laushi mai yawa, kamar kullu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2011 |title=Catching up with Qocho |url=https://ethiopianfood.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/catching-up-with-qocho/}}</ref> An yi shi ne daga zare mai sheƙi na ganye da aka niƙa da kuma corm na shukar enset. Ana iya adana Kocho a ƙarƙashin ƙasa daga watanni uku zuwa watanni goma sha biyu, wanda hakan ke sa ya zama tushen abinci mai gina jiki a lokacin ƙarancin abinci. Yawanci ana amfani da Kocho a matsayin kayan aiki don tattara wasu abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Ethiopian enset feast - kocho and traditional dishes |url=https://rippleeffect.org/blog/ethiopian-enset-feast}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2s1w81rtce959yl37lape0qhzlmfcwj 0 149019 829254 2026-05-03T12:05:18Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256306554|Lippia abyssinica]]" 829254 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Lippia abyssinica''''', ko '''koseret''' ( Amharic ), nau'in shuka ne mai fure a cikin dangin verbena, Verbenaceae . Yana da yawa a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] amma ana noma shi a duk faɗin ƙasashen Afirka masu zafi. <ref name="wayutuka">{{Cite journal |last=Megersa |first=Moa |last2=Asfaw |first2=Zemede |last3=Kelbessa |first3=Ensermu |last4=Beyene |first4=Abebe |last5=Woldeab |first5=Bizuneh |date=25 September 2013 |title=An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Wayu Tuka District, East Welega Zone of Oromia Regional State, West Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |language=en |volume=9 |issue=68 |pages=184–192 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-9-68 |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=3851437 |pmid=24295044 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Takamaiman sunan ''abyssinica'' ya samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] kuma yana nufin 'na ko daga Habasha ( Abyssinia )'.<ref name="Botanary">{{Cite web |year=2000–2017 |title=Searching Botanary |url=http://davesgarden.com/guides/botanary/search.php?search_text=abyssinica |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926125213/https://davesgarden.com/guides/botanary/search.php?search_text=abyssinica |archive-date=26 September 2022 |access-date=2 August 2017 |website=Dave's Garden |publisher=Dave's Garden, an Internet Brands company |language=en |quote=abyssinica Of or from Ethiopia (Abyssinica) a-biss-IN-ee-kuh}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == [[Fayil:Dried_koseret_herb_01.jpg|left|thumb|Kashewar ganye na koseret]] ''koseret'', musamman nau'in ''L. a. var.'' koseret, an bushe shi kuma ana amfani dashi azaman ganye a cikin Abincin Habasha. Gishiri yana da ƙanƙara kuma yana da ƙanshi. Wasu sun bayyana dandano kamar yadda yake kama da [[Ɗaɗɗoya|Basil]], amma ba shi da alaƙa da wannan ganye (suna cikin tsari ɗaya, Lamiales). Koseret yana da alaƙa da ganye na Mexican Oregon (kada a rikita shi da oregano), yana da nau'in Lippia iri ɗaya. Ana amfani dashi akai-akai wajen yin mai mai mai mai ƙanshi niter kibbeh <ref name="Milkias" /> da ye'qimem zeyet <ref name="Radical">{{Cite journal |last=Sishu |first=riot |last2=Yonathan |first2=Mariamawit |last3=Seyoum |first3=Ameha |last4=Asres |first4=Kaleab |year=2005 |title=Radical Scavenging Activity of Volatile Oils of herbs Traditionally Used to Spice Cooking Butter in Ethiopia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236873242 |url-status=live |format=pdf |journal=Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal |language=en |volume=23 |pages=7–14 |doi=10.4314/epj.v23i1.35086 |issn=1029-5933 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092558/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236873242 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref> da kuma cakuda kayan yaji [[Afrinj|Afrini]]. Koseret tare da sauran ganye da kayan yaji suna adana man shanu da mai, suna hana lalacewa har zuwa shekaru 15.<ref name="Radical" /> A cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen koseret sa'an nan kuma yana dandana jita-jita da yawa na yau da kullun, kamar Kitsfo. A [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] ana cinye shi azaman tukunya. A yammacin Afirka, musamman [[Gambiya]], ana yin sa a cikin tisane a matsayin madadin shayi.<ref name="Zeven" /><ref name="Mansfeld" /> == Manazarta == 4n5lydk1aqoxonp2f3o9h47rj8zpoly 829255 829254 2026-05-03T12:05:38Z Nassmart1 28235 829255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Lippia abyssinica''''', ko '''koseret''' ( Amharic ), nau'in shuka ne mai fure a cikin dangin verbena, Verbenaceae . Yana da yawa a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] amma ana noma shi a duk faɗin ƙasashen Afirka masu zafi. <ref name="wayutuka">{{Cite journal |last=Megersa |first=Moa |last2=Asfaw |first2=Zemede |last3=Kelbessa |first3=Ensermu |last4=Beyene |first4=Abebe |last5=Woldeab |first5=Bizuneh |date=25 September 2013 |title=An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Wayu Tuka District, East Welega Zone of Oromia Regional State, West Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |language=en |volume=9 |issue=68 |pages=184–192 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-9-68 |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=3851437 |pmid=24295044 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Takamaiman sunan ''abyssinica'' ya samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] kuma yana nufin 'na ko daga Habasha ( Abyssinia )'.<ref name="Botanary">{{Cite web |year=2000–2017 |title=Searching Botanary |url=http://davesgarden.com/guides/botanary/search.php?search_text=abyssinica |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926125213/https://davesgarden.com/guides/botanary/search.php?search_text=abyssinica |archive-date=26 September 2022 |access-date=2 August 2017 |website=Dave's Garden |publisher=Dave's Garden, an Internet Brands company |language=en |quote=abyssinica Of or from Ethiopia (Abyssinica) a-biss-IN-ee-kuh}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == [[Fayil:Dried_koseret_herb_01.jpg|left|thumb|Kashewar ganye na koseret]] ''koseret'', musamman nau'in ''L. a. var.'' koseret, an bushe shi kuma ana amfani dashi azaman ganye a cikin Abincin Habasha. Gishiri yana da ƙanƙara kuma yana da ƙanshi. Wasu sun bayyana dandano kamar yadda yake kama da [[Ɗaɗɗoya|Basil]], amma ba shi da alaƙa da wannan ganye (suna cikin tsari ɗaya, Lamiales). Koseret yana da alaƙa da ganye na Mexican Oregon (kada a rikita shi da oregano), yana da nau'in Lippia iri ɗaya. Ana amfani dashi akai-akai wajen yin mai mai mai mai ƙanshi niter kibbeh <ref name="Milkias" /> da ye'qimem zeyet <ref name="Radical">{{Cite journal |last=Sishu |first=riot |last2=Yonathan |first2=Mariamawit |last3=Seyoum |first3=Ameha |last4=Asres |first4=Kaleab |year=2005 |title=Radical Scavenging Activity of Volatile Oils of herbs Traditionally Used to Spice Cooking Butter in Ethiopia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236873242 |url-status=live |format=pdf |journal=Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal |language=en |volume=23 |pages=7–14 |doi=10.4314/epj.v23i1.35086 |issn=1029-5933 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092558/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236873242 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref> da kuma cakuda kayan yaji [[Afrinj|Afrini]]. Koseret tare da sauran ganye da kayan yaji suna adana man shanu da mai, suna hana lalacewa har zuwa shekaru 15.<ref name="Radical" /> A cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen koseret sa'an nan kuma yana dandana jita-jita da yawa na yau da kullun, kamar Kitsfo. A [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] ana cinye shi azaman tukunya. A yammacin Afirka, musamman [[Gambiya]], ana yin sa a cikin tisane a matsayin madadin shayi.<ref name="Zeven" /><ref name="Mansfeld" /> == Manazarta == 3zvpr1hz8qs1yyz7gem6q05f910k7cl 0 149020 829256 2026-05-03T12:05:58Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351069955|Mesob]]" 829256 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Original_Harar_Mesob_tables.jpg|thumb|Tebur na Harari Mesob a cikin [[Harar|Jegol]]]] '''Mesob''' (Amharic) ko '''Harar mesob''' [[kwando]] ne na Harari da ake amfani da shi don adana [[injera]], gurasar [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da Eritrea. An nuna shi a ko'ina a matsayin alamar al'adu ga Habasha, wanda aka yi da ciyawa da ganyen dabino da aka sani da ƙarfi da tsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional Injera Mesob Ethiopian Eritrean Household - The Habesha Web |url=https://www.thehabeshaweb.com/product/traditional-injera-mesob-ethiopian-eritrean-household/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Neela |first=Satheesh |last2=Fanta |first2=Solomon Workneh |date=13 September 2022 |title=Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments |url=https://journalofethnicfoods.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x.pdf |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=7 |doi=10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x |s2cid=221824144 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Harar_Mesob.jpg|alt=Original Harari mesob|thumb|360x360px|Harari mesob]] A cikin wani nau'i an gano mesob a Abyssinia tun farkon karni na sha shida kamar yadda mai binciken Portuguese Francisco Álvares ya ruwaito; duk da haka, mafi sha[[Harar]] mesob shine asalin Harar. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s Amharas ya fara daukar ma'aikatan Harari don bunkasa wani mesob wanda ya haɗa da ƙirar Abyssinian da Harari; wannan iri-iri ya mamaye samar da mesob a Habasha. == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == Kodayake galibi ana bayyana su a matsayin Habashawa, kwando na mesob na cikin al'adar Harari. An nuna mesob a kan bayanin [[Birr Habasha|birr]] 10. Ana amfani da kwando na Mesob a cikin bukukuwan jana'izar don tallafawa dangin marigayin kuma ana kallon kwando a matsayin wakilci na alama na al'adun Habasha da Eritrea da abincin su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Neela |first=Satheesh |last2=Fanta |first2=Solomon Workneh |date=13 September 2022 |title=Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments |url=https://journalofethnicfoods.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x.pdf |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=7 |doi=10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x |s2cid=221824144 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Harar mesob an san shi da mesob mai inganci tare da ƙirar ƙira mai rikitarwa da ƙima. A yau, yana da wuya a sami tsoffin asalin Harari mesobs, saboda mutane suna yin sauƙaƙe da ƙarancin ƙirar Habasha. == Manazarta == armiap4abol87w8cunlev4htgu3dm7c 829257 829256 2026-05-03T12:14:18Z Nassmart1 28235 829257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Original_Harar_Mesob_tables.jpg|thumb|Tebur na Harari Mesob a cikin [[Harar|Jegol]]]] '''Mesob''' (Amharic) ko '''Harar mesob''' [[kwando]] ne na Harari da ake amfani da shi don adana [[injera]], gurasar [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da Eritrea. An nuna shi a ko'ina a matsayin alamar al'adu ga Habasha, wanda aka yi da ciyawa da ganyen dabino da aka sani da ƙarfi da tsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional Injera Mesob Ethiopian Eritrean Household - The Habesha Web |url=https://www.thehabeshaweb.com/product/traditional-injera-mesob-ethiopian-eritrean-household/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Neela |first=Satheesh |last2=Fanta |first2=Solomon Workneh |date=13 September 2022 |title=Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments |url=https://journalofethnicfoods.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x.pdf |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=7 |doi=10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x |s2cid=221824144 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Harar_Mesob.jpg|alt=Original Harari mesob|thumb|360x360px|Harari mesob]] A cikin wani nau'i an gano mesob a Abyssinia tun farkon karni na sha shida kamar yadda mai binciken Portuguese Francisco Álvares ya ruwaito; duk da haka, mafi sha[[Harar]] mesob shine asalin Harar. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s Amharas ya fara daukar ma'aikatan Harari don bunkasa wani mesob wanda ya haɗa da ƙirar Abyssinian da Harari; wannan iri-iri ya mamaye samar da mesob a Habasha. == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == Kodayake galibi ana bayyana su a matsayin Habashawa, kwando na mesob na cikin al'adar Harari. An nuna mesob a kan bayanin [[Birr Habasha|birr]] 10. Ana amfani da kwando na Mesob a cikin bukukuwan jana'izar don tallafawa dangin marigayin kuma ana kallon kwando a matsayin wakilci na alama na al'adun Habasha da Eritrea da abincin su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Neela |first=Satheesh |last2=Fanta |first2=Solomon Workneh |date=13 September 2022 |title=Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments |url=https://journalofethnicfoods.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x.pdf |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=7 |doi=10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x |s2cid=221824144 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Harar mesob an san shi da mesob mai inganci tare da ƙirar ƙira mai rikitarwa da ƙima. A yau, yana da wuya a sami tsoffin asalin Harari mesobs, saboda mutane suna yin sauƙaƙe da ƙarancin ƙirar Habasha. == Manazarta == n57g5wmkgqu0cwzmqms3gny9receifk 0 149021 829258 2026-05-03T12:15:24Z Nassmart1 28235 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314335087|Mitmita]]" 829258 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox hrecipe adr" |+ class="infobox-title fn" id="4" |<span>Mitmita</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Mitmita_being_made_in_mortar_and_pestle.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Sinadaran Mitmita, wani bangare a cikin turmi, tare da pestle</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Irin wannan | class="infobox-data" |[[Spices|Abincin ƙanshi]] |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Wurin da ya samo asali | class="infobox-data country-name" |[[Ethiopia|Habasha]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su | class="infobox-data ingredient" |[[Piri piri]], katako na Habasha, [[Clove|cloves]], [[Salt|gishiri]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * [[c:Category:Mitmita|Kafofin watsa labarai: Mitmita]][[File:Commons-logo.svg|alt=Wikimedia Commons logo|class=noviewer sister-inline-image|16x16px]] </div> |} '''''Mitmita''''' (Amharic: ሚጥሚጣ, []) cakuda ne mai ɗanɗano da aka yi amfani da shi a Habasha. Yana da launin orange-ja kuma yana dauke da sili na tsuntsayen Afirka, cardamom na Habasha (korerima), [[Kaninfari|cloves]], da [[gishiri]]. Wani lokaci yana da wasu kayan yaji ciki har da cinnamon, cumin, da [[Citta|ginger]].<ref>Mesfin, D.J. Exotic Ethiopian Cooking (2006): 20. Falls Church, VA: Ethiopian Cookbooks Enterprises</ref> Ana amfani da cakuda don ɗanɗano na naman sa kuma ana iya yayyafa shi a kan cikakkun medames (fava beans). Bugu da kari, ana iya gabatar da ''mitmita'' a matsayin kayan yaji kuma a yayyafa shi a kan wasu jita-jita ko kuma a kwantar da shi a kan wani yanki na ''[[injera]]'', don a iya tsoma morsels a ciki. Gabaɗaya ana yin sa ne daga albasa mai zafi wanda ya fi ƙarfin waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin berbere, ɗayan babban kayan yaji a cikin Abincin Habasha. == Dubi kuma == * Berber, wani cakuda kayan yaji na Habasha * Awaze, kayan yaji na Habasha == Manazarta == f7i3uxizskv96l0ha0kgxrznrbasdv1 829259 829258 2026-05-03T12:15:58Z Nassmart1 28235 829259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Mitmita''''' (Amharic: ሚጥሚጣ, []) cakuda ne mai ɗanɗano da aka yi amfani da shi a Habasha. Yana da launin orange-ja kuma yana dauke da sili na tsuntsayen Afirka, cardamom na Habasha (korerima), [[Kaninfari|cloves]], da [[gishiri]]. Wani lokaci yana da wasu kayan yaji ciki har da cinnamon, cumin, da [[Citta|ginger]].<ref>Mesfin, D.J. Exotic Ethiopian Cooking (2006): 20. Falls Church, VA: Ethiopian Cookbooks Enterprises</ref> Ana amfani da cakuda don ɗanɗano na naman sa kuma ana iya yayyafa shi a kan cikakkun medames (fava beans). Bugu da kari, ana iya gabatar da ''mitmita'' a matsayin kayan yaji kuma a yayyafa shi a kan wasu jita-jita ko kuma a kwantar da shi a kan wani yanki na ''[[injera]]'', don a iya tsoma morsels a ciki. Gabaɗaya ana yin sa ne daga albasa mai zafi wanda ya fi ƙarfin waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin berbere, ɗayan babban kayan yaji a cikin Abincin Habasha. == Dubi kuma == * Berber, wani cakuda kayan yaji na Habasha * Awaze, kayan yaji na Habasha == Manazarta == lh5yiigbakoe6biut3cq2cguahrn1c5 0 149022 829261 2026-05-03T12:30:58Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343103175|Gulab jamun]]" 829261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gulab jamun''' wani kayan zaki ne mai daɗi ko <nowiki><i id="mwCw">mithai</i></nowiki>, wanda ya samo asali daga [[Geology na yankin Indiya|yankin Indiya]], kuma ya shahara a Indiya, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, [[Maldives]], da kuma abincin Burma . Haka kuma ya zama ruwan dare a ƙasashen da ke da yawan jama'a daga ƙasashen da ke zaune a Kudancin Asiya . Ana yin sa ne galibi daga madarar da ta yi kauri, wadda aka saba da ita a matsayin ''khoya'', wadda aka rage ta zuwa daidaiton kullu mai laushi. Girke-girke na zamani suna buƙatar madarar busasshiya ko foda. Sau da yawa ana yi mata ado da busassun goro, kamar almond da cashew . == Shiri == A yankin Indiya, ana shirya madara da cuku mai tauri ta hanyar dumama madara a kan wuta mai ƙarancin wuta har sai ruwan ya ƙafe kuma sai madarar tauri kawai, wadda aka sani da khoya, ta rage. Ana cuɗa da garin (maida), kuma ana soya ƙananan ƙwallan wannan kullu a cikin mai ko ghee (man shanu mai haske) a ƙaramin zafin jiki, [1] sannan a jiƙa a cikin ruwan sukari mai ɗanɗano da aka ƙara wa cardamom kore da ruwan fure, kewra ko saffron . [2] Sau da yawa ana ba da gulab jamun mai zafi tare da ice cream na vanilla, ko kulfi . == Asalin == A cewar masanin tarihin abinci Michael Krondl, Manasollasa na ƙarni na 12 ya ambaci girke-girke na ƙwallon soyayyen dankali da aka yi da cukuwar ''chenna'' da garin shinkafa kuma aka jiƙa a cikin syrup mai ƙamshi na cardamom, amma wannan girke-girke bai yi amfani da syrup na ruwan rosewater (gulab) ba. Kayan zaki na Larabawa na ƙarni na 13 ''[[Lokma|Luqmat al-qadi]]'' yana kama da gulab jamun, kodayake an yi shi da batter daban-daban da gulab jamun amma an jiƙa shi da syrup mai ƙamshi na ruwan rosewater (gulab), haɗin Farisa ɗaya tilo da zai iya zama amfani da ruwan rosewater gabaɗaya. Gulab Jamun ya fito a zamanin [[Mughal Empire|daular Mughal]], yana haɗa tasirin Farisa da tasirin gida wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama gulab jamun. Kalmar "gulab" ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin [[Farisawa|Farisa]] ''gul'' (fure) da ''āb'' (ruwa), tana nufin syrup mai ƙamshi na ruwan fure, kuma "Jamun" ko "jaman" ita ce kalmar [[Indiyanci|Hindustani]] ta ''Syzygium jambolanum'', 'ya'yan itacen Indiya masu girma da siffa iri ɗaya, wanda aka fi sani da Java plum ko black plum. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=Archana |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Nabasree |last3=De |first3=Bratati |date=May 2005 |title=In vitro study of antioxidant activity of Syzygium cumini fruit |journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chemistry]] |volume=90 |issue=4 |page=727 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.033}}</ref> An kuma bayyana Jamun a matsayin abincin da aka soya a cikin syrup na sukari. == Lokuta na Musamman == Ana cin ''Gulab jamun'' a bukukuwa, ranakun haihuwa ko manyan bukukuwa kamar aure, bukukuwan Musulmai na [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid ul-Fitr]] da [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid al-Adha]], da bukukuwan Hindu na Diwali da Ganesh Chaturthi . Akwai nau'ikan ''gulab jamun'' iri-iri.<gallery class="center" widths="180px" heights="145px"> Fayil:Gulab_jamun_,_chenna_payesh.jpg|alt=Gulab jamun in a glass| Gulab jamun a cikin gilashi Fayil:Gulab_Jamun2.jpg|alt=Gulab jamun often comes with chashni syrup| Gulab jamun sau da yawa yana zuwa da ruwan chashni Fayil:GulaabJamun.JPG|alt=Served with saffron| Ana yin hidima da ''saffron'' Fayil:Gulab_Jamun_Delhi.JPG|alt=With vark| Tare da ''vark'' Fayil:Gulaab_Jamoon.jpg|alt=Two pieces of gulab jamun| Guda biyu na gulab jamun Fayil:Mini_Gulab_Jamun.jpg| Mini gulab jamun </gallery> == Manazarta == rfrtkmrwnv0stmt91hs79hspa8has8u 829262 829261 2026-05-03T12:31:14Z Sardeeq 39275 829262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gulab jamun''' wani kayan zaki ne mai daɗi ko <nowiki><i id="mwCw">mithai</i></nowiki>, wanda ya samo asali daga [[Geology na yankin Indiya|yankin Indiya]], kuma ya shahara a Indiya, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, [[Maldives]], da kuma abincin Burma . Haka kuma ya zama ruwan dare a ƙasashen da ke da yawan jama'a daga ƙasashen da ke zaune a Kudancin Asiya . Ana yin sa ne galibi daga madarar da ta yi kauri, wadda aka saba da ita a matsayin ''khoya'', wadda aka rage ta zuwa daidaiton kullu mai laushi. Girke-girke na zamani suna buƙatar madarar busasshiya ko foda. Sau da yawa ana yi mata ado da busassun goro, kamar almond da cashew . == Shiri == A yankin Indiya, ana shirya madara da cuku mai tauri ta hanyar dumama madara a kan wuta mai ƙarancin wuta har sai ruwan ya ƙafe kuma sai madarar tauri kawai, wadda aka sani da khoya, ta rage. Ana cuɗa da garin (maida), kuma ana soya ƙananan ƙwallan wannan kullu a cikin mai ko ghee (man shanu mai haske) a ƙaramin zafin jiki, [1] sannan a jiƙa a cikin ruwan sukari mai ɗanɗano da aka ƙara wa cardamom kore da ruwan fure, kewra ko saffron . [2] Sau da yawa ana ba da gulab jamun mai zafi tare da ice cream na vanilla, ko kulfi . == Asalin == A cewar masanin tarihin abinci Michael Krondl, Manasollasa na ƙarni na 12 ya ambaci girke-girke na ƙwallon soyayyen dankali da aka yi da cukuwar ''chenna'' da garin shinkafa kuma aka jiƙa a cikin syrup mai ƙamshi na cardamom, amma wannan girke-girke bai yi amfani da syrup na ruwan rosewater (gulab) ba. Kayan zaki na Larabawa na ƙarni na 13 ''[[Lokma|Luqmat al-qadi]]'' yana kama da gulab jamun, kodayake an yi shi da batter daban-daban da gulab jamun amma an jiƙa shi da syrup mai ƙamshi na ruwan rosewater (gulab), haɗin Farisa ɗaya tilo da zai iya zama amfani da ruwan rosewater gabaɗaya. Gulab Jamun ya fito a zamanin [[Mughal Empire|daular Mughal]], yana haɗa tasirin Farisa da tasirin gida wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama gulab jamun. Kalmar "gulab" ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin [[Farisawa|Farisa]] ''gul'' (fure) da ''āb'' (ruwa), tana nufin syrup mai ƙamshi na ruwan fure, kuma "Jamun" ko "jaman" ita ce kalmar [[Indiyanci|Hindustani]] ta ''Syzygium jambolanum'', 'ya'yan itacen Indiya masu girma da siffa iri ɗaya, wanda aka fi sani da Java plum ko black plum. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=Archana |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Nabasree |last3=De |first3=Bratati |date=May 2005 |title=In vitro study of antioxidant activity of Syzygium cumini fruit |journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chemistry]] |volume=90 |issue=4 |page=727 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.033}}</ref> An kuma bayyana Jamun a matsayin abincin da aka soya a cikin syrup na sukari. == Lokuta na Musamman == Ana cin ''Gulab jamun'' a bukukuwa, ranakun haihuwa ko manyan bukukuwa kamar aure, bukukuwan Musulmai na [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid ul-Fitr]] da [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid al-Adha]], da bukukuwan Hindu na Diwali da Ganesh Chaturthi . Akwai nau'ikan ''gulab jamun'' iri-iri.<gallery class="center" widths="180px" heights="145px"> Fayil:Gulab_jamun_,_chenna_payesh.jpg|alt=Gulab jamun in a glass| Gulab jamun a cikin gilashi Fayil:Gulab_Jamun2.jpg|alt=Gulab jamun often comes with chashni syrup| Gulab jamun sau da yawa yana zuwa da ruwan chashni Fayil:GulaabJamun.JPG|alt=Served with saffron| Ana yin hidima da ''saffron'' Fayil:Gulab_Jamun_Delhi.JPG|alt=With vark| Tare da ''vark'' Fayil:Gulaab_Jamoon.jpg|alt=Two pieces of gulab jamun| Guda biyu na gulab jamun Fayil:Mini_Gulab_Jamun.jpg| Mini gulab jamun </gallery> == Manazarta == frmrsjr66y6u7vyvn2v5ww2r86d8vgq 0 149023 829263 2026-05-03T12:32:40Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348339798|Grass jelly]]" 829263 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jelly na ciyawa''', wanda aka fi sani da '''jelly na ganye''' ko '''jelly na ganye''', wani kayan zaki ne mai kama da jelly wanda ya samo asali daga [[Sin|China]] . Ana yawan shan sa a Gabashin Asiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya . Ana yin sa ne ta hanyar amfani da mesona na kasar Sin (ɗan gidan mint ) kuma yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗan ɗaci. Mutanen Hakka ne suka ƙirƙiro jelly na ciyawa wanda a tarihi ya yi amfani da shi don rage bugun zafi bayan dogon lokaci yana aiki a gona. Mutanen China da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje sun gabatar da abincin zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grass Jelly Is Medicine and Dessert |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/grass-jelly-china-taiwan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106132159/https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/grass-jelly-china-taiwan |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wei |first=Clarissa |author-link=Clarissa Wei |date=31 May 2016 |title=Real-Deal Grass Jelly Shouldn't Come Out of a Can |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/sweet-black-grass-jelly-shouldnt-come-out-of-a-can/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709124243/https://www.vice.com/en/article/kbkky9/sweet-black-grass-jelly-shouldnt-come-out-of-a-can |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> Ana yin sa a sanyi, tare da wasu abubuwan da aka ƙara masa, kamar 'ya'yan itace, ko a cikin [[Shafin shayi|shayin kumfa]] ko wasu abubuwan sha. A wajen Asiya, ana sayar da shi a manyan kantunan Asiya . == Darajar abinci mai gina jiki == Jelly ɗin ciyawa yana da adadin kuzari 8.2 a kowace hidima ta 20g, wanda ya ƙunshi 1.3g na carbohydrates, 0.8g na furotin, 2.2mg na sodium, da 4.8mg na potassium. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2019 |title=Nutritionix by Syndigo |url=https://www.nutritionix.com/i/nutritionix/grass-jelly-1-tablespoon/5c6d67144c8abded72545bff |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.nutritionix.com |language=en-us}}</ref> == Shiri == Ana yin jelly na ciyawa ta hanyar tafasa tsofaffin ganye da ganyen ''Platostoma palustre'' ( ''Mesona chinensis'' ) <ref name="HNGT" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Wayne P. |title=Grass Jelly (Mesona chinensis) |url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph37.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219124613/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph37.htm |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=19 May 2008}}</ref> tare da potassium carbonate da ɗan sitaci na tsawon awanni da yawa. Ruwan yana sanyaya zuwa daidaiton jelly, kuma ana iya yanka wannan jelly zuwa cubes ko wasu siffofi. <ref name="HNGT">{{Cite web |script-title=zh:仙草 |url=http://www.herb.nat.gov.tw/b2b_cpinfo06.asp?id=892 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321215436/http://www.herb.nat.gov.tw/b2b_cpinfo06.asp?id=892 |archive-date=21 March 2012 |publisher=台北市內雙溪森林藥用植物園編輯組 |language=zh |quote=本品加水與少許鹹共同煎汁，添加少許澱粉漿可製成仙草凍，是夏天常吃的清涼飲品}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Austin |title=Inside the greenhouse |url=http://www.austinbushphotography.com/2006/06/inside-greenhouse.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526050323/http://austinbushphotography.com/2006/06/inside-greenhouse.html |archive-date=26 May 2008 |access-date=19 May 2008}}</ref> Sannan ana haɗa jelly ɗin da syrup don samar da abin sha ko kayan zaki da ake tsammanin yana da kaddarorin sanyaya ( <nowiki><i id="mwPw">yin</i></nowiki> ), wanda ya dace da yanayin zafi. Jelly ɗin da kansa yana da ƙamshi tare da sautin hayaƙi mai haske kuma launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu ko baƙi. Wani lokaci ana iya ƙara launin abinci don ya yi duhu. Shirya wasu nau'ikan, waɗanda aka sani da jelly na ciyawar kore, ba ya buƙatar tsarin girki ko dumamawa kuma yana amfani da cakuda ganyen da aka cire da ruwa kawai. An bayyana jelly da aka samar ta wannan hanyar a matsayin mai ɗanɗano mai ganye da tsaka tsaki. == Na yanki == === Babban yankin China, Hong Kong da Macau === A ƙasar Sin, ana ɗaukar jelly ciyawa a matsayin abincin da ya fi shahara a tsakanin mutanen Hakka. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wei |first=Clarissa |author-link=Clarissa Wei |date=31 May 2016 |title=Real-Deal Grass Jelly Shouldn't Come Out of a Can |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/sweet-black-grass-jelly-shouldnt-come-out-of-a-can/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709124243/https://www.vice.com/en/article/kbkky9/sweet-black-grass-jelly-shouldnt-come-out-of-a-can |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=Vice |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWei2016">[[Clarissa Wei|Wei, Clarissa]] (31 May 2016). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/sweet-black-grass-jelly-shouldnt-come-out-of-a-can/ "Real-Deal Grass Jelly Shouldn't Come Out of a Can"]. ''Vice''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240709124243/https://www.vice.com/en/article/kbkky9/sweet-black-grass-jelly-shouldnt-come-out-of-a-can Archived] from the original on 9 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ana iya amfani da sunan 仙草粿 (xiāncǎo guǒ) don takamaimansa, kuma yana fassara zuwa "jelly ciyawa" a Turanci. Kodayake ana kiran abincin da sunaye da yawa na yankuna. Wani lokaci ana kiransa ''liangfen'' ( ''leung fan'' ) a cikin Sinanci, musamman a yankunan da ake magana da Cantonese, amma bai kamata a rikita shi da jelly sitaci na China ''liangfen'' ba, wanda abinci ne daban-daban gaba ɗaya. A babban yankin China, Hong Kong da Macau, ana ba da jelly na ciyawa tare da syrup na sukari. Yanzu galibi ana ba da shi tare da wasu sinadarai, kamar [[mangwaro]], [[Mai hikima|sago]], kankana, cantaloupe, da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa sabo ko gwangwani, da madarar da aka niƙa ko aka fitar. === Taiwan === A [[Taiwan]], ana kiran jelly na ciyawa da 仙草 (sian-chháu), kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan zaki da abubuwan sha daban-daban. Wani lokaci ana iya ƙara shi a cikin abubuwan sha [[Shafin shayi|na boba]] da kankara mai aski (刨冰). Haka kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan zaki na gargajiya na Taiwan inda ake narke jelly don a sha shi azaman kayan zaki mai kauri kamar pudding (燒仙草), tare da abubuwa da yawa da aka ƙara kamar tangyuan, ƙwallon taro, wake azuki, da tapioca . Hakanan ana yin shukar zuwa shayin mesona (仙草茶). === Indonesiya === [[Fayil:Grass_jelly_es_cincau_hijau.jpg|right|thumb|Jelly na ciyawa kore]] [[Fayil:Chao_guay_thai_grass_jelly.jpg|right|thumb|Ana sayar da ''Chaokuai'' a kasuwar Sunday Walking Street da ke [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand]] [[Fayil:Es_Cincau_2.jpg|thumb|Es Cincau, abin sha na Indonesiya da aka yi daga masana'antar Platostoma palustre]] Ana kiran jelly na ciyawa da {{Lang|id|cincau}} a cikin Indonesiya, wanda aka samo daga kalmar [[Åmøy|Amoy]] Hokkien{{Lang|nan|清草}}( {{Transl|nan|chhin chháu}} ). Ana kuma kiransa {{Lang|jv|camcao}}, {{Lang|jv|juju}}, {{Lang|jv|janggelan}}, ko {{Lang|jv|kepleng}} cikin [[Harshen Javanese|Javanese]], {{Lang|su|camcauh}} a cikin Sundan, da {{Lang|ban|daluman}} in Bali . Black jelly ( {{Lang|id|cincau hitam}} ) ana ƙera shi a matsayin foda mai sauri, kamar sauran jelly na gaggawa ko agar. Wannan nau'in ya fi sauƙin amfani. An yi shi ne daga ganyen ''Platostoma palustre'' ( ''Mesona palustris'' ). Akwai wasu tsire-tsire da aka yi amfani da su wajen yin jelly na ciyawa a Indonesia. Waɗannan su ne Melastoma polyanthum, wanda aka sani da cincau perdu, [1] da Cyclea barbata, wanda aka sani da cincau hijau ko jelly na ciyawar kore, [2] da Cocculus orbiculatus ko kuma wanda aka sani da cincau Cina ko kuma jelly na ciyawar kore ta ƙasar Sin. [3] Wasu tsire-tsire daga dangin Stephania kamar Stephania hernandifolia (wanda aka fi sani da Stephania japonica ) da Stephania capitata ana amfani da su azaman madadin don ƙirƙirar jelly na ciyawar kore da ake kira cincau minyak ko jelly na ciyawa mai mai. [3] == Manazarta == lmobzlp1hb80zmwphxecphv6nt5q7ie 829264 829263 2026-05-03T12:32:59Z Sardeeq 39275 829264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jelly na ciyawa''', wanda aka fi sani da '''jelly na ganye''' ko '''jelly na ganye''', wani kayan zaki ne mai kama da jelly wanda ya samo asali daga [[Sin|China]] . Ana yawan shan sa a Gabashin Asiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya . Ana yin sa ne ta hanyar amfani da mesona na kasar Sin (ɗan gidan mint ) kuma yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗan ɗaci. Mutanen Hakka ne suka ƙirƙiro jelly na ciyawa wanda a tarihi ya yi amfani da shi don rage bugun zafi bayan dogon lokaci yana aiki a gona. Mutanen China da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje sun gabatar da abincin zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grass Jelly Is Medicine and Dessert |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/grass-jelly-china-taiwan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106132159/https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/grass-jelly-china-taiwan |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wei |first=Clarissa |author-link=Clarissa Wei |date=31 May 2016 |title=Real-Deal Grass Jelly Shouldn't Come Out of a Can |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/sweet-black-grass-jelly-shouldnt-come-out-of-a-can/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709124243/https://www.vice.com/en/article/kbkky9/sweet-black-grass-jelly-shouldnt-come-out-of-a-can |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> Ana yin sa a sanyi, tare da wasu abubuwan da aka ƙara masa, kamar 'ya'yan itace, ko a cikin [[Shafin shayi|shayin kumfa]] ko wasu abubuwan sha. A wajen Asiya, ana sayar da shi a manyan kantunan Asiya . == Darajar abinci mai gina jiki == Jelly ɗin ciyawa yana da adadin kuzari 8.2 a kowace hidima ta 20g, wanda ya ƙunshi 1.3g na carbohydrates, 0.8g na furotin, 2.2mg na sodium, da 4.8mg na potassium. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2019 |title=Nutritionix by Syndigo |url=https://www.nutritionix.com/i/nutritionix/grass-jelly-1-tablespoon/5c6d67144c8abded72545bff |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.nutritionix.com |language=en-us}}</ref> == Shiri == Ana yin jelly na ciyawa ta hanyar tafasa tsofaffin ganye da ganyen ''Platostoma palustre'' ( ''Mesona chinensis'' ) <ref name="HNGT" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Wayne P. |title=Grass Jelly (Mesona chinensis) |url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph37.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219124613/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph37.htm |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=19 May 2008}}</ref> tare da potassium carbonate da ɗan sitaci na tsawon awanni da yawa. Ruwan yana sanyaya zuwa daidaiton jelly, kuma ana iya yanka wannan jelly zuwa cubes ko wasu siffofi. <ref name="HNGT">{{Cite web |script-title=zh:仙草 |url=http://www.herb.nat.gov.tw/b2b_cpinfo06.asp?id=892 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321215436/http://www.herb.nat.gov.tw/b2b_cpinfo06.asp?id=892 |archive-date=21 March 2012 |publisher=台北市內雙溪森林藥用植物園編輯組 |language=zh |quote=本品加水與少許鹹共同煎汁，添加少許澱粉漿可製成仙草凍，是夏天常吃的清涼飲品}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Austin |title=Inside the greenhouse |url=http://www.austinbushphotography.com/2006/06/inside-greenhouse.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526050323/http://austinbushphotography.com/2006/06/inside-greenhouse.html |archive-date=26 May 2008 |access-date=19 May 2008}}</ref> Sannan ana haɗa jelly ɗin da syrup don samar da abin sha ko kayan zaki da ake tsammanin yana da kaddarorin sanyaya ( <nowiki><i id="mwPw">yin</i></nowiki> ), wanda ya dace da yanayin zafi. Jelly ɗin da kansa yana da ƙamshi tare da sautin hayaƙi mai haske kuma launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu ko baƙi. Wani lokaci ana iya ƙara launin abinci don ya yi duhu. Shirya wasu nau'ikan, waɗanda aka sani da jelly na ciyawar kore, ba ya buƙatar tsarin girki ko dumamawa kuma yana amfani da cakuda ganyen da aka cire da ruwa kawai. An bayyana jelly da aka samar ta wannan hanyar a matsayin mai ɗanɗano mai ganye da tsaka tsaki. == Na yanki == === Babban yankin China, Hong Kong da Macau === A ƙasar Sin, ana ɗaukar jelly ciyawa a matsayin abincin da ya fi shahara a tsakanin mutanen Hakka. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wei |first=Clarissa |author-link=Clarissa Wei |date=31 May 2016 |title=Real-Deal Grass Jelly Shouldn't Come Out of a Can |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/sweet-black-grass-jelly-shouldnt-come-out-of-a-can/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709124243/https://www.vice.com/en/article/kbkky9/sweet-black-grass-jelly-shouldnt-come-out-of-a-can |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=Vice |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWei2016">[[Clarissa Wei|Wei, Clarissa]] (31 May 2016). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/sweet-black-grass-jelly-shouldnt-come-out-of-a-can/ "Real-Deal Grass Jelly Shouldn't Come Out of a Can"]. ''Vice''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240709124243/https://www.vice.com/en/article/kbkky9/sweet-black-grass-jelly-shouldnt-come-out-of-a-can Archived] from the original on 9 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ana iya amfani da sunan 仙草粿 (xiāncǎo guǒ) don takamaimansa, kuma yana fassara zuwa "jelly ciyawa" a Turanci. Kodayake ana kiran abincin da sunaye da yawa na yankuna. Wani lokaci ana kiransa ''liangfen'' ( ''leung fan'' ) a cikin Sinanci, musamman a yankunan da ake magana da Cantonese, amma bai kamata a rikita shi da jelly sitaci na China ''liangfen'' ba, wanda abinci ne daban-daban gaba ɗaya. A babban yankin China, Hong Kong da Macau, ana ba da jelly na ciyawa tare da syrup na sukari. Yanzu galibi ana ba da shi tare da wasu sinadarai, kamar [[mangwaro]], [[Mai hikima|sago]], kankana, cantaloupe, da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa sabo ko gwangwani, da madarar da aka niƙa ko aka fitar. === Taiwan === A [[Taiwan]], ana kiran jelly na ciyawa da 仙草 (sian-chháu), kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan zaki da abubuwan sha daban-daban. Wani lokaci ana iya ƙara shi a cikin abubuwan sha [[Shafin shayi|na boba]] da kankara mai aski (刨冰). Haka kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan zaki na gargajiya na Taiwan inda ake narke jelly don a sha shi azaman kayan zaki mai kauri kamar pudding (燒仙草), tare da abubuwa da yawa da aka ƙara kamar tangyuan, ƙwallon taro, wake azuki, da tapioca . Hakanan ana yin shukar zuwa shayin mesona (仙草茶). === Indonesiya === [[Fayil:Grass_jelly_es_cincau_hijau.jpg|right|thumb|Jelly na ciyawa kore]] [[Fayil:Chao_guay_thai_grass_jelly.jpg|right|thumb|Ana sayar da ''Chaokuai'' a kasuwar Sunday Walking Street da ke [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand]] [[Fayil:Es_Cincau_2.jpg|thumb|Es Cincau, abin sha na Indonesiya da aka yi daga masana'antar Platostoma palustre]] Ana kiran jelly na ciyawa da {{Lang|id|cincau}} a cikin Indonesiya, wanda aka samo daga kalmar [[Åmøy|Amoy]] Hokkien{{Lang|nan|清草}}( {{Transl|nan|chhin chháu}} ). Ana kuma kiransa {{Lang|jv|camcao}}, {{Lang|jv|juju}}, {{Lang|jv|janggelan}}, ko {{Lang|jv|kepleng}} cikin [[Harshen Javanese|Javanese]], {{Lang|su|camcauh}} a cikin Sundan, da {{Lang|ban|daluman}} in Bali . Black jelly ( {{Lang|id|cincau hitam}} ) ana ƙera shi a matsayin foda mai sauri, kamar sauran jelly na gaggawa ko agar. Wannan nau'in ya fi sauƙin amfani. An yi shi ne daga ganyen ''Platostoma palustre'' ( ''Mesona palustris'' ). Akwai wasu tsire-tsire da aka yi amfani da su wajen yin jelly na ciyawa a Indonesia. Waɗannan su ne Melastoma polyanthum, wanda aka sani da cincau perdu, [1] da Cyclea barbata, wanda aka sani da cincau hijau ko jelly na ciyawar kore, [2] da Cocculus orbiculatus ko kuma wanda aka sani da cincau Cina ko kuma jelly na ciyawar kore ta ƙasar Sin. [3] Wasu tsire-tsire daga dangin Stephania kamar Stephania hernandifolia (wanda aka fi sani da Stephania japonica ) da Stephania capitata ana amfani da su azaman madadin don ƙirƙirar jelly na ciyawar kore da ake kira cincau minyak ko jelly na ciyawa mai mai. [3] == Manazarta == l0on26if0dfaue1fksch2pumldcmte9 0 149024 829267 2026-05-03T12:37:07Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348176241|Falooda]]" 829267 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Falooda''''' ko '''Faluda''' ( ) wani kayan zaki ne mai sanyi [[Mughlai cuisine|na Mughlai]] da aka yi da vermicelli . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Royal Falooda |url=http://www.eatingindia.net/blog/the-royal-falooda/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528183939/http://www.eatingindia.net/blog/the-royal-falooda/ |archive-date=28 May 2017 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=Eating India}}</ref> Ya samo asali ne daga abincin [[Iran|Farisa]] ''mai suna faloodeh'', nau'ikansa ana samun su a Yamma, Tsakiya, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. A al'ada, ana shirya shi ta hanyar haɗa ruwan fure, vermicelli, da tsaban basil mai daɗi da madara, galibi ana yin sa da kulfi . <ref name="FalRecipe">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2015 |title=Falooda Recipe |url=https://www.sailusfood.com/falooda-recipe/ |access-date=7 April 2019 |publisher=Sailu's Food}}</ref> Ana yin vermicelli da ake amfani da shi wajen shirya falooda daga alkama, <ref name="Falooda">{{Cite web |title=Falooda |url=http://ifood.tv/asian/falooda/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150125200953/http://ifood.tv/asian/falooda/about |archive-date=25 January 2015 |access-date=26 January 2015 |website=ifood.tv}}</ref> arrowroot, cornstarch, ko sago . <ref name="Sev">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2015 |title=Falooda Sev Recipe |url=http://www.sailusfood.com/2015/05/25/falooda-sev-recipe-how-to-make-falooda-sev/ |access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> == Tarihi ==   Asalin ''falooda'' ya samo asali ne daga [[Iran]] ( Farisa ), inda har yanzu ake samun irin wannan kayan zaki, ''faloodeh'', a Indiya . Kayan zaki ya zo a zamanin daular Tsakiyar Asiya da dama da suka mamaye Kudancin Asiya a ƙarni na 16 zuwa 18. <ref name=":1" /> An haɓaka nau'in ''falooda'' na yanzu a [[Mughal Empire|Daular Mughal]] kuma ya bazu tare da mamayar da ta yi. Sarakunan Farisa waɗanda suka gaji daga [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] sun yi amfani da kayan zaki da nasu, musamman a Hyderabad Deccan da yankunan Carnatic na Indiya ta yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Royal Falooda |url=http://www.eatingindia.net/blog/the-royal-falooda/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528183939/http://www.eatingindia.net/blog/the-royal-falooda/ |archive-date=28 May 2017 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=Eating India}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170528183939/http://www.eatingindia.net/blog/the-royal-falooda/ "The Royal Falooda"]. ''Eating India''. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]</ref> Wannan abin sha yanzu wani ɓangare ne na abincin Pakistan, abincin Afghanistan, abincin Burma, abincin Indiya, abincin Bangladesh da abincin Sri Lanka kuma ana ba da shi a bukukuwan aure da sauran lokatai. A [[Sri Lanka]], Falooda ( ''ෆලුඩා'' / ''ஃபலூடா'' ) galibi ana cin sa a matsayin [[Abinsha|abincin madara]] mai shahara. == Nassoshi na misali == A cikin Hindustani mai ban mamaki, ana amfani da faluda a wasu lokuta a matsayin abin da aka yanke, wanda ke nuni ga noodles na vermicelli. Misali, wanda aka yi masa rashin mutunci zai iya cewa izzat ta koma faluda ( Hindi , Urdu ), wanda yayi daidai da faɗin "sunana an harbe shi". [1] == Nau'ikan == * Wasu nau'ikan Pakistan sun ƙunshi taliyar alkama mai haske da sitaci, da kuma syrup mai ɗanɗano. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * A [[Myanmar]], ana yin ''phaluda'' (ဖာလူဒါ) da tsaban basil, jelly na ciyawa, pudding na ƙwai, ice cream na vanilla, madara mai zaki da ruwan fure . Wasu nau'ikan da suka fi shahara sun haɗa da [[Mai hikima|sago]], taliyar shinkafa, jelly na 'ya'yan itace, da 'ya'yan itace da aka yanka. * A kudancin [[Bangladesh]], ana yin ''Falooda'' da ruwan Pandan, pistachios, lu'ulu'u [[Mai hikima|na sago]], [[Attagara|kwakwa]] mai kirim, [[mangwaro]], madara da vermicelli, kuma yana iya ƙunsar shayin baƙi mai ƙarfi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]] suna da irin wannan abin sha mai suna ''Bandung'' . * [[Tailan|Thailand]] tana da irin wannan abin sha, ''nam maenglak'' (น้ำแมงลัก), wanda aka yi da tsaban lemun tsami, jelly da aka yanka, lu'ulu'u na tapioca, da hawayen Ayuba da aka gauraya da sukari, ruwa, da ruwan fure. * A [[Sri Lanka]], ana ƙara ice cream a kan tsaban basil, jelly cubes, da madarar falooda. Akwai wasu nau'ikan dandano kamar mango da nelikai/gooseberry. * [[Kurdawa|Kurdawan]] Iraki suna yin sigar vermicelli mai kauri. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * Ana kiran sigar [[Moris|Mauritian]] da suna ''a bayyane'' . * Wani nau'in da aka sani da "Bombay crush" ya shahara a tsakanin 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu . * A [[Guyana]], ana yin sigar gelatin mai ƙarfi da madara mai narkewa. == Manazarta == 8in37hyqovnxo1zqhkmuszwcglsymgr 829268 829267 2026-05-03T12:37:26Z Sardeeq 39275 829268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Falooda''''' ko '''Faluda''' ( ) wani kayan zaki ne mai sanyi [[Mughlai cuisine|na Mughlai]] da aka yi da vermicelli . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Royal Falooda |url=http://www.eatingindia.net/blog/the-royal-falooda/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528183939/http://www.eatingindia.net/blog/the-royal-falooda/ |archive-date=28 May 2017 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=Eating India}}</ref> Ya samo asali ne daga abincin [[Iran|Farisa]] ''mai suna faloodeh'', nau'ikansa ana samun su a Yamma, Tsakiya, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. A al'ada, ana shirya shi ta hanyar haɗa ruwan fure, vermicelli, da tsaban basil mai daɗi da madara, galibi ana yin sa da kulfi . <ref name="FalRecipe">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2015 |title=Falooda Recipe |url=https://www.sailusfood.com/falooda-recipe/ |access-date=7 April 2019 |publisher=Sailu's Food}}</ref> Ana yin vermicelli da ake amfani da shi wajen shirya falooda daga alkama, <ref name="Falooda">{{Cite web |title=Falooda |url=http://ifood.tv/asian/falooda/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150125200953/http://ifood.tv/asian/falooda/about |archive-date=25 January 2015 |access-date=26 January 2015 |website=ifood.tv}}</ref> arrowroot, cornstarch, ko sago . <ref name="Sev">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2015 |title=Falooda Sev Recipe |url=http://www.sailusfood.com/2015/05/25/falooda-sev-recipe-how-to-make-falooda-sev/ |access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> == Tarihi ==   Asalin ''falooda'' ya samo asali ne daga [[Iran]] ( Farisa ), inda har yanzu ake samun irin wannan kayan zaki, ''faloodeh'', a Indiya . Kayan zaki ya zo a zamanin daular Tsakiyar Asiya da dama da suka mamaye Kudancin Asiya a ƙarni na 16 zuwa 18. <ref name=":1" /> An haɓaka nau'in ''falooda'' na yanzu a [[Mughal Empire|Daular Mughal]] kuma ya bazu tare da mamayar da ta yi. Sarakunan Farisa waɗanda suka gaji daga [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] sun yi amfani da kayan zaki da nasu, musamman a Hyderabad Deccan da yankunan Carnatic na Indiya ta yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Royal Falooda |url=http://www.eatingindia.net/blog/the-royal-falooda/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528183939/http://www.eatingindia.net/blog/the-royal-falooda/ |archive-date=28 May 2017 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=Eating India}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170528183939/http://www.eatingindia.net/blog/the-royal-falooda/ "The Royal Falooda"]. ''Eating India''. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]</ref> Wannan abin sha yanzu wani ɓangare ne na abincin Pakistan, abincin Afghanistan, abincin Burma, abincin Indiya, abincin Bangladesh da abincin Sri Lanka kuma ana ba da shi a bukukuwan aure da sauran lokatai. A [[Sri Lanka]], Falooda ( ''ෆලුඩා'' / ''ஃபலூடா'' ) galibi ana cin sa a matsayin [[Abinsha|abincin madara]] mai shahara. == Nassoshi na misali == A cikin Hindustani mai ban mamaki, ana amfani da faluda a wasu lokuta a matsayin abin da aka yanke, wanda ke nuni ga noodles na vermicelli. Misali, wanda aka yi masa rashin mutunci zai iya cewa izzat ta koma faluda ( Hindi , Urdu ), wanda yayi daidai da faɗin "sunana an harbe shi". [1] == Nau'ikan == * Wasu nau'ikan Pakistan sun ƙunshi taliyar alkama mai haske da sitaci, da kuma syrup mai ɗanɗano. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * A [[Myanmar]], ana yin ''phaluda'' (ဖာလူဒါ) da tsaban basil, jelly na ciyawa, pudding na ƙwai, ice cream na vanilla, madara mai zaki da ruwan fure . Wasu nau'ikan da suka fi shahara sun haɗa da [[Mai hikima|sago]], taliyar shinkafa, jelly na 'ya'yan itace, da 'ya'yan itace da aka yanka. * A kudancin [[Bangladesh]], ana yin ''Falooda'' da ruwan Pandan, pistachios, lu'ulu'u [[Mai hikima|na sago]], [[Attagara|kwakwa]] mai kirim, [[mangwaro]], madara da vermicelli, kuma yana iya ƙunsar shayin baƙi mai ƙarfi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]] suna da irin wannan abin sha mai suna ''Bandung'' . * [[Tailan|Thailand]] tana da irin wannan abin sha, ''nam maenglak'' (น้ำแมงลัก), wanda aka yi da tsaban lemun tsami, jelly da aka yanka, lu'ulu'u na tapioca, da hawayen Ayuba da aka gauraya da sukari, ruwa, da ruwan fure. * A [[Sri Lanka]], ana ƙara ice cream a kan tsaban basil, jelly cubes, da madarar falooda. Akwai wasu nau'ikan dandano kamar mango da nelikai/gooseberry. * [[Kurdawa|Kurdawan]] Iraki suna yin sigar vermicelli mai kauri. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * Ana kiran sigar [[Moris|Mauritian]] da suna ''a bayyane'' . * Wani nau'in da aka sani da "Bombay crush" ya shahara a tsakanin 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu . * A [[Guyana]], ana yin sigar gelatin mai ƙarfi da madara mai narkewa. == Manazarta == 3u3y990uc12omev6gq6qode2dgtej8w 0 149025 829269 2026-05-03T12:38:59Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329326758|Fa gao]]" 829269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fa gao''' ( traditional Chinese ), wanda kuma ake kira da '''fat pan''' (發粄) ta Hakka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=發粄 - Wiktionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%B2%84 |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=en.wiktionary.org |language=en}}</ref> '''prosperity kek''', '''fortune kek''', '''Cantonese soso kek''', wani irin biredi ne da aka dafa a cikin tururi kamar cupcake na kasar Sin . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Goh |first=Daphne |date=2016-02-07 |title=Chinese New Year Steamed Prosperity Cakes (Fa Gao) {{!}}Gluten Free Asian Recipes {{!}}Healthy gf Asian |url=https://www.healthygfasian.com/chinese-new-year-steamed-prosperity-cakes-fa-gao/ |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Gluten Free Asian Recipes {{!}} Healthy gf Asian |language=en-AU}}</ref> Saboda galibi ana siffanta shi da wani abu mai raba saman idan aka dafa shi, sau da yawa ana kiransa da '''kek mai murmushi na kasar Sin''' ko '''furanni masu fure''' . <ref name=":3" /> Ana yawan cin sa a [[Sabuwar Shekarar Sinawa|sabuwar shekarar kasar Sin]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Fortune Cup Cake (fa gao) |url=http://www.knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127015554/http://knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html |archive-date=2009-01-27 |access-date=2009-01-30 |website=Knowingfood}}</ref> Haka kuma mutanen Hakka suna cin sa a wasu bukukuwa, bikin aure, da jana'iza. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Fa Ban |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/guangdong/dabu/2011-04/11/content_12303847.htm |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> == Alamar == Sunan kek, fagao, yana nufin "kek mai faɗaɗawa" da kuma "kek mai wadata" kamar yadda "fa" ke nufin "wadata" da kuma "faɗaɗawa" da kuma "gao" na nufin "kek". <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Fortune Cup Cake (fa gao) |url=http://www.knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127015554/http://knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html |archive-date=2009-01-27 |access-date=2009-01-30 |website=Knowingfood}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090127015554/http://knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html "Chinese Fortune Cup Cake (fa gao)"]. ''Knowingfood''. Archived from [http://www.knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html the original] on 2009-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Hakka suna kiran "sassa na sama" na haramcin fa "xiao", wanda ke nufin murmushi. Ana cewa alama ce ta sa'a mai zuwa: girman "sassa na sama", mafi kyau. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Fa Ban |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/guangdong/dabu/2011-04/11/content_12303847.htm |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/guangdong/dabu/2011-04/11/content_12303847.htm "Fa Ban"]. ''www.chinadaily.com.cn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Shiri == Ana yin kek ɗin da fulawa (yawanci garin shinkafa ), yis (a al'ada [[Yis|yis ne]], amma ana iya [[Chemical leavening|yin sa da sinadarai]] ), <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Fortune Cup Cake (fa gao) |url=http://www.knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127015554/http://knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html |archive-date=2009-01-27 |access-date=2009-01-30 |website=Knowingfood}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090127015554/http://knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html "Chinese Fortune Cup Cake (fa gao)"]. ''Knowingfood''. Archived from [http://www.knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html the original] on 2009-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> [[sukari]] ko wani abin zaki; sannan a dafa shi a wuta (maimakon gasa shi) a kan wuta mai zafi har sai saman ya rabu zuwa wani "saman da aka raba" na sassa huɗu, ko kuma wani lokacin sassa 3. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Goh |first=Daphne |date=2016-02-07 |title=Chinese New Year Steamed Prosperity Cakes (Fa Gao) {{!}}Gluten Free Asian Recipes {{!}}Healthy gf Asian |url=https://www.healthygfasian.com/chinese-new-year-steamed-prosperity-cakes-fa-gao/ |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Gluten Free Asian Recipes {{!}} Healthy gf Asian |language=en-AU}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGoh2016">Goh, Daphne (2016-02-07). [https://www.healthygfasian.com/chinese-new-year-steamed-prosperity-cakes-fa-gao/ "Chinese New Year Steamed Prosperity Cakes (Fa Gao) |Gluten Free Asian Recipes |Healthy gf Asian"]. ''Gluten Free Asian Recipes | Healthy gf Asian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Yawanci ana barin batter ɗin ya huta don yin fermentation kafin a dafa shi da tururi. Waɗannan kek ɗin, idan ana amfani da su don ƙarfafa wadata a sabuwar shekara, galibi ana rina su da launuka masu haske. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Launuka da aka fi sani a al'ada sune fari da ruwan hoda, amma kuma ana iya mayar da su launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar ƙara sukarin dabino . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Goh |first=Daphne |date=2016-02-07 |title=Chinese New Year Steamed Prosperity Cakes (Fa Gao) {{!}}Gluten Free Asian Recipes {{!}}Healthy gf Asian |url=https://www.healthygfasian.com/chinese-new-year-steamed-prosperity-cakes-fa-gao/ |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Gluten Free Asian Recipes {{!}} Healthy gf Asian |language=en-AU}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGoh2016">Goh, Daphne (2016-02-07). [https://www.healthygfasian.com/chinese-new-year-steamed-prosperity-cakes-fa-gao/ "Chinese New Year Steamed Prosperity Cakes (Fa Gao) |Gluten Free Asian Recipes |Healthy gf Asian"]. ''Gluten Free Asian Recipes | Healthy gf Asian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Tasiri a Asiya == === Singapore === 'Yan ƙasar Singapore na China suna amfani da fa gao a matsayin hadaya yayin bauta ta kakanni . === Thailand === A Tailandia, ana kiran wannan nau'in kek Khanom thuai fu ( Thai , ), wanda ke fassara zuwa "abin ciye-ciye mai laushi a cikin kofi". Yana ɗaya daga cikin kayan zaki guda tara masu kyau na Thai, saboda sunansa yana da ma'ana mai kyau, yana isar da wadata ko ci gaba. [1] == Tasiri a wajen Asiya == === Tsibirin Reunion da Mauritius === A [[Moris|ƙasar Mauritius]], ana kiran fa gao da "poutou chinois" ( lit. sani da "poutou chinois"). ) ko "poutou rouge" ( lit. ' a Faransanci). <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Fête du Printemps : au cœur d'une célébration religieuse et familiale |url=https://defimedia.info/fete-du-printemps-au-coeur-dune-celebration-religieuse-et-familiale |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Le Defi Media Group |language=fr}}</ref> Ana kiransa "tukunya" (發粄/发粄; fa ban) daga Mauritian asalin Hakka, da kuma mutanen Reunionese na zuriyar Hakka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sweet snacks |url=http://www.hakkamauritians.org/sweet-snacks |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Hakka Mauritians 客家 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fa gao a Mauritius da Reunion yawanci launin ruwan hoda ne, <ref>{{Cite web |last=lemauricien |date=2020-09-05 |title=(Chinatown) M. Chu : Les délices chinois d'un art traditionnel millénaire |url=https://www.lemauricien.com/actualites/societe/chinatown-m-chu-les-delices-chinoises-dun-art-traditionnel-millenaire/373553/ |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=Le Mauricien |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Chinatown : tout ce qui rampe se mange ! {{!}} KOZÉ {{!}} Dan Karay |url=https://koze.mu/sortir/dan-karay/rampe-se-mange/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419003932/https://koze.mu/sortir/dan-karay/rampe-se-mange/ |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=KOZÉ |language=fr-FR}}</ref> kuma ana cin sa a [[Sabuwar Shekarar Sinawa|Sabuwar Shekarar Sin]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nouvel An Chinois : le 'gato la cire' en vedette ce vendredi |url=https://www.wazaa.mu/fr/nouvel-an-chinois---le--gato-la-cire--en-vedette-ce-vendredi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418141138/https://www.wazaa.mu/fr/nouvel-an-chinois---le--gato-la-cire--en-vedette-ce-vendredi |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Wazaa FM - Feel Good |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":5" /> Duk da haka, a zahiri ana sayar da shi kuma ana cin sa duk shekara. == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Incense_stick_and_fa_gao.jpg|alt=Incense stick and fa gao.| Sanda mai turare da fa gao. Fayil:Poutou_Chinois.jpg|alt=Mauritian Poutou Chinois.| 'Yan ƙasar Mauritius Poutou Chinois. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kek * Jerin kayan burodi * == Manazarta == hee9qroefm5dheio8on3nt7dxq1xzsn 829270 829269 2026-05-03T12:39:20Z Sardeeq 39275 829270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fa gao''' ( traditional Chinese ), wanda kuma ake kira da '''fat pan''' (發粄) ta Hakka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=發粄 - Wiktionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%B2%84 |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=en.wiktionary.org |language=en}}</ref> '''prosperity kek''', '''fortune kek''', '''Cantonese soso kek''', wani irin biredi ne da aka dafa a cikin tururi kamar cupcake na kasar Sin . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Goh |first=Daphne |date=2016-02-07 |title=Chinese New Year Steamed Prosperity Cakes (Fa Gao) {{!}}Gluten Free Asian Recipes {{!}}Healthy gf Asian |url=https://www.healthygfasian.com/chinese-new-year-steamed-prosperity-cakes-fa-gao/ |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Gluten Free Asian Recipes {{!}} Healthy gf Asian |language=en-AU}}</ref> Saboda galibi ana siffanta shi da wani abu mai raba saman idan aka dafa shi, sau da yawa ana kiransa da '''kek mai murmushi na kasar Sin''' ko '''furanni masu fure''' . <ref name=":3" /> Ana yawan cin sa a [[Sabuwar Shekarar Sinawa|sabuwar shekarar kasar Sin]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Fortune Cup Cake (fa gao) |url=http://www.knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127015554/http://knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html |archive-date=2009-01-27 |access-date=2009-01-30 |website=Knowingfood}}</ref> Haka kuma mutanen Hakka suna cin sa a wasu bukukuwa, bikin aure, da jana'iza. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Fa Ban |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/guangdong/dabu/2011-04/11/content_12303847.htm |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> == Alamar == Sunan kek, fagao, yana nufin "kek mai faɗaɗawa" da kuma "kek mai wadata" kamar yadda "fa" ke nufin "wadata" da kuma "faɗaɗawa" da kuma "gao" na nufin "kek". <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Fortune Cup Cake (fa gao) |url=http://www.knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127015554/http://knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html |archive-date=2009-01-27 |access-date=2009-01-30 |website=Knowingfood}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090127015554/http://knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html "Chinese Fortune Cup Cake (fa gao)"]. ''Knowingfood''. Archived from [http://www.knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html the original] on 2009-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Hakka suna kiran "sassa na sama" na haramcin fa "xiao", wanda ke nufin murmushi. Ana cewa alama ce ta sa'a mai zuwa: girman "sassa na sama", mafi kyau. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Fa Ban |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/guangdong/dabu/2011-04/11/content_12303847.htm |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/guangdong/dabu/2011-04/11/content_12303847.htm "Fa Ban"]. ''www.chinadaily.com.cn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Shiri == Ana yin kek ɗin da fulawa (yawanci garin shinkafa ), yis (a al'ada [[Yis|yis ne]], amma ana iya [[Chemical leavening|yin sa da sinadarai]] ), <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Fortune Cup Cake (fa gao) |url=http://www.knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127015554/http://knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html |archive-date=2009-01-27 |access-date=2009-01-30 |website=Knowingfood}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090127015554/http://knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html "Chinese Fortune Cup Cake (fa gao)"]. ''Knowingfood''. Archived from [http://www.knowingfood.com/dessert/chinese_fortune_cake_fa_gao.html the original] on 2009-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> [[sukari]] ko wani abin zaki; sannan a dafa shi a wuta (maimakon gasa shi) a kan wuta mai zafi har sai saman ya rabu zuwa wani "saman da aka raba" na sassa huɗu, ko kuma wani lokacin sassa 3. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Goh |first=Daphne |date=2016-02-07 |title=Chinese New Year Steamed Prosperity Cakes (Fa Gao) {{!}}Gluten Free Asian Recipes {{!}}Healthy gf Asian |url=https://www.healthygfasian.com/chinese-new-year-steamed-prosperity-cakes-fa-gao/ |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Gluten Free Asian Recipes {{!}} Healthy gf Asian |language=en-AU}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGoh2016">Goh, Daphne (2016-02-07). [https://www.healthygfasian.com/chinese-new-year-steamed-prosperity-cakes-fa-gao/ "Chinese New Year Steamed Prosperity Cakes (Fa Gao) |Gluten Free Asian Recipes |Healthy gf Asian"]. ''Gluten Free Asian Recipes | Healthy gf Asian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Yawanci ana barin batter ɗin ya huta don yin fermentation kafin a dafa shi da tururi. Waɗannan kek ɗin, idan ana amfani da su don ƙarfafa wadata a sabuwar shekara, galibi ana rina su da launuka masu haske. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Launuka da aka fi sani a al'ada sune fari da ruwan hoda, amma kuma ana iya mayar da su launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar ƙara sukarin dabino . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Goh |first=Daphne |date=2016-02-07 |title=Chinese New Year Steamed Prosperity Cakes (Fa Gao) {{!}}Gluten Free Asian Recipes {{!}}Healthy gf Asian |url=https://www.healthygfasian.com/chinese-new-year-steamed-prosperity-cakes-fa-gao/ |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Gluten Free Asian Recipes {{!}} Healthy gf Asian |language=en-AU}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGoh2016">Goh, Daphne (2016-02-07). [https://www.healthygfasian.com/chinese-new-year-steamed-prosperity-cakes-fa-gao/ "Chinese New Year Steamed Prosperity Cakes (Fa Gao) |Gluten Free Asian Recipes |Healthy gf Asian"]. ''Gluten Free Asian Recipes | Healthy gf Asian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Tasiri a Asiya == === Singapore === 'Yan ƙasar Singapore na China suna amfani da fa gao a matsayin hadaya yayin bauta ta kakanni . === Thailand === A Tailandia, ana kiran wannan nau'in kek Khanom thuai fu ( Thai , ), wanda ke fassara zuwa "abin ciye-ciye mai laushi a cikin kofi". Yana ɗaya daga cikin kayan zaki guda tara masu kyau na Thai, saboda sunansa yana da ma'ana mai kyau, yana isar da wadata ko ci gaba. [1] == Tasiri a wajen Asiya == === Tsibirin Reunion da Mauritius === A [[Moris|ƙasar Mauritius]], ana kiran fa gao da "poutou chinois" ( lit. sani da "poutou chinois"). ) ko "poutou rouge" ( lit. ' a Faransanci). <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Fête du Printemps : au cœur d'une célébration religieuse et familiale |url=https://defimedia.info/fete-du-printemps-au-coeur-dune-celebration-religieuse-et-familiale |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Le Defi Media Group |language=fr}}</ref> Ana kiransa "tukunya" (發粄/发粄; fa ban) daga Mauritian asalin Hakka, da kuma mutanen Reunionese na zuriyar Hakka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sweet snacks |url=http://www.hakkamauritians.org/sweet-snacks |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Hakka Mauritians 客家 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fa gao a Mauritius da Reunion yawanci launin ruwan hoda ne, <ref>{{Cite web |last=lemauricien |date=2020-09-05 |title=(Chinatown) M. Chu : Les délices chinois d'un art traditionnel millénaire |url=https://www.lemauricien.com/actualites/societe/chinatown-m-chu-les-delices-chinoises-dun-art-traditionnel-millenaire/373553/ |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=Le Mauricien |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Chinatown : tout ce qui rampe se mange ! {{!}} KOZÉ {{!}} Dan Karay |url=https://koze.mu/sortir/dan-karay/rampe-se-mange/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419003932/https://koze.mu/sortir/dan-karay/rampe-se-mange/ |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=KOZÉ |language=fr-FR}}</ref> kuma ana cin sa a [[Sabuwar Shekarar Sinawa|Sabuwar Shekarar Sin]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nouvel An Chinois : le 'gato la cire' en vedette ce vendredi |url=https://www.wazaa.mu/fr/nouvel-an-chinois---le--gato-la-cire--en-vedette-ce-vendredi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418141138/https://www.wazaa.mu/fr/nouvel-an-chinois---le--gato-la-cire--en-vedette-ce-vendredi |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Wazaa FM - Feel Good |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":5" /> Duk da haka, a zahiri ana sayar da shi kuma ana cin sa duk shekara. == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Incense_stick_and_fa_gao.jpg|alt=Incense stick and fa gao.| Sanda mai turare da fa gao. Fayil:Poutou_Chinois.jpg|alt=Mauritian Poutou Chinois.| 'Yan ƙasar Mauritius Poutou Chinois. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kek * Jerin kayan burodi * == Manazarta == fd842f5dcyde9gl7dafbg0vzugqaxij 0 149026 829284 2026-05-03T14:24:20Z AsmudSemen 44540 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308332381|Neo Masisi]]" 829284 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Neo Jane Masisi'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandhry |first=Eddie |date=11 June 2019 |title=President Mokgweetsi Masisi of Botswana visits Yale |url=https://news.yale.edu/2019/06/11/president-mokgweetsi-masisi-botswana-visits-yale |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=Yale News |publisher=Yale University}}</ref> Wadda kuma ake kira Mma Atsile, ita ce tsohuwar matar shugaban ƙasa ta Botswana, kuma matar tsohon shugaban ƙasar Mokgweetsi Masisi.”<ref name="YB">{{Cite web |title=President Masisi clarifies First Lady's role |url=https://yourbotswana.com/2018/11/04/president-masisi-clarifies-first-ladys-role/ |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=Your Botswana}}</ref> An haifi Neo Jane Masisi a watan Nuwamba 1971 a Francistown, babba cikin 'ya'ya shida na Baruki da Irene Maswabi . Iyayenta biyu sun kammala karatun jami'a ne. Ta girma kuma ta halarci makaranta a [[Gaborone]], inda iyayenta ke aiki.<ref name="UN">{{Cite magazine|url-status=36–39}}</ref> Ta auri Mokgweetsi Masisi a shekara ta 2002; suna da 'yar mai suna Atsile . <ref name="UN">{{Cite magazine|url-status=36–39}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140926/https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf "Staff corner - Profile"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''UN Staff Voice''. No.&nbsp;6. June 2018. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">36–</span>39. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == Masisi mai lissafi ne. Ta yi horo a Cibiyar Horar da Lissafi ta Kamfanin Diamond na Debswana inda ta sami meMBA na Cibiyar Kula da Lissafi. Daga 2001 zuwa 2004 ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar De Montfort a Ingila, inda ta sami digiri na MBA.<ref name="UN">{{Cite magazine|url-status=36–39}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140926/https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf "Staff corner - Profile"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''UN Staff Voice''. No.&nbsp;6. June 2018. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">36–</span>39. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="YB">{{Cite web |title=President Masisi clarifies First Lady's role |url=https://yourbotswana.com/2018/11/04/president-masisi-clarifies-first-ladys-role/ |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=Your Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://yourbotswana.com/2018/11/04/president-masisi-clarifies-first-ladys-role/ "President Masisi clarifies First Lady's role"]. ''Your Botswana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Uwargidan Shugaban kasa Neo Masisi a cikin 2019 an ba shi Fellow Chartered Management Accountant ta CIMA Shugaba Mr Steven Swientozielskyj a Gaborone . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily News .:. : : Masisi credits CIMA for success |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/48018 |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=www.dailynews.gov.bw}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004 ta shiga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], da farko tana aiki a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkinobho a Birnin New York sannan kuma a [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Afirka]] a [[Addis Ababa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=H.E. Mrs Neo Jane Masisi |url=https://www.africanchild.report/index.php/speakers/speaker/27-mrs-neo-jane-masisi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021110159/https://www.africanchild.report/index.php/speakers/speaker/27-mrs-neo-jane-masisi |archive-date=2022-10-21 |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=www.africanchild.report |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] . <ref name="UN" /> A cikin 2017 Masisi ya koma New York don yin aiki a kan [[Umoja (software)|Umoja]], tsarin software na tsara kayan aiki na kamfanoni da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za su yi amfani da su a duk duniya. Ta bar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2018 lokacin da mijinta ya zama Shugaban Botswana.<ref name="UN">{{Cite magazine|url-status=36–39}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140926/https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf "Staff corner - Profile"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''UN Staff Voice''. No.&nbsp;6. June 2018. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">36–</span>39. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Matsayinta a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa galibi bikin ne. A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, Masisi ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi yara da matasa, da kuma karfafa mata. A cikin 2018 ta ƙaddamar da ''Eseng Mo Ngwaneng'', kamfen ɗin [[UNICEF]] game da cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafi. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ftculw4m8vdu8j5lvrgxg9kh6rqyt69 829285 829284 2026-05-03T14:24:44Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 829285 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neo Jane Masisi'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandhry |first=Eddie |date=11 June 2019 |title=President Mokgweetsi Masisi of Botswana visits Yale |url=https://news.yale.edu/2019/06/11/president-mokgweetsi-masisi-botswana-visits-yale |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=Yale News |publisher=Yale University}}</ref> Wadda kuma ake kira Mma Atsile, ita ce tsohuwar matar shugaban ƙasa ta Botswana, kuma matar tsohon shugaban ƙasar Mokgweetsi Masisi.”<ref name="YB">{{Cite web |title=President Masisi clarifies First Lady's role |url=https://yourbotswana.com/2018/11/04/president-masisi-clarifies-first-ladys-role/ |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=Your Botswana}}</ref> An haifi Neo Jane Masisi a watan Nuwamba 1971 a Francistown, babba cikin 'ya'ya shida na Baruki da Irene Maswabi . Iyayenta biyu sun kammala karatun jami'a ne. Ta girma kuma ta halarci makaranta a [[Gaborone]], inda iyayenta ke aiki.<ref name="UN">{{Cite magazine|url-status=36–39}}</ref> Ta auri Mokgweetsi Masisi a shekara ta 2002; suna da 'yar mai suna Atsile . <ref name="UN">{{Cite magazine|url-status=36–39}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140926/https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf "Staff corner - Profile"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''UN Staff Voice''. No.&nbsp;6. June 2018. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">36–</span>39. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == Masisi mai lissafi ne. Ta yi horo a Cibiyar Horar da Lissafi ta Kamfanin Diamond na Debswana inda ta sami meMBA na Cibiyar Kula da Lissafi. Daga 2001 zuwa 2004 ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar De Montfort a Ingila, inda ta sami digiri na MBA.<ref name="UN">{{Cite magazine|url-status=36–39}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140926/https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf "Staff corner - Profile"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''UN Staff Voice''. No.&nbsp;6. June 2018. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">36–</span>39. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="YB">{{Cite web |title=President Masisi clarifies First Lady's role |url=https://yourbotswana.com/2018/11/04/president-masisi-clarifies-first-ladys-role/ |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=Your Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://yourbotswana.com/2018/11/04/president-masisi-clarifies-first-ladys-role/ "President Masisi clarifies First Lady's role"]. ''Your Botswana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Uwargidan Shugaban kasa Neo Masisi a cikin 2019 an ba shi Fellow Chartered Management Accountant ta CIMA Shugaba Mr Steven Swientozielskyj a Gaborone . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily News .:. : : Masisi credits CIMA for success |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/48018 |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=www.dailynews.gov.bw}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004 ta shiga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], da farko tana aiki a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkinobho a Birnin New York sannan kuma a [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Afirka]] a [[Addis Ababa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=H.E. Mrs Neo Jane Masisi |url=https://www.africanchild.report/index.php/speakers/speaker/27-mrs-neo-jane-masisi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021110159/https://www.africanchild.report/index.php/speakers/speaker/27-mrs-neo-jane-masisi |archive-date=2022-10-21 |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=www.africanchild.report |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] . <ref name="UN" /> A cikin 2017 Masisi ya koma New York don yin aiki a kan [[Umoja (software)|Umoja]], tsarin software na tsara kayan aiki na kamfanoni da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za su yi amfani da su a duk duniya. Ta bar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2018 lokacin da mijinta ya zama Shugaban Botswana.<ref name="UN">{{Cite magazine|url-status=36–39}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140926/https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf "Staff corner - Profile"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''UN Staff Voice''. No.&nbsp;6. June 2018. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">36–</span>39. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Matsayinta a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa galibi bikin ne. A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, Masisi ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi yara da matasa, da kuma karfafa mata. A cikin 2018 ta ƙaddamar da ''Eseng Mo Ngwaneng'', kamfen ɗin [[UNICEF]] game da cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafi. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 516o8xd7epsxe4gvx897492z8f6z4gc 829286 829285 2026-05-03T14:29:18Z AsmudSemen 44540 Translated 829286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Neo Masisi | office = [[First Lady of Botswana]] | status = <!--DO NOT CHANGE, as First Lady is a role, not a political office--> | term_label = In role<!--DO NOT REMOVE, as First Lady is a role, not a political office--> | image = [[File:Neo Masisi US embassy Botswana 2018 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Neo Masisi US embassy Botswana 2018 (cropped)]] Masisi US embassy Botswana 2018 (cropped).jpg | term_start = 1 April 2018 | term_end = 1 November 2024 | predecessor = [[Barbara Mogae]] (2008) | successor = [[Kaone Boko]] | president = [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] | birth_name = Neo Jane Maswabi | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|11|15|df=y}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | spouse = [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] | children = 1 | other_names = | party = | profession = [[Accountant]] }} '''Neo Jane Masisi'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandhry |first=Eddie |date=11 June 2019 |title=President Mokgweetsi Masisi of Botswana visits Yale |url=https://news.yale.edu/2019/06/11/president-mokgweetsi-masisi-botswana-visits-yale |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=Yale News |publisher=Yale University}}</ref> Wadda kuma ake kira Mma Atsile, ita ce tsohuwar matar shugaban ƙasa ta Botswana, kuma matar tsohon shugaban ƙasar Mokgweetsi Masisi.”<ref name="YB">{{Cite web |title=President Masisi clarifies First Lady's role |url=https://yourbotswana.com/2018/11/04/president-masisi-clarifies-first-ladys-role/ |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=Your Botswana}}</ref> An haifi Neo Jane Masisi a watan Nuwamba 1971 a Francistown, babba cikin 'ya'ya shida na Baruki da Irene Maswabi . Iyayenta biyu sun kammala karatun jami'a ne. Ta girma kuma ta halarci makaranta a [[Gaborone]], inda iyayenta ke aiki.<ref name="UN">{{Cite magazine|url-status=36–39}}</ref> Ta auri Mokgweetsi Masisi a shekara ta 2002; suna da 'yar mai suna Atsile . <ref name="UN">{{Cite magazine|url-status=36–39}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140926/https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf "Staff corner - Profile"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''UN Staff Voice''. No.&nbsp;6. June 2018. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">36–</span>39. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == Masisi mai lissafi ne. Ta yi horo a Cibiyar Horar da Lissafi ta Kamfanin Diamond na Debswana inda ta sami meMBA na Cibiyar Kula da Lissafi. Daga 2001 zuwa 2004 ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar De Montfort a Ingila, inda ta sami digiri na MBA.<ref name="UN">{{Cite magazine|url-status=36–39}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140926/https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf "Staff corner - Profile"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''UN Staff Voice''. No.&nbsp;6. June 2018. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">36–</span>39. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="YB">{{Cite web |title=President Masisi clarifies First Lady's role |url=https://yourbotswana.com/2018/11/04/president-masisi-clarifies-first-ladys-role/ |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=Your Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://yourbotswana.com/2018/11/04/president-masisi-clarifies-first-ladys-role/ "President Masisi clarifies First Lady's role"]. ''Your Botswana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Uwargidan Shugaban kasa Neo Masisi a cikin 2019 an ba shi Fellow Chartered Management Accountant ta CIMA Shugaba Mr Steven Swientozielskyj a Gaborone . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily News .:. : : Masisi credits CIMA for success |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/48018 |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=www.dailynews.gov.bw}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004 ta shiga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], da farko tana aiki a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkinobho a Birnin New York sannan kuma a [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Afirka]] a [[Addis Ababa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=H.E. Mrs Neo Jane Masisi |url=https://www.africanchild.report/index.php/speakers/speaker/27-mrs-neo-jane-masisi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021110159/https://www.africanchild.report/index.php/speakers/speaker/27-mrs-neo-jane-masisi |archive-date=2022-10-21 |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=www.africanchild.report |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] . <ref name="UN" /> A cikin 2017 Masisi ya koma New York don yin aiki a kan [[Umoja (software)|Umoja]], tsarin software na tsara kayan aiki na kamfanoni da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za su yi amfani da su a duk duniya. Ta bar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2018 lokacin da mijinta ya zama Shugaban Botswana.<ref name="UN">{{Cite magazine|url-status=36–39}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140926/https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf "Staff corner - Profile"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''UN Staff Voice''. No.&nbsp;6. June 2018. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">36–</span>39. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Matsayinta a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa galibi bikin ne. A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, Masisi ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi yara da matasa, da kuma karfafa mata. A cikin 2018 ta ƙaddamar da ''Eseng Mo Ngwaneng'', kamfen ɗin [[UNICEF]] game da cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafi. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ggk8rtk5voiuj7md0mvfy584upxjzvk 0 149027 829292 2026-05-03T15:17:17Z AsmudSemen 44540 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344576511|Idah Nabayiga]]" 829292 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Idah Nabayiga''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1979) 'yar siyasar [[Uganda]] ce kuma Wakiliyar Mata na Gundumar Kalangala a majalisar dokokin Uganda ta 10. Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na National Resistance Movement a kan tikitin da ta yi a cikin babban zaben 2016.((hose ticket she ran on in the 2016 general elections)) == Tarihi == An haifi Idah Nabayiga a gundumar Kalangala == Ilimi == Idah Nabayiga ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Memere . A shekara ta 1994, ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta St. Henry's Buyege don matakan O da A. Daga baya ta shiga [[Jami'ar Makerere]] a shekara ta 2003 don digiri na farko. Idah Nabayiga kuma tana da takardar shaidar a cikin [[Dokar Gudanarwa]] da aka samu daga Cibiyar Ci gaban Shari'a ta Uganda a cikin 2008. a shekara ta 2011, ta sami difloma na digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam daga [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda|Cibiyar Gudanar da Uganda]] . A halin yanzu, tana neman Jagora na Gudanar da Jama'a da Gudanarwa har yanzu a Cibiyar Gudanar da Uganda . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=334 |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=parliament.go.ug}}</ref>((((Government between 2006 and 2012. Later on, between 2012 and 2015, she served as a Human Resource Officer still under the same administration.())) == Ayyuka == Kafin ta shiga siyasa mai wakilci, Idah Nabayiga ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'in Ci gaban al'umma a karkashin Karamar Hukumar Gundumar Kalangala tsakanin 2006 da 2012. Daga baya, tsakanin 2012 da 2015, ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'in Harkokin Dan Adam har yanzu a karkashin wannan gwamnatin. Idah Nabayiga tasamu horarwa a matsayin malama, kuma a majalisar dokokin Uganda ta 10, tana aiki a Kwamitin Ilimi da [[Wasanni]]. <ref name="parliament1">{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=334 |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=parliament.go.ug}}</ref> == Rikici da gwagwarmaya == An ambaci Idah Nabayiga a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan majalisa na National Resistance Movement wanda ya kalubalanci Shugaba [[Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]] a kan Harajin Mobile a cikin 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocaido |first=Patrick |title=NRM MPs Who Defied Museveni on Mobile Money Tax Listed – theinsider.ug |url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2018/10/03/nrm-mps-who-defied-museveni-on-mobile-money-tax-listed/ |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Wani zabe na jarida a shekarar 2017, ya lissafa Idah Nabayiga a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan majalisa wadanda suka kada kuri'a a kan ɗaga Dokar Ƙayyadadden Shekarar Shugaban kasa. An ruwaito cewa ta ki amincewa da kuri'ar saboda yiwuwar tsoron kisan gilla ta masu jefa kuri'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Our |title=Afraid of being lynched, NRM MPs abandon age limit {{!}} edge |url=https://edge.ug/2017/11/27/afraid-of-being-lynched-nrm-mps-abandon-age-limit/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208060950/http://edge.ug/2017/11/27/afraid-of-being-lynched-nrm-mps-abandon-age-limit/ |archive-date=8 December 2020 |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance a cikin rikodin cewa ta ki amincewa da musantawar Gwamnatin Uganda game da zalunci na Sojojin Tsaro na Uganda a kan al'ummomin kamun kifi a Tafkin Victoria . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=Govt Denies UPDF's Involvement in Brutality Against Fishing Communities |url=https://www.softpower.ug/govt-denies-updfs-involvement-in-brutality-against-fishing-communities/ |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=Online news from Uganda and the East African region – SoftPower News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=Parliamentarians want UPDF out of fishing communities |url=http://capitalradio.co.ug/parliamentarians-want-updf-fishing-communities/ |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=Capital FM}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Idah Nabayiga ta yi aure.<ref name="parliament1">{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=334 |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=parliament.go.ug}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=334 "Parliament of Uganda"]. ''parliament.go.ug''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2016, ta tsira daga hatsarin mota lokacin da motar da take tafiya a ciki ta rushe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalangala Woman MP in motor crash |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kalangala-MP-motor-crash/688334-3388482-ki8k7/index.html |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] 1qpf24xp1oks9k5y7nzs62v0jssstrq 829293 829292 2026-05-03T15:18:43Z AsmudSemen 44540 829293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = Hon. | name = Idah Nabayiga | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|11|14}} | birth_place = [[Kalangala District]], [[Uganda]] | party = [[National Resistance Movement]] (NRM) | office = District Woman Representative for Kalangala District | parliament = Uganda | term_start = 2016 | committees = Committee on Education and Sports | occupation = [[Politician]], [[Teacher]] | profession = Community Development Officer, Human Resource Officer | alma_mater = [[Makerere University]]; [[Uganda Management Institute]]; [[Law Development Centre]] | known_for = Opposition to Mobile Money Tax and Presidential Age Limit Bill }} '''Idah Nabayiga''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1979) 'yar siyasar [[Uganda]] ce kuma Wakiliyar Mata na Gundumar Kalangala a majalisar dokokin Uganda ta 10. Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na National Resistance Movement a kan tikitin da ta yi a cikin babban zaben 2016. == Tarihi == An haifi Idah Nabayiga a gundumar Kalangala == Ilimi == Idah Nabayiga ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Memere . A shekara ta 1994, ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta St. Henry's Buyege don matakan O da A. Daga baya ta shiga [[Jami'ar Makerere]] a shekara ta 2003 don digiri na farko. Idah Nabayiga kuma tana da takardar shaidar a cikin [[Dokar Gudanarwa]] da aka samu daga Cibiyar Ci gaban Shari'a ta Uganda a cikin 2008. a shekara ta 2011, ta sami difloma na digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam daga [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda|Cibiyar Gudanar da Uganda]] . A halin yanzu, tana neman Jagora na Gudanar da Jama'a da Gudanarwa har yanzu a Cibiyar Gudanar da Uganda . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=334 |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=parliament.go.ug}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kafin ta shiga siyasa mai wakilci, Idah Nabayiga ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'in Ci gaban al'umma a karkashin Karamar Hukumar Gundumar Kalangala tsakanin 2006 da 2012. Daga baya, tsakanin 2012 da 2015, ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'in Harkokin Dan Adam har yanzu a karkashin wannan gwamnatin. Idah Nabayiga tasamu horarwa a matsayin malama, kuma a majalisar dokokin Uganda ta 10, tana aiki a Kwamitin Ilimi da [[Wasanni]]. <ref name="parliament1">{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=334 |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=parliament.go.ug}}</ref> == Rikici da gwagwarmaya == An ambaci Idah Nabayiga a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan majalisa na National Resistance Movement wanda ya kalubalanci Shugaba [[Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]] a kan Harajin Mobile a cikin 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocaido |first=Patrick |title=NRM MPs Who Defied Museveni on Mobile Money Tax Listed – theinsider.ug |url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2018/10/03/nrm-mps-who-defied-museveni-on-mobile-money-tax-listed/ |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Wani zabe na jarida a shekarar 2017, ya lissafa Idah Nabayiga a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan majalisa wadanda suka kada kuri'a a kan ɗaga Dokar Ƙayyadadden Shekarar Shugaban kasa. An ruwaito cewa ta ki amincewa da kuri'ar saboda yiwuwar tsoron kisan gilla ta masu jefa kuri'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Our |title=Afraid of being lynched, NRM MPs abandon age limit {{!}} edge |url=https://edge.ug/2017/11/27/afraid-of-being-lynched-nrm-mps-abandon-age-limit/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208060950/http://edge.ug/2017/11/27/afraid-of-being-lynched-nrm-mps-abandon-age-limit/ |archive-date=8 December 2020 |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance a cikin rikodin cewa ta ki amincewa da musantawar Gwamnatin Uganda game da zalunci na Sojojin Tsaro na Uganda a kan al'ummomin kamun kifi a Tafkin Victoria . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=Govt Denies UPDF's Involvement in Brutality Against Fishing Communities |url=https://www.softpower.ug/govt-denies-updfs-involvement-in-brutality-against-fishing-communities/ |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=Online news from Uganda and the East African region – SoftPower News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=Parliamentarians want UPDF out of fishing communities |url=http://capitalradio.co.ug/parliamentarians-want-updf-fishing-communities/ |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=Capital FM}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Idah Nabayiga ta yi aure.<ref name="parliament1">{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=334 |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=parliament.go.ug}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=334 "Parliament of Uganda"]. ''parliament.go.ug''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2016, ta tsira daga hatsarin mota lokacin da motar da take tafiya a ciki ta rushe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalangala Woman MP in motor crash |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kalangala-MP-motor-crash/688334-3388482-ki8k7/index.html |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] fkogswdh6jmhis3sxvr8mmopvdtio7j 0 149028 829296 2026-05-03T15:29:35Z AsmudSemen 44540 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342157267|Florence Nkalubo]]" 829296 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Florence Nkalubo''' wanda aka fi sani da '''''Owek Florence Bagunywa Nkalubo''''' malama a Uganda ce, '[[Ɗan siyasa|yar siyasa]] kuma mai ba da shawara kan [[wasanni]]. An san ta da kokarin da ta yi wajen tallafawa wasanni tsakanin mata da matasa a Uganda.(((She is known for her efforts in championing sports among women and youth in Uganda.)) == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ita mahaifiyar yara uku ce.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=Football is in her veins |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/football-is-in-her-veins-1487604 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifin Florence shine Arthur Bagunywa Nkalubo Kateregga wanda shine tsohon ministan Buganda Kingdom . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ex-Buganda minister dies aged 91 |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1500084/-buganda-minister-dies-aged-91 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Mahaifin ya mutu yana da shekaru 91 bisa ga danginsa a asibitin Platinum.<ref name=":1" /> (((She is known for her efforts in championing sports among women and youth in Uganda.(()))) == Tarihin aiki == Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan matasa da aiki a Masarautar Buganda na tsawon shekaru 10. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buganda Kingdom Official Decries Bad Conditions For Jailed Riot Suspects |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/buganda-kingdom-official-decries-bad-conditions-for-jailed-riot-suspects?districtId=506 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce zakara ta mata a kwallon kafa wanda ya karfafa karin 'yan mata suyi la'akari da wasanni a matsayin aiki a Uganda. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Florence Bagunywa Nkalubo deliberates |url=https://www.fufa.co.ug/pictorial-96th-fufa-ordinary-assembly-hosted-by-kampala-region/florence-bagunywa-nkalubo-deliberates/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=FUFA: Federation of Uganda Football Associations |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=Football is in her veins |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/football-is-in-her-veins-1487604 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/football-is-in-her-veins-1487604 "Football is in her veins"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Tarayyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kafa ta Uganda (FUFA) kuma tana wakiltar mata na ɗan lokaci a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence Bagunwa Nkalubo |url=https://www.fufa.co.ug/pictorial-95th-fufa-ordinary-assembly-multi-purpose-hall-adjumani/florence-bagunwa-nkalubo/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=FUFA: Federation of Uganda Football Associations |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Isabirye |first=David |date=2021-05-08 |title=Kabugo, Kiwanuka voted as Uganda Youth Football Delegates {{!}} FUFA Elections 2021 |url=https://kawowo.com/2021/05/08/kabugo-kiwanuka-voted-as-uganda-youth-football-delegates-fufa-elections-2021/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Kawowo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, ta shiga FUFA a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi.<ref name=":0" /> A matsayinta na wakilin FUFA, ta gabatar da shirye-shirye da yawa da FIFA za ta tallafawa kamar su kwallon kafa na makarantar firamare ta Kampala wanda aka fara da makarantu 60 kuma daga baya aka fadada.<ref name=":0" /> Ta fara shiga cikin wasanni lokacin da take yarinya inda za ta yi wasa a matsayin tsalle mai tsayi, wasan tennis na tebur, wasan tennis, da hockery.<ref name=":0" /> Lokacin da take a Kwalejin Malamai ta Nkozi, an horar da ita a cikin discus, gajeren lokaci da kuma mai tsere mai nisa.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma lashe kyaututtuka da yawa.<ref name=":0" /> Nkalubo ta yi takara a Majalisar Gundumar 5 a matsayin mace mai ba da shawara ga Rubaga ta Arewa a shekarar 1997 lokacin da LCs suka zo a wurin kuma suka ci nasara kuma a lokacin da take aiki ne ta fara gasar da ake kira Nkalubo End of Year Cup.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar UWFA.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kasance mai neman zama memba na majalisar dokokin Lubaga ta Arewa a karkashin Jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=IN BRIEF |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1155915/brief |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Ta kasance sakatariyar birnin Lubaga ta Arewa don ilimi.<ref name=":4" /> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Majalisar [[Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=University Council :: Kampala University |url=https://www.ku.ac.ug/university-council.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005021712/https://ku.ac.ug/university-council.php |archive-date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.ku.ac.ug}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kafa ta Uganda * [[Cotilda Nakate Kikomeko]] * Nankindu Kavuma mai arziki * [[FIFA|Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Duniya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:'Yan siyasan Uganda]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bsc6rh81t0lp0989kkucnn827xoykuv 829297 829296 2026-05-03T15:29:51Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 829297 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Florence Nkalubo''' wanda aka fi sani da '''''Owek Florence Bagunywa Nkalubo''''' malama a Uganda ce, '[[Ɗan siyasa|yar siyasa]] kuma mai ba da shawara kan [[wasanni]]. An san ta da kokarin da ta yi wajen tallafawa wasanni tsakanin mata da matasa a Uganda.(((She is known for her efforts in championing sports among women and youth in Uganda.)) == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ita mahaifiyar yara uku ce.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=Football is in her veins |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/football-is-in-her-veins-1487604 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifin Florence shine Arthur Bagunywa Nkalubo Kateregga wanda shine tsohon ministan Buganda Kingdom . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ex-Buganda minister dies aged 91 |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1500084/-buganda-minister-dies-aged-91 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Mahaifin ya mutu yana da shekaru 91 bisa ga danginsa a asibitin Platinum.<ref name=":1" /> (((She is known for her efforts in championing sports among women and youth in Uganda.(()))) == Tarihin aiki == Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan matasa da aiki a Masarautar Buganda na tsawon shekaru 10. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buganda Kingdom Official Decries Bad Conditions For Jailed Riot Suspects |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/buganda-kingdom-official-decries-bad-conditions-for-jailed-riot-suspects?districtId=506 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce zakara ta mata a kwallon kafa wanda ya karfafa karin 'yan mata suyi la'akari da wasanni a matsayin aiki a Uganda. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Florence Bagunywa Nkalubo deliberates |url=https://www.fufa.co.ug/pictorial-96th-fufa-ordinary-assembly-hosted-by-kampala-region/florence-bagunywa-nkalubo-deliberates/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=FUFA: Federation of Uganda Football Associations |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=Football is in her veins |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/football-is-in-her-veins-1487604 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/football-is-in-her-veins-1487604 "Football is in her veins"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Tarayyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kafa ta Uganda (FUFA) kuma tana wakiltar mata na ɗan lokaci a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence Bagunwa Nkalubo |url=https://www.fufa.co.ug/pictorial-95th-fufa-ordinary-assembly-multi-purpose-hall-adjumani/florence-bagunwa-nkalubo/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=FUFA: Federation of Uganda Football Associations |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Isabirye |first=David |date=2021-05-08 |title=Kabugo, Kiwanuka voted as Uganda Youth Football Delegates {{!}} FUFA Elections 2021 |url=https://kawowo.com/2021/05/08/kabugo-kiwanuka-voted-as-uganda-youth-football-delegates-fufa-elections-2021/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Kawowo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, ta shiga FUFA a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi.<ref name=":0" /> A matsayinta na wakilin FUFA, ta gabatar da shirye-shirye da yawa da FIFA za ta tallafawa kamar su kwallon kafa na makarantar firamare ta Kampala wanda aka fara da makarantu 60 kuma daga baya aka fadada.<ref name=":0" /> Ta fara shiga cikin wasanni lokacin da take yarinya inda za ta yi wasa a matsayin tsalle mai tsayi, wasan tennis na tebur, wasan tennis, da hockery.<ref name=":0" /> Lokacin da take a Kwalejin Malamai ta Nkozi, an horar da ita a cikin discus, gajeren lokaci da kuma mai tsere mai nisa.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma lashe kyaututtuka da yawa.<ref name=":0" /> Nkalubo ta yi takara a Majalisar Gundumar 5 a matsayin mace mai ba da shawara ga Rubaga ta Arewa a shekarar 1997 lokacin da LCs suka zo a wurin kuma suka ci nasara kuma a lokacin da take aiki ne ta fara gasar da ake kira Nkalubo End of Year Cup.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar UWFA.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kasance mai neman zama memba na majalisar dokokin Lubaga ta Arewa a karkashin Jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=IN BRIEF |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1155915/brief |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Ta kasance sakatariyar birnin Lubaga ta Arewa don ilimi.<ref name=":4" /> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Majalisar [[Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=University Council :: Kampala University |url=https://www.ku.ac.ug/university-council.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005021712/https://ku.ac.ug/university-council.php |archive-date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.ku.ac.ug}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kafa ta Uganda * [[Cotilda Nakate Kikomeko]] * Nankindu Kavuma mai arziki * [[FIFA|Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Duniya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:'Yan siyasan Uganda]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ch0xu4gub67vmikwj077vmj7kqbuewx 829298 829297 2026-05-03T15:33:08Z AsmudSemen 44540 829298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Florence Bagunywa Nkalubo | honorific_prefix = Owek. | image = | caption = | birth_place = [[Uganda]] | occupation = Educator, Politician, Sports Advocate | known_for = Promoting women's and youth sports in Uganda | title = Former Minister of Youth and Employment (Buganda Kingdom) | children = 3 | father = Arthur Bagunywa Nkalubo Kateregga | party = Democratic Party (Uganda) | years_active = 1990s–present | notable_works = Nkalubo End of Year Cup, Kampala Girls' Primary Football Initiative | organizations = FUFA, UWFA, Buganda Kingdom, [[Kampala International University]] }} '''Florence Nkalubo''' wanda aka fi sani da '''''Owek Florence Bagunywa Nkalubo''''' Malama a Uganda ce, '[[Ɗan siyasa|yar siyasa]] kuma mai ba da shawara kan [[wasanni]]. An san ta da kokarin da ta yi wajen tallafawa wasanni tsakanin mata da matasa a Uganda. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ita mahaifiyar yara uku ce.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=Football is in her veins |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/football-is-in-her-veins-1487604 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifin Florence shine Arthur Bagunywa Nkalubo Kateregga wanda shine tsohon ministan Buganda Kingdom . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ex-Buganda minister dies aged 91 |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1500084/-buganda-minister-dies-aged-91 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Mahaifin ya mutu yana da shekaru 91 bisa ga danginsa a asibitin Platinum.<ref name=":1" /> ( == Tarihin aiki == Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan matasa da aiki a Masarautar Buganda na tsawon shekaru 10. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buganda Kingdom Official Decries Bad Conditions For Jailed Riot Suspects |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/buganda-kingdom-official-decries-bad-conditions-for-jailed-riot-suspects?districtId=506 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce zakara ta mata a kwallon kafa wanda ya karfafa karin 'yan mata suyi la'akari da wasanni a matsayin aiki a Uganda. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Florence Bagunywa Nkalubo deliberates |url=https://www.fufa.co.ug/pictorial-96th-fufa-ordinary-assembly-hosted-by-kampala-region/florence-bagunywa-nkalubo-deliberates/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=FUFA: Federation of Uganda Football Associations |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=Football is in her veins |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/football-is-in-her-veins-1487604 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/football-is-in-her-veins-1487604 "Football is in her veins"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Tarayyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kafa ta Uganda (FUFA) kuma tana wakiltar mata na ɗan lokaci a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence Bagunwa Nkalubo |url=https://www.fufa.co.ug/pictorial-95th-fufa-ordinary-assembly-multi-purpose-hall-adjumani/florence-bagunwa-nkalubo/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=FUFA: Federation of Uganda Football Associations |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Isabirye |first=David |date=2021-05-08 |title=Kabugo, Kiwanuka voted as Uganda Youth Football Delegates {{!}} FUFA Elections 2021 |url=https://kawowo.com/2021/05/08/kabugo-kiwanuka-voted-as-uganda-youth-football-delegates-fufa-elections-2021/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Kawowo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, ta shiga FUFA a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi.<ref name=":0" /> A matsayinta na wakilin FUFA, ta gabatar da shirye-shirye da yawa da FIFA za ta tallafawa kamar su kwallon kafa na makarantar firamare ta Kampala wanda aka fara da makarantu 60 kuma daga baya aka fadada.<ref name=":0" /> Ta fara shiga cikin wasanni lokacin da take yarinya inda za ta yi wasa a matsayin tsalle mai tsayi, wasan tennis na tebur, wasan tennis, da hockery.<ref name=":0" /> Lokacin da take a Kwalejin Malamai ta Nkozi, an horar da ita a cikin discus, gajeren lokaci da kuma mai tsere mai nisa.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma lashe kyaututtuka da yawa.<ref name=":0" /> Nkalubo ta yi takara a Majalisar Gundumar 5 a matsayin mace mai ba da shawara ga Rubaga ta Arewa a shekarar 1997 lokacin da LCs suka zo a wurin kuma suka ci nasara kuma a lokacin da take aiki ne ta fara gasar da ake kira Nkalubo End of Year Cup.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar UWFA.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kasance mai neman zama memba na majalisar dokokin Lubaga ta Arewa a karkashin Jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=IN BRIEF |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1155915/brief |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Ta kasance sakatariyar birnin Lubaga ta Arewa don ilimi.<ref name=":4" /> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Majalisar [[Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=University Council :: Kampala University |url=https://www.ku.ac.ug/university-council.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005021712/https://ku.ac.ug/university-council.php |archive-date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.ku.ac.ug}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kafa ta Uganda * [[Cotilda Nakate Kikomeko]] * Nankindu Kavuma mai arziki * [[FIFA|Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Duniya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:'Yan siyasan Uganda]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t8oflowir2ff7sfxexhjn7vhcwgyqc7 829299 829298 2026-05-03T15:33:45Z AsmudSemen 44540 /* Rayuwa ta mutum */ 829299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Florence Bagunywa Nkalubo | honorific_prefix = Owek. | image = | caption = | birth_place = [[Uganda]] | occupation = Educator, Politician, Sports Advocate | known_for = Promoting women's and youth sports in Uganda | title = Former Minister of Youth and Employment (Buganda Kingdom) | children = 3 | father = Arthur Bagunywa Nkalubo Kateregga | party = Democratic Party (Uganda) | years_active = 1990s–present | notable_works = Nkalubo End of Year Cup, Kampala Girls' Primary Football Initiative | organizations = FUFA, UWFA, Buganda Kingdom, [[Kampala International University]] }} '''Florence Nkalubo''' wanda aka fi sani da '''''Owek Florence Bagunywa Nkalubo''''' Malama a Uganda ce, '[[Ɗan siyasa|yar siyasa]] kuma mai ba da shawara kan [[wasanni]]. An san ta da kokarin da ta yi wajen tallafawa wasanni tsakanin mata da matasa a Uganda. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ita mahaifiyar yara uku ce.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=Football is in her veins |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/football-is-in-her-veins-1487604 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifin Florence shine Arthur Bagunywa Nkalubo Kateregga wanda shine tsohon ministan Buganda Kingdom . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ex-Buganda minister dies aged 91 |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1500084/-buganda-minister-dies-aged-91 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Mahaifin ya mutu yana da shekaru 91 bisa ga danginsa a asibitin Platinum.<ref name=":1" /> == Tarihin aiki == Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan matasa da aiki a Masarautar Buganda na tsawon shekaru 10. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buganda Kingdom Official Decries Bad Conditions For Jailed Riot Suspects |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/buganda-kingdom-official-decries-bad-conditions-for-jailed-riot-suspects?districtId=506 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce zakara ta mata a kwallon kafa wanda ya karfafa karin 'yan mata suyi la'akari da wasanni a matsayin aiki a Uganda. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Florence Bagunywa Nkalubo deliberates |url=https://www.fufa.co.ug/pictorial-96th-fufa-ordinary-assembly-hosted-by-kampala-region/florence-bagunywa-nkalubo-deliberates/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=FUFA: Federation of Uganda Football Associations |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=Football is in her veins |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/football-is-in-her-veins-1487604 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/football-is-in-her-veins-1487604 "Football is in her veins"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Tarayyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kafa ta Uganda (FUFA) kuma tana wakiltar mata na ɗan lokaci a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence Bagunwa Nkalubo |url=https://www.fufa.co.ug/pictorial-95th-fufa-ordinary-assembly-multi-purpose-hall-adjumani/florence-bagunwa-nkalubo/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=FUFA: Federation of Uganda Football Associations |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Isabirye |first=David |date=2021-05-08 |title=Kabugo, Kiwanuka voted as Uganda Youth Football Delegates {{!}} FUFA Elections 2021 |url=https://kawowo.com/2021/05/08/kabugo-kiwanuka-voted-as-uganda-youth-football-delegates-fufa-elections-2021/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Kawowo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, ta shiga FUFA a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi.<ref name=":0" /> A matsayinta na wakilin FUFA, ta gabatar da shirye-shirye da yawa da FIFA za ta tallafawa kamar su kwallon kafa na makarantar firamare ta Kampala wanda aka fara da makarantu 60 kuma daga baya aka fadada.<ref name=":0" /> Ta fara shiga cikin wasanni lokacin da take yarinya inda za ta yi wasa a matsayin tsalle mai tsayi, wasan tennis na tebur, wasan tennis, da hockery.<ref name=":0" /> Lokacin da take a Kwalejin Malamai ta Nkozi, an horar da ita a cikin discus, gajeren lokaci da kuma mai tsere mai nisa.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma lashe kyaututtuka da yawa.<ref name=":0" /> Nkalubo ta yi takara a Majalisar Gundumar 5 a matsayin mace mai ba da shawara ga Rubaga ta Arewa a shekarar 1997 lokacin da LCs suka zo a wurin kuma suka ci nasara kuma a lokacin da take aiki ne ta fara gasar da ake kira Nkalubo End of Year Cup.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar UWFA.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kasance mai neman zama memba na majalisar dokokin Lubaga ta Arewa a karkashin Jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=IN BRIEF |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1155915/brief |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Ta kasance sakatariyar birnin Lubaga ta Arewa don ilimi.<ref name=":4" /> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Majalisar [[Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Kampala]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=University Council :: Kampala University |url=https://www.ku.ac.ug/university-council.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005021712/https://ku.ac.ug/university-council.php |archive-date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.ku.ac.ug}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kafa ta Uganda * [[Cotilda Nakate Kikomeko]] * Nankindu Kavuma mai arziki * [[FIFA|Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Duniya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:'Yan siyasan Uganda]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rjdwpkahm15c9lwh1fxoqtpvlsh7ofq 0 149029 829305 2026-05-03T16:10:30Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352027532|Lamington]]" 829305 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lamington''' wani kek ne na Ostiraliya da aka yi da murabba'in kek na man shanu ko kek ɗin soso da aka lulluɓe a cikin miyar cakulan ta waje sannan aka birgima a cikin [[Attagara|kwakwa da aka bushe]] . Ana shaƙar siraran cakuda a wajen kek ɗin soso sannan a bar shi ya yi laushi, wanda ke ba kek ɗin wani irin salo na musamman. Bambancin da aka saba da shi yana da Layer na kirim ko [[Jam|jam ɗin]] strawberry tsakanin rabin lamington guda biyu. == Asalin == Ana kyautata zaton cewa an sanya wa Lamington suna ne bayan Lord Lamington, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Queensland daga 1896 zuwa 1901, ko kuma matarsa, Lady Lamington. Yawancin majiyoyi sun karkata ga na farko. <ref name="GoldsteinMintz2015">{{Cite book|last=Darra Goldstein}}</ref> <ref name="Davidson2014">{{Cite book|last3=Alan Davidson (food writer)|last=Tom Jaine}}</ref> Tunani na farko da aka sani game da sanya wa Lamington suna, daga watan Yunin 1927, ya danganta kek ɗin da Lord Lamington. An kuma yi muhawara kan asalin wanda ya ƙirƙira girke-girken. Yawancin labaran sun danganta ƙirƙirarsa da girkin Lord Lamington, Armand Galland ɗan asalin Faransa, wanda aka kira shi da ɗan gajeren lokaci don ya ciyar da baƙi da ba a yi tsammani ba. Ta amfani da ƙarancin sinadaran da ake da su kawai, Galland ta yanka sauran kek ɗin soso na vanilla na Faransa da aka gasa a ranar da ta gabata, ta tsoma yanka a cikin cakulan ta sanya su a cikin kwakwa. Da jin daɗin halittar Galland, an ce baƙi na Lamington daga baya sun nemi girke-girken. Wannan nau'in abubuwan da suka faru yana da goyon bayan tarihin Lady Lamington. Ba a yi amfani da kwakwa sosai a girkin Turai a wancan lokacin ba, amma Galland ta san ta, wacce matarsa 'yar Tahiti ce, inda kwakwa ta kasance sinadari gama gari. Wani labari ya nuna cewa an fara yin hidimar lamington a Toowoomba, lokacin da Lord Lamington ya kai tawagarsa zuwa Harlaxton House don gujewa zafin [[Brisbane]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Halmagyi |first=Ed |date=6 July 2011 |title=A brief history of lamingtons |url=http://www.fast-ed.com.au/a-brief-history-of-lamingtons/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055930/http://www.fast-ed.com.au/a-brief-history-of-lamingtons/ |archive-date=21 September 2013 |website=www.fast-ed.com.au}}</ref> yayin da wani kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa Galland ne ya ƙirƙira shi a Gidan Gwamnati na Queensland da ke Brisbane a lokacin da ake cike da jama'a kafin zuwan Tarayya a 1901. Wani kuma da'awar ita ce mai dafa abinci na Lord Lamington, mai yiwuwa Galland, ya jefa wani yanki na kek ɗin soso a cikin abincin cakulan. Daga baya an gano cewa kwakwa da aka bushe, wanda aka yayyafa a saman, ya sa kek ɗin ya fi kyau. <ref name="ozwords">{{Cite web |date=May 1999 |title=Lamington or Lemmington?: The Oz 'National Dish' |url=http://www.anu.edu.au/ANDC/pubs/ozwords/May_99/6._lamington.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607040705/http://www.anu.edu.au/ANDC/pubs/ozwords/May_99/6._lamington.htm |archive-date=7 June 2008 |access-date=11 October 2006 |website=Aussie Words |publisher=[[Australian National Dictionary Centre]]}}</ref> An fara ambaton "Kek ɗin Lamington" a cikin wani labari da aka buga a jaridar 1896 game da wani "Lamington Function" a Laidley da ke Queensland. Taron ya kasance don girmama Lord Lamington (kodayake da alama bai halarta ba) kuma ya ƙunshi "Shayin Lamington", "Miyar Lamington" da sauransu, don haka, idan babu wani bayanin kek ɗin, sunan kek ɗin ba zai iya nuna komai ba face sunan taron. An sami girke-girke na Kek ɗin Lamington na 1900 a cikin jaridar ''Queensland Country Life'' . Duk da cewa girke-girken ya samo asali ne daga Queensland, ya bazu da sauri, yana bayyana a cikin jaridar Sydney a 1901 da kuma wata jaridar [[New Zealand]] a 1902. Duk da haka, babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan girke-girken da ya nuna wanda ya ƙirƙiri girke-girken ko kuma dalilin sunansa. Wani labari na Ranar Wawaye ta Afrilu 2014 daga ''Guardian Australia'' ya yi ƙarya cewa an gina lamington ne akan wani kek na New Zealand wanda ba a san shi ba wanda aka sani da "Wellington". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Go coco for lamingtons - it's World Lamington Day |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2019/07/19/go-coco-lamingtons-its-world-lamington-day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921114409/https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2019/07/19/go-coco-lamingtons-its-world-lamington-day |archive-date=21 September 2019 |access-date=6 April 2020 |website=SBS}}</ref> Wasu majiyoyi sun maimaita wannan labarin asalin bogi daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leeder |first=Erin |date=4 November 2015 |title=Foods Australia And New Zealand Love To Bicker About |url=https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/5-foods-australia-and-new-zealand-love-to-bicker-about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116074245/https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/5-foods-australia-and-new-zealand-love-to-bicker-about/ |archive-date=16 November 2019 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=Culture Trip}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 things Australia have tried to steal from New Zealand and claim as their own |url=https://www.theedge.co.nz/home/sponsored/primo/10-things-australia-have-tried-to-steal-from-new-zealand-and-cla.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914075717/https://www.theedge.co.nz/home/sponsored/primo/10-things-australia-have-tried-to-steal-from-new-zealand-and-cla.html |archive-date=14 September 2018 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=The Edge}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bristow |first=Mark |title=Food Fight – are pavlovas, lamingtons and flat whites Aussie or Kiwi? |url=https://www.appliancesonline.com.au/academy/ovens-cooking/food-fight-are-pavlovas-lamingtons-and-flat-whites-aussie-or-kiwi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620124928/https://www.appliancesonline.com.au/academy/ovens-cooking/food-fight-are-pavlovas-lamingtons-and-flat-whites-aussie-or-kiwi/ |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=6 April 2020 |website=Appliances Online}}</ref> Yawanci ana gasa Lamingtons a cikin tukunyar Lamington da aka sanya wa suna don kek. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2021 |title=Caramilk macadamia brownies |url=https://www.bhg.com.au/caramilk-macadamia-brownies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825161646/https://www.bhg.com.au/caramilk-macadamia-brownies |archive-date=25 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Better Homes and Gardens |language=en-us}}</ref> == Zamani == [[Fayil:NZ_Lamington.jpg|thumb|Lamington mai cike da kirim a New Zealand]] Lamingtons sun ci gaba da zama abin sha'awa a duk faɗin Ostiraliya da New Zealand, kuma an keɓe ranar 21 ga Yuli a matsayin Ranar Lamington ta Ƙasa a Ostiraliya. [1] [2] Sau da yawa ana sayar da Lamingtons a wuraren tara kuɗi don makarantu ko ƙungiyoyin agaji, waɗanda aka sani da "lamington drives ". [3] Wasu 'yan Australiya suna rage sunan zuwa "Lammo" (mutum ɗaya) ko "Lammos" (jam'i). [4] Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa a kan girke-girken Lamington na asali, gami da launuka daban-daban, dandano, da girma dabam-dabam. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-05-22 |title=20 lovely lamington recipes |url=https://www.womensweeklyfood.com.au/entertaining/lamington-recipes-1-31944/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118233523/https://www.womensweeklyfood.com.au/entertaining/lamington-recipes-1-31944/ |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Women's Weekly Food |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == jtszf45fmv3baaf8ow12afbrzg9vy2o 829307 829305 2026-05-03T16:11:02Z Sardeeq 39275 829307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lamington''' wani kek ne na Ostiraliya da aka yi da murabba'in kek na man shanu ko kek ɗin soso da aka lulluɓe a cikin miyar cakulan ta waje sannan aka birgima a cikin [[Attagara|kwakwa da aka bushe]] . Ana shaƙar siraran cakuda a wajen kek ɗin soso sannan a bar shi ya yi laushi, wanda ke ba kek ɗin wani irin salo na musamman. Bambancin da aka saba da shi yana da Layer na kirim ko [[Jam|jam ɗin]] strawberry tsakanin rabin lamington guda biyu. == Asalin == Ana kyautata zaton cewa an sanya wa Lamington suna ne bayan Lord Lamington, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Queensland daga 1896 zuwa 1901, ko kuma matarsa, Lady Lamington. Yawancin majiyoyi sun karkata ga na farko. <ref name="GoldsteinMintz2015">{{Cite book|last=Darra Goldstein}}</ref> <ref name="Davidson2014">{{Cite book|last3=Alan Davidson (food writer)|last=Tom Jaine}}</ref> Tunani na farko da aka sani game da sanya wa Lamington suna, daga watan Yunin 1927, ya danganta kek ɗin da Lord Lamington. An kuma yi muhawara kan asalin wanda ya ƙirƙira girke-girken. Yawancin labaran sun danganta ƙirƙirarsa da girkin Lord Lamington, Armand Galland ɗan asalin Faransa, wanda aka kira shi da ɗan gajeren lokaci don ya ciyar da baƙi da ba a yi tsammani ba. Ta amfani da ƙarancin sinadaran da ake da su kawai, Galland ta yanka sauran kek ɗin soso na vanilla na Faransa da aka gasa a ranar da ta gabata, ta tsoma yanka a cikin cakulan ta sanya su a cikin kwakwa. Da jin daɗin halittar Galland, an ce baƙi na Lamington daga baya sun nemi girke-girken. Wannan nau'in abubuwan da suka faru yana da goyon bayan tarihin Lady Lamington. Ba a yi amfani da kwakwa sosai a girkin Turai a wancan lokacin ba, amma Galland ta san ta, wacce matarsa 'yar Tahiti ce, inda kwakwa ta kasance sinadari gama gari. Wani labari ya nuna cewa an fara yin hidimar lamington a Toowoomba, lokacin da Lord Lamington ya kai tawagarsa zuwa Harlaxton House don gujewa zafin [[Brisbane]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Halmagyi |first=Ed |date=6 July 2011 |title=A brief history of lamingtons |url=http://www.fast-ed.com.au/a-brief-history-of-lamingtons/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055930/http://www.fast-ed.com.au/a-brief-history-of-lamingtons/ |archive-date=21 September 2013 |website=www.fast-ed.com.au}}</ref> yayin da wani kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa Galland ne ya ƙirƙira shi a Gidan Gwamnati na Queensland da ke Brisbane a lokacin da ake cike da jama'a kafin zuwan Tarayya a 1901. Wani kuma da'awar ita ce mai dafa abinci na Lord Lamington, mai yiwuwa Galland, ya jefa wani yanki na kek ɗin soso a cikin abincin cakulan. Daga baya an gano cewa kwakwa da aka bushe, wanda aka yayyafa a saman, ya sa kek ɗin ya fi kyau. <ref name="ozwords">{{Cite web |date=May 1999 |title=Lamington or Lemmington?: The Oz 'National Dish' |url=http://www.anu.edu.au/ANDC/pubs/ozwords/May_99/6._lamington.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607040705/http://www.anu.edu.au/ANDC/pubs/ozwords/May_99/6._lamington.htm |archive-date=7 June 2008 |access-date=11 October 2006 |website=Aussie Words |publisher=[[Australian National Dictionary Centre]]}}</ref> An fara ambaton "Kek ɗin Lamington" a cikin wani labari da aka buga a jaridar 1896 game da wani "Lamington Function" a Laidley da ke Queensland. Taron ya kasance don girmama Lord Lamington (kodayake da alama bai halarta ba) kuma ya ƙunshi "Shayin Lamington", "Miyar Lamington" da sauransu, don haka, idan babu wani bayanin kek ɗin, sunan kek ɗin ba zai iya nuna komai ba face sunan taron. An sami girke-girke na Kek ɗin Lamington na 1900 a cikin jaridar ''Queensland Country Life'' . Duk da cewa girke-girken ya samo asali ne daga Queensland, ya bazu da sauri, yana bayyana a cikin jaridar Sydney a 1901 da kuma wata jaridar [[New Zealand]] a 1902. Duk da haka, babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan girke-girken da ya nuna wanda ya ƙirƙiri girke-girken ko kuma dalilin sunansa. Wani labari na Ranar Wawaye ta Afrilu 2014 daga ''Guardian Australia'' ya yi ƙarya cewa an gina lamington ne akan wani kek na New Zealand wanda ba a san shi ba wanda aka sani da "Wellington". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Go coco for lamingtons - it's World Lamington Day |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2019/07/19/go-coco-lamingtons-its-world-lamington-day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921114409/https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2019/07/19/go-coco-lamingtons-its-world-lamington-day |archive-date=21 September 2019 |access-date=6 April 2020 |website=SBS}}</ref> Wasu majiyoyi sun maimaita wannan labarin asalin bogi daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leeder |first=Erin |date=4 November 2015 |title=Foods Australia And New Zealand Love To Bicker About |url=https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/5-foods-australia-and-new-zealand-love-to-bicker-about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116074245/https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/5-foods-australia-and-new-zealand-love-to-bicker-about/ |archive-date=16 November 2019 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=Culture Trip}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 things Australia have tried to steal from New Zealand and claim as their own |url=https://www.theedge.co.nz/home/sponsored/primo/10-things-australia-have-tried-to-steal-from-new-zealand-and-cla.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914075717/https://www.theedge.co.nz/home/sponsored/primo/10-things-australia-have-tried-to-steal-from-new-zealand-and-cla.html |archive-date=14 September 2018 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=The Edge}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bristow |first=Mark |title=Food Fight – are pavlovas, lamingtons and flat whites Aussie or Kiwi? |url=https://www.appliancesonline.com.au/academy/ovens-cooking/food-fight-are-pavlovas-lamingtons-and-flat-whites-aussie-or-kiwi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620124928/https://www.appliancesonline.com.au/academy/ovens-cooking/food-fight-are-pavlovas-lamingtons-and-flat-whites-aussie-or-kiwi/ |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=6 April 2020 |website=Appliances Online}}</ref> Yawanci ana gasa Lamingtons a cikin tukunyar Lamington da aka sanya wa suna don kek. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2021 |title=Caramilk macadamia brownies |url=https://www.bhg.com.au/caramilk-macadamia-brownies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825161646/https://www.bhg.com.au/caramilk-macadamia-brownies |archive-date=25 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Better Homes and Gardens |language=en-us}}</ref> == Zamani == [[Fayil:NZ_Lamington.jpg|thumb|Lamington mai cike da kirim a New Zealand]] Lamingtons sun ci gaba da zama abin sha'awa a duk faɗin Ostiraliya da New Zealand, kuma an keɓe ranar 21 ga Yuli a matsayin Ranar Lamington ta Ƙasa a Ostiraliya. [1] [2] Sau da yawa ana sayar da Lamingtons a wuraren tara kuɗi don makarantu ko ƙungiyoyin agaji, waɗanda aka sani da "lamington drives ". [3] Wasu 'yan Australiya suna rage sunan zuwa "Lammo" (mutum ɗaya) ko "Lammos" (jam'i). [4] Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa a kan girke-girken Lamington na asali, gami da launuka daban-daban, dandano, da girma dabam-dabam. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-05-22 |title=20 lovely lamington recipes |url=https://www.womensweeklyfood.com.au/entertaining/lamington-recipes-1-31944/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118233523/https://www.womensweeklyfood.com.au/entertaining/lamington-recipes-1-31944/ |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Women's Weekly Food |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 71blvuuyu463ovur6f7aovf5v4k4ave 0 149030 829308 2026-05-03T16:12:06Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340369903|Mhancha]]" 829308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mhancha''' wani irin biredi ne mai daɗi da aka naɗe shi da "serpentine" wanda aka yi shi da kullu na phyllo da almond. Tasirin Algero-Ottoman ne. Ana yin Mhancha ta amfani da almond da aka niƙa ko man almond ko ma gyada. Ana yin sa ne ta amfani da siririn zanen burodi na phyllo kuma an shirya shi a cikin karkace, shi ya sa aka yi masa suna. Ko dai a soya shi ko a gasa shi. <ref name="Oubahli" /> Mhancha yana da tasirin Algero-Ottoman. Bayan da Algiers ta faɗa hannun Faransawa, 'yan ciranin Algeriya suka gudu zuwa Tetouan suka kawo tasirin Turkiyya tare da su, an saka Mhancha a cikin ɗaya daga cikin tasirin da 'yan Algeriya suka kawo wa Tetouan. == Manazarta == 4xqkqxl2kj0z5tgru0n8dsj3en1t4c2 829309 829308 2026-05-03T16:12:33Z Sardeeq 39275 829309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mhancha''' wani irin biredi ne mai daɗi da aka naɗe shi da "serpentine" wanda aka yi shi da kullu na phyllo da almond. Tasirin Algero-Ottoman ne. Ana yin Mhancha ta amfani da almond da aka niƙa ko man almond ko ma gyada. Ana yin sa ne ta amfani da siririn zanen burodi na phyllo kuma an shirya shi a cikin karkace, shi ya sa aka yi masa suna. Ko dai a soya shi ko a gasa shi. <ref name="Oubahli" /> Mhancha yana da tasirin Algero-Ottoman. Bayan da Algiers ta faɗa hannun Faransawa, 'yan ciranin Algeriya suka gudu zuwa Tetouan suka kawo tasirin Turkiyya tare da su, an saka Mhancha a cikin ɗaya daga cikin tasirin da 'yan Algeriya suka kawo wa Tetouan. == Manazarta == ptqlig3r1grhv6awdnarg4uvtge4420 0 149031 829310 2026-05-03T16:13:43Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348177530|Meskouta]]" 829310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meskouta''' kek ne na gargajiya na ƙasar Morocco wanda galibi ake bayarwa don lokacin shayi ko karin kumallo . Akwai nau'ikan kek na meskouta daban-daban dangane da dandano kamar lemu, lemun tsami da vanilla . Ana yin sa ne a al'ada a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da lemu suka nuna. Yawanci ana yin sa ne da shayin mint ko kofi mai zafi. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] == Manazarta == ncr0yfo9a2ptg92yoyzggxpupjt04j4 829311 829310 2026-05-03T16:14:21Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348177530|Meskouta]]" 829311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meskouta''' kek ne na gargajiya na ƙasar Morocco wanda galibi ake bayarwa don lokacin shayi ko karin kumallo . Akwai nau'ikan kek na meskouta daban-daban dangane da dandano kamar lemu, lemun tsami da vanilla . Ana yin sa ne a al'ada a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da lemu suka nuna. Yawanci ana yin sa ne da shayin mint ko kofi mai zafi. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]<ref>Benlafquih, Christine (2021-05-07). "Easy Moroccan Orange Cake (Meskouta) Recipe". Taste of Maroc. Retrieved 2021-11-05.</ref> == Manazarta == jc9qqeltqmcei414bf5da7098yzglgc 829312 829311 2026-05-03T16:15:05Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348177530|Meskouta]]" 829312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meskouta''' kek ne na gargajiya na ƙasar Morocco wanda galibi ake bayarwa don lokacin shayi ko karin kumallo . Akwai nau'ikan kek na meskouta daban-daban dangane da dandano kamar lemu, lemun tsami da vanilla . Ana yin sa ne a al'ada a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da lemu suka nuna. Yawanci ana yin sa ne da shayin mint ko kofi mai zafi. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]<ref>Benlafquih, Christine (2021-05-07). "Easy Moroccan Orange Cake (Meskouta) Recipe". Taste of Maroc. Retrieved 2021-11-05.</ref><ref>Weston, Anna (Baker) (14 October 2014). The global bakery : amazing cakes from the world's kitchens. New Internationalist Publications, Limited. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78026-125-6</nowiki>. OCLC 872417360.</ref> == Manazarta == 4sex1ajgzdr16aqbl8nidxvyu2cfycd 829313 829312 2026-05-03T16:15:32Z Sardeeq 39275 829313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meskouta''' kek ne na gargajiya na ƙasar Morocco wanda galibi ake bayarwa don lokacin shayi ko karin kumallo . Akwai nau'ikan kek na meskouta daban-daban dangane da dandano kamar lemu, lemun tsami da vanilla . Ana yin sa ne a al'ada a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da lemu suka nuna. Yawanci ana yin sa ne da shayin mint ko kofi mai zafi. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]<ref>Benlafquih, Christine (2021-05-07). "Easy Moroccan Orange Cake (Meskouta) Recipe". Taste of Maroc. Retrieved 2021-11-05.</ref><ref>Weston, Anna (Baker) (14 October 2014). The global bakery : amazing cakes from the world's kitchens. New Internationalist Publications, Limited. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78026-125-6</nowiki>. OCLC 872417360.</ref> == Manazarta == ko7x6wcs4sbmz4cmvmt16wpeo674zqb 0 149032 829314 2026-05-03T16:16:25Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1264458819|Meslalla]]" 829314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meslalla''' (zaitun kore mai fashewa, [1] [2] ) nau'in zaitun kore ne na ƙasar Morocco da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da man zaitun. Sau da yawa ana amfani da shi don gyada tafarnuwa da barkono mai zafi, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin tagines . [3] [4] == Manazarta == nfugdt1rp3ggqu4zh79y0ovpipyp6bg 829315 829314 2026-05-03T16:17:49Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1264458819|Meslalla]]" 829315 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meslalla''' (zaitun kore mai fashewa, [1] [2] ) nau'in zaitun kore ne na ƙasar Morocco da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da man zaitun. Sau da yawa ana amfani da shi don gyada tafarnuwa da barkono mai zafi, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin tagines . [3] [4]<ref>"OLIVES MESLALLA". authenticmaroc.com. Retrieved 24 January 2017.</ref><ref>"Moroccan Temrika Meslalla — Garlic Beef with Cracked Green Olives". kalisasorexi.com. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on February 16, 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2017.</ref> == Manazarta == j8ynlcfc43gv4bjfk5rfurlw9aacu4h 829316 829315 2026-05-03T16:18:06Z Sardeeq 39275 829316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meslalla''' (zaitun kore mai fashewa, [1] [2] ) nau'in zaitun kore ne na ƙasar Morocco da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da man zaitun. Sau da yawa ana amfani da shi don gyada tafarnuwa da barkono mai zafi, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin tagines . [3] [4]<ref>"OLIVES MESLALLA". authenticmaroc.com. Retrieved 24 January 2017.</ref><ref>"Moroccan Temrika Meslalla — Garlic Beef with Cracked Green Olives". kalisasorexi.com. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on February 16, 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2017.</ref> == Manazarta == g4bsf2hlcw0vcq8805z9kwstkdjtn6t 0 149033 829317 2026-05-03T16:19:11Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351210776|Merienda]]" 829317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Merienda_Naturaleza_muerta.jpg|thumb|Kudin ''Merienda'' na yau da kullun]] [[Fayil:Merienda_andalusian_jam.jpg|thumb|Nau'in vespertine ''merinenda'' na yau da kullun a [[Andalusia|Kudancin Spain]]]] [[Fayil:Mediaslunas,_café_en_jarrito_y_agua_mineral_en_Café_El_Gato_Negro.JPG|thumb|Yin hidimar gargajiya na ''merienda'' a [[Café El Gato Negro]], [[Buenos Aires]] : ''medialunas'' (croissants), ''cafe en jarrito'' (kofi espresso biyu) da ƙaramin gilashin ruwa mai kyalli]] [[Fayil:Dumaguete_Sta_Monica_Beach_Club_-_Suman_Mangga_Tsokolate_2.jpg|thumb|''Meryenda'' na yau da kullun a [[Filipin|Philippines]], ''tsokolate'' tare da kek ɗin shinkafa ''na suman'' da mangwaro na carabao da suka nuna]] '''Merienda''' abinci ne mai sauƙi <ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Solomon H. Katz. |title=Spain. Encyclopedia of Food & Culture |url=http://www.enotes.com/food-encyclopedia/spain |access-date=27 December 2010 |website=Vol. 2 |publisher=Gale Cengage, 2003}}</ref> a kudancin Turai, musamman [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ( ''merenda'' a Galician, ''berenar'' a Catalan), [[Portugal]] ( ''lanche'', ''merenda'' ) da [[Italiya]] ( ''merenda'' ), daga nan ne kalmar ta bazu zuwa Serbia-Croatian ( ''marenda'' ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Drnč za marendu, kojim jezikom govori srpska vojska |url=https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/smatracnica/3591138/drnc-za-marendu-kojim-jezikom-govori-srpska-vojska.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marenda je u modi - Podravka |url=https://www.podravka.hr/clanak/6921dd18-610e-11eb-9764-0242ac12003f/marenda-je-u-modi/}}</ref> da tsohuwar Yugoslavia da kuma [[Faransa]] ( ''goûter'' ), Hispanic America, [[Filipin|Philippines]] ( ''meryenda'' / ''merinenda'' ), [[Arewacin Afirka]], da [[Brazil]] ( ''lanche'', ''merenda'' ko ''café da tarde'' ). Yawanci ana sha da rana ko don abincin rana, yana cike gibin abinci tsakanin abincin rana da abincin dare, wanda yake daidai da shayin rana a duniyar da ake magana da Ingilishi, ko tsakanin karin kumallo da abincin rana. Abinci ne mai sauƙi wanda galibi ya ƙunshi 'ya'yan itace, burodi, biskit, yogurt, da sauran abubuwan ciye-ciye tare da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, madara, cakulan mai zafi, kofi, barasa, ko wasu abubuwan sha. Abu ne da ya saba faruwa ga 'yan Argentina, Paraguay, da Uruguay su sha merinda da misalin karfe 5:00 na yamma.{{Spaces}}rana, tsakanin abincin rana da abincin dare . Yawanci yana ƙunshe da jiko (misali, shayi, aboki, kofi, mate cocido, da sauransu) da kuma abincin ciye-ciye da aka gasa (misali, scones, [[burodi]], burodi, kek, facturas, da sauransu), yawanci tare da dulce de leche, zuma, [[man shanu]] ko [[jam]] . A ƙasar [[Filipin|Philippines]], ''merinda'' ( Filipino : ''meryenda'' ) kalma ce ta gama gari wadda ta ƙunshi abinci biyu masu sauƙi: na farko shine abun ciye-ciye na safe wanda zai iya dacewa da ko dai brunch, goma sha ɗaya, ko karin kumallo na biyu ; na biyu kuma yayi daidai da shayin rana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2009 |title=Merienda in the Philippines |url=http://liveinthephilippines.com/content/2009/07/merienda-in-the-philippines/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609041515/http://liveinthephilippines.com/content/2009/07/merienda-in-the-philippines/ |archive-date=9 June 2010 |access-date=27 December 2010 |publisher=Live in the Philippines}}</ref> ''Merienda'' da ake sha da sanyin yamma a kusa da faɗuwar rana kafin ko a maimakon abincin dare ana kiransa ''merinda cena'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Doreen G. Fernandez |title=Filipino Food/Cuisine Glossary |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/filipino_food_glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712015115/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/filipino_food_glossary.htm |archive-date=12 July 2015 |access-date=27 December 2010 |website=Palayok: Philippine Food Time, On Site, in the Pot |publisher=Manila: Bookmark Inc., 2000; Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ''merinda'' tana nufin kowane irin abinci ko abun ciye-ciye a cikin ƙaramin rabo fiye da "cikakken abinci" na gargajiya wanda ya ƙunshi shinkafa da viand (sai dai idan an ɗauki ''merinda'' a matsayin brunch ko ''merinda cena'' ), tare da ko dai abin sha mai sanyi ko mai zafi (yawanci kofi). Abincin da ake ci na yau da kullun na iya zama mai daɗi ko mai daɗi, tun daga burodi da kayan zaki (musamman ''pandesal'' ), kayan zaki da alewa, abincin titi, zuwa abincin taliya. A yankunan bakin teku na [[Kroatiya|Croatia]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]] da kuma tsibirin Corfu na Girka, ana kiransa da ''marenda'', abincin da ake ci tsakanin karin kumallo da abincin rana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pleasures of the palate and beverages to quench your thirst |url=http://www.croatiaguidebook.info/en/enjoying-croatia/food-and-drinks/ |access-date=27 December 2010 |publisher=How to survive in and even enjoy Croatia, A guide for smart foreigners}}</ref> Yawanci abincin ciye-ciye ne mai sauƙi, kamar sandwiches ko burodi, wanda ake ci a lokacin hutun aiki. == ''Goûter'' == A Faransa, ana kiran merinda da goûter ko quatre-heures ; sunan na ƙarshe yana nufin lokacinsa da misalin ƙarfe huɗu na yamma. Goûter na zamani ya fi sauƙi fiye da cikakken abinci kuma yara ne galibi ke cinye shi fiye da manya. Abincin sanyi ne har zuwa ƙarni na 18, kafin lokacin, ana shan goûter da misalin ƙarfe 17:00 na safe, amma ya fara raguwa a shahararsa daga baya, tunda ana cin abincin dare da misalin ƙarfe 18:00 na safe. [1] == Duba kuma == * Abun ciye-ciye == Manazarta == ljxdb55k740pc82jfk9d3ybhwdz90v8 829318 829317 2026-05-03T16:19:33Z Sardeeq 39275 829318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Merienda_Naturaleza_muerta.jpg|thumb|Kudin ''Merienda'' na yau da kullun]] [[Fayil:Merienda_andalusian_jam.jpg|thumb|Nau'in vespertine ''merinenda'' na yau da kullun a [[Andalusia|Kudancin Spain]]]] [[Fayil:Mediaslunas,_café_en_jarrito_y_agua_mineral_en_Café_El_Gato_Negro.JPG|thumb|Yin hidimar gargajiya na ''merienda'' a [[Café El Gato Negro]], [[Buenos Aires]] : ''medialunas'' (croissants), ''cafe en jarrito'' (kofi espresso biyu) da ƙaramin gilashin ruwa mai kyalli]] [[Fayil:Dumaguete_Sta_Monica_Beach_Club_-_Suman_Mangga_Tsokolate_2.jpg|thumb|''Meryenda'' na yau da kullun a [[Filipin|Philippines]], ''tsokolate'' tare da kek ɗin shinkafa ''na suman'' da mangwaro na carabao da suka nuna]] '''Merienda''' abinci ne mai sauƙi <ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Solomon H. Katz. |title=Spain. Encyclopedia of Food & Culture |url=http://www.enotes.com/food-encyclopedia/spain |access-date=27 December 2010 |website=Vol. 2 |publisher=Gale Cengage, 2003}}</ref> a kudancin Turai, musamman [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ( ''merenda'' a Galician, ''berenar'' a Catalan), [[Portugal]] ( ''lanche'', ''merenda'' ) da [[Italiya]] ( ''merenda'' ), daga nan ne kalmar ta bazu zuwa Serbia-Croatian ( ''marenda'' ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Drnč za marendu, kojim jezikom govori srpska vojska |url=https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/smatracnica/3591138/drnc-za-marendu-kojim-jezikom-govori-srpska-vojska.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marenda je u modi - Podravka |url=https://www.podravka.hr/clanak/6921dd18-610e-11eb-9764-0242ac12003f/marenda-je-u-modi/}}</ref> da tsohuwar Yugoslavia da kuma [[Faransa]] ( ''goûter'' ), Hispanic America, [[Filipin|Philippines]] ( ''meryenda'' / ''merinenda'' ), [[Arewacin Afirka]], da [[Brazil]] ( ''lanche'', ''merenda'' ko ''café da tarde'' ). Yawanci ana sha da rana ko don abincin rana, yana cike gibin abinci tsakanin abincin rana da abincin dare, wanda yake daidai da shayin rana a duniyar da ake magana da Ingilishi, ko tsakanin karin kumallo da abincin rana. Abinci ne mai sauƙi wanda galibi ya ƙunshi 'ya'yan itace, burodi, biskit, yogurt, da sauran abubuwan ciye-ciye tare da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, madara, cakulan mai zafi, kofi, barasa, ko wasu abubuwan sha. Abu ne da ya saba faruwa ga 'yan Argentina, Paraguay, da Uruguay su sha merinda da misalin karfe 5:00 na yamma.{{Spaces}}rana, tsakanin abincin rana da abincin dare . Yawanci yana ƙunshe da jiko (misali, shayi, aboki, kofi, mate cocido, da sauransu) da kuma abincin ciye-ciye da aka gasa (misali, scones, [[burodi]], burodi, kek, facturas, da sauransu), yawanci tare da dulce de leche, zuma, [[man shanu]] ko [[jam]] . A ƙasar [[Filipin|Philippines]], ''merinda'' ( Filipino : ''meryenda'' ) kalma ce ta gama gari wadda ta ƙunshi abinci biyu masu sauƙi: na farko shine abun ciye-ciye na safe wanda zai iya dacewa da ko dai brunch, goma sha ɗaya, ko karin kumallo na biyu ; na biyu kuma yayi daidai da shayin rana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2009 |title=Merienda in the Philippines |url=http://liveinthephilippines.com/content/2009/07/merienda-in-the-philippines/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609041515/http://liveinthephilippines.com/content/2009/07/merienda-in-the-philippines/ |archive-date=9 June 2010 |access-date=27 December 2010 |publisher=Live in the Philippines}}</ref> ''Merienda'' da ake sha da sanyin yamma a kusa da faɗuwar rana kafin ko a maimakon abincin dare ana kiransa ''merinda cena'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Doreen G. Fernandez |title=Filipino Food/Cuisine Glossary |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/filipino_food_glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712015115/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/filipino_food_glossary.htm |archive-date=12 July 2015 |access-date=27 December 2010 |website=Palayok: Philippine Food Time, On Site, in the Pot |publisher=Manila: Bookmark Inc., 2000; Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ''merinda'' tana nufin kowane irin abinci ko abun ciye-ciye a cikin ƙaramin rabo fiye da "cikakken abinci" na gargajiya wanda ya ƙunshi shinkafa da viand (sai dai idan an ɗauki ''merinda'' a matsayin brunch ko ''merinda cena'' ), tare da ko dai abin sha mai sanyi ko mai zafi (yawanci kofi). Abincin da ake ci na yau da kullun na iya zama mai daɗi ko mai daɗi, tun daga burodi da kayan zaki (musamman ''pandesal'' ), kayan zaki da alewa, abincin titi, zuwa abincin taliya. A yankunan bakin teku na [[Kroatiya|Croatia]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]] da kuma tsibirin Corfu na Girka, ana kiransa da ''marenda'', abincin da ake ci tsakanin karin kumallo da abincin rana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pleasures of the palate and beverages to quench your thirst |url=http://www.croatiaguidebook.info/en/enjoying-croatia/food-and-drinks/ |access-date=27 December 2010 |publisher=How to survive in and even enjoy Croatia, A guide for smart foreigners}}</ref> Yawanci abincin ciye-ciye ne mai sauƙi, kamar sandwiches ko burodi, wanda ake ci a lokacin hutun aiki. == ''Goûter'' == A Faransa, ana kiran merinda da goûter ko quatre-heures ; sunan na ƙarshe yana nufin lokacinsa da misalin ƙarfe huɗu na yamma. Goûter na zamani ya fi sauƙi fiye da cikakken abinci kuma yara ne galibi ke cinye shi fiye da manya. Abincin sanyi ne har zuwa ƙarni na 18, kafin lokacin, ana shan goûter da misalin ƙarfe 17:00 na safe, amma ya fara raguwa a shahararsa daga baya, tunda ana cin abincin dare da misalin ƙarfe 18:00 na safe. [1] == Duba kuma == * Abun ciye-ciye == Manazarta == fjg1550rj0mn76qyylmq4tiz4d27cs4 0 149034 829319 2026-05-03T16:21:46Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303597719|Pain petri]]" 829319 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pain petri''' burodi ne da aka yi da kitso daga asalin Yahudawan Maroko, wanda aka saba gasawa don Asabar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2018 |title=Je me souviens la baguette de pain |url=http://benzaken-descendance.centerblog.net/m/1681-je-me-souviens-de-la-baguette-de-pain |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=Benzaken Descendants (en Français)}}</ref> Asabar [[Yahudawa|ta Yahudawa]], da kuma Rosh Hashanah da sauran Hutu, kuma ya shahara a tsakanin al'ummar Yahudawan Maroko na Morocco, Faransa, da Isra'ila . == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan ''Pain petri'' a [[Faransanci]] yana fassara zuwa "burodi da aka yi wa burodi", saboda tsawon lokacin da ake buƙata a tarihi don yin burodin petri kafin a ƙirƙiro injin haɗa kayan abinci, da sauran kayan kicin. A al'ada, matan al'ummar Yahudawan Morocco suna yin burodin na dogon lokaci don burodin petri ya sami daidaito mai sauƙi. == Bayani == Ana yin Pain petri da kullu mai wadataccen gari, ƙwai, mai, sukari, gishiri, da tsaba anise. Ana kirga shi zuwa siffar da ta yi kama da challah mai kunkuntar, ko kuma a kirga shi zuwa siffar zobe mai tsayi kamar bagel na Urushalima. A al'ada ana yin sa a ranar Shabbat a matsayin burodin da ake amfani da shi don [[Hamotzi|HaMotzi]], da kuma burodin da ake bayarwa tare da abincin Shabbat, ana kuma yin sa a wasu bukukuwan Yahudawa da bukukuwa na musamman. Ana yin wani nau'in zagaye na musamman na gargajiya don Rosh Hashanah . == Tarihi == An saba shirya Pain petri ta hanyar al'ummar Yahudawan Morocco tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru, tun kafin [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition na Spain]] . Yana kama da sauran burodin Shabbat kamar [[mouna]] na Yahudawan Algeria, dabo na Yahudawan Habasha, kubaneh na Yahudawan Yemen, da challah . Duk da cewa yana da bambance-bambance da yawa daga sauran burodin Yahudawa. A mafi yawan tarihinsa, ana gasa Pain petri a cikin tanda na gama gari, saboda membobin al'ummar Yahudawan Morocco ba su da tanda na kansu a gida kuma dole ne su raba tanda na gama gari a tsakanin al'umma. Tun lokacin da aka kori Yahudawa daga Morocco, da kuma dawowarsu zuwa Isra'ila daga baya, ko ƙaura zuwa [[Faransa]] a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, aka gasa wannan burodi a cikin tanda na gida. Tare da ƙaura daga al'ummarsu daga Morocco, Yahudawan da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje na Morocco sun kawo Pain petri zuwa Faransa, Isra'ila, Amurka, da Kanada, kodayake har yanzu sauran al'ummar Yahudawa a Morocco suna gasa shi. == Shiri == Pain petri ya bambanta da challah, da kuma sauran burodi da yawa gabaɗaya, domin yawanci ana yin sa da sauri, kuma aikin daga farko zuwa ƙarshe yana ɗaukar awa ɗaya. Girke-girke da yawa na burodin suna buƙatar mintuna 90 kawai na shiri har sai pain petri ya shirya. Ana yin kullu da fulawa, ruwa, ƙwai, yisti, mai, sukari, da tsaba anise, kuma ana huda rami ta tsakiyar kullu wanda za a bar shi ya huta na minti 15. Sannan ana siffanta shi da katako, sannan a kirga shi don samar da ƙananan burodi da yawa a cikin siffar oval mai kauri, ko kuma siffar " baguette " mai kitso (kamar kunkuntar challah). Ana goge shi da wanke ƙwai, sannan a ɗora shi da tsaban sesame da aka gasa, sannan a gasa. Hakanan ana iya yin sa a cikin siffar burodin biri, kamar kubaneh. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2015 |title=Pain Petri - Moroccan Challah - #BreadBakers |url=http://passionkneaded.blogspot.com/2015/03/pain-petri-moroccan-challah-breadbakers.html?m=1 |access-date=3 January 2020 |website=Passion Kneaded}}</ref> A al'ada ana ba shi tare da abincin shabbat na Yahudawa na Morocco na chamin, chrain, ko [[Tajine|tagine]], tare da [[couscous]] . == A cikin al'adun jama'a == An nuna Pain Petri a cikin Littafin Encyclopedia of Jewish Food na Rabbi Gil Marks . An kuma nuna shi a cikin littafin girke-girke na Joan Nathan na 2004 The Jewish Holiday Cookbook, da kuma littafin girke-girke na 2010 Quiches, Kugel, da Couscous: My Search For Jewish Cooking in France, inda ta rubuta game da cin karo da wani nau'in burodi da ya samo asali daga wani memba na al'ummar Yahudawa da suka zauna a Fez, Morocco a da. [1] [2] [3] == Duba kuma == * [[Mouna]] - irin burodin Yahudawan Algeria * Challah - irin wannan burodin Yahudawa na Turai * Dabo - irin wannan burodin Yahudawan Habasha * Kubaneh - irin wannan burodin Asabar na Yahudawa na Yemen == Manazarta == gsf5itqhii1rnytc53x0q8lkikfrazi 829320 829319 2026-05-03T16:22:13Z Sardeeq 39275 829320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pain petri''' burodi ne da aka yi da kitso daga asalin Yahudawan Maroko, wanda aka saba gasawa don Asabar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2018 |title=Je me souviens la baguette de pain |url=http://benzaken-descendance.centerblog.net/m/1681-je-me-souviens-de-la-baguette-de-pain |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=Benzaken Descendants (en Français)}}</ref> Asabar [[Yahudawa|ta Yahudawa]], da kuma Rosh Hashanah da sauran Hutu, kuma ya shahara a tsakanin al'ummar Yahudawan Maroko na Morocco, Faransa, da Isra'ila . == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan ''Pain petri'' a [[Faransanci]] yana fassara zuwa "burodi da aka yi wa burodi", saboda tsawon lokacin da ake buƙata a tarihi don yin burodin petri kafin a ƙirƙiro injin haɗa kayan abinci, da sauran kayan kicin. A al'ada, matan al'ummar Yahudawan Morocco suna yin burodin na dogon lokaci don burodin petri ya sami daidaito mai sauƙi. == Bayani == Ana yin Pain petri da kullu mai wadataccen gari, ƙwai, mai, sukari, gishiri, da tsaba anise. Ana kirga shi zuwa siffar da ta yi kama da challah mai kunkuntar, ko kuma a kirga shi zuwa siffar zobe mai tsayi kamar bagel na Urushalima. A al'ada ana yin sa a ranar Shabbat a matsayin burodin da ake amfani da shi don [[Hamotzi|HaMotzi]], da kuma burodin da ake bayarwa tare da abincin Shabbat, ana kuma yin sa a wasu bukukuwan Yahudawa da bukukuwa na musamman. Ana yin wani nau'in zagaye na musamman na gargajiya don Rosh Hashanah . == Tarihi == An saba shirya Pain petri ta hanyar al'ummar Yahudawan Morocco tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru, tun kafin [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition na Spain]] . Yana kama da sauran burodin Shabbat kamar [[mouna]] na Yahudawan Algeria, dabo na Yahudawan Habasha, kubaneh na Yahudawan Yemen, da challah . Duk da cewa yana da bambance-bambance da yawa daga sauran burodin Yahudawa. A mafi yawan tarihinsa, ana gasa Pain petri a cikin tanda na gama gari, saboda membobin al'ummar Yahudawan Morocco ba su da tanda na kansu a gida kuma dole ne su raba tanda na gama gari a tsakanin al'umma. Tun lokacin da aka kori Yahudawa daga Morocco, da kuma dawowarsu zuwa Isra'ila daga baya, ko ƙaura zuwa [[Faransa]] a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, aka gasa wannan burodi a cikin tanda na gida. Tare da ƙaura daga al'ummarsu daga Morocco, Yahudawan da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje na Morocco sun kawo Pain petri zuwa Faransa, Isra'ila, Amurka, da Kanada, kodayake har yanzu sauran al'ummar Yahudawa a Morocco suna gasa shi. == Shiri == Pain petri ya bambanta da challah, da kuma sauran burodi da yawa gabaɗaya, domin yawanci ana yin sa da sauri, kuma aikin daga farko zuwa ƙarshe yana ɗaukar awa ɗaya. Girke-girke da yawa na burodin suna buƙatar mintuna 90 kawai na shiri har sai pain petri ya shirya. Ana yin kullu da fulawa, ruwa, ƙwai, yisti, mai, sukari, da tsaba anise, kuma ana huda rami ta tsakiyar kullu wanda za a bar shi ya huta na minti 15. Sannan ana siffanta shi da katako, sannan a kirga shi don samar da ƙananan burodi da yawa a cikin siffar oval mai kauri, ko kuma siffar " baguette " mai kitso (kamar kunkuntar challah). Ana goge shi da wanke ƙwai, sannan a ɗora shi da tsaban sesame da aka gasa, sannan a gasa. Hakanan ana iya yin sa a cikin siffar burodin biri, kamar kubaneh. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2015 |title=Pain Petri - Moroccan Challah - #BreadBakers |url=http://passionkneaded.blogspot.com/2015/03/pain-petri-moroccan-challah-breadbakers.html?m=1 |access-date=3 January 2020 |website=Passion Kneaded}}</ref> A al'ada ana ba shi tare da abincin shabbat na Yahudawa na Morocco na chamin, chrain, ko [[Tajine|tagine]], tare da [[couscous]] . == A cikin al'adun jama'a == An nuna Pain Petri a cikin Littafin Encyclopedia of Jewish Food na Rabbi Gil Marks . An kuma nuna shi a cikin littafin girke-girke na Joan Nathan na 2004 The Jewish Holiday Cookbook, da kuma littafin girke-girke na 2010 Quiches, Kugel, da Couscous: My Search For Jewish Cooking in France, inda ta rubuta game da cin karo da wani nau'in burodi da ya samo asali daga wani memba na al'ummar Yahudawa da suka zauna a Fez, Morocco a da. [1] [2] [3] == Duba kuma == * [[Mouna]] - irin burodin Yahudawan Algeria * Challah - irin wannan burodin Yahudawa na Turai * Dabo - irin wannan burodin Yahudawan Habasha * Kubaneh - irin wannan burodin Asabar na Yahudawa na Yemen == Manazarta == 652h7jo4gdgylm90hv12080fzpa6fob 0 149035 829321 2026-05-03T16:23:27Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324174458|Mrouzia]]" 829321 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:IB_tajine_02.jpg|right|thumb|Mrouzia tajine]] '''Mrouzia''' ( Arabic ), abinci ne na abincin Maghribi [[Tajine|Nama]] ne mai daɗi da gishiri, wanda ya haɗa da haɗin kayan ƙanshi na [[ras el hanout]] da zuma, kirfa da almond . An tabbatar da wannan abincin a ƙarni na 13 a littafin girkin Andalusian mara suna a matsayin abincin da aka samo daga Ifriqiya da [[Misra|Masar]] . Ana kuma kiransa da m'assal a [[Rabat]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oubahli |first=Mohamed |date=2008 |title=Le banquet d'Ibn 'Ali Masfiwi, lexique, notes et commentaires. Approche historique et anthropologique |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2008_num_59_1_2682 |journal=Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=114–145 |doi=10.3406/horma.2008.2682}}</ref> Wannan tagine yana ɗaya daga cikin abincin gargajiya na bikin Eid al-Adha (Bikin Hadaya). Sau da yawa ana yin sa ne da rago daga dabbobin da aka yanka a lokacin bikin. == Duba kuma == * [[Abincin Maroko|Abincin Moroccan]] * [[Abincin Aljeriya]] * [[Abincin Tunisiya]] == Manazarta == oixlabi35z5xorf8cwfgkwkwy6nkrn5 829322 829321 2026-05-03T16:24:05Z Sardeeq 39275 829322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:IB_tajine_02.jpg|right|thumb|Mrouzia tajine]] '''Mrouzia''' ( Arabic ), abinci ne na abincin Maghribi [[Tajine|Nama]] ne mai daɗi da gishiri, wanda ya haɗa da haɗin kayan ƙanshi na [[ras el hanout]] da zuma, kirfa da almond . An tabbatar da wannan abincin a ƙarni na 13 a littafin girkin Andalusian mara suna a matsayin abincin da aka samo daga Ifriqiya da [[Misra|Masar]] . Ana kuma kiransa da m'assal a [[Rabat]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oubahli |first=Mohamed |date=2008 |title=Le banquet d'Ibn 'Ali Masfiwi, lexique, notes et commentaires. Approche historique et anthropologique |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2008_num_59_1_2682 |journal=Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=114–145 |doi=10.3406/horma.2008.2682}}</ref> Wannan tagine yana ɗaya daga cikin abincin gargajiya na bikin Eid al-Adha (Bikin Hadaya). Sau da yawa ana yin sa ne da rago daga dabbobin da aka yanka a lokacin bikin. == Duba kuma == * [[Abincin Maroko|Abincin Moroccan]] * [[Abincin Aljeriya]] * [[Abincin Tunisiya]] == Manazarta == cdgjenirgy40o4ls0h7h8gqes7s1vcr 0 149036 829323 2026-05-03T16:26:41Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314154015|Mourad (restaurant)]]" 829323 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mourad''' gidan cin abinci ne na ƙasar Morocco da ke San Francisco, California, Amurka. [1] [2] [3] [4] Shugaba Mourad Lahlou ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 2015, kuma yana cikin tsohon ginin wayar Pacific da ke lamba 140 New Montgomery Street a unguwar SoMA . [2] [5] == Duba kuma == * Jerin gidajen cin abinci masu taurari na Michelin a yankin San Francisco Bay Area == Manazarta == toc48tr6e0xd1zfyg78vdqkw0y164mh 829324 829323 2026-05-03T16:28:06Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314154015|Mourad (restaurant)]]" 829324 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mourad''' gidan cin abinci ne na ƙasar Morocco da ke San Francisco, California, Amurka. [1] [2] [3] [4] Shugaba Mourad Lahlou ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 2015, kuma yana cikin tsohon ginin wayar Pacific da ke lamba 140 New Montgomery Street a unguwar SoMA . [2] [5]<ref>Mourad – San Francisco - a MICHELIN Guide Restaurant". MICHELIN Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2023.</ref><ref>Chen, Julia (January 21, 2022). "Mourad Review - Soma - San Francisco". The Infatuation. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2023.</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin gidajen cin abinci masu taurari na Michelin a yankin San Francisco Bay Area == Manazarta == nhdvs51dnogrfqrbc96jo3mj2re12ap 829325 829324 2026-05-03T16:28:25Z Sardeeq 39275 829325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mourad''' gidan cin abinci ne na ƙasar Morocco da ke San Francisco, California, Amurka. [1] [2] [3] [4] Shugaba Mourad Lahlou ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 2015, kuma yana cikin tsohon ginin wayar Pacific da ke lamba 140 New Montgomery Street a unguwar SoMA . [2] [5]<ref>Mourad – San Francisco - a MICHELIN Guide Restaurant". MICHELIN Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2023.</ref><ref>Chen, Julia (January 21, 2022). "Mourad Review - Soma - San Francisco". The Infatuation. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2023.</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin gidajen cin abinci masu taurari na Michelin a yankin San Francisco Bay Area == Manazarta == a0wviopiygxcsxuglcuia1f3lmpraib 0 149037 829326 2026-05-03T16:30:12Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306536458|Moroccan citron]]" 829326 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Citron Moroccan''' ( Hebrew ) ainihin nau'in citrus ne da aka samo asali daga Assads, Morocco, wanda har yanzu shine babban cibiyar [[Noma|noman sa]] . == Lemon mai daɗi == Farfesa Henri Chapot na ƙasar Morocco ya bayyana citron na ƙasar Morocco a matsayin citron mai daɗi, ma'ana ɓangaren sa yana da ƙarancin acid. Ya gano cewa acid ɗin da ke cikin citron ko [[lemun tsami]] da aka fi sani, ana wakilta shi da ja a cikin gashin iri musamman a wurin chalazal, launin shuɗi a gefen furen fure, da kuma sabbin furannin da ke da ja-shuɗi. Citron na ƙasar Morocco wanda ba shi da acid kwata-kwata ba shi da launin ja. Herbert John Webber da Leon Dexter Batchelor ne suka ambato wannan sunan, editocin babban rubutun kan citrus, wato The Citrus Industry, wanda Jami'ar California, Riverside ta buga a shekarar 1967. Wataƙila Chapot ne ya fara bayyana wannan nau'in citron dalla-dalla, tare da zane-zanen nau'ikan 'ya'yan itacen da yawa, da kuma duk halayen bishiyar, ganye da furanni. Ya kuma ambaci cewa ainihin citron na Maroko, wanda a al'ada ake noma shi ne kawai a yankin Assads, don amfanin mitzva na nau'ikan guda huɗu, kuma yana da tsayi, ba shi da acid kuma busasshe, ya bambanta da nau'in citron mai zagaye, Rhobs el Arsa, wanda aka fi nomawa don abinci a duk ƙasar Maroko, kuma ɗanɗanonsa yana da acidic da 'ya'yan itace. Sauran lemun tsami da aka sani kawai shine Corsican . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Yi amfani da shi azaman etrog == Ba a san ainihin ranar da aka fara amfani da nau'in don etrog ba. A cewar Yahudawan yankin, yana tare da su tun lokacin da aka kora su zuwa Morocco bayan lalata Haikali na Biyu . Tun daga lokacin, dukkan malaman addini da al'ummomin [[Arewacin Afirka]] sun girmama shi sosai, ba tare da wata katsewa ko jayayya ba. A tsawon lokaci, al'ummomin Ashkenazi a duk faɗin [[Turai]] sun karɓe shi. [[Fayil:Berbers_citron.jpg|right|thumb|[[Abzinawa|Berbers]] a gonakinsu na etrog]] === Wurin noma === Ainihin wurin da ake noma shi ne a ƙauyen Assads da ke lardin Taroudant, kuma 100&nbsp;kilomita gabas da [[Agadir]], kamar yadda majiyoyin malaman addinin Kirista da na addini suka ruwaito da dama. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Ba a yi amfani da graf ba === Ba a amfani da citron da aka dasa a matsayin kosher don yin amfani da shi a lokacin hutun Yahudawa na Littafi Mai Tsarki kamar Sukkot, bisa ga dokokin addinin Yahudawa, ( ''halakha'' ), kuma wasu sun fi son neman citron etrog wanda ba a dasa shi daga kakanninsa ba. A shekarar 1995, malamin addinin Yahudawa Yosef Shalom Eliashiv na Urushalima, Isra'ila ya ɗauki hayar farfesa Eliezer E. Goldschmidt tare da tawagar malaman addinin Yahudawa don su duba ko Morocco har yanzu tana cikin irin wannan yanayin na kashrut, kuma ko za a sami wani dashen da aka dasa a can. Goldschmidt ya nemi farfesa na noma na Morocco, wato Mohamed El-Otmani daga Agadir, ya taimaka masa. [[Fayil:Climbing_up.jpg|right|thumb|Manoman Berber suna hawa kan tudun mai tsayi a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa gonakinsu.]] Gabaɗaya suka hau kwarin Anti-Atlas inda [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] na yankin suka yi noma citron na Morocco tsawon ƙarni da yawa, kuma sun yi matuƙar sha'awar tsohuwar al'adar da ake yi a wurin, ba su sami ko da itacen citron ɗaya da aka dasa ba. Tawagar ta gabatar da bincikensu ga Eliashiv, wanda ya yi matukar farin ciki da bayanin cewa har yanzu dajin Maroko yana gabatar da zuriyar da ba ta karye ba, ta wani etrog da ba a haɗa shi ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == jual0ebknd764vi2cvjs76klcvdg2cb 829327 829326 2026-05-03T16:31:18Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306536458|Moroccan citron]]" 829327 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Citron Moroccan''' ( Hebrew ) ainihin nau'in citrus ne da aka samo asali daga Assads, Morocco, wanda har yanzu shine babban cibiyar [[Noma|noman sa]].<ref>Available online at The Citrus Industry Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, see title "Sugar or Acidless Oranges"</ref><ref>Un curieux cedrat Marocain (1950) Rev. Intl. Bot. Appl. Agr. Trop. 30:506–514</ref> == Lemon mai daɗi == Farfesa Henri Chapot na ƙasar Morocco ya bayyana citron na ƙasar Morocco a matsayin citron mai daɗi, ma'ana ɓangaren sa yana da ƙarancin acid. Ya gano cewa acid ɗin da ke cikin citron ko [[lemun tsami]] da aka fi sani, ana wakilta shi da ja a cikin gashin iri musamman a wurin chalazal, launin shuɗi a gefen furen fure, da kuma sabbin furannin da ke da ja-shuɗi. Citron na ƙasar Morocco wanda ba shi da acid kwata-kwata ba shi da launin ja. Herbert John Webber da Leon Dexter Batchelor ne suka ambato wannan sunan, editocin babban rubutun kan citrus, wato The Citrus Industry, wanda Jami'ar California, Riverside ta buga a shekarar 1967. Wataƙila Chapot ne ya fara bayyana wannan nau'in citron dalla-dalla, tare da zane-zanen nau'ikan 'ya'yan itacen da yawa, da kuma duk halayen bishiyar, ganye da furanni. Ya kuma ambaci cewa ainihin citron na Maroko, wanda a al'ada ake noma shi ne kawai a yankin Assads, don amfanin mitzva na nau'ikan guda huɗu, kuma yana da tsayi, ba shi da acid kuma busasshe, ya bambanta da nau'in citron mai zagaye, Rhobs el Arsa, wanda aka fi nomawa don abinci a duk ƙasar Maroko, kuma ɗanɗanonsa yana da acidic da 'ya'yan itace. Sauran lemun tsami da aka sani kawai shine Corsican . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Yi amfani da shi azaman etrog == Ba a san ainihin ranar da aka fara amfani da nau'in don etrog ba. A cewar Yahudawan yankin, yana tare da su tun lokacin da aka kora su zuwa Morocco bayan lalata Haikali na Biyu . Tun daga lokacin, dukkan malaman addini da al'ummomin [[Arewacin Afirka]] sun girmama shi sosai, ba tare da wata katsewa ko jayayya ba. A tsawon lokaci, al'ummomin Ashkenazi a duk faɗin [[Turai]] sun karɓe shi. [[Fayil:Berbers_citron.jpg|right|thumb|[[Abzinawa|Berbers]] a gonakinsu na etrog]] === Wurin noma === Ainihin wurin da ake noma shi ne a ƙauyen Assads da ke lardin Taroudant, kuma 100&nbsp;kilomita gabas da [[Agadir]], kamar yadda majiyoyin malaman addinin Kirista da na addini suka ruwaito da dama. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Ba a yi amfani da graf ba === Ba a amfani da citron da aka dasa a matsayin kosher don yin amfani da shi a lokacin hutun Yahudawa na Littafi Mai Tsarki kamar Sukkot, bisa ga dokokin addinin Yahudawa, ( ''halakha'' ), kuma wasu sun fi son neman citron etrog wanda ba a dasa shi daga kakanninsa ba. A shekarar 1995, malamin addinin Yahudawa Yosef Shalom Eliashiv na Urushalima, Isra'ila ya ɗauki hayar farfesa Eliezer E. Goldschmidt tare da tawagar malaman addinin Yahudawa don su duba ko Morocco har yanzu tana cikin irin wannan yanayin na kashrut, kuma ko za a sami wani dashen da aka dasa a can. Goldschmidt ya nemi farfesa na noma na Morocco, wato Mohamed El-Otmani daga Agadir, ya taimaka masa. [[Fayil:Climbing_up.jpg|right|thumb|Manoman Berber suna hawa kan tudun mai tsayi a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa gonakinsu.]] Gabaɗaya suka hau kwarin Anti-Atlas inda [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] na yankin suka yi noma citron na Morocco tsawon ƙarni da yawa, kuma sun yi matuƙar sha'awar tsohuwar al'adar da ake yi a wurin, ba su sami ko da itacen citron ɗaya da aka dasa ba. Tawagar ta gabatar da bincikensu ga Eliashiv, wanda ya yi matukar farin ciki da bayanin cewa har yanzu dajin Maroko yana gabatar da zuriyar da ba ta karye ba, ta wani etrog da ba a haɗa shi ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == 6mpaqrujxl1472pyl6ta5o2ealc5dcr 829328 829327 2026-05-03T16:31:39Z Sardeeq 39275 829328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Citron Moroccan''' ( Hebrew ) ainihin nau'in citrus ne da aka samo asali daga Assads, Morocco, wanda har yanzu shine babban cibiyar [[Noma|noman sa]].<ref>Available online at The Citrus Industry Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, see title "Sugar or Acidless Oranges"</ref><ref>Un curieux cedrat Marocain (1950) Rev. Intl. Bot. Appl. Agr. Trop. 30:506–514</ref> == Lemon mai daɗi == Farfesa Henri Chapot na ƙasar Morocco ya bayyana citron na ƙasar Morocco a matsayin citron mai daɗi, ma'ana ɓangaren sa yana da ƙarancin acid. Ya gano cewa acid ɗin da ke cikin citron ko [[lemun tsami]] da aka fi sani, ana wakilta shi da ja a cikin gashin iri musamman a wurin chalazal, launin shuɗi a gefen furen fure, da kuma sabbin furannin da ke da ja-shuɗi. Citron na ƙasar Morocco wanda ba shi da acid kwata-kwata ba shi da launin ja. Herbert John Webber da Leon Dexter Batchelor ne suka ambato wannan sunan, editocin babban rubutun kan citrus, wato The Citrus Industry, wanda Jami'ar California, Riverside ta buga a shekarar 1967. Wataƙila Chapot ne ya fara bayyana wannan nau'in citron dalla-dalla, tare da zane-zanen nau'ikan 'ya'yan itacen da yawa, da kuma duk halayen bishiyar, ganye da furanni. Ya kuma ambaci cewa ainihin citron na Maroko, wanda a al'ada ake noma shi ne kawai a yankin Assads, don amfanin mitzva na nau'ikan guda huɗu, kuma yana da tsayi, ba shi da acid kuma busasshe, ya bambanta da nau'in citron mai zagaye, Rhobs el Arsa, wanda aka fi nomawa don abinci a duk ƙasar Maroko, kuma ɗanɗanonsa yana da acidic da 'ya'yan itace. Sauran lemun tsami da aka sani kawai shine Corsican . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Yi amfani da shi azaman etrog == Ba a san ainihin ranar da aka fara amfani da nau'in don etrog ba. A cewar Yahudawan yankin, yana tare da su tun lokacin da aka kora su zuwa Morocco bayan lalata Haikali na Biyu . Tun daga lokacin, dukkan malaman addini da al'ummomin [[Arewacin Afirka]] sun girmama shi sosai, ba tare da wata katsewa ko jayayya ba. A tsawon lokaci, al'ummomin Ashkenazi a duk faɗin [[Turai]] sun karɓe shi. [[Fayil:Berbers_citron.jpg|right|thumb|[[Abzinawa|Berbers]] a gonakinsu na etrog]] === Wurin noma === Ainihin wurin da ake noma shi ne a ƙauyen Assads da ke lardin Taroudant, kuma 100&nbsp;kilomita gabas da [[Agadir]], kamar yadda majiyoyin malaman addinin Kirista da na addini suka ruwaito da dama. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Ba a yi amfani da graf ba === Ba a amfani da citron da aka dasa a matsayin kosher don yin amfani da shi a lokacin hutun Yahudawa na Littafi Mai Tsarki kamar Sukkot, bisa ga dokokin addinin Yahudawa, ( ''halakha'' ), kuma wasu sun fi son neman citron etrog wanda ba a dasa shi daga kakanninsa ba. A shekarar 1995, malamin addinin Yahudawa Yosef Shalom Eliashiv na Urushalima, Isra'ila ya ɗauki hayar farfesa Eliezer E. Goldschmidt tare da tawagar malaman addinin Yahudawa don su duba ko Morocco har yanzu tana cikin irin wannan yanayin na kashrut, kuma ko za a sami wani dashen da aka dasa a can. Goldschmidt ya nemi farfesa na noma na Morocco, wato Mohamed El-Otmani daga Agadir, ya taimaka masa. [[Fayil:Climbing_up.jpg|right|thumb|Manoman Berber suna hawa kan tudun mai tsayi a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa gonakinsu.]] Gabaɗaya suka hau kwarin Anti-Atlas inda [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] na yankin suka yi noma citron na Morocco tsawon ƙarni da yawa, kuma sun yi matuƙar sha'awar tsohuwar al'adar da ake yi a wurin, ba su sami ko da itacen citron ɗaya da aka dasa ba. Tawagar ta gabatar da bincikensu ga Eliashiv, wanda ya yi matukar farin ciki da bayanin cewa har yanzu dajin Maroko yana gabatar da zuriyar da ba ta karye ba, ta wani etrog da ba a haɗa shi ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == 767vxzilsy94baapkqxfm3g8k6t0bq1 0 149038 829329 2026-05-03T16:33:44Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320975493|Rfissa]]" 829329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Rfissa''''' ( Arabic ) abincin [[Moroko|ƙasar Morocco]] ne wanda ake bayarwa a lokacin bukukuwan gargajiya daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2023 |title=Rfissa Moroccan Chicken With Lentils) Recipe - Food.com |url=https://www.themoroccanfood.com/recipe/moroccan-chicken-rfissa/ |publisher=}}</ref> A al'adance ya haɗa da kaza, lentil, tsaban [[fenugreek]] ( ''helba'' a [[Larabci]] ), [[M'semen|msemmen]], meloui ko [[burodi]] na yau da kullun, da kuma haɗin kayan ƙanshi [[Ras el hanout|na ras el-hanout]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rfissa Recipe - Moroccan Chicken and Lentils Over Shredded Pastry |url=http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/maindishes/r/Rfisa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210183448/http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/maindishes/r/Rfisa.htm |archive-date=2016-12-10 |access-date=2014-09-11 |publisher=}}</ref> A al'adance a ba wa mace da ta haihu ''rfissa'', domin ana kyautata zaton fenugreek yana da amfani ga matan da ke murmurewa daga haihuwa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Ayoub El |date=2018-12-18 |title=Anny Gaul: "The Cuisine of the City of Tetouan" |url=https://legation.ipower.com/blog/?p=1894 |access-date=2020-03-07 |website=Tangier American Legation |language=en-US}}</ref> An samo ''Rfissa'' daga ''[[tharid]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|ثريد}} ), wani abincin gargajiya na Larabawa da aka ce shine abincin da Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] ya fi so. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Ayoub El |date=2018-12-18 |title=Anny Gaul: "The Cuisine of the City of Tetouan" |url=https://legation.ipower.com/blog/?p=1894 |access-date=2020-03-07 |website=Tangier American Legation |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJamal2018">Jamal, Ayoub El (2018-12-18). </cite></ref> Sunan ''rfissa'' ya koma ga ''rafis'' na zamanin da ma'ana kullu da aka cusa da man shanu sannan aka yayyafa shi da sukari. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ibn Razīn al-Tujībī}}</ref> Wannan abincin bai bayyana a cikin littattafan girki na Morocco ba har zuwa shekarun 1990. [1] Masanin tarihin al'adu Anny Gaul ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan yana iya kasancewa saboda gaskiyar cewa rfissa yana da alaƙa da al'adun girki na karkara, yayin da mutanen da suka daɗe suna rubuta littattafan girki galibi fitattun mutane ne na Fessi . [2] == Duba kuma == * [[Couscous|Kuskus]] * [[Tajine]] == Manazarta == 8hbxdodql57zp6oalfuphkt4lf0w2zd 829330 829329 2026-05-03T16:34:04Z Sardeeq 39275 829330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Rfissa''''' ( Arabic ) abincin [[Moroko|ƙasar Morocco]] ne wanda ake bayarwa a lokacin bukukuwan gargajiya daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2023 |title=Rfissa Moroccan Chicken With Lentils) Recipe - Food.com |url=https://www.themoroccanfood.com/recipe/moroccan-chicken-rfissa/ |publisher=}}</ref> A al'adance ya haɗa da kaza, lentil, tsaban [[fenugreek]] ( ''helba'' a [[Larabci]] ), [[M'semen|msemmen]], meloui ko [[burodi]] na yau da kullun, da kuma haɗin kayan ƙanshi [[Ras el hanout|na ras el-hanout]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rfissa Recipe - Moroccan Chicken and Lentils Over Shredded Pastry |url=http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/maindishes/r/Rfisa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210183448/http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/maindishes/r/Rfisa.htm |archive-date=2016-12-10 |access-date=2014-09-11 |publisher=}}</ref> A al'adance a ba wa mace da ta haihu ''rfissa'', domin ana kyautata zaton fenugreek yana da amfani ga matan da ke murmurewa daga haihuwa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Ayoub El |date=2018-12-18 |title=Anny Gaul: "The Cuisine of the City of Tetouan" |url=https://legation.ipower.com/blog/?p=1894 |access-date=2020-03-07 |website=Tangier American Legation |language=en-US}}</ref> An samo ''Rfissa'' daga ''[[tharid]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|ثريد}} ), wani abincin gargajiya na Larabawa da aka ce shine abincin da Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] ya fi so. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Ayoub El |date=2018-12-18 |title=Anny Gaul: "The Cuisine of the City of Tetouan" |url=https://legation.ipower.com/blog/?p=1894 |access-date=2020-03-07 |website=Tangier American Legation |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJamal2018">Jamal, Ayoub El (2018-12-18). </cite></ref> Sunan ''rfissa'' ya koma ga ''rafis'' na zamanin da ma'ana kullu da aka cusa da man shanu sannan aka yayyafa shi da sukari. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ibn Razīn al-Tujībī}}</ref> Wannan abincin bai bayyana a cikin littattafan girki na Morocco ba har zuwa shekarun 1990. [1] Masanin tarihin al'adu Anny Gaul ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan yana iya kasancewa saboda gaskiyar cewa rfissa yana da alaƙa da al'adun girki na karkara, yayin da mutanen da suka daɗe suna rubuta littattafan girki galibi fitattun mutane ne na Fessi . [2] == Duba kuma == * [[Couscous|Kuskus]] * [[Tajine]] == Manazarta == 2hq2kyn1aa8rem39uql7mvj8rofs2aa 0 149039 829332 2026-05-03T16:54:25Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252376576|Qrashel]]" 829332 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qrashel''' ko '''Krachel''' ( Moroccan Arabic ) ko '''Lgorss''' ( Moroccan Arabic ) su ne biredi na gargajiya na ƙasar Moroccan mai daɗi, waɗanda aka yi da anise da fennel. Ana iya yin su da shayi ko kofi, sannan a tsoma su cikin cuku, man zaitun, jam ko zuma. Biredi suna kama da brioche na Faransa, amma tsaban anise suna ba su ƙarin ɗanɗano. <ref name="mwn">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=How to Make Qrashel, Moroccan Sesame Rolls |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/12/288247/how-to-make-qrashel-moroccan-sesame-rolls}}</ref> An san Qrashel a cikin [[abincin Maroko]] aƙalla tun marigayi Wattasid da farkon zamanin Saadian (tsakiyar ƙarni na 16). Gwamnan Wattasid na [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]], Nasser Bouchentouf, an yi masa kisan gilla da guba a cikin Qrashel. == Suna == Kalmar Maroko "Qrashel" tana cikin jam'i, tare da "qershala" guda ɗaya, da kuma "qrishla" kaɗan. Na ƙarshen kuma yana iya nufin ƙananan alewar Moroccan sesame, waɗanda in ba haka ba ba su da kama da Qrashel. Sunan waɗannan burodin Morocco na iya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki. "Krach" ya zama ruwan dare a arewacin Morocco, yayin da "krachet" ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan kudu. == Girke-girke == Girke-girken Qrashel na iya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki. Amma galibi ya haɗa da madara, ƙwai, tsaban anise, sesame, sukari, yisti na mai yin burodi, ruwan fure mai lemu, man shanu da fulawa. <ref name="mwn">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=How to Make Qrashel, Moroccan Sesame Rolls |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/12/288247/how-to-make-qrashel-moroccan-sesame-rolls}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/12/288247/how-to-make-qrashel-moroccan-sesame-rolls "How to Make Qrashel, Moroccan Sesame Rolls"]. 8 December 2019.</cite></ref> <ref name="fivespot">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2021 |title=Sweet Moroccan Bread (Krachel) |url=https://www.fivespotgreenliving.com/sweet-moroccan-bread/}}</ref> Wasu girke-girke kuma suna ƙara cakulan. Shirya kullu zai iya ɗaukar har zuwa awanni 2, yayin da yin burodi zai iya ɗaukar kimanin mintuna 30 zuwa 40 a cikin tanda da aka riga aka kunna zuwa digiri 350 na Fahrenheit (kimanin digiri 175 na Celsius). [1] == Manazarta == gmu1mfq7b3d54oymglzf1or1q0xrkxh 829333 829332 2026-05-03T16:54:46Z Sardeeq 39275 829333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Qrashel''' ko '''Krachel''' ( Moroccan Arabic ) ko '''Lgorss''' ( Moroccan Arabic ) su ne biredi na gargajiya na ƙasar Moroccan mai daɗi, waɗanda aka yi da anise da fennel. Ana iya yin su da shayi ko kofi, sannan a tsoma su cikin cuku, man zaitun, jam ko zuma. Biredi suna kama da brioche na Faransa, amma tsaban anise suna ba su ƙarin ɗanɗano. <ref name="mwn">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=How to Make Qrashel, Moroccan Sesame Rolls |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/12/288247/how-to-make-qrashel-moroccan-sesame-rolls}}</ref> An san Qrashel a cikin [[abincin Maroko]] aƙalla tun marigayi Wattasid da farkon zamanin Saadian (tsakiyar ƙarni na 16). Gwamnan Wattasid na [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]], Nasser Bouchentouf, an yi masa kisan gilla da guba a cikin Qrashel. == Suna == Kalmar Maroko "Qrashel" tana cikin jam'i, tare da "qershala" guda ɗaya, da kuma "qrishla" kaɗan. Na ƙarshen kuma yana iya nufin ƙananan alewar Moroccan sesame, waɗanda in ba haka ba ba su da kama da Qrashel. Sunan waɗannan burodin Morocco na iya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki. "Krach" ya zama ruwan dare a arewacin Morocco, yayin da "krachet" ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan kudu. == Girke-girke == Girke-girken Qrashel na iya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki. Amma galibi ya haɗa da madara, ƙwai, tsaban anise, sesame, sukari, yisti na mai yin burodi, ruwan fure mai lemu, man shanu da fulawa. <ref name="mwn">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=How to Make Qrashel, Moroccan Sesame Rolls |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/12/288247/how-to-make-qrashel-moroccan-sesame-rolls}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/12/288247/how-to-make-qrashel-moroccan-sesame-rolls "How to Make Qrashel, Moroccan Sesame Rolls"]. 8 December 2019.</cite></ref> <ref name="fivespot">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2021 |title=Sweet Moroccan Bread (Krachel) |url=https://www.fivespotgreenliving.com/sweet-moroccan-bread/}}</ref> Wasu girke-girke kuma suna ƙara cakulan. Shirya kullu zai iya ɗaukar har zuwa awanni 2, yayin da yin burodi zai iya ɗaukar kimanin mintuna 30 zuwa 40 a cikin tanda da aka riga aka kunna zuwa digiri 350 na Fahrenheit (kimanin digiri 175 na Celsius). [1] == Manazarta == owm8oisy6oj5d05mjvar8zxqs79wn6g 0 149040 829334 2026-05-03T16:56:36Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350167162|Preserved lemon]]" 829334 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lemon''' ko '''lemun tsami da''' aka adana wani abu ne mai daɗi da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin abincin ƙasashen Indiya da [[Abincin Maroko|Morocco]] . Haka kuma an same shi a cikin abincin Ingila na ƙarni na 18. Ana kuma kiransa da "lemun ƙasa". Ana yanka [[lemun tsami]], a yanka shi kwata-kwata, a raba shi rabi, ko kuma a haɗa shi da ruwan gishiri na ruwa, ruwan lemun tsami, da gishiri; wani lokacin ana haɗa kayan ƙanshi. Ana barin ɗanɗanon ya yi tsami a zafin ɗaki na tsawon makonni ko watanni kafin a yi amfani da shi. Ana iya amfani da ɓawon lemun tsamin da aka adana a cikin miya da miya, amma bawon (zaki da ɗanɗanon tare) ne suka fi daraja. Ɗanɗanon yana da ɗan tsami amma yana da ɗan tsami sosai. == Amfani == Ana iya wanke gutsuttsuran lemun tsami da aka soya kafin a yi amfani da su don cire duk wani gishirin saman, ko kuma a bar shi ya yi laushi don cire ƙarin gishirin da kuma fitar da ɗanɗanon da ya dace. Sannan ana iya yanka su, a yanka su, ko a niƙa su kamar yadda ake buƙata don yanayin abincin. Ana iya amfani da fatar da aka soya ko ba tare da ɓawon ba. Lemon da aka kiyaye shine babban sinadari a cikin yawancin abincin [[Abincin Maroko|Morocco]], kamar ''[[Tajine|tagines]] .'' A cikin abincin Cambodia, ana amfani da shi a cikin abinci kamar ''[[wiktionary:ស្ងោរមាន់ង៉ាំង៉ូវ|ngam nguv]]'', miyar kaza tare da lemun tsami gaba ɗaya. Sau da yawa ana haɗa su ta hanyoyi daban-daban da zaitun, artichokes, abincin teku, naman sa, kaza, da shinkafa. Ana iya amfani da ɓawon burodi da ruwan da aka dafa a cikin Bloody Marys da sauran abubuwan sha inda ake amfani da lemun tsami da gishiri. Ɗanɗanon kuma yana haɗuwa sosai da horseradish, kamar yadda yake a cikin miyar hadaddiyar giya ta Amurka. A cikin abincin Ayurvedic, lemun tsami magani ne na gida don cututtukan ciki, kuma ana cewa ƙimarsa tana ƙaruwa yayin da take girma. A cikin maganin gargajiya na Gabashin Afirka, ana ba da lemun tsami don girma mai yawa na saifa . == Bambancin == Ana kuma girbe lemun tsami da innabi ta wannan hanyar. == Tarihi == A tarihi, pickling hanya ce mai araha kuma mai amfani ta adana lemun tsami don amfani da shi bayan kakarsa da kuma nesa da inda ake noma shi. Littattafan girke-girke na farko na Ingilishi, Amurka, da (a fassararsu) na Indiya sun ba da girke-girke na pickles na lemun tsami kuma sun ambaci amfani da shi a cikin miya don salmon, naman sa, da sauransu; [1] [2] [3] jita-jita inda a yau ake amfani da sabbin zest da/ko ruwan lemun tsami. Girke-girke na farkon ƙarni na 19 kamar haka ne, wanda aka ɗauko daga ''Sabon Tsarin Girki na Gida'' : == Manazarta == f75z4k7vtbewrxoo3vlakiaqydv4zi5 829335 829334 2026-05-03T16:58:13Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350167162|Preserved lemon]]" 829335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lemon''' ko '''lemun tsami da''' aka adana wani abu ne mai daɗi da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin abincin ƙasashen Indiya da [[Abincin Maroko|Morocco]] . Haka kuma an same shi a cikin abincin Ingila na ƙarni na 18. <ref>Oriental Translation Fund (1831). Miscellaneous translations from Oriental languages. Printed for the Oriental Translation Fund.</ref> Ana kuma kiransa da "lemun ƙasa". Ana yanka [[lemun tsami]], a yanka shi kwata-kwata, a raba shi rabi, ko kuma a haɗa shi da ruwan gishiri na ruwa, ruwan lemun tsami, da gishiri; wani lokacin ana haɗa kayan ƙanshi. Ana barin ɗanɗanon ya yi tsami a zafin ɗaki na tsawon makonni ko watanni kafin a yi amfani da shi. Ana iya amfani da ɓawon lemun tsamin da aka adana a cikin miya da miya, amma bawon (zaki da ɗanɗanon tare) ne suka fi daraja. Ɗanɗanon yana da ɗan tsami amma yana da ɗan tsami sosai.<ref>Harish Johari (2000). Ayurvedic healing cuisine: 200 vegetarian recipes for health, balance, and longevity. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. pp. 29–20. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-89281-938-6</nowiki>.</ref> == Amfani == Ana iya wanke gutsuttsuran lemun tsami da aka soya kafin a yi amfani da su don cire duk wani gishirin saman, ko kuma a bar shi ya yi laushi don cire ƙarin gishirin da kuma fitar da ɗanɗanon da ya dace. Sannan ana iya yanka su, a yanka su, ko a niƙa su kamar yadda ake buƙata don yanayin abincin. Ana iya amfani da fatar da aka soya ko ba tare da ɓawon ba. Lemon da aka kiyaye shine babban sinadari a cikin yawancin abincin [[Abincin Maroko|Morocco]], kamar ''[[Tajine|tagines]] .'' A cikin abincin Cambodia, ana amfani da shi a cikin abinci kamar ''[[wiktionary:ស្ងោរមាន់ង៉ាំង៉ូវ|ngam nguv]]'', miyar kaza tare da lemun tsami gaba ɗaya. Sau da yawa ana haɗa su ta hanyoyi daban-daban da zaitun, artichokes, abincin teku, naman sa, kaza, da shinkafa. Ana iya amfani da ɓawon burodi da ruwan da aka dafa a cikin Bloody Marys da sauran abubuwan sha inda ake amfani da lemun tsami da gishiri. Ɗanɗanon kuma yana haɗuwa sosai da horseradish, kamar yadda yake a cikin miyar hadaddiyar giya ta Amurka. A cikin abincin Ayurvedic, lemun tsami magani ne na gida don cututtukan ciki, kuma ana cewa ƙimarsa tana ƙaruwa yayin da take girma. A cikin maganin gargajiya na Gabashin Afirka, ana ba da lemun tsami don girma mai yawa na saifa . == Bambancin == Ana kuma girbe lemun tsami da innabi ta wannan hanyar. == Tarihi == A tarihi, pickling hanya ce mai araha kuma mai amfani ta adana lemun tsami don amfani da shi bayan kakarsa da kuma nesa da inda ake noma shi. Littattafan girke-girke na farko na Ingilishi, Amurka, da (a fassararsu) na Indiya sun ba da girke-girke na pickles na lemun tsami kuma sun ambaci amfani da shi a cikin miya don salmon, naman sa, da sauransu; [1] [2] [3] jita-jita inda a yau ake amfani da sabbin zest da/ko ruwan lemun tsami. Girke-girke na farkon ƙarni na 19 kamar haka ne, wanda aka ɗauko daga ''Sabon Tsarin Girki na Gida'' : == Manazarta == 7v7nnnob1m8bvksrjf1bz0l08ishu0o 829336 829335 2026-05-03T16:58:37Z Sardeeq 39275 829336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lemon''' ko '''lemun tsami da''' aka adana wani abu ne mai daɗi da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin abincin ƙasashen Indiya da [[Abincin Maroko|Morocco]] . Haka kuma an same shi a cikin abincin Ingila na ƙarni na 18. <ref>Oriental Translation Fund (1831). Miscellaneous translations from Oriental languages. Printed for the Oriental Translation Fund.</ref> Ana kuma kiransa da "lemun ƙasa". Ana yanka [[lemun tsami]], a yanka shi kwata-kwata, a raba shi rabi, ko kuma a haɗa shi da ruwan gishiri na ruwa, ruwan lemun tsami, da gishiri; wani lokacin ana haɗa kayan ƙanshi. Ana barin ɗanɗanon ya yi tsami a zafin ɗaki na tsawon makonni ko watanni kafin a yi amfani da shi. Ana iya amfani da ɓawon lemun tsamin da aka adana a cikin miya da miya, amma bawon (zaki da ɗanɗanon tare) ne suka fi daraja. Ɗanɗanon yana da ɗan tsami amma yana da ɗan tsami sosai.<ref>Harish Johari (2000). Ayurvedic healing cuisine: 200 vegetarian recipes for health, balance, and longevity. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. pp. 29–20. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-89281-938-6</nowiki>.</ref> == Amfani == Ana iya wanke gutsuttsuran lemun tsami da aka soya kafin a yi amfani da su don cire duk wani gishirin saman, ko kuma a bar shi ya yi laushi don cire ƙarin gishirin da kuma fitar da ɗanɗanon da ya dace. Sannan ana iya yanka su, a yanka su, ko a niƙa su kamar yadda ake buƙata don yanayin abincin. Ana iya amfani da fatar da aka soya ko ba tare da ɓawon ba. Lemon da aka kiyaye shine babban sinadari a cikin yawancin abincin [[Abincin Maroko|Morocco]], kamar ''[[Tajine|tagines]] .'' A cikin abincin Cambodia, ana amfani da shi a cikin abinci kamar ''[[wiktionary:ស្ងោរមាន់ង៉ាំង៉ូវ|ngam nguv]]'', miyar kaza tare da lemun tsami gaba ɗaya. Sau da yawa ana haɗa su ta hanyoyi daban-daban da zaitun, artichokes, abincin teku, naman sa, kaza, da shinkafa. Ana iya amfani da ɓawon burodi da ruwan da aka dafa a cikin Bloody Marys da sauran abubuwan sha inda ake amfani da lemun tsami da gishiri. Ɗanɗanon kuma yana haɗuwa sosai da horseradish, kamar yadda yake a cikin miyar hadaddiyar giya ta Amurka. A cikin abincin Ayurvedic, lemun tsami magani ne na gida don cututtukan ciki, kuma ana cewa ƙimarsa tana ƙaruwa yayin da take girma. A cikin maganin gargajiya na Gabashin Afirka, ana ba da lemun tsami don girma mai yawa na saifa . == Bambancin == Ana kuma girbe lemun tsami da innabi ta wannan hanyar. == Tarihi == A tarihi, pickling hanya ce mai araha kuma mai amfani ta adana lemun tsami don amfani da shi bayan kakarsa da kuma nesa da inda ake noma shi. Littattafan girke-girke na farko na Ingilishi, Amurka, da (a fassararsu) na Indiya sun ba da girke-girke na pickles na lemun tsami kuma sun ambaci amfani da shi a cikin miya don salmon, naman sa, da sauransu; [1] [2] [3] jita-jita inda a yau ake amfani da sabbin zest da/ko ruwan lemun tsami. Girke-girke na farkon ƙarni na 19 kamar haka ne, wanda aka ɗauko daga ''Sabon Tsarin Girki na Gida'' : == Manazarta == hb2n9psq72rq819x184b10qoaxxjy9e 0 149041 829337 2026-05-03T17:00:46Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351686917|Paprika]]" 829337 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paprika''' {{Refn|({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|p|ɹ|iː|k|ə}} {{respell|pə|pree|kə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|p|æ|ˈ|p|ɹ|i|k|ə|audio=En-Paprika (American).oga}} {{respell|pap|REE|kə}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|ˈ|p|æ|p|ɹ|ɪ|k|ə}} {{respell|PAP|rik|ə}})<ref name=oed>{{Cite OED|paprika}}</ref>}} wani kayan ƙanshi ne da aka yi daga barkono ja busasshe da aka niƙa, ''Capsicum annuum'' . A al'ada ana yin sa ne daga nau'ikan ''Capsicum annuum'' a cikin rukunin Longum, kuma yayin da yake iya samun yanayi daban-daban na zafi, barkonon da ake amfani da su galibi suna da laushi kuma suna da sirara fiye da waɗanda ake amfani da su don samar da [[Chili foda|foda barkono]] . Paprika mai laushi da daɗi galibi yana ƙunshe da 'ya'yan itacen barkono tare da cire yawancin tsaba; yayin da wasu tsaba da ganyen ake ajiye su a cikin barkonon da ake amfani da su don paprika mai zafi. Paprika, kamar dukkan nau'ikan capsicum da abubuwan da suka samo asali, ya samo asali ne daga kakannin daji daga Kogin Amazon, waɗanda aka noma a zamanin da a Kudancin Amurka, Tsakiya da Arewacin Amurka, musamman a tsakiyar Mexico . An gabatar da barkono zuwa Turai ta hanyar [[Daular Sipaniya|Spain]] da [[Daular Portuguese|Portugal]] a ƙarni na 16. Cinikin paprika ya faɗaɗa daga Tekun Iberian zuwa Afirka da Asiya kuma daga ƙarshe ya isa tsakiyar Turai ta hanyar Balkans. Abincin Turai wanda paprika ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma babban sinadari ne ya haɗa da na Hungary, Spain da Portugal; ana kuma samunsa a cikin yawancin abincin Faransa da Jamus. Ana amfani da shi sosai a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:1902-11-17,_La_Ilustración_Artística,_Abriendo_el_pimiento,_Medina_Vera.jpg|thumb|Buɗe barkono, misalin Medina Vera]] Paprika wani kayan ƙanshi ne da aka yi da barkono ja busasshe da foda, [1] kuma yayin da ake yin kayan ƙanshi na zamani daga nau'ikan Capsicum annuum na Turai a cikin rukunin Longum, [2] Capsicum annuum da kansa asalinsa ya fito ne daga yankunan arewacin Kudancin Amurka da kuma kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka . [3] Ana tattara barkono kuma ana cin su a c. 7000 BC, kuma ana noma su kafin 3500 BC. [4] Marubucin abinci Alan Davidson ya yi tsokaci cewa wataƙila Christopher Columbus ya haɗu da su a tafiyarsa ta farko a 1492, kuma wataƙila ya dawo da tsire-tsire zuwa Turai. Mutanen Spain da Portugal sun kuma kai su Indiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma an ɗauke su da sauri a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Balkans da Turai - zuwa Italiya a 1526, Jamus a 1543 kuma an san su a Hungary a 1569. [4] [5] An kuma samo Paprika a [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], wadda a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 17, ta mallaki yankin tsakiyar Hungary. Samar da paprika a masana'antu ya fara ne kusan ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 kuma ya girma sosai a ƙarni na 18. Tsawon lokacin da Turkiyya ta kasance a yankin ya gabatar da abinci da yawa a yankin, ciki har da burodin filo (wanda ya samo asali zuwa strudel ), [[Pilaf|pilafs]], burodin pitta da paprika. An fara shukar da ake amfani da ita wajen yin kayan ƙanshi na Hungary a cikin 1569. Paprika ta Tsakiyar Turai ta kasance mai zafi har zuwa shekarun 1920, lokacin da wani mai kiwon Szeged ya sami shukar da ke samar da 'ya'yan itace masu daɗi, wanda ya dasa a kan wasu tsire-tsire. A cewar George Lang a cikin ''Cuisine of Hungary'' (1994), farkon ambaton barkono paprika a cikin ƙamus na Hungary shine a cikin 1604, lokacin da sunan da aka yi amfani da shi shine {{Lang|hu|Török-bors}} (Barkonon Turkiyya). Sunan "paprika" bai shigo kasuwa ba a Hungary har sai a shekarar 1775, lokacin da J. Csapé, a cikin littafinsa ''na Herbarium'', ya kira shi "barkonon lambu na paprika". <ref name="lang" /> An fara amfani da kalmar ''paprika'' a Turanci a cikin 1830. ''Jaridar The Times'' ta ambaci " {{Lang|hu|A' borsos levecskét}} – miyar barkono, ko miyar ''paprika'', da aka yi da barkonon annuum na Linne&nbsp;... abincin da aka fi so tsakanin Magyars, Turkawa, da Servia". A cikin ''Kayan Ƙanshi, Gishiri da Ƙamshi a cikin Kitchen ɗin Ingilishi'' (1970), Elizabeth David ta lura cewa a cikin littattafan girki na zamanin Edwardian, a wasu lokutan ana kiran paprika da "barkono Krona". == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar "paprika" ta fito ne daga paprika na ƙasar Hungary '','' wani ɗan ƙaramin abu daga ''papar'' na Serbo-Croatian (barkono), wanda kuma aka samo shi daga ''piper'' [[Harshen Latin|na Latin]] ko ''piperi'' na Girka na zamani. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Paprika |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/paprika |website=Etymonline}}</ref> "Paprika" da wasu kalmomi makamantansu, waɗanda suka haɗa da "peperke", "piperke" da "paparka", ana amfani da su a harsuna daban-daban don barkono. Ana amfani da ''Paprika'' (da kalmomi makamantan su kamar ''peperke'', ''piperke'' da ''paparka'' ) a cikin harsuna daban-daban da nau'ikan Ingilishi na yankuna don nufin shuka da 'ya'yan itacen da ake yin kayan ƙanshi, da kuma barkono a cikin ƙungiyar Grossum kamar [[Barkono|barkono mai kararrawa]] . == Nau'o'i == Paprika na iya samun yanayi daban-daban na zafi, amma barkonon barkono da ake amfani da su don paprika mai zafi suna da laushi kuma suna da nama mai siriri fiye da waɗanda ake amfani da su don samar da [[Chili foda|foda na barkono]] . Paprika mai daɗi galibi yana ƙunshe da [[Ɗan'ice|pericarp]], tare da cire fiye da rabin tsaba; paprika mai zafi yana ɗauke da wasu tsaba, ganye, ovules da calyces . Ko paprika ja ne, lemu, ko rawaya ya dogara da cakuda carotenoids . <ref name="ijms">{{Cite journal |last=Gómez-García Mdel |first=R |last2=Ochoa-Alejo |first2=N |year=2013 |title=Biochemistry and molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in chili peppers (''Capsicum'' spp.) |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=19025–53 |bibcode=2013IJMSc..1419025G |doi=10.3390/ijms140919025 |pmc=3794819 |pmid=24065101 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Inuwar paprika mai rawaya-lemu tana fitowa ne daga α-carotene da β-carotene (mahaɗan provitamin A ), zeaxanthin, lutein da β-cryptoxanthin ; ja yana fitowa ne daga capsanthin da capsorubin . <ref name="ijms" /> Wani bincike ya gano yawan zeaxanthin a cikin paprika mai lemu. <ref name="ijms16">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Ji-Sun |year=2016 |title=Carotenoid profiling from 27 types of paprika (''Capsicum annuum'' L.) with different colors, shapes, and cultivation methods |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=201 |pages=64–71 |bibcode=2016FoodC.201...64K |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.041 |pmid=26868549}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya gano cewa paprika mai lemu ya ƙunshi lutein fiye da ja ko rawaya paprika. <ref name="ijms16" /> Wasu bincike sun gano cewa foda paprika mai rawaya yana nuna ƙarfin antioxidant mafi girma fiye da sauran nau'ikan paprika. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oh |first=Yu-Na |last2=Choi |first2=Hyung-Youn |last3=Kim |first3=Yong-Bin |last4=Hong |first4=Seong-Geon |last5=Kim |first5=Hack-Youn |date=2024 |title=Effect of Paprika Powder on the Antioxidant Capacity of Emulsion-Type Sausages |journal=Food Science of Animal Resources |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=1126–1141 |doi=10.5851/kosfa.2024.e53 |pmc=11377200 |pmid=39246537}}</ref> Paprika kuma yana da nau'ikan siffofi da yawa, kamar su blocky, mini, da conical. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jang |first=Hye Sook |last2=Lee |first2=Jung Sup |last3=Bang |first3=Ji Wong |last4=Lee |first4=Jae Han |date=2022 |title=Preference and Loyalty Evaluation Using Sentiment Analysis for Promotion and Consumption Expansion of Paprika |journal=Journal of Bio-Environment Control |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=345–355 |doi=10.12791/ksbec.2022.31.4.343 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == p1tgyx7v6ei0y3czrjr6nc26csih2vz 829338 829337 2026-05-03T17:01:07Z Sardeeq 39275 829338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paprika''' {{Refn|({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|p|ɹ|iː|k|ə}} {{respell|pə|pree|kə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|p|æ|ˈ|p|ɹ|i|k|ə|audio=En-Paprika (American).oga}} {{respell|pap|REE|kə}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|ˈ|p|æ|p|ɹ|ɪ|k|ə}} {{respell|PAP|rik|ə}})<ref name=oed>{{Cite OED|paprika}}</ref>}} wani kayan ƙanshi ne da aka yi daga barkono ja busasshe da aka niƙa, ''Capsicum annuum'' . A al'ada ana yin sa ne daga nau'ikan ''Capsicum annuum'' a cikin rukunin Longum, kuma yayin da yake iya samun yanayi daban-daban na zafi, barkonon da ake amfani da su galibi suna da laushi kuma suna da sirara fiye da waɗanda ake amfani da su don samar da [[Chili foda|foda barkono]] . Paprika mai laushi da daɗi galibi yana ƙunshe da 'ya'yan itacen barkono tare da cire yawancin tsaba; yayin da wasu tsaba da ganyen ake ajiye su a cikin barkonon da ake amfani da su don paprika mai zafi. Paprika, kamar dukkan nau'ikan capsicum da abubuwan da suka samo asali, ya samo asali ne daga kakannin daji daga Kogin Amazon, waɗanda aka noma a zamanin da a Kudancin Amurka, Tsakiya da Arewacin Amurka, musamman a tsakiyar Mexico . An gabatar da barkono zuwa Turai ta hanyar [[Daular Sipaniya|Spain]] da [[Daular Portuguese|Portugal]] a ƙarni na 16. Cinikin paprika ya faɗaɗa daga Tekun Iberian zuwa Afirka da Asiya kuma daga ƙarshe ya isa tsakiyar Turai ta hanyar Balkans. Abincin Turai wanda paprika ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma babban sinadari ne ya haɗa da na Hungary, Spain da Portugal; ana kuma samunsa a cikin yawancin abincin Faransa da Jamus. Ana amfani da shi sosai a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:1902-11-17,_La_Ilustración_Artística,_Abriendo_el_pimiento,_Medina_Vera.jpg|thumb|Buɗe barkono, misalin Medina Vera]] Paprika wani kayan ƙanshi ne da aka yi da barkono ja busasshe da foda, [1] kuma yayin da ake yin kayan ƙanshi na zamani daga nau'ikan Capsicum annuum na Turai a cikin rukunin Longum, [2] Capsicum annuum da kansa asalinsa ya fito ne daga yankunan arewacin Kudancin Amurka da kuma kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka . [3] Ana tattara barkono kuma ana cin su a c. 7000 BC, kuma ana noma su kafin 3500 BC. [4] Marubucin abinci Alan Davidson ya yi tsokaci cewa wataƙila Christopher Columbus ya haɗu da su a tafiyarsa ta farko a 1492, kuma wataƙila ya dawo da tsire-tsire zuwa Turai. Mutanen Spain da Portugal sun kuma kai su Indiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma an ɗauke su da sauri a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Balkans da Turai - zuwa Italiya a 1526, Jamus a 1543 kuma an san su a Hungary a 1569. [4] [5] An kuma samo Paprika a [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], wadda a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 17, ta mallaki yankin tsakiyar Hungary. Samar da paprika a masana'antu ya fara ne kusan ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 kuma ya girma sosai a ƙarni na 18. Tsawon lokacin da Turkiyya ta kasance a yankin ya gabatar da abinci da yawa a yankin, ciki har da burodin filo (wanda ya samo asali zuwa strudel ), [[Pilaf|pilafs]], burodin pitta da paprika. An fara shukar da ake amfani da ita wajen yin kayan ƙanshi na Hungary a cikin 1569. Paprika ta Tsakiyar Turai ta kasance mai zafi har zuwa shekarun 1920, lokacin da wani mai kiwon Szeged ya sami shukar da ke samar da 'ya'yan itace masu daɗi, wanda ya dasa a kan wasu tsire-tsire. A cewar George Lang a cikin ''Cuisine of Hungary'' (1994), farkon ambaton barkono paprika a cikin ƙamus na Hungary shine a cikin 1604, lokacin da sunan da aka yi amfani da shi shine {{Lang|hu|Török-bors}} (Barkonon Turkiyya). Sunan "paprika" bai shigo kasuwa ba a Hungary har sai a shekarar 1775, lokacin da J. Csapé, a cikin littafinsa ''na Herbarium'', ya kira shi "barkonon lambu na paprika". <ref name="lang" /> An fara amfani da kalmar ''paprika'' a Turanci a cikin 1830. ''Jaridar The Times'' ta ambaci " {{Lang|hu|A' borsos levecskét}} – miyar barkono, ko miyar ''paprika'', da aka yi da barkonon annuum na Linne&nbsp;... abincin da aka fi so tsakanin Magyars, Turkawa, da Servia". A cikin ''Kayan Ƙanshi, Gishiri da Ƙamshi a cikin Kitchen ɗin Ingilishi'' (1970), Elizabeth David ta lura cewa a cikin littattafan girki na zamanin Edwardian, a wasu lokutan ana kiran paprika da "barkono Krona". == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar "paprika" ta fito ne daga paprika na ƙasar Hungary '','' wani ɗan ƙaramin abu daga ''papar'' na Serbo-Croatian (barkono), wanda kuma aka samo shi daga ''piper'' [[Harshen Latin|na Latin]] ko ''piperi'' na Girka na zamani. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Paprika |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/paprika |website=Etymonline}}</ref> "Paprika" da wasu kalmomi makamantansu, waɗanda suka haɗa da "peperke", "piperke" da "paparka", ana amfani da su a harsuna daban-daban don barkono. Ana amfani da ''Paprika'' (da kalmomi makamantan su kamar ''peperke'', ''piperke'' da ''paparka'' ) a cikin harsuna daban-daban da nau'ikan Ingilishi na yankuna don nufin shuka da 'ya'yan itacen da ake yin kayan ƙanshi, da kuma barkono a cikin ƙungiyar Grossum kamar [[Barkono|barkono mai kararrawa]] . == Nau'o'i == Paprika na iya samun yanayi daban-daban na zafi, amma barkonon barkono da ake amfani da su don paprika mai zafi suna da laushi kuma suna da nama mai siriri fiye da waɗanda ake amfani da su don samar da [[Chili foda|foda na barkono]] . Paprika mai daɗi galibi yana ƙunshe da [[Ɗan'ice|pericarp]], tare da cire fiye da rabin tsaba; paprika mai zafi yana ɗauke da wasu tsaba, ganye, ovules da calyces . Ko paprika ja ne, lemu, ko rawaya ya dogara da cakuda carotenoids . <ref name="ijms">{{Cite journal |last=Gómez-García Mdel |first=R |last2=Ochoa-Alejo |first2=N |year=2013 |title=Biochemistry and molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in chili peppers (''Capsicum'' spp.) |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=19025–53 |bibcode=2013IJMSc..1419025G |doi=10.3390/ijms140919025 |pmc=3794819 |pmid=24065101 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Inuwar paprika mai rawaya-lemu tana fitowa ne daga α-carotene da β-carotene (mahaɗan provitamin A ), zeaxanthin, lutein da β-cryptoxanthin ; ja yana fitowa ne daga capsanthin da capsorubin . <ref name="ijms" /> Wani bincike ya gano yawan zeaxanthin a cikin paprika mai lemu. <ref name="ijms16">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Ji-Sun |year=2016 |title=Carotenoid profiling from 27 types of paprika (''Capsicum annuum'' L.) with different colors, shapes, and cultivation methods |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=201 |pages=64–71 |bibcode=2016FoodC.201...64K |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.041 |pmid=26868549}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya gano cewa paprika mai lemu ya ƙunshi lutein fiye da ja ko rawaya paprika. <ref name="ijms16" /> Wasu bincike sun gano cewa foda paprika mai rawaya yana nuna ƙarfin antioxidant mafi girma fiye da sauran nau'ikan paprika. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oh |first=Yu-Na |last2=Choi |first2=Hyung-Youn |last3=Kim |first3=Yong-Bin |last4=Hong |first4=Seong-Geon |last5=Kim |first5=Hack-Youn |date=2024 |title=Effect of Paprika Powder on the Antioxidant Capacity of Emulsion-Type Sausages |journal=Food Science of Animal Resources |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=1126–1141 |doi=10.5851/kosfa.2024.e53 |pmc=11377200 |pmid=39246537}}</ref> Paprika kuma yana da nau'ikan siffofi da yawa, kamar su blocky, mini, da conical. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jang |first=Hye Sook |last2=Lee |first2=Jung Sup |last3=Bang |first3=Ji Wong |last4=Lee |first4=Jae Han |date=2022 |title=Preference and Loyalty Evaluation Using Sentiment Analysis for Promotion and Consumption Expansion of Paprika |journal=Journal of Bio-Environment Control |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=345–355 |doi=10.12791/ksbec.2022.31.4.343 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == lp0br6vrp164xetmr8whpbtmmqpof39 0 149042 829340 2026-05-03T17:06:12Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319498489|Rick's Café Casablanca]]" 829340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rick's Café Casablanca''' wani gidan cin abinci ne, mashaya da gidan shayi da ke birnin [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] . An buɗe shi a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2004, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Al Goodman |date=May 7, 2004 |title=Rick's Cafe opens in Casablanca |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/05/06/casablanca.ricks/ |website=editioncnn.com}}</ref> an tsara wurin ne don a zahiri ya sake yin saitin mashayar da Humphrey Bogart da Ingrid Bergman suka shahara a cikin fim ɗin ''Casablanca'' na gargajiya. Kamfanin The Usual Suspects ne ke da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Isambard Wilkinson |date=May 29, 2004 |title=Worldwide: Rick's Cafe returns to Casablanca |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/morocco/1463162/Worldwide-Ricks-Cafe-returns-to-Casablanca.html |website=telegraph.co}}</ref> == Gine-gine da kayan ado == Kathy Kriger (1946–2018), tsohuwar jami'ar diflomasiyyar Amurka kuma mai hulɗa da kasuwanci a Morocco ce ta ƙirƙiro Rick's Café Casablanca. Gidan abincin yana cikin wani babban gidan gargajiya na Morocco mai farfajiyar tsakiya ( riad ), wanda aka gina a shekarar 1930. Itacen dabino guda biyu a gefen ƙofar gidan, kuma wurin da aka gina filin yana ba da damar yin facades uku: ƙofar shiga ta musamman mai manyan ƙofofi na katako waɗanda ke nuna fim ɗin; fuskar da ke fuskantar tashar jiragen ruwa wadda ke kallon Tekun Atlantika; da kuma wata kunkuntar hanyar shiga wacce ita ce babbar hanyar shiga amma yanzu ita ce ƙofar shiga ta sabis. Saboda shekarun ginin da kuma kusancinsa da teku, an gyara gidan gaba ɗaya kuma an gyara shi. Mai zane-zanen gida kuma mai tsara cikin gida na Amurka [[Bill Willis (designer)|Bill Willis]] ya tsara cikakkun bayanai na ado da gine-gine waɗanda suka yi kama da fim ɗin: baka masu lanƙwasa, mashaya mai sassaka, baranda, balustrades da kuma hasken tagulla mai duwatsu da aka yi da stencilled da tsire-tsire waɗanda ke haskakawa a kan fararen bango. Akwai ainihin piano na Pleyel na shekarun 1930 kuma ''As Time Goes By'' roƙo ne na gama gari ga mai buga piano na cikin gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2004 |title=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE1DE1338F93AA15752C0A9629C8B63 |website=Style |publisher=}}</ref> Rick's Café kuma cike yake da tayal da katako da ke wakiltar masana'antar sana'o'i ta Morocco. An yi wa murhu da marmara ko fenti mai launin tadelakt tare da zane-zane masu rikitarwa na tayal zellij waɗanda ke nuna murhu da kuma ɗaga matattakalar tsakiyar hanya. Tadelakt da launuka masu duhu suna rufe bango a ko'ina cikin gidan abincin, kuma an sanya benaye da tayal ɗin terracotta da aka yi da hannu. == Abinci == Zaɓuɓɓukan abinci a Rick's Café suna amfani da yalwar abincin Maroko a cikin abincin teku. Jerin abincin yana ba da zaɓi mai yawa na kifi daga abincin gargajiya na Sole meunière zuwa John Dory wanda aka yi da barkono baƙi, farin giya da thyme. Steaks, foie gras, salatin cukuwar akuya tare da ɓaure sabo da kuma American Crab Louie suna cikin zaɓin abincin dare. Cheesecake na Rick da Brownies suna cikin jerin kayan zaki, tare da ƙarin gabatarwa na musamman waɗanda ke nuna 'ya'yan itace sabo na gida. Suna kuma ƙwarewa a fannin abincin teku na gargajiya. == Kiɗa == Issam Chabaa yana buga piano dare da rana daga Talata zuwa Lahadi, wani kundin waƙoƙi da ya yi kama da na shekarun 1940 da 1950, gami da waƙoƙin Faransa, Sifaniyanci da Brazil na gargajiya tare da waƙoƙin Amurka da aka fi so kamar Summertime, The Lady is a Tramp, Blue Moon da kuma waƙoƙin da ba makawa As Time Goes By (sau da yawa a dare). Ana shirya daren Lahadi don zaman jam inda mawaƙa ke wucewa ta gari, [1] da masu son gida ke haɗuwa da Issam don yin jazz. Tsakanin saiti da lokacin cin abincin rana, ana yin waƙar waƙoƙin ƙa'idodi da sautunan manyan mawaƙa suna ba da kiɗan baya. [2] == Manazarta == 1efexyxd4sen6302xr41gxk53rl4oi8 829341 829340 2026-05-03T17:07:36Z Sardeeq 39275 829341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rick's Café Casablanca''' wani gidan cin abinci ne, mashaya da gidan shayi da ke birnin [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] . An buɗe shi a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2004, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Al Goodman |date=May 7, 2004 |title=Rick's Cafe opens in Casablanca |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/05/06/casablanca.ricks/ |website=editioncnn.com}}</ref> an tsara wurin ne don a zahiri ya sake yin saitin mashayar da Humphrey Bogart da Ingrid Bergman suka shahara a cikin fim ɗin ''Casablanca'' na gargajiya. Kamfanin The Usual Suspects ne ke da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Isambard Wilkinson |date=May 29, 2004 |title=Worldwide: Rick's Cafe returns to Casablanca |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/morocco/1463162/Worldwide-Ricks-Cafe-returns-to-Casablanca.html |website=telegraph.co}}</ref> == Gine-gine da kayan ado == Kathy Kriger (1946–2018), tsohuwar jami'ar diflomasiyyar Amurka kuma mai hulɗa da kasuwanci a Morocco ce ta ƙirƙiro Rick's Café Casablanca. Gidan abincin yana cikin wani babban gidan gargajiya na Morocco mai farfajiyar tsakiya ( riad ), wanda aka gina a shekarar 1930. Itacen dabino guda biyu a gefen ƙofar gidan, kuma wurin da aka gina filin yana ba da damar yin facades uku: ƙofar shiga ta musamman mai manyan ƙofofi na katako waɗanda ke nuna fim ɗin; fuskar da ke fuskantar tashar jiragen ruwa wadda ke kallon Tekun Atlantika; da kuma wata kunkuntar hanyar shiga wacce ita ce babbar hanyar shiga amma yanzu ita ce ƙofar shiga ta sabis. Saboda shekarun ginin da kuma kusancinsa da teku, an gyara gidan gaba ɗaya kuma an gyara shi. Mai zane-zanen gida kuma mai tsara cikin gida na Amurka [[Bill Willis (designer)|Bill Willis]] ya tsara cikakkun bayanai na ado da gine-gine waɗanda suka yi kama da fim ɗin: baka masu lanƙwasa, mashaya mai sassaka, baranda, balustrades da kuma hasken tagulla mai duwatsu da aka yi da stencilled da tsire-tsire waɗanda ke haskakawa a kan fararen bango. Akwai ainihin piano na Pleyel na shekarun 1930 kuma ''As Time Goes By'' roƙo ne na gama gari ga mai buga piano na cikin gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2004 |title=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE1DE1338F93AA15752C0A9629C8B63 |website=Style |publisher=}}</ref> Rick's Café kuma cike yake da tayal da katako da ke wakiltar masana'antar sana'o'i ta Morocco. An yi wa murhu da marmara ko fenti mai launin tadelakt tare da zane-zane masu rikitarwa na tayal zellij waɗanda ke nuna murhu da kuma ɗaga matattakalar tsakiyar hanya. Tadelakt da launuka masu duhu suna rufe bango a ko'ina cikin gidan abincin, kuma an sanya benaye da tayal ɗin terracotta da aka yi da hannu. == Abinci == Zaɓuɓɓukan abinci a Rick's Café suna amfani da yalwar abincin Maroko a cikin abincin teku. Jerin abincin yana ba da zaɓi mai yawa na kifi daga abincin gargajiya na Sole meunière zuwa John Dory wanda aka yi da barkono baƙi, farin giya da thyme. Steaks, foie gras, salatin cukuwar akuya tare da ɓaure sabo da kuma American Crab Louie suna cikin zaɓin abincin dare. Cheesecake na Rick da Brownies suna cikin jerin kayan zaki, tare da ƙarin gabatarwa na musamman waɗanda ke nuna 'ya'yan itace sabo na gida. Suna kuma ƙwarewa a fannin abincin teku na gargajiya. == Kiɗa == Issam Chabaa yana buga piano dare da rana daga Talata zuwa Lahadi, wani kundin waƙoƙi da ya yi kama da na shekarun 1940 da 1950, gami da waƙoƙin Faransa, Sifaniyanci da Brazil na gargajiya tare da waƙoƙin Amurka da aka fi so kamar Summertime, The Lady is a Tramp, Blue Moon da kuma waƙoƙin da ba makawa As Time Goes By (sau da yawa a dare). Ana shirya daren Lahadi don zaman jam inda mawaƙa ke wucewa ta gari, [1] da masu son gida ke haɗuwa da Issam don yin jazz. Tsakanin saiti da lokacin cin abincin rana, ana yin waƙar waƙoƙin ƙa'idodi da sautunan manyan mawaƙa suna ba da kiɗan baya. [2] == Manazarta == 1udg1bxtadgpnwxkcemq795u82hqraw 0 149043 829342 2026-05-03T17:10:17Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321309279|Rhobs el Arsa]]" 829342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rhobs al-Arsa''' ( ''Citrus limon'' (L.) Burm. f. ) 'ya'yan itacen citrus ne da ya shahara sosai a [[Moroko|Maroko]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chapot |first=Henri |year=1950 |title=''Un curieux cedrat Marocain'' (1950) Rev. Intl. Bot. Appl. Agr. Trop. 30:506–514 |url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jatba_0370-5412_1950_num_30_335_6729 |journal=Persee.fr |volume=30 |issue=335 |pages=506–514 |doi=10.3406/jatba.1950.6729}}</ref> == Sunaye == Rhobs al-Arsa [[Larabci]] ne da ke nufin burodin lambu, ko kuma ''"Lambun Loaf"'' . Wannan haɗin 'ya'yan itacen citrus yana da wasu sunaye da yawa, kamar Al-zanbu, Khoubs al-Arsa, Koubs al-Arsa, Kubbâd, Robs al-Arsa, Zamboa, Zanbo'a, da Zemboua. == Bayani == Shukar itace itace mai koren kore wacce take da ƙananan ganye kore, da kuma ganyen da aka zagaye waɗanda suke kore da sheƙi. 'Ya'yan itacen suna zagaye kuma suna da faɗi, tare da ƙaramin nono a saman, da kuma zobe mai juyawa a kusa da kan nono. Fatar jikinta yawanci tana da santsi. Jaketar tana da tsami da 'ya'yan itace, tare da haushi mai daɗi da ɗan ɗaci. Girmanta a watan Fabrairu ko Maris. Yana da [[Ƙarfi (tsire-tsire)|sanyi-mai juriya]] zuwa -2&nbsp;°C / 3&nbsp;°C kuma shuka ce mai buɗaɗɗen fure. == Halittar Halitta == An daɗe ana kallon Rhobs al Arsa a matsayin wani nau'in citron hybrid, kodayake an ba da shawarar nau'ikan iri daban-daban ga iyaye, misali, [[Lemun tsami na Morocco|citron na Moroccan]] a matsayin uba namiji da kuma lemu mai tsami a matsayin uba mace, citron ko [[lemun tsami]] da mandarin . [[Fayil:Frutto_pompia.jpg|thumb|Pompia, wani nau'in citrus [[Sardiniya|na Sardinian]] wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Rhobs el Arsa, an samo shi ne daga 'ya'yan itacen citrus na Sardinian.]] Cikakken bincike kan kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa Rhobs al Arsa sun yi kama da nau'ikan Citrus limetta da dama, limetta ko lemun tsami na Farisa, kuma wataƙila sun yi kama da su, wanda ya samo asali ne daga giciye tsakanin citron ( Citrus medica ) da lemun tsami mai tsami ( Citrus × aurantium ). Lemon da aka saba da shi da wasu nau'ikan hybrid da dama sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka shafi hybridization daban-daban da suka shafi nau'ikan biyu iri ɗaya. [1] An tabbatar da wannan asalin halittar ta hanyar nazarin citrus na asali na Sardinian, pompia ( C. medica tuberosa ), wanda aka gano yana da alaƙa da Rhobs el Arsa, duka sun fito ne daga hybrid iri ɗaya, samfurin citron wanda ke yin fure mai tsami, tare da citron mai yiwuwa nau'in Italiyanci ne na asali kamar Diamante ko Common Poncire citrons. An noma irin waɗannan citrons tare da lemun tsami mai tsami a kusa da Bahar Rum bayan gabatar da na ƙarshe ta Moors a ƙarni na 8, kuma ana iya samun giciye akai-akai na bazata. Wani nau'in Bahar Rum, Poncire de Collioure, shi ma an gano yana da alaƙa da Rhobs el Arsa da pompia. [2] == Manazarta == * [http://www.agrumes-baches.com/baches/0/boutique/50301/citrus_medica_rhobs_el_arsa.htm#.VCCCKfldVS0 Agrumes Baches] * [https://archive.today/20140922205236/http://www.france-plantes.fr/rechercher_plantes/recherche_par_type/9/agrumes/detail_plante/5/17137/CITRUS%20MEDICA%20RHOBS%20EL%20ARSA.html Shuke-shuken Faransa] * [http://www.photomazza.com/?Rutaceae Hotuna da yawa na 'ya'yan itacen ta Dr. Giuseppe] Archived * [http://www.homecitrusgrowers.co.uk/citrusplaces/carnoles.html Manoman Citrus a Burtaniya] suna da ɗaya a cikin tarin su * [http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19711606049.html Citrus jambhiri Lush. kamar yadda aka taimaka da gas chromato-graphy na man ganyensu masu mahimmanci] sfinbmr8wgawwx4gk2b0aln8z4axsg1 829343 829342 2026-05-03T17:10:42Z Sardeeq 39275 829343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rhobs al-Arsa''' ( ''Citrus limon'' (L.) Burm. f. ) 'ya'yan itacen citrus ne da ya shahara sosai a [[Moroko|Maroko]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chapot |first=Henri |year=1950 |title=''Un curieux cedrat Marocain'' (1950) Rev. Intl. Bot. Appl. Agr. Trop. 30:506–514 |url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jatba_0370-5412_1950_num_30_335_6729 |journal=Persee.fr |volume=30 |issue=335 |pages=506–514 |doi=10.3406/jatba.1950.6729}}</ref> == Sunaye == Rhobs al-Arsa [[Larabci]] ne da ke nufin burodin lambu, ko kuma ''"Lambun Loaf"'' . Wannan haɗin 'ya'yan itacen citrus yana da wasu sunaye da yawa, kamar Al-zanbu, Khoubs al-Arsa, Koubs al-Arsa, Kubbâd, Robs al-Arsa, Zamboa, Zanbo'a, da Zemboua. == Bayani == Shukar itace itace mai koren kore wacce take da ƙananan ganye kore, da kuma ganyen da aka zagaye waɗanda suke kore da sheƙi. 'Ya'yan itacen suna zagaye kuma suna da faɗi, tare da ƙaramin nono a saman, da kuma zobe mai juyawa a kusa da kan nono. Fatar jikinta yawanci tana da santsi. Jaketar tana da tsami da 'ya'yan itace, tare da haushi mai daɗi da ɗan ɗaci. Girmanta a watan Fabrairu ko Maris. Yana da [[Ƙarfi (tsire-tsire)|sanyi-mai juriya]] zuwa -2&nbsp;°C / 3&nbsp;°C kuma shuka ce mai buɗaɗɗen fure. == Halittar Halitta == An daɗe ana kallon Rhobs al Arsa a matsayin wani nau'in citron hybrid, kodayake an ba da shawarar nau'ikan iri daban-daban ga iyaye, misali, [[Lemun tsami na Morocco|citron na Moroccan]] a matsayin uba namiji da kuma lemu mai tsami a matsayin uba mace, citron ko [[lemun tsami]] da mandarin . [[Fayil:Frutto_pompia.jpg|thumb|Pompia, wani nau'in citrus [[Sardiniya|na Sardinian]] wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Rhobs el Arsa, an samo shi ne daga 'ya'yan itacen citrus na Sardinian.]] Cikakken bincike kan kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa Rhobs al Arsa sun yi kama da nau'ikan Citrus limetta da dama, limetta ko lemun tsami na Farisa, kuma wataƙila sun yi kama da su, wanda ya samo asali ne daga giciye tsakanin citron ( Citrus medica ) da lemun tsami mai tsami ( Citrus × aurantium ). Lemon da aka saba da shi da wasu nau'ikan hybrid da dama sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka shafi hybridization daban-daban da suka shafi nau'ikan biyu iri ɗaya. [1] An tabbatar da wannan asalin halittar ta hanyar nazarin citrus na asali na Sardinian, pompia ( C. medica tuberosa ), wanda aka gano yana da alaƙa da Rhobs el Arsa, duka sun fito ne daga hybrid iri ɗaya, samfurin citron wanda ke yin fure mai tsami, tare da citron mai yiwuwa nau'in Italiyanci ne na asali kamar Diamante ko Common Poncire citrons. An noma irin waɗannan citrons tare da lemun tsami mai tsami a kusa da Bahar Rum bayan gabatar da na ƙarshe ta Moors a ƙarni na 8, kuma ana iya samun giciye akai-akai na bazata. Wani nau'in Bahar Rum, Poncire de Collioure, shi ma an gano yana da alaƙa da Rhobs el Arsa da pompia. [2] == Manazarta == * [http://www.agrumes-baches.com/baches/0/boutique/50301/citrus_medica_rhobs_el_arsa.htm#.VCCCKfldVS0 Agrumes Baches] * [https://archive.today/20140922205236/http://www.france-plantes.fr/rechercher_plantes/recherche_par_type/9/agrumes/detail_plante/5/17137/CITRUS%20MEDICA%20RHOBS%20EL%20ARSA.html Shuke-shuken Faransa] * [http://www.photomazza.com/?Rutaceae Hotuna da yawa na 'ya'yan itacen ta Dr. Giuseppe] Archived * [http://www.homecitrusgrowers.co.uk/citrusplaces/carnoles.html Manoman Citrus a Burtaniya] suna da ɗaya a cikin tarin su * [http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19711606049.html Citrus jambhiri Lush. kamar yadda aka taimaka da gas chromato-graphy na man ganyensu masu mahimmanci] 28hkcjuotl0f8op2fpo5sryx6imfz52 829517 829343 2026-05-04T07:27:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 829517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rhobs al-Arsa''' ( ''Citrus limon'' (L.) Burm. f. ) 'ya'yan itacen citrus ne da ya shahara sosai a [[Moroko|Maroko]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chapot |first=Henri |year=1950 |title=''Un curieux cedrat Marocain'' (1950) Rev. Intl. Bot. Appl. Agr. Trop. 30:506–514 |url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jatba_0370-5412_1950_num_30_335_6729 |journal=Persee.fr |volume=30 |issue=335 |pages=506–514 |doi=10.3406/jatba.1950.6729}}</ref> == Sunaye == Rhobs al-Arsa [[Larabci]] ne da ke nufin burodin lambu, ko kuma ''"Lambun Loaf"'' . Wannan haɗin 'ya'yan itacen citrus yana da wasu sunaye da yawa, kamar Al-zanbu, Khoubs al-Arsa, Koubs al-Arsa, Kubbâd, Robs al-Arsa, Zamboa, Zanbo'a, da Zemboua. == Bayani == Shukar itace itace mai koren kore wacce take da ƙananan ganye kore, da kuma ganyen da aka zagaye waɗanda suke kore da sheƙi. 'Ya'yan itacen suna zagaye kuma suna da faɗi, tare da ƙaramin nono a saman, da kuma zobe mai juyawa a kusa da kan nono. Fatar jikinta yawanci tana da santsi. Jaketar tana da tsami da 'ya'yan itace, tare da haushi mai daɗi da ɗan ɗaci. Girmanta a watan Fabrairu ko Maris. Yana da [[Ƙarfi (tsire-tsire)|sanyi-mai juriya]] zuwa -2&nbsp;°C / 3&nbsp;°C kuma shuka ce mai buɗaɗɗen fure. == Halittar Halitta == An daɗe ana kallon Rhobs al Arsa a matsayin wani nau'in citron hybrid, kodayake an ba da shawarar nau'ikan iri daban-daban ga iyaye, misali, [[Lemun tsami na Morocco|citron na Moroccan]] a matsayin uba namiji da kuma lemu mai tsami a matsayin uba mace, citron ko [[lemun tsami]] da mandarin . [[Fayil:Frutto_pompia.jpg|thumb|Pompia, wani nau'in citrus [[Sardiniya|na Sardinian]] wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Rhobs el Arsa, an samo shi ne daga 'ya'yan itacen citrus na Sardinian.]] Cikakken bincike kan kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa Rhobs al Arsa sun yi kama da nau'ikan Citrus limetta da dama, limetta ko lemun tsami na Farisa, kuma wataƙila sun yi kama da su, wanda ya samo asali ne daga giciye tsakanin citron ( Citrus medica ) da lemun tsami mai tsami ( Citrus × aurantium ). Lemon da aka saba da shi da wasu nau'ikan hybrid da dama sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka shafi hybridization daban-daban da suka shafi nau'ikan biyu iri ɗaya. [1] An tabbatar da wannan asalin halittar ta hanyar nazarin citrus na asali na Sardinian, pompia ( C. medica tuberosa ), wanda aka gano yana da alaƙa da Rhobs el Arsa, duka sun fito ne daga hybrid iri ɗaya, samfurin citron wanda ke yin fure mai tsami, tare da citron mai yiwuwa nau'in Italiyanci ne na asali kamar Diamante ko Common Poncire citrons. An noma irin waɗannan citrons tare da lemun tsami mai tsami a kusa da Bahar Rum bayan gabatar da na ƙarshe ta Moors a ƙarni na 8, kuma ana iya samun giciye akai-akai na bazata. Wani nau'in Bahar Rum, Poncire de Collioure, shi ma an gano yana da alaƙa da Rhobs el Arsa da pompia. [2] == Manazarta == * [http://www.agrumes-baches.com/baches/0/boutique/50301/citrus_medica_rhobs_el_arsa.htm#.VCCCKfldVS0 Agrumes Baches] * [https://archive.today/20140922205236/http://www.france-plantes.fr/rechercher_plantes/recherche_par_type/9/agrumes/detail_plante/5/17137/CITRUS%20MEDICA%20RHOBS%20EL%20ARSA.html Shuke-shuken Faransa] * [http://www.photomazza.com/?Rutaceae Hotuna da yawa na 'ya'yan itacen ta Dr. Giuseppe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430013310/http://www.photomazza.com/?Rutaceae |date=2016-04-30 }} Archived * [http://www.homecitrusgrowers.co.uk/citrusplaces/carnoles.html Manoman Citrus a Burtaniya] suna da ɗaya a cikin tarin su * [http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19711606049.html Citrus jambhiri Lush. kamar yadda aka taimaka da gas chromato-graphy na man ganyensu masu mahimmanci] kbup54k3muw4nd8ct2duglm875p353h 0 149044 829344 2026-05-03T17:15:27Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346526760|Shebakia]]" 829344 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Shebakiya''''' ( Arabic ) ko '''''chebakia''''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''''griwech''''' ko '''''griouech''''', wani biredi ne mai daɗi na Maghrebi da aka yi da guntun kullu da aka naɗe don ya yi kama da fure, an soya shi sosai har sai ya yi launin zinari, sannan a shafa shi da ruwan zuma da ruwan fure mai launin lemu sannan a yayyafa shi da [[Riɗi|sesame]] . <ref name="Benayoun 2016">{{Cite web |last=Benayoun |first=Mike |date=1 Jul 2016 |title=Griouech |url=https://www.196flavors.com/algeria-griouech/ |access-date=13 Nov 2022 |website=196 flavors}}</ref> <ref name="M-2018">{{Cite web |last=Mom |first=LDS's |date=3 Sep 2018 |title=Algerian Crunchy Sweets- Griwech |url=https://www.myexcellentdegustations.com/🇩🇿-algerian-crunchy-sweets-griwech/ |access-date=13 Nov 2022 |website=My Excellent Degustations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=about.com |url=http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/dessertsandcookies/r/Chebakia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208121123/http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/dessertsandcookies/r/Chebakia.htm |archive-date=2017-02-08 |access-date=2014-04-24}}</ref> Yawanci ana cinye shi a lokacin Ramadan da bukukuwan addini. <ref name="Benayoun 2016" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moroccan Sesame and Honey Cookies With Saffron, Cinnamon and Anise |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/moroccan-sesame-cookies-with-honey-2394409 |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en}}</ref> ''Chebakia'' ta fito ne daga al'adar kayan zaki na Ottoman . Ana yin ''Chebakia'' ta amfani da yisti da aka yi da kayan ƙanshi na anise, kirfa, da saffron. Ana yin kullu ne daga tsaban sesame da aka niƙa a gauraye da gari sannan a matse shi ta bututun yin burodi ko kuma a murɗe shi da hannu don samun siffar fure. <ref name=":0" /> Sannan a soya shi kamar donut. Ana yin kullu sau da yawa a cikin manyan rukuni a farkon Ramadan . <ref name=":0" /> Duk da cewa yana da daɗi kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kofi da shayi, 'yan Maroko kuma suna cin ''chebakia'' tare da abinci mai yaji kamar ''[[Abincin Harira|harira]]'' . <ref name=":0" /> [[Fayil:Griwech_(ou_griouech,_ou_griwèche).jpg|thumb|Griouech]] [[Fayil:شباكية_ضخمة_في_مراكش.jpg|thumb|Babban ''shebakia'' a Marrakesh.]] Irin waɗannan kayan zaki sun haɗa da ''[[Cartellate|cartellates]]'' da ''fazuelos'', kodayake an gina na biyun daban, kuma sun fi siriri, ba su da yawa kuma daga yankuna daban-daban. == Sunaye da asali == === Asalin Ma'anar === Sunayen Chebbakia, da girmansa, siffarsa da ainihin sinadaransa na iya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki. A Aljeriya <ref name="Benayoun 2016">{{Cite web |last=Benayoun |first=Mike |date=1 Jul 2016 |title=Griouech |url=https://www.196flavors.com/algeria-griouech/ |access-date=13 Nov 2022 |website=196 flavors}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenayoun2016">Benayoun, Mike (1 Jul 2016). </cite></ref> da kuma a [[Fas|Fez]], [[Moroko|Morocco]], an san shi da ''griwech'' ( Moroccan Arabic ko Algerian Arabic ). In [[Rabat]], as ''mkherqa'' ( {{Lang|ary|مخرقة}} ). A cikin [[Salé]], kamar yadda ''El-qli'' ( {{Lang|ary|القلي}} ). In Ouezzane as ''lahlou'' ( {{Lang|ary|الحلو}} ), kuma a wani yankin Morocco kamar ''kliwech'' ( {{Lang|ary|كليوش}} ). <ref name="gato">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2022 |title=الشباكية |url=https://patisseriegato.ma/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=2023-07-01}}</ref> === Tarihi === Asalin wannan biredi wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga Ottoman, saboda kamanninsa da biredi na Gabas kamar [[Baklava|baklawa]] a tsoffin yankunan Ottoman, da kuma meshbek a [[Siriya]] wanda aka fi sani da [[zalabiyeh]] . <ref name="arabicpost">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=أصولها عثمانية ووصلت إلى المغرب عن طريق الجزائر.. "الشباكية"، أشهر الحلويات الرمضانية المغربية |trans-title=Its origin is Ottoman and it arrived to Morocco through Algeria |url=https://arabicpost.net/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84/2023/03/16/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |access-date=2023-07-01}}</ref> A ƙasar Aljeriya, ana kiranta da griwech kuma sananne ne a Oran, a cewar wasu, asalinta ya samo asali ne daga birnin Tiaret . [1] An ambaci Griwech a cikin kayan zaki da ake ci a al'adar Idi a lokacin Ottoman Algeria . [2] [3] Mutanen za su saka mafi kyawun tufafinsu da aka yi wa ado da zinare da azurfa, bayan sallar Idi, 'yan uwa za su ziyarci junansu, sannan a ba da kayan zaki, ciki har da griwech wanda za a ba da shi tare da kofi ko sherbet. [1] A ƙasar Maroko, wani labarin asalin al'umma ya yi iƙirarin cewa wani ɗan kasuwa mai sayar da kayan burodi mai tafiya a ƙasa ne ya ƙirƙiro chebbakia, wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wata kyakkyawar yarinya da yake gani kowace rana a tagarta, kuma ya yanke shawarar yin kayan burodi da aka yi da zuma a siffar tagarta ( Arabic , ''shubbak'' ), don ba ta kyauta. <ref name="arabicpost">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=أصولها عثمانية ووصلت إلى المغرب عن طريق الجزائر.. "الشباكية"، أشهر الحلويات الرمضانية المغربية |trans-title=Its origin is Ottoman and it arrived to Morocco through Algeria |url=https://arabicpost.net/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84/2023/03/16/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |access-date=2023-07-01}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arabicpost.net/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84/2023/03/16/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9/ "أصولها عثمانية ووصلت إلى المغرب عن طريق الجزائر.. "الشباكية"، أشهر الحلويات الرمضانية المغربية"] &#x5B;Its origin is Ottoman and it arrived to Morocco through Algeria&#x5D;. </cite></ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kayan burodi == Manazarta == flyd4swuocg8m6gwettw58rlaxnqrdz 829345 829344 2026-05-03T17:16:48Z Sardeeq 39275 829345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Shebakiya''''' ( Arabic ) ko '''''chebakia''''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''''griwech''''' ko '''''griouech''''', wani biredi ne mai daɗi na Maghrebi da aka yi da guntun kullu da aka naɗe don ya yi kama da fure, an soya shi sosai har sai ya yi launin zinari, sannan a shafa shi da ruwan zuma da ruwan fure mai launin lemu sannan a yayyafa shi da [[Riɗi|sesame]] . <ref name="Benayoun 2016">{{Cite web |last=Benayoun |first=Mike |date=1 Jul 2016 |title=Griouech |url=https://www.196flavors.com/algeria-griouech/ |access-date=13 Nov 2022 |website=196 flavors}}</ref> <ref name="M-2018">{{Cite web |last=Mom |first=LDS's |date=3 Sep 2018 |title=Algerian Crunchy Sweets- Griwech |url=https://www.myexcellentdegustations.com/🇩🇿-algerian-crunchy-sweets-griwech/ |access-date=13 Nov 2022 |website=My Excellent Degustations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=about.com |url=http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/dessertsandcookies/r/Chebakia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208121123/http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/dessertsandcookies/r/Chebakia.htm |archive-date=2017-02-08 |access-date=2014-04-24}}</ref> Yawanci ana cinye shi a lokacin Ramadan da bukukuwan addini. <ref name="Benayoun 2016" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moroccan Sesame and Honey Cookies With Saffron, Cinnamon and Anise |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/moroccan-sesame-cookies-with-honey-2394409 |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en}}</ref> ''Chebakia'' ta fito ne daga al'adar kayan zaki na Ottoman . Ana yin ''Chebakia'' ta amfani da yisti da aka yi da kayan ƙanshi na anise, kirfa, da saffron. Ana yin kullu ne daga tsaban sesame da aka niƙa a gauraye da gari sannan a matse shi ta bututun yin burodi ko kuma a murɗe shi da hannu don samun siffar fure. <ref name=":0" /> Sannan a soya shi kamar donut. Ana yin kullu sau da yawa a cikin manyan rukuni a farkon Ramadan . <ref name=":0" /> Duk da cewa yana da daɗi kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da kofi da shayi, 'yan Maroko kuma suna cin ''chebakia'' tare da abinci mai yaji kamar ''[[Abincin Harira|harira]]'' . <ref name=":0" /> [[Fayil:Griwech_(ou_griouech,_ou_griwèche).jpg|thumb|Griouech]] [[Fayil:شباكية_ضخمة_في_مراكش.jpg|thumb|Babban ''shebakia'' a Marrakesh.]] Irin waɗannan kayan zaki sun haɗa da ''[[Cartellate|cartellates]]'' da ''fazuelos'', kodayake an gina na biyun daban, kuma sun fi siriri, ba su da yawa kuma daga yankuna daban-daban. == Sunaye da asali == === Asalin Ma'anar === Sunayen Chebbakia, da girmansa, siffarsa da ainihin sinadaransa na iya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki. A Aljeriya <ref name="Benayoun 2016">{{Cite web |last=Benayoun |first=Mike |date=1 Jul 2016 |title=Griouech |url=https://www.196flavors.com/algeria-griouech/ |access-date=13 Nov 2022 |website=196 flavors}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenayoun2016">Benayoun, Mike (1 Jul 2016). </cite></ref> da kuma a [[Fas|Fez]], [[Moroko|Morocco]], an san shi da ''griwech'' ( Moroccan Arabic ko Algerian Arabic ). In [[Rabat]], as ''mkherqa'' ( {{Lang|ary|مخرقة}} ). A cikin [[Salé]], kamar yadda ''El-qli'' ( {{Lang|ary|القلي}} ). In Ouezzane as ''lahlou'' ( {{Lang|ary|الحلو}} ), kuma a wani yankin Morocco kamar ''kliwech'' ( {{Lang|ary|كليوش}} ). <ref name="gato">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2022 |title=الشباكية |url=https://patisseriegato.ma/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=2023-07-01}}</ref> === Tarihi === Asalin wannan biredi wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga Ottoman, saboda kamanninsa da biredi na Gabas kamar [[Baklava|baklawa]] a tsoffin yankunan Ottoman, da kuma meshbek a [[Siriya]] wanda aka fi sani da [[zalabiyeh]] . <ref name="arabicpost">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=أصولها عثمانية ووصلت إلى المغرب عن طريق الجزائر.. "الشباكية"، أشهر الحلويات الرمضانية المغربية |trans-title=Its origin is Ottoman and it arrived to Morocco through Algeria |url=https://arabicpost.net/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84/2023/03/16/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |access-date=2023-07-01}}</ref> A ƙasar Aljeriya, ana kiranta da griwech kuma sananne ne a Oran, a cewar wasu, asalinta ya samo asali ne daga birnin Tiaret . [1] An ambaci Griwech a cikin kayan zaki da ake ci a al'adar Idi a lokacin Ottoman Algeria . [2] [3] Mutanen za su saka mafi kyawun tufafinsu da aka yi wa ado da zinare da azurfa, bayan sallar Idi, 'yan uwa za su ziyarci junansu, sannan a ba da kayan zaki, ciki har da griwech wanda za a ba da shi tare da kofi ko sherbet. [1] A ƙasar Maroko, wani labarin asalin al'umma ya yi iƙirarin cewa wani ɗan kasuwa mai sayar da kayan burodi mai tafiya a ƙasa ne ya ƙirƙiro chebbakia, wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wata kyakkyawar yarinya da yake gani kowace rana a tagarta, kuma ya yanke shawarar yin kayan burodi da aka yi da zuma a siffar tagarta ( Arabic , ''shubbak'' ), don ba ta kyauta. <ref name="arabicpost">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=أصولها عثمانية ووصلت إلى المغرب عن طريق الجزائر.. "الشباكية"، أشهر الحلويات الرمضانية المغربية |trans-title=Its origin is Ottoman and it arrived to Morocco through Algeria |url=https://arabicpost.net/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84/2023/03/16/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |access-date=2023-07-01}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://arabicpost.net/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84/2023/03/16/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9/ "أصولها عثمانية ووصلت إلى المغرب عن طريق الجزائر.. "الشباكية"، أشهر الحلويات الرمضانية المغربية"] &#x5B;Its origin is Ottoman and it arrived to Morocco through Algeria&#x5D;. </cite></ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kayan burodi == Manazarta == 704vwuzgdix9d7cvelms6g44o89kdgq 0 149045 829347 2026-05-03T17:17:51Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341749623|Sellou]]" 829347 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sellou''' [1] ( Moroccan Arabic səllu ), wanda kuma ake kira slilou ko sfouf, kayan zaki ne da ake ci a Maroko . [2] Ana yin sa ne daga tushen garin gasasshe da aka haɗa da man shanu, zuma, almond, sesame, da wataƙila wasu goro da kayan ƙanshi. [3] Yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abinci a Maroko a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki. [4] [ ma'anar zagaye ] [[Fayil:خذنجال_وسلو.jpg|thumb|Ana yin hidima iri biyu na sellou tare da ''khudenjal'', shayin ganye da aka yi da alpinia officinarum, a [[Jema el-Fnaa|Jemaa el-Fnaa]] da ke Marrakesh.]] == Duba kuma == * [[Abincin Maroko|Abincin Moroccan]] * Jerin abincin Morocco * Gofio == Manazarta == h6h7ld51bmag06vlgf04qk46580555b 829348 829347 2026-05-03T17:18:26Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341749623|Sellou]]" 829348 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sellou''' [1] ( Moroccan Arabic səllu ), wanda kuma ake kira slilou ko sfouf, kayan zaki ne da ake ci a Maroko . [2] Ana yin sa ne daga tushen garin gasasshe da aka haɗa da man shanu, zuma, almond, sesame, da wataƙila wasu goro da kayan ƙanshi. [3] Yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abinci a Maroko a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki. [4] [ ma'anar zagaye ]<ref>Aubaile-Sallenave, Françoise (2010). "Céréales vertes, céréales de fête, céréales antiques au Maghreb". In Hélène Franconie; Monique Chastanet; François Sigaut (eds.). Couscous, boulgour et polenta: transformer et consommer les céréales dans le monde. Hommes et sociétés. Place: Kathala. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-8111-0285-2</nowiki>.</ref> [[Fayil:خذنجال_وسلو.jpg|thumb|Ana yin hidima iri biyu na sellou tare da ''khudenjal'', shayin ganye da aka yi da alpinia officinarum, a [[Jema el-Fnaa|Jemaa el-Fnaa]] da ke Marrakesh.]] == Duba kuma == * [[Abincin Maroko|Abincin Moroccan]] * Jerin abincin Morocco * Gofio == Manazarta == 3fa33ywmhlpc6cuald03manegy5z3js 829349 829348 2026-05-03T17:18:53Z Sardeeq 39275 829349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sellou''' [1] ( Moroccan Arabic səllu ), wanda kuma ake kira slilou ko sfouf, kayan zaki ne da ake ci a Maroko . [2] Ana yin sa ne daga tushen garin gasasshe da aka haɗa da man shanu, zuma, almond, sesame, da wataƙila wasu goro da kayan ƙanshi. [3] Yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abinci a Maroko a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki. [4] [ ma'anar zagaye ]<ref>Aubaile-Sallenave, Françoise (2010). "Céréales vertes, céréales de fête, céréales antiques au Maghreb". In Hélène Franconie; Monique Chastanet; François Sigaut (eds.). Couscous, boulgour et polenta: transformer et consommer les céréales dans le monde. Hommes et sociétés. Place: Kathala. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-8111-0285-2</nowiki>.</ref> [[Fayil:خذنجال_وسلو.jpg|thumb|Ana yin hidima iri biyu na sellou tare da ''khudenjal'', shayin ganye da aka yi da alpinia officinarum, a [[Jema el-Fnaa|Jemaa el-Fnaa]] da ke Marrakesh.]] == Duba kuma == * [[Abincin Maroko|Abincin Moroccan]] * Jerin abincin Morocco * Gofio == Manazarta == k1yj3m4j2vqhh7hbjwyp75ahf7tqz1q 0 149046 829350 2026-05-03T17:20:55Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350698850|Merguez]]" 829350 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Merguez''' ( / mɛər ˈɡɛz / mair - mair- ) wani tsiran alade ne mai launin ja, mai yaji ko naman sa da aka yi da kayan yaji a cikin [[abincin Maghrebi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Merguez, the Algerian sausages {{!}} Le Kesh |url=https://keshoxford.com/merguez-the-algerian-sausages/ |access-date=2021-11-23 |website=keshoxford.com/ |language=en-US}}</ref> A [[Faransa]], merguez ya shahara a shekarun 1960 da 1970, yayin da baƙi 'yan Algeria da pieds-noirs na [[Aljeriya]] suka zauna a ƙasar suka buɗe ƙananan shaguna da gidajen cin abinci waɗanda ke ba da abinci na gargajiya kamar merguez. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hubbell |first=Amy L. |date=2013-07-17 |title=(In)Edible Algeria: Transmitting Pied-Noir Nostalgia Through Food |url=https://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/portal/article/view/2991 |journal=PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |doi=10.5130/portal.v10i2.2991 |issn=1449-2490 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amy Hubbell |date=2013 |title=(In)Edible Algeria: Transmitting Pied-Noir Nostalgia Through Food |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270015841}}</ref> Shahararren merguez a Faransa ya kuma ƙarfafa sakamakon karuwar gidajen abinci masu sauri kamar Quick da McDonald's, waɗanda suka fara ba da sandwiches na merguez da burgers don biyan buƙatun abokan cinikinsu na Arewacin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andrew F. Smith |date=2007 |title=Merguez |journal=The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink}}</ref> Merguez tsiran alade ne da aka yi da rago, naman sa, ko wani hadin da aka saka a cikin jakar naman rago da aka dafa a cikin hanji. Ana zuba masa kayan ƙanshi da cumin da barkono ko [[harissa]], wanda hakan ke ba shi launinsa na musamman da kuma launin ja, da kuma wasu kayan ƙanshi kamar sumac, [[fennel]] da [[tafarnuwa]] . Ana cin Merguez a gasashe . Duk da cewa ba a cikin [[couscous]] na gargajiya na Maghrebi ba, ana amfani da shi sau da yawa a cikin [[Couscous|couscous royal]] a [[Faransa]] . Haka kuma ana cin sa a cikin sandwiches da kuma soyayyen dankali da kuma dijon mustard . == Asalin Ma'anar == Akwai kalmomi da yawa a cikin Larabci ( مِركس mirkas, pl. مراكس marākis ; مِركاس mirkās, مَركس markas da مِرقاز mirqāz ). Jinkirin da ke tsakanin k da q wataƙila yana nuna furucin /ɡ /, wanda babu rubutun Larabci na yau da kullun; abin da ya ƙara ruɗani shi ne cewa a wasu yarukan maghrebi, wani lokacin ana furta ƙāf na Larabci kamar /ɡ /, a matsayin allophone na /q / . [1] An fara tabbatar da shi a ƙarni na 12, a matsayin mirkās ko merkās . [2] Kalmomin Larabci na abincin kuma shine asalin sunayen kayan abinci na Sifaniyanci ''morcon'' da ''morcilla'' . == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin Afirka * [[Abincin Berber]] * [[Abincin Maghrebi]] == Manazarta == * Davidson, Alan, "Merguez", ''Oxford Companion to Food'' (1999), shafi.&nbsp;497. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-211579-0|<bdi>0-19-211579-0</bdi>]] * Ch. Pellat, " [http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/mirkas-SIM_5223?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=mirkas Mirkās] ", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', bugu na biyu. gs6rh2sadlxv2b2w71gb1z7ioxsbuyb 829351 829350 2026-05-03T17:21:21Z Sardeeq 39275 829351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Merguez''' ( / mɛər ˈɡɛz / mair - mair- ) wani tsiran alade ne mai launin ja, mai yaji ko naman sa da aka yi da kayan yaji a cikin [[abincin Maghrebi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Merguez, the Algerian sausages {{!}} Le Kesh |url=https://keshoxford.com/merguez-the-algerian-sausages/ |access-date=2021-11-23 |website=keshoxford.com/ |language=en-US}}</ref> A [[Faransa]], merguez ya shahara a shekarun 1960 da 1970, yayin da baƙi 'yan Algeria da pieds-noirs na [[Aljeriya]] suka zauna a ƙasar suka buɗe ƙananan shaguna da gidajen cin abinci waɗanda ke ba da abinci na gargajiya kamar merguez. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hubbell |first=Amy L. |date=2013-07-17 |title=(In)Edible Algeria: Transmitting Pied-Noir Nostalgia Through Food |url=https://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/portal/article/view/2991 |journal=PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |doi=10.5130/portal.v10i2.2991 |issn=1449-2490 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amy Hubbell |date=2013 |title=(In)Edible Algeria: Transmitting Pied-Noir Nostalgia Through Food |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270015841}}</ref> Shahararren merguez a Faransa ya kuma ƙarfafa sakamakon karuwar gidajen abinci masu sauri kamar Quick da McDonald's, waɗanda suka fara ba da sandwiches na merguez da burgers don biyan buƙatun abokan cinikinsu na Arewacin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andrew F. Smith |date=2007 |title=Merguez |journal=The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink}}</ref> Merguez tsiran alade ne da aka yi da rago, naman sa, ko wani hadin da aka saka a cikin jakar naman rago da aka dafa a cikin hanji. Ana zuba masa kayan ƙanshi da cumin da barkono ko [[harissa]], wanda hakan ke ba shi launinsa na musamman da kuma launin ja, da kuma wasu kayan ƙanshi kamar sumac, [[fennel]] da [[tafarnuwa]] . Ana cin Merguez a gasashe . Duk da cewa ba a cikin [[couscous]] na gargajiya na Maghrebi ba, ana amfani da shi sau da yawa a cikin [[Couscous|couscous royal]] a [[Faransa]] . Haka kuma ana cin sa a cikin sandwiches da kuma soyayyen dankali da kuma dijon mustard . == Asalin Ma'anar == Akwai kalmomi da yawa a cikin Larabci ( مِركس mirkas, pl. مراكس marākis ; مِركاس mirkās, مَركس markas da مِرقاز mirqāz ). Jinkirin da ke tsakanin k da q wataƙila yana nuna furucin /ɡ /, wanda babu rubutun Larabci na yau da kullun; abin da ya ƙara ruɗani shi ne cewa a wasu yarukan maghrebi, wani lokacin ana furta ƙāf na Larabci kamar /ɡ /, a matsayin allophone na /q / . [1] An fara tabbatar da shi a ƙarni na 12, a matsayin mirkās ko merkās . [2] Kalmomin Larabci na abincin kuma shine asalin sunayen kayan abinci na Sifaniyanci ''morcon'' da ''morcilla'' . == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin Afirka * [[Abincin Berber]] * [[Abincin Maghrebi]] == Manazarta == * Davidson, Alan, "Merguez", ''Oxford Companion to Food'' (1999), shafi.&nbsp;497. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-211579-0|<bdi>0-19-211579-0</bdi>]] * Ch. Pellat, " [http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/mirkas-SIM_5223?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=mirkas Mirkās] ", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', bugu na biyu. 8gxjflbaeb95wjv3rlzp85kgjirml2z 0 149047 829361 2026-05-03T18:50:23Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319354432|Tfaya]]" 829361 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tfaya''' ( Arabic ) miya ce mai daɗi a cikin abincin Maroko da aka yi da albasa mai karami, zabibi, kirfa, da zuma. [1] [2] [3] [4] Sau da yawa ana yin sa a kan couscous . [5] [[Fayil:Couscous_Tfaya_3.jpg|thumb|Tfaya a saman couscous na Morocco tare da gasasshen kaza.]] == Manazarta == am7ybrnkcu950etcbtr65t53as8phzo 829362 829361 2026-05-03T18:52:11Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319354432|Tfaya]]" 829362 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tfaya''' ( Arabic ) miya ce mai daɗi a cikin abincin Maroko da aka yi da albasa mai karami, zabibi, kirfa, da zuma. [1] [2] [3] [4] Sau da yawa ana yin sa a kan couscous . [5]<ref>Oubahli, Mohamed (2008). "Le banquet d'Ibn 'Ali Masfiwi, lexique, notes et commentaires. Approche historique et anthropologique". Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire. 59 (1): 114–145. doi:10.3406/horma.2008.2682. ISSN 0984-2616.</ref><ref>"Couscous tfaya aux oignons et raisins secs caramélisés - cuisine". Plurielle (in French). 2019-11-29. Retrieved 2021-11-10.</ref><ref>Chaachouay, Noureddine; Zidane, Lahcen (2021-07-01). "The Symbolic Efficacy of Plants in Rituals and Socio-Religious Ceremonies in Morocco, Northwest of Africa". Journal of Religious & Theological Information: 1–20. doi:10.1080/10477845.2021.1942433. ISSN 1047-7845. S2CID 240941275.</ref> [[Fayil:Couscous_Tfaya_3.jpg|thumb|Tfaya a saman couscous na Morocco tare da gasasshen kaza.]] == Manazarta == btii2c0u3atiurpwz7n4llpkyo2s5ac 829363 829362 2026-05-03T18:52:30Z Sardeeq 39275 829363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tfaya''' ( Arabic ) miya ce mai daɗi a cikin abincin Maroko da aka yi da albasa mai karami, zabibi, kirfa, da zuma. [1] [2] [3] [4] Sau da yawa ana yin sa a kan couscous . [5]<ref>Oubahli, Mohamed (2008). "Le banquet d'Ibn 'Ali Masfiwi, lexique, notes et commentaires. Approche historique et anthropologique". Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire. 59 (1): 114–145. doi:10.3406/horma.2008.2682. ISSN 0984-2616.</ref><ref>"Couscous tfaya aux oignons et raisins secs caramélisés - cuisine". Plurielle (in French). 2019-11-29. Retrieved 2021-11-10.</ref><ref>Chaachouay, Noureddine; Zidane, Lahcen (2021-07-01). "The Symbolic Efficacy of Plants in Rituals and Socio-Religious Ceremonies in Morocco, Northwest of Africa". Journal of Religious & Theological Information: 1–20. doi:10.1080/10477845.2021.1942433. ISSN 1047-7845. S2CID 240941275.</ref> [[Fayil:Couscous_Tfaya_3.jpg|thumb|Tfaya a saman couscous na Morocco tare da gasasshen kaza.]] == Manazarta == ms1qxfj7hthhoqs9co9lmmzfx1gu49y 0 149048 829367 2026-05-03T19:31:57Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340475154|Tehane]]" 829367 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Tehane''''' ( [[Larabci na Maroko|Larabcin Moroccan]], wanda kuma ake '''''kira tihane''''', lit. ' — ''synecdoche'' ; Arabic , {{Transl|ar|tihal}} ko {{Transl|ar|tehal}} ; French <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brunton |first=John |date=2023-04-12 |title=El regreso de Marrakech: novedades y visitas obligadas |trans-title=The return of Marrakech: what's new and must-see attractions |url=https://www.travesiasdigital.com/destinos/africa/marruecos/cordillera-del-atlas-en-marruecos/?pp=305996&aa=1&cc=146 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.travesiasdigital.com |language=es}}</ref> ) ko kuma '''ɗanɗanon da aka cika da kabewa''' wani abinci ne na [[Moroko|ƙasar Morocco]], wanda aka yi shi da kabewa da aka gasa da aka cika da kefta da sauran sinadarai. Ana amfani da kabewar raƙumi ta Dromedary a al'adance, amma ana amfani da kabewar [[saniya]] . Kabewar da aka cika da kabewa sanannen abinci ne a kan titi a cikin ''shaguna'' a [[Fas|Fez]] da [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]], kamar Fes el Bali da [[Jema el-Fnaa|Jemaa el-Fnaa]] . == Tarihi == Cike da ƙashi ya samo asali ne daga al'ummar Yahudawan Morocco . Abincin da aka saba [[Dafa abinci|ci a gida]] a lokacin [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid Al-Adha ne]], bayan da aka yi bikin daurin aure, aka sami iyalai da nama da abinci mai yawa. == Shiri da amfani == Tehane wani nau'in nama ne sabo wanda ya kai sama da kashi 20% na danshi a girma. Kayayyakin nama na gargajiya na Arewacin Afirka suna da babban yuwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan da ake samu daga abinci saboda rashin kulawar dabbobi ga dabbobi, rashin tsaftar yanka, da kuma rashin kulawa a ƙananan wurare. Duk da haka, tehane wani nau'in nama ne da aka dafa shi sosai, wanda ke rage yiwuwar kamuwa da rashin lafiya. [1] Ana raba saifa a cika da ''kefta'', kitse - yawanci suet ko [[Raƙumi|kumfar raƙumi]] - da ƙwai . Ana ƙara kayan ƙanshi sosai a cikin abin da aka ci, ciki har da [[harissa]], [[Lemon da aka adana|lemun tsami]] da [[zaitun]] . Ana ɗinka saifa a rufe kuma a gasa ta a al'ada a cikin tanda ta gama gari ( <nowiki><i id="mwVA">ferran</i></nowiki> ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brunt |first=Lara |date=May 10, 2013 |title=10 street foods to try in Morocco |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/morocco-street-food |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Ana gasa ''tehane'' ɗin da aka gama a cikin launin duhu da kuma laushin ciki mai kauri. Ana yin ''Tehane'' a yanka, yawanci a gasa, sannan a yi hidima a kan shinkafa ko kuma a matsayin [[sandwich]] a cikin pita . == Duba kuma == * ''Pani câ meusa'', Sicilian spleen sandwich * ''Boulfa'' == Manazarta == 1gfkcf4z26ujl10g930bog5bc2djii0 829369 829367 2026-05-03T19:32:44Z Sardeeq 39275 829369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tehane''''' ( [[Larabci na Maroko|Larabcin Moroccan]], wanda kuma ake '''''kira tihane''''', lit. ' — ''synecdoche'' ; Arabic , {{Transl|ar|tihal}} ko {{Transl|ar|tehal}} ; French <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brunton |first=John |date=2023-04-12 |title=El regreso de Marrakech: novedades y visitas obligadas |trans-title=The return of Marrakech: what's new and must-see attractions |url=https://www.travesiasdigital.com/destinos/africa/marruecos/cordillera-del-atlas-en-marruecos/?pp=305996&aa=1&cc=146 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.travesiasdigital.com |language=es}}</ref> ) ko kuma '''ɗanɗanon da aka cika da kabewa''' wani abinci ne na [[Moroko|ƙasar Morocco]], wanda aka yi shi da kabewa da aka gasa da aka cika da kefta da sauran sinadarai. Ana amfani da kabewar raƙumi ta Dromedary a al'adance, amma ana amfani da kabewar [[saniya]] . Kabewar da aka cika da kabewa sanannen abinci ne a kan titi a cikin ''shaguna'' a [[Fas|Fez]] da [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]], kamar Fes el Bali da [[Jema el-Fnaa|Jemaa el-Fnaa]] . == Tarihi == Cike da ƙashi ya samo asali ne daga al'ummar Yahudawan Morocco . Abincin da aka saba [[Dafa abinci|ci a gida]] a lokacin [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid Al-Adha ne]], bayan da aka yi bikin daurin aure, aka sami iyalai da nama da abinci mai yawa. == Shiri da amfani == Tehane wani nau'in nama ne sabo wanda ya kai sama da kashi 20% na danshi a girma. Kayayyakin nama na gargajiya na Arewacin Afirka suna da babban yuwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan da ake samu daga abinci saboda rashin kulawar dabbobi ga dabbobi, rashin tsaftar yanka, da kuma rashin kulawa a ƙananan wurare. Duk da haka, tehane wani nau'in nama ne da aka dafa shi sosai, wanda ke rage yiwuwar kamuwa da rashin lafiya. [1] Ana raba saifa a cika da ''kefta'', kitse - yawanci suet ko [[Raƙumi|kumfar raƙumi]] - da ƙwai . Ana ƙara kayan ƙanshi sosai a cikin abin da aka ci, ciki har da [[harissa]], [[Lemon da aka adana|lemun tsami]] da [[zaitun]] . Ana ɗinka saifa a rufe kuma a gasa ta a al'ada a cikin tanda ta gama gari ( <nowiki><i id="mwVA">ferran</i></nowiki> ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brunt |first=Lara |date=May 10, 2013 |title=10 street foods to try in Morocco |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/morocco-street-food |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Ana gasa ''tehane'' ɗin da aka gama a cikin launin duhu da kuma laushin ciki mai kauri. Ana yin ''Tehane'' a yanka, yawanci a gasa, sannan a yi hidima a kan shinkafa ko kuma a matsayin [[sandwich]] a cikin pita . == Duba kuma == * ''Pani câ meusa'', Sicilian spleen sandwich * ''Boulfa'' == Manazarta == hzvy25btbie2la8gkb8opn62dh1fs90 0 149049 829370 2026-05-03T19:35:22Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345546856|Zaazaa]]" 829370 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Moroccan_Zaazaa.jpg|alt=Three milkshakes with cookies and whipped cream on a granite counter|thumb|''Zaazaa'' da miyar caramel da aka ɗora da Piroulines, Oreos, [[Cream da aka yi wa whip|kirim mai tsami]] da kuma ruwan cakulan]] '''''Zaazaa''''' ( Moroccan Arabic , from ) [[milkshake]] ne mai kauri ko parfait a cikin [[Abincin Maroko|abincin Morocco]], wanda aka fi sani da avocado maimakon tushen almond na milkshake na Morocco. ''Zaazaa'' sanannen abinci ne a lokacin Ramadan don karya azumi yayin [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|buda baki]], kuma ana yin sa a ''{{Interlanguage link|mahlaba|ar|محلبة}}'' wuraren cin abinci a duk shekara. == Shiri da amfani == Milkshakes na Moroccan yawanci suna da tushen almond, amma zaazaa yana maye gurbin ko ƙara shi da avocado. Ana yin zaazaa ta hanyar haɗa madara, almond da avocado tare da busassun 'ya'yan itace kamar dabino da zabibi, wani lokacin da zuma. Duk da cewa ana iya yin haɗin kamar yadda yake, yawanci ana yin sa ne a matsayin parfait mai layi: a cikin gilashin da aka taɓa a ciki da miyar kayan zaki (misali syrup cakulan, syrup strawberry ko miyar caramel ), ana yayyafa 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar ayaba, apples ko kiwi da raib (yogurt na Moroccan siriri), goro ko gero, da kuma cakuda zaazaa . Sannan ana ɗora parfait ɗin da kirim mai tsami da nau'ikan abubuwan da aka ƙara, gami da ƙarin miya, goro, kukis ko tuiles . Parfait na ƙarshe yawanci yana da kauri kuma ana ci da cokali maimakon a sha; ana yin sa a sanyaye. [1] [2] [3] [4] A lokacin Ramadan, ana ɗaukar ''zaazaa'' a matsayin abincin da ba shi da daɗi da kuma mai yawan kalori don karya azumi yayin [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|buda baki]] . Ana ƙara masa abubuwa masu daɗi kamar Oreos, Kitats da Piroulines idan ana yin ''zaazaa'' a ''{{Interlanguage link|mahlaba|ar|محلبة}}'' wuraren cin abinci; fita don shan ''zaazaa'' sanannen wurin yawon shakatawa ne na ƙungiyar da yamma. <ref name="Hobart">{{Cite web |last=Hobart |first=Erika |date=April 1, 2024 |title=ZaaZaa: A decadent avocado smoothie to break the Ramadan fast |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240401-zaazaa-a-decadent-moroccan-smoothie-for-ramadan-to-break-the-fast |access-date=2026-03-04 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihi == ''Zaazaa'' ya samo asali ne daga faɗaɗa masana'antar avocado ta Morocco a farkon shekarun 2000, wanda ya ƙara yawan amfani da avocado a cikin gida. Tun da farko an yi amfani da wannan abin sha a watan Ramadan a matsayin abin sha mai yawan kalori don yin buda baki, amma ya sami karɓuwa a duk shekara, musamman a patisseries da ''{{Interlanguage link|mahlaba|ar|محلبة}}'' wuraren cin abinci. <ref name="Cornwell">{{Cite web |last=Cornwell |first=Graham H. |date=August 2, 2017 |title=Morocco’s Answer to New York’s Bodega Breakfast Sandwich |url=https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2017/moroccos-bodega-breakfast-sandwich/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Roads & Kingdoms |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Hobart">{{Cite web |last=Hobart |first=Erika |date=April 1, 2024 |title=ZaaZaa: A decadent avocado smoothie to break the Ramadan fast |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240401-zaazaa-a-decadent-moroccan-smoothie-for-ramadan-to-break-the-fast |access-date=2026-03-04 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHobart2024">Hobart, Erika (1 April 2024). [https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240401-zaazaa-a-decadent-moroccan-smoothie-for-ramadan-to-break-the-fast "ZaaZaa: A decadent avocado smoothie to break the Ramadan fast"]. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Méndez">{{Cite web |last=Méndez |first=Antonio |date=December 6, 2024 |title="There are already plantations with significant volumes of Lamb Hass in Morocco" |url=https://www.freshplaza.com/north-america/article/9684507/there-are-already-plantations-with-significant-volumes-of-lamb-hass-in-morocco/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.freshplaza.com |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Avocado da madara a cikin kankara == Manazarta == tvjncmzzzynjbvc8tn32nlq2mu9w6i7 829371 829370 2026-05-03T19:35:42Z Sardeeq 39275 829371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Moroccan_Zaazaa.jpg|alt=Three milkshakes with cookies and whipped cream on a granite counter|thumb|''Zaazaa'' da miyar caramel da aka ɗora da Piroulines, Oreos, [[Cream da aka yi wa whip|kirim mai tsami]] da kuma ruwan cakulan]] '''''Zaazaa''''' ( Moroccan Arabic , from ) [[milkshake]] ne mai kauri ko parfait a cikin [[Abincin Maroko|abincin Morocco]], wanda aka fi sani da avocado maimakon tushen almond na milkshake na Morocco. ''Zaazaa'' sanannen abinci ne a lokacin Ramadan don karya azumi yayin [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|buda baki]], kuma ana yin sa a ''{{Interlanguage link|mahlaba|ar|محلبة}}'' wuraren cin abinci a duk shekara. == Shiri da amfani == Milkshakes na Moroccan yawanci suna da tushen almond, amma zaazaa yana maye gurbin ko ƙara shi da avocado. Ana yin zaazaa ta hanyar haɗa madara, almond da avocado tare da busassun 'ya'yan itace kamar dabino da zabibi, wani lokacin da zuma. Duk da cewa ana iya yin haɗin kamar yadda yake, yawanci ana yin sa ne a matsayin parfait mai layi: a cikin gilashin da aka taɓa a ciki da miyar kayan zaki (misali syrup cakulan, syrup strawberry ko miyar caramel ), ana yayyafa 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar ayaba, apples ko kiwi da raib (yogurt na Moroccan siriri), goro ko gero, da kuma cakuda zaazaa . Sannan ana ɗora parfait ɗin da kirim mai tsami da nau'ikan abubuwan da aka ƙara, gami da ƙarin miya, goro, kukis ko tuiles . Parfait na ƙarshe yawanci yana da kauri kuma ana ci da cokali maimakon a sha; ana yin sa a sanyaye. [1] [2] [3] [4] A lokacin Ramadan, ana ɗaukar ''zaazaa'' a matsayin abincin da ba shi da daɗi da kuma mai yawan kalori don karya azumi yayin [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|buda baki]] . Ana ƙara masa abubuwa masu daɗi kamar Oreos, Kitats da Piroulines idan ana yin ''zaazaa'' a ''{{Interlanguage link|mahlaba|ar|محلبة}}'' wuraren cin abinci; fita don shan ''zaazaa'' sanannen wurin yawon shakatawa ne na ƙungiyar da yamma. <ref name="Hobart">{{Cite web |last=Hobart |first=Erika |date=April 1, 2024 |title=ZaaZaa: A decadent avocado smoothie to break the Ramadan fast |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240401-zaazaa-a-decadent-moroccan-smoothie-for-ramadan-to-break-the-fast |access-date=2026-03-04 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihi == ''Zaazaa'' ya samo asali ne daga faɗaɗa masana'antar avocado ta Morocco a farkon shekarun 2000, wanda ya ƙara yawan amfani da avocado a cikin gida. Tun da farko an yi amfani da wannan abin sha a watan Ramadan a matsayin abin sha mai yawan kalori don yin buda baki, amma ya sami karɓuwa a duk shekara, musamman a patisseries da ''{{Interlanguage link|mahlaba|ar|محلبة}}'' wuraren cin abinci. <ref name="Cornwell">{{Cite web |last=Cornwell |first=Graham H. |date=August 2, 2017 |title=Morocco’s Answer to New York’s Bodega Breakfast Sandwich |url=https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2017/moroccos-bodega-breakfast-sandwich/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Roads & Kingdoms |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Hobart">{{Cite web |last=Hobart |first=Erika |date=April 1, 2024 |title=ZaaZaa: A decadent avocado smoothie to break the Ramadan fast |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240401-zaazaa-a-decadent-moroccan-smoothie-for-ramadan-to-break-the-fast |access-date=2026-03-04 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHobart2024">Hobart, Erika (1 April 2024). [https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240401-zaazaa-a-decadent-moroccan-smoothie-for-ramadan-to-break-the-fast "ZaaZaa: A decadent avocado smoothie to break the Ramadan fast"]. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Méndez">{{Cite web |last=Méndez |first=Antonio |date=December 6, 2024 |title="There are already plantations with significant volumes of Lamb Hass in Morocco" |url=https://www.freshplaza.com/north-america/article/9684507/there-are-already-plantations-with-significant-volumes-of-lamb-hass-in-morocco/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.freshplaza.com |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Avocado da madara a cikin kankara == Manazarta == d7od9i2fwt12fp67ftw8eja3s861ocv 0 149050 829372 2026-05-03T19:37:03Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351501626|Zaalouk]]" 829372 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Zaalouk-01.JPG|thumb|Zaalook]] '''Zaalouk''' ko '''zalouk''' ( [[Abzinanci|Berber]] : ⵣⴰⵄⵍⵓⴽ Larabci Moroccan Arabic ) salatin Moroko ne da aka dafa eggplant da [[tumatir]] . Bayan an gasa, ana haɗa eggplant da tumatir sannan a ƙara masa kayan ƙanshi da tafarnuwa. Shahararriyar marubuciyar abinci 'yar Amurka Paula Wolfert, wacce ta lashe kyaututtukan littattafan girki da dama, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun salati na Morocco da aka dafa". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-17 |title=Eggplant zaalouk |url=https://www.gourmettraveller.com.au/recipe/mains/eggplant-zaalouk-11230/ |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Gourmet Traveller |language=en-AU}}</ref> == Sinadaran da hanyar shiri == '''Sinadaran da zaalouk soyayye ke bukata''' * Eggplants guda 4, a yanka su zagaye-zagaye sannan a soya su * Tumatir 2, an bare kuma an yanka su * Tafarnuwa 1 * Barkono mai daɗi da zafi * Cilantro da faski * Cumin da gishiri * Man zaitun * Ƙaramin adadin vinegar '''Hanyar''' A cikin tukunya a kan matsakaicin wuta, a haɗa tumatir, tafarnuwa, man zaitun, da kayan ƙanshi, ana juyawa lokaci-lokaci har sai miya mai kauri ta bayyana. A zuba yankakken eggplant da aka soya a gauraya da sauran sinadaran. A bar su su dahu na minti 3 kafin a ƙara cilantro da faski. [1] Ana yin hidima da Zaalouk a cikin dumi, sanyi, ko zafi, bisa ga yadda ake so, kuma ana iya adana shi a cikin firiji na tsawon lokaci. == Duba kuma == * [[Baba ghanoush]] * [[Taktouka]] == Manazarta == 0jgt9d71jd63jrp0nupow1rxfswgilm 829373 829372 2026-05-03T19:37:20Z Sardeeq 39275 829373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Zaalouk-01.JPG|thumb|Zaalook]] '''Zaalouk''' ko '''zalouk''' ( [[Abzinanci|Berber]] : ⵣⴰⵄⵍⵓⴽ Larabci Moroccan Arabic ) salatin Moroko ne da aka dafa eggplant da [[tumatir]] . Bayan an gasa, ana haɗa eggplant da tumatir sannan a ƙara masa kayan ƙanshi da tafarnuwa. Shahararriyar marubuciyar abinci 'yar Amurka Paula Wolfert, wacce ta lashe kyaututtukan littattafan girki da dama, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun salati na Morocco da aka dafa". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-17 |title=Eggplant zaalouk |url=https://www.gourmettraveller.com.au/recipe/mains/eggplant-zaalouk-11230/ |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Gourmet Traveller |language=en-AU}}</ref> == Sinadaran da hanyar shiri == '''Sinadaran da zaalouk soyayye ke bukata''' * Eggplants guda 4, a yanka su zagaye-zagaye sannan a soya su * Tumatir 2, an bare kuma an yanka su * Tafarnuwa 1 * Barkono mai daɗi da zafi * Cilantro da faski * Cumin da gishiri * Man zaitun * Ƙaramin adadin vinegar '''Hanyar''' A cikin tukunya a kan matsakaicin wuta, a haɗa tumatir, tafarnuwa, man zaitun, da kayan ƙanshi, ana juyawa lokaci-lokaci har sai miya mai kauri ta bayyana. A zuba yankakken eggplant da aka soya a gauraya da sauran sinadaran. A bar su su dahu na minti 3 kafin a ƙara cilantro da faski. [1] Ana yin hidima da Zaalouk a cikin dumi, sanyi, ko zafi, bisa ga yadda ake so, kuma ana iya adana shi a cikin firiji na tsawon lokaci. == Duba kuma == * [[Baba ghanoush]] * [[Taktouka]] == Manazarta == 0qrzo8r4u3ikz5gv0pmlayonm63oglv 0 149051 829375 2026-05-03T19:48:42Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326975035|Moroccan wine]]" 829375 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin ƙasashen [[Arewacin Afirka]], ana ɗaukar '''[[Moroko|Morocco]]''' a matsayin wadda ke da mafi kyawun damar samar da '''giya''' mai inganci, saboda tsaunuka masu tsayi da kuma tasirin sanyaya Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]], domin waɗannan abubuwan suna rage haɗarin samun gonakin inabi masu zafi sosai. Masana'antar giya ta Morocco, wacce take da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen fitar da giya a zamanin mulkin mallaka tsakanin 1912 da 1955, tana fuskantar farfaɗowa da faɗaɗa tun daga shekarun 1990 saboda kwararar jarin ƙasashen waje. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:02_Vin_cacher_du_Maroc.jpg|thumb|Ruwan inabi na ƙasar Moroccan Kasher 1930 - hoton tsohon lakabin ruwan inabi]] Ana kyautata zaton cewa al'adun gargajiya a yankin Maroko na yau an gabatar da su ne ta hannun mazaunan [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]], kuma tabbas an kafa su ne a zamanin [[Romawa na Da|Tsohuwar Roma]] . Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun gabatar da manyan al'adun gargajiya a Maroko, kamar yadda suke a ƙasar [[Aljeriya]] maƙwabta. Duk da haka, adadin ruwan inabin Maroko da aka samar bai taɓa kai na [[Ruwan inabi na Aljeriya|ruwan inabin Aljeriya]] ba. A lokacin da ƙasar ta [[Juyin Juya Halin Sarki da Jama'a|sami 'yancin kai]] a shekarar 1955, akwai {{Convert|55000|ha}} . Duk da cewa yawancin ƙwarewar Faransa ta bar lokacin da Maroko ta sami 'yancin kai, cinikin ruwan inabin ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai mahimmanci har zuwa shekarun 1960, har sai da EEC ta gabatar da ƙa'idodi a shekarar 1967 wanda ya haifar da raguwa sosai a cikin fitar da giya zuwa ƙasashen EEC a baya. A ƙarƙashin haɗin iyakance damar shiga kasuwar gargajiya, da gasa daga yawan samar da giya a wasu ƙasashen Bahar Rum, yawancin samar da ruwan inabin ya zama mara tattalin arziki, kuma an yi amfani da wani ɓangare mai yawa na gonakin inabin Maroko an maye gurbinsu da wasu amfanin gona. A tsakanin shekarun 1973 zuwa 1984, yawancin gonakin inabin sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin Morocco. Jihar ta gabatar da matakai kamar farashin inabi, ba tare da la'akari da inganci ba, waɗanda ba su dace da sake samun gasa ba, kuma galibi suna kula da gonar inabinta ba daidai ba. A farkon shekarun 1990, akwai {{Convert|40000|ha}} na gonakin inabi a Morocco, wanda daga cikinsu aka dasa {{Convert|13000|ha}} da inabi don samar da ruwan inabi (maimakon noman inabi ko inabi ), kuma daga cikin waɗannan gonakin inabin, fiye da rabi suna da tsoffin inabin inabi ko marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su da isasshen yawan amfanin gona. A shekarun 1990, a lokacin mulkin Hassan na biyu na Morocco, samar da ruwan inabi na Morocco ya fara inganta saboda jarin ƙasashen waje (musamman Faransa) da kuma ƙwarewa. An cimma wannan ta hanyar bai wa kamfanonin giya na ƙasashen waje damar yin hayar gonakin inabi na dogon lokaci daga kamfanin noma na jihar SODEA . Manyan kamfanonin giya da dama da ke Bordeaux, ciki har da Groupe Castel, William Pitters da Taillan, sun shiga irin waɗannan haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda suka yi nasara wajen farfaɗo da masana'antar ruwan inabi ta Morocco. Misali, alamar Castel Boulaouane ita ce giyar ƙasashen waje da aka fi sayarwa a Faransa tun daga shekarar 2005, [1] kuma yankin gonar inabin ya faɗaɗa zuwa 50,000 hectares (120,000 acres) a farkon shekarun 2000. [2] Wasu ƙananan masu zuba jari, waɗanda suka fi mai da hankali kan giya mai inganci fiye da kasuwar mai girma, sun biyo baya. [3] == Manazarta == meo0rbxuuuxk0tlpve7pdxmhg5gg726 829376 829375 2026-05-03T19:50:14Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326975035|Moroccan wine]]" 829376 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin ƙasashen [[Arewacin Afirka]], ana ɗaukar '''[[Moroko|Morocco]]''' a matsayin wadda ke da mafi kyawun damar samar da '''giya''' mai inganci, saboda tsaunuka masu tsayi da kuma tasirin sanyaya Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]], domin waɗannan abubuwan suna rage haɗarin samun gonakin inabi masu zafi sosai. Masana'antar giya ta Morocco, wacce take da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen fitar da giya a zamanin mulkin mallaka tsakanin 1912 da 1955, tana fuskantar farfaɗowa da faɗaɗa tun daga shekarun 1990 saboda kwararar jarin ƙasashen waje. <ref>Jancis Robinson, ed. (2006). "Morocco". Oxford Companion to Wine (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 453–454. <nowiki>ISBN 0-19-860990-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Castel has not yet exhausted all the potential of North Africa Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Drinks Media Wire, 9 February 2006</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:02_Vin_cacher_du_Maroc.jpg|thumb|Ruwan inabi na ƙasar Moroccan Kasher 1930 - hoton tsohon lakabin ruwan inabi]] Ana kyautata zaton cewa al'adun gargajiya a yankin Maroko na yau an gabatar da su ne ta hannun mazaunan [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]], kuma tabbas an kafa su ne a zamanin [[Romawa na Da|Tsohuwar Roma]] . Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun gabatar da manyan al'adun gargajiya a Maroko, kamar yadda suke a ƙasar [[Aljeriya]] maƙwabta. Duk da haka, adadin ruwan inabin Maroko da aka samar bai taɓa kai na [[Ruwan inabi na Aljeriya|ruwan inabin Aljeriya]] ba. A lokacin da ƙasar ta [[Juyin Juya Halin Sarki da Jama'a|sami 'yancin kai]] a shekarar 1955, akwai {{Convert|55000|ha}} . Duk da cewa yawancin ƙwarewar Faransa ta bar lokacin da Maroko ta sami 'yancin kai, cinikin ruwan inabin ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai mahimmanci har zuwa shekarun 1960, har sai da EEC ta gabatar da ƙa'idodi a shekarar 1967 wanda ya haifar da raguwa sosai a cikin fitar da giya zuwa ƙasashen EEC a baya. A ƙarƙashin haɗin iyakance damar shiga kasuwar gargajiya, da gasa daga yawan samar da giya a wasu ƙasashen Bahar Rum, yawancin samar da ruwan inabin ya zama mara tattalin arziki, kuma an yi amfani da wani ɓangare mai yawa na gonakin inabin Maroko an maye gurbinsu da wasu amfanin gona. A tsakanin shekarun 1973 zuwa 1984, yawancin gonakin inabin sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin Morocco. Jihar ta gabatar da matakai kamar farashin inabi, ba tare da la'akari da inganci ba, waɗanda ba su dace da sake samun gasa ba, kuma galibi suna kula da gonar inabinta ba daidai ba. A farkon shekarun 1990, akwai {{Convert|40000|ha}} na gonakin inabi a Morocco, wanda daga cikinsu aka dasa {{Convert|13000|ha}} da inabi don samar da ruwan inabi (maimakon noman inabi ko inabi ), kuma daga cikin waɗannan gonakin inabin, fiye da rabi suna da tsoffin inabin inabi ko marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su da isasshen yawan amfanin gona. A shekarun 1990, a lokacin mulkin Hassan na biyu na Morocco, samar da ruwan inabi na Morocco ya fara inganta saboda jarin ƙasashen waje (musamman Faransa) da kuma ƙwarewa. An cimma wannan ta hanyar bai wa kamfanonin giya na ƙasashen waje damar yin hayar gonakin inabi na dogon lokaci daga kamfanin noma na jihar SODEA . Manyan kamfanonin giya da dama da ke Bordeaux, ciki har da Groupe Castel, William Pitters da Taillan, sun shiga irin waɗannan haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda suka yi nasara wajen farfaɗo da masana'antar ruwan inabi ta Morocco. Misali, alamar Castel Boulaouane ita ce giyar ƙasashen waje da aka fi sayarwa a Faransa tun daga shekarar 2005, [1] kuma yankin gonar inabin ya faɗaɗa zuwa 50,000 hectares (120,000 acres) a farkon shekarun 2000. [2] Wasu ƙananan masu zuba jari, waɗanda suka fi mai da hankali kan giya mai inganci fiye da kasuwar mai girma, sun biyo baya. [3] == Manazarta == 0atq5zdy24ldjrw1f2tgl3rjww7od8p 829377 829376 2026-05-03T19:50:32Z Sardeeq 39275 829377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A cikin ƙasashen [[Arewacin Afirka]], ana ɗaukar '''[[Moroko|Morocco]]''' a matsayin wadda ke da mafi kyawun damar samar da '''giya''' mai inganci, saboda tsaunuka masu tsayi da kuma tasirin sanyaya Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]], domin waɗannan abubuwan suna rage haɗarin samun gonakin inabi masu zafi sosai. Masana'antar giya ta Morocco, wacce take da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen fitar da giya a zamanin mulkin mallaka tsakanin 1912 da 1955, tana fuskantar farfaɗowa da faɗaɗa tun daga shekarun 1990 saboda kwararar jarin ƙasashen waje. <ref>Jancis Robinson, ed. (2006). "Morocco". Oxford Companion to Wine (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 453–454. <nowiki>ISBN 0-19-860990-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Castel has not yet exhausted all the potential of North Africa Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Drinks Media Wire, 9 February 2006</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:02_Vin_cacher_du_Maroc.jpg|thumb|Ruwan inabi na ƙasar Moroccan Kasher 1930 - hoton tsohon lakabin ruwan inabi]] Ana kyautata zaton cewa al'adun gargajiya a yankin Maroko na yau an gabatar da su ne ta hannun mazaunan [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]], kuma tabbas an kafa su ne a zamanin [[Romawa na Da|Tsohuwar Roma]] . Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun gabatar da manyan al'adun gargajiya a Maroko, kamar yadda suke a ƙasar [[Aljeriya]] maƙwabta. Duk da haka, adadin ruwan inabin Maroko da aka samar bai taɓa kai na [[Ruwan inabi na Aljeriya|ruwan inabin Aljeriya]] ba. A lokacin da ƙasar ta [[Juyin Juya Halin Sarki da Jama'a|sami 'yancin kai]] a shekarar 1955, akwai {{Convert|55000|ha}} . Duk da cewa yawancin ƙwarewar Faransa ta bar lokacin da Maroko ta sami 'yancin kai, cinikin ruwan inabin ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai mahimmanci har zuwa shekarun 1960, har sai da EEC ta gabatar da ƙa'idodi a shekarar 1967 wanda ya haifar da raguwa sosai a cikin fitar da giya zuwa ƙasashen EEC a baya. A ƙarƙashin haɗin iyakance damar shiga kasuwar gargajiya, da gasa daga yawan samar da giya a wasu ƙasashen Bahar Rum, yawancin samar da ruwan inabin ya zama mara tattalin arziki, kuma an yi amfani da wani ɓangare mai yawa na gonakin inabin Maroko an maye gurbinsu da wasu amfanin gona. A tsakanin shekarun 1973 zuwa 1984, yawancin gonakin inabin sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin Morocco. Jihar ta gabatar da matakai kamar farashin inabi, ba tare da la'akari da inganci ba, waɗanda ba su dace da sake samun gasa ba, kuma galibi suna kula da gonar inabinta ba daidai ba. A farkon shekarun 1990, akwai {{Convert|40000|ha}} na gonakin inabi a Morocco, wanda daga cikinsu aka dasa {{Convert|13000|ha}} da inabi don samar da ruwan inabi (maimakon noman inabi ko inabi ), kuma daga cikin waɗannan gonakin inabin, fiye da rabi suna da tsoffin inabin inabi ko marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su da isasshen yawan amfanin gona. A shekarun 1990, a lokacin mulkin Hassan na biyu na Morocco, samar da ruwan inabi na Morocco ya fara inganta saboda jarin ƙasashen waje (musamman Faransa) da kuma ƙwarewa. An cimma wannan ta hanyar bai wa kamfanonin giya na ƙasashen waje damar yin hayar gonakin inabi na dogon lokaci daga kamfanin noma na jihar SODEA . Manyan kamfanonin giya da dama da ke Bordeaux, ciki har da Groupe Castel, William Pitters da Taillan, sun shiga irin waɗannan haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda suka yi nasara wajen farfaɗo da masana'antar ruwan inabi ta Morocco. Misali, alamar Castel Boulaouane ita ce giyar ƙasashen waje da aka fi sayarwa a Faransa tun daga shekarar 2005, [1] kuma yankin gonar inabin ya faɗaɗa zuwa 50,000 hectares (120,000 acres) a farkon shekarun 2000. [2] Wasu ƙananan masu zuba jari, waɗanda suka fi mai da hankali kan giya mai inganci fiye da kasuwar mai girma, sun biyo baya. [3] == Manazarta == eomplugb6bewedkciqsyi2xw7yyc6pv 0 149052 829379 2026-05-03T20:05:33Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337627882|Shrimp curry]]" 829379 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shrimp curry''' ( Portuguese , Indonesian ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''prawn curry''', abinci ne na yau da kullun na curry na abincin Burmese, abincin Indonesia a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] ( Aceh da West Sumatra ), abincin Indo-Portuguese a [[Indiya]] ( [[Goa]] ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buenfeld |first=Sara |date=September 1, 2012 |title=Goan prawn & coconut curry with cumin rice |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/goan-prawn-coconut-curry-cumin-rice |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=[[BBC Good Food]] |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Sreetama |date=March 15, 2023 |title=Cook Goan prawn curry like a local, courtesy Chef Anil’s recipe |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/dining/recipes/goan-prawn-curry-recipe-by-chef-anil-bhatt/ |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=[[Lifestyle Asia]] |publisher=[[Hubert Burda Media]]}}</ref> da [[Portugal]], abincin Mozambique a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da abincin Thai a [[Tailan|Thailand]] ( Phuket ). Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wannan abinci ne da aka shirya da jatan lande (wanda kuma ake kira jatan lande a yankin), wanda aka fi dafa shi a cikin miya mai kauri mai launin rawaya. Daga cikin sauran sinadaran akwai kwakwa da aka niƙa, turmeric, cumin, coriander, barkono, albasa, tafarnuwa, tamarind, vinegar, sukari da gishiri . Yawanci ana haɗa shi da shinkafa farar shinkafa. A cikin abincin Burmese, prawn {{Transl|my|sibyan}} ( Burmese ) wani curry ne na gargajiya na Burma da ake dafa shi a cikin {{Transl|my|sibyan}} naman kayan kamshi da mai ( Burmese ), wanda yayi kama da tomalley . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Charmaine |date=August 26, 2008 |title=Burmese Prawn Curry |url=https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/burmese-prawn-curry |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=[[Asia Society]]}}</ref> A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], wannan abincin sananne ne kuma ya shahara sosai a [[Sumatra]] na Acehnese, Minangkabau da [[abincin Malay]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Cermin Bangsa |url=https://www.netralnews.com/news/kuliner/read/84430/gulai-udang-aceh-menu-andalan-kuliner-aceh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604223310/https://www.netralnews.com/news/kuliner/read/84430/gulai-udang-aceh-menu-andalan-kuliner-aceh |archive-date=2020-06-04 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Netralnews |language=id}}</ref> A [[Portugal]], ana iya samun abincin a cikin jerin abincin gidajen cin abinci na Goan da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Savoldi |first=Francesca |date=July 27, 2016 |title=Tentações de Goa: (Tri)continental Cuisine |url=https://culinarybackstreets.com/stories/lisbon/tentacoes-de-goa |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=Culinary Backstreets}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[:pt:Caril de camarão com quiabos|Caril de camarão com quiabos]] (shrimp curry tare da [[Kuɓewa|okra]] ) a cikin Wikipedia na Portuguese * [[Curry]] * Jerin abincin jatan lande == Manazarta == od1eire1yqfkc8gtthqdtysnf5c8ywn 829380 829379 2026-05-03T20:05:59Z Sardeeq 39275 829380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shrimp curry''' ( Portuguese , Indonesian ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''prawn curry''', abinci ne na yau da kullun na curry na abincin Burmese, abincin Indonesia a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] ( Aceh da West Sumatra ), abincin Indo-Portuguese a [[Indiya]] ( [[Goa]] ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buenfeld |first=Sara |date=September 1, 2012 |title=Goan prawn & coconut curry with cumin rice |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/goan-prawn-coconut-curry-cumin-rice |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=[[BBC Good Food]] |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Sreetama |date=March 15, 2023 |title=Cook Goan prawn curry like a local, courtesy Chef Anil’s recipe |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/dining/recipes/goan-prawn-curry-recipe-by-chef-anil-bhatt/ |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=[[Lifestyle Asia]] |publisher=[[Hubert Burda Media]]}}</ref> da [[Portugal]], abincin Mozambique a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da abincin Thai a [[Tailan|Thailand]] ( Phuket ). Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wannan abinci ne da aka shirya da jatan lande (wanda kuma ake kira jatan lande a yankin), wanda aka fi dafa shi a cikin miya mai kauri mai launin rawaya. Daga cikin sauran sinadaran akwai kwakwa da aka niƙa, turmeric, cumin, coriander, barkono, albasa, tafarnuwa, tamarind, vinegar, sukari da gishiri . Yawanci ana haɗa shi da shinkafa farar shinkafa. A cikin abincin Burmese, prawn {{Transl|my|sibyan}} ( Burmese ) wani curry ne na gargajiya na Burma da ake dafa shi a cikin {{Transl|my|sibyan}} naman kayan kamshi da mai ( Burmese ), wanda yayi kama da tomalley . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Charmaine |date=August 26, 2008 |title=Burmese Prawn Curry |url=https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/burmese-prawn-curry |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=[[Asia Society]]}}</ref> A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], wannan abincin sananne ne kuma ya shahara sosai a [[Sumatra]] na Acehnese, Minangkabau da [[abincin Malay]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Cermin Bangsa |url=https://www.netralnews.com/news/kuliner/read/84430/gulai-udang-aceh-menu-andalan-kuliner-aceh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604223310/https://www.netralnews.com/news/kuliner/read/84430/gulai-udang-aceh-menu-andalan-kuliner-aceh |archive-date=2020-06-04 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Netralnews |language=id}}</ref> A [[Portugal]], ana iya samun abincin a cikin jerin abincin gidajen cin abinci na Goan da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Savoldi |first=Francesca |date=July 27, 2016 |title=Tentações de Goa: (Tri)continental Cuisine |url=https://culinarybackstreets.com/stories/lisbon/tentacoes-de-goa |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=Culinary Backstreets}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[:pt:Caril de camarão com quiabos|Caril de camarão com quiabos]] (shrimp curry tare da [[Kuɓewa|okra]] ) a cikin Wikipedia na Portuguese * [[Curry]] * Jerin abincin jatan lande == Manazarta == qhv11tt98waceg9ebkb5ijws6n34388 0 149053 829382 2026-05-03T20:10:30Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347508663|Piri piri]]" 829382 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Piri piri''' ( /ˌ p ɪr i ˈpɪri / PIRR -ee- PIRR -ee ), sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da rubutu ko a matsayin kalma ɗaya, kuma tare da bambance-bambancen haruffan '''peri-peri''' / / ˌpɛriˈpɛriː / ) ko pili pili ''',''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Consulte o significado / definição de piripiri no Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, o dicionário online de português contemporâneo. |url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/piripiri |access-date=2020-12-10 |website=dicionario.priberam.org |language=pt-br}}</ref> nau'in ''Capsicum frutescens'' ne daga barkonon malagueta . Masu binciken Portugal ne suka samar da shi a [[Daular Portuguese|tsoffin yankunan Kudancin Afirka na Portugal]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-18 |title=It turns out you were learning to love peri-peri long before we ever had Nando's |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/nandos-peri-peri-chicken-origin-rise-popularity-spice-levels-uk-restaurant-a7846706.html |url-access= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/nandos-peri-peri-chicken-origin-rise-popularity-spice-levels-uk-restaurant-a7846706.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-13 |title=History of Piri Piri Chicken |url=https://foodfuntravel.com/history-of-piri-piri-chicken/ |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=Food Fun Travel Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> sannan suka bazu zuwa wasu yankunan Portugal. == Asalin Ma'anar == ''Pilipili'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] yana nufin "barkono". Sauran kalmomin Roman sun haɗa da ''pili pili'' a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]] da ''peri peri'' a [[Malawi]], waɗanda suka samo asali daga lafazin kalmar a sassa daban-daban na Afirka [[Yaren Bantu|masu magana da Bantu]] . Rubutun ''peri peri'' ya zama ruwan dare a Turanci saboda amfani da shi a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], duk da haka, a Portugal da ƙasashen da ke magana da Portuguese kamar Mozambique, inda amfani da barkono na zamani ya samo asali, ana amfani da rubutun ''piri-piri'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peri-Peri |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/peri_peri |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925051446/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/peri_peri |archive-date=25 September 2019 |access-date=2019-09-25 |website=Lexico Dictionaries: English |language=en}}</ref> Littafin ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' ya rubuta ''piri-piri'' a matsayin kalma ta baƙuwa ma'ana "miya mai zafi da aka yi da {{Sic|chilli peppers}} ja", kuma ya ba da asalinsa a matsayin kalmar "barkono" (mai yiwuwa a ma'anar 'yan Afirka ) a cikin [[Yaren Ronga|harshen Ronga]] na kudancin Mozambique, inda masu bincike na Portugal suka haɓaka nau'in iri ɗaya daga barkono malagueta . == Halayen Shuke-shuke == [[Fayil:Pili-pili.JPG|thumb|Barkonon piri busasshe]] Tsire-tsire yawanci suna da tsayi sosai kuma suna girma har zuwa {{Convert|45|–|120|cm}} tare da ganye dogon kuma . 'Ya'yan itacen gabaɗaya suna da ɗan tauri zuwa wani wuri mai santsi kuma suna auna har zuwa tsayi. Launin furen da bai kai ba kore ne; launin da ya girma ja ne mai haske ko shunayya. Wasu nau'ikan barkonon tsuntsaye suna auna har zuwa na'urorin zafi na Scoville 175,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Scoville scale |url=https://www.alimentarium.org/en/magazine/infographics/scoville-scale |access-date=2019-02-20 |website=www.alimentarium.org |language=en}}</ref> == Noma == Kamar dukkan barkonon barkono, piri-piri ya samo asali ne daga tsirrai daga Amurka, amma ya girma a daji a Afirka tsawon ƙarni kuma yanzu ana noma shi a kasuwanci a Zambia, Uganda, Malawi, Zimbabwe <ref name="fiery-foods1">{{Cite web |date=June 2008 |title=Pepper Profile: African Birdseye |url=http://www.fieryfoodscentral.com/2008/06/01/pepper-profile-african-birdseye-2/ |access-date=27 December 2011 |website=Fiery Foods and Barbecue SuperSite}}</ref> da Rwanda. Ya fi girma a Malawi, Habasha, Zambia, Afirka ta Kudu, Ghana, Najeriya, Zimbabwe, Mozambique da Portugal. Ana noma shi don sarrafa abinci na kasuwanci da masana'antar magunguna. Noman piri-piri yana buƙatar aiki mai yawa. <ref name="fiery-foods1" /> == Miyar Piri-piri == [[Fayil:Piri_piri_sauce_in_Mozambique.jpg|thumb|Miyar Piri-piri]] Ana samar da miyar Piri-piri ta hanyar haɗa barkono da kayan ƙanshi da 'yan Portugal ke yi da sauran yankunansu a Asiya da [[Indiya]] . Miyar farko wataƙila an samar da ita ne a kowane ɓangare na [[Daular Portuguese|daular Portugal]] . Ganin rashin ingantattun majiyoyi da ke nuna cewa an haɗa ta musamman a Mozambique, da alama ba zai yiwu a faɗi fiye da cewa miyar ta samo asali ne a cikin Daular Portugal ba, ko dai a yankunansu a [[Kudancin Afirka]] ko kuma a wani wuri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peri Peri Chicken: South Africa's Gift to the World |url=https://nourishingafrica.com/food-culture/peri-peri-chicken/ |access-date=2020-12-10 |website=Nourishing Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uncovering the origins of peri-peri sauce |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2017/01/20/uncovering-origins-peri-peri-sauce |access-date=2020-12-10 |website=Food |language=en}}</ref> Ana yin miyar ne daga barkonon piri-piri (wanda ake amfani da shi azaman kayan ƙanshi ko marinade). Bayan Portugal da yankin Kudancin Afirka (Angola, Namibia, Mozambique da Afirka ta Kudu) inda yake da farin jini sosai, [1] miyar ta shahara musamman a Burtaniya saboda nasarar da kamfanin Nando's na gidan cin abinci na Afirka ta Kudu ya samu. Girke-girke ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki, kuma wani lokacin a cikin yanki ɗaya ya danganta da amfanin da aka yi niyya (misali, dafa abinci idan aka kwatanta da kayan ƙanshi a tebur) amma manyan sinadaran sune barkono da tafarnuwa, tare da tushe mai mai ko acidic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Molho de piripiri |url=https://www.vaqueiro.pt/recipes/molho-de-piripiri-200661 |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Vaqueiro PT |language=pt-PT}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Piri piri sauce recipe from Lisbon by Rebecca Seal |url=https://www.cooked.com/Rebecca-Seal/Hardie-Grant-Books/Lisbon/Sauces--preserves/Piri-piri-sauce-recipe |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Cooked}}</ref> Sauran sinadaran da aka fi amfani da su sune gishiri, lemun tsami, barasa (wato whisky ), bawon citrus, albasa, barkono, [[ganyen bay]], [[paprika]], pimiento, basil, oregano da tarragon. == Duba kuma == [[Fayil:Flame-grilled_PERi-PERi_chicken.jpg|thumb|Kaza peri-peri da aka gasa da wuta daga Nando's]] * [[Berber|Berbere]] * Jerin nau'ikan <nowiki><i id="mwnA">Capsicum</i></nowiki> == Manazarta == czharmu38ol7uvacbdiwphptcn1vfhi 829383 829382 2026-05-03T20:10:51Z Sardeeq 39275 829383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Piri piri''' ( /ˌ p ɪr i ˈpɪri / PIRR -ee- PIRR -ee ), sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da rubutu ko a matsayin kalma ɗaya, kuma tare da bambance-bambancen haruffan '''peri-peri''' / / ˌpɛriˈpɛriː / ) ko pili pili ''',''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Consulte o significado / definição de piripiri no Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, o dicionário online de português contemporâneo. |url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/piripiri |access-date=2020-12-10 |website=dicionario.priberam.org |language=pt-br}}</ref> nau'in ''Capsicum frutescens'' ne daga barkonon malagueta . Masu binciken Portugal ne suka samar da shi a [[Daular Portuguese|tsoffin yankunan Kudancin Afirka na Portugal]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-18 |title=It turns out you were learning to love peri-peri long before we ever had Nando's |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/nandos-peri-peri-chicken-origin-rise-popularity-spice-levels-uk-restaurant-a7846706.html |url-access= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/nandos-peri-peri-chicken-origin-rise-popularity-spice-levels-uk-restaurant-a7846706.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-13 |title=History of Piri Piri Chicken |url=https://foodfuntravel.com/history-of-piri-piri-chicken/ |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=Food Fun Travel Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> sannan suka bazu zuwa wasu yankunan Portugal. == Asalin Ma'anar == ''Pilipili'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] yana nufin "barkono". Sauran kalmomin Roman sun haɗa da ''pili pili'' a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]] da ''peri peri'' a [[Malawi]], waɗanda suka samo asali daga lafazin kalmar a sassa daban-daban na Afirka [[Yaren Bantu|masu magana da Bantu]] . Rubutun ''peri peri'' ya zama ruwan dare a Turanci saboda amfani da shi a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], duk da haka, a Portugal da ƙasashen da ke magana da Portuguese kamar Mozambique, inda amfani da barkono na zamani ya samo asali, ana amfani da rubutun ''piri-piri'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peri-Peri |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/peri_peri |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925051446/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/peri_peri |archive-date=25 September 2019 |access-date=2019-09-25 |website=Lexico Dictionaries: English |language=en}}</ref> Littafin ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' ya rubuta ''piri-piri'' a matsayin kalma ta baƙuwa ma'ana "miya mai zafi da aka yi da {{Sic|chilli peppers}} ja", kuma ya ba da asalinsa a matsayin kalmar "barkono" (mai yiwuwa a ma'anar 'yan Afirka ) a cikin [[Yaren Ronga|harshen Ronga]] na kudancin Mozambique, inda masu bincike na Portugal suka haɓaka nau'in iri ɗaya daga barkono malagueta . == Halayen Shuke-shuke == [[Fayil:Pili-pili.JPG|thumb|Barkonon piri busasshe]] Tsire-tsire yawanci suna da tsayi sosai kuma suna girma har zuwa {{Convert|45|–|120|cm}} tare da ganye dogon kuma . 'Ya'yan itacen gabaɗaya suna da ɗan tauri zuwa wani wuri mai santsi kuma suna auna har zuwa tsayi. Launin furen da bai kai ba kore ne; launin da ya girma ja ne mai haske ko shunayya. Wasu nau'ikan barkonon tsuntsaye suna auna har zuwa na'urorin zafi na Scoville 175,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Scoville scale |url=https://www.alimentarium.org/en/magazine/infographics/scoville-scale |access-date=2019-02-20 |website=www.alimentarium.org |language=en}}</ref> == Noma == Kamar dukkan barkonon barkono, piri-piri ya samo asali ne daga tsirrai daga Amurka, amma ya girma a daji a Afirka tsawon ƙarni kuma yanzu ana noma shi a kasuwanci a Zambia, Uganda, Malawi, Zimbabwe <ref name="fiery-foods1">{{Cite web |date=June 2008 |title=Pepper Profile: African Birdseye |url=http://www.fieryfoodscentral.com/2008/06/01/pepper-profile-african-birdseye-2/ |access-date=27 December 2011 |website=Fiery Foods and Barbecue SuperSite}}</ref> da Rwanda. Ya fi girma a Malawi, Habasha, Zambia, Afirka ta Kudu, Ghana, Najeriya, Zimbabwe, Mozambique da Portugal. Ana noma shi don sarrafa abinci na kasuwanci da masana'antar magunguna. Noman piri-piri yana buƙatar aiki mai yawa. <ref name="fiery-foods1" /> == Miyar Piri-piri == [[Fayil:Piri_piri_sauce_in_Mozambique.jpg|thumb|Miyar Piri-piri]] Ana samar da miyar Piri-piri ta hanyar haɗa barkono da kayan ƙanshi da 'yan Portugal ke yi da sauran yankunansu a Asiya da [[Indiya]] . Miyar farko wataƙila an samar da ita ne a kowane ɓangare na [[Daular Portuguese|daular Portugal]] . Ganin rashin ingantattun majiyoyi da ke nuna cewa an haɗa ta musamman a Mozambique, da alama ba zai yiwu a faɗi fiye da cewa miyar ta samo asali ne a cikin Daular Portugal ba, ko dai a yankunansu a [[Kudancin Afirka]] ko kuma a wani wuri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peri Peri Chicken: South Africa's Gift to the World |url=https://nourishingafrica.com/food-culture/peri-peri-chicken/ |access-date=2020-12-10 |website=Nourishing Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uncovering the origins of peri-peri sauce |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2017/01/20/uncovering-origins-peri-peri-sauce |access-date=2020-12-10 |website=Food |language=en}}</ref> Ana yin miyar ne daga barkonon piri-piri (wanda ake amfani da shi azaman kayan ƙanshi ko marinade). Bayan Portugal da yankin Kudancin Afirka (Angola, Namibia, Mozambique da Afirka ta Kudu) inda yake da farin jini sosai, [1] miyar ta shahara musamman a Burtaniya saboda nasarar da kamfanin Nando's na gidan cin abinci na Afirka ta Kudu ya samu. Girke-girke ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki, kuma wani lokacin a cikin yanki ɗaya ya danganta da amfanin da aka yi niyya (misali, dafa abinci idan aka kwatanta da kayan ƙanshi a tebur) amma manyan sinadaran sune barkono da tafarnuwa, tare da tushe mai mai ko acidic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Molho de piripiri |url=https://www.vaqueiro.pt/recipes/molho-de-piripiri-200661 |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Vaqueiro PT |language=pt-PT}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Piri piri sauce recipe from Lisbon by Rebecca Seal |url=https://www.cooked.com/Rebecca-Seal/Hardie-Grant-Books/Lisbon/Sauces--preserves/Piri-piri-sauce-recipe |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Cooked}}</ref> Sauran sinadaran da aka fi amfani da su sune gishiri, lemun tsami, barasa (wato whisky ), bawon citrus, albasa, barkono, [[ganyen bay]], [[paprika]], pimiento, basil, oregano da tarragon. == Duba kuma == [[Fayil:Flame-grilled_PERi-PERi_chicken.jpg|thumb|Kaza peri-peri da aka gasa da wuta daga Nando's]] * [[Berber|Berbere]] * Jerin nau'ikan <nowiki><i id="mwnA">Capsicum</i></nowiki> == Manazarta == mv05pilcjcg62zm54yz039otee2nae0 0 149054 829384 2026-05-03T20:13:11Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334697476|Peanut curry]]" 829384 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Caril de amendoim''' (wanda aka fassara a matsayin curry na gyada ) abinci ne na ƙasar Mozambique da aka yi da madarar kwakwa, kaza ko mackerel na doki, da gyada. Ana yin sa ne galibi a lardunan kudancin ƙasar na Maputo da Gaza . Ana haɗa shi da gefen Xima, wato masarar da aka taurare. [1] Ana niƙa gyada sosai a cikin ruwa wanda ke ba wa abincin launi mai kauri da laushi mai laushi. [2] == Manazarta == f7ge6xknvn1r1limr5ra0t7j0jls9e6 829385 829384 2026-05-03T20:14:54Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334697476|Peanut curry]]" 829385 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Caril de amendoim''' (wanda aka fassara a matsayin curry na gyada ) abinci ne na ƙasar Mozambique da aka yi da madarar kwakwa, kaza ko mackerel na doki, da gyada. Ana yin sa ne galibi a lardunan kudancin ƙasar na Maputo da Gaza . Ana haɗa shi da gefen Xima, wato masarar da aka taurare. [1] Ana niƙa gyada sosai a cikin ruwa wanda ke ba wa abincin launi mai kauri da laushi mai laushi. [2]<ref>Stirring the Pot: Mozambique". Salt Magazine. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2026.</ref><ref>Todd, Jacob Fodio (9 March 2015). "In search of lost stew: chicken amendoins in peanut sauce". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 January 2026.</ref> == Manazarta == 61aoexv0wn1h7006n45twou5xytov38 829386 829385 2026-05-03T20:15:23Z Sardeeq 39275 829386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caril de amendoim''' (wanda aka fassara a matsayin curry na gyada ) abinci ne na ƙasar Mozambique da aka yi da madarar kwakwa, kaza ko mackerel na doki, da gyada. Ana yin sa ne galibi a lardunan kudancin ƙasar na Maputo da Gaza . Ana haɗa shi da gefen Xima, wato masarar da aka taurare. [1] Ana niƙa gyada sosai a cikin ruwa wanda ke ba wa abincin launi mai kauri da laushi mai laushi. [2]<ref>Stirring the Pot: Mozambique". Salt Magazine. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2026.</ref><ref>Todd, Jacob Fodio (9 March 2015). "In search of lost stew: chicken amendoins in peanut sauce". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 January 2026.</ref> == Manazarta == pm8cxocd3cmoz8eccnzbrsainred6t1 0 149055 829387 2026-05-03T20:17:29Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346565685|Iru (condiment)]]" 829387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Irú''' ( [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ) ko '''Daddawa''' ( [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] ) <ref>Sokoh, Ozoz "Chop Chop" (2025) p.24 "Sometimes erroneously confused with dawadawa, which is a grass" {{ISBN|978-1-64829-189-0}}</ref> ko '''Eware''' ( [[Edo]] ) ko '''Sumbala''' ( [[Harshen Bambara|Bambara]] ) ko '''Narghi''' ( [[Fillanci|Fula]] ) ko '''Zwuaii''' ( [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ) wani nau'in [[Corawa|wake ne na fari]] da aka dafa kuma aka sarrafa ( ''[[Corawa|Parkia biglobosa]]'' ) wanda ake amfani da shi azaman kayan ƙanshi a girki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dawadawa: The Magical Food Ingredient |url=https://abenaoffehgyimah.com/blog/dawadawa-the-magical-food-ingredient |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111205240/https://abenaoffehgyimah.com/blog/dawadawa-the-magical-food-ingredient |archive-date=2024-11-11 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=LivingTheAncestralWay |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana kama da [[ogiri]] da douchi . Yana da shahara a duk faɗin [[Abincin Yammacin Afirka|abincin Afirka ta Yamma]] . Ana amfani da shi wajen girkin [[miya]] na gargajiya kamar [[Egusi|miyar egusi]], [[Miyar Okra|miyar okro]] ( [[Ila Alasepo|Ila]] ), [[miyar Ewedu]], da [[Miyar Ogbono|miyar ogbono]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrikova |first=Ivica |last2=Bhattacharjee |first2=Ranjana |last3=Fraser |first3=Paul D. |date=Jan 2023 |title=The 'Nigerian Diet' and Its Evolution: Review of the Existing Literature and Household Survey Data |journal=Foods |volume=12 |issue=3 |page=443 |doi=10.3390/foods12030443 |pmc=9914143 |pmid=36765972 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Samar da Iru == [[File:IRU.JPG|thumb|Busassun kek irin]] [[Fayil:How_to_process_Locust_beans_cake_by_using_soya_beans.webm|thumb| Bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ake sarrafa Iru ta amfani da wake waken soya]] Tsarin ƙera ya ƙunshi tafasa, tsaftacewa sannan a tattara kayan don yin yolk. Wannan tsarin yolk yana ba shi ƙamshi mai kauri. Ana iya ƙara gishiri a cikin kayan da aka gama don sauƙaƙe adanawa. Ana sayar da wannan kayan ƙanshi a cikin ƙwallo ko patties waɗanda za a iya ajiye su na tsawon watanni da yawa a lokaci guda idan akwai mafi kyawun inganci. Yarabawa suna yin Irú iri biyu: == Manazarta == ekp3ht8b9t8ownjfwyb3c18jqb3o7wc 829388 829387 2026-05-03T20:18:00Z Sardeeq 39275 829388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Irú''' ( [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ) ko '''Daddawa''' ( [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] ) <ref>Sokoh, Ozoz "Chop Chop" (2025) p.24 "Sometimes erroneously confused with dawadawa, which is a grass" {{ISBN|978-1-64829-189-0}}</ref> ko '''Eware''' ( [[Edo]] ) ko '''Sumbala''' ( [[Harshen Bambara|Bambara]] ) ko '''Narghi''' ( [[Fillanci|Fula]] ) ko '''Zwuaii''' ( [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ) wani nau'in [[Corawa|wake ne na fari]] da aka dafa kuma aka sarrafa ( ''[[Corawa|Parkia biglobosa]]'' ) wanda ake amfani da shi azaman kayan ƙanshi a girki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dawadawa: The Magical Food Ingredient |url=https://abenaoffehgyimah.com/blog/dawadawa-the-magical-food-ingredient |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111205240/https://abenaoffehgyimah.com/blog/dawadawa-the-magical-food-ingredient |archive-date=2024-11-11 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=LivingTheAncestralWay |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana kama da [[ogiri]] da douchi . Yana da shahara a duk faɗin [[Abincin Yammacin Afirka|abincin Afirka ta Yamma]] . Ana amfani da shi wajen girkin [[miya]] na gargajiya kamar [[Egusi|miyar egusi]], [[Miyar Okra|miyar okro]] ( [[Ila Alasepo|Ila]] ), [[miyar Ewedu]], da [[Miyar Ogbono|miyar ogbono]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrikova |first=Ivica |last2=Bhattacharjee |first2=Ranjana |last3=Fraser |first3=Paul D. |date=Jan 2023 |title=The 'Nigerian Diet' and Its Evolution: Review of the Existing Literature and Household Survey Data |journal=Foods |volume=12 |issue=3 |page=443 |doi=10.3390/foods12030443 |pmc=9914143 |pmid=36765972 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Samar da Iru == [[File:IRU.JPG|thumb|Busassun kek irin]] [[Fayil:How_to_process_Locust_beans_cake_by_using_soya_beans.webm|thumb| Bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ake sarrafa Iru ta amfani da wake waken soya]] Tsarin ƙera ya ƙunshi tafasa, tsaftacewa sannan a tattara kayan don yin yolk. Wannan tsarin yolk yana ba shi ƙamshi mai kauri. Ana iya ƙara gishiri a cikin kayan da aka gama don sauƙaƙe adanawa. Ana sayar da wannan kayan ƙanshi a cikin ƙwallo ko patties waɗanda za a iya ajiye su na tsawon watanni da yawa a lokaci guda idan akwai mafi kyawun inganci. Yarabawa suna yin Irú iri biyu: == Manazarta == jppcov6hee3imbi4oy76o7vg75ckhyu 0 149056 829390 2026-05-03T20:22:13Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345510403|Ikokore]]" 829390 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikokore''' ko Ifokore abinci ne na miya ko taliya a tsakanin mutanen Yarbawa, wanda ya shahara a tsakanin Ijebu. [1] [2] An yi shi ne daga Dioscorea alata, wanda ake kira Isu Ewura a cikin Yarbawa, an niƙa shi kuma an dafa shi da kayan ƙanshi kamar barkono, albasa, da kayan ƙanshi. [3] [4] Wasu daga cikin sinadaran da ake amfani da su wajen yin ikokore sun haɗa da: ruwan yam, ata rodo (scotch bonnet) ko ata gungun (garin barkono), kowane kifi daga panla zuwa titus, croaker, shawa ko catfish, yankakken ponmo, yankakken hanta, yankakken naman sa, naman akuya, gizzard, turkey da aka hayaƙi, jatan lande, man dabino, ogiri da sauran kayan ƙanshi. [5] [6] Ana kuma amfani da crayfish da aka yanka da crayfish mai foda. [7] Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa furotin da yawa a cikin Ikokore. Ana iya cin Ikokore da kansa ko kuma a yi masa hidima da eba mai sanyi (eba tutu). [8] == Manazarta == ijxt1assduh87ua2jw65i0urftw2apf 829391 829390 2026-05-03T20:22:57Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345510403|Ikokore]]" 829391 wikitext text/x-wiki Ikokore ko Ifokore abinci ne na miya ko taliya a tsakanin mutanen Yarbawa, wanda ya shahara a tsakanin Ijebu. [1] [2] An yi shi ne daga Dioscorea alata, wanda ake kira Isu Ewura a cikin Yarbawa, an niƙa shi kuma an dafa shi da kayan ƙanshi kamar barkono, albasa, da kayan ƙanshi. [3] [4] Wasu daga cikin sinadaran da ake amfani da su wajen yin ikokore sun haɗa da: ruwan yam, ata rodo (scotch bonnet) ko ata gungun (garin barkono), kowane kifi daga panla zuwa titus, croaker, shawa ko catfish, yankakken ponmo, yankakken hanta, yankakken naman sa, naman akuya, gizzard, turkey da aka hayaƙi, jatan lande, man dabino, ogiri da sauran kayan ƙanshi. [5] [6] Ana kuma amfani da crayfish da aka yanka da crayfish mai foda. [7] Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa furotin da yawa a cikin Ikokore. Ana iya cin Ikokore da kansa ko kuma a yi masa hidima da eba mai sanyi (eba tutu). [8]<ref>Adebayo, Ganiyu Babatunde; Otunola, Gloria Aderonke; Bamisaye, Fisayo Abraham; Oyegoke, Titilayo Olubunmi (2022-11-15). "Nutrient and mineral contents of traditional porridge 'Ikokore' prepared with different yam species". Nigerian Journal of Nutritional Sciences. 43 (2): 203–209. ISSN 2805-4008.</ref> == Manazarta == epkr0ypkw4k2zcoixfvmjqtcu9mviuz 829392 829391 2026-05-03T20:23:15Z Sardeeq 39275 829392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ikokore ko Ifokore abinci ne na miya ko taliya a tsakanin mutanen Yarbawa, wanda ya shahara a tsakanin Ijebu. [1] [2] An yi shi ne daga Dioscorea alata, wanda ake kira Isu Ewura a cikin Yarbawa, an niƙa shi kuma an dafa shi da kayan ƙanshi kamar barkono, albasa, da kayan ƙanshi. [3] [4] Wasu daga cikin sinadaran da ake amfani da su wajen yin ikokore sun haɗa da: ruwan yam, ata rodo (scotch bonnet) ko ata gungun (garin barkono), kowane kifi daga panla zuwa titus, croaker, shawa ko catfish, yankakken ponmo, yankakken hanta, yankakken naman sa, naman akuya, gizzard, turkey da aka hayaƙi, jatan lande, man dabino, ogiri da sauran kayan ƙanshi. [5] [6] Ana kuma amfani da crayfish da aka yanka da crayfish mai foda. [7] Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa furotin da yawa a cikin Ikokore. Ana iya cin Ikokore da kansa ko kuma a yi masa hidima da eba mai sanyi (eba tutu). [8]<ref>Adebayo, Ganiyu Babatunde; Otunola, Gloria Aderonke; Bamisaye, Fisayo Abraham; Oyegoke, Titilayo Olubunmi (2022-11-15). "Nutrient and mineral contents of traditional porridge 'Ikokore' prepared with different yam species". Nigerian Journal of Nutritional Sciences. 43 (2): 203–209. ISSN 2805-4008.</ref> == Manazarta == sv03dp15kz6smquy9tes0hffi630kum 0 149057 829393 2026-05-03T20:24:13Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348420628|Masa (Nigerian food)]]" 829393 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Cooked_masa.jpg|thumb|Masa / Waina]] '''Masa''', wanda aka fi sani da Waina, wani kek ne da aka yi da girki a Arewacin Najeriya da wasu sassan Yammacin Najeriya . [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Ana danganta shi da abincin Hausawa . Yana kama da siffar Idli . Yana da ciki mai laushi da soso tare da wani yanki mai kauri na waje. Yana da ɗanɗano mai daɗi da tsami. [1] [ tabbacin da ya gaza ] Girke-girken Masa galibi suna buƙatar shinkafar da aka jika, har sai ta yi tsami kamar yadda ake so, kodayake akwai wasu nau'ikan da ke da wasu manyan sinadaran. Ana dafa masa a cikin wani kasko na musamman. Sinadaran sun haɗa da shinkafa, yisti, baking soda da yogurt. [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Abincin Hausawa]] hu3e4hy5udoerybrzkjfjbcjza4wmp2 829394 829393 2026-05-03T20:24:55Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348420628|Masa (Nigerian food)]]" 829394 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Cooked_masa.jpg|thumb|Masa / Waina]] '''Masa''', wanda aka fi sani da Waina, wani kek ne da aka yi da girki a Arewacin Najeriya da wasu sassan Yammacin Najeriya . [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Ana danganta shi da abincin Hausawa . Yana kama da siffar Idli . Yana da ciki mai laushi da soso tare da wani yanki mai kauri na waje. Yana da ɗanɗano mai daɗi da tsami. [1] [ tabbacin da ya gaza ] Girke-girken Masa galibi suna buƙatar shinkafar da aka jika, har sai ta yi tsami kamar yadda ake so, kodayake akwai wasu nau'ikan da ke da wasu manyan sinadaran. Ana dafa masa a cikin wani kasko na musamman. Sinadaran sun haɗa da shinkafa, yisti, baking soda da yogurt. [2]<ref>Osinkolu, Lola (2015-09-08). "Stuffed savory Masa (Waina)". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 2026-01-09.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Abincin Hausawa]] hjqn6jiugx266orc8k5fcq2yuajag9y 829395 829394 2026-05-03T20:25:34Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348420628|Masa (Nigerian food)]]" 829395 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Cooked_masa.jpg|thumb|Masa / Waina]] '''Masa''', wanda aka fi sani da Waina, wani kek ne da aka yi da girki a Arewacin Najeriya da wasu sassan Yammacin Najeriya . [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Ana danganta shi da abincin Hausawa . Yana kama da siffar Idli . Yana da ciki mai laushi da soso tare da wani yanki mai kauri na waje. Yana da ɗanɗano mai daɗi da tsami. [1] [ tabbacin da ya gaza ] Girke-girken Masa galibi suna buƙatar shinkafar da aka jika, har sai ta yi tsami kamar yadda ake so, kodayake akwai wasu nau'ikan da ke da wasu manyan sinadaran. Ana dafa masa a cikin wani kasko na musamman. Sinadaran sun haɗa da shinkafa, yisti, baking soda da yogurt. [2]<ref>Osinkolu, Lola (2015-09-08). "Stuffed savory Masa (Waina)". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 2026-01-09.</ref><ref>How to make Masa or Waina ?". Top Nigerian Food Blog. 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2026-01-09.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Abincin Hausawa]] iheqc1ewyt8cdymkefa7qk5n0oqw8al 829396 829395 2026-05-03T20:25:56Z Sardeeq 39275 829396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Cooked_masa.jpg|thumb|Masa / Waina]] '''Masa''', wanda aka fi sani da Waina, wani kek ne da aka yi da girki a Arewacin Najeriya da wasu sassan Yammacin Najeriya . [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Ana danganta shi da abincin Hausawa . Yana kama da siffar Idli . Yana da ciki mai laushi da soso tare da wani yanki mai kauri na waje. Yana da ɗanɗano mai daɗi da tsami. [1] [ tabbacin da ya gaza ] Girke-girken Masa galibi suna buƙatar shinkafar da aka jika, har sai ta yi tsami kamar yadda ake so, kodayake akwai wasu nau'ikan da ke da wasu manyan sinadaran. Ana dafa masa a cikin wani kasko na musamman. Sinadaran sun haɗa da shinkafa, yisti, baking soda da yogurt. [2]<ref>Osinkolu, Lola (2015-09-08). "Stuffed savory Masa (Waina)". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 2026-01-09.</ref><ref>How to make Masa or Waina ?". Top Nigerian Food Blog. 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2026-01-09.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Abincin Hausawa]] lloljoy6om2o0nlgm8c3parxno81sm7 0 149058 829400 2026-05-03T20:31:17Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345784927|Owo soup]]" 829400 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Owo_Soup_and_starch_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Miyar Owo]] Miyar '''Oghwo evwri''' [[miya]] ce da ake ci a yankin kudu maso tsakiyar [[Najeriya]] . Ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin [[Mutanen Urhobo|Urhobo]], [[Mutanen Isoko|Isoko]], da [[Mutanen Itsekiri|Itsekiri]] . Ana yin miyar da [[Gari|Garri]] a jiƙa da ruwa bayan an ƙara man dabino da cakuda potash. A al'adance ana yin ta a bukukuwan aure a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] ; rashin zuwa bikin aure ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin cin mutunci ga baƙi. Haka kuma ana yin ta a wasu bukukuwan gargajiya. == Sunaye da Asalinsu == Ana kuma kiran miyar '''da oghwevwri''', '''oghwoevwri,''' '''oghwo''' ko '''owo.''' Ana kuma kiranta da '''oghwo ofigbo''', '''ogwofibo''' da wasu sunaye da yawa. Sunan "Oghwo evwri" yana nufin "miyar man dabino"; [[Manja|man dabino]] muhimmin sinadari ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Urhobo Owho Soup |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/soups/urhobo-owho-soup/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref> == Asali == Miyar Oghwo miya ce ta gargajiya a yankin kudu maso tsakiyar Najeriya. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title=Owo Soup |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-punch/20220409/282226604255356 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=[[Punch Nigeria]]}}</ref> Ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin kabilu kamar Urhobo. Miyar ana yin ta ne da [[Gari|garri]] da aka jika a cikin ruwa bayan an ƙara man dabino da cakuda potash. <ref name=":0" /> Akwai cece-kuce game da asalin miyar. A cewar tarihi, miyar ko dai ta fito ne daga mutanen Isoko, [[Isoko and Urhobo people|Isoko da Urhobo]] . Ana yawan shan miyar Owho a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] da kuma [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] inda kabilun biyu ke da yawan jama'a, kabilar Isoko da Urhobo Isoko galibi ana ganin su iri ɗaya ne da sauran kabilu saboda kamanceceniya da suke da ita a Al'adu, Abincinsu, Riguninsu da harsunansu da sauransu. Duk da cewa kabilar Isoko ta fi ƙabilanci idan aka kwatanta da urhobo, amma kabilar Isoko ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba saboda muhimmancinta a Noma, Ilimi, Rijiyoyin Mai da ƙari, su ma su ne ƙabila mafi arziki a Jihar Delta. Yana da matukar muhimmanci a lura cewa miyar OWO da Miyar Banga al'ada ce a ƙasar Isoko domin ƙasarsu tana da wadatar Bishiyoyi da Kifi (Noma da ƙari). Babu auren gargajiya da bukukuwa da ake yi a ƙasar Isoko ba tare da miyar OWO ba ko da akwai wasu nau'ikan abinci da ake da su. Miyar OWO dole ne ta kasance a wurin. Mutanen Isoko/rhobo suna girmama shi musamman. == Shiri == Ana yin miyar Owho daga kifi, man Banga, naman sa, crayfish, man dabino, da kuma potash inda ake zuba Garri a cikin man dabino mai kauri da potash. [1] [2] Wani lokaci, ana yin sa da wasu sinadarai kamar naman daji . [3] Da farko ana haɗa Garri don ya yi laushi, ana ƙara wasu sinadarai kamar cray fish da miyar ta shirya idan akwai mai a kai. [4] == Yin hidima == Ana cin miyar Owho da sitaci (usi) kamar su dafaffen [[doya]], dafaffen ayaba, dafaffen plantain ko dankali mai zaki ko wasu nau'ikan haɗiye amma wani lokacin ana cin su shi kaɗai. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title=Owo Soup |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-punch/20220409/282226604255356 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=[[Punch Nigeria]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-punch/20220409/282226604255356 "Owo Soup"]. ''[[The Punch|Punch Nigeria]]''. 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana kuma yin miyar a matsayin miya a wani lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lete |first=Nky Lily |date=2016-03-14 |title=Owo Soup - Oghwo Ofigbo {{!}} Ogwofibo |url=https://www.nigerianfoodtv.com/owo-soup-oghwo-ofigbo-ogwofibo/ |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=[[Nigerian Food TV]] |language=en-us}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Miyan Kwakwa|Miyar goro ta dabino]] * Ukodo * [[Shinkafar Banga]] == Manazarta == ks3djgos2fs09ubwyt9aysbahhrm19u 829401 829400 2026-05-03T20:31:40Z Sardeeq 39275 829401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Owo_Soup_and_starch_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Miyar Owo]] Miyar '''Oghwo evwri''' [[miya]] ce da ake ci a yankin kudu maso tsakiyar [[Najeriya]] . Ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin [[Mutanen Urhobo|Urhobo]], [[Mutanen Isoko|Isoko]], da [[Mutanen Itsekiri|Itsekiri]] . Ana yin miyar da [[Gari|Garri]] a jiƙa da ruwa bayan an ƙara man dabino da cakuda potash. A al'adance ana yin ta a bukukuwan aure a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] ; rashin zuwa bikin aure ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin cin mutunci ga baƙi. Haka kuma ana yin ta a wasu bukukuwan gargajiya. == Sunaye da Asalinsu == Ana kuma kiran miyar '''da oghwevwri''', '''oghwoevwri,''' '''oghwo''' ko '''owo.''' Ana kuma kiranta da '''oghwo ofigbo''', '''ogwofibo''' da wasu sunaye da yawa. Sunan "Oghwo evwri" yana nufin "miyar man dabino"; [[Manja|man dabino]] muhimmin sinadari ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Urhobo Owho Soup |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/soups/urhobo-owho-soup/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref> == Asali == Miyar Oghwo miya ce ta gargajiya a yankin kudu maso tsakiyar Najeriya. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title=Owo Soup |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-punch/20220409/282226604255356 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=[[Punch Nigeria]]}}</ref> Ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin kabilu kamar Urhobo. Miyar ana yin ta ne da [[Gari|garri]] da aka jika a cikin ruwa bayan an ƙara man dabino da cakuda potash. <ref name=":0" /> Akwai cece-kuce game da asalin miyar. A cewar tarihi, miyar ko dai ta fito ne daga mutanen Isoko, [[Isoko and Urhobo people|Isoko da Urhobo]] . Ana yawan shan miyar Owho a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] da kuma [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] inda kabilun biyu ke da yawan jama'a, kabilar Isoko da Urhobo Isoko galibi ana ganin su iri ɗaya ne da sauran kabilu saboda kamanceceniya da suke da ita a Al'adu, Abincinsu, Riguninsu da harsunansu da sauransu. Duk da cewa kabilar Isoko ta fi ƙabilanci idan aka kwatanta da urhobo, amma kabilar Isoko ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba saboda muhimmancinta a Noma, Ilimi, Rijiyoyin Mai da ƙari, su ma su ne ƙabila mafi arziki a Jihar Delta. Yana da matukar muhimmanci a lura cewa miyar OWO da Miyar Banga al'ada ce a ƙasar Isoko domin ƙasarsu tana da wadatar Bishiyoyi da Kifi (Noma da ƙari). Babu auren gargajiya da bukukuwa da ake yi a ƙasar Isoko ba tare da miyar OWO ba ko da akwai wasu nau'ikan abinci da ake da su. Miyar OWO dole ne ta kasance a wurin. Mutanen Isoko/rhobo suna girmama shi musamman. == Shiri == Ana yin miyar Owho daga kifi, man Banga, naman sa, crayfish, man dabino, da kuma potash inda ake zuba Garri a cikin man dabino mai kauri da potash. [1] [2] Wani lokaci, ana yin sa da wasu sinadarai kamar naman daji . [3] Da farko ana haɗa Garri don ya yi laushi, ana ƙara wasu sinadarai kamar cray fish da miyar ta shirya idan akwai mai a kai. [4] == Yin hidima == Ana cin miyar Owho da sitaci (usi) kamar su dafaffen [[doya]], dafaffen ayaba, dafaffen plantain ko dankali mai zaki ko wasu nau'ikan haɗiye amma wani lokacin ana cin su shi kaɗai. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title=Owo Soup |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-punch/20220409/282226604255356 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=[[Punch Nigeria]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-punch/20220409/282226604255356 "Owo Soup"]. ''[[The Punch|Punch Nigeria]]''. 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana kuma yin miyar a matsayin miya a wani lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lete |first=Nky Lily |date=2016-03-14 |title=Owo Soup - Oghwo Ofigbo {{!}} Ogwofibo |url=https://www.nigerianfoodtv.com/owo-soup-oghwo-ofigbo-ogwofibo/ |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=[[Nigerian Food TV]] |language=en-us}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Miyan Kwakwa|Miyar goro ta dabino]] * Ukodo * [[Shinkafar Banga]] == Manazarta == 94i043p0nnokah6hv5pkefnoe1rkepq 0 149059 829407 2026-05-03T21:14:33Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311274226|Broken rice]]" 829407 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Broken_rice_brisée.jpg|thumb|Shinkafar hagu, karyayye ko Mali; dama, shinkafa mai dogon hatsi. Na farko ya shahara a Senegal, inda ake amfani da shi a musanya da [[couscous]] .]] '''Shinkafar da ta karye''' gutsuttsuran hatsi ne na [[shinkafa]], waɗanda aka karya a gona, lokacin busarwa, lokacin jigilar kaya, ko lokacin niƙa. <ref name="long">{{Cite web |title=SAGE V FOODS, LLC. Types of rice |url=http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321024034/http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm |archive-date=21 March 2013 |access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref> Ana amfani da na'urorin rabawa na injiniya don raba hatsin da ya karye daga dukkan hatsin kuma a rarraba su bisa girmansu. Shinkafar da ta karye ta rabu biyu, ba a ɗauka a matsayin mai lahani ba, kuma banda kyawunta, tana daidai da shinkafar da ba ta karye ba. <ref name="AR2002">{{Cite web |title=USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 50, No. 5 |url=https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/may/rice |access-date=8 June 2018 |website=www.ars.usda.gov}}</ref> Tana da gina jiki kamar adadin shinkafar da ba ta karye ba (watau idan duk ƙwayar cuta da bran suka rage, tana da gina jiki kamar shinkafar launin ruwan kasa ; idan babu wanda ya rage, tana da gina jiki kamar [[Farar shinkafa|shinkafar fari]] ). Shinkafar da aka karya tana da dogon tarihi; [[Ibn Battuta|Ibn Baṭṭūṭa]] ya ambaci [[couscous]] na shinkafa a yankin [[Mali]] a shekarar 1350, ana kyautata zaton an yi ta ne da shinkafar Afirka . == Niƙa == Shinkafar da aka karya daga injin buller za ta yi launin ruwan kasa gaba ɗaya; shinkafar da aka karya daga injin niƙa za ta iya zama fari. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A lokacin niƙa, ''Oryza sativa'', wanda aka fi sani da shinkafar Asiya ko shinkafar paddy, yana samar da kusan kashi 50% na shinkafa gaba ɗaya sannan kimanin kashi 16% na shinkafar da aka karya, kashi 20% na bawon, kashi 14% na bran da kuma abinci. Shinkafar Afirka, ''Oryza glaberrima'', tana da hatsi masu rauni, <ref name="Chen-et-al-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Erwang |last2=Huang |first2=Xuehui |last3=Tian |first3=Zhixi |last4=Wing |first4=Rod A. |last5=Han |first5=Bin |date=2019-04-29 |title=The Genomics of ''Oryza'' Species Provides Insights into Rice Domestication and Heterosis |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=639–665 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100320 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=31035826 |s2cid=140266038}}</ref> don haka karyewar ta fi yawa. == Amfanin ɗan adam == [[Fayil:Broken_rice_upma_&_coconut_chutney.jpg|thumb|Abincin shinkafa [[Upma|mai]] kauri da aka dafa da albasa, barkono da citta, sannan aka yi hidima da chutney na kwakwa, daga [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:Cơm_tấm_sườn_bì_chả.jpg|left|thumb|Cơm tấm (a zahiri "shinkafa da aka karya") tare da yankakken naman alade na lemun tsami, daga [[Vietnam]] .]] [[Fayil:Thieboudienne_Mauritanienne.jpg|thumb|Wani thieboudienne daga [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], da shinkafar tumatir da aka karya, kifi, da kayan lambu.]] Saboda girman hatsi da siffarsu daban-daban, shinkafar da aka karya tana da laushi daban-daban daga shinkafar da ba ta karye ba, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saleh |first=Mohammed |last2=Meullenet |first2=Jean-Francois |date=May 2013 |title=Broken rice kernels and the kinetics of rice hydration and texture during cooking. |journal=J Sci Food Agric |volume=93 |issue=7 |pages=1673–9 |bibcode=2013JSFA...93.1673S |doi=10.1002/jsfa.5948 |pmid=23174947}}</ref> kuma tana shan ɗanɗano cikin sauƙi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yana dafawa da sauri, ba tare da amfani da mai ba, kuma ana iya amfani da shi wajen yin busassun shinkafa da congees, waɗanda ke buƙatar dogon lokacin girki. Nau'in da aka karye galibi suna da rahusa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=fsa.usda.gov Loan Values for 2007 Crop Whole Kernels and Broken Rice |url=https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/2007ricelr.pdf |access-date=8 June 2018 |publisher=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=fas.usda.gov USDA trade report |url=http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/TRADE%20REPORT%20-%20QUARTERLY%20IMPORTS_Dakar_Senegal_9-8-2009.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224142941/http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/TRADE%20REPORT%20-%20QUARTERLY%20IMPORTS_Dakar_Senegal_9-8-2009.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2012 |access-date=8 June 2018 |publisher=}}</ref> don haka talakawa masu sayayya sun fi son su, amma kuma ana cin su ne bisa ga zaɓi, tare da wasu littattafan girki suna bayanin yadda ake karya shinkafar da ba ta karye ba don samar da yanayin da ake so ko kuma saurin girki. Ana cin shinkafar da aka karya a matsayin wani ɓangare na abincin gida a Yammacin Afirka (inda shinkafar gargajiya ta Afirka ta fi sauƙin karyewa), Thailand, Bangladesh da sauran wurare a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. A Vietnam, cơm tấm (a zahiri "shinkafa da aka karya") sanannen abincin shinkafa ne da naman alade. Thieboudienne abinci ne mai shahara a yammacin Afirka wanda galibi ana yin sa da shinkafa da aka karya. Ana kiran shinkafa da aka karya grist na shinkafa ko middlins a Kudancin Carolina. A Bangladesh ana kiransa khood . Yawanci ana yi masa ado da barkono da aka gasa, tafarnuwa da man mustard. == Amfani da masana'antu == Ana kiran shinkafar da aka karya ƙarama da shinkafar masu yin giya, kamar yadda masu yin giya ke amfani da ita a al'ada, <ref name="long">{{Cite web |title=SAGE V FOODS, LLC. Types of rice |url=http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321024034/http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm |archive-date=21 March 2013 |access-date=8 June 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130321024034/http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm "SAGE V FOODS, LLC. Types of rice"]. Archived from [http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm the original] on 21 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="AR2002">{{Cite web |title=USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 50, No. 5 |url=https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/may/rice |access-date=8 June 2018 |website=www.ars.usda.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/may/rice "USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 50, No. 5"]. ''www.ars.usda.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="Life as a Grain of Rice", USDA Ag. Research Service |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=18769 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220090759/http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=18769 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref> kodayake ana sayar da ita ga wasu masu amfani. Misali, masana'antar abincin dabbobi na iya amfani da shinkafar da aka karya, da kuma kiwon dabbobi da kiwon kamun kifi. Ana kuma amfani da shinkafar da aka karya don yin sitaci wanda ake amfani da ita azaman sitaci na wanki da kuma a cikin abinci, kayan kwalliya da masana'antar yadi. == Manazarta == taqxqger33gm0bzypwo8s04hqs88dch 829408 829407 2026-05-03T21:15:29Z Sardeeq 39275 829408 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Broken_rice_brisée.jpg|thumb|Shinkafar hagu, karyayye ko Mali; dama, shinkafa mai dogon hatsi. Na farko ya shahara a Senegal, inda ake amfani da shi a musanya da [[couscous]] .]] '''Shinkafar da ta karye''' gutsuttsuran hatsi ne na [[shinkafa]], waɗanda aka karya a gona, lokacin busarwa, lokacin jigilar kaya, ko lokacin niƙa. <ref name="long">{{Cite web |title=SAGE V FOODS, LLC. Types of rice |url=http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321024034/http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm |archive-date=21 March 2013 |access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref> Ana amfani da na'urorin rabawa na injiniya don raba hatsin da ya karye daga dukkan hatsin kuma a rarraba su bisa girmansu. Shinkafar da ta karye ta rabu biyu, ba a ɗauka a matsayin mai lahani ba, kuma banda kyawunta, tana daidai da shinkafar da ba ta karye ba. <ref name="AR2002">{{Cite web |title=USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 50, No. 5 |url=https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/may/rice |access-date=8 June 2018 |website=www.ars.usda.gov}}</ref> Tana da gina jiki kamar adadin shinkafar da ba ta karye ba (watau idan duk ƙwayar cuta da bran suka rage, tana da gina jiki kamar shinkafar launin ruwan kasa ; idan babu wanda ya rage, tana da gina jiki kamar [[Farar shinkafa|shinkafar fari]] ). Shinkafar da aka karya tana da dogon tarihi; [[Ibn Battuta|Ibn Baṭṭūṭa]] ya ambaci [[couscous]] na shinkafa a yankin [[Mali]] a shekarar 1350, ana kyautata zaton an yi ta ne da shinkafar Afirka . == Niƙa == Shinkafar da aka karya daga injin buller za ta yi launin ruwan kasa gaba ɗaya; shinkafar da aka karya daga injin niƙa za ta iya zama fari. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A lokacin niƙa, ''Oryza sativa'', wanda aka fi sani da shinkafar Asiya ko shinkafar paddy, yana samar da kusan kashi 50% na shinkafa gaba ɗaya sannan kimanin kashi 16% na shinkafar da aka karya, kashi 20% na bawon, kashi 14% na bran da kuma abinci. Shinkafar Afirka, ''Oryza glaberrima'', tana da hatsi masu rauni, <ref name="Chen-et-al-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Erwang |last2=Huang |first2=Xuehui |last3=Tian |first3=Zhixi |last4=Wing |first4=Rod A. |last5=Han |first5=Bin |date=2019-04-29 |title=The Genomics of ''Oryza'' Species Provides Insights into Rice Domestication and Heterosis |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=639–665 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100320 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=31035826 |s2cid=140266038}}</ref> don haka karyewar ta fi yawa. == Amfanin ɗan adam == [[Fayil:Broken_rice_upma_&_coconut_chutney.jpg|thumb|Abincin shinkafa [[Upma|mai]] kauri da aka dafa da albasa, barkono da citta, sannan aka yi hidima da chutney na kwakwa, daga [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:Cơm_tấm_sườn_bì_chả.jpg|left|thumb|Cơm tấm (a zahiri "shinkafa da aka karya") tare da yankakken naman alade na lemun tsami, daga [[Vietnam]] .]] [[Fayil:Thieboudienne_Mauritanienne.jpg|thumb|Wani thieboudienne daga [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], da shinkafar tumatir da aka karya, kifi, da kayan lambu.]] Saboda girman hatsi da siffarsu daban-daban, shinkafar da aka karya tana da laushi daban-daban daga shinkafar da ba ta karye ba, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saleh |first=Mohammed |last2=Meullenet |first2=Jean-Francois |date=May 2013 |title=Broken rice kernels and the kinetics of rice hydration and texture during cooking. |journal=J Sci Food Agric |volume=93 |issue=7 |pages=1673–9 |bibcode=2013JSFA...93.1673S |doi=10.1002/jsfa.5948 |pmid=23174947}}</ref> kuma tana shan ɗanɗano cikin sauƙi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Yana dafawa da sauri, ba tare da amfani da mai ba, kuma ana iya amfani da shi wajen yin busassun shinkafa da congees, waɗanda ke buƙatar dogon lokacin girki. Nau'in da aka karye galibi suna da rahusa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=fsa.usda.gov Loan Values for 2007 Crop Whole Kernels and Broken Rice |url=https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/2007ricelr.pdf |access-date=8 June 2018 |publisher=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=fas.usda.gov USDA trade report |url=http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/TRADE%20REPORT%20-%20QUARTERLY%20IMPORTS_Dakar_Senegal_9-8-2009.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224142941/http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/TRADE%20REPORT%20-%20QUARTERLY%20IMPORTS_Dakar_Senegal_9-8-2009.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2012 |access-date=8 June 2018 |publisher=}}</ref> don haka talakawa masu sayayya sun fi son su, amma kuma ana cin su ne bisa ga zaɓi, tare da wasu littattafan girki suna bayanin yadda ake karya shinkafar da ba ta karye ba don samar da yanayin da ake so ko kuma saurin girki. Ana cin shinkafar da aka karya a matsayin wani ɓangare na abincin gida a Yammacin Afirka (inda shinkafar gargajiya ta Afirka ta fi sauƙin karyewa), Thailand, Bangladesh da sauran wurare a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. A Vietnam, cơm tấm (a zahiri "shinkafa da aka karya") sanannen abincin shinkafa ne da naman alade. Thieboudienne abinci ne mai shahara a yammacin Afirka wanda galibi ana yin sa da shinkafa da aka karya. Ana kiran shinkafa da aka karya grist na shinkafa ko middlins a Kudancin Carolina. A Bangladesh ana kiransa khood . Yawanci ana yi masa ado da barkono da aka gasa, tafarnuwa da man mustard. == Amfani da masana'antu == Ana kiran shinkafar da aka karya ƙarama da shinkafar masu yin giya, kamar yadda masu yin giya ke amfani da ita a al'ada, <ref name="long">{{Cite web |title=SAGE V FOODS, LLC. Types of rice |url=http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321024034/http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm |archive-date=21 March 2013 |access-date=8 June 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130321024034/http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm "SAGE V FOODS, LLC. Types of rice"]. Archived from [http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm the original] on 21 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="AR2002">{{Cite web |title=USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 50, No. 5 |url=https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/may/rice |access-date=8 June 2018 |website=www.ars.usda.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/may/rice "USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 50, No. 5"]. ''www.ars.usda.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="Life as a Grain of Rice", USDA Ag. Research Service |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=18769 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220090759/http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=18769 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref> kodayake ana sayar da ita ga wasu masu amfani. Misali, masana'antar abincin dabbobi na iya amfani da shinkafar da aka karya, da kuma kiwon dabbobi da kiwon kamun kifi. Ana kuma amfani da shinkafar da aka karya don yin sitaci wanda ake amfani da ita azaman sitaci na wanki da kuma a cikin abinci, kayan kwalliya da masana'antar yadi. == Manazarta == pg14c2x60jpsoih4e8vk3k7wc4vrrrj 829409 829408 2026-05-03T21:16:17Z Sardeeq 39275 829409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Broken_rice_brisée.jpg|thumb|Shinkafar hagu, karyayye ko Mali; dama, shinkafa mai dogon hatsi. Na farko ya shahara a Senegal, inda ake amfani da shi a musanya da [[couscous]] .]] '''Shinkafar da ta karye''' gutsuttsuran hatsi ne na [[shinkafa]], waɗanda aka karya a gona, lokacin busarwa, lokacin jigilar kaya, ko lokacin niƙa. <ref name="long">{{Cite web |title=SAGE V FOODS, LLC. Types of rice |url=http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321024034/http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm |archive-date=21 March 2013 |access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref> Ana amfani da na'urorin rabawa na injiniya don raba hatsin da ya karye daga dukkan hatsin kuma a rarraba su bisa girmansu. Shinkafar da ta karye ta rabu biyu, ba a ɗauka a matsayin mai lahani ba, kuma banda kyawunta, tana daidai da shinkafar da ba ta karye ba. <ref name="AR2002">{{Cite web |title=USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 50, No. 5 |url=https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/may/rice |access-date=8 June 2018 |website=www.ars.usda.gov}}</ref> Tana da gina jiki kamar adadin shinkafar da ba ta karye ba (watau idan duk ƙwayar cuta da bran suka rage, tana da gina jiki kamar shinkafar launin ruwan kasa ; idan babu wanda ya rage, tana da gina jiki kamar [[Farar shinkafa|shinkafar fari]] ). Shinkafar da aka karya tana da dogon tarihi; [[Ibn Battuta|Ibn Baṭṭūṭa]] ya ambaci [[couscous]] na shinkafa a yankin [[Mali]] a shekarar 1350, ana kyautata zaton an yi ta ne da shinkafar Afirka . == Niƙa == Shinkafar da aka karya daga injin buller za ta yi launin ruwan kasa gaba ɗaya; shinkafar da aka karya daga injin niƙa za ta iya zama fari. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A lokacin niƙa, ''Oryza sativa'', wanda aka fi sani da shinkafar Asiya ko shinkafar paddy, yana samar da kusan kashi 50% na shinkafa gaba ɗaya sannan kimanin kashi 16% na shinkafar da aka karya, kashi 20% na bawon, kashi 14% na bran da kuma abinci. Shinkafar Afirka, ''Oryza glaberrima'', tana da hatsi masu rauni, <ref name="Chen-et-al-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Erwang |last2=Huang |first2=Xuehui |last3=Tian |first3=Zhixi |last4=Wing |first4=Rod A. |last5=Han |first5=Bin |date=2019-04-29 |title=The Genomics of ''Oryza'' Species Provides Insights into Rice Domestication and Heterosis |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=639–665 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100320 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=31035826 |s2cid=140266038}}</ref> don haka karyewar ta fi yawa. == Amfanin ɗan adam == [[Fayil:Broken_rice_upma_&_coconut_chutney.jpg|thumb|Abincin shinkafa [[Upma|mai]] kauri da aka dafa da albasa, barkono da citta, sannan aka yi hidima da chutney na kwakwa, daga [[Indiya]]]] [[Fayil:Cơm_tấm_sườn_bì_chả.jpg|left|thumb|Cơm tấm (a zahiri "shinkafa da aka karya") tare da yankakken naman alade na lemun tsami, daga [[Vietnam]] .]] [[Fayil:Thieboudienne_Mauritanienne.jpg|thumb|Wani thieboudienne daga [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], da shinkafar tumatir da aka karya, kifi, da kayan lambu.]] Saboda girman hatsi da siffarsu daban-daban, shinkafar da aka karya tana da laushi daban-daban daga shinkafar da ba ta karye ba, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saleh |first=Mohammed |last2=Meullenet |first2=Jean-Francois |date=May 2013 |title=Broken rice kernels and the kinetics of rice hydration and texture during cooking. |journal=J Sci Food Agric |volume=93 |issue=7 |pages=1673–9 |bibcode=2013JSFA...93.1673S |doi=10.1002/jsfa.5948 |pmid=23174947}}</ref> kuma tana shan ɗanɗano cikin sauƙi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Yana dafawa da sauri, ba tare da amfani da mai ba, kuma ana iya amfani da shi wajen yin busassun shinkafa da congees, waɗanda ke buƙatar dogon lokacin girki. Nau'in da aka karye galibi suna da rahusa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=fsa.usda.gov Loan Values for 2007 Crop Whole Kernels and Broken Rice |url=https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/2007ricelr.pdf |access-date=8 June 2018 |publisher=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=fas.usda.gov USDA trade report |url=http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/TRADE%20REPORT%20-%20QUARTERLY%20IMPORTS_Dakar_Senegal_9-8-2009.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224142941/http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/TRADE%20REPORT%20-%20QUARTERLY%20IMPORTS_Dakar_Senegal_9-8-2009.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2012 |access-date=8 June 2018 |publisher=}}</ref> don haka talakawa masu sayayya sun fi son su, amma kuma ana cin su ne bisa ga zaɓi, tare da wasu littattafan girki suna bayanin yadda ake karya shinkafar da ba ta karye ba don samar da yanayin da ake so ko kuma saurin girki. Ana cin shinkafar da aka karya a matsayin wani ɓangare na abincin gida a Yammacin Afirka (inda shinkafar gargajiya ta Afirka ta fi sauƙin karyewa), Thailand, Bangladesh da sauran wurare a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. A Vietnam, cơm tấm (a zahiri "shinkafa da aka karya") sanannen abincin shinkafa ne da naman alade. Thieboudienne abinci ne mai shahara a yammacin Afirka wanda galibi ana yin sa da shinkafa da aka karya. Ana kiran shinkafa da aka karya grist na shinkafa ko middlins a Kudancin Carolina. A Bangladesh ana kiransa khood . Yawanci ana yi masa ado da barkono da aka gasa, tafarnuwa da man mustard. == Amfani da masana'antu == Ana kiran shinkafar da aka karya ƙarama da shinkafar masu yin giya, kamar yadda masu yin giya ke amfani da ita a al'ada, <ref name="long">{{Cite web |title=SAGE V FOODS, LLC. Types of rice |url=http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321024034/http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm |archive-date=21 March 2013 |access-date=8 June 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130321024034/http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm "SAGE V FOODS, LLC. Types of rice"]. Archived from [http://www.sagevfoods.com/MainPages/Rice101/Types.htm the original] on 21 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="AR2002">{{Cite web |title=USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 50, No. 5 |url=https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/may/rice |access-date=8 June 2018 |website=www.ars.usda.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/may/rice "USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 50, No. 5"]. ''www.ars.usda.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="Life as a Grain of Rice", USDA Ag. Research Service |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=18769 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220090759/http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=18769 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref> kodayake ana sayar da ita ga wasu masu amfani. Misali, masana'antar abincin dabbobi na iya amfani da shinkafar da aka karya, da kuma kiwon dabbobi da kiwon kamun kifi. Ana kuma amfani da shinkafar da aka karya don yin sitaci wanda ake amfani da ita azaman sitaci na wanki da kuma a cikin abinci, kayan kwalliya da masana'antar yadi. == Manazarta == g1rd43oahombtbvjdb2a1bc518clck8 0 149060 829410 2026-05-03T21:19:42Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342853967|Bottarga]]" 829410 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bottarga''' shine jakar kifi mai gishiri, wadda aka warke, yawanci ana yin ta ne da launin toka ko tuna mai launin shuɗi ( Italian ) An samar da nau'in da aka fi sani a [[Abincin Bahar Rum|yankin Bahar Rum]] ; irin waɗannan abincin sune {{Lang|ja-Latn|[[karasumi]]}} na Japan da Taiwan {{Lang|zh-Latn|[[wūyú zǐ]]}}, wanda yake da laushi, kuma {{Lang|ko-Latn|[[eoran]]}} na Koriya, daga gangunan mullet ko ruwan sha mai tsafta. Yana da sunaye da yawa kuma ana shirya shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Saboda ƙarancinsa da kuma shirye-shiryensa, yana da tsada kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin sha mai daɗi. == Sunaye da Asalinsu == An aro sunan Ingilishi, ''bottarga'', daga Italiyanci. Ana tsammanin an gabatar da sigar Italiyanci daga {{Lang|ar-Latn|buṭarḫah}} [[Larabci|ta Larabci]] ( {{Lang|ar|بطارخة}} ), nau'in jam'i {{Lang|ar-Latn|buṭariḫ}} ( ‏ , kanta daga Girkanci na Byzantine {{Lang|grc-x-byzant|ᾠοτάριχον}} ( {{Lang|grc-Latn|oiotárikhon}} ), hade da kalmomin ᾠόν ('kwai') da {{Lang|grc|τάριχον}} ('wanda aka yi wa pickled'). <ref name="oed" /> Ana iya rubuta sigar Italiyanci zuwa {{Circa|1500}}, a matsayin sigar Girkanci ta kalmar, lokacin da aka fassara ta zuwa [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] kamar {{Lang|la|ova tarycha}}, yana faruwa a cikin Bartolomeo Platina 's {{Lang|it|[[De honesta voluptate et valetudine|De honesta voluptate]]}} ( {{Circa|1474}} ), littafin girke-girke na farko da aka buga. A cikin wani rubutun Italiya wanda "ya yi kama da juna" da littafin girke-girke na Platina kuma ya kasance jim kaɗan bayan buga shi, {{Lang|it|botarghe}} an tabbatar da shi a cikin nassin da ya dace. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hughes|Wasson|1947}}. Italian MS in the Bitting Collection in the Rare Book Room of the United States [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]]. In Platina, the word is the Latin transliteration of {{Lang|grc|ὠβά τάριχα}}.</ref> Ambaton farko na sifar Girkanci ( {{Lang|grc-Latn|oiotárikhon}} ) ya faru a ƙarni na 11, a cikin rubuce-rubucen Simeon Seth, wanda ya yi Allah wadai da abincin a matsayin abin da ya kamata a "guje masa gaba ɗaya", kodayake ana iya amfani da irin wannan jumla tun zamanin da a cikin wannan ma'anar. An yi iƙirarin cewa cocin Coptic outarakhon yana iya zama tsaka-tsaki tsakanin Girkanci da Larabci, [1] yayin da ake nazarin bambance-bambancen dialectical na Girkanci ᾠόν 'ƙwai' ya haɗa da Pontic Greek ὠβόν (a al'adance inda ake kama mullets), da kuma ὀβό ko βό a wasu sassan Asiya Ƙarama . [2] Sunan Girka na zamani ya fito ne daga Girkanci na Byzantine, wanda ya maye gurbin kalmar zamani αυγό don kalmar da ta daɗe ᾠóν . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Simon_Seth_on_botargo_.jpg|thumb|Umarnin likitan Byzantine na ƙarni na 10 Simeon Seth game da ''ootaricho'' (siffar kalmar Girka ta zamanin da): ku guji ta gaba ɗaya. BNF MS suppl. grec 634, f. 254v cikakken bayani.]] An fara rubuta tarihin samar da Bottarga a yankin Nilu Delta a ƙarni na 10 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. <ref name="semplice">Dino Joannides, ''Semplice: Real Italian Food: Ingredients and Recipes'', 2014, {{ISBN|1409052486}}, ''s.v.''</ref> A ƙarni na 15, Martino da Como ya bayyana yadda ake samar da bottarga ta hanyar yin gishiri sannan a sha taba don busar da shi. <ref>Maestro Martino da Como, trans. Stefania Barzini, ''The Art of Cooking: The First Modern Cookery Book'', 2005, {{ISBN|0520928318}}, p. 112.</ref> == Shiri == Ana yin Bottarga ne musamman daga jakar roe na mullet mai launin toka. Wani lokaci ana yin sa ne daga tuna mai launin shuɗi na Atlantic ( {{Lang|it|bottarga di tonno rosso}} ) ko kuma tuna mai launin rawaya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coroneo |first=V. |year=2009 |others=Brandas, V., Sanna, A., Sanna, C., Carraro, V., Dessi, S., Meloni, M. |title=Microbiological characterization of botargo. Classical and molecular microbiological methods |url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093112173.html;jsessionid=B9E73C6777AEE82BBC5C25B7191DE1B6 |url-status=dead |journal=Industrie Alimentari |volume=48 |pages=29–36 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070807/http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093112173.html;jsessionid=B9E73C6777AEE82BBC5C25B7191DE1B6 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |access-date=2014-04-06}}</ref> Ana tausa shi da hannu don cire iska a cikin aljihu, sannan a busar da shi a cikin gishirin teku na tsawon makonni. Sakamakon haka shine tauri da bushewa. A da, galibi ana shafa shi da kakin zuma don kiyaye shi, kamar yadda yake a Girka da Masar. <ref name="OCIF">{{Cite book|last3=Gillian Riley}}</ref> == Manazarta == rr0zgfrmdpyb72oot0zi8bru9fsziev 829411 829410 2026-05-03T21:20:17Z Sardeeq 39275 829411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bottarga''' shine jakar kifi mai gishiri, wadda aka warke, yawanci ana yin ta ne da launin toka ko tuna mai launin shuɗi ( Italian ) An samar da nau'in da aka fi sani a [[Abincin Bahar Rum|yankin Bahar Rum]] ; irin waɗannan abincin sune {{Lang|ja-Latn|[[karasumi]]}} na Japan da Taiwan {{Lang|zh-Latn|[[wūyú zǐ]]}}, wanda yake da laushi, kuma {{Lang|ko-Latn|[[eoran]]}} na Koriya, daga gangunan mullet ko ruwan sha mai tsafta. Yana da sunaye da yawa kuma ana shirya shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Saboda ƙarancinsa da kuma shirye-shiryensa, yana da tsada kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin sha mai daɗi. == Sunaye da Asalinsu == An aro sunan Ingilishi, ''bottarga'', daga Italiyanci. Ana tsammanin an gabatar da sigar Italiyanci daga {{Lang|ar-Latn|buṭarḫah}} [[Larabci|ta Larabci]] ( {{Lang|ar|بطارخة}} ), nau'in jam'i {{Lang|ar-Latn|buṭariḫ}} ( ‏ , kanta daga Girkanci na Byzantine {{Lang|grc-x-byzant|ᾠοτάριχον}} ( {{Lang|grc-Latn|oiotárikhon}} ), hade da kalmomin ᾠόν ('kwai') da {{Lang|grc|τάριχον}} ('wanda aka yi wa pickled'). <ref name="oed" /> Ana iya rubuta sigar Italiyanci zuwa {{Circa|1500}}, a matsayin sigar Girkanci ta kalmar, lokacin da aka fassara ta zuwa [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] kamar {{Lang|la|ova tarycha}}, yana faruwa a cikin Bartolomeo Platina 's {{Lang|it|[[De honesta voluptate et valetudine|De honesta voluptate]]}} ( {{Circa|1474}} ), littafin girke-girke na farko da aka buga. A cikin wani rubutun Italiya wanda "ya yi kama da juna" da littafin girke-girke na Platina kuma ya kasance jim kaɗan bayan buga shi, {{Lang|it|botarghe}} an tabbatar da shi a cikin nassin da ya dace. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hughes|Wasson|1947}}. Italian MS in the Bitting Collection in the Rare Book Room of the United States [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]]. In Platina, the word is the Latin transliteration of {{Lang|grc|ὠβά τάριχα}}.</ref> Ambaton farko na sifar Girkanci ( {{Lang|grc-Latn|oiotárikhon}} ) ya faru a ƙarni na 11, a cikin rubuce-rubucen Simeon Seth, wanda ya yi Allah wadai da abincin a matsayin abin da ya kamata a "guje masa gaba ɗaya", kodayake ana iya amfani da irin wannan jumla tun zamanin da a cikin wannan ma'anar. An yi iƙirarin cewa cocin Coptic outarakhon yana iya zama tsaka-tsaki tsakanin Girkanci da Larabci, [1] yayin da ake nazarin bambance-bambancen dialectical na Girkanci ᾠόν 'ƙwai' ya haɗa da Pontic Greek ὠβόν (a al'adance inda ake kama mullets), da kuma ὀβό ko βό a wasu sassan Asiya Ƙarama . [2] Sunan Girka na zamani ya fito ne daga Girkanci na Byzantine, wanda ya maye gurbin kalmar zamani αυγό don kalmar da ta daɗe ᾠóν . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Simon_Seth_on_botargo_.jpg|thumb|Umarnin likitan Byzantine na ƙarni na 10 Simeon Seth game da ''ootaricho'' (siffar kalmar Girka ta zamanin da): ku guji ta gaba ɗaya. BNF MS suppl. grec 634, f. 254v cikakken bayani.]] An fara rubuta tarihin samar da Bottarga a yankin Nilu Delta a ƙarni na 10 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. <ref name="semplice">Dino Joannides, ''Semplice: Real Italian Food: Ingredients and Recipes'', 2014, {{ISBN|1409052486}}, ''s.v.''</ref> A ƙarni na 15, Martino da Como ya bayyana yadda ake samar da bottarga ta hanyar yin gishiri sannan a sha taba don busar da shi. <ref>Maestro Martino da Como, trans. Stefania Barzini, ''The Art of Cooking: The First Modern Cookery Book'', 2005, {{ISBN|0520928318}}, p. 112.</ref> == Shiri == Ana yin Bottarga ne musamman daga jakar roe na mullet mai launin toka. Wani lokaci ana yin sa ne daga tuna mai launin shuɗi na Atlantic ( {{Lang|it|bottarga di tonno rosso}} ) ko kuma tuna mai launin rawaya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coroneo |first=V. |year=2009 |others=Brandas, V., Sanna, A., Sanna, C., Carraro, V., Dessi, S., Meloni, M. |title=Microbiological characterization of botargo. Classical and molecular microbiological methods |url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093112173.html;jsessionid=B9E73C6777AEE82BBC5C25B7191DE1B6 |url-status=dead |journal=Industrie Alimentari |volume=48 |pages=29–36 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070807/http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093112173.html;jsessionid=B9E73C6777AEE82BBC5C25B7191DE1B6 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |access-date=2014-04-06}}</ref> Ana tausa shi da hannu don cire iska a cikin aljihu, sannan a busar da shi a cikin gishirin teku na tsawon makonni. Sakamakon haka shine tauri da bushewa. A da, galibi ana shafa shi da kakin zuma don kiyaye shi, kamar yadda yake a Girka da Masar. <ref name="OCIF">{{Cite book|last3=Gillian Riley}}</ref> == Manazarta == h394q0aheiukdqap6dh3k8880elaf70 3 149061 829412 2026-05-03T21:23:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829412 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ahmed1215617! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ahmed1215617|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 9tfpwuuhp5itod0uxmd9laylmkmj4ug 3 149062 829413 2026-05-03T21:23:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829413 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Amrendra kumar ray! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Amrendra kumar ray|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) d4rgjfz370cuxyh3e5712uy36yfv02x 0 149063 829414 2026-05-03T21:23:30Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344942427|Zrig]]" 829414 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Zrig''''' ( Hassaniyya ko kuma {{Lang|mey|زريك}}, {{Transl|mey|zrik}} ; Fula <ref name="Chastanet">{{Cite journal |last=Chastanet |first=Monique |year=2008 |title=La cuisine de Tombouctou (Mali), entre Afrique subsaharienne et Maghreb |trans-title=The cuisine of Timbuktu (Mali), between sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2008_num_59_1_2670 |journal=Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire |language=fr |publisher=PERSEE Program |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=47–73 |doi=10.3406/horma.2008.2670 |issn=0984-2616}}</ref> {{Rp|69}}) {{Efn|Other regional names include {{lang|ar|الشنين}} ''šnīn'' ([[Adrar region]]);<ref name=Ruf/>{{rp|143}}, {{lang|ar|المذق}}, ''madhaq''<ref name=Jedou/><ref name=Badi/>}} wani abin sha ne na madara mai tsami na yammacin [[Sahara]] . Abin sha ne na gargajiya na abincin [[Abincin Mauritania|Mauritania]], [[Senegalese cuisine|Senegal]] da [[Abincin Yammacin Sahara|Yammacin Sahara]], ''zrig'' an yi shi ne da madara mai tsami ( French ) a gauraya da sukari a yanka da ruwa; nau'ikan yankuna sun haɗa da ƙara kayan ƙanshi da hatsi. ''Zrig'' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan sha da ake bayarwa ga baƙi tare da [[Maghrebi mint shayi|shayin mint na Maghrebi]] ( Hassaniyya ) Ana darajanta shi da cewa yana wartsakewa a yanayin Sahara, kuma ana cin sa ne a al'ada a farkon [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|buda baki]] a lokacin Ramadan . == Shiri == [[Fayil:Little_kid_welcoming_a_stranger_with_a_bowl_of_milk_(cropped).jpg|alt=Man in loose blue robe drinking from wooden bowl next to an SUV, with a child looking on; they are in the desert|thumb|An gabatar da baƙo da ''{{Interlanguage link|gdah|de}}'' na ''zrig'' ta wani yaro a Atar, Mauritania]] Ana yin ''Zrig'' ne da madara mai tsami a gauraya da sukari sannan a yanka shi da ruwa. A Senegal, yawanci ana amfani da [[Madara|madarar saniya]] ; a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] da Yammacin Sahara, ana amfani da [[Madara ta raƙumi|madarar raƙumi]] ko madarar akuya . Haka kuma ana amfani da madarar foda ( ''selya, mew'' ). Ana tsoma madarar a cikin ruwan tsami na tsawon awanni huɗu ko biyar, sannan a tace - a al'adance ta hanyar fatar akuya - sannan a gauraya da ruwa da sukari ta hanyar naɗe hadin a tsakanin kwano biyu. <ref name="Chastanet">{{Cite journal |last=Chastanet |first=Monique |year=2008 |title=La cuisine de Tombouctou (Mali), entre Afrique subsaharienne et Maghreb |trans-title=The cuisine of Timbuktu (Mali), between sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2008_num_59_1_2670 |journal=Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire |language=fr |publisher=PERSEE Program |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=47–73 |doi=10.3406/horma.2008.2670 |issn=0984-2616}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChastanet2008">Chastanet, Monique (2008). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2008_num_59_1_2670 "La cuisine de Tombouctou (Mali), entre Afrique subsaharienne et Maghreb"] &#x5B;The cuisine of Timbuktu (Mali), between sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb&#x5D;. ''Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire'' (in French). '''59''' (1). PERSEE Program: <span class="nowrap">47–</span>73. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3406/horma.2008.2670|10.3406/horma.2008.2670]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0984-2616 0984-2616].</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> {{Rp|69}}<ref name="Ahmed">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=El Hacen Moulaye |date=Feb 2025 |title=Culture Profile: Mauritania |url=https://democraticac.de/?p=102405 |journal=Journal of Afro-Asian Studies |issue=24 |pages=350-364}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambancen yankuna da yawa don ''zrig.'' Wani nau'in da ake kira senguetti daga Hodh Ech Chargui ya haɗa da gasasshen ko ''{{Interlanguage link|mehraz|fr}}'' - [[gero]] da aka niƙa; a Oualata, ana ƙara barkono barkono, saboda tasirin [[abincin Mali]] . <ref name="Ahmed">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=El Hacen Moulaye |date=Feb 2025 |title=Culture Profile: Mauritania |url=https://democraticac.de/?p=102405 |journal=Journal of Afro-Asian Studies |issue=24 |pages=350-364}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAhmed2025">Ahmed, El Hacen Moulaye (February 2025). [https://democraticac.de/?p=102405 "Culture Profile: Mauritania"]. ''Journal of Afro-Asian Studies'' (24): <span class="nowrap">350–</span>364.</cite></ref> A cikin [[abincin Yammacin Sahara]], ana ƙara garin masara da aka gasa. ''Zrig na zamani,'' musamman a birane, ana iya haɗa shi da wasu abubuwan sha kamar soda mai lemu don dandano. <ref name="Maxey">{{Cite web |last=Maxey |first=David |title=The Best of Noudhibou – Museum of the Peace Corps Experience |url=https://museumofthepeacecorpsexperience.org/story/the-best-of-noudhibou |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=museumofthepeacecorpsexperience.org}}</ref> == Amfani da al'adu == Yawanci ana shan Zrig a matsayin abin sha na karin kumallo kafin shayi, a matsayin abin kashe ƙishirwa a lokacin zafi na rana, da kuma lokacin da ake nuna karimci ga baƙi. [1] A al'ada ana shan sa ne daga gdah [de] , kwano na katako da aka sassaka a al'ada, ko kuma a sha daga kwalbar calabash kai tsaye. [2] [3] Abin sha ne da aka saba sha a lokacin buda baki a lokacin Ramadan, don karya azumi kafin a sha kofuna uku na shayin nama na Maghrebi na gargajiya. [3] [4] A Mauritania, yawancin al'ummar [[Haratin]] suna da ƙananan dabbobin gida, don haka shan madara ya fi kama da na Beidane . Shirya madarar da aka naɗe don samar da ''zrig'' aikin mace ne; lokaci na farko da mace ke yin madarar da aka naɗe ga iyali muhimmin al'ada ce ta wucewa ( {{Lang|mey|el-marwab}} Mazauna birane sun daɗe suna yawon shakatawa na likitanci, suna zama a ƙauye tare da makiyaya a lokacin hunturu don cin ƙarin madara, da nufin inganta abincinsu. == Manazarta == fx742mazes4ldkmiue3bf9z8nhyt7p3 829418 829414 2026-05-03T21:24:02Z Sardeeq 39275 829418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Zrig''''' ( Hassaniyya ko kuma {{Lang|mey|زريك}}, {{Transl|mey|zrik}} ; Fula <ref name="Chastanet">{{Cite journal |last=Chastanet |first=Monique |year=2008 |title=La cuisine de Tombouctou (Mali), entre Afrique subsaharienne et Maghreb |trans-title=The cuisine of Timbuktu (Mali), between sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2008_num_59_1_2670 |journal=Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire |language=fr |publisher=PERSEE Program |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=47–73 |doi=10.3406/horma.2008.2670 |issn=0984-2616}}</ref> {{Rp|69}}) {{Efn|Other regional names include {{lang|ar|الشنين}} ''šnīn'' ([[Adrar region]]);<ref name=Ruf/>{{rp|143}}, {{lang|ar|المذق}}, ''madhaq''<ref name=Jedou/><ref name=Badi/>}} wani abin sha ne na madara mai tsami na yammacin [[Sahara]] . Abin sha ne na gargajiya na abincin [[Abincin Mauritania|Mauritania]], [[Senegalese cuisine|Senegal]] da [[Abincin Yammacin Sahara|Yammacin Sahara]], ''zrig'' an yi shi ne da madara mai tsami ( French ) a gauraya da sukari a yanka da ruwa; nau'ikan yankuna sun haɗa da ƙara kayan ƙanshi da hatsi. ''Zrig'' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan sha da ake bayarwa ga baƙi tare da [[Maghrebi mint shayi|shayin mint na Maghrebi]] ( Hassaniyya ) Ana darajanta shi da cewa yana wartsakewa a yanayin Sahara, kuma ana cin sa ne a al'ada a farkon [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|buda baki]] a lokacin Ramadan . == Shiri == [[Fayil:Little_kid_welcoming_a_stranger_with_a_bowl_of_milk_(cropped).jpg|alt=Man in loose blue robe drinking from wooden bowl next to an SUV, with a child looking on; they are in the desert|thumb|An gabatar da baƙo da ''{{Interlanguage link|gdah|de}}'' na ''zrig'' ta wani yaro a Atar, Mauritania]] Ana yin ''Zrig'' ne da madara mai tsami a gauraya da sukari sannan a yanka shi da ruwa. A Senegal, yawanci ana amfani da [[Madara|madarar saniya]] ; a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] da Yammacin Sahara, ana amfani da [[Madara ta raƙumi|madarar raƙumi]] ko madarar akuya . Haka kuma ana amfani da madarar foda ( ''selya, mew'' ). Ana tsoma madarar a cikin ruwan tsami na tsawon awanni huɗu ko biyar, sannan a tace - a al'adance ta hanyar fatar akuya - sannan a gauraya da ruwa da sukari ta hanyar naɗe hadin a tsakanin kwano biyu. <ref name="Chastanet">{{Cite journal |last=Chastanet |first=Monique |year=2008 |title=La cuisine de Tombouctou (Mali), entre Afrique subsaharienne et Maghreb |trans-title=The cuisine of Timbuktu (Mali), between sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2008_num_59_1_2670 |journal=Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire |language=fr |publisher=PERSEE Program |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=47–73 |doi=10.3406/horma.2008.2670 |issn=0984-2616}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChastanet2008">Chastanet, Monique (2008). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2008_num_59_1_2670 "La cuisine de Tombouctou (Mali), entre Afrique subsaharienne et Maghreb"] &#x5B;The cuisine of Timbuktu (Mali), between sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb&#x5D;. ''Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire'' (in French). '''59''' (1). PERSEE Program: <span class="nowrap">47–</span>73. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3406/horma.2008.2670|10.3406/horma.2008.2670]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0984-2616 0984-2616].</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> {{Rp|69}}<ref name="Ahmed">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=El Hacen Moulaye |date=Feb 2025 |title=Culture Profile: Mauritania |url=https://democraticac.de/?p=102405 |journal=Journal of Afro-Asian Studies |issue=24 |pages=350-364}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambancen yankuna da yawa don ''zrig.'' Wani nau'in da ake kira senguetti daga Hodh Ech Chargui ya haɗa da gasasshen ko ''{{Interlanguage link|mehraz|fr}}'' - [[gero]] da aka niƙa; a Oualata, ana ƙara barkono barkono, saboda tasirin [[abincin Mali]] . <ref name="Ahmed">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=El Hacen Moulaye |date=Feb 2025 |title=Culture Profile: Mauritania |url=https://democraticac.de/?p=102405 |journal=Journal of Afro-Asian Studies |issue=24 |pages=350-364}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAhmed2025">Ahmed, El Hacen Moulaye (February 2025). [https://democraticac.de/?p=102405 "Culture Profile: Mauritania"]. ''Journal of Afro-Asian Studies'' (24): <span class="nowrap">350–</span>364.</cite></ref> A cikin [[abincin Yammacin Sahara]], ana ƙara garin masara da aka gasa. ''Zrig na zamani,'' musamman a birane, ana iya haɗa shi da wasu abubuwan sha kamar soda mai lemu don dandano. <ref name="Maxey">{{Cite web |last=Maxey |first=David |title=The Best of Noudhibou – Museum of the Peace Corps Experience |url=https://museumofthepeacecorpsexperience.org/story/the-best-of-noudhibou |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=museumofthepeacecorpsexperience.org}}</ref> == Amfani da al'adu == Yawanci ana shan Zrig a matsayin abin sha na karin kumallo kafin shayi, a matsayin abin kashe ƙishirwa a lokacin zafi na rana, da kuma lokacin da ake nuna karimci ga baƙi. [1] A al'ada ana shan sa ne daga gdah [de] , kwano na katako da aka sassaka a al'ada, ko kuma a sha daga kwalbar calabash kai tsaye. [2] [3] Abin sha ne da aka saba sha a lokacin buda baki a lokacin Ramadan, don karya azumi kafin a sha kofuna uku na shayin nama na Maghrebi na gargajiya. [3] [4] A Mauritania, yawancin al'ummar [[Haratin]] suna da ƙananan dabbobin gida, don haka shan madara ya fi kama da na Beidane . Shirya madarar da aka naɗe don samar da ''zrig'' aikin mace ne; lokaci na farko da mace ke yin madarar da aka naɗe ga iyali muhimmin al'ada ce ta wucewa ( {{Lang|mey|el-marwab}} Mazauna birane sun daɗe suna yawon shakatawa na likitanci, suna zama a ƙauye tare da makiyaya a lokacin hunturu don cin ƙarin madara, da nufin inganta abincinsu. == Manazarta == sein59o2zmm61b42vp9k55kdgdk214z 3 149064 829415 2026-05-03T21:23:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829415 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Buszmail! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Buszmail|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) jpz1zstdn8umul2oxn07s600bo1p62x 3 149065 829416 2026-05-03T21:23:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829416 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Take Mirrenberg! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Take Mirrenberg|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 173a1t3vtv8hgj3nlicgmvjny9e5dut 3 149066 829417 2026-05-03T21:23:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829417 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AsmudSemen! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AsmudSemen|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) rt6zb5ah878vi8eb0imrl4dhzh3b0ln 3 149067 829419 2026-05-03T21:24:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829419 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, T. Wirbitzki! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/T. Wirbitzki|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) gt7qh98pck1qj3sc9yastno15lcfav5 3 149068 829420 2026-05-03T21:24:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829420 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gedmfc! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gedmfc|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) lgjvnpteciarcr9bdjz5x2ej9ak7m1n 3 149069 829421 2026-05-03T21:24:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829421 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Chrisnnadi555! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Chrisnnadi555|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) n76kfe6ddwgaosie55uk0hwijlf34hc 3 149070 829422 2026-05-03T21:24:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829422 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bishaldev100! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bishaldev100|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) svos5aeh8745tgdhoitoon4ub2gevw3 3 149071 829423 2026-05-03T21:24:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829423 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Animaǂ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Animaǂ|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) t6ztc10wjmzn0xv1ktao4diru8ve2af 3 149072 829424 2026-05-03T21:24:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829424 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aysharthss! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aysharthss|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 4s7s2porvqm3x2l6gf7xl599a1arxds 3 149073 829425 2026-05-03T21:25:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829425 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Golgbachev! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Golgbachev|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 39wr2mzoav4ui3gwh0admo89fecll6j 3 149074 829426 2026-05-03T21:25:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829426 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yasirubk! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yasirubk|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) eiy3u8duavsyvflkm5vyhcezvypfdt5 3 149075 829427 2026-05-03T21:25:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829427 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Razakar24! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Razakar24|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 3hddmpcwxmpb90ki3f3z9xs1vnwalab 3 149076 829428 2026-05-03T21:25:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829428 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gvelf! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gvelf|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) ps5ekl0auajps2d23bhcesurgw9st9b 3 149077 829429 2026-05-03T21:25:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829429 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Freetrashbox! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Freetrashbox|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) sh31ea7a9o95m11f2l936ddsodmztgo 3 149078 829430 2026-05-03T21:25:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829430 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Saadatu maje! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Saadatu maje|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) n0pm91emk57heg3afvcv97al7xbi0ji 3 149079 829431 2026-05-03T21:26:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829431 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 261026CQ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/261026CQ|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) e0ecz7cp8t3fk5xk8cl3s1t9lyht7z7 3 149080 829432 2026-05-03T21:26:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829432 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rndmnss! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rndmnss|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) mxoezlqryil3zhdpczgvap0hfwnrhra 3 149081 829433 2026-05-03T21:26:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829433 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SnazzySnazzles! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SnazzySnazzles|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 7eqehgze5vct0tszjtheym2ugcrcc4g 0 149082 829434 2026-05-03T21:26:25Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344185424|Thiere]]" 829434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thiere''' ko ''thiéré'' (Senegal, Harshen Mauritaniya) ko ''chere'' / ''chereh'' / ''cherreh'' (harufan Gambiya), daga [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]] ''cere'', kanta daga sunan Serer ''Ceereer ne'' ( [[mutanen Serer]] ); '''saadj''' (ko '''sadj''' ko '''zauna''' ) a cikin [[Yaren Serer|Serer]] ko kuma '''saay''' a cikin Serer Saafi da [[Harsunan Cangin|Cangin]], dan [[Couscous|uwan]] gero ne na Senegal. Ana kuma cinye shi a Mauritania da Gambia. Thiere yana da amfani sosai kuma ana iya cinsa da madara mai tsami ko kirim da sukari a matsayin hatsi na karin kumallo ko kuma a shirya shi kamar yadda ake yi a matsayin couscous na yau da kullun. Duk da cewa ana iya cinsa azaman karin kumallo ko lokacin cin abincin rana, yawanci ana cinsa da daddare. Bayan matan Serer sun yi ta bugun gero da hannu ta amfani da babban pestle da turmi na gargajiya, za su ƙara ganyen baobab ( ''lalo'' ) a ciki don ba shi laushi da santsi da kuma ƙara ɗanɗano. Ana iya cinsa da ''tushe'' - wanda shine nau'in miyar man gyada (na man gyada), kuma ana iya cinsa da nama, kifi, ko kayan lambu. == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar Wolof cere da bambancinta sun samo asali ne daga kalmar Serer Ceereer ne (mutanen Serer) - kuma ana furta ta daidai da wacce take cikin Serer da wasulan da suka fi tsayi, tana nuni ga masu ƙirƙira. Mutanen Serer ba sa kiran abincin da sunan da suke kira kansu. Wannan wani abu ne na Wolof kamar yadda aka yi abincin, kuma har yanzu Serer ne ya yi shi musamman wanda shi ma ya mamaye sayar da abincin a kasuwannin titi, har ma a yau. [1] Ainihin sunan wannan abincin shine saadj ko sadj a cikin Serer [2] (bambancin haruffa: sat [3] ) - tare da bambancin yare ta wasu ƙungiyoyin Serer misali saac a cikin Serer Niominka ) ko saay a tsakanin Serer-Saafi (da sauran mutanen Serer Cangin ). == Manazarta == 8f467mtvhegz9gklil741ih39n3s0td 829440 829434 2026-05-03T21:27:23Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344185424|Thiere]]" 829440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thiere''' ko ''thiéré'' (Senegal, Harshen Mauritaniya) ko ''chere'' / ''chereh'' / ''cherreh'' (harufan Gambiya), daga [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]] ''cere'', kanta daga sunan Serer ''Ceereer ne'' ( [[mutanen Serer]] ); '''saadj''' (ko '''sadj''' ko '''zauna''' ) a cikin [[Yaren Serer|Serer]] ko kuma '''saay''' a cikin Serer Saafi da [[Harsunan Cangin|Cangin]], dan [[Couscous|uwan]] gero ne na Senegal. Ana kuma cinye shi a Mauritania da Gambia.<ref>Faidherbe, Louis, "Langues Sénégalaises: Wolof, arabe-hassania, soninké, sérère : Notions grammaticales, vocabulaires et phrases." 1887, p. 59, 180 [1] (retrieved: March 10, 2026)</ref><ref>Lamoise, Pére. "Grammaire de la langue sérère: avec des exemples et des exercices renfermant des documents tres̀ utiles." la Mission (1873), p. 13. [2] (retrieved: March 10, 2026)</ref> Thiere yana da amfani sosai kuma ana iya cinsa da madara mai tsami ko kirim da sukari a matsayin hatsi na karin kumallo ko kuma a shirya shi kamar yadda ake yi a matsayin couscous na yau da kullun. Duk da cewa ana iya cinsa azaman karin kumallo ko lokacin cin abincin rana, yawanci ana cinsa da daddare. Bayan matan Serer sun yi ta bugun gero da hannu ta amfani da babban pestle da turmi na gargajiya, za su ƙara ganyen baobab ( ''lalo'' ) a ciki don ba shi laushi da santsi da kuma ƙara ɗanɗano. Ana iya cinsa da ''tushe'' - wanda shine nau'in miyar man gyada (na man gyada), kuma ana iya cinsa da nama, kifi, ko kayan lambu. == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar Wolof cere da bambancinta sun samo asali ne daga kalmar Serer Ceereer ne (mutanen Serer) - kuma ana furta ta daidai da wacce take cikin Serer da wasulan da suka fi tsayi, tana nuni ga masu ƙirƙira. Mutanen Serer ba sa kiran abincin da sunan da suke kira kansu. Wannan wani abu ne na Wolof kamar yadda aka yi abincin, kuma har yanzu Serer ne ya yi shi musamman wanda shi ma ya mamaye sayar da abincin a kasuwannin titi, har ma a yau. [1] Ainihin sunan wannan abincin shine saadj ko sadj a cikin Serer [2] (bambancin haruffa: sat [3] ) - tare da bambancin yare ta wasu ƙungiyoyin Serer misali saac a cikin Serer Niominka ) ko saay a tsakanin Serer-Saafi (da sauran mutanen Serer Cangin ). == Manazarta == td298czi5hropgbl667mqn0pci1qnwz 829441 829440 2026-05-03T21:27:36Z Sardeeq 39275 829441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thiere''' ko ''thiéré'' (Senegal, Harshen Mauritaniya) ko ''chere'' / ''chereh'' / ''cherreh'' (harufan Gambiya), daga [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]] ''cere'', kanta daga sunan Serer ''Ceereer ne'' ( [[mutanen Serer]] ); '''saadj''' (ko '''sadj''' ko '''zauna''' ) a cikin [[Yaren Serer|Serer]] ko kuma '''saay''' a cikin Serer Saafi da [[Harsunan Cangin|Cangin]], dan [[Couscous|uwan]] gero ne na Senegal. Ana kuma cinye shi a Mauritania da Gambia.<ref>Faidherbe, Louis, "Langues Sénégalaises: Wolof, arabe-hassania, soninké, sérère : Notions grammaticales, vocabulaires et phrases." 1887, p. 59, 180 [1] (retrieved: March 10, 2026)</ref><ref>Lamoise, Pére. "Grammaire de la langue sérère: avec des exemples et des exercices renfermant des documents tres̀ utiles." la Mission (1873), p. 13. [2] (retrieved: March 10, 2026)</ref> Thiere yana da amfani sosai kuma ana iya cinsa da madara mai tsami ko kirim da sukari a matsayin hatsi na karin kumallo ko kuma a shirya shi kamar yadda ake yi a matsayin couscous na yau da kullun. Duk da cewa ana iya cinsa azaman karin kumallo ko lokacin cin abincin rana, yawanci ana cinsa da daddare. Bayan matan Serer sun yi ta bugun gero da hannu ta amfani da babban pestle da turmi na gargajiya, za su ƙara ganyen baobab ( ''lalo'' ) a ciki don ba shi laushi da santsi da kuma ƙara ɗanɗano. Ana iya cinsa da ''tushe'' - wanda shine nau'in miyar man gyada (na man gyada), kuma ana iya cinsa da nama, kifi, ko kayan lambu. == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar Wolof cere da bambancinta sun samo asali ne daga kalmar Serer Ceereer ne (mutanen Serer) - kuma ana furta ta daidai da wacce take cikin Serer da wasulan da suka fi tsayi, tana nuni ga masu ƙirƙira. Mutanen Serer ba sa kiran abincin da sunan da suke kira kansu. Wannan wani abu ne na Wolof kamar yadda aka yi abincin, kuma har yanzu Serer ne ya yi shi musamman wanda shi ma ya mamaye sayar da abincin a kasuwannin titi, har ma a yau. [1] Ainihin sunan wannan abincin shine saadj ko sadj a cikin Serer [2] (bambancin haruffa: sat [3] ) - tare da bambancin yare ta wasu ƙungiyoyin Serer misali saac a cikin Serer Niominka ) ko saay a tsakanin Serer-Saafi (da sauran mutanen Serer Cangin ). == Manazarta == etxcgy24xjjr0urgt5lls8y61k064pz 3 149083 829435 2026-05-03T21:26:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829435 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Carpinchopedia! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Carpinchopedia|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) em0xki2wc39znqrj2hkutrh34lvn77k 3 149084 829436 2026-05-03T21:26:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829436 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Amgero! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Amgero|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) ogkmsyepac2f705fsssag6i0jci154x 3 149085 829437 2026-05-03T21:26:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829437 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zhaoyigao! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zhaoyigao|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) rl3g7x2tf21sebxka5orfkpxe2nck35 3 149086 829438 2026-05-03T21:27:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 829438 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abdulwaheed free! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abdulwaheed free|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 Mayu 2026 (UTC) f3r1v4pdbd9b5e3hi5od1ccrzl56gja 0 149087 829442 2026-05-03T21:29:49Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351223958|Thieboudienne]]" 829442 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Thieboudienne.JPG|right|thumb|Thieboudienne]] [[Fayil:White_Thieboudienne.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Red_Thieboudienne.JPG|thumb]] '''''Tiep''''' (a madadin haka, '''thieb''', '''benechin''', '''benachin''', ko '''jollof rice''' ) abinci ne na gargajiya daga [[Senegal]] wanda ake ci a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], da sauran ƙasashen Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka. Wannan abinci ne na ƙasa a Senegal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegalese Fish and Rice (Thiéboudienne) Recipe |url=http://www.saveur.com/article/Recipes/Senegal-Fish-Rice/ |access-date=2019-12-14 |website=Saveur |language=en}}</ref> Sigar tiep da ake kira '''''thieboudienne,''''' '''''ceebu jën''''' ko '''''chebu jen''''' ( Wolof ; French Ana shirya shi da kifi, [[Shinkafa da aka fashe|shinkafa da aka karya]] da miyar tumatir da aka dafa a cikin tukunya ɗaya. Akwai kuma nau'ikan '''''tiep yappa''''' (da nama) da '''''tiep ganaar''''' (da kaza). Ƙarin sinadaran sun haɗa da albasa, tumatir, karas, kabeji, [[rogo]], barkono mai zafi, man lemun tsami da [[Man gyaɗa|gyada]], da kuma cubes na miya . == Suna == Sunan abincin ya fito ne daga kalmomin [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]] {{Lang|wo|ceeb}} (ma'ana 'shinkafa') da {{Lang|wo|jën}} ('fifi'). A cikin [[Harshen Pulaar|Pulaar]] ana kiranta {{Lang|fuc|maaro e liddi}} ('shinkafa da kifi'). An aro sunan Wolof zuwa [[Hassaniya Larabci|harshen Larabci na Hassaniya]], amma ana kiran abincin da calque {{Lang|mey|مارو والحوت}} ( {{Transl|mey|māru w-əl-ḥūt}} ). == Tarihi == A tarihi, ana danganta tiep da birnin Saint-Louis, a ƙarni na sha tara. Rushewar kamun kifi na fararen fata ya rage damar zuwa abincin. == Yin hidima == A al'adance ana cin sa a cikin babban abincin jama'a da hannu. Hakanan alama ce ta ''terranga'' ta Senegal (karimci): iyali, abokai masu ziyara da baƙi suna taruwa a kusa da abinci ɗaya (wanda ake kira ''bolus'' ) wanda kowa ke ci da cokali ( ''couddou Pulaar'' ) ko hannunsu. Ana yin sa a kan manyan tire tare da shinkafa a ƙasa da kifi, yawanci fararen grouper ( ''Epinephelus aeneus'' ), da kayan lambu, da yawa daga cikinsu cikakke ne, a tsakiya. == Abincin da ke da alaƙa == Ana kyautata zaton shahararren abincin yammacin Afirka da aka fi sani da [[Shinkafa jollof|jollof]] ya samo asali ne daga thieboudienne, amma yawanci ana yin sa ne da nama maimakon kifi, kuma ana haɗa shinkafar da sauran sinadaran. <ref name="Sloley 2021">{{Cite web |last=Sloley |first=Patti |date=7 June 2021 |title=Jollof Wars: Who does West Africa's iconic rice dish best? |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210607-jollof-wars-who-does-west-africas-iconic-rice-dish-best |access-date=16 July 2021 |website=BBC Travel}}</ref> Abincin shinkafar [[Gullah]] ja yana kama da shinkafar thieboudienne, yana nuna yadda 'yan Afirka da aka bautar da su da zuriyarsu suka fara cin abinci daga Yammacin Afirka a cikin Sabuwar Duniya. Kamar thieboudienne, akwai nau'ikan shinkafar ja a yankuna a cikin Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor, gami da shinkafar ja ta Savannah da shinkafar ja ta Charleston. <ref name="Harris2011">{{Cite book|last3=Jessica B. Harris}} - Registration required</ref> == Girke-girke == Ana yin shi ne da kifi sabo ko busasshe, da shinkafar da aka karya (shinkafa Wolof), wanda aka dafa da kayan lambu (kamar rogo, kabewa, kabeji, karas, turnip, ko eggplant), faski, manna tumatir, barkono, tafarnuwa da albasa. [1] Da farko an yi shi da kifi, ba sabon abu ba ne a ga ana yi masa hidima da naman sa ko kaza. == Manazarta == jeo6zx3g0hgkibt090xremcgvhbdx0r 829443 829442 2026-05-03T21:30:07Z Sardeeq 39275 829443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Thieboudienne.JPG|right|thumb|Thieboudienne]] [[Fayil:White_Thieboudienne.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Red_Thieboudienne.JPG|thumb]] '''''Tiep''''' (a madadin haka, '''thieb''', '''benechin''', '''benachin''', ko '''jollof rice''' ) abinci ne na gargajiya daga [[Senegal]] wanda ake ci a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], da sauran ƙasashen Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka. Wannan abinci ne na ƙasa a Senegal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegalese Fish and Rice (Thiéboudienne) Recipe |url=http://www.saveur.com/article/Recipes/Senegal-Fish-Rice/ |access-date=2019-12-14 |website=Saveur |language=en}}</ref> Sigar tiep da ake kira '''''thieboudienne,''''' '''''ceebu jën''''' ko '''''chebu jen''''' ( Wolof ; French Ana shirya shi da kifi, [[Shinkafa da aka fashe|shinkafa da aka karya]] da miyar tumatir da aka dafa a cikin tukunya ɗaya. Akwai kuma nau'ikan '''''tiep yappa''''' (da nama) da '''''tiep ganaar''''' (da kaza). Ƙarin sinadaran sun haɗa da albasa, tumatir, karas, kabeji, [[rogo]], barkono mai zafi, man lemun tsami da [[Man gyaɗa|gyada]], da kuma cubes na miya . == Suna == Sunan abincin ya fito ne daga kalmomin [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]] {{Lang|wo|ceeb}} (ma'ana 'shinkafa') da {{Lang|wo|jën}} ('fifi'). A cikin [[Harshen Pulaar|Pulaar]] ana kiranta {{Lang|fuc|maaro e liddi}} ('shinkafa da kifi'). An aro sunan Wolof zuwa [[Hassaniya Larabci|harshen Larabci na Hassaniya]], amma ana kiran abincin da calque {{Lang|mey|مارو والحوت}} ( {{Transl|mey|māru w-əl-ḥūt}} ). == Tarihi == A tarihi, ana danganta tiep da birnin Saint-Louis, a ƙarni na sha tara. Rushewar kamun kifi na fararen fata ya rage damar zuwa abincin. == Yin hidima == A al'adance ana cin sa a cikin babban abincin jama'a da hannu. Hakanan alama ce ta ''terranga'' ta Senegal (karimci): iyali, abokai masu ziyara da baƙi suna taruwa a kusa da abinci ɗaya (wanda ake kira ''bolus'' ) wanda kowa ke ci da cokali ( ''couddou Pulaar'' ) ko hannunsu. Ana yin sa a kan manyan tire tare da shinkafa a ƙasa da kifi, yawanci fararen grouper ( ''Epinephelus aeneus'' ), da kayan lambu, da yawa daga cikinsu cikakke ne, a tsakiya. == Abincin da ke da alaƙa == Ana kyautata zaton shahararren abincin yammacin Afirka da aka fi sani da [[Shinkafa jollof|jollof]] ya samo asali ne daga thieboudienne, amma yawanci ana yin sa ne da nama maimakon kifi, kuma ana haɗa shinkafar da sauran sinadaran. <ref name="Sloley 2021">{{Cite web |last=Sloley |first=Patti |date=7 June 2021 |title=Jollof Wars: Who does West Africa's iconic rice dish best? |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210607-jollof-wars-who-does-west-africas-iconic-rice-dish-best |access-date=16 July 2021 |website=BBC Travel}}</ref> Abincin shinkafar [[Gullah]] ja yana kama da shinkafar thieboudienne, yana nuna yadda 'yan Afirka da aka bautar da su da zuriyarsu suka fara cin abinci daga Yammacin Afirka a cikin Sabuwar Duniya. Kamar thieboudienne, akwai nau'ikan shinkafar ja a yankuna a cikin Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor, gami da shinkafar ja ta Savannah da shinkafar ja ta Charleston. <ref name="Harris2011">{{Cite book|last3=Jessica B. Harris}} - Registration required</ref> == Girke-girke == Ana yin shi ne da kifi sabo ko busasshe, da shinkafar da aka karya (shinkafa Wolof), wanda aka dafa da kayan lambu (kamar rogo, kabewa, kabeji, karas, turnip, ko eggplant), faski, manna tumatir, barkono, tafarnuwa da albasa. [1] Da farko an yi shi da kifi, ba sabon abu ba ne a ga ana yi masa hidima da naman sa ko kaza. == Manazarta == dh14ylxpbgi12zspalba3zp09qq9xch 0 149088 829445 2026-05-03T21:33:00Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342864538|Biltong]]" 829445 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:BiltongStokkies.jpg|right|thumb|Sandunan naman sa na gida na biltong]] '''Biltong''' nau'i ne na [[nama]] da aka busar da shi ta iska, wanda aka warke wanda ya samo asali daga [[Kudancin Afirka]] . Ana amfani da nau'ikan nama daban-daban don samar da shi, tun daga naman sa zuwa nama na farauta kamar jimina ko kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional Biltong in the USA |url=https://www.brooklynbiltong.com/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Brooklyn Biltong |language=en}}</ref> Yankan na iya bambanta ko dai fillet na nama da aka yanka a yanka a kan guntu bayan ƙwayar tsoka, ko kuma guntu mai faɗi a kan hatsin. Yana da alaƙa da jerky nama, domin duka biyun nama ne masu kayan ƙanshi, busassun nama; duk da haka, sinadaran da aka saba amfani da su, ɗanɗano, da hanyoyin samarwa na iya bambanta. Ana busar da Biltong da iska, wanda ke ba shi yanayi da ɗanɗano na musamman, yayin da jerky ake dumama shi zuwa aƙalla {{Convert|71|C}} . Saboda karuwar shahararsa a Arewacin Amurka a matsayin abun ciye-ciye mai yawan furotin, masana'antun musamman daban-daban, kamar Brooklyn Biltong, sun kafa kansu ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin busar da iska na gargajiya na Afirka ta Kudu don kasuwar fasaha. Kalmar "biltong" ta fito ne daga [[Afrikaans]] {{Lang|nl|bil}} ("buttock") da ''{{Lang|nl|tong}}'' ("Tushe" ko "harshe"). == Asali da tarihi == Tsarin kiyaye nama a matsayin hanyar tsira ya samo asali ne tun zamanin da. Ana iya adana nama ta hanyar dafa shi a cikin [[gishiri]], ruwan gishiri, ko vinegar da kuma saltpetre (potassium nitrate). Potassium nitrate yana kashe ''Clostridium botulinum'', ƙwayar cuta mai kisa da ke haifar da botulism, yayin da acidity na vinegar ke hana ci gabansa. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, ''C. botulinum'' ba zai girma a yanayin acidic ba (pH ƙasa da 4.6), don haka gubar ba za ta samu a cikin abinci mai acidic ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botulism |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs270/en/ |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kaddarorin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na wasu kayan ƙanshi tun zamanin da. Kayan ƙanshin da Dutch suka gabatar wa biltong sun haɗa da barkono, coriander, da [[Kaninfari|cloves]] . A cewar labaran gida, an fara yin biltong ne a ƙarni na 17 ta hannun majagaba 'yan ƙasar Holland waɗanda suka sanya manyan guntun nama danye a ƙarƙashin sirdi na dawaki don su bushe da gumin dawaki mai gishiri. Wannan gumin mai gishiri ya kiyaye naman yayin da yake kuma yana sa shi ya jike daga girgizar hawa. Wannan tsarin "busarwa" ya taimaka wajen samar da ingantaccen tushen furotin wanda zai daɗe na tsawon watanni. Duk da haka, wannan ba zai yiwu ba, domin amfani da dawaki bai fara ba har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Kudu. Wasu kuma sun yi hasashen cewa farkon mazaunan Holland sun rungumi al'adar adana nama ta 'yan asalin ƙasar. A Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, kwamandojin sun dogara ne akan yin biltong don ciyar da su a filin buɗe ido. A Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, wasu sojojin Afirka ta Kudu a Yammacin Yaƙin sun aika da biltong musamman zuwa gare su daga gida. A watan Janairun 2017, wata ƙungiyar bincike a Jami'ar Beira Interior da ke [[Portugal]] ta buga wani bincike game da kaddarorin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta na man coriander <ref name="pmid25831119">{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Filomena |last2=Domingues |first2=Fernanda C |year=2015 |title=Antimicrobial Activity of Coriander Oil and Its Effectiveness as Food Preservative |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=35–47 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2013.847818 |pmid=25831119 |s2cid=20975653}}</ref> (coriander yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan ƙanshi a cikin girke-girke mafi sauƙi na biltong) akan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta 12, kuma ta gano cewa an kashe nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta 10 daga cikin 12 tare da ɗan ƙaramin yawan man coriander (1.6%). A cikin nau'ikan guda biyu waɗanda ba a kashe su yadda ya kamata ba, ''Bacillus cereus'' da ''Enterococcus faecalis'', man coriander ya rage girmansu sosai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=PhD |first=Fernanda Domingues |date=26 June 2014 |title=Coriander: The Spice That Fights Food Poisoning |url=https://bottomlineinc.com/health/diet-nutrition/coriander-the-spice-that-fights-food-poisoning |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731220443/https://bottomlineinc.com/health/diet-nutrition/coriander-the-spice-that-fights-food-poisoning |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref> Bukatar adana abinci a Kudancin Afirka ta kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci. Ba a ƙirƙiro akwatunan kankara da [[Firinji|firiji]] ba tukuna, kuma tara garken dabbobi ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo. Duk da haka, da yake akwai namun daji a Kudancin Afirka, an yi amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya don adana naman manyan dabbobin Afirka, ciki har da namun daji . An shirya naman da vinegar da kayan ƙanshi sannan aka rataye shi don a busar da shi a iska na tsawon makonni biyu a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da yanayin sanyi ya ƙara hana ƙwayoyin cuta da fungi girma. Da zarar an busar da shi yadda ya kamata, biltong ɗin ya shirya don sakawa a cikin jakunkunan zane wanda ke ba da damar zagayawa cikin iska don taimakawa wajen hana mold. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Shiri == A al'adance, ana yin biltong ne kawai a lokacin sanyin hunturu lokacin da haɗarin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙura zai ragu. Wasu girke-girke suna buƙatar a jiƙa naman a cikin ruwan vinegar (vinegar na gargajiya ne amma balsamic da cider suma suna aiki sosai) na tsawon awanni kaɗan, sannan a zuba vinegar kafin a ƙara gishiri da kayan ƙanshi ga naman. Ana yayyafa cakuda kayan ƙanshi a kan naman sannan a shafa a ciki. Saltpetre zaɓi ne kuma ana iya ƙara shi azaman ƙarin kariya (ana buƙatar kawai ga biltong mai danshi wanda ba za a daskare shi ba). Sannan a bar naman na tsawon wasu awanni (ko a sanya shi a cikin firiji na dare ɗaya) sannan a zubar da duk wani ruwa mai yawa kafin a rataye naman a cikin na'urar busarwa. Sauran girke-girke, waɗanda aka yi daga tsara zuwa tsara, suna buƙatar a bar biltong na dare a cikin vinegar, gishiri, da ruwan ƙanshi (tsakanin awanni 12 zuwa 24). [1] Haɗin kayan ƙanshi a al'ada ya ƙunshi daidai adadin gishirin dutse, cikakken coriander (an gasa shi kaɗan), barkono baƙi da aka niƙa kusan, da sukari mai launin ruwan kasa. [2] Vinegar tana aiki a matsayin babban mai hana ƙwayoyin cuta na Clostridium botulinum, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, [3] yayin da gishiri, coriander, barkono, da cloves duk suna da kaddarorin hana ƙwayoyin cuta. [4] == Busarwa == Biltong nama ne da aka busar da shi ta iska. Idan aka ƙara zafi, ana kiransa 'jerky'. A al'adance, ana yin biltong ne a lokacin hunturu mai sanyi a yankin highveld na Afirka ta Kudu don samun sakamako mafi kyau. Iska mai sanyi da bushewa galibi tana busar da biltong yadda ya kamata, kuma a cikin mafi kyawun yanayin aminci ga abinci. Haɗarin ƙura da ƙwayoyin cuta suna da ƙarancin yanayi, kuma ana iya rataye yanke biltong masu kauri don su bushe a hankali don samun laushi mai kyau, ɗanɗano mai cike da haske, da launi mai duhu. Masu sayar da kayayyaki sun fara amfani da zafi ne kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, waɗanda har yanzu suna kiransa 'biltong', amma ba ainihin biltong ba ne, kuma masana'antun biltong na gargajiya sun dage cewa zafi yana haifar da mummunan sakamako. == Kwatanta da jerky == [[Fayil:Beef_jerky.jpg|right|thumb|Naman sa mai tsami]] Biltong ya bambanta da mai jan hankali ta hanyoyi guda huɗu daban-daban: * Ana busar da Biltong da iska tsawon kwanaki, yayin da ake dumama jerky zuwa aƙalla {{Convert|71|C}} . * Tunda an busar da jerky da zafi, tsarin ya fi sauri fiye da yin biltong. * Naman da ake amfani da shi a cikin biltong sau da yawa yana da kauri sosai saboda lokacin bushewa da sauri a cikin yanayin busasshiyar iska; yawanci, ana yanka naman biltong a cikin yanka-yanka kusan {{Convert|25|mm}} faɗi, amma yana iya zama mai kauri. Jerky yawanci siriri ne. * Ruwan vinegar, gishiri, da kayan ƙanshi a cikin biltong, tare da tsarin busarwa, suna warkar da naman tare da ƙara laushi da ɗanɗano. A al'ada, ana busar da jerky da gishiri, amma ba tare da vinegar ba. * Ana shan taba mai ƙanƙanta sau da yawa; ba kasafai ake shan taba mai ƙanƙanta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-03 |title=Biltong: All About This Popular South African Treat |url=https://www.demandafrica.com/food/biltong-about-south-african-treat/ |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=Demand Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> * Biltong yawanci ba ya ƙunshe da wani sikari, nitrates, ko wasu ƙarin abubuwa, yayin da jerky yawanci yana ƙunshe da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2021 |title=Biltong vs Jerky – What's the difference (and does it matter)? – Biltong Magazine |url=https://meately.com/biltong-vs-jerky-whats-the-difference-and-does-it-matter/ |access-date=2021-03-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9xx334l7k8urnkx1pudfxgbm4qiuwgf 829446 829445 2026-05-03T21:33:31Z Sardeeq 39275 829446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:BiltongStokkies.jpg|right|thumb|Sandunan naman sa na gida na biltong]] '''Biltong''' nau'i ne na [[nama]] da aka busar da shi ta iska, wanda aka warke wanda ya samo asali daga [[Kudancin Afirka]] . Ana amfani da nau'ikan nama daban-daban don samar da shi, tun daga naman sa zuwa nama na farauta kamar jimina ko kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional Biltong in the USA |url=https://www.brooklynbiltong.com/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Brooklyn Biltong |language=en}}</ref> Yankan na iya bambanta ko dai fillet na nama da aka yanka a yanka a kan guntu bayan ƙwayar tsoka, ko kuma guntu mai faɗi a kan hatsin. Yana da alaƙa da jerky nama, domin duka biyun nama ne masu kayan ƙanshi, busassun nama; duk da haka, sinadaran da aka saba amfani da su, ɗanɗano, da hanyoyin samarwa na iya bambanta. Ana busar da Biltong da iska, wanda ke ba shi yanayi da ɗanɗano na musamman, yayin da jerky ake dumama shi zuwa aƙalla {{Convert|71|C}} . Saboda karuwar shahararsa a Arewacin Amurka a matsayin abun ciye-ciye mai yawan furotin, masana'antun musamman daban-daban, kamar Brooklyn Biltong, sun kafa kansu ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin busar da iska na gargajiya na Afirka ta Kudu don kasuwar fasaha. Kalmar "biltong" ta fito ne daga [[Afrikaans]] {{Lang|nl|bil}} ("buttock") da ''{{Lang|nl|tong}}'' ("Tushe" ko "harshe"). == Asali da tarihi == Tsarin kiyaye nama a matsayin hanyar tsira ya samo asali ne tun zamanin da. Ana iya adana nama ta hanyar dafa shi a cikin [[gishiri]], ruwan gishiri, ko vinegar da kuma saltpetre (potassium nitrate). Potassium nitrate yana kashe ''Clostridium botulinum'', ƙwayar cuta mai kisa da ke haifar da botulism, yayin da acidity na vinegar ke hana ci gabansa. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, ''C. botulinum'' ba zai girma a yanayin acidic ba (pH ƙasa da 4.6), don haka gubar ba za ta samu a cikin abinci mai acidic ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botulism |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs270/en/ |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kaddarorin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na wasu kayan ƙanshi tun zamanin da. Kayan ƙanshin da Dutch suka gabatar wa biltong sun haɗa da barkono, coriander, da [[Kaninfari|cloves]] . A cewar labaran gida, an fara yin biltong ne a ƙarni na 17 ta hannun majagaba 'yan ƙasar Holland waɗanda suka sanya manyan guntun nama danye a ƙarƙashin sirdi na dawaki don su bushe da gumin dawaki mai gishiri. Wannan gumin mai gishiri ya kiyaye naman yayin da yake kuma yana sa shi ya jike daga girgizar hawa. Wannan tsarin "busarwa" ya taimaka wajen samar da ingantaccen tushen furotin wanda zai daɗe na tsawon watanni. Duk da haka, wannan ba zai yiwu ba, domin amfani da dawaki bai fara ba har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Kudu. Wasu kuma sun yi hasashen cewa farkon mazaunan Holland sun rungumi al'adar adana nama ta 'yan asalin ƙasar. A Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, kwamandojin sun dogara ne akan yin biltong don ciyar da su a filin buɗe ido. A Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, wasu sojojin Afirka ta Kudu a Yammacin Yaƙin sun aika da biltong musamman zuwa gare su daga gida. A watan Janairun 2017, wata ƙungiyar bincike a Jami'ar Beira Interior da ke [[Portugal]] ta buga wani bincike game da kaddarorin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta na man coriander <ref name="pmid25831119">{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Filomena |last2=Domingues |first2=Fernanda C |year=2015 |title=Antimicrobial Activity of Coriander Oil and Its Effectiveness as Food Preservative |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=35–47 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2013.847818 |pmid=25831119 |s2cid=20975653}}</ref> (coriander yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan ƙanshi a cikin girke-girke mafi sauƙi na biltong) akan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta 12, kuma ta gano cewa an kashe nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta 10 daga cikin 12 tare da ɗan ƙaramin yawan man coriander (1.6%). A cikin nau'ikan guda biyu waɗanda ba a kashe su yadda ya kamata ba, ''Bacillus cereus'' da ''Enterococcus faecalis'', man coriander ya rage girmansu sosai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=PhD |first=Fernanda Domingues |date=26 June 2014 |title=Coriander: The Spice That Fights Food Poisoning |url=https://bottomlineinc.com/health/diet-nutrition/coriander-the-spice-that-fights-food-poisoning |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731220443/https://bottomlineinc.com/health/diet-nutrition/coriander-the-spice-that-fights-food-poisoning |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref> Bukatar adana abinci a Kudancin Afirka ta kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci. Ba a ƙirƙiro akwatunan kankara da [[Firinji|firiji]] ba tukuna, kuma tara garken dabbobi ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo. Duk da haka, da yake akwai namun daji a Kudancin Afirka, an yi amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya don adana naman manyan dabbobin Afirka, ciki har da namun daji . An shirya naman da vinegar da kayan ƙanshi sannan aka rataye shi don a busar da shi a iska na tsawon makonni biyu a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da yanayin sanyi ya ƙara hana ƙwayoyin cuta da fungi girma. Da zarar an busar da shi yadda ya kamata, biltong ɗin ya shirya don sakawa a cikin jakunkunan zane wanda ke ba da damar zagayawa cikin iska don taimakawa wajen hana mold. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Shiri == A al'adance, ana yin biltong ne kawai a lokacin sanyin hunturu lokacin da haɗarin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙura zai ragu. Wasu girke-girke suna buƙatar a jiƙa naman a cikin ruwan vinegar (vinegar na gargajiya ne amma balsamic da cider suma suna aiki sosai) na tsawon awanni kaɗan, sannan a zuba vinegar kafin a ƙara gishiri da kayan ƙanshi ga naman. Ana yayyafa cakuda kayan ƙanshi a kan naman sannan a shafa a ciki. Saltpetre zaɓi ne kuma ana iya ƙara shi azaman ƙarin kariya (ana buƙatar kawai ga biltong mai danshi wanda ba za a daskare shi ba). Sannan a bar naman na tsawon wasu awanni (ko a sanya shi a cikin firiji na dare ɗaya) sannan a zubar da duk wani ruwa mai yawa kafin a rataye naman a cikin na'urar busarwa. Sauran girke-girke, waɗanda aka yi daga tsara zuwa tsara, suna buƙatar a bar biltong na dare a cikin vinegar, gishiri, da ruwan ƙanshi (tsakanin awanni 12 zuwa 24). [1] Haɗin kayan ƙanshi a al'ada ya ƙunshi daidai adadin gishirin dutse, cikakken coriander (an gasa shi kaɗan), barkono baƙi da aka niƙa kusan, da sukari mai launin ruwan kasa. [2] Vinegar tana aiki a matsayin babban mai hana ƙwayoyin cuta na Clostridium botulinum, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, [3] yayin da gishiri, coriander, barkono, da cloves duk suna da kaddarorin hana ƙwayoyin cuta. [4] == Busarwa == Biltong nama ne da aka busar da shi ta iska. Idan aka ƙara zafi, ana kiransa 'jerky'. A al'adance, ana yin biltong ne a lokacin hunturu mai sanyi a yankin highveld na Afirka ta Kudu don samun sakamako mafi kyau. Iska mai sanyi da bushewa galibi tana busar da biltong yadda ya kamata, kuma a cikin mafi kyawun yanayin aminci ga abinci. Haɗarin ƙura da ƙwayoyin cuta suna da ƙarancin yanayi, kuma ana iya rataye yanke biltong masu kauri don su bushe a hankali don samun laushi mai kyau, ɗanɗano mai cike da haske, da launi mai duhu. Masu sayar da kayayyaki sun fara amfani da zafi ne kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, waɗanda har yanzu suna kiransa 'biltong', amma ba ainihin biltong ba ne, kuma masana'antun biltong na gargajiya sun dage cewa zafi yana haifar da mummunan sakamako. == Kwatanta da jerky == [[Fayil:Beef_jerky.jpg|right|thumb|Naman sa mai tsami]] Biltong ya bambanta da mai jan hankali ta hanyoyi guda huɗu daban-daban: * Ana busar da Biltong da iska tsawon kwanaki, yayin da ake dumama jerky zuwa aƙalla {{Convert|71|C}} . * Tunda an busar da jerky da zafi, tsarin ya fi sauri fiye da yin biltong. * Naman da ake amfani da shi a cikin biltong sau da yawa yana da kauri sosai saboda lokacin bushewa da sauri a cikin yanayin busasshiyar iska; yawanci, ana yanka naman biltong a cikin yanka-yanka kusan {{Convert|25|mm}} faɗi, amma yana iya zama mai kauri. Jerky yawanci siriri ne. * Ruwan vinegar, gishiri, da kayan ƙanshi a cikin biltong, tare da tsarin busarwa, suna warkar da naman tare da ƙara laushi da ɗanɗano. A al'ada, ana busar da jerky da gishiri, amma ba tare da vinegar ba. * Ana shan taba mai ƙanƙanta sau da yawa; ba kasafai ake shan taba mai ƙanƙanta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-03 |title=Biltong: All About This Popular South African Treat |url=https://www.demandafrica.com/food/biltong-about-south-african-treat/ |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=Demand Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> * Biltong yawanci ba ya ƙunshe da wani sikari, nitrates, ko wasu ƙarin abubuwa, yayin da jerky yawanci yana ƙunshe da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2021 |title=Biltong vs Jerky – What's the difference (and does it matter)? – Biltong Magazine |url=https://meately.com/biltong-vs-jerky-whats-the-difference-and-does-it-matter/ |access-date=2021-03-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] krjtv6vinu8y8gyby0j9qf5tsaunw1h 0 149089 829447 2026-05-03T21:36:30Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351398951|Beefsteak]]" 829447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naman sa''', wanda aka fi sani da '''naman sa''' kawai, yanki ne mai faɗi da fuskoki iri ɗaya, wanda yawanci ake yankawa daidai gwargwado zuwa ga zare na tsoka. A cikin hidimar abinci na yau da kullun, abinci ɗaya yana da nauyin da ba shi da yawa wanda ya kama daga {{Convert|120|to|600|g|oz|0}} . Ana gasa naman sa a gasa, a soya a cikin tukunya, ko a gasa . Ana dafa mafi taushin yanka daga bayan gida da haƙarƙari da sauri, ta amfani da busasshen wuta, sannan a yi hidima gaba ɗaya. Ana dafa ƙananan yanka daga yanka ko zagaye da ɗan danshi ko kuma a yi musu taushi ta hanyar injina (kamar, misali, naman sa mai siffar cube ). == Bambancin yanki == [[Fayil:US_Beef_cuts.svg|right|thumb|Yanka naman sa na Amurka.]] === Ostiraliya === A Ostiraliya, ana kiran naman sa da "nama" kawai kuma ana iya siyan sa ba tare da dafa shi ba a manyan kantuna, mahauta, da wasu ƙananan shaguna. Ana sayar da shi a matsayin abinci a kusan kowace mashaya, bistro, ko gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a kan abincin zamani na Ostiraliya, kuma ana sanya shi bisa ga inganci da kuma yadda aka yanka shi. Yawancin wurare yawanci suna da yanka uku zuwa bakwai daban-daban na naman sa a menu kuma suna yin sa daga shuɗi zuwa mai kyau gwargwadon abin da ake so. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana yin naman nama tare da zaɓin miya da zaɓin soyayyen dankalin turawa (wanda aka sani da soyayyen dankalin turawa daga tasirin Faransa; duba ƙasa) ko dankalin turawa da aka niƙa . Haka kuma ana yin zaɓi na ƙarin salatin gefe ko kayan lambu da aka dafa. === Faransa === A Faransa, naman nama, wanda ake kira {{Lang|fr|bifteck}} a cikin gida, ana kiransa nama ne., yawanci ana yin hidima da dankalin turawa ( {{Lang|fr|pommes frites}} a Faransanci). Haɗin ana kiransa da soyayyen nama . Ba a saba ba da kayan lambu da nama ta wannan hanyar ba, amma ana iya yin salati mai kore ko kuma (mafi yawanci) a lokaci guda. Sau da yawa ana yin salati tare da miyar Faransa ta gargajiya. === Indonesiya === A Indonesia, bistik jawa abinci ne na naman sa wanda abincin Holland ke tasiri a kai. Wani naman sa na Indonesiya kuma shine solo na selat wanda ke da tasirin Dutch, wani nau'in Surakarta, na Tsakiyar Java . === Italiya === A Italiya, ba a cin naman nama sosai ba sai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu saboda ƙauye mai tsauri ba ya ɗaukar buƙatun sarari da albarkatu na manyan garken shanu cikin sauƙi. Duk da haka, wasu yankuna na Piedmont, Lombardy, da Tuscany sun shahara da ingancin namansu. Bistecca alla fiorentina sanannen abinci ne na Florence ; yawanci ana yin sa da salati kawai. Tun daga shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba, ribar tattalin arziki ta bai wa ƙarin 'yan Italiya damar cin abinci mai launin ja. === Meziko === A Mexico, da kuma a Spain da sauran tsoffin yankunan mulkin mallaka na Spain, {{Lang|es|[[bistec]]}} ( kalmar aro daga Sifaniyanci daga Ingilishi "beefsteak") tana nufin abincin da aka yi da yankakken naman sa mai gishiri da barkono. Wani nau'in {{Lang|es|bistec}} na Mexico yawanci ana yin amfani da kayan aikin rage nama. Sau da yawa ana yin abincin a cikin tortillas a matsayin taco . === Sipaniya === Spain da [[Daular Sipaniya|tsoffin yankunanta]] suna da nau'ikan {{Lang|es|bistec encebollado}} (naman sa da albasa). Ana iya samunsa a ko'ina cikin Latin Amurka . === Ƙasar Ingila === A Burtaniya, a gidajen cin abinci na nama, naman yana tsufa na tsawon makonni da yawa, ana ƙara masa gishirin teku da barkono sannan a gasa a kan gasa. Sannan ana ba da shi da dankali, kayan lambu da salatin wedge tare da miya. Yawanci ana ba da miya a gefe kamar barkono, Diane, bordelaise, namomin kaza ko miyar Béarnaise. A gidajen cin abinci da mashaya na yau da kullun, naman sau da yawa ana ba da shi da dankalin turawa mai kauri matsakaici (chips), albasa soyayye, namomin kaza, zoben albasa da tumatir. === Amurka === [[Fayil:Surf_and_turf.jpg|right|thumb|Surf da ciyawa]] A Amurka, wani gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a fannin naman shanu shi ne gidan nama . Gidajen nama mafi tsada suna ba da mafi girman darajar naman sa kuma galibi suna busar da shi na tsawon makonni da yawa. Naman sa mai kyau da aka dafa a kan gasasshen gasasshen nama da broilers yana samar da nama mai wahalar kwaikwayonsa a ɗakin girki na gida. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">Ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Abincin dare na nama na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi nama, wanda za a iya ɗora shi da albasa ko namomin kaza da aka soya, tare da abincin gefe mai sitaci ; yawanci dankalin da aka gasa ko aka niƙa, ko dankalin da aka soya mai kauri wanda aka sani da soyayyen nama . Barkono, shinkafa, taliya, ko [[wake]] suma gefe ne na gama gari. Salatin gefe ko ƙaramin rabo na kayan lambu da aka dafa galibi suna tare da nama da gefe, tare da masara a kan cob, wake kore, alayyafo mai kirim, asparagus, tumatir, namomin kaza, wake, da zoben albasa suna shahara. Ana yin burodi gabaɗaya, yawanci biredi ne na abincin dare . == Manazarta == g5budpxjdxde79rogs4adkr7so17wwd 829448 829447 2026-05-03T21:38:31Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351398951|Beefsteak]]" 829448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naman sa''', wanda aka fi sani da '''naman sa''' kawai, yanki ne mai faɗi da fuskoki iri ɗaya, wanda yawanci ake yankawa daidai gwargwado zuwa ga zare na tsoka. A cikin hidimar abinci na yau da kullun, abinci ɗaya yana da nauyin da ba shi da yawa wanda ya kama daga {{Convert|120|to|600|g|oz|0}} . Ana gasa naman sa a gasa, a soya a cikin tukunya, ko a gasa . Ana dafa mafi taushin yanka daga bayan gida da haƙarƙari da sauri, ta amfani da busasshen wuta, sannan a yi hidima gaba ɗaya. Ana dafa ƙananan yanka daga yanka ko zagaye da ɗan danshi ko kuma a yi musu taushi ta hanyar injina (kamar, misali, naman sa mai siffar cube ).<ref>"What Is a Club Steak? Another Culinary Mystery Solved". ''about.com''. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2018.</ref><ref /> == Bambancin yanki == [[Fayil:US_Beef_cuts.svg|right|thumb|Yanka naman sa na Amurka.]] === Ostiraliya === A Ostiraliya, ana kiran naman sa da "nama" kawai kuma ana iya siyan sa ba tare da dafa shi ba a manyan kantuna, mahauta, da wasu ƙananan shaguna. Ana sayar da shi a matsayin abinci a kusan kowace mashaya, bistro, ko gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a kan abincin zamani na Ostiraliya, kuma ana sanya shi bisa ga inganci da kuma yadda aka yanka shi. Yawancin wurare yawanci suna da yanka uku zuwa bakwai daban-daban na naman sa a menu kuma suna yin sa daga shuɗi zuwa mai kyau gwargwadon abin da ake so. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana yin naman nama tare da zaɓin miya da zaɓin soyayyen dankalin turawa (wanda aka sani da soyayyen dankalin turawa daga tasirin Faransa; duba ƙasa) ko dankalin turawa da aka niƙa . Haka kuma ana yin zaɓi na ƙarin salatin gefe ko kayan lambu da aka dafa. === Faransa === A Faransa, naman nama, wanda ake kira {{Lang|fr|bifteck}} a cikin gida, ana kiransa nama ne., yawanci ana yin hidima da dankalin turawa ( {{Lang|fr|pommes frites}} a Faransanci). Haɗin ana kiransa da soyayyen nama . Ba a saba ba da kayan lambu da nama ta wannan hanyar ba, amma ana iya yin salati mai kore ko kuma (mafi yawanci) a lokaci guda. Sau da yawa ana yin salati tare da miyar Faransa ta gargajiya. === Indonesiya === A Indonesia, bistik jawa abinci ne na naman sa wanda abincin Holland ke tasiri a kai. Wani naman sa na Indonesiya kuma shine solo na selat wanda ke da tasirin Dutch, wani nau'in Surakarta, na Tsakiyar Java . === Italiya === A Italiya, ba a cin naman nama sosai ba sai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu saboda ƙauye mai tsauri ba ya ɗaukar buƙatun sarari da albarkatu na manyan garken shanu cikin sauƙi. Duk da haka, wasu yankuna na Piedmont, Lombardy, da Tuscany sun shahara da ingancin namansu. Bistecca alla fiorentina sanannen abinci ne na Florence ; yawanci ana yin sa da salati kawai. Tun daga shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba, ribar tattalin arziki ta bai wa ƙarin 'yan Italiya damar cin abinci mai launin ja. === Meziko === A Mexico, da kuma a Spain da sauran tsoffin yankunan mulkin mallaka na Spain, {{Lang|es|[[bistec]]}} ( kalmar aro daga Sifaniyanci daga Ingilishi "beefsteak") tana nufin abincin da aka yi da yankakken naman sa mai gishiri da barkono. Wani nau'in {{Lang|es|bistec}} na Mexico yawanci ana yin amfani da kayan aikin rage nama. Sau da yawa ana yin abincin a cikin tortillas a matsayin taco . === Sipaniya === Spain da [[Daular Sipaniya|tsoffin yankunanta]] suna da nau'ikan {{Lang|es|bistec encebollado}} (naman sa da albasa). Ana iya samunsa a ko'ina cikin Latin Amurka . === Ƙasar Ingila === A Burtaniya, a gidajen cin abinci na nama, naman yana tsufa na tsawon makonni da yawa, ana ƙara masa gishirin teku da barkono sannan a gasa a kan gasa. Sannan ana ba da shi da dankali, kayan lambu da salatin wedge tare da miya. Yawanci ana ba da miya a gefe kamar barkono, Diane, bordelaise, namomin kaza ko miyar Béarnaise. A gidajen cin abinci da mashaya na yau da kullun, naman sau da yawa ana ba da shi da dankalin turawa mai kauri matsakaici (chips), albasa soyayye, namomin kaza, zoben albasa da tumatir. === Amurka === [[Fayil:Surf_and_turf.jpg|right|thumb|Surf da ciyawa]] A Amurka, wani gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a fannin naman shanu shi ne gidan nama . Gidajen nama mafi tsada suna ba da mafi girman darajar naman sa kuma galibi suna busar da shi na tsawon makonni da yawa. Naman sa mai kyau da aka dafa a kan gasasshen gasasshen nama da broilers yana samar da nama mai wahalar kwaikwayonsa a ɗakin girki na gida. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">Ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Abincin dare na nama na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi nama, wanda za a iya ɗora shi da albasa ko namomin kaza da aka soya, tare da abincin gefe mai sitaci ; yawanci dankalin da aka gasa ko aka niƙa, ko dankalin da aka soya mai kauri wanda aka sani da soyayyen nama . Barkono, shinkafa, taliya, ko [[wake]] suma gefe ne na gama gari. Salatin gefe ko ƙaramin rabo na kayan lambu da aka dafa galibi suna tare da nama da gefe, tare da masara a kan cob, wake kore, alayyafo mai kirim, asparagus, tumatir, namomin kaza, wake, da zoben albasa suna shahara. Ana yin burodi gabaɗaya, yawanci biredi ne na abincin dare . == Manazarta == bjv26bjwgdnyoolo2lrww5960tquybb 829449 829448 2026-05-03T21:38:52Z Sardeeq 39275 829449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naman sa''', wanda aka fi sani da '''naman sa''' kawai, yanki ne mai faɗi da fuskoki iri ɗaya, wanda yawanci ake yankawa daidai gwargwado zuwa ga zare na tsoka. A cikin hidimar abinci na yau da kullun, abinci ɗaya yana da nauyin da ba shi da yawa wanda ya kama daga {{Convert|120|to|600|g|oz|0}} . Ana gasa naman sa a gasa, a soya a cikin tukunya, ko a gasa . Ana dafa mafi taushin yanka daga bayan gida da haƙarƙari da sauri, ta amfani da busasshen wuta, sannan a yi hidima gaba ɗaya. Ana dafa ƙananan yanka daga yanka ko zagaye da ɗan danshi ko kuma a yi musu taushi ta hanyar injina (kamar, misali, naman sa mai siffar cube ).<ref>"What Is a Club Steak? Another Culinary Mystery Solved". ''about.com''. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2018.</ref><ref /> == Bambancin yanki == [[Fayil:US_Beef_cuts.svg|right|thumb|Yanka naman sa na Amurka.]] === Ostiraliya === A Ostiraliya, ana kiran naman sa da "nama" kawai kuma ana iya siyan sa ba tare da dafa shi ba a manyan kantuna, mahauta, da wasu ƙananan shaguna. Ana sayar da shi a matsayin abinci a kusan kowace mashaya, bistro, ko gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a kan abincin zamani na Ostiraliya, kuma ana sanya shi bisa ga inganci da kuma yadda aka yanka shi. Yawancin wurare yawanci suna da yanka uku zuwa bakwai daban-daban na naman sa a menu kuma suna yin sa daga shuɗi zuwa mai kyau gwargwadon abin da ake so. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana yin naman nama tare da zaɓin miya da zaɓin soyayyen dankalin turawa (wanda aka sani da soyayyen dankalin turawa daga tasirin Faransa; duba ƙasa) ko dankalin turawa da aka niƙa . Haka kuma ana yin zaɓi na ƙarin salatin gefe ko kayan lambu da aka dafa. === Faransa === A Faransa, naman nama, wanda ake kira {{Lang|fr|bifteck}} a cikin gida, ana kiransa nama ne., yawanci ana yin hidima da dankalin turawa ( {{Lang|fr|pommes frites}} a Faransanci). Haɗin ana kiransa da soyayyen nama . Ba a saba ba da kayan lambu da nama ta wannan hanyar ba, amma ana iya yin salati mai kore ko kuma (mafi yawanci) a lokaci guda. Sau da yawa ana yin salati tare da miyar Faransa ta gargajiya. === Indonesiya === A Indonesia, bistik jawa abinci ne na naman sa wanda abincin Holland ke tasiri a kai. Wani naman sa na Indonesiya kuma shine solo na selat wanda ke da tasirin Dutch, wani nau'in Surakarta, na Tsakiyar Java . === Italiya === A Italiya, ba a cin naman nama sosai ba sai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu saboda ƙauye mai tsauri ba ya ɗaukar buƙatun sarari da albarkatu na manyan garken shanu cikin sauƙi. Duk da haka, wasu yankuna na Piedmont, Lombardy, da Tuscany sun shahara da ingancin namansu. Bistecca alla fiorentina sanannen abinci ne na Florence ; yawanci ana yin sa da salati kawai. Tun daga shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba, ribar tattalin arziki ta bai wa ƙarin 'yan Italiya damar cin abinci mai launin ja. === Meziko === A Mexico, da kuma a Spain da sauran tsoffin yankunan mulkin mallaka na Spain, {{Lang|es|[[bistec]]}} ( kalmar aro daga Sifaniyanci daga Ingilishi "beefsteak") tana nufin abincin da aka yi da yankakken naman sa mai gishiri da barkono. Wani nau'in {{Lang|es|bistec}} na Mexico yawanci ana yin amfani da kayan aikin rage nama. Sau da yawa ana yin abincin a cikin tortillas a matsayin taco . === Sipaniya === Spain da [[Daular Sipaniya|tsoffin yankunanta]] suna da nau'ikan {{Lang|es|bistec encebollado}} (naman sa da albasa). Ana iya samunsa a ko'ina cikin Latin Amurka . === Ƙasar Ingila === A Burtaniya, a gidajen cin abinci na nama, naman yana tsufa na tsawon makonni da yawa, ana ƙara masa gishirin teku da barkono sannan a gasa a kan gasa. Sannan ana ba da shi da dankali, kayan lambu da salatin wedge tare da miya. Yawanci ana ba da miya a gefe kamar barkono, Diane, bordelaise, namomin kaza ko miyar Béarnaise. A gidajen cin abinci da mashaya na yau da kullun, naman sau da yawa ana ba da shi da dankalin turawa mai kauri matsakaici (chips), albasa soyayye, namomin kaza, zoben albasa da tumatir. === Amurka === [[Fayil:Surf_and_turf.jpg|right|thumb|Surf da ciyawa]] A Amurka, wani gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a fannin naman shanu shi ne gidan nama . Gidajen nama mafi tsada suna ba da mafi girman darajar naman sa kuma galibi suna busar da shi na tsawon makonni da yawa. Naman sa mai kyau da aka dafa a kan gasasshen gasasshen nama da broilers yana samar da nama mai wahalar kwaikwayonsa a ɗakin girki na gida. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">Ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Abincin dare na nama na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi nama, wanda za a iya ɗora shi da albasa ko namomin kaza da aka soya, tare da abincin gefe mai sitaci ; yawanci dankalin da aka gasa ko aka niƙa, ko dankalin da aka soya mai kauri wanda aka sani da soyayyen nama . Barkono, shinkafa, taliya, ko [[wake]] suma gefe ne na gama gari. Salatin gefe ko ƙaramin rabo na kayan lambu da aka dafa galibi suna tare da nama da gefe, tare da masara a kan cob, wake kore, alayyafo mai kirim, asparagus, tumatir, namomin kaza, wake, da zoben albasa suna shahara. Ana yin burodi gabaɗaya, yawanci biredi ne na abincin dare . == Manazarta == e5jy774dlvimix4z5n3fr38mj3hh8ae 829450 829449 2026-05-03T21:39:29Z Sardeeq 39275 829450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naman sa''', wanda aka fi sani da '''naman sa''' kawai, yanki ne mai faɗi da fuskoki iri ɗaya, wanda yawanci ake yankawa daidai gwargwado zuwa ga zare na tsoka. A cikin hidimar abinci na yau da kullun, abinci ɗaya yana da nauyin da ba shi da yawa wanda ya kama daga {{Convert|120|to|600|g|oz|0}} . Ana gasa naman sa a gasa, a soya a cikin tukunya, ko a gasa . Ana dafa mafi taushin yanka daga bayan gida da haƙarƙari da sauri, ta amfani da busasshen wuta, sannan a yi hidima gaba ɗaya. Ana dafa ƙananan yanka daga yanka ko zagaye da ɗan danshi ko kuma a yi musu taushi ta hanyar injina (kamar, misali, naman sa mai siffar cube ).<ref>"What Is a Club Steak? Another Culinary Mystery Solved". ''about.com''. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2018.</ref><ref /> == Bambancin yanki == [[Fayil:US_Beef_cuts.svg|right|thumb|Yanka naman sa na Amurka.]] === Ostiraliya === A Ostiraliya, ana kiran naman sa da "nama" kawai kuma ana iya siyan sa ba tare da dafa shi ba a manyan kantuna, mahauta, da wasu ƙananan shaguna. Ana sayar da shi a matsayin abinci a kusan kowace mashaya, bistro, ko gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a kan abincin zamani na Ostiraliya, kuma ana sanya shi bisa ga inganci da kuma yadda aka yanka shi. Yawancin wurare yawanci suna da yanka uku zuwa bakwai daban-daban na naman sa a menu kuma suna yin sa daga shuɗi zuwa mai kyau gwargwadon abin da ake so. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana yin naman nama tare da zaɓin miya da zaɓin soyayyen dankalin turawa (wanda aka sani da soyayyen dankalin turawa daga tasirin Faransa; duba ƙasa) ko dankalin turawa da aka niƙa . Haka kuma ana yin zaɓi na ƙarin salatin gefe ko kayan lambu da aka dafa. === Faransa === A Faransa, naman nama, wanda ake kira {{Lang|fr|bifteck}} a cikin gida, ana kiransa nama ne., yawanci ana yin hidima da dankalin turawa ( {{Lang|fr|pommes frites}} a Faransanci). Haɗin ana kiransa da soyayyen nama . Ba a saba ba da kayan lambu da nama ta wannan hanyar ba, amma ana iya yin salati mai kore ko kuma (mafi yawanci) a lokaci guda. Sau da yawa ana yin salati tare da miyar Faransa ta gargajiya. === Indonesiya === A Indonesia, bistik jawa abinci ne na naman sa wanda abincin Holland ke tasiri a kai. Wani naman sa na Indonesiya kuma shine solo na selat wanda ke da tasirin Dutch, wani nau'in Surakarta, na Tsakiyar Java . === Italiya === A Italiya, ba a cin naman nama sosai ba sai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu saboda ƙauye mai tsauri ba ya ɗaukar buƙatun sarari da albarkatu na manyan garken shanu cikin sauƙi. Duk da haka, wasu yankuna na Piedmont, Lombardy, da Tuscany sun shahara da ingancin namansu. Bistecca alla fiorentina sanannen abinci ne na Florence ; yawanci ana yin sa da salati kawai. Tun daga shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba, ribar tattalin arziki ta bai wa ƙarin 'yan Italiya damar cin abinci mai launin ja. === Meziko === A Mexico, da kuma a Spain da sauran tsoffin yankunan mulkin mallaka na Spain, {{Lang|es|[[bistec]]}} ( kalmar aro daga Sifaniyanci daga Ingilishi "beefsteak") tana nufin abincin da aka yi da yankakken naman sa mai gishiri da barkono. Wani nau'in {{Lang|es|bistec}} na Mexico yawanci ana yin amfani da kayan aikin rage nama. Sau da yawa ana yin abincin a cikin tortillas a matsayin taco . === Sipaniya === Spain da [[Daular Sipaniya|tsoffin yankunanta]] suna da nau'ikan {{Lang|es|bistec encebollado}} (naman sa da albasa). Ana iya samunsa a ko'ina cikin Latin Amurka . === Ƙasar Ingila === A Burtaniya, a gidajen cin abinci na nama, naman yana tsufa na tsawon makonni da yawa, ana ƙara masa gishirin teku da barkono sannan a gasa a kan gasa. Sannan ana ba da shi da dankali, kayan lambu da salatin wedge tare da miya. Yawanci ana ba da miya a gefe kamar barkono, Diane, bordelaise, namomin kaza ko miyar Béarnaise. A gidajen cin abinci da mashaya na yau da kullun, naman sau da yawa ana ba da shi da dankalin turawa mai kauri matsakaici (chips), albasa soyayye, namomin kaza, zoben albasa da tumatir. === Amurka === [[Fayil:Surf_and_turf.jpg|right|thumb|Surf da ciyawa]] A Amurka, wani gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a fannin naman shanu shi ne gidan nama . Gidajen nama mafi tsada suna ba da mafi girman darajar naman sa kuma galibi suna busar da shi na tsawon makonni da yawa. Naman sa mai kyau da aka dafa a kan gasasshen gasasshen nama da broilers yana samar da nama mai wahalar kwaikwayonsa a ɗakin girki na gida. Abincin dare na nama na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi nama, wanda za a iya ɗora shi da albasa ko namomin kaza da aka soya, tare da abincin gefe mai sitaci ; yawanci dankalin da aka gasa ko aka niƙa, ko dankalin da aka soya mai kauri wanda aka sani da soyayyen nama . Barkono, shinkafa, taliya, ko [[wake]] suma gefe ne na gama gari. Salatin gefe ko ƙaramin rabo na kayan lambu da aka dafa galibi suna tare da nama da gefe, tare da masara a kan cob, wake kore, alayyafo mai kirim, asparagus, tumatir, namomin kaza, wake, da zoben albasa suna shahara. Ana yin burodi gabaɗaya, yawanci biredi ne na abincin dare . == Manazarta == l8416atgep8t8vjfayi5mah8gicuxny 0 149090 829451 2026-05-03T21:41:12Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340258102|Peanut stew]]" 829451 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miyar gyada''' ko '''miyar gyada''', wadda aka fi sani da '''''maafe''''' ( [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]] ''mafé'', ''maffé'', ''maffe'' ), da kuma '''''pate d'arachide''''' (Faransanci), abinci ne da ake amfani da shi a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Duk da cewa maafe abinci ne da ya samo asali daga Senegal, a Mali tigadéguéna kuma miyar ce da ta samo asali daga mutanen Mandinka da Bambara na [[Mali]] kuma ana yin hidima da ita tare da [[fufu]] na Mali (tuwo). Asalin maafe ana rikitar da shi da na tigadèguèna. Maafe abinci ne da aka yi a zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda ya ƙunshi shinkafa, da sauransu, kuma ba a san shi ba a Mali kafin a shigo da shi Senegal. Ba a san ra'ayin gyada a Mali ba amma gyadar Bambara . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2025)">ana buƙatar bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sunan da ya dace da shi a yaren Mandinka shine {{Lang|mnk|domodah}} ko {{Lang|mnk|tigadegena}} (wani suna "miyar man gyada," inda {{Lang|mnk|tige}} shine 'gyada,' {{Lang|mnk|dege}} shine 'manna', kuma {{Lang|mnk|na}} is 'miya') in [[Harshen Bambara|Bamanankan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2016 |title=The Hirshon Malian Peanut Stew – Tigadegena |url=https://www.thefooddictator.com/hirshon-malian-peanut-stew-tigadegena/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031071440/https://www.thefooddictator.com/hirshon-malian-peanut-stew-tigadegena/ |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=✮ The Food Dictator ✮ |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Lang|mnk|Domodah}} is a sauce, also used by [[Gambians]], whose name has been borrowed from the Mandinka language.<ref>James McCann. Stirring the pot: a history of African cuisine, p132. Ohio University Press, 2009. {{ISBN|0-89680-272-8}}</ref><ref>Emma Gregg, Richard Trillo. Rough guide to the Gambia, p39. Rough Guides, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84353-083-X}}</ref> In [[Senegal]] [[Domoda|domodah or ''domoda'']] refers to flour-thickened soup or stew, which is different from ''maafe'' that uses peanut paste. Senegalese maafe is a favorite dish among several Senegalese Mauritanian and Gambian ethnic groups; it has become the national dish in Mali as well as a popular dish across [[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]], even outside [[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] such as in [[Kamaru|Cameroon]] and [[Faransa|France]]. Nau'ikan abincin Senegal maaf sun bayyana a cikin abincin ƙasashen [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Tsakiyar Afirka]] . Yana kama da [[Miyar Gyaɗa|miyar gyada]] . Ana iya yin sa da rago, naman sa, kaza, ko kuma ba tare da nama ba. <ref name="C2C">{{Cite web |last=Dorinda Hafner |title=Maafe – Chicken And Peanut Stew – Mali |url=http://recipes.chef2chef.net/recipe-archive/30/164262.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203230453/http://recipes.chef2chef.net/recipe-archive/30/164262.shtml |archive-date=3 February 2007 |access-date=3 March 2007 |website=Chef2Chef culinary portal}}</ref> A Ghana, ana cin wannan miyar da [[fufu]] . <ref name="Wright 2012 p. 408" /> == Bambancin == [[Fayil:Mafé_Sénégalais.jpg|alt=Senegalese maafe with vegetables|thumb|Maaf na Senegal da kayan lambu]] Girke-girke na miya sun bambanta sosai, amma galibi sun haɗa da kaza, [[tumatir]], [[albasa]], [[tafarnuwa]], kabeji, da kayan lambu ko ganye . Sauran nau'ikan sun haɗa da [[Kuɓewa|okra]], [[masara]], [[karas]], kirfa, barkono mai zafi, [[paprika]], barkono baƙi, turmeric, cumin, da sauran kayan ƙanshi . Ana ba da mafe a al'ada da [[shinkafa]] fari (a [[Senegal]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]] da [[Gambiya|Gambia]] ), ''fonio'' ko ''zuwa'' (kullu [[Gero|na gero]] ) a [[Mali]], ''tuwo'' ko ''omo tuo'' ( [[shinkafa]] ko kullu na gero) a Arewacin [[Najeriya]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], da Arewacin [[Ghana]], [[couscous]] (kamar yadda Yammacin Afirka ya haɗu da Sahara, a ƙasashen Sahelian), ko [[fufu]] da [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] a yankunan da ke da zafi, kamar Ivory Coast. ''Um'bido'' wani nau'i ne na amfani da ganye, yayin da ake dafa mafe [[Ghana|na Ghana]] da ƙwai da aka dafa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Um'bido (greens & Peanuts) Recipe |url=http://www.yumyum.com/recipe.htm?ID=21716 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160303170443/http://www.yumyum.com/recipe.htm?ID=21716 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=YumYum}}</ref> "Miyar gyada ta Virginia", wani nau'in mafe na Senegal ma ana tafiya da shi tare da bayin Afirka zuwa Arewacin Amurka. === Maaf na Senegal === An inganta Maafe ko mafé daga bassi guerte, miyar man gyada da ake yi da chere a Senegal couscous bisa gero. [1] Malian tigadèguèna da Senegal maafe sun bambanta da dandano da daidaito. [2] Ba kamar Malian tigadèguèna ba, wanda a al'ada yake da ruwa kuma ana shirya shi da man shanu mara kyau, nau'in mafe da ake shiryawa kuma ake ci a Senegal abinci ne da aka yi da shinkafa tare da miyar man gyada mai tsami, tumatir, mai, nama, albasa, tafarnuwa, kayan lambu da kayan ƙanshi waɗanda ke ba shi ɗanɗano na musamman. Senegal maafe ba wai kawai abincin ƙasa ne a Mali da Gambia ba, ana kuma shirya shi a ƙasashe daban-daban a Yammacin Afirka da kuma wajen nahiyar Afirka. A Gambia, ana kiransa domodah. [3] == Manazarta == 4hsitwz4axfy74vs5svjzc00pix1nun 829452 829451 2026-05-03T21:41:31Z Sardeeq 39275 829452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Miyar gyada''' ko '''miyar gyada''', wadda aka fi sani da '''''maafe''''' ( [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]] ''mafé'', ''maffé'', ''maffe'' ), da kuma '''''pate d'arachide''''' (Faransanci), abinci ne da ake amfani da shi a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Duk da cewa maafe abinci ne da ya samo asali daga Senegal, a Mali tigadéguéna kuma miyar ce da ta samo asali daga mutanen Mandinka da Bambara na [[Mali]] kuma ana yin hidima da ita tare da [[fufu]] na Mali (tuwo). Asalin maafe ana rikitar da shi da na tigadèguèna. Maafe abinci ne da aka yi a zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda ya ƙunshi shinkafa, da sauransu, kuma ba a san shi ba a Mali kafin a shigo da shi Senegal. Ba a san ra'ayin gyada a Mali ba amma gyadar Bambara . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2025)">ana buƙatar bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sunan da ya dace da shi a yaren Mandinka shine {{Lang|mnk|domodah}} ko {{Lang|mnk|tigadegena}} (wani suna "miyar man gyada," inda {{Lang|mnk|tige}} shine 'gyada,' {{Lang|mnk|dege}} shine 'manna', kuma {{Lang|mnk|na}} is 'miya') in [[Harshen Bambara|Bamanankan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2016 |title=The Hirshon Malian Peanut Stew – Tigadegena |url=https://www.thefooddictator.com/hirshon-malian-peanut-stew-tigadegena/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031071440/https://www.thefooddictator.com/hirshon-malian-peanut-stew-tigadegena/ |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=✮ The Food Dictator ✮ |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Lang|mnk|Domodah}} is a sauce, also used by [[Gambians]], whose name has been borrowed from the Mandinka language.<ref>James McCann. Stirring the pot: a history of African cuisine, p132. Ohio University Press, 2009. {{ISBN|0-89680-272-8}}</ref><ref>Emma Gregg, Richard Trillo. Rough guide to the Gambia, p39. Rough Guides, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84353-083-X}}</ref> In [[Senegal]] [[Domoda|domodah or ''domoda'']] refers to flour-thickened soup or stew, which is different from ''maafe'' that uses peanut paste. Senegalese maafe is a favorite dish among several Senegalese Mauritanian and Gambian ethnic groups; it has become the national dish in Mali as well as a popular dish across [[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]], even outside [[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] such as in [[Kamaru|Cameroon]] and [[Faransa|France]]. Nau'ikan abincin Senegal maaf sun bayyana a cikin abincin ƙasashen [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Tsakiyar Afirka]] . Yana kama da [[Miyar Gyaɗa|miyar gyada]] . Ana iya yin sa da rago, naman sa, kaza, ko kuma ba tare da nama ba. <ref name="C2C">{{Cite web |last=Dorinda Hafner |title=Maafe – Chicken And Peanut Stew – Mali |url=http://recipes.chef2chef.net/recipe-archive/30/164262.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203230453/http://recipes.chef2chef.net/recipe-archive/30/164262.shtml |archive-date=3 February 2007 |access-date=3 March 2007 |website=Chef2Chef culinary portal}}</ref> A Ghana, ana cin wannan miyar da [[fufu]] . <ref name="Wright 2012 p. 408" /> == Bambancin == [[Fayil:Mafé_Sénégalais.jpg|alt=Senegalese maafe with vegetables|thumb|Maaf na Senegal da kayan lambu]] Girke-girke na miya sun bambanta sosai, amma galibi sun haɗa da kaza, [[tumatir]], [[albasa]], [[tafarnuwa]], kabeji, da kayan lambu ko ganye . Sauran nau'ikan sun haɗa da [[Kuɓewa|okra]], [[masara]], [[karas]], kirfa, barkono mai zafi, [[paprika]], barkono baƙi, turmeric, cumin, da sauran kayan ƙanshi . Ana ba da mafe a al'ada da [[shinkafa]] fari (a [[Senegal]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]] da [[Gambiya|Gambia]] ), ''fonio'' ko ''zuwa'' (kullu [[Gero|na gero]] ) a [[Mali]], ''tuwo'' ko ''omo tuo'' ( [[shinkafa]] ko kullu na gero) a Arewacin [[Najeriya]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], da Arewacin [[Ghana]], [[couscous]] (kamar yadda Yammacin Afirka ya haɗu da Sahara, a ƙasashen Sahelian), ko [[fufu]] da [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] a yankunan da ke da zafi, kamar Ivory Coast. ''Um'bido'' wani nau'i ne na amfani da ganye, yayin da ake dafa mafe [[Ghana|na Ghana]] da ƙwai da aka dafa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Um'bido (greens & Peanuts) Recipe |url=http://www.yumyum.com/recipe.htm?ID=21716 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160303170443/http://www.yumyum.com/recipe.htm?ID=21716 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=YumYum}}</ref> "Miyar gyada ta Virginia", wani nau'in mafe na Senegal ma ana tafiya da shi tare da bayin Afirka zuwa Arewacin Amurka. === Maaf na Senegal === An inganta Maafe ko mafé daga bassi guerte, miyar man gyada da ake yi da chere a Senegal couscous bisa gero. [1] Malian tigadèguèna da Senegal maafe sun bambanta da dandano da daidaito. [2] Ba kamar Malian tigadèguèna ba, wanda a al'ada yake da ruwa kuma ana shirya shi da man shanu mara kyau, nau'in mafe da ake shiryawa kuma ake ci a Senegal abinci ne da aka yi da shinkafa tare da miyar man gyada mai tsami, tumatir, mai, nama, albasa, tafarnuwa, kayan lambu da kayan ƙanshi waɗanda ke ba shi ɗanɗano na musamman. Senegal maafe ba wai kawai abincin ƙasa ne a Mali da Gambia ba, ana kuma shirya shi a ƙasashe daban-daban a Yammacin Afirka da kuma wajen nahiyar Afirka. A Gambia, ana kiransa domodah. [3] == Manazarta == 5tsg4c2klhygsoor3sz2bpvrjgs0j5b 829453 829452 2026-05-03T21:42:18Z Sardeeq 39275 829453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Miyar gyada''' ko '''miyar gyada''', wadda aka fi sani da '''''maafe''''' ( [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]] ''mafé'', ''maffé'', ''maffe'' ), da kuma '''''pate d'arachide''''' (Faransanci), abinci ne da ake amfani da shi a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Duk da cewa maafe abinci ne da ya samo asali daga Senegal, a Mali tigadéguéna kuma miyar ce da ta samo asali daga mutanen Mandinka da Bambara na [[Mali]] kuma ana yin hidima da ita tare da [[fufu]] na Mali (tuwo). Asalin maafe ana rikitar da shi da na tigadèguèna. Maafe abinci ne da aka yi a zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda ya ƙunshi shinkafa, da sauransu, kuma ba a san shi ba a Mali kafin a shigo da shi Senegal. Ba a san ra'ayin gyada a Mali ba amma gyadar Bambara.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Sunan da ya dace da shi a yaren Mandinka shine {{Lang|mnk|domodah}} ko {{Lang|mnk|tigadegena}} (wani suna "miyar man gyada," inda {{Lang|mnk|tige}} shine 'gyada,' {{Lang|mnk|dege}} shine 'manna', kuma {{Lang|mnk|na}} is 'miya') in [[Harshen Bambara|Bamanankan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2016 |title=The Hirshon Malian Peanut Stew – Tigadegena |url=https://www.thefooddictator.com/hirshon-malian-peanut-stew-tigadegena/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031071440/https://www.thefooddictator.com/hirshon-malian-peanut-stew-tigadegena/ |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=✮ The Food Dictator ✮ |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Lang|mnk|Domodah}} is a sauce, also used by [[Gambians]], whose name has been borrowed from the Mandinka language.<ref>James McCann. Stirring the pot: a history of African cuisine, p132. Ohio University Press, 2009. {{ISBN|0-89680-272-8}}</ref><ref>Emma Gregg, Richard Trillo. Rough guide to the Gambia, p39. Rough Guides, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84353-083-X}}</ref> In [[Senegal]] [[Domoda|domodah or ''domoda'']] refers to flour-thickened soup or stew, which is different from ''maafe'' that uses peanut paste. Senegalese maafe is a favorite dish among several Senegalese Mauritanian and Gambian ethnic groups; it has become the national dish in Mali as well as a popular dish across [[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]], even outside [[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] such as in [[Kamaru|Cameroon]] and [[Faransa|France]]. Nau'ikan abincin Senegal maaf sun bayyana a cikin abincin ƙasashen [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Tsakiyar Afirka]] . Yana kama da [[Miyar Gyaɗa|miyar gyada]] . Ana iya yin sa da rago, naman sa, kaza, ko kuma ba tare da nama ba. <ref name="C2C">{{Cite web |last=Dorinda Hafner |title=Maafe – Chicken And Peanut Stew – Mali |url=http://recipes.chef2chef.net/recipe-archive/30/164262.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203230453/http://recipes.chef2chef.net/recipe-archive/30/164262.shtml |archive-date=3 February 2007 |access-date=3 March 2007 |website=Chef2Chef culinary portal}}</ref> A Ghana, ana cin wannan miyar da [[fufu]] . <ref name="Wright 2012 p. 408" /> == Bambancin == [[Fayil:Mafé_Sénégalais.jpg|alt=Senegalese maafe with vegetables|thumb|Maaf na Senegal da kayan lambu]] Girke-girke na miya sun bambanta sosai, amma galibi sun haɗa da kaza, [[tumatir]], [[albasa]], [[tafarnuwa]], kabeji, da kayan lambu ko ganye . Sauran nau'ikan sun haɗa da [[Kuɓewa|okra]], [[masara]], [[karas]], kirfa, barkono mai zafi, [[paprika]], barkono baƙi, turmeric, cumin, da sauran kayan ƙanshi . Ana ba da mafe a al'ada da [[shinkafa]] fari (a [[Senegal]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]] da [[Gambiya|Gambia]] ), ''fonio'' ko ''zuwa'' (kullu [[Gero|na gero]] ) a [[Mali]], ''tuwo'' ko ''omo tuo'' ( [[shinkafa]] ko kullu na gero) a Arewacin [[Najeriya]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], da Arewacin [[Ghana]], [[couscous]] (kamar yadda Yammacin Afirka ya haɗu da Sahara, a ƙasashen Sahelian), ko [[fufu]] da [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] a yankunan da ke da zafi, kamar Ivory Coast. ''Um'bido'' wani nau'i ne na amfani da ganye, yayin da ake dafa mafe [[Ghana|na Ghana]] da ƙwai da aka dafa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Um'bido (greens & Peanuts) Recipe |url=http://www.yumyum.com/recipe.htm?ID=21716 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160303170443/http://www.yumyum.com/recipe.htm?ID=21716 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=YumYum}}</ref> "Miyar gyada ta Virginia", wani nau'in mafe na Senegal ma ana tafiya da shi tare da bayin Afirka zuwa Arewacin Amurka. === Maaf na Senegal === An inganta Maafe ko mafé daga bassi guerte, miyar man gyada da ake yi da chere a Senegal couscous bisa gero. [1] Malian tigadèguèna da Senegal maafe sun bambanta da dandano da daidaito. [2] Ba kamar Malian tigadèguèna ba, wanda a al'ada yake da ruwa kuma ana shirya shi da man shanu mara kyau, nau'in mafe da ake shiryawa kuma ake ci a Senegal abinci ne da aka yi da shinkafa tare da miyar man gyada mai tsami, tumatir, mai, nama, albasa, tafarnuwa, kayan lambu da kayan ƙanshi waɗanda ke ba shi ɗanɗano na musamman. Senegal maafe ba wai kawai abincin ƙasa ne a Mali da Gambia ba, ana kuma shirya shi a ƙasashe daban-daban a Yammacin Afirka da kuma wajen nahiyar Afirka. A Gambia, ana kiransa domodah. [3] == Manazarta == t0skq4ichgk7fiybx5w7anxqrcctd0p 0 149091 829454 2026-05-03T21:43:13Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325148008|Blatjang]]" 829454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Blatjang''' wani nau'in chutney ne na Afirka ta Kudu da ake yi da 'ya'yan itace sabo ko busasshe (yawanci apricots) da barkono da aka dafa a cikin vinegar kuma abincin da ake ci a yawancin gidajen Afirka ta Kudu, ana amfani da shi azaman kayan ƙanshi tare da abincin nama na Afirka ta Kudu kamar [[bobotie]] da braai . == Bayani == Blatjang wani nau'in chutney ne na Afirka ta Kudu da aka yi da busassun 'ya'yan itace (yawanci apricots) da barkono da aka dafa a cikin vinegar kuma abincin da ake ci a yawancin gidajen Afirka ta Kudu, ana amfani da shi azaman kayan ƙanshi tare da abincin nama na Afirka ta Kudu kamar bobotie da braai . [1] Blatjang yana da asalin Cape Malay tare da tasirin Indonesiya, Malay, Indiya da Dutch, wanda ke nuna al'adun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] daban-daban. Blatjang kalma ce [[Afrikaans|ta Afirkanci]] wadda za a iya ɗaukowa daga " belacan " a cikin Malay ko "blachang" a cikin Indonesiya, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da chutney. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Apricot Blatjang |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/apricot-blatjang-recipe-39472 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == {{Div col}} <!--CHUTNEYS--> * {{annotated link|Dahi chutney}} * {{annotated link|Furikake}} eaten similarly to dry chutney * {{annotated link|Sooth (chutney)}} <!--LISTS--> * {{annotated link|List of chutneys}} * {{annotated link|List of condiments}} * {{annotated link|Dipping sauce#List of common dips|List of dips}} {{Div col end}} == Manazarta == j4h47efvu7l90r7rieuxwabk7x16pa3 829455 829454 2026-05-03T21:43:28Z Sardeeq 39275 829455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Blatjang''' wani nau'in chutney ne na Afirka ta Kudu da ake yi da 'ya'yan itace sabo ko busasshe (yawanci apricots) da barkono da aka dafa a cikin vinegar kuma abincin da ake ci a yawancin gidajen Afirka ta Kudu, ana amfani da shi azaman kayan ƙanshi tare da abincin nama na Afirka ta Kudu kamar [[bobotie]] da braai . == Bayani == Blatjang wani nau'in chutney ne na Afirka ta Kudu da aka yi da busassun 'ya'yan itace (yawanci apricots) da barkono da aka dafa a cikin vinegar kuma abincin da ake ci a yawancin gidajen Afirka ta Kudu, ana amfani da shi azaman kayan ƙanshi tare da abincin nama na Afirka ta Kudu kamar bobotie da braai . [1] Blatjang yana da asalin Cape Malay tare da tasirin Indonesiya, Malay, Indiya da Dutch, wanda ke nuna al'adun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] daban-daban. Blatjang kalma ce [[Afrikaans|ta Afirkanci]] wadda za a iya ɗaukowa daga " belacan " a cikin Malay ko "blachang" a cikin Indonesiya, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da chutney. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Apricot Blatjang |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/apricot-blatjang-recipe-39472 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == {{Div col}} <!--CHUTNEYS--> * {{annotated link|Dahi chutney}} * {{annotated link|Furikake}} eaten similarly to dry chutney * {{annotated link|Sooth (chutney)}} <!--LISTS--> * {{annotated link|List of chutneys}} * {{annotated link|List of condiments}} * {{annotated link|Dipping sauce#List of common dips|List of dips}} {{Div col end}} == Manazarta == 8v51qqv2owfwwp3d2bp09716wsqx5ag 0 149092 829456 2026-05-03T21:44:45Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320887647|Amasi]]" 829456 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amasi''' (a cikin [[Yaren Kudancin Ndebele|Ndebele]], [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]] da [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] ), '''emasi''' (a cikin [[Harshen Swazi|Swazi]] ), '''karringmelk''' (a cikin [[Afrikaans|Afirka]] ), ko '''mafi''' (a cikin Sesotho ), wani nau'in madara ne mai kauri wanda aka yi da tsami wanda wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi da cukuwar gida ko yogurt mara nauyi amma yana da ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi. Abincin da aka fi so a zamanin mulkin mallaka, yanzu ya zama abin ciye-ciye mai shahara a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Zimbabwe]] da [[Lesotho]] . == Shiri == Ana shirya Amasi ta hanyar adana madarar shanu da ba a yi amfani da man shafawa ba a cikin akwati [[Ƙwarya|na calabash]] ( Xhosa: , Zulu: ) ko ɓoye buhu don ya yi tsami. <ref name="SA Culture – Ukdula">{{Cite web |title=SA Culture – Ukdula |url=http://www.sedibafountain.org.za/pebble.asp?relid=1285&t=168&translated=true&Culture=IsiZulu |access-date=2007-01-18 |publisher=National Electronic Media Institute of South Africa}}</ref> Ana shan taba sigari, sannan a saka madarar saniya a cikin jakar fata ko bokiti, inda take yin tsami na tsawon kwana 1-5, kuma tana samun ɗanɗanon acid mai kaifi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMASI |url=https://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/food-drink/a-look-into-amasi-the-history-and-things-you-can-do-with-it-41582820}}</ref> Madarar da ke yin tsami tana samar da wani abu mai ruwa da ake kira umlaza ; sauran kuma amasi ne. Wannan ruwa mai kauri galibi ana zuba shi a kan porridge [[Abincin Mielie|na mealie meal]] porridge wanda ake kira [[Ugali|pap]] ( Xhosa: ). <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2017 |title=Umphokoqo - crumbly mealie pap with amasi {{!}} Food & Home Entertaining |url=https://www.foodandhome.co.za/recipes/umphokoqo-crumbly-mealie-pap-amasi |access-date=2017-09-18 |website=www.foodandhome.co.za |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A al'ada ana yin sa a cikin tukunyar yumbu kuma ana iya sha. <ref name="SA Culture – Ukdula" /> A fannin kasuwanci, ana samar da amasi ta amfani da ''Lactococcus lactis'', tare da ƙananan nau'ikan ''Lactococcus lactis subsp.'' ''cremonis'' . Da farko ana cire madarar daga ƙazanta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, fararen ƙwayoyin jini da ƙwayoyin nono. Ana ƙara foda madara mai laushi 3% da gelatin 0.5% a cikin madarar da ba a sarrafa ba don inganta ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki. Sannan ana shafa madarar a zafin jiki na 72 °C na daƙiƙa 15; sannan a sanyaya a zafin jiki na 30 °C don hana kauri. Sannan ana ƙara ''Lactococcus lactis'' a matakin 10 ⁶ cfu /ml sannan a saka shi a zafin jiki na 30 °C na tsawon awanni 16 zuwa 24. == A cikin al'ada == === Zulu === A al'adance, mutanen Zulu suna ganin cewa amasi yana sa namiji ya zama mai ƙarfi, lafiya, kuma mai sha'awa. A lokacin "taboos", kamar lokacin al'ada ko lokacin da mutum ya taɓa mutuwa, dole ne wanda abin ya shafa ya guji shan amasi. Ba a taɓa shan madara sabo ba, amma wani lokacin ana amfani da shi don rage kitsen amasi wanda ake ganin ya yi kauri sosai don a yi amfani da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Megan Russell |last2=Tamlin Armstrong |last3=Sarah Dawson |title=Diet [of the Zulu people] |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/27209/Diet.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102132653/http://library.thinkquest.org/27209/Diet.htm |archive-date=2 January 2007 |access-date=2007-01-18 |publisher=Thinkquest}}</ref> === Afirka ta Kudu === Nelson Mandela ya ambaci yadda ya bar gidan abokinsa cikin taka tsantsan (wurin ɓoyewa a wani yanki na "fararen fata" lokacin da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ke nemansa) bayan ya ji ma'aikatan Zulu biyu suna cewa abin mamaki ne ganin madara a kan taga (a bar ta a waje don ta yi tsami) saboda ba kasafai fararen fata ke shan amasi ba. [1] Amasi kuma yana da farin jini a abincin Indiyawan Afirka ta Kudu inda ake amfani da shi kamar curd . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Xhosa === A al'adar [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]], ana ba wa amarya amasi da kuma naman da ake kira ''uTsiki'', a matsayin alamar maraba da ita cikin sabuwar iyalinta. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Duba kuma == * [[Mursik]] == Manazarta == sv5yx5wihv5vrfitt4pt713ihc45xex 829457 829456 2026-05-03T21:45:02Z Sardeeq 39275 829457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amasi''' (a cikin [[Yaren Kudancin Ndebele|Ndebele]], [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]] da [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] ), '''emasi''' (a cikin [[Harshen Swazi|Swazi]] ), '''karringmelk''' (a cikin [[Afrikaans|Afirka]] ), ko '''mafi''' (a cikin Sesotho ), wani nau'in madara ne mai kauri wanda aka yi da tsami wanda wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi da cukuwar gida ko yogurt mara nauyi amma yana da ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi. Abincin da aka fi so a zamanin mulkin mallaka, yanzu ya zama abin ciye-ciye mai shahara a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Zimbabwe]] da [[Lesotho]] . == Shiri == Ana shirya Amasi ta hanyar adana madarar shanu da ba a yi amfani da man shafawa ba a cikin akwati [[Ƙwarya|na calabash]] ( Xhosa: , Zulu: ) ko ɓoye buhu don ya yi tsami. <ref name="SA Culture – Ukdula">{{Cite web |title=SA Culture – Ukdula |url=http://www.sedibafountain.org.za/pebble.asp?relid=1285&t=168&translated=true&Culture=IsiZulu |access-date=2007-01-18 |publisher=National Electronic Media Institute of South Africa}}</ref> Ana shan taba sigari, sannan a saka madarar saniya a cikin jakar fata ko bokiti, inda take yin tsami na tsawon kwana 1-5, kuma tana samun ɗanɗanon acid mai kaifi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMASI |url=https://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/food-drink/a-look-into-amasi-the-history-and-things-you-can-do-with-it-41582820}}</ref> Madarar da ke yin tsami tana samar da wani abu mai ruwa da ake kira umlaza ; sauran kuma amasi ne. Wannan ruwa mai kauri galibi ana zuba shi a kan porridge [[Abincin Mielie|na mealie meal]] porridge wanda ake kira [[Ugali|pap]] ( Xhosa: ). <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2017 |title=Umphokoqo - crumbly mealie pap with amasi {{!}} Food & Home Entertaining |url=https://www.foodandhome.co.za/recipes/umphokoqo-crumbly-mealie-pap-amasi |access-date=2017-09-18 |website=www.foodandhome.co.za |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A al'ada ana yin sa a cikin tukunyar yumbu kuma ana iya sha. <ref name="SA Culture – Ukdula" /> A fannin kasuwanci, ana samar da amasi ta amfani da ''Lactococcus lactis'', tare da ƙananan nau'ikan ''Lactococcus lactis subsp.'' ''cremonis'' . Da farko ana cire madarar daga ƙazanta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, fararen ƙwayoyin jini da ƙwayoyin nono. Ana ƙara foda madara mai laushi 3% da gelatin 0.5% a cikin madarar da ba a sarrafa ba don inganta ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki. Sannan ana shafa madarar a zafin jiki na 72 °C na daƙiƙa 15; sannan a sanyaya a zafin jiki na 30 °C don hana kauri. Sannan ana ƙara ''Lactococcus lactis'' a matakin 10 ⁶ cfu /ml sannan a saka shi a zafin jiki na 30 °C na tsawon awanni 16 zuwa 24. == A cikin al'ada == === Zulu === A al'adance, mutanen Zulu suna ganin cewa amasi yana sa namiji ya zama mai ƙarfi, lafiya, kuma mai sha'awa. A lokacin "taboos", kamar lokacin al'ada ko lokacin da mutum ya taɓa mutuwa, dole ne wanda abin ya shafa ya guji shan amasi. Ba a taɓa shan madara sabo ba, amma wani lokacin ana amfani da shi don rage kitsen amasi wanda ake ganin ya yi kauri sosai don a yi amfani da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Megan Russell |last2=Tamlin Armstrong |last3=Sarah Dawson |title=Diet [of the Zulu people] |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/27209/Diet.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102132653/http://library.thinkquest.org/27209/Diet.htm |archive-date=2 January 2007 |access-date=2007-01-18 |publisher=Thinkquest}}</ref> === Afirka ta Kudu === Nelson Mandela ya ambaci yadda ya bar gidan abokinsa cikin taka tsantsan (wurin ɓoyewa a wani yanki na "fararen fata" lokacin da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ke nemansa) bayan ya ji ma'aikatan Zulu biyu suna cewa abin mamaki ne ganin madara a kan taga (a bar ta a waje don ta yi tsami) saboda ba kasafai fararen fata ke shan amasi ba. [1] Amasi kuma yana da farin jini a abincin Indiyawan Afirka ta Kudu inda ake amfani da shi kamar curd . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Xhosa === A al'adar [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]], ana ba wa amarya amasi da kuma naman da ake kira ''uTsiki'', a matsayin alamar maraba da ita cikin sabuwar iyalinta. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Duba kuma == * [[Mursik]] == Manazarta == g0ao1f3wziy8782y0eke5pa1at08zmz 0 149093 829458 2026-05-03T21:46:17Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337438399|Amarula]]" 829458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amarula''' wani nau'in kirim ne da aka samo daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An yi shi da sukari, kirim da 'ya'yan [[Danya|itacen marula]] na Afirka ( ''Sclerocarya birrea'' ) wanda kuma ake kira bishiyar giwa ko bishiyar aure. Yana da sinadarin barasa na kashi 17% a cikin adadin (shaida 34). Ya sami ɗan nasara a gasannin ƙima na ruhohi na duniya, inda ya lashe lambar zinare a Gasar Ruhohin Duniya ta San Francisco ta 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amarula Cream Liqueur: Ratings and Review Summary for Amarula |url=http://www.proof66.com/liqueur/amarula-cream-liqueur.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119130759/http://www.proof66.com/liqueur/amarula-cream-liqueur.html |archive-date=2013-01-19 |access-date=2012-10-21 |website=Proof66.com}}</ref> Yana da ɗanɗanon caramel mai ɗanɗanon 'ya'yan itace. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Wikimania_2025_-_Día_3_-_08.jpg|thumb|Wani mashaya yana hidimar Amarula. Nairobi, Kenya.]] Kamfanin Southern Liqueur Company of South Africa (wanda ke da alamar kasuwanci ta yanzu kuma reshen Distell Group Limited ) ne ya fara tallata Amarula a matsayin giya a watan Satumba na 1989, kuma an ƙaddamar da ruhin Amarula a shekarar 1983. A shekarar 2023, Heineken Beverages ta sayi Distell, kuma da wannan alamar Amarula. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Jessica |date=2023-04-27 |title=Heineken completes Distell and Namibia Breweries acquisition |url=https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2023/04/heineken-completes-distell-and-namibia-breweries-acquisition/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=The Drinks Business |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ɗanɗano == # Ruwan Sha na Amarula 17% ABV # Amarula Habasha Coffee Cream Liqueur 15.5% ABV # Ruwan Rasberi, Cakulan da Afirka Baobab Cream Liqueur 15.5% ABV (an ƙaddamar a cikin 2019) # Ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai ƙanshi na Amarula Vanilla 15.5% ABV # Amarula Vegan Liqueur 15.5% ABV # Kashi na Khanyisa Limited Edition 15.5% ABV - Kudaden da aka samu sun tafi ne don gyara Khanyisa, wata jaririyar zabiya marainiya da aka ji wa mummunan rauni a tarkon mai farauta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amarula Khanyisa |url=https://amarula.com/product/limited-edition-khanyisa}}</ref> == Talla mai alaƙa da giwa == [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwayen daji na Afirka]] suna jin daɗin cin 'ya'yan itacen [[Danya|marula]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin135 |date=2018-03-09 |title=It’s Marula time, gets your trunks out! |url=https://www.sagoodnews.co.za/marula-time-gets-trunks/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=The Home Of Great South African News |language=en-US}}</ref> Saboda alaƙar bishiyar marula da giwaye, injin niƙa ya sanya su alamarsa kuma yana tallafawa ƙoƙarin kiyaye giwaye, yana ba da kuɗi tare da Shirin Bincike na Giwayen Amarula a [[Jami'ar Natal]], Durban. <ref name="UoN">{{Cite web |title=Preliminary results of the Pilanesberg Elephant Project |url=http://www.und.ac.za/und/lesci/elephant/preliminary_results.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202121027/http://www.und.ac.za/und/lesci/elephant/preliminary_results.htm |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=2009-02-09 |website=Elephant Projects |publisher=University of Natal}}</ref> Don ƙoƙarin tallatawa, yana samar da abubuwan da za a iya tattarawa waɗanda suka shafi giwaye. Wannan kamfani yana tallafawa binciken giwaye don kare giwaye da kuma kiyaye yawan jama'a. A shekara ta 2002, an ƙaddamar da Shirin Bincike na Giwayen Amarula (AERP) a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Rob Slotow, farfesa a Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal da ke Durban, Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan ya fi bincike kan salon rayuwa, yanayin motsi da kuma halayen giwayen Afirka da nufin kare mazaunin giwayen da kuma tabbatar da makomarsu a cikin daji. [1] A shekarar 2025, kamfanin ya yi wani aikin fasaha na Urban mai suna "Elephant Heart" don tallafawa wurin ajiye kayan tarihi na Elephant Sanctuary na Brazil. Wani sassaka da aka yi da ƙwallon disko ya zagaye wurare da dama na [[São Paulo]] har zuwa Beco do Batman, inda zai zauna a ZIV Galery. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mensagem |first=Meio & |date=2025-08-01 |title=Amarula se volta à arte urbana com Coração de Elefante |url=https://www.meioemensagem.com.br/comunicacao/amarula-se-volta-a-arte-urbana-com-coracao-de-elefante |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Meio e Mensagem - Marketing, Mídia e Comunicação |language=pt-br}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3jgfcwfi6jyl0ofnjcmtxiy5d3io71r 829459 829458 2026-05-03T21:46:34Z Sardeeq 39275 829459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amarula''' wani nau'in kirim ne da aka samo daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An yi shi da sukari, kirim da 'ya'yan [[Danya|itacen marula]] na Afirka ( ''Sclerocarya birrea'' ) wanda kuma ake kira bishiyar giwa ko bishiyar aure. Yana da sinadarin barasa na kashi 17% a cikin adadin (shaida 34). Ya sami ɗan nasara a gasannin ƙima na ruhohi na duniya, inda ya lashe lambar zinare a Gasar Ruhohin Duniya ta San Francisco ta 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amarula Cream Liqueur: Ratings and Review Summary for Amarula |url=http://www.proof66.com/liqueur/amarula-cream-liqueur.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119130759/http://www.proof66.com/liqueur/amarula-cream-liqueur.html |archive-date=2013-01-19 |access-date=2012-10-21 |website=Proof66.com}}</ref> Yana da ɗanɗanon caramel mai ɗanɗanon 'ya'yan itace. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Wikimania_2025_-_Día_3_-_08.jpg|thumb|Wani mashaya yana hidimar Amarula. Nairobi, Kenya.]] Kamfanin Southern Liqueur Company of South Africa (wanda ke da alamar kasuwanci ta yanzu kuma reshen Distell Group Limited ) ne ya fara tallata Amarula a matsayin giya a watan Satumba na 1989, kuma an ƙaddamar da ruhin Amarula a shekarar 1983. A shekarar 2023, Heineken Beverages ta sayi Distell, kuma da wannan alamar Amarula. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Jessica |date=2023-04-27 |title=Heineken completes Distell and Namibia Breweries acquisition |url=https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2023/04/heineken-completes-distell-and-namibia-breweries-acquisition/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=The Drinks Business |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ɗanɗano == # Ruwan Sha na Amarula 17% ABV # Amarula Habasha Coffee Cream Liqueur 15.5% ABV # Ruwan Rasberi, Cakulan da Afirka Baobab Cream Liqueur 15.5% ABV (an ƙaddamar a cikin 2019) # Ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai ƙanshi na Amarula Vanilla 15.5% ABV # Amarula Vegan Liqueur 15.5% ABV # Kashi na Khanyisa Limited Edition 15.5% ABV - Kudaden da aka samu sun tafi ne don gyara Khanyisa, wata jaririyar zabiya marainiya da aka ji wa mummunan rauni a tarkon mai farauta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amarula Khanyisa |url=https://amarula.com/product/limited-edition-khanyisa}}</ref> == Talla mai alaƙa da giwa == [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwayen daji na Afirka]] suna jin daɗin cin 'ya'yan itacen [[Danya|marula]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin135 |date=2018-03-09 |title=It’s Marula time, gets your trunks out! |url=https://www.sagoodnews.co.za/marula-time-gets-trunks/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=The Home Of Great South African News |language=en-US}}</ref> Saboda alaƙar bishiyar marula da giwaye, injin niƙa ya sanya su alamarsa kuma yana tallafawa ƙoƙarin kiyaye giwaye, yana ba da kuɗi tare da Shirin Bincike na Giwayen Amarula a [[Jami'ar Natal]], Durban. <ref name="UoN">{{Cite web |title=Preliminary results of the Pilanesberg Elephant Project |url=http://www.und.ac.za/und/lesci/elephant/preliminary_results.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202121027/http://www.und.ac.za/und/lesci/elephant/preliminary_results.htm |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=2009-02-09 |website=Elephant Projects |publisher=University of Natal}}</ref> Don ƙoƙarin tallatawa, yana samar da abubuwan da za a iya tattarawa waɗanda suka shafi giwaye. Wannan kamfani yana tallafawa binciken giwaye don kare giwaye da kuma kiyaye yawan jama'a. A shekara ta 2002, an ƙaddamar da Shirin Bincike na Giwayen Amarula (AERP) a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Rob Slotow, farfesa a Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal da ke Durban, Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan ya fi bincike kan salon rayuwa, yanayin motsi da kuma halayen giwayen Afirka da nufin kare mazaunin giwayen da kuma tabbatar da makomarsu a cikin daji. [1] A shekarar 2025, kamfanin ya yi wani aikin fasaha na Urban mai suna "Elephant Heart" don tallafawa wurin ajiye kayan tarihi na Elephant Sanctuary na Brazil. Wani sassaka da aka yi da ƙwallon disko ya zagaye wurare da dama na [[São Paulo]] har zuwa Beco do Batman, inda zai zauna a ZIV Galery. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mensagem |first=Meio & |date=2025-08-01 |title=Amarula se volta à arte urbana com Coração de Elefante |url=https://www.meioemensagem.com.br/comunicacao/amarula-se-volta-a-arte-urbana-com-coracao-de-elefante |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Meio e Mensagem - Marketing, Mídia e Comunicação |language=pt-br}}</ref> == Manazarta == r5cwy1l8h8q3h4mlbkgjugxx9actif8 0 149094 829507 2026-05-04T07:13:49Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352426395|South Asian pickle]]" 829507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pickles na Kudancin Asiya''', waɗanda aka sani da ''achar'' da sauran sunaye, kayan ƙanshi ne masu tsami da aka yi da kayan ƙanshi iri-iri da aka adana a cikin ruwan gishiri, vinegar, mai da za a iya ci, da kayan ƙanshi na Kudancin Asiya . Pickles ɗin suna da shahara a duk faɗin Kudancin Asiya, tare da nau'ikan yankuna da yawa. Sun kasance tare da manyan abinci da yawa tun lokacin musayar Columbia a 1492, wanda ya kawo barkono barkono zuwa Indiya. A yau, achar ya faɗaɗa daga abinci mai gina jiki da aka shirya a gida zuwa wani samfuri na duniya, yayin da yake ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin asalin al'adun Kudancin Asiya kuma yana ƙara bayyana a cikin abincin haɗin gwiwa na zamani. == Kalmomi == A cikin harsunan [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] da wasu harsunan Kudancin Asiya da dama, ana kiran 'pickle' a matsayin ''āchār'' ( [[wiktionary:आचार|आचार]] ). <ref name="theculturetrip">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2016 |title=A Brief History Of The Humble Indian Pickle |url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027150142/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=1 January 2019 |website=Culture Trip}}</ref> Adabin [[Sanskrit]] da Tamil na farko sun yi amfani da kalmomin ''Avalehika, Upadamzam'', ''Sandhita,'' da ''Avaleha'' . Kalmar ''Āchār'' kalma ce ta asalin [[Farisawa|Farisa]], tun daga zamanin [[Mughal Empire|Daular Mughal]] . Duk da haka, pickles a Indiya ba ta yi kama da pickles ɗin da aka yi da vinegar na Gabas ta Tsakiya ba. A cikin Farisa, kalmar ''āchār'' an bayyana ta a matsayin "nama, pickles, ko 'ya'yan itatuwa, waɗanda aka adana a cikin gishiri, vinegar, zuma, ko syrup". <ref name="theculturetrip">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2016 |title=A Brief History Of The Humble Indian Pickle |url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027150142/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=1 January 2019 |website=Culture Trip}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ "A Brief History Of The Humble Indian Pickle"]. ''Culture Trip''. 28 November 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201027150142/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ Archived] from the original on 27 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A ƙarni na 18, Georg Eberhard Rumphius ya ba da shawarar cewa kalmar Indiya ''achar'' ta fito ne daga Amurka, {{Sfn|Davidson|2014}} musamman [[Harsunan Arawak|Arawakan]] (na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Concept CHILI PEPPER: aji |url=https://clics.clld.org/parameters/919#1/26/11 |access-date=14 November 2025 |website=CLICS 3}}</ref> ''axi, achi'', "barkono barkono", wanda ake amfani da shi sosai a cikin pickles. {{Sfn|Davidson|2014}} Kamus na Anglo-Indiya na 1886 ''Hobson-Jobson'' ya nuna cewa an samo shi ne daga Latin ''[[wiktionary:acetaria|acetaria]]'' . {{Sfn|Davidson|2014}} == Tarihi == === Tsoho da na zamanin da === Girke-girken girke-girke na farko a cikin rubuce-rubucen Ayurvedic da Sangam sun ambaci nau'ikan kayan ƙanshi iri-iri, gami da ambaton farko da aka sani game da kayan ƙanshi [[Mangwaro|na mango]] . ''Nalacchampu'', wani labari na Sanskrit wanda Trivikrama Bhatta ya rubuta a shekara ta 915 CE, ya bayyana kayan ƙanshi da aka yi daga mangwaro kore, barkono kore, barkono mai tsayi, [[cardamom]] mai ɗanɗano, lemun tsami, lemun tsami, myrobalan, plum alade, apple dutse, da manjack mai ƙamshi . Littattafan girke-girke na farko na zamanin da kamar ''Lokopakara'' (1025 CE), ''Manasollasa'' (1130 CE), ''Pakadarpana'' (1200 CE), da ''Soopa Shastra'' (1508 CE), da ''Kshemakutuhala'' (1549 CE) sun ambaci girke-girke na kayan ƙanshi waɗanda ke amfani da mangwaro kore, barkono kore, barkono mai tsayi, lemun tsami da lemun tsami, tushen turmeric, tushen mangwaro-citta, [[Citta|ginger]], radish, gourd mai ɗaci, kokwamba, tushen lotus, da harbe-harben bamboo . Rubutun addini ''na Lingapurana'' na Gurulinga Desika (1594 CE) ya ambaci nau'ikan 'ya'yan itacen tsami sama da hamsin. An kuma ambaci 'ya'yan itacen tsami na musamman da aka yi da furanni masu ci a cikin littafin girkin ''Ni'matnama'' (1500 CE). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Priyadarshini |date=13 July 2018 |title=From night jasmine to banana blossoms: India's centuries-old love affair with edible flowers |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/881094/from-night-jasmine-to-banana-blossoms-indias-centuries-old-love-affair-with-edible-flowers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208162919/https://scroll.in/magazine/881094/from-night-jasmine-to-banana-blossoms-indias-centuries-old-love-affair-with-edible-flowers |archive-date=8 February 2022}}</ref> === Musayar Columbia === 'Yan kasuwar [[Daular Portuguese|Portugal]] sun gabatar da barkonon barkono zuwa Kudancin Asiya bayan musayar Columbia (wani lokaci bayan 1492) a tashoshin jiragen ruwa da [[Mughal Empire|Daular Mughal]] ke iko da su a gabar tekun yammacin [[Gujarat]] . Kafin haka, kayan ƙanshi masu laushi kamar barkono baƙi, barkono mai tsayi, da ''Piper chaba'' (a cikin sabo da busasshe) sune babban tushen zafi a cikin abincin Indiya na da da na zamanin da. <ref name="Twilley Graber 2019 transcript">{{Cite web |last=Twilley |first=Nicola |last2=Graber |first2=Nicola |last3=Iyer |first3=Raghavan |author-link3=Raghavan Iyer (chef) |last4=Collingham |first4=Lizzie |author-link4=Lizzie Collingham |date=9 April 2019 |title=Transcript: The Curry Chronicles |url=https://gastropod.com/transcript-the-curry-chronicles/ |access-date=6 October 2024 |website=Gastropod}}</ref> <ref name="Batsha 2020">{{Cite web |last=Batsha |first=Nishant |author-link=Nishant Batsha |date=25 June 2020 |title=Curry Before Columbus |url=https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012336/https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/ |archive-date=17 May 2021 |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=Contingent}}</ref> === Anglo-Indiya zuwa Birtaniya === [[Fayil:Hannah_Glasse's_Paco-Lilla_1758.jpg|thumb|Girke-girken Hannah Glasse na " Paco-Lilla ko Indiya Pickle ", 1758]] 'Yan asalin ƙasar Ingila a zamanin mulkin Birtaniya Raj sun fi son chutneys da pickles sosai, kuma sun shirya nau'ikan da yawa. Ga nau'ikan da aka yayyanka, kayan lambu kamar aubergines da [[Barkono|barkono mai kararrawa]] za a iya cika su da barkono, iri na mustard, da turmeric don ba su ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi; ana iya dafa su a cikin man mustard ko man sesame. Ana shirya wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa ta hanyar yayyanka, jiƙa [[mangwaro]] da lemun tsami a cikin ruwan gishiri a cikin tukunya wanda aka bar a rana. Ga chutneys masu daɗi, ana dafa 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar mangwaro da sukari, vinegar, da kayan ƙanshi. Chutneys marasa dafawa suna amfani da sinadarai kamar ganyen coriander kore da kwakwa, waɗanda aka ɗanɗana da barkono, tamarind, da sukari; ana shirya su sabo kowace rana. {{Sfn|Brown|1998}} A ƙarni na 17, a zamanin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya, matafiya 'yan Birtaniya zuwa Indiya sun lura da yawancin chutneys da pickles. Masu aikin jirgin ruwa sun gano cewa nau'ikan da aka adana suna da amfani ga abincinsu na ruwa na naman gishiri da biskit ɗin busasshen jirgin ruwa . An kawo adadi zuwa Birtaniya, ko ta hanyar matafiya ko 'yan kasuwa, nan ba da daɗewa ba masu dafa abinci za su kwafi su kuma su ƙara gyara su daga asalin Indiya. {{Sfn|Collingham|2006}} Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan masu dafa abinci, Hannah Glasse, ta bayyana yadda ake "yin Paco-Lilla, ko Indian Pickle" ( piccalilli ) a cikin littafinta na 1758 mai suna ''The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy'' . Girke-girkenta ya nemi mai dafa abinci ya ƙara ɗan citta, barkono mai tsayi, da tafarnuwa, sannan ya ƙara ɗanɗanon vinegar da ƙwayar mustard da turmeric. Ta ba da shawarar cewa za a iya yayyanka kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar kabeji, farin kabeji, kokwamba, kankana, apple, wake na Faransa, da plums ta wannan hanyar. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Hannah Glasse}}</ref> == Zamani-na zamani == A ƙasashen Kudancin Asiya na zamani, abinci na gargajiya kamar achar yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin asalin al'adu da kuma kiyaye gadon abinci. Achar ya samo asali ne daga tsarin abinci na gida tsawon tsararraki da yawa kuma ya ci gaba da zama babban kayan ƙanshi da abinci na gefe don abincin yau da kullun. Har yanzu ana daraja shi sosai saboda iyawarsa ta haɓaka ɗanɗano da kuma ƙara abinci daga yankuna daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chakraborty |first=Rakhi |last2=Roy |first2=Swarnendu |date=2018-05-01 |title=Exploration of the diversity and associated health benefits of traditional pickles from the Himalayan and adjacent hilly regions of Indian subcontinent |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3080-7 |journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=1599–1613 |doi=10.1007/s13197-018-3080-7 |issn=0975-8402 |pmc=5897286 |pmid=29666512}}</ref> A cikin al'ummar Kudancin Asiya, achar ya canza daga buƙatar yanayi, wanda aka shirya a gida zuwa samfurin kasuwanci da ake samu sosai. Duk da cewa iyalai da yawa har yanzu suna riƙe da al'adar shirya pickles ta amfani da hanyoyin da suka haɗa da mai, gishiri, da kayan ƙanshi, ƙaura zuwa birane da canza salon rayuwa sun ba da gudummawa ga karuwar shaharar nau'ikan da ake siyan a shaguna. Babban samarwa da rarrabawa sun bai wa 'ya'yan itacen tsami na Kudancin Asiya damar isa kasuwannin duniya, musamman ta hanyar al'ummomin ' yan ƙasashen waje a yankuna kamar Burtaniya, Amurka, da Gabas ta Tsakiya . Wannan faɗaɗawa yana nuna manyan tsare-tsare na tarihi na musayar abinci, kamar yadda ayyukan 'ya'yan itacen tsami na Kudancin Asiya suka kasance ƙarƙashin daidaitawa da sake fassarawa fiye da yankunan gargajiya. [1] A lokaci guda, achar ya kasance cikin zurfin ilimin gida da al'adun girki, tare da dabarun shiri da sinadaran da ke ci gaba da nuna yanayin yanki da ayyukan al'adu. Duk da cewa achar yanzu yana samuwa sosai, shaidu sun nuna cewa hanyoyin gargajiya na fermentation suna ba da dandano na musamman da na musamman. [2] Baya ga amfani da shi na gargajiya, achar yana ƙara shiga cikin abincin zamani da na haɗe-haɗe. Masu dafa abinci da 'yan kasuwa na abinci sun fara haɗa ɗanɗanon sa na musamman zuwa nau'ikan da ba na gargajiya ba, suna haɗa pickles na Kudancin Asiya da yanayin abinci na duniya. Wannan nau'in juyin halitta yana nuna mahimmancin achar a matsayin tushen al'adu da kuma wani abu mai ban sha'awa a cikin abincin zamani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] go9pqr9t6gjxyncufupfdov3d7ompmy 829508 829507 2026-05-04T07:14:22Z Sardeeq 39275 829508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pickles na Kudancin Asiya''', waɗanda aka sani da ''achar'' da sauran sunaye, kayan ƙanshi ne masu tsami da aka yi da kayan ƙanshi iri-iri da aka adana a cikin ruwan gishiri, vinegar, mai da za a iya ci, da kayan ƙanshi na Kudancin Asiya . Pickles ɗin suna da shahara a duk faɗin Kudancin Asiya, tare da nau'ikan yankuna da yawa. Sun kasance tare da manyan abinci da yawa tun lokacin musayar Columbia a 1492, wanda ya kawo barkono barkono zuwa Indiya. A yau, achar ya faɗaɗa daga abinci mai gina jiki da aka shirya a gida zuwa wani samfuri na duniya, yayin da yake ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin asalin al'adun Kudancin Asiya kuma yana ƙara bayyana a cikin abincin haɗin gwiwa na zamani. == Kalmomi == A cikin harsunan [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] da wasu harsunan Kudancin Asiya da dama, ana kiran 'pickle' a matsayin ''āchār'' ( [[wiktionary:आचार|आचार]] ). <ref name="theculturetrip">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2016 |title=A Brief History Of The Humble Indian Pickle |url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027150142/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=1 January 2019 |website=Culture Trip}}</ref> Adabin [[Sanskrit]] da Tamil na farko sun yi amfani da kalmomin ''Avalehika, Upadamzam'', ''Sandhita,'' da ''Avaleha'' . Kalmar ''Āchār'' kalma ce ta asalin [[Farisawa|Farisa]], tun daga zamanin [[Mughal Empire|Daular Mughal]] . Duk da haka, pickles a Indiya ba ta yi kama da pickles ɗin da aka yi da vinegar na Gabas ta Tsakiya ba. A cikin Farisa, kalmar ''āchār'' an bayyana ta a matsayin "nama, pickles, ko 'ya'yan itatuwa, waɗanda aka adana a cikin gishiri, vinegar, zuma, ko syrup". <ref name="theculturetrip">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2016 |title=A Brief History Of The Humble Indian Pickle |url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027150142/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=1 January 2019 |website=Culture Trip}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ "A Brief History Of The Humble Indian Pickle"]. ''Culture Trip''. 28 November 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201027150142/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ Archived] from the original on 27 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A ƙarni na 18, Georg Eberhard Rumphius ya ba da shawarar cewa kalmar Indiya ''achar'' ta fito ne daga Amurka, {{Sfn|Davidson|2014}} musamman [[Harsunan Arawak|Arawakan]] (na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Concept CHILI PEPPER: aji |url=https://clics.clld.org/parameters/919#1/26/11 |access-date=14 November 2025 |website=CLICS 3}}</ref> ''axi, achi'', "barkono barkono", wanda ake amfani da shi sosai a cikin pickles. {{Sfn|Davidson|2014}} Kamus na Anglo-Indiya na 1886 ''Hobson-Jobson'' ya nuna cewa an samo shi ne daga Latin ''[[wiktionary:acetaria|acetaria]]'' . {{Sfn|Davidson|2014}} == Tarihi == === Tsoho da na zamanin da === Girke-girken girke-girke na farko a cikin rubuce-rubucen Ayurvedic da Sangam sun ambaci nau'ikan kayan ƙanshi iri-iri, gami da ambaton farko da aka sani game da kayan ƙanshi [[Mangwaro|na mango]] . ''Nalacchampu'', wani labari na Sanskrit wanda Trivikrama Bhatta ya rubuta a shekara ta 915 CE, ya bayyana kayan ƙanshi da aka yi daga mangwaro kore, barkono kore, barkono mai tsayi, [[cardamom]] mai ɗanɗano, lemun tsami, lemun tsami, myrobalan, plum alade, apple dutse, da manjack mai ƙamshi . Littattafan girke-girke na farko na zamanin da kamar ''Lokopakara'' (1025 CE), ''Manasollasa'' (1130 CE), ''Pakadarpana'' (1200 CE), da ''Soopa Shastra'' (1508 CE), da ''Kshemakutuhala'' (1549 CE) sun ambaci girke-girke na kayan ƙanshi waɗanda ke amfani da mangwaro kore, barkono kore, barkono mai tsayi, lemun tsami da lemun tsami, tushen turmeric, tushen mangwaro-citta, [[Citta|ginger]], radish, gourd mai ɗaci, kokwamba, tushen lotus, da harbe-harben bamboo . Rubutun addini ''na Lingapurana'' na Gurulinga Desika (1594 CE) ya ambaci nau'ikan 'ya'yan itacen tsami sama da hamsin. An kuma ambaci 'ya'yan itacen tsami na musamman da aka yi da furanni masu ci a cikin littafin girkin ''Ni'matnama'' (1500 CE). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Priyadarshini |date=13 July 2018 |title=From night jasmine to banana blossoms: India's centuries-old love affair with edible flowers |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/881094/from-night-jasmine-to-banana-blossoms-indias-centuries-old-love-affair-with-edible-flowers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208162919/https://scroll.in/magazine/881094/from-night-jasmine-to-banana-blossoms-indias-centuries-old-love-affair-with-edible-flowers |archive-date=8 February 2022}}</ref> === Musayar Columbia === 'Yan kasuwar [[Daular Portuguese|Portugal]] sun gabatar da barkonon barkono zuwa Kudancin Asiya bayan musayar Columbia (wani lokaci bayan 1492) a tashoshin jiragen ruwa da [[Mughal Empire|Daular Mughal]] ke iko da su a gabar tekun yammacin [[Gujarat]] . Kafin haka, kayan ƙanshi masu laushi kamar barkono baƙi, barkono mai tsayi, da ''Piper chaba'' (a cikin sabo da busasshe) sune babban tushen zafi a cikin abincin Indiya na da da na zamanin da. <ref name="Twilley Graber 2019 transcript">{{Cite web |last=Twilley |first=Nicola |last2=Graber |first2=Nicola |last3=Iyer |first3=Raghavan |author-link3=Raghavan Iyer (chef) |last4=Collingham |first4=Lizzie |author-link4=Lizzie Collingham |date=9 April 2019 |title=Transcript: The Curry Chronicles |url=https://gastropod.com/transcript-the-curry-chronicles/ |access-date=6 October 2024 |website=Gastropod}}</ref> <ref name="Batsha 2020">{{Cite web |last=Batsha |first=Nishant |author-link=Nishant Batsha |date=25 June 2020 |title=Curry Before Columbus |url=https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012336/https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/ |archive-date=17 May 2021 |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=Contingent}}</ref> === Anglo-Indiya zuwa Birtaniya === [[Fayil:Hannah_Glasse's_Paco-Lilla_1758.jpg|thumb|Girke-girken Hannah Glasse na " Paco-Lilla ko Indiya Pickle ", 1758]] 'Yan asalin ƙasar Ingila a zamanin mulkin Birtaniya Raj sun fi son chutneys da pickles sosai, kuma sun shirya nau'ikan da yawa. Ga nau'ikan da aka yayyanka, kayan lambu kamar aubergines da [[Barkono|barkono mai kararrawa]] za a iya cika su da barkono, iri na mustard, da turmeric don ba su ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi; ana iya dafa su a cikin man mustard ko man sesame. Ana shirya wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa ta hanyar yayyanka, jiƙa [[mangwaro]] da lemun tsami a cikin ruwan gishiri a cikin tukunya wanda aka bar a rana. Ga chutneys masu daɗi, ana dafa 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar mangwaro da sukari, vinegar, da kayan ƙanshi. Chutneys marasa dafawa suna amfani da sinadarai kamar ganyen coriander kore da kwakwa, waɗanda aka ɗanɗana da barkono, tamarind, da sukari; ana shirya su sabo kowace rana. {{Sfn|Brown|1998}} A ƙarni na 17, a zamanin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya, matafiya 'yan Birtaniya zuwa Indiya sun lura da yawancin chutneys da pickles. Masu aikin jirgin ruwa sun gano cewa nau'ikan da aka adana suna da amfani ga abincinsu na ruwa na naman gishiri da biskit ɗin busasshen jirgin ruwa . An kawo adadi zuwa Birtaniya, ko ta hanyar matafiya ko 'yan kasuwa, nan ba da daɗewa ba masu dafa abinci za su kwafi su kuma su ƙara gyara su daga asalin Indiya. {{Sfn|Collingham|2006}} Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan masu dafa abinci, Hannah Glasse, ta bayyana yadda ake "yin Paco-Lilla, ko Indian Pickle" ( piccalilli ) a cikin littafinta na 1758 mai suna ''The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy'' . Girke-girkenta ya nemi mai dafa abinci ya ƙara ɗan citta, barkono mai tsayi, da tafarnuwa, sannan ya ƙara ɗanɗanon vinegar da ƙwayar mustard da turmeric. Ta ba da shawarar cewa za a iya yayyanka kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar kabeji, farin kabeji, kokwamba, kankana, apple, wake na Faransa, da plums ta wannan hanyar. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Hannah Glasse}}</ref> == Zamani-na zamani == A ƙasashen Kudancin Asiya na zamani, abinci na gargajiya kamar achar yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin asalin al'adu da kuma kiyaye gadon abinci. Achar ya samo asali ne daga tsarin abinci na gida tsawon tsararraki da yawa kuma ya ci gaba da zama babban kayan ƙanshi da abinci na gefe don abincin yau da kullun. Har yanzu ana daraja shi sosai saboda iyawarsa ta haɓaka ɗanɗano da kuma ƙara abinci daga yankuna daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chakraborty |first=Rakhi |last2=Roy |first2=Swarnendu |date=2018-05-01 |title=Exploration of the diversity and associated health benefits of traditional pickles from the Himalayan and adjacent hilly regions of Indian subcontinent |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3080-7 |journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=1599–1613 |doi=10.1007/s13197-018-3080-7 |issn=0975-8402 |pmc=5897286 |pmid=29666512}}</ref> A cikin al'ummar Kudancin Asiya, achar ya canza daga buƙatar yanayi, wanda aka shirya a gida zuwa samfurin kasuwanci da ake samu sosai. Duk da cewa iyalai da yawa har yanzu suna riƙe da al'adar shirya pickles ta amfani da hanyoyin da suka haɗa da mai, gishiri, da kayan ƙanshi, ƙaura zuwa birane da canza salon rayuwa sun ba da gudummawa ga karuwar shaharar nau'ikan da ake siyan a shaguna. Babban samarwa da rarrabawa sun bai wa 'ya'yan itacen tsami na Kudancin Asiya damar isa kasuwannin duniya, musamman ta hanyar al'ummomin ' yan ƙasashen waje a yankuna kamar Burtaniya, Amurka, da Gabas ta Tsakiya . Wannan faɗaɗawa yana nuna manyan tsare-tsare na tarihi na musayar abinci, kamar yadda ayyukan 'ya'yan itacen tsami na Kudancin Asiya suka kasance ƙarƙashin daidaitawa da sake fassarawa fiye da yankunan gargajiya. [1] A lokaci guda, achar ya kasance cikin zurfin ilimin gida da al'adun girki, tare da dabarun shiri da sinadaran da ke ci gaba da nuna yanayin yanki da ayyukan al'adu. Duk da cewa achar yanzu yana samuwa sosai, shaidu sun nuna cewa hanyoyin gargajiya na fermentation suna ba da dandano na musamman da na musamman. [2] Baya ga amfani da shi na gargajiya, achar yana ƙara shiga cikin abincin zamani da na haɗe-haɗe. Masu dafa abinci da 'yan kasuwa na abinci sun fara haɗa ɗanɗanon sa na musamman zuwa nau'ikan da ba na gargajiya ba, suna haɗa pickles na Kudancin Asiya da yanayin abinci na duniya. Wannan nau'in juyin halitta yana nuna mahimmancin achar a matsayin tushen al'adu da kuma wani abu mai ban sha'awa a cikin abincin zamani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7407cyg491gf0255vx0tcjxbkv3osue 0 149095 829509 2026-05-04T07:15:22Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1245812356|Peppadew]]" 829509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peppadew''' wani kamfani ne na kasuwanci da aka yi wa alama ta kamfanin abinci na Afirka ta Kudu Peppadew International (Pty) Ltd. don sigar barkonon Juanita da aka yayyanka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peppadew Peppers {{!}} Cook's Illustrated |url=http://www.cooksillustrated.com/how_tos/5786-peppadew-peppers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610191943/https://www.cooksillustrated.com/how_tos/5786-peppadew-peppers |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.cooksillustrated.com |language=en}}</ref> Peppadew International tana samarwa da tallata nau'ikan kayayyakin abinci iri-iri a ƙarƙashin alamar Peppadew, ciki har da barkonon jalapeño, barkonon Goldew, albasa mai tsami, miya mai zafi, miyar taliya da relishes, amma an fi saninta da barkonon piquanté mai daɗi ( nau'in ''Capsicum baccatum'' ) da ake nomawa a lardin Limpopo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Peppadew International |url=https://www.peppadew.com/about-peppadew-international/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024091244/https://www.peppadew.com/about-peppadew-international/ |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=2018-06-29 |publisher=Peppadew International (Pty) Ltd}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Peppadew International da kamfanin Peppadew a shekarar 1995 bayan da wanda ya kafa kamfanin Johan Steenkamp ya gano wani barkono mai zaki a Gabashin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan gano barkonon, an nemi haƙƙin masu kiwon shuke-shuke tare da Ma'aikatar Noma, Dazuzzuka da Kamun Kifi ta Afirka ta Kudu don kare nau'in. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-13 |title=Government Gazette No 32004 |url=http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=97543 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604102550/http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=97543 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=2009-04-26 |publisher=South African Government |pages=13}}</ref> Johan Steenkamp ya fara noma da sarrafa barkonon a yankin Tzaneen na Afirka ta Kudu, inda har yanzu masana'antar Peppadew International ke da hedikwata a yau. Daga baya Steenkamp ya sayar da sha'awarsa ga kamfanin a shekarar 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PEPPADEW® Brand, Story & Company |url=https://www.peppadew.com/about-peppadew-international/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024091244/https://www.peppadew.com/about-peppadew-international/ |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=2020-07-28 |website=PEPPADEW® International |language=en-US}}</ref> Peppadew International su ne suka fara tallata wannan nau'in barkono. Duk da cewa a wasu lokutan ana kwatanta barkonon a matsayin giciye tsakanin barkono da tumatir, wannan bayanin ba daidai bane a fannin tsirrai, kuma yana nufin kawai kamanceceniya a launi da girma tsakanin barkono ja da [[tumatir]] ceri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hultquist |first=Mike |date=7 January 2020 |title=Peppadew® Peppers (Sweet Piquanté) – Everything You Need to Know |url=https://www.chilipeppermadness.com/chili-pepper-types/sweet-mild-chili-peppers/picuante-peppadew-chili-peppers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101225210/https://www.chilipeppermadness.com/chili-pepper-types/sweet-mild-chili-peppers/picuante-peppadew-chili-peppers/ |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Chili Pepper Madness}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, ''Bon Appetit'' ya buga wani girke-girke na Pimento Mac & Cheese yana kiran Peppadews, sannan sai ya gudanar da wani rubutu na gaba wanda ke gaya wa masu karatu yadda za su nemo barkonon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCracken |first=Janet |date=11 April 2011 |title=Where to Buy the Elusive Peppadew |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/inside-our-kitchen/article/where-to-buy-the-elusive-peppadew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202146/https://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/inside-our-kitchen/article/where-to-buy-the-elusive-peppadew |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Bon Appétit |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ''Baltimore Sun'' ta ruwaito cewa akwai kasuwar baƙar fata ta tsaban barkonon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericson |first=Edward Jr. |title='Thugs,' armed guards, and the black market for delicious patented pickled peppers |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/citypaper/bcp-022916-eat-peppadew-20160302-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610192813/https://www.baltimoresun.com/citypaper/bcp-022916-eat-peppadew-20160302-story.html |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=baltimoresun.com}}</ref> == Sarrafawa == [[Fayil:Peppadew_pickled_peppers_jar.jpg|right|thumb|Kamfanin Peppadew International ya fi shahara da kayayyakin Piquanté Pepper masu zaki]] Ana shuka barkono iri-iri na Peppadew zuwa iri daga iri da aka zaɓa da hannu na tsawon makonni shida zuwa takwas. Sannan ana mayar da su ga manoman da aka yi kwangilar noma, waɗanda daga nan sai su noma barkonon a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ƙungiyar manoma ta Peppadew International. Daga nan sai a girbe barkonon da ba a danye ba a aika su zuwa cibiyar sarrafa Peppadew International inda ake cire iri, a yi wa barkonon magani sannan a saka su a cikin kwalba a cikin wani ruwan gishiri na musamman. [1] == Duba kuma == * List of Capsicum cultivars == Manazarta == 7m40f74c0l5sighdwpigcohvz0ic8g1 829510 829509 2026-05-04T07:15:42Z Sardeeq 39275 829510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peppadew''' wani kamfani ne na kasuwanci da aka yi wa alama ta kamfanin abinci na Afirka ta Kudu Peppadew International (Pty) Ltd. don sigar barkonon Juanita da aka yayyanka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peppadew Peppers {{!}} Cook's Illustrated |url=http://www.cooksillustrated.com/how_tos/5786-peppadew-peppers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610191943/https://www.cooksillustrated.com/how_tos/5786-peppadew-peppers |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.cooksillustrated.com |language=en}}</ref> Peppadew International tana samarwa da tallata nau'ikan kayayyakin abinci iri-iri a ƙarƙashin alamar Peppadew, ciki har da barkonon jalapeño, barkonon Goldew, albasa mai tsami, miya mai zafi, miyar taliya da relishes, amma an fi saninta da barkonon piquanté mai daɗi ( nau'in ''Capsicum baccatum'' ) da ake nomawa a lardin Limpopo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Peppadew International |url=https://www.peppadew.com/about-peppadew-international/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024091244/https://www.peppadew.com/about-peppadew-international/ |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=2018-06-29 |publisher=Peppadew International (Pty) Ltd}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Peppadew International da kamfanin Peppadew a shekarar 1995 bayan da wanda ya kafa kamfanin Johan Steenkamp ya gano wani barkono mai zaki a Gabashin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan gano barkonon, an nemi haƙƙin masu kiwon shuke-shuke tare da Ma'aikatar Noma, Dazuzzuka da Kamun Kifi ta Afirka ta Kudu don kare nau'in. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-13 |title=Government Gazette No 32004 |url=http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=97543 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604102550/http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=97543 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=2009-04-26 |publisher=South African Government |pages=13}}</ref> Johan Steenkamp ya fara noma da sarrafa barkonon a yankin Tzaneen na Afirka ta Kudu, inda har yanzu masana'antar Peppadew International ke da hedikwata a yau. Daga baya Steenkamp ya sayar da sha'awarsa ga kamfanin a shekarar 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PEPPADEW® Brand, Story & Company |url=https://www.peppadew.com/about-peppadew-international/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024091244/https://www.peppadew.com/about-peppadew-international/ |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=2020-07-28 |website=PEPPADEW® International |language=en-US}}</ref> Peppadew International su ne suka fara tallata wannan nau'in barkono. Duk da cewa a wasu lokutan ana kwatanta barkonon a matsayin giciye tsakanin barkono da tumatir, wannan bayanin ba daidai bane a fannin tsirrai, kuma yana nufin kawai kamanceceniya a launi da girma tsakanin barkono ja da [[tumatir]] ceri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hultquist |first=Mike |date=7 January 2020 |title=Peppadew® Peppers (Sweet Piquanté) – Everything You Need to Know |url=https://www.chilipeppermadness.com/chili-pepper-types/sweet-mild-chili-peppers/picuante-peppadew-chili-peppers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101225210/https://www.chilipeppermadness.com/chili-pepper-types/sweet-mild-chili-peppers/picuante-peppadew-chili-peppers/ |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Chili Pepper Madness}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, ''Bon Appetit'' ya buga wani girke-girke na Pimento Mac & Cheese yana kiran Peppadews, sannan sai ya gudanar da wani rubutu na gaba wanda ke gaya wa masu karatu yadda za su nemo barkonon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCracken |first=Janet |date=11 April 2011 |title=Where to Buy the Elusive Peppadew |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/inside-our-kitchen/article/where-to-buy-the-elusive-peppadew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202146/https://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/inside-our-kitchen/article/where-to-buy-the-elusive-peppadew |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Bon Appétit |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ''Baltimore Sun'' ta ruwaito cewa akwai kasuwar baƙar fata ta tsaban barkonon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericson |first=Edward Jr. |title='Thugs,' armed guards, and the black market for delicious patented pickled peppers |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/citypaper/bcp-022916-eat-peppadew-20160302-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610192813/https://www.baltimoresun.com/citypaper/bcp-022916-eat-peppadew-20160302-story.html |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=baltimoresun.com}}</ref> == Sarrafawa == [[Fayil:Peppadew_pickled_peppers_jar.jpg|right|thumb|Kamfanin Peppadew International ya fi shahara da kayayyakin Piquanté Pepper masu zaki]] Ana shuka barkono iri-iri na Peppadew zuwa iri daga iri da aka zaɓa da hannu na tsawon makonni shida zuwa takwas. Sannan ana mayar da su ga manoman da aka yi kwangilar noma, waɗanda daga nan sai su noma barkonon a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ƙungiyar manoma ta Peppadew International. Daga nan sai a girbe barkonon da ba a danye ba a aika su zuwa cibiyar sarrafa Peppadew International inda ake cire iri, a yi wa barkonon magani sannan a saka su a cikin kwalba a cikin wani ruwan gishiri na musamman. [1] == Duba kuma == * List of Capsicum cultivars == Manazarta == jeci4vafvc7qxayyectk8b5zrerfd1r 0 149096 829511 2026-05-04T07:16:44Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338664824|Tangia]]" 829511 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Tanjia-959.jpg|thumb|Tangia cikin toka]] '''Tangia''' ( Arabic ) wani tukunya ne mai siffar tukunya mai siffar [[Tukwane|terracotta]] . Haka kuma sunan miyar da aka dafa a cikin tukunya. <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=Try This Traditional Moroccan Tangia Marrakchia Recipe |url=http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/beeflambandgoatrecipes/r/Moroccan-Tangia-Marrakchia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519225933/http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/beeflambandgoatrecipes/r/Moroccan-Tangia-Marrakchia.htm |archive-date=2015-05-19 |access-date=2013-05-11}}</ref> Ya zama ruwan dare a [[Marrakesh]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] . <ref name="about" /> Ana shirya shi da naman rago ko wani naman da aka zaɓa, lemun tsami ɗaya ko fiye da aka adana, cumin sabo, tafarnuwa, da saffron da aka narke a cikin ruwa da cokali biyu na man zaitun. Ana saka dukkan sinadaran a cikin amphora wanda aka rufe da takardar takarda da aka rufe, a sanya shi a cikin garwashin wuta ko tanda kuma a dafa a hankali na tsawon awanni. [1] [[Fayil:Tangia_in_Marrakech_03.jpg|thumb|Abincin Tangia a Marrakesh]] == Duba kuma == * [[Tajine]] * [[Pastilla|Bastilla]] * [[Abincin Harira|Harira]] * [[Tharid]] * [[Taktouka]] * [[Bissara]] == Manazarta == 6h28y8ynicvod7trzvt1dh1hrmtt806 829512 829511 2026-05-04T07:17:05Z Sardeeq 39275 829512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Tanjia-959.jpg|thumb|Tangia cikin toka]] '''Tangia''' ( Arabic ) wani tukunya ne mai siffar tukunya mai siffar [[Tukwane|terracotta]] . Haka kuma sunan miyar da aka dafa a cikin tukunya. <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=Try This Traditional Moroccan Tangia Marrakchia Recipe |url=http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/beeflambandgoatrecipes/r/Moroccan-Tangia-Marrakchia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519225933/http://moroccanfood.about.com/od/beeflambandgoatrecipes/r/Moroccan-Tangia-Marrakchia.htm |archive-date=2015-05-19 |access-date=2013-05-11}}</ref> Ya zama ruwan dare a [[Marrakesh]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] . <ref name="about" /> Ana shirya shi da naman rago ko wani naman da aka zaɓa, lemun tsami ɗaya ko fiye da aka adana, cumin sabo, tafarnuwa, da saffron da aka narke a cikin ruwa da cokali biyu na man zaitun. Ana saka dukkan sinadaran a cikin amphora wanda aka rufe da takardar takarda da aka rufe, a sanya shi a cikin garwashin wuta ko tanda kuma a dafa a hankali na tsawon awanni. [1] [[Fayil:Tangia_in_Marrakech_03.jpg|thumb|Abincin Tangia a Marrakesh]] == Duba kuma == * [[Tajine]] * [[Pastilla|Bastilla]] * [[Abincin Harira|Harira]] * [[Tharid]] * [[Taktouka]] * [[Bissara]] == Manazarta == sllpm9pck26r3nbbvoekx8vq0a39h7f 0 149097 829513 2026-05-04T07:23:20Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324627669|Ouma Rusks]]" 829513 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ouma''' / /ˈoʊ.mɑː /​​ ⓘ ; wanda aka fi sani da '''Ouma Rusks''' ) wani nau'in rusk ne [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]] da aka yi da girke-girke na gargajiya na madarar shanu . An fara samar da shi a garin Molteno na karkara, a Gabashin Cape, ta hannun Elizabeth Ann Greyvenstyn a shekarar 1939, <ref>{{Cite web |title=A flavour of genius |url=http://www.themarketingsite.com/live/article/a-flavour-of-genius/2836/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414130009/http://www.themarketingsite.com/live/article/a-flavour-of-genius/2836 |archive-date=14 April 2018 |access-date=30 July 2016 |website=The Marketing Site}}</ref> a matsayin martani ga wani shiri da fasto na garin ya yi don taimakawa kokarin 'yan kasuwa na mata a cikin cocinsa. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 2011 |title=Design Indaba Creative Brief |url=http://d6.designindaba.com/sites/default/files/DI-Foodcorp-Creative-Brief-May-11.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Foodcorp |page=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019155912/http://d6.designindaba.com/sites/default/files/DI-Foodcorp-Creative-Brief-May-11.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2016 |access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> A halin yanzu wannan alama tana mamaye kasuwar rusk ta gida mai ƙarancin girma, kuma ana ƙera ta ne a cikin garin da aka fara samar da ita. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 2011 |title=Design Indaba Creative Brief |url=http://d6.designindaba.com/sites/default/files/DI-Foodcorp-Creative-Brief-May-11.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Foodcorp |page=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019155912/http://d6.designindaba.com/sites/default/files/DI-Foodcorp-Creative-Brief-May-11.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2016 |access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ƙoƙarin rage mummunan tasirin [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci]], faston garin ya bai wa kowace mace 'yar cocinsa kuɗi don fara kasuwancin gida da kuma ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga na iyalinsu. Kowannensu ya sami rabin kambi, wanda yayi daidai da shillings biyu da sixpence (kimanin £ 30 ko [[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|R520]] a shekarar 2016). <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2016 |title=Relative value of UK pound (income value) |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508164733/https://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php |archive-date=2016-05-08 |access-date=30 July 2016 |publisher=Measuring Worth |quote=Income Value is measured using the relative average income to buy a commodity.}}</ref> An fara sayar da su da sunan "Outspan Rusks" amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka canza su zuwa ' '''Ouma''' ' (Afrikaans don kaka). <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2013 |title=How a private-public partnership saved the historic Eastern Cape town of Molteno |url=http://ouma.foodcorphosting.co.za/news_article.php?newsid=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515125352/http://ouma.foodcorphosting.co.za/news_article.php?newsid=4 |archive-date=15 May 2014 |publisher=Ouma}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Esterhuizen |first=Idéle |title=Foodcorp invests R47mn in E Cape upgrade, retains 250 jobs |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/foodcorp-invests-r47m-to-overhaul-historic-ouma-rusks-factory-2012-08-29 |access-date=2016-07-30}}</ref> A shekarar 1941, [1] sabuwar Hukumar Ci Gaban Masana'antu ta gwamnati (Afirka ta Kudu) ta ba da rancen farko ga Ouma Rusks kan £1,500. [2] Jikan Elizabeth, Leon Greyvensteyn, wanda ke da hannu a kafa da kuma gudanar da kamfanin, ya ci gaba da kafa kamfanin Simba Chip a shekarar 1956. [3] Ouma ta zama wani ɓangare na Fedfood a shekarun 1970, kuma tun daga shekarar 1992 mallakar Foodcorp (Afirka ta Kudu) ne. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, Foodcorp har yanzu tana kula da masana'antar Ouma Rusks a garin Molteno tana ɗaukar ma'aikata 250. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Esterhuizen |first=Idéle |title=Foodcorp invests R47mn in E Cape upgrade, retains 250 jobs |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/foodcorp-invests-r47m-to-overhaul-historic-ouma-rusks-factory-2012-08-29 |access-date=2016-07-30}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEsterhuizen">Esterhuizen, Idéle. [http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/foodcorp-invests-r47m-to-overhaul-historic-ouma-rusks-factory-2012-08-29 "Foodcorp invests R47mn in E Cape upgrade, retains 250 jobs"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Masana'anta == Masana'antar Ouma da ke Molteno a halin yanzu ita ce babbar ma'aikaci a garin, tana da ma'aikata 250. == Talla == Taken tallan Ouma Rusk mai suna ' ''Mu je mu tsoma Ouma'' ' sananne ne a Afirka ta Kudu. == Manazarta == dy9zfn9eq65fy0aybbtkkmfntvsctk0 829514 829513 2026-05-04T07:23:47Z Sardeeq 39275 829514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ouma''' / /ˈoʊ.mɑː /​​ ⓘ ; wanda aka fi sani da '''Ouma Rusks''' ) wani nau'in rusk ne [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]] da aka yi da girke-girke na gargajiya na madarar shanu . An fara samar da shi a garin Molteno na karkara, a Gabashin Cape, ta hannun Elizabeth Ann Greyvenstyn a shekarar 1939, <ref>{{Cite web |title=A flavour of genius |url=http://www.themarketingsite.com/live/article/a-flavour-of-genius/2836/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414130009/http://www.themarketingsite.com/live/article/a-flavour-of-genius/2836 |archive-date=14 April 2018 |access-date=30 July 2016 |website=The Marketing Site}}</ref> a matsayin martani ga wani shiri da fasto na garin ya yi don taimakawa kokarin 'yan kasuwa na mata a cikin cocinsa. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 2011 |title=Design Indaba Creative Brief |url=http://d6.designindaba.com/sites/default/files/DI-Foodcorp-Creative-Brief-May-11.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Foodcorp |page=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019155912/http://d6.designindaba.com/sites/default/files/DI-Foodcorp-Creative-Brief-May-11.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2016 |access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> A halin yanzu wannan alama tana mamaye kasuwar rusk ta gida mai ƙarancin girma, kuma ana ƙera ta ne a cikin garin da aka fara samar da ita. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 2011 |title=Design Indaba Creative Brief |url=http://d6.designindaba.com/sites/default/files/DI-Foodcorp-Creative-Brief-May-11.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Foodcorp |page=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019155912/http://d6.designindaba.com/sites/default/files/DI-Foodcorp-Creative-Brief-May-11.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2016 |access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ƙoƙarin rage mummunan tasirin [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci]], faston garin ya bai wa kowace mace 'yar cocinsa kuɗi don fara kasuwancin gida da kuma ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga na iyalinsu. Kowannensu ya sami rabin kambi, wanda yayi daidai da shillings biyu da sixpence (kimanin £ 30 ko [[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|R520]] a shekarar 2016). <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2016 |title=Relative value of UK pound (income value) |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508164733/https://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php |archive-date=2016-05-08 |access-date=30 July 2016 |publisher=Measuring Worth |quote=Income Value is measured using the relative average income to buy a commodity.}}</ref> An fara sayar da su da sunan "Outspan Rusks" amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka canza su zuwa ' '''Ouma''' ' (Afrikaans don kaka). <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2013 |title=How a private-public partnership saved the historic Eastern Cape town of Molteno |url=http://ouma.foodcorphosting.co.za/news_article.php?newsid=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515125352/http://ouma.foodcorphosting.co.za/news_article.php?newsid=4 |archive-date=15 May 2014 |publisher=Ouma}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Esterhuizen |first=Idéle |title=Foodcorp invests R47mn in E Cape upgrade, retains 250 jobs |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/foodcorp-invests-r47m-to-overhaul-historic-ouma-rusks-factory-2012-08-29 |access-date=2016-07-30}}</ref> A shekarar 1941, [1] sabuwar Hukumar Ci Gaban Masana'antu ta gwamnati (Afirka ta Kudu) ta ba da rancen farko ga Ouma Rusks kan £1,500. [2] Jikan Elizabeth, Leon Greyvensteyn, wanda ke da hannu a kafa da kuma gudanar da kamfanin, ya ci gaba da kafa kamfanin Simba Chip a shekarar 1956. [3] Ouma ta zama wani ɓangare na Fedfood a shekarun 1970, kuma tun daga shekarar 1992 mallakar Foodcorp (Afirka ta Kudu) ne. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, Foodcorp har yanzu tana kula da masana'antar Ouma Rusks a garin Molteno tana ɗaukar ma'aikata 250. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Esterhuizen |first=Idéle |title=Foodcorp invests R47mn in E Cape upgrade, retains 250 jobs |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/foodcorp-invests-r47m-to-overhaul-historic-ouma-rusks-factory-2012-08-29 |access-date=2016-07-30}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEsterhuizen">Esterhuizen, Idéle. [http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/foodcorp-invests-r47m-to-overhaul-historic-ouma-rusks-factory-2012-08-29 "Foodcorp invests R47mn in E Cape upgrade, retains 250 jobs"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Masana'anta == Masana'antar Ouma da ke Molteno a halin yanzu ita ce babbar ma'aikaci a garin, tana da ma'aikata 250. == Talla == Taken tallan Ouma Rusk mai suna ' ''Mu je mu tsoma Ouma'' ' sananne ne a Afirka ta Kudu. == Manazarta == 9yi61idjkbj6jfdf9exdxffktq0f3b4 0 149098 829515 2026-05-04T07:25:48Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311555265|Pannenkoek]]" 829515 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''pannenkoek''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=pannenkoek / pannekoek* |url=https://www.taaltelefoon.be/pannenkoek-pannekoek |access-date=2018-01-09 |website=www.taaltelefoon.be |language=nl}}</ref> ( ; jam'i ''pannenkoeken'' {{IPA|nl|-ˌkukə(n)||Nl-pannenkoeken.ogg}} ) ko kuma '''pancake na Dutch''' salon pancake ne wanda ya samo asali daga [[Holand|Netherlands]] . Pannenkoeken yawanci suna da girma (har zuwa ƙafa ɗaya a diamita) kuma sun fi siriri fiye da takwarorinsu na pancake na Amurka ko Scotch, amma ba su da siriri kamar crêpes . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Source needed for size of Pannenkoek (July 2020)">Ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Suna iya haɗawa da yanka naman alade, [[Tuffa|apples]], [[Cuku|cheese]], ko raisins . Sau da yawa ana cin nama mai sauƙi da treacle (syrup da aka yi da sukari beets ), ''appelstroop'' (irin man shanu na apple na Holland wanda ba shi da kayan ƙanshi) ko sukari (wanda aka yi da foda) kuma wani lokacin ana naɗe shi don a ci da hannu ko da kayan yanka. Sinadaran asali sune fulawa (ba a cirewa ba, ko kuma duka biyun), madara, gishiri, da ƙwai. Ƙara garin buckwheat (har zuwa kashi 50 cikin ɗari) abu ne na gargajiya, amma ba a saba gani ba a zamanin yau. Ana iya maye gurbin madara da madarar waken soya ba tare da canza sakamakon ƙarshe ba. Ana yayyanka sinadaran zuwa batter mai kama da ruwa. Sai a soya cokali ɗaya na batter a cikin kasko da man shanu ko mai. Da zarar saman pannenkoek ya bushe kuma gefuna suka fara launin ruwan kasa, ana iya juya shi. Na farko sau da yawa bai yi kyau ba. A gida ana iya yin tarin pannenkoeken a gaba don kowa ya ci a lokaci guda, ko kuma mutane su yi birgima a murhu. Ana iya cin Pannenkoeken, kuma galibi ana ci shi a matsayin babban abinci, ana ba shi dumi; a lokacin hunturu, wani lokacin ana cin pannenkoeken bayan an ci abinci sau biyu. Pannenkoeken sanannen zaɓi ne na abincin ranar haihuwar yaro a Netherlands da Belgium. Gidajen cin abinci na musamman na pannenkoeken sun zama ruwan dare a Netherlands da Belgium ("pannenkoekenhuizen" = gidajen pancake). Sau da yawa suna ba da nau'ikan kayan abinci da kayan abinci iri-iri, na gargajiya da na zamani (misali cuku, oregano da salami a kan pizza-pannenkoek). Manyan kantunan Holland da Belgium suna ba da pannenkoeken da aka riga aka dafa (wanda za a iya amfani da shi a cikin microwave) da kuma batter da aka riga aka yi da busasshen fulawa. Na ƙarshen yana buƙatar ƙarin ruwa kawai. == Bambancin yanki == A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ana amfani da ''pannenkoek'' a cikin kalma guda ɗaya: "Kom ons eet pannekoek" (Bari mu ci pannenkoek) (Pannenkoek shine Pannekoek a Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka ta Kudu) Ana ba da shi tare da kirfa da sukari; ana yayyafa haɗin sukari na kirfa a kan pancake ɗin wanda aka naɗe shi sannan - sai dai idan an ci shi nan take - za a naɗe shi da takardar kakin zuma don kiyaye ɗumi. Kirfa da sukari suna narkewa cikin wannan abincin mai ɗumi da laushi. Sau da yawa ana shirya shi yayin da kuke kallo a kasuwannin coci, bukukuwan makaranta, da kuma duk wani taron waje wanda ke ba da abinci sabo kamar barbecue (braaivleis). A matsayinta na tsohuwar ƙasar Holland, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] ma ta gaji abincin. An san shi da ''panekuk'' kuma galibi ana cin sa da man shafawa a ciki da kayan zaki kamar zuma, madarar da aka haɗa, ''hagelslag'', ko kuma kawai a yayyafa da sukari. Hakanan al'ada ce a haɗa batter ɗin da 'ya'yan itacen ayaba da aka yanka. == Duba kuma == * Crêpe * Clafoutis * Flaugnarde * Kaiserschmarrn, sigar Austrian * Okonomiyaki, wani fanke mai daɗi na ƙasar Japan mai cike da abubuwa da yawa * Pannukakku, sigar Finnish * Palatschinke == Manazarta == bbkzfii2k15h4z9tz9ox5vrks445hzu 829516 829515 2026-05-04T07:26:16Z Sardeeq 39275 829516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''pannenkoek''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=pannenkoek / pannekoek* |url=https://www.taaltelefoon.be/pannenkoek-pannekoek |access-date=2018-01-09 |website=www.taaltelefoon.be |language=nl}}</ref> ( ; jam'i ''pannenkoeken'' {{IPA|nl|-ˌkukə(n)||Nl-pannenkoeken.ogg}} ) ko kuma '''pancake na Dutch''' salon pancake ne wanda ya samo asali daga [[Holand|Netherlands]] . Pannenkoeken yawanci suna da girma (har zuwa ƙafa ɗaya a diamita) kuma sun fi siriri fiye da takwarorinsu na pancake na Amurka ko Scotch, amma ba su da siriri kamar crêpes . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Source needed for size of Pannenkoek (July 2020)">Ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Suna iya haɗawa da yanka naman alade, [[Tuffa|apples]], [[Cuku|cheese]], ko raisins . Sau da yawa ana cin nama mai sauƙi da treacle (syrup da aka yi da sukari beets ), ''appelstroop'' (irin man shanu na apple na Holland wanda ba shi da kayan ƙanshi) ko sukari (wanda aka yi da foda) kuma wani lokacin ana naɗe shi don a ci da hannu ko da kayan yanka. Sinadaran asali sune fulawa (ba a cirewa ba, ko kuma duka biyun), madara, gishiri, da ƙwai. Ƙara garin buckwheat (har zuwa kashi 50 cikin ɗari) abu ne na gargajiya, amma ba a saba gani ba a zamanin yau. Ana iya maye gurbin madara da madarar waken soya ba tare da canza sakamakon ƙarshe ba. Ana yayyanka sinadaran zuwa batter mai kama da ruwa. Sai a soya cokali ɗaya na batter a cikin kasko da man shanu ko mai. Da zarar saman pannenkoek ya bushe kuma gefuna suka fara launin ruwan kasa, ana iya juya shi. Na farko sau da yawa bai yi kyau ba. A gida ana iya yin tarin pannenkoeken a gaba don kowa ya ci a lokaci guda, ko kuma mutane su yi birgima a murhu. Ana iya cin Pannenkoeken, kuma galibi ana ci shi a matsayin babban abinci, ana ba shi dumi; a lokacin hunturu, wani lokacin ana cin pannenkoeken bayan an ci abinci sau biyu. Pannenkoeken sanannen zaɓi ne na abincin ranar haihuwar yaro a Netherlands da Belgium. Gidajen cin abinci na musamman na pannenkoeken sun zama ruwan dare a Netherlands da Belgium ("pannenkoekenhuizen" = gidajen pancake). Sau da yawa suna ba da nau'ikan kayan abinci da kayan abinci iri-iri, na gargajiya da na zamani (misali cuku, oregano da salami a kan pizza-pannenkoek). Manyan kantunan Holland da Belgium suna ba da pannenkoeken da aka riga aka dafa (wanda za a iya amfani da shi a cikin microwave) da kuma batter da aka riga aka yi da busasshen fulawa. Na ƙarshen yana buƙatar ƙarin ruwa kawai. == Bambancin yanki == A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ana amfani da ''pannenkoek'' a cikin kalma guda ɗaya: "Kom ons eet pannekoek" (Bari mu ci pannenkoek) (Pannenkoek shine Pannekoek a Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka ta Kudu) Ana ba da shi tare da kirfa da sukari; ana yayyafa haɗin sukari na kirfa a kan pancake ɗin wanda aka naɗe shi sannan - sai dai idan an ci shi nan take - za a naɗe shi da takardar kakin zuma don kiyaye ɗumi. Kirfa da sukari suna narkewa cikin wannan abincin mai ɗumi da laushi. Sau da yawa ana shirya shi yayin da kuke kallo a kasuwannin coci, bukukuwan makaranta, da kuma duk wani taron waje wanda ke ba da abinci sabo kamar barbecue (braaivleis). A matsayinta na tsohuwar ƙasar Holland, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] ma ta gaji abincin. An san shi da ''panekuk'' kuma galibi ana cin sa da man shafawa a ciki da kayan zaki kamar zuma, madarar da aka haɗa, ''hagelslag'', ko kuma kawai a yayyafa da sukari. Hakanan al'ada ce a haɗa batter ɗin da 'ya'yan itacen ayaba da aka yanka. == Duba kuma == * Crêpe * Clafoutis * Flaugnarde * Kaiserschmarrn, sigar Austrian * Okonomiyaki, wani fanke mai daɗi na ƙasar Japan mai cike da abubuwa da yawa * Pannukakku, sigar Finnish * Palatschinke == Manazarta == 1oiz9bwqut4xtw2p2yupgyvbach3nxv 0 149099 829518 2026-05-04T07:27:45Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1284670889|Monkey gland sauce]]" 829518 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miyar ƙwayar biri''' miya ce mai launin baƙi, mai kauri, mai daɗi da laushi daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yawanci ana yin ta ne a matsayin abin da za a saka a kan gasasshen steaks ko burgers, amma kuma ana amfani da ita a matsayin marinade, miyar tsomawa don zoben albasa da dankali, ko kuma a kan dankalin da aka gasa. <ref name="crushmag">{{Cite web |last=Crushmag |date=2021-09-07 |title=The History of Monkey Gland Sauce |url=https://crushmag-online.com/the-history-of-monkey-gland-sauce/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Crush Mag Online |language=en-US}}</ref> An nuna ta a matsayin abincin gidan abinci tun daga shekarun 1930, <ref name="crushmag" /> ta zama gidan cin abinci na Afirka ta Kudu kuma abincin da aka fi so a cikin sauri . == Sinadaran == Babban abubuwan da ke cikin miyar ƙwayar biri sune chutney da miyar tumatir (ketchup) - wanda ke haifar da cakuda mai daɗi. Sannan, ƙara [[albasa]], vinegar, [[tafarnuwa]] da miyar Worcestershire, yana ba shi ɗanɗano mai daɗi da daɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Says |first=Simon |date=2020-07-27 |title=Monkey gland sauce – what is it and where did it come from? |url=https://www.food24.com/monkey-gland-sauce-what-is-it-and-where-did-it-come-from/ |access-date=2021-07-12 |website=Food24 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Suna == Duk da sunansa, miyar ba ta ƙunshe da wani ƙwayar biri ba. Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da asalin miyar amma mafi yawansu shine cewa ta samo asali ne daga masu dafa abinci na Faransa a tsohon Otal ɗin Carlton da ke Johannesburg . [1] Masu cin abinci na Afirka ta Kudu sun ƙara miya kamar chutney, miyar tumatir, da miyar Worcester a cikin abincin Faransa kafin su ci su. Don haka, masu dafa abinci waɗanda ba su gamsu ba sun haɗa dukkan kayan ƙanshi don ƙirƙirar miya wanda suka sanya wa suna miyar glandar biri. Akwai hasashe a lokacin cewa glandar biri na iya rage tsufa. [2] Wata ka'ida ta daban ita ce an sanya mata suna ne bayan masanin kimiyyar Faransa ɗan asalin Rasha, Dakta Serge Abrahamovitch Voronoff, wanda ya saba zuwa Otal ɗin Savoy da ke Landan. Ɗaya daga cikin gwaje-gwajen likitancinsa ya haɗa da dasa ƙwayar ƙwayayen biri a kan maza masu rauni a matsayin magani. Otal ɗin ya sake wa abincin naman da ya fi so suna "naman gwari na biri" lokacin da ya shahara. Sai wani tsohon mai hidimar Savoy ya kawo shi Afirka ta Kudu a shekarun 1930. <ref name="Briefly">{{Cite web |last=Mogeni |first=Rodah |date=8 September 2020 |title=How to make juicy traditional South African monkey gland sauce |url=https://briefly.co.za/77277-how-juicy-traditional-south-african-monkey-gland-sauce.html |access-date=13 May 2022 |publisher=Briefly}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Glandar Biri - hadaddiyar giya * [[Miya da ake tsome|Jerin abubuwan da za a yi amfani da su]] * Jerin miyar == Manazarta == 1h5ifh4yztv84n8otbeo7op6ghefviv 829519 829518 2026-05-04T07:28:13Z Sardeeq 39275 829519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Miyar ƙwayar biri''' miya ce mai launin baƙi, mai kauri, mai daɗi da laushi daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yawanci ana yin ta ne a matsayin abin da za a saka a kan gasasshen steaks ko burgers, amma kuma ana amfani da ita a matsayin marinade, miyar tsomawa don zoben albasa da dankali, ko kuma a kan dankalin da aka gasa. <ref name="crushmag">{{Cite web |last=Crushmag |date=2021-09-07 |title=The History of Monkey Gland Sauce |url=https://crushmag-online.com/the-history-of-monkey-gland-sauce/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Crush Mag Online |language=en-US}}</ref> An nuna ta a matsayin abincin gidan abinci tun daga shekarun 1930, <ref name="crushmag" /> ta zama gidan cin abinci na Afirka ta Kudu kuma abincin da aka fi so a cikin sauri . == Sinadaran == Babban abubuwan da ke cikin miyar ƙwayar biri sune chutney da miyar tumatir (ketchup) - wanda ke haifar da cakuda mai daɗi. Sannan, ƙara [[albasa]], vinegar, [[tafarnuwa]] da miyar Worcestershire, yana ba shi ɗanɗano mai daɗi da daɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Says |first=Simon |date=2020-07-27 |title=Monkey gland sauce – what is it and where did it come from? |url=https://www.food24.com/monkey-gland-sauce-what-is-it-and-where-did-it-come-from/ |access-date=2021-07-12 |website=Food24 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Suna == Duk da sunansa, miyar ba ta ƙunshe da wani ƙwayar biri ba. Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da asalin miyar amma mafi yawansu shine cewa ta samo asali ne daga masu dafa abinci na Faransa a tsohon Otal ɗin Carlton da ke Johannesburg . [1] Masu cin abinci na Afirka ta Kudu sun ƙara miya kamar chutney, miyar tumatir, da miyar Worcester a cikin abincin Faransa kafin su ci su. Don haka, masu dafa abinci waɗanda ba su gamsu ba sun haɗa dukkan kayan ƙanshi don ƙirƙirar miya wanda suka sanya wa suna miyar glandar biri. Akwai hasashe a lokacin cewa glandar biri na iya rage tsufa. [2] Wata ka'ida ta daban ita ce an sanya mata suna ne bayan masanin kimiyyar Faransa ɗan asalin Rasha, Dakta Serge Abrahamovitch Voronoff, wanda ya saba zuwa Otal ɗin Savoy da ke Landan. Ɗaya daga cikin gwaje-gwajen likitancinsa ya haɗa da dasa ƙwayar ƙwayayen biri a kan maza masu rauni a matsayin magani. Otal ɗin ya sake wa abincin naman da ya fi so suna "naman gwari na biri" lokacin da ya shahara. Sai wani tsohon mai hidimar Savoy ya kawo shi Afirka ta Kudu a shekarun 1930. <ref name="Briefly">{{Cite web |last=Mogeni |first=Rodah |date=8 September 2020 |title=How to make juicy traditional South African monkey gland sauce |url=https://briefly.co.za/77277-how-juicy-traditional-south-african-monkey-gland-sauce.html |access-date=13 May 2022 |publisher=Briefly}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Glandar Biri - hadaddiyar giya * [[Miya da ake tsome|Jerin abubuwan da za a yi amfani da su]] * Jerin miyar == Manazarta == pb9abrx0jv074mrffokq2k1zh1go0je 0 149100 829520 2026-05-04T07:29:26Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1263255484|Morogo]]" 829520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Morogo''' ko '''moroho''', wanda kuma aka sani da alayyafo na Afirka, yana nufin rukuni na akalla kayan lambu masu duhu guda uku da ake samu a duk faɗin Kudancin Afirka waɗanda aka girbe don amfanin ɗan adam. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abincin gargajiya [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma yana zama muhimmin ɓangare na abincin yau da kullun a cikin al'ummomin karkara. == Fa'idodin lafiya da aminci == Ganyen Morogo suna da sinadarin furotin har zuwa kashi 36%. Babban sinadarin bitamin ya dogara ne da shekarun shukar da kuma yadda ake shirya ta; shuke-shuken suna dauke da bitamin A da bitamin C kuma suna karawa da karancin sinadarin calcium, magnesium da iron a cikin masara . [1] A Afirka ta Kudu, ana kiran daya daga cikin nau'ikan da "pigweed" a Turanci, "hanekam" a cikin Afirkanci da kuma a kimiyyance, Amaranthus sp. Binciken da aka gudanar kan nau'ikan abinci guda uku da ake amfani da su a ko'ina ya gano cewa shan sa na iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da jijiyoyin jini da kuma [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2.]] Duk da haka, a wasu yanayi Morogo na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar fungal, musamman fusariosis, musamman a tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiyar garkuwar jiki kamar waɗanda ke ɗauke da [[Kanjamau|cutar AIDS]] . Wani bincike ya gano yawan fungi na ''Alternaria'' a cikin tsarin ganyen ciki da fungi ''na Fusarium'' a saman ganye. Wani bincike daban ya tabbatar da cewa Morogo ba mazaunin Fusarium bane na halitta, amma yana iya kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar kusanci da amfanin gona na masara. == Manazarta == * {{Cite web |title=Astronomic gastronomic menu for big bash |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=13&art_id=vn20040427040820498C627581&set_id=1 |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=Independent Online |ref=IOL}} * {{Cite web |title=How healthy is traditional morogo in Africa |url=http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2004/november/morogo.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925184343/http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2004/november/morogo.htm |archive-date=25 September 2008 |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=Science in Africa |ref=ScienceAfrica}} * {{Cite web |title=Linolenic acid and folate in wild-growing African dark leafy vegetables (morogo) |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=1888204 |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=Public Health Nutrition, Cambridge University Press |ref=Cambridge}} * {{Cite web |title=The occurrence of toxogenic moulds in traditional household Morogo of Giyana |url=http://www.puk.ac.za/biblioteek/proefskrifte/2007/jivan_sangitad.pdf |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=North-West University Library |ref=Potch1}}  * {{Cite web |title=The level of mycotic and mycotoxigenic Fusaria in traditional morogo and the agro-environment of Dikgale Demographic Surveillance Site |url=http://www.puk.ac.za/biblioteek/proefskrifte/2007/mokgakabe_ditselatselae.pdf |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=North-West University Library |ref=Potch2}}  * {{Cite web |title=Conservation and utilization of indigenous vegetables in Botswana |url=http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/500/ch23.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503031048/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/500/ch23.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=3 May 2008 |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=Bioversity International |ref=Bioversity}} e2krpvd3gdj4cm2hyjjqthaur2zl9tz 829521 829520 2026-05-04T07:30:17Z Sardeeq 39275 829521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Morogo''' ko '''moroho''', wanda kuma aka sani da alayyafo na Afirka, yana nufin rukuni na akalla kayan lambu masu duhu guda uku da ake samu a duk faɗin Kudancin Afirka waɗanda aka girbe don amfanin ɗan adam. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abincin gargajiya [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma yana zama muhimmin ɓangare na abincin yau da kullun a cikin al'ummomin karkara. == Fa'idodin lafiya da aminci == Ganyen Morogo suna da sinadarin furotin har zuwa kashi 36%. Babban sinadarin bitamin ya dogara ne da shekarun shukar da kuma yadda ake shirya ta; shuke-shuken suna dauke da bitamin A da bitamin C kuma suna karawa da karancin sinadarin calcium, magnesium da iron a cikin masara . [1] A Afirka ta Kudu, ana kiran daya daga cikin nau'ikan da "pigweed" a Turanci, "hanekam" a cikin Afirkanci da kuma a kimiyyance, Amaranthus sp. Binciken da aka gudanar kan nau'ikan abinci guda uku da ake amfani da su a ko'ina ya gano cewa shan sa na iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da jijiyoyin jini da kuma [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2.]] Duk da haka, a wasu yanayi Morogo na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar fungal, musamman fusariosis, musamman a tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiyar garkuwar jiki kamar waɗanda ke ɗauke da [[Kanjamau|cutar AIDS]] . Wani bincike ya gano yawan fungi na ''Alternaria'' a cikin tsarin ganyen ciki da fungi ''na Fusarium'' a saman ganye. Wani bincike daban ya tabbatar da cewa Morogo ba mazaunin Fusarium bane na halitta, amma yana iya kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar kusanci da amfanin gona na masara. == Manazarta == * {{Cite web |title=Astronomic gastronomic menu for big bash |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=13&art_id=vn20040427040820498C627581&set_id=1 |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=Independent Online |ref=IOL}} * {{Cite web |title=How healthy is traditional morogo in Africa |url=http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2004/november/morogo.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925184343/http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2004/november/morogo.htm |archive-date=25 September 2008 |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=Science in Africa |ref=ScienceAfrica}} * {{Cite web |title=Linolenic acid and folate in wild-growing African dark leafy vegetables (morogo) |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=1888204 |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=Public Health Nutrition, Cambridge University Press |ref=Cambridge}} * {{Cite web |title=The occurrence of toxogenic moulds in traditional household Morogo of Giyana |url=http://www.puk.ac.za/biblioteek/proefskrifte/2007/jivan_sangitad.pdf |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=North-West University Library |ref=Potch1}}  * {{Cite web |title=The level of mycotic and mycotoxigenic Fusaria in traditional morogo and the agro-environment of Dikgale Demographic Surveillance Site |url=http://www.puk.ac.za/biblioteek/proefskrifte/2007/mokgakabe_ditselatselae.pdf |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=North-West University Library |ref=Potch2}}  * {{Cite web |title=Conservation and utilization of indigenous vegetables in Botswana |url=http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/500/ch23.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503031048/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/500/ch23.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=3 May 2008 |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=Bioversity International |ref=Bioversity}} 8fvx8x6i93d70cg0t01o9439d9ftaw3 0 149101 829524 2026-05-04T07:34:38Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350512045|Mille-feuille]]" 829524 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''{{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}}''' ( ; lit. ' <span class="gloss-text">takardu dubu</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ), <ref group="note">The name is also written as {{Lang|fr|millefeuille}} and {{Lang|fr|mille feuille}}.</ref> wanda kuma aka sani da suna '''Napoleon''' a Arewacin Amurka da ƙasashen bayan Soviet, '''yanki na vanilla''' a Burtaniya, da kuma '''yanki na custard''', wani kayan zaki ne na Faransa da aka yi da puff pastry wanda aka yi da kirim mai tsami. Tsarinsa na zamani ya sami tasiri daga gyare-gyaren da Marie-Antoine Carême ta yi. A al'ada, mille-feuille an yi shi da yadudduka uku na puff pastry ( pâte feuilletée ), a juya shi da nau'i biyu na kirim ɗin kek ( crème pâtissière ). Ana gama saman kayan burodi ta hanyoyi daban-daban: wani lokacin ana shafa masa kirim mai tsami, ko kuma a shafa masa sukari mai tsami, koko, ɓawon burodi, ko kuma yankakken almond . Haka kuma ana iya shafa masa icing ko fondant shi kaɗai, ko kuma a yi masa launin fari (icing) da launin ruwan kasa (cakulan) ko wasu launuka masu launi, sannan a tsefe shi don ƙirƙirar tasirin marmara. [1] == Tarihi == A cewar ''Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets'', {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} Girke-girke daga littattafan girke-girke na Faransa da na Ingila na ƙarni na 17 sun kasance abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da yin kek . Ambaton sunan {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} na farko kanta ta bayyana a shekarar 1733 a cikin wani littafin girke-girke na Turanci wanda shugaban abinci na Faransa Vincent La Chapelle ya rubuta. Tarihin karni na 18 na {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} an ci da jam da marmalade maimakon kirim. A cikin Faransanci, ambaton farko na {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} ya bayyana kaɗan daga baya, a cikin 1749, a cikin littafin girki na Menon : <blockquote>Don yin {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} Kek, za ka ɗauki burodin puff, ka yi kek guda biyar daga ciki masu girman daidai, kuma kauri na tsabar kuɗi biyu, a na ƙarshe za ka yi rami a tsakiya a siffar giciyen Knight, gwargwadon girman za ka dogara da kanka a kan abincin da za ka yi amfani da shi don hidima, ka gasa su a cikin tanda. Idan aka gasa su kuma aka sanyaya su, ka jera su ɗaya a ɗayan, ɗaya da rami a saman, kuma ka tsoma jam tsakanin kowane kek, [jumla ba ta bayyana ba, wataƙila tana nufin rufe dukkan bangarorin da jam] kuma ka sanya su a kan kankara da farin icing don su yi kama da guda ɗaya; za ka iya ƙawata shi da ɗan jelly mai launin ja, fatar lemun tsami da pistachio, za ka yi musu hidima a kan faranti.</blockquote> [[File:Strawberry_Napoleon.jpg|alt=Homemade {{lang|fr|mille-feuille}}, using traditional techniques|thumb| {{lang|fr|mille-feuille}} na gida [[Category:Articles containing French-language text]] tare da sabbin strawberries]] Kalmar {{Lang|fr|'mille-feuille'}} ba a sake amfani da shi a cikin littattafan girke-girke na ƙarni na 18 ba. Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]], da yawa daga cikin shahararrun shagunan yin burodi na Paris sun bayyana sun sayar da kek ɗin. A lokacin ƙarni na 19, duk girke-girke suna kwatanta kek ɗin a matsayin cike da jam, ban da girke-girke na 1876 na Urbain Dubois, inda ake yin hidima da kirim ɗin Bavarian . A cewar Alan Davidson a cikin ''Oxford Companion to Food'', ƙirƙirar siffar (amma ba ta biredi kanta ba) yawanci ana danganta ta da Szeged, [[Hungariya|Hungary]], inda aka yi wa {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} mai rufi da caramel. ana kiransa {{Lang|de|'Szegediner Torte'}} . == Tsarin aiki == A al'ada, {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} An yi shi da nau'i uku na puff pastry da kuma nau'i biyu na {{Lang|fr|[[custard|crème pâtissière]]}} . An shafa saman saman da sukari mai laushi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mille-feuille |url=http://cuisine.larousse.fr/recettes/detail/mille-feuille |access-date=2016-03-11 |publisher=Larousse Cuisine}}</ref> A cikin bambance-bambancen da suka biyo baya, saman an yi masa fenti da icing, a cikin fararen (icing) da launin ruwan kasa (cakulan), sannan a tsefe. Sau da yawa ana yi masa ado da 'ya'yan itatuwa, galibi strawberry da rasberi. == Bambancin == [[Fayil:Slide-mille-feuille.jpg|thumb|A {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} kek da icing ɗin comb]] [[Fayil:Mille-feuille_01.jpg|thumb|A {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} irin kek (Japan)]] A cewar La Varenne, tun da farko an kira shi {{Lang|fr|gâteau de mille-feuilles}} ( lit. ' ), yana nufin layuka da yawa na kek. Ta amfani da kek ɗin puff na gargajiya, wanda aka yi da ninki shida na layuka uku, yana da layuka 729; tare da wasu girke-girke na zamani yana iya samun har zuwa 2,048. A Faransa, ana yin burodin da ake kira Napoleon da nau'i biyu na pâte feuilletée da aka haɗa cike da frangipane . === Argentina da Uruguay === ''Rogel'', wani sanannen kek, nau'in Argentina na {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} na Faransa, ya ƙunshi nau'ikan burodin puff daban-daban da aka yi da yadudduka na dulce de leche da kuma saman da aka yi da meringue. Ana ɗaukar Rogel a matsayin wani nau'in kek na gargajiya, kuma ana so a yi da kek ɗin aure. === Ostiraliya da New Zealand === A Ostiraliya, wani nau'in {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} shine the custard slice,   wanda aka fi sani da yanki na vanilla . Ana yin sa ne ta amfani da kirim mai gelatin -set {{Lang|fr|crème pâtissière}}, kuma a lokuta da yawa, icing ɗin passionfruit . "Yanka Vanilla na Faransa" yana nufin wani samfuri makamancin haka ba tare da icing ɗin fondant ba. A [[New Zealand]], ana kiransa da yanki daban-daban na custard, square na custard, yanki na vanilla, ko, tare da icing ɗin passion-fruit, yanki na passion-fruit. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2024)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nuyzlvjtotkibintvwotjmwjqyr3sg0 829525 829524 2026-05-04T07:34:57Z Sardeeq 39275 829525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''{{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}}''' ( ; lit. ' <span class="gloss-text">takardu dubu</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ), <ref group="note">The name is also written as {{Lang|fr|millefeuille}} and {{Lang|fr|mille feuille}}.</ref> wanda kuma aka sani da suna '''Napoleon''' a Arewacin Amurka da ƙasashen bayan Soviet, '''yanki na vanilla''' a Burtaniya, da kuma '''yanki na custard''', wani kayan zaki ne na Faransa da aka yi da puff pastry wanda aka yi da kirim mai tsami. Tsarinsa na zamani ya sami tasiri daga gyare-gyaren da Marie-Antoine Carême ta yi. A al'ada, mille-feuille an yi shi da yadudduka uku na puff pastry ( pâte feuilletée ), a juya shi da nau'i biyu na kirim ɗin kek ( crème pâtissière ). Ana gama saman kayan burodi ta hanyoyi daban-daban: wani lokacin ana shafa masa kirim mai tsami, ko kuma a shafa masa sukari mai tsami, koko, ɓawon burodi, ko kuma yankakken almond . Haka kuma ana iya shafa masa icing ko fondant shi kaɗai, ko kuma a yi masa launin fari (icing) da launin ruwan kasa (cakulan) ko wasu launuka masu launi, sannan a tsefe shi don ƙirƙirar tasirin marmara. [1] == Tarihi == A cewar ''Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets'', {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} Girke-girke daga littattafan girke-girke na Faransa da na Ingila na ƙarni na 17 sun kasance abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da yin kek . Ambaton sunan {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} na farko kanta ta bayyana a shekarar 1733 a cikin wani littafin girke-girke na Turanci wanda shugaban abinci na Faransa Vincent La Chapelle ya rubuta. Tarihin karni na 18 na {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} an ci da jam da marmalade maimakon kirim. A cikin Faransanci, ambaton farko na {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} ya bayyana kaɗan daga baya, a cikin 1749, a cikin littafin girki na Menon : <blockquote>Don yin {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} Kek, za ka ɗauki burodin puff, ka yi kek guda biyar daga ciki masu girman daidai, kuma kauri na tsabar kuɗi biyu, a na ƙarshe za ka yi rami a tsakiya a siffar giciyen Knight, gwargwadon girman za ka dogara da kanka a kan abincin da za ka yi amfani da shi don hidima, ka gasa su a cikin tanda. Idan aka gasa su kuma aka sanyaya su, ka jera su ɗaya a ɗayan, ɗaya da rami a saman, kuma ka tsoma jam tsakanin kowane kek, [jumla ba ta bayyana ba, wataƙila tana nufin rufe dukkan bangarorin da jam] kuma ka sanya su a kan kankara da farin icing don su yi kama da guda ɗaya; za ka iya ƙawata shi da ɗan jelly mai launin ja, fatar lemun tsami da pistachio, za ka yi musu hidima a kan faranti.</blockquote> [[File:Strawberry_Napoleon.jpg|alt=Homemade {{lang|fr|mille-feuille}}, using traditional techniques|thumb| {{lang|fr|mille-feuille}} na gida [[Category:Articles containing French-language text]] tare da sabbin strawberries]] Kalmar {{Lang|fr|'mille-feuille'}} ba a sake amfani da shi a cikin littattafan girke-girke na ƙarni na 18 ba. Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]], da yawa daga cikin shahararrun shagunan yin burodi na Paris sun bayyana sun sayar da kek ɗin. A lokacin ƙarni na 19, duk girke-girke suna kwatanta kek ɗin a matsayin cike da jam, ban da girke-girke na 1876 na Urbain Dubois, inda ake yin hidima da kirim ɗin Bavarian . A cewar Alan Davidson a cikin ''Oxford Companion to Food'', ƙirƙirar siffar (amma ba ta biredi kanta ba) yawanci ana danganta ta da Szeged, [[Hungariya|Hungary]], inda aka yi wa {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} mai rufi da caramel. ana kiransa {{Lang|de|'Szegediner Torte'}} . == Tsarin aiki == A al'ada, {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} An yi shi da nau'i uku na puff pastry da kuma nau'i biyu na {{Lang|fr|[[custard|crème pâtissière]]}} . An shafa saman saman da sukari mai laushi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mille-feuille |url=http://cuisine.larousse.fr/recettes/detail/mille-feuille |access-date=2016-03-11 |publisher=Larousse Cuisine}}</ref> A cikin bambance-bambancen da suka biyo baya, saman an yi masa fenti da icing, a cikin fararen (icing) da launin ruwan kasa (cakulan), sannan a tsefe. Sau da yawa ana yi masa ado da 'ya'yan itatuwa, galibi strawberry da rasberi. == Bambancin == [[Fayil:Slide-mille-feuille.jpg|thumb|A {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} kek da icing ɗin comb]] [[Fayil:Mille-feuille_01.jpg|thumb|A {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} irin kek (Japan)]] A cewar La Varenne, tun da farko an kira shi {{Lang|fr|gâteau de mille-feuilles}} ( lit. ' ), yana nufin layuka da yawa na kek. Ta amfani da kek ɗin puff na gargajiya, wanda aka yi da ninki shida na layuka uku, yana da layuka 729; tare da wasu girke-girke na zamani yana iya samun har zuwa 2,048. A Faransa, ana yin burodin da ake kira Napoleon da nau'i biyu na pâte feuilletée da aka haɗa cike da frangipane . === Argentina da Uruguay === ''Rogel'', wani sanannen kek, nau'in Argentina na {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} na Faransa, ya ƙunshi nau'ikan burodin puff daban-daban da aka yi da yadudduka na dulce de leche da kuma saman da aka yi da meringue. Ana ɗaukar Rogel a matsayin wani nau'in kek na gargajiya, kuma ana so a yi da kek ɗin aure. === Ostiraliya da New Zealand === A Ostiraliya, wani nau'in {{Lang|fr|mille-feuille}} shine the custard slice,   wanda aka fi sani da yanki na vanilla . Ana yin sa ne ta amfani da kirim mai gelatin -set {{Lang|fr|crème pâtissière}}, kuma a lokuta da yawa, icing ɗin passionfruit . "Yanka Vanilla na Faransa" yana nufin wani samfuri makamancin haka ba tare da icing ɗin fondant ba. A [[New Zealand]], ana kiransa da yanki daban-daban na custard, square na custard, yanki na vanilla, ko, tare da icing ɗin passion-fruit, yanki na passion-fruit. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2024)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b7lmyhuceo5oz4ai5r2xfskc53bbj1i 0 149102 829526 2026-05-04T07:37:12Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340360926|Rooibos]]" 829526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rooibos_(Aspalathus_linearis).jpg|thumb|Furanni]] [[Fayil:Rooibos_(Aspalathus_linearis)PICT2813.JPG|thumb|Shuka]] '''Rooibos''' / / ˈrɔɪbɒs / ROY -boss ROY , lit. ' <span class="gloss-text">ja</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ), ko {{Lang|la-x-new|'''Aspalathus linearis'''}}, wani nau'in tsintsiya ne mai kama da tsintsiya daga dangin shukar Fabaceae wanda ke tsiro a cikin biome na Fynbos na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Ana amfani da ganyen don yin jiko na ganye mara caffeine wanda ya shahara a [[Kudancin Afirka]] tsawon tsararraki. Tun daga shekarun 2000, rooibos ya sami karbuwa a duniya, tare da ɗanɗano mai kama da na yerba mate ko taba . <ref>{{Cite web |title=(Making the Origin Count: Two Coffees)...And a Tea |url=https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2007/05/article_0002.html |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Curnow |first=Robyn |date=2012-05-02 |title=South Africa's rooibos a hit with tea lovers across the world {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/05/02/business/rooibos-tea-south-africa/index.html |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/144100203 |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref> A wajen Kudancin Afirka, ana kiransa da '''shayin bush''', '''shayin ja''', ko '''shayin redbush''' (wanda galibi ake kira da shayin redbush) (wanda galibi ake kira da shayin ''rooibos'' ) [[Afrikaans|wanda]] ya samo asali daga {{Lang|af|rooi bos}} ., ma'ana ' . Sunan yana da kariya a Afirka ta Kudu kuma yana da kariya daga sanya matsayin asali a cikin EU. An riga an rarraba Rooibos a cikin nau'in {{Lang|la-x-new|[[Psoralea]]}} amma yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na {{Lang|la-x-new|[[Aspalathus]]}}, bayan Dahlgren (1980). Sunan takamaiman {{Lang|la-x-new|linearis}}, don tsarin girma na layi da ganyen shuka kamar allura, Burman (1759) ne ya bayar. == Samarwa da sarrafawa == [[Fayil:Greenrooibos.jpg|thumb|Shayin rooibos kore]] [[Fayil:Frisch_aufgebrühter_Rooibos.jpg|thumb|Shayin Rooibos a cikin gilashi]] [[Fayil:Коробка_з_чаєм_ройбуш_у_пакетах_та_заварений_чай_із_молоком.jpg|thumb|Shayin Rooibos da madara]] [[Fayil:Rooibos-001.jpg|thumb|Shayin rooibos da aka haɗa da rooibos]] Ana shuka Rooibos a Cederberg, wani ƙaramin yanki mai tsaunuka a gundumar Yammacin Tekun Gabar Teku ta lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muofhe |first=M.L. |last2=Dakora |first2=F.D. |year=1999 |title=Nitrogen nutrition in nodulated field plants of the shrub tea legume Aspalathus linearis assessed using ¹⁵N natural abundance |journal=Plant and Soil |volume=209 |issue=2 |pages=181–186 |bibcode=1999PlSoi.209..181M |doi=10.1023/A:1004514303787 |s2cid=27188520}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ganyen suna shan iskar oksijin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abudureheman |first=Buhailiqiemu |last2=Yu |first2=Xiaochun |last3=Fang |first3=Dandan |last4=Zhang |first4=Henghui |date=January 2022 |title=Enzymatic Oxidation of Tea Catechins and Its Mechanism |journal=Molecules |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=942 |doi=10.3390/molecules27030942 |pmc=8840101 |pmid=35164208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan tsari yana samar da launin ja-kasa-kasa na rooibos kuma yana ƙara ɗanɗano. Ana kuma samar da rooibos ''kore'' marasa oksijin, amma tsarin samar da rooibos kore mai wahala (kamar yadda ake samar da [[Green tea (Shayi)|shayi kore]] ) yana sa ya fi tsada fiye da rooibos na gargajiya. Yana ɗauke da ɗanɗanon malt da ɗan ciyawa kaɗan daban da na ja. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Standley |first=L |last2=Winterton, P |last3=Marnewick, JL |last4=Gelderblom, WC |last5=Joubert, E |last6=Britz, TJ |date=January 2001 |title=Influence of processing stages on antimutagenic and antioxidant potentials of rooibos tea. |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=114–7 |bibcode=2001JAFC...49..114S |doi=10.1021/jf000802d |pmid=11170567}}</ref> == Amfani == Ana yin Rooibos a matsayin tisane ta hanyar tsoma shi cikin ruwan zafi, kamar yadda ake yi da [[Black tea|shayin baƙi]] . Ana shan jiko da kansa ko kuma a ƙara masa madara, lemun tsami, sukari ko zuma. Haka kuma ana yin sa a matsayin lattes, cappuccinos ko [[Shayi mai laushi|shayin kankara]] . == Sinadarin sinadarai == A matsayin ganyen sabo, rooibos yana ɗauke da sinadarin ascorbic acid (bitamin C). <ref name="Morton">{{Cite journal |last=Morton |first=Julia F. |author-link=Julia Morton |year=1983 |title=Rooibos tea, ''Aspalathus linearis'', a caffeine-less, low-tannin beverage |journal=Economic Botany |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=164–73 |bibcode=1983EcBot..37..164M |doi=10.1007/BF02858780 |jstor=4254477 |s2cid=30957644}}</ref> Shayin Rooibos bai ƙunshi maganin kafeyin ba <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iswaldi |first=I |last2=Arráez-Román |first2=D |last3=Rodríguez-Medina |first3=I |last4=Beltrán-Debón |first4=R |last5=Joven |first5=J |last6=Segura-Carretero |first6=A |last7=Fernández-Gutiérrez |first7=A |year=2011 |title=Identification of phenolic compounds in aqueous and ethanolic rooibos extracts (Aspalathus linearis) by HPLC-ESI-MS (TOF/IT) |journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry |volume=400 |issue=10 |pages=3643–54 |doi=10.1007/s00216-011-4998-z |pmid=21509483 |s2cid=3247287}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stander |first=Maria A. |last2=Joubert |first2=Elizabeth |last3=De Beer |first3=Dalene |date=1 March 2019 |title=Revisiting the caffeine-free status of rooibos and honeybush herbal teas using specific MRM and high resolution LC-MS methods |journal=Journal of Food Composition and Analysis |volume=76 |pages=39–43 |doi=10.1016/j.jfca.2018.12.002 |s2cid=91374300}}</ref> kuma yana da ƙarancin tannin idan aka kwatanta da [[Black tea|shayin baƙi]] ko [[Green tea (Shayi)|shayin kore]] . <ref name="Morton">{{Cite journal |last=Morton |first=Julia F. |author-link=Julia Morton |year=1983 |title=Rooibos tea, ''Aspalathus linearis'', a caffeine-less, low-tannin beverage |journal=Economic Botany |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=164–73 |bibcode=1983EcBot..37..164M |doi=10.1007/BF02858780 |jstor=4254477 |s2cid=30957644}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMorton1983">[[Julia Morton|Morton, Julia F.]] (1983). "Rooibos tea, ''Aspalathus linearis'', a caffeine-less, low-tannin beverage". ''Economic Botany''. '''37''' (2): <span class="nowrap">164–</span>73. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983EcBot..37..164M 1983EcBot..37..164M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/BF02858780|10.1007/BF02858780]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4254477 4254477]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30957644 30957644].</cite></ref> Rooibos ya ƙunshi polyphenols, gami da flavanols, flavones, flavanones, dihydrochalcones, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krafczyk |first=Nicole |last2=Woyand |first2=Franziska |last3=Glomb |first3=Marcus A. |year=2009 |title=Structure-antioxidant relationship of flavonoids from fermented rooibos |journal=Molecular Nutrition & Food Research |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=635–42 |doi=10.1002/mnfr.200800117 |pmid=19156714}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bramati |first=Lorenzo |year=2002 |title=Quantitative Characterization of Flavonoid Compounds in Rooibos Tea ( Aspalathus linearis ) by LC−UV/DAD |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=50 |issue=20 |pages=5513–5519 |bibcode=2002JAFC...50.5513B |doi=10.1021/jf025697h |pmid=12236672}}</ref> aspalathin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ku |first=S. K. |last2=Kwak |first2=S |last3=Kim |first3=Y |last4=Bae |first4=J. S. |year=2015 |title=Aspalathin and Nothofagin from Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) inhibits high glucose-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo |journal=Inflammation |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=445–55 |doi=10.1007/s10753-014-0049-1 |pmid=25338943 |s2cid=40016427}}</ref> da nothofagin . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joubert |first=E. |year=1996 |title=HPLC quantification of the dihydrochalcones, aspalathin and nothofagin in rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) as affected by processing |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=403–411 |doi=10.1016/0308-8146(95)00166-2}}</ref> Ganyen da aka sarrafa da kuma tushensu suna ɗauke da sinadarin benzoic da cinnamic acid . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rabe |first=C |last2=Steenkamp |first2=JA |last3=Joubert |first3=E |last4=Burger |first4=JF |last5=Ferreira |first5=D |year=1994 |title=Phenolic metabolites from rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=1559–1565 |bibcode=1994PChem..35.1559R |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86894-6}}</ref> == Ma'auni == Ma'aunin Rooibos yana da alaƙa da kashi na allura ko ganyen da ke cikin cakuda. Yawan ganyen da ke cikinsa yana haifar da giya mai duhu, ɗanɗano mai daɗi da ƙarancin ɗanɗanon "ƙura". Ana fitar da rooibos mai inganci kuma ba ya isa kasuwannin gida, tare da manyan masu sayayya su ne Tarayyar Turai, musamman Jamus, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ƙirƙirar gauraye masu ɗanɗano don kasuwannin shayi masu laushi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joubert |first=E. |last2=de Beer |first2=D. |date=1 October 2011 |title=Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) beyond the farm gate: From herbal tea to potential phytopharmaceutical |journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=869–886 |bibcode=2011SAJB...77..869J |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2011.07.004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == Nau'o'i uku na ƙungiyar Borboniae ta ''Aspalathus'', wato ''A. angustifolia'', ''A. cordata'' da ''A. crenata'', an taɓa amfani da su a matsayin shayi. Waɗannan tsire-tsire suna da ganye masu sauƙi, masu tauri, masu kaifi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka fi sani da suna 'stekeltee'. Tarihin farko na amfani da ''Aspalathus'' a matsayin tushen shayi shine na Carl Peter Thunberg, wanda ya rubuta game da amfani da ''A. cordata'' a matsayin shayi: "Daga cikin ganyen ''Borbonia cordata,'' mutanen ƙasar suna yin shayi." (Thunberg, Yuli 1772, a Paarl). Wannan labarin wani lokaci ana danganta shi da shayin rooibos ( ''Aspalathus linearis'' ). <ref name="Wyk">{{Cite journal |last=Van Wyk |first=B.-E. |last2=Gorelik |first2=B. |date=May 2017 |title=The history and ethnobotany of Cape herbal teas |journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=110 |pages=18–38 |bibcode=2017SAJB..110...18V |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa ''Aspalathus linearis'' an yi amfani da shi dubban shekaru da suka gabata, amma hakan ba yana nufin an yi shayin rooibos a zamanin mulkin mallaka ba. <ref name="Gorelik">{{Cite web |last=Gorelik |first=Boris |date=October 2018 |title=Rooibos: an ethnographic perspective |url=https://sarooibos.co.za/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/20180723-SARC-format-TK-Paper-SU-1.pdf |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=South African Rooibos Council}}</ref> Hanyar gargajiya ta girbi da sarrafa rooibos (don yin shayin rooibos ko na ado ) ta iya, aƙalla wani ɓangare, ta samo asali ne a zamanin mulkin mallaka. Duk da haka, ba lallai ba ne cewa [[Mutanen San|San]] da [[Khoekhoe|Khoikhoi]] sun yi amfani da wannan hanyar don shirya abin sha da suka sha don jin daɗi a matsayin shayi. Tarihin shayin rooibos na farko da aka samu a zamanin da ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Ba a rubuta sunayen nau'in Khoi ko na mutanen San ba. Marubuta da yawa sun ɗauka cewa shayin ya samo asali ne daga mazaunan Cederberg . A bayyane yake, shayin rooibos abin sha ne na gargajiya na mutanen Cederberg da suka fito daga Khoi (da "fararen fata"). Duk da haka, wannan al'ada ba a gano ta ba tun daga kwata na ƙarshe na ƙarni na 19. <ref name="Wyk">{{Cite journal |last=Van Wyk |first=B.-E. |last2=Gorelik |first2=B. |date=May 2017 |title=The history and ethnobotany of Cape herbal teas |journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=110 |pages=18–38 |bibcode=2017SAJB..110...18V |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVan_WykGorelik2017">Van Wyk, B.-E.; Gorelik, B. (May 2017). [[doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011|"The history and ethnobotany of Cape herbal teas"]]. ''South African Journal of Botany''. '''110''': <span class="nowrap">18–</span>38. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SAJB..110...18V 2017SAJB..110...18V]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011|10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011]]</span>.</cite></ref> A al'ada, mutanen yankin suna hawa tsaunuka suna yanke ganyayyun ganyen rooibos na daji masu kama da allura. Sannan suna naɗe guntun ganyen a cikin jakunkunan hessian sannan su sauko da su ƙasan gangaren ta amfani da jakuna. Ana sarrafa shayin rooibos ta hanyar bugun kayan a kan dutse mai faɗi da sandar katako ko sandar katako mai nauyi ko babban guduma na katako. <ref name="Wyk">{{Cite journal |last=Van Wyk |first=B.-E. |last2=Gorelik |first2=B. |date=May 2017 |title=The history and ethnobotany of Cape herbal teas |journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=110 |pages=18–38 |bibcode=2017SAJB..110...18V |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVan_WykGorelik2017">Van Wyk, B.-E.; Gorelik, B. (May 2017). [[doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011|"The history and ethnobotany of Cape herbal teas"]]. ''South African Journal of Botany''. '''110''': <span class="nowrap">18–</span>38. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SAJB..110...18V 2017SAJB..110...18V]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011|10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011]]</span>.</cite></ref> Tarihin amfani da rooibos a zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma farkon mulkin mallaka galibi tarihin rashinsa ne. Mazauna zamanin mulkin mallaka za su iya koyo game da wasu kaddarorin ''Aspalathus linearis'' daga makiyaya da masu farautar yankin Cederberg. Ba a rubuta yanayin wannan ilimin ba. Idan aka yi la'akari da bayanan da ake da su, ana iya ganin asalin shayin rooibos a cikin mahallin faɗaɗa cinikin shayi a duniya da kuma al'adar mulkin mallaka ta shan shayin Sin da na Ceylon daga baya. A wannan yanayin, jiko ko kayan ƙanshi na rooibos sun yi aiki a matsayin madadin kayan Asiya masu tsada. <ref name="Gorelik">{{Cite web |last=Gorelik |first=Boris |date=October 2018 |title=Rooibos: an ethnographic perspective |url=https://sarooibos.co.za/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/20180723-SARC-format-TK-Paper-SU-1.pdf |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=South African Rooibos Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorelik2018">Gorelik, Boris (October 2018). [https://sarooibos.co.za/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/20180723-SARC-format-TK-Paper-SU-1.pdf "Rooibos: an ethnographic perspective"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''South African Rooibos Council''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Da alama 'yan asalin ƙasar (San da Khoikhoi) da mazauna yankunan da ake noma rooibos sun ba da gudummawa ga ilimin gargajiya na rooibos ta wata hanya. Misali, ana iya gabatar da amfani da magunguna kafin ƙarni na 18 ta hanyar makiyayan [[Khoisan]] ko masu tattara ƙwai na San. Haka kuma, amfani da ''Aspalathus linearis'' don yin shayi, gami da hanyoyin samarwa, kamar ƙuraje da kuma lalata ganyen, ya fi yiwuwa mazauna da suka saba shan shayin Asiya ko madadinsa su fara amfani da shi a zamanin mulkin mallaka. <ref name="Gorelik">{{Cite web |last=Gorelik |first=Boris |date=October 2018 |title=Rooibos: an ethnographic perspective |url=https://sarooibos.co.za/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/20180723-SARC-format-TK-Paper-SU-1.pdf |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=South African Rooibos Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorelik2018">Gorelik, Boris (October 2018). [https://sarooibos.co.za/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/20180723-SARC-format-TK-Paper-SU-1.pdf "Rooibos: an ethnographic perspective"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''South African Rooibos Council''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1904, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka fi sani da 'uban masana'antar rooibos', [1] Benjamin Ginsberg ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje iri-iri a Rondegat Farm kuma daga ƙarshe ya warkar da rooibos. Ya kwaikwayi hanyar gargajiya ta kasar Sin ta yin Keemun ta hanyar yin shayin a cikin ganga, yana samun kwarin gwiwa daga al'adar iyalansa Yahudawa ta yin shayi da jiko na ganye, waɗanda aka saba shirya su da samovar [2] Babban cikas wajen noman rooibos a kasuwanci shi ne cewa manoma ba za su iya noman irin rooibos ba. Irin yana da wahalar samu kuma ba zai yiwu a yi shi a kasuwanci ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 107w4cef4o5e1h4db0cxjbbejwwzhlf 829527 829526 2026-05-04T07:37:33Z Sardeeq 39275 829527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Rooibos_(Aspalathus_linearis).jpg|thumb|Furanni]] [[Fayil:Rooibos_(Aspalathus_linearis)PICT2813.JPG|thumb|Shuka]] '''Rooibos''' / / ˈrɔɪbɒs / ROY -boss ROY , lit. ' <span class="gloss-text">ja</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ), ko {{Lang|la-x-new|'''Aspalathus linearis'''}}, wani nau'in tsintsiya ne mai kama da tsintsiya daga dangin shukar Fabaceae wanda ke tsiro a cikin biome na Fynbos na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Ana amfani da ganyen don yin jiko na ganye mara caffeine wanda ya shahara a [[Kudancin Afirka]] tsawon tsararraki. Tun daga shekarun 2000, rooibos ya sami karbuwa a duniya, tare da ɗanɗano mai kama da na yerba mate ko taba . <ref>{{Cite web |title=(Making the Origin Count: Two Coffees)...And a Tea |url=https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2007/05/article_0002.html |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Curnow |first=Robyn |date=2012-05-02 |title=South Africa's rooibos a hit with tea lovers across the world {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/05/02/business/rooibos-tea-south-africa/index.html |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/144100203 |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref> A wajen Kudancin Afirka, ana kiransa da '''shayin bush''', '''shayin ja''', ko '''shayin redbush''' (wanda galibi ake kira da shayin redbush) (wanda galibi ake kira da shayin ''rooibos'' ) [[Afrikaans|wanda]] ya samo asali daga {{Lang|af|rooi bos}} ., ma'ana ' . Sunan yana da kariya a Afirka ta Kudu kuma yana da kariya daga sanya matsayin asali a cikin EU. An riga an rarraba Rooibos a cikin nau'in {{Lang|la-x-new|[[Psoralea]]}} amma yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na {{Lang|la-x-new|[[Aspalathus]]}}, bayan Dahlgren (1980). Sunan takamaiman {{Lang|la-x-new|linearis}}, don tsarin girma na layi da ganyen shuka kamar allura, Burman (1759) ne ya bayar. == Samarwa da sarrafawa == [[Fayil:Greenrooibos.jpg|thumb|Shayin rooibos kore]] [[Fayil:Frisch_aufgebrühter_Rooibos.jpg|thumb|Shayin Rooibos a cikin gilashi]] [[Fayil:Коробка_з_чаєм_ройбуш_у_пакетах_та_заварений_чай_із_молоком.jpg|thumb|Shayin Rooibos da madara]] [[Fayil:Rooibos-001.jpg|thumb|Shayin rooibos da aka haɗa da rooibos]] Ana shuka Rooibos a Cederberg, wani ƙaramin yanki mai tsaunuka a gundumar Yammacin Tekun Gabar Teku ta lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muofhe |first=M.L. |last2=Dakora |first2=F.D. |year=1999 |title=Nitrogen nutrition in nodulated field plants of the shrub tea legume Aspalathus linearis assessed using ¹⁵N natural abundance |journal=Plant and Soil |volume=209 |issue=2 |pages=181–186 |bibcode=1999PlSoi.209..181M |doi=10.1023/A:1004514303787 |s2cid=27188520}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ganyen suna shan iskar oksijin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abudureheman |first=Buhailiqiemu |last2=Yu |first2=Xiaochun |last3=Fang |first3=Dandan |last4=Zhang |first4=Henghui |date=January 2022 |title=Enzymatic Oxidation of Tea Catechins and Its Mechanism |journal=Molecules |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=942 |doi=10.3390/molecules27030942 |pmc=8840101 |pmid=35164208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan tsari yana samar da launin ja-kasa-kasa na rooibos kuma yana ƙara ɗanɗano. Ana kuma samar da rooibos ''kore'' marasa oksijin, amma tsarin samar da rooibos kore mai wahala (kamar yadda ake samar da [[Green tea (Shayi)|shayi kore]] ) yana sa ya fi tsada fiye da rooibos na gargajiya. Yana ɗauke da ɗanɗanon malt da ɗan ciyawa kaɗan daban da na ja. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Standley |first=L |last2=Winterton, P |last3=Marnewick, JL |last4=Gelderblom, WC |last5=Joubert, E |last6=Britz, TJ |date=January 2001 |title=Influence of processing stages on antimutagenic and antioxidant potentials of rooibos tea. |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=114–7 |bibcode=2001JAFC...49..114S |doi=10.1021/jf000802d |pmid=11170567}}</ref> == Amfani == Ana yin Rooibos a matsayin tisane ta hanyar tsoma shi cikin ruwan zafi, kamar yadda ake yi da [[Black tea|shayin baƙi]] . Ana shan jiko da kansa ko kuma a ƙara masa madara, lemun tsami, sukari ko zuma. Haka kuma ana yin sa a matsayin lattes, cappuccinos ko [[Shayi mai laushi|shayin kankara]] . == Sinadarin sinadarai == A matsayin ganyen sabo, rooibos yana ɗauke da sinadarin ascorbic acid (bitamin C). <ref name="Morton">{{Cite journal |last=Morton |first=Julia F. |author-link=Julia Morton |year=1983 |title=Rooibos tea, ''Aspalathus linearis'', a caffeine-less, low-tannin beverage |journal=Economic Botany |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=164–73 |bibcode=1983EcBot..37..164M |doi=10.1007/BF02858780 |jstor=4254477 |s2cid=30957644}}</ref> Shayin Rooibos bai ƙunshi maganin kafeyin ba <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iswaldi |first=I |last2=Arráez-Román |first2=D |last3=Rodríguez-Medina |first3=I |last4=Beltrán-Debón |first4=R |last5=Joven |first5=J |last6=Segura-Carretero |first6=A |last7=Fernández-Gutiérrez |first7=A |year=2011 |title=Identification of phenolic compounds in aqueous and ethanolic rooibos extracts (Aspalathus linearis) by HPLC-ESI-MS (TOF/IT) |journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry |volume=400 |issue=10 |pages=3643–54 |doi=10.1007/s00216-011-4998-z |pmid=21509483 |s2cid=3247287}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stander |first=Maria A. |last2=Joubert |first2=Elizabeth |last3=De Beer |first3=Dalene |date=1 March 2019 |title=Revisiting the caffeine-free status of rooibos and honeybush herbal teas using specific MRM and high resolution LC-MS methods |journal=Journal of Food Composition and Analysis |volume=76 |pages=39–43 |doi=10.1016/j.jfca.2018.12.002 |s2cid=91374300}}</ref> kuma yana da ƙarancin tannin idan aka kwatanta da [[Black tea|shayin baƙi]] ko [[Green tea (Shayi)|shayin kore]] . <ref name="Morton">{{Cite journal |last=Morton |first=Julia F. |author-link=Julia Morton |year=1983 |title=Rooibos tea, ''Aspalathus linearis'', a caffeine-less, low-tannin beverage |journal=Economic Botany |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=164–73 |bibcode=1983EcBot..37..164M |doi=10.1007/BF02858780 |jstor=4254477 |s2cid=30957644}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMorton1983">[[Julia Morton|Morton, Julia F.]] (1983). "Rooibos tea, ''Aspalathus linearis'', a caffeine-less, low-tannin beverage". ''Economic Botany''. '''37''' (2): <span class="nowrap">164–</span>73. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983EcBot..37..164M 1983EcBot..37..164M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/BF02858780|10.1007/BF02858780]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4254477 4254477]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30957644 30957644].</cite></ref> Rooibos ya ƙunshi polyphenols, gami da flavanols, flavones, flavanones, dihydrochalcones, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krafczyk |first=Nicole |last2=Woyand |first2=Franziska |last3=Glomb |first3=Marcus A. |year=2009 |title=Structure-antioxidant relationship of flavonoids from fermented rooibos |journal=Molecular Nutrition & Food Research |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=635–42 |doi=10.1002/mnfr.200800117 |pmid=19156714}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bramati |first=Lorenzo |year=2002 |title=Quantitative Characterization of Flavonoid Compounds in Rooibos Tea ( Aspalathus linearis ) by LC−UV/DAD |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=50 |issue=20 |pages=5513–5519 |bibcode=2002JAFC...50.5513B |doi=10.1021/jf025697h |pmid=12236672}}</ref> aspalathin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ku |first=S. K. |last2=Kwak |first2=S |last3=Kim |first3=Y |last4=Bae |first4=J. S. |year=2015 |title=Aspalathin and Nothofagin from Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) inhibits high glucose-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo |journal=Inflammation |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=445–55 |doi=10.1007/s10753-014-0049-1 |pmid=25338943 |s2cid=40016427}}</ref> da nothofagin . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joubert |first=E. |year=1996 |title=HPLC quantification of the dihydrochalcones, aspalathin and nothofagin in rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) as affected by processing |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=403–411 |doi=10.1016/0308-8146(95)00166-2}}</ref> Ganyen da aka sarrafa da kuma tushensu suna ɗauke da sinadarin benzoic da cinnamic acid . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rabe |first=C |last2=Steenkamp |first2=JA |last3=Joubert |first3=E |last4=Burger |first4=JF |last5=Ferreira |first5=D |year=1994 |title=Phenolic metabolites from rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=1559–1565 |bibcode=1994PChem..35.1559R |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86894-6}}</ref> == Ma'auni == Ma'aunin Rooibos yana da alaƙa da kashi na allura ko ganyen da ke cikin cakuda. Yawan ganyen da ke cikinsa yana haifar da giya mai duhu, ɗanɗano mai daɗi da ƙarancin ɗanɗanon "ƙura". Ana fitar da rooibos mai inganci kuma ba ya isa kasuwannin gida, tare da manyan masu sayayya su ne Tarayyar Turai, musamman Jamus, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ƙirƙirar gauraye masu ɗanɗano don kasuwannin shayi masu laushi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joubert |first=E. |last2=de Beer |first2=D. |date=1 October 2011 |title=Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) beyond the farm gate: From herbal tea to potential phytopharmaceutical |journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=869–886 |bibcode=2011SAJB...77..869J |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2011.07.004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == Nau'o'i uku na ƙungiyar Borboniae ta ''Aspalathus'', wato ''A. angustifolia'', ''A. cordata'' da ''A. crenata'', an taɓa amfani da su a matsayin shayi. Waɗannan tsire-tsire suna da ganye masu sauƙi, masu tauri, masu kaifi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka fi sani da suna 'stekeltee'. Tarihin farko na amfani da ''Aspalathus'' a matsayin tushen shayi shine na Carl Peter Thunberg, wanda ya rubuta game da amfani da ''A. cordata'' a matsayin shayi: "Daga cikin ganyen ''Borbonia cordata,'' mutanen ƙasar suna yin shayi." (Thunberg, Yuli 1772, a Paarl). Wannan labarin wani lokaci ana danganta shi da shayin rooibos ( ''Aspalathus linearis'' ). <ref name="Wyk">{{Cite journal |last=Van Wyk |first=B.-E. |last2=Gorelik |first2=B. |date=May 2017 |title=The history and ethnobotany of Cape herbal teas |journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=110 |pages=18–38 |bibcode=2017SAJB..110...18V |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa ''Aspalathus linearis'' an yi amfani da shi dubban shekaru da suka gabata, amma hakan ba yana nufin an yi shayin rooibos a zamanin mulkin mallaka ba. <ref name="Gorelik">{{Cite web |last=Gorelik |first=Boris |date=October 2018 |title=Rooibos: an ethnographic perspective |url=https://sarooibos.co.za/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/20180723-SARC-format-TK-Paper-SU-1.pdf |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=South African Rooibos Council}}</ref> Hanyar gargajiya ta girbi da sarrafa rooibos (don yin shayin rooibos ko na ado ) ta iya, aƙalla wani ɓangare, ta samo asali ne a zamanin mulkin mallaka. Duk da haka, ba lallai ba ne cewa [[Mutanen San|San]] da [[Khoekhoe|Khoikhoi]] sun yi amfani da wannan hanyar don shirya abin sha da suka sha don jin daɗi a matsayin shayi. Tarihin shayin rooibos na farko da aka samu a zamanin da ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Ba a rubuta sunayen nau'in Khoi ko na mutanen San ba. Marubuta da yawa sun ɗauka cewa shayin ya samo asali ne daga mazaunan Cederberg . A bayyane yake, shayin rooibos abin sha ne na gargajiya na mutanen Cederberg da suka fito daga Khoi (da "fararen fata"). Duk da haka, wannan al'ada ba a gano ta ba tun daga kwata na ƙarshe na ƙarni na 19. <ref name="Wyk">{{Cite journal |last=Van Wyk |first=B.-E. |last2=Gorelik |first2=B. |date=May 2017 |title=The history and ethnobotany of Cape herbal teas |journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=110 |pages=18–38 |bibcode=2017SAJB..110...18V |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVan_WykGorelik2017">Van Wyk, B.-E.; Gorelik, B. (May 2017). [[doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011|"The history and ethnobotany of Cape herbal teas"]]. ''South African Journal of Botany''. '''110''': <span class="nowrap">18–</span>38. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SAJB..110...18V 2017SAJB..110...18V]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011|10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011]]</span>.</cite></ref> A al'ada, mutanen yankin suna hawa tsaunuka suna yanke ganyayyun ganyen rooibos na daji masu kama da allura. Sannan suna naɗe guntun ganyen a cikin jakunkunan hessian sannan su sauko da su ƙasan gangaren ta amfani da jakuna. Ana sarrafa shayin rooibos ta hanyar bugun kayan a kan dutse mai faɗi da sandar katako ko sandar katako mai nauyi ko babban guduma na katako. <ref name="Wyk">{{Cite journal |last=Van Wyk |first=B.-E. |last2=Gorelik |first2=B. |date=May 2017 |title=The history and ethnobotany of Cape herbal teas |journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=110 |pages=18–38 |bibcode=2017SAJB..110...18V |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVan_WykGorelik2017">Van Wyk, B.-E.; Gorelik, B. (May 2017). [[doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011|"The history and ethnobotany of Cape herbal teas"]]. ''South African Journal of Botany''. '''110''': <span class="nowrap">18–</span>38. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SAJB..110...18V 2017SAJB..110...18V]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011|10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011]]</span>.</cite></ref> Tarihin amfani da rooibos a zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma farkon mulkin mallaka galibi tarihin rashinsa ne. Mazauna zamanin mulkin mallaka za su iya koyo game da wasu kaddarorin ''Aspalathus linearis'' daga makiyaya da masu farautar yankin Cederberg. Ba a rubuta yanayin wannan ilimin ba. Idan aka yi la'akari da bayanan da ake da su, ana iya ganin asalin shayin rooibos a cikin mahallin faɗaɗa cinikin shayi a duniya da kuma al'adar mulkin mallaka ta shan shayin Sin da na Ceylon daga baya. A wannan yanayin, jiko ko kayan ƙanshi na rooibos sun yi aiki a matsayin madadin kayan Asiya masu tsada. <ref name="Gorelik">{{Cite web |last=Gorelik |first=Boris |date=October 2018 |title=Rooibos: an ethnographic perspective |url=https://sarooibos.co.za/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/20180723-SARC-format-TK-Paper-SU-1.pdf |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=South African Rooibos Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorelik2018">Gorelik, Boris (October 2018). [https://sarooibos.co.za/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/20180723-SARC-format-TK-Paper-SU-1.pdf "Rooibos: an ethnographic perspective"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''South African Rooibos Council''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Da alama 'yan asalin ƙasar (San da Khoikhoi) da mazauna yankunan da ake noma rooibos sun ba da gudummawa ga ilimin gargajiya na rooibos ta wata hanya. Misali, ana iya gabatar da amfani da magunguna kafin ƙarni na 18 ta hanyar makiyayan [[Khoisan]] ko masu tattara ƙwai na San. Haka kuma, amfani da ''Aspalathus linearis'' don yin shayi, gami da hanyoyin samarwa, kamar ƙuraje da kuma lalata ganyen, ya fi yiwuwa mazauna da suka saba shan shayin Asiya ko madadinsa su fara amfani da shi a zamanin mulkin mallaka. <ref name="Gorelik">{{Cite web |last=Gorelik |first=Boris |date=October 2018 |title=Rooibos: an ethnographic perspective |url=https://sarooibos.co.za/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/20180723-SARC-format-TK-Paper-SU-1.pdf |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=South African Rooibos Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorelik2018">Gorelik, Boris (October 2018). [https://sarooibos.co.za/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/20180723-SARC-format-TK-Paper-SU-1.pdf "Rooibos: an ethnographic perspective"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''South African Rooibos Council''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1904, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka fi sani da 'uban masana'antar rooibos', [1] Benjamin Ginsberg ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje iri-iri a Rondegat Farm kuma daga ƙarshe ya warkar da rooibos. Ya kwaikwayi hanyar gargajiya ta kasar Sin ta yin Keemun ta hanyar yin shayin a cikin ganga, yana samun kwarin gwiwa daga al'adar iyalansa Yahudawa ta yin shayi da jiko na ganye, waɗanda aka saba shirya su da samovar [2] Babban cikas wajen noman rooibos a kasuwanci shi ne cewa manoma ba za su iya noman irin rooibos ba. Irin yana da wahalar samu kuma ba zai yiwu a yi shi a kasuwanci ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pov9h7cru4wyuobn6ub1b1qix4ze298 0 149103 829528 2026-05-04T07:39:47Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352141297|Rusk]]" 829528 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rusk''' biskit ne mai tauri, busasshe ko [[burodi]] mai gasa sau biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GAIFYLLIA |first=NANCY |title=How To Make Your Own Rusks |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-to-make-your-own-rusks-1705688 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151541/https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-to-make-your-own-rusks-1705688 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=The Spruce Eats}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana amfani da shi azaman abin wanke hakora ga jarirai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 FOODS FOR YOUR 1 YEAR OLD CHILD |url=https://www.superbabyonline.com/10-foods-for-your-1-year-old-child/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151558/https://www.superbabyonline.com/10-foods-for-your-1-year-old-child/ |archive-date=28 October 2018 |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Super Baby |publisher=Bellamy's Organic}}</ref> A wasu al'adu, rusk ana yin sa ne da kek maimakon burodi: wannan wani lokacin ana kiransa '''rusk na kek''' . A Burtaniya, sunan kuma yana nufin wani ƙarin abinci da aka yi da alkama. == Bambance-bambancen ƙasashen duniya == === Argentina === A Argentina, ana kiran rusk {{Lang|es|tostadas de mesa}} (a zahiri 'gasasshen burodi na tebur'), yanka burodi da aka gasa sau biyu galibi ana samun su a manyan kantuna a cikin nau'ikan da ba su da tsada da kuma masu daɗi. Ana kiran biskit ɗin biskit "bay biscuit"; sinadaransa sune ƙwai, sukari, mai, fulawa mai tashi da kanta, da vanilla.<gallery mode="packed" heights="180"> Fayil:AR-Tostadas-de-Mesa.jpg| ''Tostadas de mesa'' Fayil:AR-Bay-Biscuit.jpg|alt=Bay Biscuit| Biskit ɗin Bay </gallery> === Azerbaijan === Rusk ana kiransa {{Lang|az-latn|sukhary}} ( Azerbaijani – kalmar aro daga [[Rashanci]] ta hanyar [[Farisawa|Farisanci]] ) a Azerbaijani. Yawanci ana yin ta ne da burodi da burodi da aka daɗe. A [[Baku]], wasu gidajen burodi suna amfani da burodi da burodin da suka daɗe don yin burodi. Farashin burodi a waɗannan gidajen burodi yawanci yana da ƙasa, domin gidajen burodi suna yin haka ne don guje wa ɓatar da burodi da burodin da suka rage. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Bangladesh === Ana kiran Rusk da biskit ɗin gasasshen burodi. Biskit ɗin gasasshen burodi yana zuwa da dandano iri-iri, kamar burodin [[ghee]], burodin tafarnuwa, da burodin sukari, kuma yawanci ana yin sa da shayi. Ana kiran rusk ɗin kek da busasshen kek. === Brazil === Ana kiran nau'in rusks na Brazilian ''torrada industrializada'' (toast na masana'antu), <ref>{{Cite web |title=IBGE {{!}} Concla - Classe 10.91-1 Fabricação de produtos de panificação |url=https://anda.ibge.gov.br/busca-online-cnae.html?view=classe&tipo=cnae&versao=10&classe=10911 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=anda.ibge.gov.br}}</ref> ko kuma kawai ''torada'' (toast). Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, kashi 33.2% na gidajen Brazil ne suka cinye shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bauducco promove “Desafio Torradas” – VOX NEWS – Publicidade On Line |url=https://voxnews.com.br/bauducco-promove-desafio-torradas/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> === Birtaniya === Rusk na mahauci busasshe ne da aka karya zuwa barbashi, an rarraba shi bisa girman barbashi sannan a sayar da shi ga mahauta da sauransu don amfani da shi a matsayin ƙarin abinci a masana'antar tsiran alade . [1] [2] Duk da cewa an yi shi ne da burodin da ya tsufa, wanda yanzu ake kira "burodi-rusk", nau'in da ba shi da yisti wanda ake kira "rusk" yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai. Ana amfani da nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban na rusk a masana'antar abinci, inda amfaninsu ya haɗa da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rusk |url=http://www.rsf.co.uk/p_rusk.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224022957/http://www.rsf.co.uk/p_rusk.html |archive-date=24 February 2012 |access-date=2009-05-23 |publisher=Ripon Select Foods Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2005 |title=Cereal Binders and Stuffings |url=http://www.lucas-ingredients.co.uk/cereals.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424004226/http://www.lucas-ingredients.co.uk/cereals.htm |archive-date=24 April 2008 |access-date=2008-02-24 |publisher=Lucas Products}}</ref> * Mai ɗaukar nauyin dandano, launuka da kayan ƙanshi * Wani abu mai ɗaurewa a cikin hamburgers, tsiran alade, abubuwan da aka cika, pies, da sauran kayayyakin nama masu hade * Sinadarin busassun gauraye masu cikewa ==== Rusks na Farley ==== A Burtaniya, Farley's Rusks biskit ne mai busasshen [[Rashin hakora|hakora]] wanda aka fara amfani da shi tun daga shekarun 1880, amma Heinz ne ya kera shi tun 1994. Yawanci ana ba wa jarirai, ko dai a jiƙa shi da madara a niƙa shi ko kuma a yi masa tauri a matsayin maganin fitar da hakora. === Kuba === Sponge rusk (Spanish na Cuba: ''esponru'' ) yayi kama da biscotti amma an yi shi da batter ɗin kek mai launin rawaya sau biyu. Ana gasa batter ɗin kek mai launin rawaya a cikin kaskon kek mai faɗi, mai siffar murabba'i. Bayan an gasa shi an kuma sanyaya shi, ana yanka shi gunduwa-gunduwa sannan a sake gasa shi ko a gasa shi don yin burodin kek. Yawanci ana cin sa tare da cafe cubano (Cuban espresso) ko kuma a haɗa shi da ice cream, custard, ko wasu kayan zaki. === Denmark === {{Lang|da|Tvebak}} is derived from Dutch {{Lang|nl|tweebak}} (literally 'two bake'), an archaic synonym of ''beschuit''. === Faransa === {{Lang|fr|biscotte}} nau'in rusk ne na Faransa. Ana sayar da su a cikin manyan kantuna. Yawanci ana cin su don karin kumallo da man shanu, jam, ko duka biyun. === Finland === [[Fayil:Kanelisokerikorppu.jpg|thumb|Tsoma kirfa ta Finnish da {{Lang|fi|korppu}} mai ɗanɗanon sukari a cikin kofi]] Ana kiran wani nau'in rusk na ƙasar Finland ''korppu'', yawanci busasshen burodi ne, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da kirfa ko [[sukari]] {{Lang|fi|Korppu}} burodi ne na kofi da aka saba ci, wanda aka saba ci bayan an tsoma shi cikin kofi . Sigar tsami, mai suna {{Lang|fi|hapankorppu}}, wani irin ƙwari ne da aka yi da garin hatsin rai da gishiri, kuma ana iya ci kamar burodi mai tsami . === Jamus === {{Lang|de|Zwieback}} (literally 'twice baked') is a form of rusk in Germany. Like the Danish and French words, the name refers to being baked or cooked twice. === Girka === Kalmar ''paximadi'' ( Greek ) ya ƙunshi nau'ikan rusk na Girka daban-daban, waɗanda aka saba yi daga [[Sha'ir|garin sha'ir]] ko chickpea, kuma ana tausasa su da ruwan inabi, ruwa, ko mai kafin a ci. {{Lang|el-latn|Paximadi}} kafa tushen abincin Cretan ''dakos'' ( Greek: ). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kck8on8dc04gxpkcsdswa8yehu1fvvv 829529 829528 2026-05-04T07:40:11Z Sardeeq 39275 829529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rusk''' biskit ne mai tauri, busasshe ko [[burodi]] mai gasa sau biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GAIFYLLIA |first=NANCY |title=How To Make Your Own Rusks |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-to-make-your-own-rusks-1705688 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151541/https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-to-make-your-own-rusks-1705688 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=The Spruce Eats}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana amfani da shi azaman abin wanke hakora ga jarirai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 FOODS FOR YOUR 1 YEAR OLD CHILD |url=https://www.superbabyonline.com/10-foods-for-your-1-year-old-child/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151558/https://www.superbabyonline.com/10-foods-for-your-1-year-old-child/ |archive-date=28 October 2018 |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Super Baby |publisher=Bellamy's Organic}}</ref> A wasu al'adu, rusk ana yin sa ne da kek maimakon burodi: wannan wani lokacin ana kiransa '''rusk na kek''' . A Burtaniya, sunan kuma yana nufin wani ƙarin abinci da aka yi da alkama. == Bambance-bambancen ƙasashen duniya == === Argentina === A Argentina, ana kiran rusk {{Lang|es|tostadas de mesa}} (a zahiri 'gasasshen burodi na tebur'), yanka burodi da aka gasa sau biyu galibi ana samun su a manyan kantuna a cikin nau'ikan da ba su da tsada da kuma masu daɗi. Ana kiran biskit ɗin biskit "bay biscuit"; sinadaransa sune ƙwai, sukari, mai, fulawa mai tashi da kanta, da vanilla.<gallery mode="packed" heights="180"> Fayil:AR-Tostadas-de-Mesa.jpg| ''Tostadas de mesa'' Fayil:AR-Bay-Biscuit.jpg|alt=Bay Biscuit| Biskit ɗin Bay </gallery> === Azerbaijan === Rusk ana kiransa {{Lang|az-latn|sukhary}} ( Azerbaijani – kalmar aro daga [[Rashanci]] ta hanyar [[Farisawa|Farisanci]] ) a Azerbaijani. Yawanci ana yin ta ne da burodi da burodi da aka daɗe. A [[Baku]], wasu gidajen burodi suna amfani da burodi da burodin da suka daɗe don yin burodi. Farashin burodi a waɗannan gidajen burodi yawanci yana da ƙasa, domin gidajen burodi suna yin haka ne don guje wa ɓatar da burodi da burodin da suka rage. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Bangladesh === Ana kiran Rusk da biskit ɗin gasasshen burodi. Biskit ɗin gasasshen burodi yana zuwa da dandano iri-iri, kamar burodin [[ghee]], burodin tafarnuwa, da burodin sukari, kuma yawanci ana yin sa da shayi. Ana kiran rusk ɗin kek da busasshen kek. === Brazil === Ana kiran nau'in rusks na Brazilian ''torrada industrializada'' (toast na masana'antu), <ref>{{Cite web |title=IBGE {{!}} Concla - Classe 10.91-1 Fabricação de produtos de panificação |url=https://anda.ibge.gov.br/busca-online-cnae.html?view=classe&tipo=cnae&versao=10&classe=10911 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=anda.ibge.gov.br}}</ref> ko kuma kawai ''torada'' (toast). Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, kashi 33.2% na gidajen Brazil ne suka cinye shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bauducco promove “Desafio Torradas” – VOX NEWS – Publicidade On Line |url=https://voxnews.com.br/bauducco-promove-desafio-torradas/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> === Birtaniya === Rusk na mahauci busasshe ne da aka karya zuwa barbashi, an rarraba shi bisa girman barbashi sannan a sayar da shi ga mahauta da sauransu don amfani da shi a matsayin ƙarin abinci a masana'antar tsiran alade . [1] [2] Duk da cewa an yi shi ne da burodin da ya tsufa, wanda yanzu ake kira "burodi-rusk", nau'in da ba shi da yisti wanda ake kira "rusk" yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai. Ana amfani da nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban na rusk a masana'antar abinci, inda amfaninsu ya haɗa da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rusk |url=http://www.rsf.co.uk/p_rusk.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224022957/http://www.rsf.co.uk/p_rusk.html |archive-date=24 February 2012 |access-date=2009-05-23 |publisher=Ripon Select Foods Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2005 |title=Cereal Binders and Stuffings |url=http://www.lucas-ingredients.co.uk/cereals.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424004226/http://www.lucas-ingredients.co.uk/cereals.htm |archive-date=24 April 2008 |access-date=2008-02-24 |publisher=Lucas Products}}</ref> * Mai ɗaukar nauyin dandano, launuka da kayan ƙanshi * Wani abu mai ɗaurewa a cikin hamburgers, tsiran alade, abubuwan da aka cika, pies, da sauran kayayyakin nama masu hade * Sinadarin busassun gauraye masu cikewa ==== Rusks na Farley ==== A Burtaniya, Farley's Rusks biskit ne mai busasshen [[Rashin hakora|hakora]] wanda aka fara amfani da shi tun daga shekarun 1880, amma Heinz ne ya kera shi tun 1994. Yawanci ana ba wa jarirai, ko dai a jiƙa shi da madara a niƙa shi ko kuma a yi masa tauri a matsayin maganin fitar da hakora. === Kuba === Sponge rusk (Spanish na Cuba: ''esponru'' ) yayi kama da biscotti amma an yi shi da batter ɗin kek mai launin rawaya sau biyu. Ana gasa batter ɗin kek mai launin rawaya a cikin kaskon kek mai faɗi, mai siffar murabba'i. Bayan an gasa shi an kuma sanyaya shi, ana yanka shi gunduwa-gunduwa sannan a sake gasa shi ko a gasa shi don yin burodin kek. Yawanci ana cin sa tare da cafe cubano (Cuban espresso) ko kuma a haɗa shi da ice cream, custard, ko wasu kayan zaki. === Denmark === {{Lang|da|Tvebak}} is derived from Dutch {{Lang|nl|tweebak}} (literally 'two bake'), an archaic synonym of ''beschuit''. === Faransa === {{Lang|fr|biscotte}} nau'in rusk ne na Faransa. Ana sayar da su a cikin manyan kantuna. Yawanci ana cin su don karin kumallo da man shanu, jam, ko duka biyun. === Finland === [[Fayil:Kanelisokerikorppu.jpg|thumb|Tsoma kirfa ta Finnish da {{Lang|fi|korppu}} mai ɗanɗanon sukari a cikin kofi]] Ana kiran wani nau'in rusk na ƙasar Finland ''korppu'', yawanci busasshen burodi ne, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da kirfa ko [[sukari]] {{Lang|fi|Korppu}} burodi ne na kofi da aka saba ci, wanda aka saba ci bayan an tsoma shi cikin kofi . Sigar tsami, mai suna {{Lang|fi|hapankorppu}}, wani irin ƙwari ne da aka yi da garin hatsin rai da gishiri, kuma ana iya ci kamar burodi mai tsami . === Jamus === {{Lang|de|Zwieback}} (literally 'twice baked') is a form of rusk in Germany. Like the Danish and French words, the name refers to being baked or cooked twice. === Girka === Kalmar ''paximadi'' ( Greek ) ya ƙunshi nau'ikan rusk na Girka daban-daban, waɗanda aka saba yi daga [[Sha'ir|garin sha'ir]] ko chickpea, kuma ana tausasa su da ruwan inabi, ruwa, ko mai kafin a ci. {{Lang|el-latn|Paximadi}} kafa tushen abincin Cretan ''dakos'' ( Greek: ). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qt7ck4dvhjl508ak6gskxzgljbsxtbf 0 149104 829530 2026-05-04T07:41:22Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321744224|Potjiekos]]" 829530 wikitext text/x-wiki A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], '''potjiekos''' / ˈpɔɪkiː kɒs / , wanda aka fassara shi a zahiri "abincin ƙaramin tukunya", abinci ne da ake shiryawa a waje. A al'adance ana dafa shi a cikin kasko mai zagaye, ƙarfe mai ƙafafu uku, ''potjie'', wanda aka samo daga tanda ta Holland da aka kawo daga [[Holand|Netherlands]] zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarni na 18 kuma ana samunsa a gidaje da ƙauyukan mutane a duk faɗin kudancin Afirka. Ana dumama tukunyar ta amfani da ƙananan adadin itace ko gawayi ko kuma, idan mai ya yi ƙaranci, ciyawa mai murɗewa ko ma busasshiyar [[Kashi|najasar]] dabbobi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prinsloo |first=Karel |date=May 2015 |title=Hier is ons vroegwinter-potjiekos / Here is our early winter potjiekos : Redaksioneel / Editorial |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC169978 |journal=Plus 50 |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=7}}</ref> == Tarihi == A al'ada, girke-girken ya haɗa da [[nama]], [[Kayan miya|kayan lambu]] kamar [[karas]], kabeji, farin kabeji, ko [[Kabushi|kabewa]], sitaci kamar [[shinkafa]] ko [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], duk ana dafa su a hankali tare da kayan ƙanshi [[Holand|na Dutch]] - Malay, kayan ƙanshi na musamman na tukunyar narkewar abinci ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu. Sauran sinadaran da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayayyakin fulawa kamar [[Pasta|taliya]] . Potjiekos ya samo asali ne daga Voortrekkers, [1] yana canzawa kamar miyar da aka yi da nama da kayan lambu (idan akwai), wanda aka dafa a cikin tukunya. Yayin da masu tafiya (majagaba) ke harbin nama na daji, ana ƙara shi a cikin tukunya. Ana haɗa manyan ƙasusuwa don su yi kauri a cikin abincin. Kowace rana idan karusan suka tsaya, ana sanya tukunya a kan wuta don ta dahu. Sabbin ƙasusuwa sun maye gurbin tsohon nama da sabo da aka maye gurbin naman da aka ci. Naman ya haɗa da nama, kaji kamar kaji na Guinea, warthog, bushpie alade, zomo, da zomo . == Sinadaran da tsarin gabaɗaya == [[Fayil:Potjiekos2.jpg|thumb|Potjie mai inganci]] Ana ƙara man girki a cikin ''tukunya'', sannan a sanya shi a wuta har sai ya yi zafi. Ana ƙara nama, yawanci naman rago ko naman alade . Ana ƙara wa naman kayan ƙanshi kuma sau da yawa ana ƙara wani nau'in barasa don dandano - galibi [[giya]], Old Brown Sherry ko ruwan inabi mai zaki kamar Humbro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.simonsvlei.com/cat44.php?catID=45 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324024126/http://www.simonsvlei.com/cat44.php?catID=45 |archive-date=2011-03-24 |access-date=2010-06-20}}</ref> == Haɗarin Lafiya == A shekarar 1998, an ruwaito cewa ana sayar da tukwanen aluminum da aka shigo da su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba tare da izini ba tare da izini ba, wanda hakan ke sanya masu amfani da su cikin haɗarin kamuwa da gubar . == Duba kuma == * Braai * Skottle * Tukunyar zafi * Jerin abincin Afirka * Jerin miyar * Miyar da za ta daɗe * Potbrood * Sač == Manazarta == 11hwu23cphhjjy21vh44mkcl90lfg9j 829531 829530 2026-05-04T07:41:40Z Sardeeq 39275 829531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], '''potjiekos''' / ˈpɔɪkiː kɒs / , wanda aka fassara shi a zahiri "abincin ƙaramin tukunya", abinci ne da ake shiryawa a waje. A al'adance ana dafa shi a cikin kasko mai zagaye, ƙarfe mai ƙafafu uku, ''potjie'', wanda aka samo daga tanda ta Holland da aka kawo daga [[Holand|Netherlands]] zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarni na 18 kuma ana samunsa a gidaje da ƙauyukan mutane a duk faɗin kudancin Afirka. Ana dumama tukunyar ta amfani da ƙananan adadin itace ko gawayi ko kuma, idan mai ya yi ƙaranci, ciyawa mai murɗewa ko ma busasshiyar [[Kashi|najasar]] dabbobi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prinsloo |first=Karel |date=May 2015 |title=Hier is ons vroegwinter-potjiekos / Here is our early winter potjiekos : Redaksioneel / Editorial |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC169978 |journal=Plus 50 |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=7}}</ref> == Tarihi == A al'ada, girke-girken ya haɗa da [[nama]], [[Kayan miya|kayan lambu]] kamar [[karas]], kabeji, farin kabeji, ko [[Kabushi|kabewa]], sitaci kamar [[shinkafa]] ko [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], duk ana dafa su a hankali tare da kayan ƙanshi [[Holand|na Dutch]] - Malay, kayan ƙanshi na musamman na tukunyar narkewar abinci ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu. Sauran sinadaran da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayayyakin fulawa kamar [[Pasta|taliya]] . Potjiekos ya samo asali ne daga Voortrekkers, [1] yana canzawa kamar miyar da aka yi da nama da kayan lambu (idan akwai), wanda aka dafa a cikin tukunya. Yayin da masu tafiya (majagaba) ke harbin nama na daji, ana ƙara shi a cikin tukunya. Ana haɗa manyan ƙasusuwa don su yi kauri a cikin abincin. Kowace rana idan karusan suka tsaya, ana sanya tukunya a kan wuta don ta dahu. Sabbin ƙasusuwa sun maye gurbin tsohon nama da sabo da aka maye gurbin naman da aka ci. Naman ya haɗa da nama, kaji kamar kaji na Guinea, warthog, bushpie alade, zomo, da zomo . == Sinadaran da tsarin gabaɗaya == [[Fayil:Potjiekos2.jpg|thumb|Potjie mai inganci]] Ana ƙara man girki a cikin ''tukunya'', sannan a sanya shi a wuta har sai ya yi zafi. Ana ƙara nama, yawanci naman rago ko naman alade . Ana ƙara wa naman kayan ƙanshi kuma sau da yawa ana ƙara wani nau'in barasa don dandano - galibi [[giya]], Old Brown Sherry ko ruwan inabi mai zaki kamar Humbro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.simonsvlei.com/cat44.php?catID=45 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324024126/http://www.simonsvlei.com/cat44.php?catID=45 |archive-date=2011-03-24 |access-date=2010-06-20}}</ref> == Haɗarin Lafiya == A shekarar 1998, an ruwaito cewa ana sayar da tukwanen aluminum da aka shigo da su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba tare da izini ba tare da izini ba, wanda hakan ke sanya masu amfani da su cikin haɗarin kamuwa da gubar . == Duba kuma == * Braai * Skottle * Tukunyar zafi * Jerin abincin Afirka * Jerin miyar * Miyar da za ta daɗe * Potbrood * Sač == Manazarta == t5rt2dpet9jot8rdgh9hwj3dzh2p8zp 0 149105 829532 2026-05-04T07:42:27Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348252700|Sosatie]]" 829532 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sosatie''' abinci ne na gargajiya [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]] na nama (yawanci naman rago ko nama) da aka dafa a kan skewers. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga ''sate'' ("nama da aka yayyanka") da ''saus'' ("miyar yaji"). Asalinsa daga Cape Malay ne, ana amfani da shi a cikin [[Afrikaans|Afirkanci]] - babban harshen Cape Malays - kuma kalmar ta sami karbuwa sosai a Afirka ta Kudu. Ana yanka naman da aka yi da marinade, wanda aka yanka (yawanci rago) kuma ana dafa shi ta hanyar braaing (barbecuing) salon [[shish kebab]] . Girke-girke na Sosatie sun bambanta, amma galibi kayan haɗin sun haɗa da cubes na rago, naman sa, kaza, busassun apricots, albasa ja da barkono iri-iri. == Shiri == Don shiryawa, ana jiƙa naman rago ko wasu guntun nama a cikin ruwan daddare a cikin albasa da aka soya, barkono, tafarnuwa, ganyen curry da ruwan tamarind, sannan a zare su a kan skewers sannan a soya su a cikin kasko ko a gasa. [1] Duk da haka, hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen dafa sosaties ita ce a waje, a kan braai (ko barbecue). Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa guntun nama da ƙananan albasa, barkono da aka yanka, busassun apricots ko prunes. == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin Afirka * Jerin abincin rago == Manazarta == bza55ayo6zklwcmn1ktpl7d8kgk1pkp 829533 829532 2026-05-04T07:43:07Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348252700|Sosatie]]" 829533 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sosatie''' abinci ne na gargajiya [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]] na nama (yawanci naman rago ko nama) da aka dafa a kan skewers. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga ''sate'' ("nama da aka yayyanka") da ''saus'' ("miyar yaji"). Asalinsa daga Cape Malay ne, ana amfani da shi a cikin [[Afrikaans|Afirkanci]] - babban harshen Cape Malays - kuma kalmar ta sami karbuwa sosai a Afirka ta Kudu. Ana yanka naman da aka yi da marinade, wanda aka yanka (yawanci rago) kuma ana dafa shi ta hanyar braaing (barbecuing) salon [[shish kebab]] . Girke-girke na Sosatie sun bambanta, amma galibi kayan haɗin sun haɗa da cubes na rago, naman sa, kaza, busassun apricots, albasa ja da barkono iri-iri.<ref>Raichlen, S. (2015). Planet Barbecue!: 309 Recipes, 60 Countries (in German). Workman Publishing Company. p. 251. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7611-6447-0</nowiki>. Retrieved 26 May 2017.</ref> == Shiri == Don shiryawa, ana jiƙa naman rago ko wasu guntun nama a cikin ruwan daddare a cikin albasa da aka soya, barkono, tafarnuwa, ganyen curry da ruwan tamarind, sannan a zare su a kan skewers sannan a soya su a cikin kasko ko a gasa. [1] Duk da haka, hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen dafa sosaties ita ce a waje, a kan braai (ko barbecue). Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa guntun nama da ƙananan albasa, barkono da aka yanka, busassun apricots ko prunes. == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin Afirka * Jerin abincin rago == Manazarta == 4syf9hq22vegdxwbnkayvr2z32foxi5 829534 829533 2026-05-04T07:43:26Z Sardeeq 39275 829534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sosatie''' abinci ne na gargajiya [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]] na nama (yawanci naman rago ko nama) da aka dafa a kan skewers. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga ''sate'' ("nama da aka yayyanka") da ''saus'' ("miyar yaji"). Asalinsa daga Cape Malay ne, ana amfani da shi a cikin [[Afrikaans|Afirkanci]] - babban harshen Cape Malays - kuma kalmar ta sami karbuwa sosai a Afirka ta Kudu. Ana yanka naman da aka yi da marinade, wanda aka yanka (yawanci rago) kuma ana dafa shi ta hanyar braaing (barbecuing) salon [[shish kebab]] . Girke-girke na Sosatie sun bambanta, amma galibi kayan haɗin sun haɗa da cubes na rago, naman sa, kaza, busassun apricots, albasa ja da barkono iri-iri.<ref>Raichlen, S. (2015). Planet Barbecue!: 309 Recipes, 60 Countries (in German). Workman Publishing Company. p. 251. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7611-6447-0</nowiki>. Retrieved 26 May 2017.</ref> == Shiri == Don shiryawa, ana jiƙa naman rago ko wasu guntun nama a cikin ruwan daddare a cikin albasa da aka soya, barkono, tafarnuwa, ganyen curry da ruwan tamarind, sannan a zare su a kan skewers sannan a soya su a cikin kasko ko a gasa. [1] Duk da haka, hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen dafa sosaties ita ce a waje, a kan braai (ko barbecue). Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa guntun nama da ƙananan albasa, barkono da aka yanka, busassun apricots ko prunes. == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin Afirka * Jerin abincin rago == Manazarta == iavgoomyh9ffkc5dtixaujx4y9xh242 0 149106 829535 2026-05-04T07:44:56Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1286313503|Soetpatats]]" 829535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soetpatats''', wanda kuma aka sani da soet karamel patats [1] (wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin " dankalin turawa mai zaki "), abinci ne na dankali mai zaki wanda galibi ake gasawa a cikin tanda na Dutch tare da man shanu, sukari mai launin ruwan kasa, kirfa, [2] da kuma a wasu girke-girke ruwan lemun tsami. [1] Abincin Afrikaans ne kuma ya samo asali ne daga Afirka ta Kudu . Ana yawan yin sa a matsayin abincin gefe a braais (barbecues), wanda galibi ana yin sa tare da snoek ( Thyrsites ). [3] [4] Abincin yana ɗaya daga cikin abincin Afrikaner da mawaƙin Afrikaans C. Louis Leipoldt, [5] ya rubuta kuma ya lura da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abincin da ya fi so. [6] == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin dankalin turawa mai zaki == Manazarta == lhs3y4v51l3pgo9ig42xym8wrzp8ysc 829536 829535 2026-05-04T07:48:47Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1286313503|Soetpatats]]" 829536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soetpatats''', wanda kuma aka sani da soet karamel patats [1] (wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin " dankalin turawa mai zaki "), abinci ne na dankali mai zaki wanda galibi ake gasawa a cikin tanda na Dutch tare da man shanu, sukari mai launin ruwan kasa, kirfa, [2] da kuma a wasu girke-girke ruwan lemun tsami. [1] Abincin Afrikaans ne kuma ya samo asali ne daga Afirka ta Kudu . Ana yawan yin sa a matsayin abincin gefe a braais (barbecues), wanda galibi ana yin sa tare da snoek ( Thyrsites ). [3] [4] Abincin yana ɗaya daga cikin abincin Afrikaner da mawaƙin Afrikaans C. Louis Leipoldt, [5] ya rubuta kuma ya lura da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abincin da ya fi so. [6][1][2] == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin dankalin turawa mai zaki == Manazarta == 5mn9868nqe5lnx2jjfnmulvk05ekie0 829537 829536 2026-05-04T07:49:57Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1286313503|Soetpatats]]" 829537 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soetpatats''', wanda kuma aka sani da soet karamel patats [1] (wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin " dankalin turawa mai zaki "), abinci ne na dankali mai zaki wanda galibi ake gasawa a cikin tanda na Dutch tare da man shanu, sukari mai launin ruwan kasa, kirfa, [2] da kuma a wasu girke-girke ruwan lemun tsami. [1] Abincin Afrikaans ne kuma ya samo asali ne daga Afirka ta Kudu . Ana yawan yin sa a matsayin abincin gefe a braais (barbecues), wanda galibi ana yin sa tare da snoek ( Thyrsites ). [3] [4] Abincin yana ɗaya daga cikin abincin Afrikaner da mawaƙin Afrikaans C. Louis Leipoldt, [5] ya rubuta kuma ya lura da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abincin da ya fi so. [6]<ref>Soet Karamel Patats – Boerekos – Kook met Nostalgie". www.boerekos.com. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</ref><ref>This South African snoek braai recipe with apricot jam is the ultimate Easter meal". www.capetownmagazine.com. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin dankalin turawa mai zaki == Manazarta == h1xjqahvcdpjfg598oefecu0ksqzor4 829538 829537 2026-05-04T07:50:12Z Sardeeq 39275 829538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Soetpatats''', wanda kuma aka sani da soet karamel patats [1] (wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin " dankalin turawa mai zaki "), abinci ne na dankali mai zaki wanda galibi ake gasawa a cikin tanda na Dutch tare da man shanu, sukari mai launin ruwan kasa, kirfa, [2] da kuma a wasu girke-girke ruwan lemun tsami. [1] Abincin Afrikaans ne kuma ya samo asali ne daga Afirka ta Kudu . Ana yawan yin sa a matsayin abincin gefe a braais (barbecues), wanda galibi ana yin sa tare da snoek ( Thyrsites ). [3] [4] Abincin yana ɗaya daga cikin abincin Afrikaner da mawaƙin Afrikaans C. Louis Leipoldt, [5] ya rubuta kuma ya lura da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abincin da ya fi so. [6]<ref>Soet Karamel Patats – Boerekos – Kook met Nostalgie". www.boerekos.com. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</ref><ref>This South African snoek braai recipe with apricot jam is the ultimate Easter meal". www.capetownmagazine.com. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin dankalin turawa mai zaki == Manazarta == dd8493ke4cw0p1gglk4iw7lz6uzhcdu 0 149107 829539 2026-05-04T07:51:11Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345913680|Skilpadjies]]" 829539 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Skilpadjies''' abinci ne na gargajiya [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunaye kamar {{Lang|af|muise}} da {{Lang|af|vlermuise}} . Abincin hanta ne [[Rago|na rago]] da aka naɗe a cikin {{Lang|af|netvet}} ( kitse mai kitse ), wanda shine membrane mai kitse da ke kewaye da kodan . Yawancin [[Dafa abinci|masu dafa abinci]] suna niƙa hanta, suna ƙara coriander, yankakken [[albasa]], [[gishiri]] da miyar Worcestershire, sannan su naɗe ƙwallan wannan cakuda da {{Lang|af|netvet}} kuma a ɗaure shi da ɗan goge baki . Ƙwallon, kimanin {{Convert|80|mm}} diamita, yawanci ana gasa su (ana gasa su a kan wuta a buɗe) kuma a shirye suke lokacin da kitsen ya yi kauri. [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] na dā sun riga sun yi jita-jita kamar skilpadjies <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (September 2020)">bincike na asali?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> kuma girke-girke na Jamusanci na hanta ta maraƙi a cikin kitsen caul ya bayyana a cikin littafin " Das Buoch von guoter Spise ". Sunayen skilpadjie (ƙaramin kunkuru ), muise ( beraye ), vlermuise ( jemagu ) da pofadder ( mai ƙara ) yana nuna kamanninsa . Pofadder ita ce mafi girman sigar, girman babban tsiran alade. An yi ta ne da hantar rago da aka niƙa a naɗe a cikin babban yanki na netvet, kuma yawanci ana yin sa ne a wuraren liyafa inda za a iya yanka kusan hidima 8 zuwa 10 daga pofadder ɗaya idan an gasa. Abinci ne mai wadataccen abinci, mai yawan cholesterol da kuma mai; masu cin abinci galibi suna cin abinci mai sitaci a cikin nau'in mealie [[Ugali|pap]] ko burodi da aka gasa tare da skilpadjies, don kada su jawo wasu alamun sha'awar fiye da kima . == Duba kuma == {{Div col}} * [[List of African dishes]] * [[List of lamb dishes]] * [[List of meatball dishes]] * [[Boerewors]] * [[Meat chop]] * [[Meat on the bone]] * [[Steak]] * [[Pork steak]] {{Div col end}} == Manazarta == lxn6gcvy8fzt6r49vkbzq2le8msmwts 829540 829539 2026-05-04T07:52:10Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345913680|Skilpadjies]]" 829540 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Skilpadjies''' abinci ne na gargajiya [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunaye kamar {{Lang|af|muise}} da {{Lang|af|vlermuise}}.<ref>Flower, Barbara; Rosenbaum (1958). The Roman Cookery Book; A Critical translation of The Art of Cooking by Apicius. London & New York: Peter Nevil LTD.</ref> Abincin hanta ne [[Rago|na rago]] da aka naɗe a cikin {{Lang|af|netvet}} ( kitse mai kitse ), wanda shine membrane mai kitse da ke kewaye da kodan . Yawancin [[Dafa abinci|masu dafa abinci]] suna niƙa hanta, suna ƙara coriander, yankakken [[albasa]], [[gishiri]] da miyar Worcestershire, sannan su naɗe ƙwallan wannan cakuda da {{Lang|af|netvet}} kuma a ɗaure shi da ɗan goge baki . Ƙwallon, kimanin {{Convert|80|mm}} diamita, yawanci ana gasa su (ana gasa su a kan wuta a buɗe) kuma a shirye suke lokacin da kitsen ya yi kauri.<ref>Van Winter, Johanna (1976). Van Soeter Cokene. Recepten uit de romeinse en middeleeuwse keuken. Haarlem/Bussum.</ref> [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] na dā sun riga sun yi jita-jita kamar skilpadjies <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (September 2020)">bincike na asali?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> kuma girke-girke na Jamusanci na hanta ta maraƙi a cikin kitsen caul ya bayyana a cikin littafin " Das Buoch von guoter Spise ". Sunayen skilpadjie (ƙaramin kunkuru ), muise ( beraye ), vlermuise ( jemagu ) da pofadder ( mai ƙara ) yana nuna kamanninsa . Pofadder ita ce mafi girman sigar, girman babban tsiran alade. An yi ta ne da hantar rago da aka niƙa a naɗe a cikin babban yanki na netvet, kuma yawanci ana yin sa ne a wuraren liyafa inda za a iya yanka kusan hidima 8 zuwa 10 daga pofadder ɗaya idan an gasa. Abinci ne mai wadataccen abinci, mai yawan cholesterol da kuma mai; masu cin abinci galibi suna cin abinci mai sitaci a cikin nau'in mealie [[Ugali|pap]] ko burodi da aka gasa tare da skilpadjies, don kada su jawo wasu alamun sha'awar fiye da kima . == Duba kuma == {{Div col}} * [[List of African dishes]] * [[List of lamb dishes]] * [[List of meatball dishes]] * [[Boerewors]] * [[Meat chop]] * [[Meat on the bone]] * [[Steak]] * [[Pork steak]] {{Div col end}} == Manazarta == 6jr849uulcetw0vyinip79f0su5t4o0 829541 829540 2026-05-04T07:52:29Z Sardeeq 39275 829541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Skilpadjies''' abinci ne na gargajiya [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunaye kamar {{Lang|af|muise}} da {{Lang|af|vlermuise}}.<ref>Flower, Barbara; Rosenbaum (1958). The Roman Cookery Book; A Critical translation of The Art of Cooking by Apicius. London & New York: Peter Nevil LTD.</ref> Abincin hanta ne [[Rago|na rago]] da aka naɗe a cikin {{Lang|af|netvet}} ( kitse mai kitse ), wanda shine membrane mai kitse da ke kewaye da kodan . Yawancin [[Dafa abinci|masu dafa abinci]] suna niƙa hanta, suna ƙara coriander, yankakken [[albasa]], [[gishiri]] da miyar Worcestershire, sannan su naɗe ƙwallan wannan cakuda da {{Lang|af|netvet}} kuma a ɗaure shi da ɗan goge baki . Ƙwallon, kimanin {{Convert|80|mm}} diamita, yawanci ana gasa su (ana gasa su a kan wuta a buɗe) kuma a shirye suke lokacin da kitsen ya yi kauri.<ref>Van Winter, Johanna (1976). Van Soeter Cokene. Recepten uit de romeinse en middeleeuwse keuken. Haarlem/Bussum.</ref> [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] na dā sun riga sun yi jita-jita kamar skilpadjies <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (September 2020)">bincike na asali?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> kuma girke-girke na Jamusanci na hanta ta maraƙi a cikin kitsen caul ya bayyana a cikin littafin " Das Buoch von guoter Spise ". Sunayen skilpadjie (ƙaramin kunkuru ), muise ( beraye ), vlermuise ( jemagu ) da pofadder ( mai ƙara ) yana nuna kamanninsa . Pofadder ita ce mafi girman sigar, girman babban tsiran alade. An yi ta ne da hantar rago da aka niƙa a naɗe a cikin babban yanki na netvet, kuma yawanci ana yin sa ne a wuraren liyafa inda za a iya yanka kusan hidima 8 zuwa 10 daga pofadder ɗaya idan an gasa. Abinci ne mai wadataccen abinci, mai yawan cholesterol da kuma mai; masu cin abinci galibi suna cin abinci mai sitaci a cikin nau'in mealie [[Ugali|pap]] ko burodi da aka gasa tare da skilpadjies, don kada su jawo wasu alamun sha'awar fiye da kima . == Duba kuma == {{Div col}} * [[List of African dishes]] * [[List of lamb dishes]] * [[List of meatball dishes]] * [[Boerewors]] * [[Meat chop]] * [[Meat on the bone]] * [[Steak]] * [[Pork steak]] {{Div col end}} == Manazarta == 40wjq2d7ddvymwbkjkshxjfktwm0sat 0 149108 829542 2026-05-04T07:54:13Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350841623|Scone]]" 829542 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Scone''' ( / s kɒn / SKON ko / s koʊn / SKOHN ) wani nau'in burodi ne na gargajiya da aka gasa a Birtaniya da Ireland, wanda ya shahara a Burtaniya, Ireland, Kanada, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da [[New Zealand]] . A Amurka, scones wani nau'in burodi ne daban da sauran ƙasashen duniya, yawanci ya fi zaki, siffarsa mai siffar uku kuma ana yin sa da kansu. Yawanci ana yin scones ne da garin alkama ko oatmeal, tare da yin burodi foda a matsayin abin yin yisti, kuma ana gasa su a kan fakiti, ko kuma a soya su a cikin kaskon soya . Scone na iya zama mai ɗan zaki ko mai daɗi, kuma ana iya yin ado da shi lokaci-lokaci da ƙwai . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hollywood, Paul |title=Paul Hollywood's scones |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/paul_hollywoods_scones_70005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707053227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/paul_hollywoods_scones_70005 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |access-date=22 September 2015 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Scone mai zaki wani ɓangare ne na shayin kirim, da shayin rana . Ya bambanta da kek ɗin shayi da sauran nau'ikan burodi masu zaki waɗanda aka yi da yisti . An zaɓi scones a matsayin wakilin [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] na Café Europe a lokacin shugabancin [[Austriya|Austria]] na [[Tarayyar Turai]] a 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cakes, Sweets and Coffee &#124; Cafeeurope.at |url=http://www.cafeeurope.at/coffee-sweets/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207073611/http://www.cafeeurope.at/coffee-sweets/ |archive-date=2014-02-07 |access-date=2011-01-18}}</ref> == Ilimin harsuna (Lexicology) == [[Fayil:Buttermilk-Scones-batch.jpg|thumb|Sabbin scones na madarar madara da aka yi da hannu]] Furcin kalmar a cikin duniyar da ake magana da Turanci ya bambanta, tare da wasu suna furta ta /s k ɒ n / (waƙoƙi tare da "gone"), <ref name="Wells" /> da wasu /s koʊ n / (waƙoƙi tare da "sautin"). Furcin da ya fi rinjaye ya bambanta da yanki. Furcin da ya fi "sautin" ya fi ƙarfi a cikin Midlands na Ingila da [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], kodayake da alama yana da ƙananan faci a Cornwall da Essex . Furcin da ya fi "gone" ya fi ƙarfi a Arewacin Ingila da [[Scotland]], kodayake wannan kuma ya zama kamar shine furucin da aka fi so a Kudancin Ingila, Gundumomin Gida, da Gabashin Anglia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2016 |title=Cambridge app maps decline in regional diversity of English dialects |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cambridge-app-maps-decline-in-regional-diversity-of-english-dialects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805081431/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cambridge-app-maps-decline-in-regional-diversity-of-english-dialects |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=University of Cambridge}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Ireland da Amurka galibi suna amfani da / s koʊn / furtawa. Kamus na Burtaniya galibi suna nuna siffar /s k ɒ n / a matsayin furucin da aka fi so, yayin da suke gane {{IPA|/skoʊn/}} siffa. An ambaci bambancin furuci a cikin waƙa: === Asalin Ma'anar === Asalin kalmar ''scone'' ba ta da tushe kuma tana iya samo asali daga tushe da dama. Asalin kalmar 'scone' da aka fi yarda da ita shine kalmar Scottish Gaelic ''sgonn'', ma'ana babban dunkule ko taro, yana nuna asalin siffarta a matsayin burodi mai siffar gida, mai siffar hannu, tare da ambatonta a cikin waƙar Gavin Douglas ta 1513, ''Aeneid'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scone n a small sweet or savoury cake baked from flour, fat and milk. |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/3075#:~:text=%E2%80%9CFlowr%20sconnys%E2%80%9D%20(flour%20scones,or%20four%20inches%20in%20thickness. |access-date=28 August 2025 |website=Scots Language Centre}}</ref> Sauran kalmomin da aka gabatar, kamar su ''schoonbrood'' na Tsakiyar Dutch (burodi mai kyau), ba a cika samun goyon baya ba a cikin nazarin harsuna. Kalmar Tsakiyar Ƙasa ta Jamusanci ''schöne'', ma'ana burodi mai kyau, wataƙila ta taka rawa wajen ƙirƙirar wannan kalmar. A gefe guda kuma, Sheila MacNiven Cameron ta samo kalmar ne daga garin Scone ( /s k uː n / ⓘ ( Scots , Scottish Gaelic ) a [[Scotland]], babban birnin da aka naɗa sarakunan Scotland, kuma a kan Dutsen Scone har yanzu ana naɗa sarakunan Burtaniya. Dangane da Griddle Scones, a cikin harshen Scotland da kuma yaren Ingilishi na Northumbrian, ana kiran griddle a ''girdle'' . Canja wurin sautunan ya faru ne saboda bambancin harshe . == Burodi, kek ko kuma kawai scone == Abin da ake nufi da scone, ko dai burodi ko kek, muhawara ce da ake yawan tattaunawa a kai. ''Littafin Oxford Companion to Food'' na Alan Davidson ya ambaci scone a matsayin kek, wanda kuma shine bayanin da Oxford da Cambridge Dictionary suka yi amfani da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scone |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/scone |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scone |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/scone_n?tab=meaning_and_use#23990453 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Oxford Dictionary}}</ref> A cikin 2018, a cikin wata tattaunawa a kan Facebook, masu amfani ba su yarda ko scones burodi ne, kek ko ya kamata ya kasance a cikin nasu rukuni ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2018 |title=Is a scone a bread or a cake? |url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/newquayweb/posts/10156113972304839/ |website=Facebook}}</ref> Marubutan abinci da masu samar da abinci sun kuma bayyana cewa ba burodi ko kek ba ne, domin sun fi burodi wadata, amma ba su da wadata kamar kek, tare da yanayin nasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2021 |title=A Brief History of the Scone |url=https://www.freshways.co.uk/a-brief-history-of-the-scone/ |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Freshways}}</ref> Ba kamar burodi ba, ba a cusa scone ba amma ana yin sa da ɗanɗano, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2019 |title=Ros Rants: The secrets of scones |url=https://www.cookeryschool.co.uk/ros-rants-the-secrets-of-scones/?srsltid=AfmBOooMiwReUP2f8WE8DSbom_VYKspARW47w--ZTxMZj8eMD3JEqoH1 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Cookery School}}</ref> yayin da ake yin kek da batter. Hukumar Ka'idojin Abinci ta Australia ta New Zealand ta rarraba su ba a matsayin burodi ko kek ba, amma a cikin nasu nau'in ''Scones da Rock Cakes'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scone |url=https://afcd.foodstandards.gov.au/fooddetails.aspx?PFKID=F008173 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Australian Food Composition Database}}</ref> == Tarihi == A zamanin Tsakiyar Zamani, an tara scones da biskit don yin kek ɗin aure. Rubutun farko da aka rubuta game da amfani da kalmar scone ya fito ne daga shekarar 1480, lokacin da wani ƙaramin labarin kwastam ya ce wani mai yin burodi, Frank Mathewe, yana da ƙaramin akwati na katako mai ''"kek ɗin kayan ƙanshi 400 da scone Yesu 500"'' . An buga siffar Yesu a kan kayan gasa a wannan lokacin don nuna cewa an yi samfurin da fulawa mafi kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Thomas |title=Petty Custom Account 1480-1: Imports, Oct - Dec 1480 (nos 1-55) |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol27/pp1-19 |access-date=8 April 2026 |website=British History Online}}</ref> Girke-girke na farko da aka rubuta na scone za a iya samu a cikin folio na girke-girke da aka rubuta a Wellcome Collection kuma ya samo asali tun daga 1669. Girke-girken, mai taken "Kek ɗin scone na Mrs Fellard", ya haɗa da sinadaran gari, currants, ƙwai, sukari, pint na yisti na ale da kirim. <ref name="HistoryofBritishBaking" /> Girke-girken kuma yana ba da wasu nau'ikan, tare da ɗaya mai daɗi da naman alade kuma ana yin hidima da miya, kamar yadda biskit ɗin Amurka suke a yau. <ref name="HistoryofBritishBaking" /> A cikin littafin ''A History of Scotland from the Earliest Times'', an ruwaito cewa a ƙarni na 17, talakawa za su gasa ''"kek ɗin oat, ko scone na bere ko sha'ir"'' a kan gasa, yayin da littafin, ''History of Scotland daga Robert the Bruce zuwa Union of the Crowns'' ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin [[James VI da kuma I|James VI]] cewa talakawa ''"suna cin brose da kusan komai, da scone, bannock, kirnmilk da kebbuk ko cuku"'' . Lokacin da garin yin burodi ya samu karbuwa ga jama'a a shekarar 1843, scone mai zaki na Burtaniya wanda aka fi sani da shi a yau ya fara bayyana. [1] An fara rubuta bayanin farko da aka rubuta game da scone a cikin shayin kirim, a cikin The Cornishman a shekarar 1932, duk da haka an ruwaito cewa Devonians sun ɗauki scones kafin Cornish. [2] scones na zamani yanzu suna samuwa sosai a gidajen yin burodi, shagunan kayan more rayuwa da manyan kantuna . Wani rahoto na kasuwa na 2005 ya kiyasta cewa kasuwar scone ta Burtaniya ta kai darajar £64m, wanda ya nuna karuwar kashi 9% a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Karin ya samo asali ne daga karuwar fifikon masu amfani da abinci mai sauri da kuma na dadi. [3] Scones da ake sayarwa a kasuwa yawanci suna zagaye ne, kodayake wasu samfuran suna da siffar hexagonal, domin wannan siffar ana iya yin ta don ingancin sarari. Idan aka shirya su a gida, suna iya ɗaukar siffofi daban-daban, gami da alwatika, zagaye da murabba'i. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-03-01 |title=The History of Scones |url=http://www.kitchenproject.com/history/Scones.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728182028/http://www.kitchenproject.com/history/Scones.htm |archive-date=28 July 2018 |access-date=2008-09-09 |website=Food History |publisher=The Kitchen Project}}</ref> Scones na yin burodi a gida galibi suna da alaƙa da yin burodi na gargajiya. Ana yin su ne ta amfani da girke-girke na iyali maimakon littattafan girke-girke, tunda galibi memba na iyali ne ke riƙe da girke-girke "mafi kyau" kuma mafi daraja. A shekarar 2023, wata mata a Yammacin Landan ta kammala aikin ɗaukar tsawon shekaru goma don yin gwajin scone a kowace cibiyar [[Amincewa ta Kasa|National Trust]] (wurare 244 a faɗin Ingila, Wales da Arewacin Ireland). Scones ya zama babban abin shan shayin rana a farkon ƙarni na 19, wata al'ada da Anna, Duchess ta Bedford, ta shahara da ita, wacce ta gabatar da al'adar shan scones tare da shayi a matsayin abin sha mai sauƙi tsakanin abinci. == Manazarta == 8of671oy1joj5mny1gnzgodr1g0z6c7 829543 829542 2026-05-04T07:54:33Z Sardeeq 39275 829543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Scone''' ( / s kɒn / SKON ko / s koʊn / SKOHN ) wani nau'in burodi ne na gargajiya da aka gasa a Birtaniya da Ireland, wanda ya shahara a Burtaniya, Ireland, Kanada, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da [[New Zealand]] . A Amurka, scones wani nau'in burodi ne daban da sauran ƙasashen duniya, yawanci ya fi zaki, siffarsa mai siffar uku kuma ana yin sa da kansu. Yawanci ana yin scones ne da garin alkama ko oatmeal, tare da yin burodi foda a matsayin abin yin yisti, kuma ana gasa su a kan fakiti, ko kuma a soya su a cikin kaskon soya . Scone na iya zama mai ɗan zaki ko mai daɗi, kuma ana iya yin ado da shi lokaci-lokaci da ƙwai . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hollywood, Paul |title=Paul Hollywood's scones |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/paul_hollywoods_scones_70005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707053227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/paul_hollywoods_scones_70005 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |access-date=22 September 2015 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Scone mai zaki wani ɓangare ne na shayin kirim, da shayin rana . Ya bambanta da kek ɗin shayi da sauran nau'ikan burodi masu zaki waɗanda aka yi da yisti . An zaɓi scones a matsayin wakilin [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] na Café Europe a lokacin shugabancin [[Austriya|Austria]] na [[Tarayyar Turai]] a 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cakes, Sweets and Coffee &#124; Cafeeurope.at |url=http://www.cafeeurope.at/coffee-sweets/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207073611/http://www.cafeeurope.at/coffee-sweets/ |archive-date=2014-02-07 |access-date=2011-01-18}}</ref> == Ilimin harsuna (Lexicology) == [[Fayil:Buttermilk-Scones-batch.jpg|thumb|Sabbin scones na madarar madara da aka yi da hannu]] Furcin kalmar a cikin duniyar da ake magana da Turanci ya bambanta, tare da wasu suna furta ta /s k ɒ n / (waƙoƙi tare da "gone"), <ref name="Wells" /> da wasu /s koʊ n / (waƙoƙi tare da "sautin"). Furcin da ya fi rinjaye ya bambanta da yanki. Furcin da ya fi "sautin" ya fi ƙarfi a cikin Midlands na Ingila da [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], kodayake da alama yana da ƙananan faci a Cornwall da Essex . Furcin da ya fi "gone" ya fi ƙarfi a Arewacin Ingila da [[Scotland]], kodayake wannan kuma ya zama kamar shine furucin da aka fi so a Kudancin Ingila, Gundumomin Gida, da Gabashin Anglia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2016 |title=Cambridge app maps decline in regional diversity of English dialects |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cambridge-app-maps-decline-in-regional-diversity-of-english-dialects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805081431/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cambridge-app-maps-decline-in-regional-diversity-of-english-dialects |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=University of Cambridge}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Ireland da Amurka galibi suna amfani da / s koʊn / furtawa. Kamus na Burtaniya galibi suna nuna siffar /s k ɒ n / a matsayin furucin da aka fi so, yayin da suke gane {{IPA|/skoʊn/}} siffa. An ambaci bambancin furuci a cikin waƙa: === Asalin Ma'anar === Asalin kalmar ''scone'' ba ta da tushe kuma tana iya samo asali daga tushe da dama. Asalin kalmar 'scone' da aka fi yarda da ita shine kalmar Scottish Gaelic ''sgonn'', ma'ana babban dunkule ko taro, yana nuna asalin siffarta a matsayin burodi mai siffar gida, mai siffar hannu, tare da ambatonta a cikin waƙar Gavin Douglas ta 1513, ''Aeneid'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scone n a small sweet or savoury cake baked from flour, fat and milk. |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/3075#:~:text=%E2%80%9CFlowr%20sconnys%E2%80%9D%20(flour%20scones,or%20four%20inches%20in%20thickness. |access-date=28 August 2025 |website=Scots Language Centre}}</ref> Sauran kalmomin da aka gabatar, kamar su ''schoonbrood'' na Tsakiyar Dutch (burodi mai kyau), ba a cika samun goyon baya ba a cikin nazarin harsuna. Kalmar Tsakiyar Ƙasa ta Jamusanci ''schöne'', ma'ana burodi mai kyau, wataƙila ta taka rawa wajen ƙirƙirar wannan kalmar. A gefe guda kuma, Sheila MacNiven Cameron ta samo kalmar ne daga garin Scone ( /s k uː n / ⓘ ( Scots , Scottish Gaelic ) a [[Scotland]], babban birnin da aka naɗa sarakunan Scotland, kuma a kan Dutsen Scone har yanzu ana naɗa sarakunan Burtaniya. Dangane da Griddle Scones, a cikin harshen Scotland da kuma yaren Ingilishi na Northumbrian, ana kiran griddle a ''girdle'' . Canja wurin sautunan ya faru ne saboda bambancin harshe . == Burodi, kek ko kuma kawai scone == Abin da ake nufi da scone, ko dai burodi ko kek, muhawara ce da ake yawan tattaunawa a kai. ''Littafin Oxford Companion to Food'' na Alan Davidson ya ambaci scone a matsayin kek, wanda kuma shine bayanin da Oxford da Cambridge Dictionary suka yi amfani da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scone |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/scone |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scone |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/scone_n?tab=meaning_and_use#23990453 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Oxford Dictionary}}</ref> A cikin 2018, a cikin wata tattaunawa a kan Facebook, masu amfani ba su yarda ko scones burodi ne, kek ko ya kamata ya kasance a cikin nasu rukuni ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2018 |title=Is a scone a bread or a cake? |url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/newquayweb/posts/10156113972304839/ |website=Facebook}}</ref> Marubutan abinci da masu samar da abinci sun kuma bayyana cewa ba burodi ko kek ba ne, domin sun fi burodi wadata, amma ba su da wadata kamar kek, tare da yanayin nasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2021 |title=A Brief History of the Scone |url=https://www.freshways.co.uk/a-brief-history-of-the-scone/ |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Freshways}}</ref> Ba kamar burodi ba, ba a cusa scone ba amma ana yin sa da ɗanɗano, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2019 |title=Ros Rants: The secrets of scones |url=https://www.cookeryschool.co.uk/ros-rants-the-secrets-of-scones/?srsltid=AfmBOooMiwReUP2f8WE8DSbom_VYKspARW47w--ZTxMZj8eMD3JEqoH1 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Cookery School}}</ref> yayin da ake yin kek da batter. Hukumar Ka'idojin Abinci ta Australia ta New Zealand ta rarraba su ba a matsayin burodi ko kek ba, amma a cikin nasu nau'in ''Scones da Rock Cakes'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scone |url=https://afcd.foodstandards.gov.au/fooddetails.aspx?PFKID=F008173 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Australian Food Composition Database}}</ref> == Tarihi == A zamanin Tsakiyar Zamani, an tara scones da biskit don yin kek ɗin aure. Rubutun farko da aka rubuta game da amfani da kalmar scone ya fito ne daga shekarar 1480, lokacin da wani ƙaramin labarin kwastam ya ce wani mai yin burodi, Frank Mathewe, yana da ƙaramin akwati na katako mai ''"kek ɗin kayan ƙanshi 400 da scone Yesu 500"'' . An buga siffar Yesu a kan kayan gasa a wannan lokacin don nuna cewa an yi samfurin da fulawa mafi kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Thomas |title=Petty Custom Account 1480-1: Imports, Oct - Dec 1480 (nos 1-55) |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol27/pp1-19 |access-date=8 April 2026 |website=British History Online}}</ref> Girke-girke na farko da aka rubuta na scone za a iya samu a cikin folio na girke-girke da aka rubuta a Wellcome Collection kuma ya samo asali tun daga 1669. Girke-girken, mai taken "Kek ɗin scone na Mrs Fellard", ya haɗa da sinadaran gari, currants, ƙwai, sukari, pint na yisti na ale da kirim. <ref name="HistoryofBritishBaking" /> Girke-girken kuma yana ba da wasu nau'ikan, tare da ɗaya mai daɗi da naman alade kuma ana yin hidima da miya, kamar yadda biskit ɗin Amurka suke a yau. <ref name="HistoryofBritishBaking" /> A cikin littafin ''A History of Scotland from the Earliest Times'', an ruwaito cewa a ƙarni na 17, talakawa za su gasa ''"kek ɗin oat, ko scone na bere ko sha'ir"'' a kan gasa, yayin da littafin, ''History of Scotland daga Robert the Bruce zuwa Union of the Crowns'' ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin [[James VI da kuma I|James VI]] cewa talakawa ''"suna cin brose da kusan komai, da scone, bannock, kirnmilk da kebbuk ko cuku"'' . Lokacin da garin yin burodi ya samu karbuwa ga jama'a a shekarar 1843, scone mai zaki na Burtaniya wanda aka fi sani da shi a yau ya fara bayyana. [1] An fara rubuta bayanin farko da aka rubuta game da scone a cikin shayin kirim, a cikin The Cornishman a shekarar 1932, duk da haka an ruwaito cewa Devonians sun ɗauki scones kafin Cornish. [2] scones na zamani yanzu suna samuwa sosai a gidajen yin burodi, shagunan kayan more rayuwa da manyan kantuna . Wani rahoto na kasuwa na 2005 ya kiyasta cewa kasuwar scone ta Burtaniya ta kai darajar £64m, wanda ya nuna karuwar kashi 9% a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Karin ya samo asali ne daga karuwar fifikon masu amfani da abinci mai sauri da kuma na dadi. [3] Scones da ake sayarwa a kasuwa yawanci suna zagaye ne, kodayake wasu samfuran suna da siffar hexagonal, domin wannan siffar ana iya yin ta don ingancin sarari. Idan aka shirya su a gida, suna iya ɗaukar siffofi daban-daban, gami da alwatika, zagaye da murabba'i. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-03-01 |title=The History of Scones |url=http://www.kitchenproject.com/history/Scones.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728182028/http://www.kitchenproject.com/history/Scones.htm |archive-date=28 July 2018 |access-date=2008-09-09 |website=Food History |publisher=The Kitchen Project}}</ref> Scones na yin burodi a gida galibi suna da alaƙa da yin burodi na gargajiya. Ana yin su ne ta amfani da girke-girke na iyali maimakon littattafan girke-girke, tunda galibi memba na iyali ne ke riƙe da girke-girke "mafi kyau" kuma mafi daraja. A shekarar 2023, wata mata a Yammacin Landan ta kammala aikin ɗaukar tsawon shekaru goma don yin gwajin scone a kowace cibiyar [[Amincewa ta Kasa|National Trust]] (wurare 244 a faɗin Ingila, Wales da Arewacin Ireland). Scones ya zama babban abin shan shayin rana a farkon ƙarni na 19, wata al'ada da Anna, Duchess ta Bedford, ta shahara da ita, wacce ta gabatar da al'adar shan scones tare da shayi a matsayin abin sha mai sauƙi tsakanin abinci. == Manazarta == j7j2vk9l2ga5xovr14g3465utugwibd 0 149109 829544 2026-05-04T07:55:35Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337307647|Tapioca pudding]]" 829544 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pudding na Tapioca pudding''' wani nau'in pudding ne mai daɗi da aka yi da tapioca ko madara ko kirim. Ana yin sa a al'adu da yawa tare da salo iri ɗaya kuma ana iya yin sa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Daidaiton sa na iya bambanta tsakanin girke-girke: wasu bambance-bambancen suna da siriri da ruwa, yayin da wasu kuma suna da ɗanɗano da za a iya ɗauka da cokali mai yatsu. <ref name="christinesrecipes">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Mango & Tapioca Pearls Dessert |url=http://en.christinesrecipes.com/2010/01/mango-tapioca-pearls-dessert-happy.html#.UEixKPI6eio |access-date=6 September 2012 |website=christinesrecipes.com}}</ref> == Nau'o'i == Ana iya yin pudding ɗin daga farko ta amfani da tapioca a cikin nau'i daban-daban: flakes, grain meal, sanduna, da lu'u-lu'u . Akwai kuma gauraye da yawa da aka shirya a cikin kasuwanci. <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite web |last=Balston |first=Catherine |date=13 April 2015 |title=Tapioca: the hated school pudding makes a culinary comeback |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2015/apr/13/tapioca-school-pudding-culinary-comeback |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A wasu yankuna, ana maye gurbin madarar da ake amfani da ita wajen yin pudding da [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]] . Sinadaran da ake amfani da su tare da kuma sanya su a cikin pudding na tapioca sun bambanta tsawon lokaci. An san cewa salon pudding na tapioca na Amurka a ƙarni na 19 ba ya ɗauke da sukari a cikin pudding ɗin kansa amma ana ba da shi da sukari da kirim a gefe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapioca Pudding |url=https://www.tastinghistory.com/recipes/tapiocapudding |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Tasting History |language=en-US}}</ref> Wasu girke-girke da aka yaɗa a Daular Burtaniya a ƙarni na 18 sun yi amfani da kirfa, jan giya, har ma da ƙashi a matsayin kayan ƙanshi don pudding. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-21 |title=Sago and Tapioca Pudding |url=https://britishfoodhistory.com/2023/08/21/sago-and-tapioca-pudding/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=British Food: A History |language=en}}</ref> Pudding na Tapioca sanannen nau'in ''Tong sui'' ne a cikin abincin Sinanci. <ref name="christinesrecipes">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Mango & Tapioca Pearls Dessert |url=http://en.christinesrecipes.com/2010/01/mango-tapioca-pearls-dessert-happy.html#.UEixKPI6eio |access-date=6 September 2012 |website=christinesrecipes.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://en.christinesrecipes.com/2010/01/mango-tapioca-pearls-dessert-happy.html#.UEixKPI6eio "Mango & Tapioca Pearls Dessert"]. ''christinesrecipes.com''. 27 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> A kudancin Indiya, ''jawhuarusee payasam'', wani nau'in pudding na tapioca, galibi ana yin sa a lokacin bukukuwa. == Tarihi == Babban dalilin da ya sa pudding na tapioca ya shahara shi ne sauƙin samun ƙwallon tapioca idan aka kwatanta da madadin [[Mai hikima|sago]] . Lu'ulu'u na Tapioca sun samo asali ne daga girbin [[rogo]], wanda ke buƙatar ƙarancin aiki kafin a girbe shi kuma ya girma da sauri idan aka kwatanta da sago. Pudding na Tapioca zai zama babban abin da ake ci a lokacin cin abincin rana na makaranta a Burtaniya, Ostiraliya, da Amurka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aquitaine |first=Ellanor |date=2024-03-23 |title=The Rise And Fall Of Tapioca Pudding |url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1544356/why-tapioca-pudding-not-popular/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Tasting Table |language=en-US}}</ref> Yaran makaranta 'yan Birtaniya sun yi wa abincin lakabi da frog spawn saboda bayyanarsa. [1] Jaridar Guardian ta bayyana shi a matsayin "pudding ɗin makaranta da aka fi tsana a Birtaniya" tare da sunaye kamar fisheye, frogspawn, da eyeball pudding. Duk da haka, yana dawowa a ƙarni na 21 a gidajen cin abinci da yawa, gami da gidajen cin abinci da dama da aka yi wa tauraro a Michelin . [2] Pudding na Tapioca yana ɗaya daga cikin abincin da jami'an sojojin Rhode Island suka ci a bikin ranar huɗu ga watan Yuli a lokacin da aka kewaye birnin Petersburg . <ref>{{Cite web |title=What do Americans eat on July 4th? |url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/july4th.html}}</ref> A Burtaniya, ana bikin tunawa da ranar 16 ga Yuli a matsayin Ranar Pudding ta Tapioca ta Ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=National Tapioca Pudding Day |url=https://www.daysoftheyear.com/days/tapioca-pudding-day/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Days Of The Year |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Congee * Sago pudding * Budin shinkafa * Pudding na Semolina * Helmipuuro * Miyar Sago * Mango pomelo sago * Jerin abincin Afirka == Manazarta == 14wz6bppg5pmvt4i8wg5pil2ok4tkj0 829545 829544 2026-05-04T07:55:53Z Sardeeq 39275 829545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pudding na Tapioca pudding''' wani nau'in pudding ne mai daɗi da aka yi da tapioca ko madara ko kirim. Ana yin sa a al'adu da yawa tare da salo iri ɗaya kuma ana iya yin sa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Daidaiton sa na iya bambanta tsakanin girke-girke: wasu bambance-bambancen suna da siriri da ruwa, yayin da wasu kuma suna da ɗanɗano da za a iya ɗauka da cokali mai yatsu. <ref name="christinesrecipes">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Mango & Tapioca Pearls Dessert |url=http://en.christinesrecipes.com/2010/01/mango-tapioca-pearls-dessert-happy.html#.UEixKPI6eio |access-date=6 September 2012 |website=christinesrecipes.com}}</ref> == Nau'o'i == Ana iya yin pudding ɗin daga farko ta amfani da tapioca a cikin nau'i daban-daban: flakes, grain meal, sanduna, da lu'u-lu'u . Akwai kuma gauraye da yawa da aka shirya a cikin kasuwanci. <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite web |last=Balston |first=Catherine |date=13 April 2015 |title=Tapioca: the hated school pudding makes a culinary comeback |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2015/apr/13/tapioca-school-pudding-culinary-comeback |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A wasu yankuna, ana maye gurbin madarar da ake amfani da ita wajen yin pudding da [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]] . Sinadaran da ake amfani da su tare da kuma sanya su a cikin pudding na tapioca sun bambanta tsawon lokaci. An san cewa salon pudding na tapioca na Amurka a ƙarni na 19 ba ya ɗauke da sukari a cikin pudding ɗin kansa amma ana ba da shi da sukari da kirim a gefe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapioca Pudding |url=https://www.tastinghistory.com/recipes/tapiocapudding |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Tasting History |language=en-US}}</ref> Wasu girke-girke da aka yaɗa a Daular Burtaniya a ƙarni na 18 sun yi amfani da kirfa, jan giya, har ma da ƙashi a matsayin kayan ƙanshi don pudding. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-21 |title=Sago and Tapioca Pudding |url=https://britishfoodhistory.com/2023/08/21/sago-and-tapioca-pudding/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=British Food: A History |language=en}}</ref> Pudding na Tapioca sanannen nau'in ''Tong sui'' ne a cikin abincin Sinanci. <ref name="christinesrecipes">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Mango & Tapioca Pearls Dessert |url=http://en.christinesrecipes.com/2010/01/mango-tapioca-pearls-dessert-happy.html#.UEixKPI6eio |access-date=6 September 2012 |website=christinesrecipes.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://en.christinesrecipes.com/2010/01/mango-tapioca-pearls-dessert-happy.html#.UEixKPI6eio "Mango & Tapioca Pearls Dessert"]. ''christinesrecipes.com''. 27 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> A kudancin Indiya, ''jawhuarusee payasam'', wani nau'in pudding na tapioca, galibi ana yin sa a lokacin bukukuwa. == Tarihi == Babban dalilin da ya sa pudding na tapioca ya shahara shi ne sauƙin samun ƙwallon tapioca idan aka kwatanta da madadin [[Mai hikima|sago]] . Lu'ulu'u na Tapioca sun samo asali ne daga girbin [[rogo]], wanda ke buƙatar ƙarancin aiki kafin a girbe shi kuma ya girma da sauri idan aka kwatanta da sago. Pudding na Tapioca zai zama babban abin da ake ci a lokacin cin abincin rana na makaranta a Burtaniya, Ostiraliya, da Amurka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aquitaine |first=Ellanor |date=2024-03-23 |title=The Rise And Fall Of Tapioca Pudding |url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1544356/why-tapioca-pudding-not-popular/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Tasting Table |language=en-US}}</ref> Yaran makaranta 'yan Birtaniya sun yi wa abincin lakabi da frog spawn saboda bayyanarsa. [1] Jaridar Guardian ta bayyana shi a matsayin "pudding ɗin makaranta da aka fi tsana a Birtaniya" tare da sunaye kamar fisheye, frogspawn, da eyeball pudding. Duk da haka, yana dawowa a ƙarni na 21 a gidajen cin abinci da yawa, gami da gidajen cin abinci da dama da aka yi wa tauraro a Michelin . [2] Pudding na Tapioca yana ɗaya daga cikin abincin da jami'an sojojin Rhode Island suka ci a bikin ranar huɗu ga watan Yuli a lokacin da aka kewaye birnin Petersburg . <ref>{{Cite web |title=What do Americans eat on July 4th? |url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/july4th.html}}</ref> A Burtaniya, ana bikin tunawa da ranar 16 ga Yuli a matsayin Ranar Pudding ta Tapioca ta Ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=National Tapioca Pudding Day |url=https://www.daysoftheyear.com/days/tapioca-pudding-day/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Days Of The Year |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Congee * Sago pudding * Budin shinkafa * Pudding na Semolina * Helmipuuro * Miyar Sago * Mango pomelo sago * Jerin abincin Afirka == Manazarta == qjeivkpg0teikk232f1ije9vztcqcq6 0 149110 829546 2026-05-04T07:57:07Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346029182|Sunday roast]]" 829546 wikitext text/x-wiki Abincin rana '''na gasasshen Lahadi''' ko '''abincin dare na gasasshen''' Lahadi abinci ne da Birtaniya ke ci a al'ada a ranar Lahadi. Ya ƙunshi gasasshen nama, [[Dankalin turawa|dankalin turawa ko daskararre]], da kuma abubuwan da aka haɗa kamar su Yorkshire pudding, miya da cikawa, kuma yana iya haɗawa da kayan ƙanshi kamar miyar apple, miyar mint, miyar redcurrant, mustard, miyar cranberry ko miyar horseradish . Ana iya ba da nau'ikan kayan lambu iri-iri, kamar broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kabeji, [[karas]], farin kabeji, parsnips ko wake, waɗanda za a iya tafasa, a dafa ko a gasa tare da nama da dankali. Shaharar da gasasshen Lahadi ya yi a al'adun Birtaniya ta kai ga a wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da aka gudanar a shekarar 2012, ta zo ta biyu a jerin abubuwan da mutane ke so game da Birtaniya. Sauran sunaye na wannan abincin sun hada da '''abincin rana na Lahadi''', '''abincin dare na Lahadi''', '''abincin dare na gasasshen''' da kuma '''cikakken gasasshen''' . Sau da yawa ana siffanta abincin a matsayin abincin dare na Kirsimeti na gargajiya wanda ba shi da girma. Baya ga yin hidima a ƙasar asali, al'adar cin abincin rana ko abincin dare na Lahadi ta kasance babban tasiri ga al'adun abinci a duniyar da ake magana da Turanci, musamman a Ostiraliya, Ireland, Kanada, Afirka ta Kudu, da New Zealand. Gasasshen naman alade na Afirka ta Kudu yawanci ya ƙunshi naman alade da aka gasa, naman sa, rago ko kaza, dankalin turawa da aka gasa ko dankalin turawa da aka niƙa, da kayan lambu daban-daban kamar cukuwar farin kabeji, alayyafo mai kirim, wake kore, karas, wake, beetroot da [[Dankali|dankalin turawa]] . Hakanan ya zama ruwan dare a ba da shinkafa da [[Ugali|miya]] ko miyar tumatir a Afirka ta Kudu maimakon pudding na Yorkshire. == Asali == Gurasar Lahadi ta samo asali ne daga Birtaniya, musamman Yorkshire, a matsayin abincin da za a ci bayan hidimar coci a ranar Lahadi . [1] Cin abinci mai yawa bayan hidimar coci abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin Turai, amma nau'in gasawar Lahadi ya samo asali ne musamman ga Birtaniya. A ranar Lahadi ana barin dukkan nau'ikan nama da kayan kiwo su ci; wannan ba kamar Juma'a ba ne, inda Kiristoci da yawa daga cikin darikokin Roman Katolika, Anglican da Methodist suka saba kauracewa cin nama maimakon haka su ci kifi. [2] [3] Haka kuma, al'ada ce ga Anglican da Katolika na Ingila su yi azumi kafin hidimar Lahadi, tare da babban abinci don karya azumi bayan haka. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin addinin Kirista sun ƙirƙiri jita-jita da yawa na gargajiya a Burtaniya. * Cin kifi ne kawai a ranar Juma'a ya haifar da al'adar Birtaniya ta 'kifi Fridays', wanda har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a shagunan kifi da dankali da gidajen cin abinci a faɗin Burtaniya a ranar Juma'a; musamman a lokacin Azumi . * Domin nuna ƙarshen rashin cin nama, an ƙirƙiri gasasshen ranar Lahadi a matsayin alamar biki. Akwai muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na tarihi game da asalin gasasshen Lahadi na zamani. * A ƙarshen shekarun 1700, a lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|juyin juya halin masana'antu]] a Burtaniya, iyalai kan sanya nama a cikin tanda yayin da suke shirin zuwa coci. Sannan su ƙara kayan lambu kamar dankali, turnips da parsnip kafin su tafi coci a safiyar Lahadi. Lokacin da suka dawo daga cocin, abincin dare ya kusa ƙarewa. An yi amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga nama da kayan lambu don yin miya ko miya don zuba a kan abincin dare. * Ra'ayi na biyu ya nuna cewa gasasshen ranar Lahadi ya samo asali ne tun [[Zamanin Tsakiya|zamanin da]], lokacin da masu hidimar ƙauye ke yi wa maharbi hidima na tsawon kwanaki shida a mako. Sannan, a ranar Lahadi, bayan hidimar cocin safe, masu hidimar za su taru a fili su yi aikin dabarun yaƙinsu kuma za a ba su lada da biki na shanu da aka gasa a kan tofa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == lymudh5bfgup75w7qzxgwrc2jwg6xim 829547 829546 2026-05-04T07:58:34Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346029182|Sunday roast]]" 829547 wikitext text/x-wiki Abincin rana '''na gasasshen Lahadi''' ko '''abincin dare na gasasshen''' Lahadi abinci ne da Birtaniya ke ci a al'ada a ranar Lahadi. Ya ƙunshi gasasshen nama, [[Dankalin turawa|dankalin turawa ko daskararre]], da kuma abubuwan da aka haɗa kamar su Yorkshire pudding, miya da cikawa, kuma yana iya haɗawa da kayan ƙanshi kamar miyar apple, miyar mint, miyar redcurrant, mustard, miyar cranberry ko miyar horseradish . Ana iya ba da nau'ikan kayan lambu iri-iri, kamar broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kabeji, [[karas]], farin kabeji, parsnips ko wake, waɗanda za a iya tafasa, a dafa ko a gasa tare da nama da dankali.<ref>Hill, Amelia (19 August 2007). "How Friday saved the Sunday roast". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 January 2011.</ref><ref>Foley, Michael P. (29 November 2005). Why Do Catholics Eat Fish on Friday?: The Catholic Origin to Just About Everything. Palgrave Macmillan. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4039-6967-5</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</ref> Shaharar da gasasshen Lahadi ya yi a al'adun Birtaniya ta kai ga a wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da aka gudanar a shekarar 2012, ta zo ta biyu a jerin abubuwan da mutane ke so game da Birtaniya. Sauran sunaye na wannan abincin sun hada da '''abincin rana na Lahadi''', '''abincin dare na Lahadi''', '''abincin dare na gasasshen''' da kuma '''cikakken gasasshen''' . Sau da yawa ana siffanta abincin a matsayin abincin dare na Kirsimeti na gargajiya wanda ba shi da girma. Baya ga yin hidima a ƙasar asali, al'adar cin abincin rana ko abincin dare na Lahadi ta kasance babban tasiri ga al'adun abinci a duniyar da ake magana da Turanci, musamman a Ostiraliya, Ireland, Kanada, Afirka ta Kudu, da New Zealand. Gasasshen naman alade na Afirka ta Kudu yawanci ya ƙunshi naman alade da aka gasa, naman sa, rago ko kaza, dankalin turawa da aka gasa ko dankalin turawa da aka niƙa, da kayan lambu daban-daban kamar cukuwar farin kabeji, alayyafo mai kirim, wake kore, karas, wake, beetroot da [[Dankali|dankalin turawa]] . Hakanan ya zama ruwan dare a ba da shinkafa da [[Ugali|miya]] ko miyar tumatir a Afirka ta Kudu maimakon pudding na Yorkshire. == Asali == Gurasar Lahadi ta samo asali ne daga Birtaniya, musamman Yorkshire, a matsayin abincin da za a ci bayan hidimar coci a ranar Lahadi . [1] Cin abinci mai yawa bayan hidimar coci abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin Turai, amma nau'in gasawar Lahadi ya samo asali ne musamman ga Birtaniya. A ranar Lahadi ana barin dukkan nau'ikan nama da kayan kiwo su ci; wannan ba kamar Juma'a ba ne, inda Kiristoci da yawa daga cikin darikokin Roman Katolika, Anglican da Methodist suka saba kauracewa cin nama maimakon haka su ci kifi. [2] [3] Haka kuma, al'ada ce ga Anglican da Katolika na Ingila su yi azumi kafin hidimar Lahadi, tare da babban abinci don karya azumi bayan haka. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin addinin Kirista sun ƙirƙiri jita-jita da yawa na gargajiya a Burtaniya. * Cin kifi ne kawai a ranar Juma'a ya haifar da al'adar Birtaniya ta 'kifi Fridays', wanda har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a shagunan kifi da dankali da gidajen cin abinci a faɗin Burtaniya a ranar Juma'a; musamman a lokacin Azumi . * Domin nuna ƙarshen rashin cin nama, an ƙirƙiri gasasshen ranar Lahadi a matsayin alamar biki. Akwai muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na tarihi game da asalin gasasshen Lahadi na zamani. * A ƙarshen shekarun 1700, a lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|juyin juya halin masana'antu]] a Burtaniya, iyalai kan sanya nama a cikin tanda yayin da suke shirin zuwa coci. Sannan su ƙara kayan lambu kamar dankali, turnips da parsnip kafin su tafi coci a safiyar Lahadi. Lokacin da suka dawo daga cocin, abincin dare ya kusa ƙarewa. An yi amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga nama da kayan lambu don yin miya ko miya don zuba a kan abincin dare. * Ra'ayi na biyu ya nuna cewa gasasshen ranar Lahadi ya samo asali ne tun [[Zamanin Tsakiya|zamanin da]], lokacin da masu hidimar ƙauye ke yi wa maharbi hidima na tsawon kwanaki shida a mako. Sannan, a ranar Lahadi, bayan hidimar cocin safe, masu hidimar za su taru a fili su yi aikin dabarun yaƙinsu kuma za a ba su lada da biki na shanu da aka gasa a kan tofa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == qcouvndv0h9qri2xeb8bjor0xkinn24 829548 829547 2026-05-04T07:58:52Z Sardeeq 39275 829548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Abincin rana '''na gasasshen Lahadi''' ko '''abincin dare na gasasshen''' Lahadi abinci ne da Birtaniya ke ci a al'ada a ranar Lahadi. Ya ƙunshi gasasshen nama, [[Dankalin turawa|dankalin turawa ko daskararre]], da kuma abubuwan da aka haɗa kamar su Yorkshire pudding, miya da cikawa, kuma yana iya haɗawa da kayan ƙanshi kamar miyar apple, miyar mint, miyar redcurrant, mustard, miyar cranberry ko miyar horseradish . Ana iya ba da nau'ikan kayan lambu iri-iri, kamar broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kabeji, [[karas]], farin kabeji, parsnips ko wake, waɗanda za a iya tafasa, a dafa ko a gasa tare da nama da dankali.<ref>Hill, Amelia (19 August 2007). "How Friday saved the Sunday roast". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 January 2011.</ref><ref>Foley, Michael P. (29 November 2005). Why Do Catholics Eat Fish on Friday?: The Catholic Origin to Just About Everything. Palgrave Macmillan. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4039-6967-5</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</ref> Shaharar da gasasshen Lahadi ya yi a al'adun Birtaniya ta kai ga a wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da aka gudanar a shekarar 2012, ta zo ta biyu a jerin abubuwan da mutane ke so game da Birtaniya. Sauran sunaye na wannan abincin sun hada da '''abincin rana na Lahadi''', '''abincin dare na Lahadi''', '''abincin dare na gasasshen''' da kuma '''cikakken gasasshen''' . Sau da yawa ana siffanta abincin a matsayin abincin dare na Kirsimeti na gargajiya wanda ba shi da girma. Baya ga yin hidima a ƙasar asali, al'adar cin abincin rana ko abincin dare na Lahadi ta kasance babban tasiri ga al'adun abinci a duniyar da ake magana da Turanci, musamman a Ostiraliya, Ireland, Kanada, Afirka ta Kudu, da New Zealand. Gasasshen naman alade na Afirka ta Kudu yawanci ya ƙunshi naman alade da aka gasa, naman sa, rago ko kaza, dankalin turawa da aka gasa ko dankalin turawa da aka niƙa, da kayan lambu daban-daban kamar cukuwar farin kabeji, alayyafo mai kirim, wake kore, karas, wake, beetroot da [[Dankali|dankalin turawa]] . Hakanan ya zama ruwan dare a ba da shinkafa da [[Ugali|miya]] ko miyar tumatir a Afirka ta Kudu maimakon pudding na Yorkshire. == Asali == Gurasar Lahadi ta samo asali ne daga Birtaniya, musamman Yorkshire, a matsayin abincin da za a ci bayan hidimar coci a ranar Lahadi . [1] Cin abinci mai yawa bayan hidimar coci abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin Turai, amma nau'in gasawar Lahadi ya samo asali ne musamman ga Birtaniya. A ranar Lahadi ana barin dukkan nau'ikan nama da kayan kiwo su ci; wannan ba kamar Juma'a ba ne, inda Kiristoci da yawa daga cikin darikokin Roman Katolika, Anglican da Methodist suka saba kauracewa cin nama maimakon haka su ci kifi. [2] [3] Haka kuma, al'ada ce ga Anglican da Katolika na Ingila su yi azumi kafin hidimar Lahadi, tare da babban abinci don karya azumi bayan haka. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin addinin Kirista sun ƙirƙiri jita-jita da yawa na gargajiya a Burtaniya. * Cin kifi ne kawai a ranar Juma'a ya haifar da al'adar Birtaniya ta 'kifi Fridays', wanda har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a shagunan kifi da dankali da gidajen cin abinci a faɗin Burtaniya a ranar Juma'a; musamman a lokacin Azumi . * Domin nuna ƙarshen rashin cin nama, an ƙirƙiri gasasshen ranar Lahadi a matsayin alamar biki. Akwai muhimman abubuwa guda biyu na tarihi game da asalin gasasshen Lahadi na zamani. * A ƙarshen shekarun 1700, a lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|juyin juya halin masana'antu]] a Burtaniya, iyalai kan sanya nama a cikin tanda yayin da suke shirin zuwa coci. Sannan su ƙara kayan lambu kamar dankali, turnips da parsnip kafin su tafi coci a safiyar Lahadi. Lokacin da suka dawo daga cocin, abincin dare ya kusa ƙarewa. An yi amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga nama da kayan lambu don yin miya ko miya don zuba a kan abincin dare. * Ra'ayi na biyu ya nuna cewa gasasshen ranar Lahadi ya samo asali ne tun [[Zamanin Tsakiya|zamanin da]], lokacin da masu hidimar ƙauye ke yi wa maharbi hidima na tsawon kwanaki shida a mako. Sannan, a ranar Lahadi, bayan hidimar cocin safe, masu hidimar za su taru a fili su yi aikin dabarun yaƙinsu kuma za a ba su lada da biki na shanu da aka gasa a kan tofa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == cgy1jwz8vb7xjuqy56o23y62u4whszh 0 149111 829551 2026-05-04T08:03:28Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1207677967|Spice Route Paarl]]" 829551 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Spice_Route_Paarl.JPG|thumb|Ɗanɗanon cakulan a Hanyar Spice a Paarl]] '''Paarl''' wurin yawon bude ido ne da ke birnin Paarl, Afirka ta Kudu. Gonar tana buɗe kwanaki 7 a mako amma kowane mai siyarwa yana bin sahun lokutan aiki. Sunan Spice Route ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa waɗanda suka saba sayar da kayan ƙanshi na Gabas zuwa Turai tare da "Spice Route" don cinikin kayan ƙanshi a ƙarni na 15. Estate yana ba wa baƙi damar bincika abinci, abubuwan sha da kayayyaki na gida, waɗanda ake samarwa ta hanyar gargajiya don tallafawa al'ummar yankin yayin da suke yaɗa ɗanɗano da ruhin Afirka ta Kudu ga duniya. Ana gudanar da samar da kayan ɗakin ajiya da ɗanɗanon giya daga gidajen giya na Malmesbury da Darling na gida, waɗanda suka sami kulawar ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spice Route {{!}} Coastal Region {{!}} Südafrika {{!}} Weinführer {{!}} Wein-Plus |url=http://www.wein-plus.eu/de/Spice+Route_2.0.3543.0.3621.0.54318.html |access-date=2015-08-18 |website=www.wein-plus.eu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoll |first=Dieter |title=Spice Route Sauvignon Blanc 2014 - Südafrika - Paarl - Sauvignon Blanc |url=http://www.vinexus.de/Spice-Route-Sauvignon-Blanc-2014.html#Auszeichnungen-tab |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Weingut Spice Route Wines - Die Weine des bekannten Weinguts |url=http://spitzenweine.welt.de/weingut/spice-route-wines/00682/ |access-date=2015-08-18 |website=spitzenweine.welt.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.paarlwine.co.za/index.php/about-us |access-date=2015-08-18 |website=www.paarlwine.co.za}}</ref> == Tarihi == Charles Back, mamallakin gidan da kuma Fairview, ya fara aikin Spice Route a shekarar 1997. Manufarsa ita ce "ba wa masu yawon bude ido na gida da na ƙasashen waje zaɓi na masu samar da kayayyaki na hannu waɗanda suka saka tunani, ƙwarewa da sha'awa sosai a cikin kayayyakinsu kamar yadda kamfanin yin giya na Spice Route, Charl du Plessis, ya saka a cikin giyarsa". [1] == Wuri da yawon shakatawa == [[Fayil:Landscape_in_Paarl.JPG|thumb|Yankin Paarl yana da siffar tsaunuka da gonakin inabi da yawa na Cape Winelands.]] Hanyar Spice tana nan ne a Seidelberg Wine Estate. Tafiyar minti 40 ce daga Cape Town da kuma mita 800 daga Fairview Wine and Cheese Estate. [1] == Manazarta == mpejcc1p5yr1bcustsy3ihbgba4p5b7 829552 829551 2026-05-04T08:03:55Z Sardeeq 39275 829552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Spice_Route_Paarl.JPG|thumb|Ɗanɗanon cakulan a Hanyar Spice a Paarl]] '''Paarl''' wurin yawon bude ido ne da ke birnin Paarl, Afirka ta Kudu. Gonar tana buɗe kwanaki 7 a mako amma kowane mai siyarwa yana bin sahun lokutan aiki. Sunan Spice Route ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa waɗanda suka saba sayar da kayan ƙanshi na Gabas zuwa Turai tare da "Spice Route" don cinikin kayan ƙanshi a ƙarni na 15. Estate yana ba wa baƙi damar bincika abinci, abubuwan sha da kayayyaki na gida, waɗanda ake samarwa ta hanyar gargajiya don tallafawa al'ummar yankin yayin da suke yaɗa ɗanɗano da ruhin Afirka ta Kudu ga duniya. Ana gudanar da samar da kayan ɗakin ajiya da ɗanɗanon giya daga gidajen giya na Malmesbury da Darling na gida, waɗanda suka sami kulawar ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spice Route {{!}} Coastal Region {{!}} Südafrika {{!}} Weinführer {{!}} Wein-Plus |url=http://www.wein-plus.eu/de/Spice+Route_2.0.3543.0.3621.0.54318.html |access-date=2015-08-18 |website=www.wein-plus.eu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoll |first=Dieter |title=Spice Route Sauvignon Blanc 2014 - Südafrika - Paarl - Sauvignon Blanc |url=http://www.vinexus.de/Spice-Route-Sauvignon-Blanc-2014.html#Auszeichnungen-tab |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Weingut Spice Route Wines - Die Weine des bekannten Weinguts |url=http://spitzenweine.welt.de/weingut/spice-route-wines/00682/ |access-date=2015-08-18 |website=spitzenweine.welt.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.paarlwine.co.za/index.php/about-us |access-date=2015-08-18 |website=www.paarlwine.co.za}}</ref> == Tarihi == Charles Back, mamallakin gidan da kuma Fairview, ya fara aikin Spice Route a shekarar 1997. Manufarsa ita ce "ba wa masu yawon bude ido na gida da na ƙasashen waje zaɓi na masu samar da kayayyaki na hannu waɗanda suka saka tunani, ƙwarewa da sha'awa sosai a cikin kayayyakinsu kamar yadda kamfanin yin giya na Spice Route, Charl du Plessis, ya saka a cikin giyarsa". [1] == Wuri da yawon shakatawa == [[Fayil:Landscape_in_Paarl.JPG|thumb|Yankin Paarl yana da siffar tsaunuka da gonakin inabi da yawa na Cape Winelands.]] Hanyar Spice tana nan ne a Seidelberg Wine Estate. Tafiyar minti 40 ce daga Cape Town da kuma mita 800 daga Fairview Wine and Cheese Estate. [1] == Manazarta == h8hq70qspkud7ooi8ic8xj4tiz1wutg 0 149112 829553 2026-05-04T08:04:51Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320733078|Spatlo]]" 829553 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sbeva''', '''sphatlho''' ko '''kota''' abinci ne na titi na Afirka ta Kudu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkash |first=Shiv |date=22 November 2021 |title=South Africa Street Food: Taste These 9 Dishes To Relish The Authentic African Flavours! |url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/south-africa-street-food/}}</ref> wanda ya shahara a dukkan lardunan Afirka ta Kudu . Sanwici ne da aka yi da nama da soyayyen dankali. A wasu yankuna, an san shi da "skhambane". == Tarihi == Manufar kota ta fara ne a matsayin burodi mai cike da burodi mai cike da naman sa da dankalin turawa da aka niƙa a cikin garuruwan Afirka ta Kudu. Da farko ana sayar da shi a makarantu a lokacin hutun cin abincin rana. Daga nan sai ya koma cike da dankalin turawa da aka soya "slap" maimakon dankalin turawa da sauran sinadarai kamar su tsiran alade, kwai, naman sa patty, cuku, polony da atchar sun maye gurbin naman da aka niƙa yayin da aka fara sayar da shi a shagunan tuckshops a cikin garuruwa. Sunan kota ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Ingilishi kwata, yana nufin girman burodin da aka yi amfani da shi. Sunan sphatlho ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Sesotho "phatlhola", ma'ana a raba ko a raba. Abincin ya samo asali ne daga chow zomo . == Shagunan Spaza == Shagunan Spaza suna sayar da abincin da aka fi so a kan tituna, ciki har da kota. Shagunan Spaza su ne ginshiƙin tattalin arzikin garin. Shagunan Spaza da ke sayar da wannan abincin da aka fi so a kan tituna yawanci suna saita mafi ƙarancin farashi akan [[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|R15]], wanda ya kai sama da R120 dangane da girman da sinadaran. Masu amfani galibi ɗalibai ne kuma mutane masu ƙarancin kuɗi, saboda shine mafi arha madadin hamburgers. Wannan abincin yawanci ana samunsa a kowane yanki a faɗin ƙasar. Ana ɗaukar Kota a matsayin abincin gari na yau da kullun a Afirka ta Kudu kuma galibi ana cin sa da abin sha mai laushi, yawanci cola . [[Fayil:Spatlo01.jpg|right|thumb|Kota]] == Manazarta == 4a8n8bgi791kgkgrxjj1zaj3v8cakx3 829554 829553 2026-05-04T08:05:14Z Sardeeq 39275 829554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sbeva''', '''sphatlho''' ko '''kota''' abinci ne na titi na Afirka ta Kudu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkash |first=Shiv |date=22 November 2021 |title=South Africa Street Food: Taste These 9 Dishes To Relish The Authentic African Flavours! |url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/south-africa-street-food/}}</ref> wanda ya shahara a dukkan lardunan Afirka ta Kudu . Sanwici ne da aka yi da nama da soyayyen dankali. A wasu yankuna, an san shi da "skhambane". == Tarihi == Manufar kota ta fara ne a matsayin burodi mai cike da burodi mai cike da naman sa da dankalin turawa da aka niƙa a cikin garuruwan Afirka ta Kudu. Da farko ana sayar da shi a makarantu a lokacin hutun cin abincin rana. Daga nan sai ya koma cike da dankalin turawa da aka soya "slap" maimakon dankalin turawa da sauran sinadarai kamar su tsiran alade, kwai, naman sa patty, cuku, polony da atchar sun maye gurbin naman da aka niƙa yayin da aka fara sayar da shi a shagunan tuckshops a cikin garuruwa. Sunan kota ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Ingilishi kwata, yana nufin girman burodin da aka yi amfani da shi. Sunan sphatlho ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Sesotho "phatlhola", ma'ana a raba ko a raba. Abincin ya samo asali ne daga chow zomo . == Shagunan Spaza == Shagunan Spaza suna sayar da abincin da aka fi so a kan tituna, ciki har da kota. Shagunan Spaza su ne ginshiƙin tattalin arzikin garin. Shagunan Spaza da ke sayar da wannan abincin da aka fi so a kan tituna yawanci suna saita mafi ƙarancin farashi akan [[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|R15]], wanda ya kai sama da R120 dangane da girman da sinadaran. Masu amfani galibi ɗalibai ne kuma mutane masu ƙarancin kuɗi, saboda shine mafi arha madadin hamburgers. Wannan abincin yawanci ana samunsa a kowane yanki a faɗin ƙasar. Ana ɗaukar Kota a matsayin abincin gari na yau da kullun a Afirka ta Kudu kuma galibi ana cin sa da abin sha mai laushi, yawanci cola . [[Fayil:Spatlo01.jpg|right|thumb|Kota]] == Manazarta == 8bppoe118e1d4a2lavohe35z7w8po52 0 149113 829555 2026-05-04T08:09:11Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351403476|Khichdi]]" 829555 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Khichdi''''' ko '''''khichri''''' ( Urdu , Hindi , , Bengali , [[Odia]] : ଖେଚୁଡି, [[Bhojpuri]] : 𑂎𑂲𑂡𑂩𑂲, <small>romanized :</small> Khēcharē) abinci ne da ake ci a Kudancin Asiya wanda aka yi da shinkafa da lentil ( ''dal'' ) tare da bambance-bambancen abinci iri-iri. Bambancin abincin sun haɗa da [[Maiwa|''bajra'']] da mung <nowiki><i id="mwOA">dal</i></nowiki> ''khichri'' . A [[al'adun Indiya]], a yankuna da dama, musamman a yankunan arewa, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abinci mai ƙarfi na farko da jarirai ke ci. <ref name="Khichdicomfortfood">{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Malar |date=15 April 2012 |title=Khichdi–A Comfort Food – India Currents |url=http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/04/15/khichdi-comfort-food |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216062547/http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/04/15/khichdi-comfort-food |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> == Etymology da haruffan rubutu == [[Fayil:Yummy_Sabudana_Khichdi.jpg|thumb|220x220px|''Sabudana khichri'' sanannen abinci ne a lokacin azumin Shivratri ko Navratri .]] Kalmar ''Khichdī'' ta samo asali ne daga [[Sanskrit]] {{Lang|sa|खिच्चा}} ''{{Transl|hi|ISO|khiccā}}'', <ref name="Oxford University Press">{{Cite book|last=R. S. McGregor}}</ref> abincin shinkafa da wake. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Monier Monier-Williams}}</ref> Ana iya lura da wani bambancin fassara a cikin harafi na uku a cikin kalmar ''khicṛī'' . Sautin shine retroflex flap [ ɽ ], wanda aka rubuta da [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] tare da harafin Devanagari ⟨ {{Lang|hi|ड़}} ⟩, kuma a cikin rubutun Urdu tare da harafin Perso-Larabci ⟨ {{Lang|ur|{{nq|[[Ṛe|ڑ]]}}}} ⟩. A cikin ilimin tsarin sauti na Hindustani, asalin tushen murfin retroflex shine /ɖ / lokacin da ya faru tsakanin wasula. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Colin Masica}}</ref> Saboda haka a cikin Devanagari harafin ⟨ {{Lang|hi|ड}} ⟩, wakiltar {{IPA|/ɖ/}}, an daidaita shi don rubutawa {{IPA|/ɽ/}} ta hanyar ƙara diacritic a ƙarƙashinsa. A cikin rubutun Urdu, an wakilci ingancin sautin murfin ta hanyar daidaita harafin ⟨ {{Lang|ur|{{nq|[[Resh|ر]]}}}} ⟩, wakiltar {{IPA|/r/}}, tare da ƙara diacritic a sama da shi don nuna ingancin retroflex. Faɗuwar wannan baƙaƙe a cikin kalmar {{Transl|hi|ISO|khicṛī}} ya haifar da wasu haruffa guda biyu a Turanci: ''khichri'', wanda ke nuna tsarin sauti, da ''khichdi'', wanda ke nuna asalinsa. == Tarihi == Sarkin Girka Seleucus a lokacin yakin neman zabensa a Indiya (305-303 BC), ya ambaci cewa shinkafa mai hatsi ta shahara sosai tsakanin mutanen yankin Indiya. <ref name="Khichdicomfortfood">{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Malar |date=15 April 2012 |title=Khichdi–A Comfort Food – India Currents |url=http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/04/15/khichdi-comfort-food |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216062547/http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/04/15/khichdi-comfort-food |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=1 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGandhi2012">Gandhi, Malar (15 April 2012). [http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/04/15/khichdi-comfort-food "Khichdi–A Comfort Food – India Currents"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]</ref> [[Strabo]] ya kuma lura cewa abincin Indiya ya ƙunshi shinkafar porridge da abin sha da aka yi da shinkafa, wanda a yanzu ake kira arak . Matafiyin Morocco [[Ibn Battuta]] ya ambaci ''khichdi'' a matsayin abinci a Indiya wanda aka yi da shinkafa da wake mung, a lokacin zamansa a kusan shekara ta 1350. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Husain |first=Mabdi |date=1976 |orig-date=1953 |title=Rehla of Ibn Battuta |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheRehlaOfIbnBattuta/231448482-The-Rehla-of-Ibn-Battuta_djvu.txt |access-date=21 March 2015 |website=Internet Archive}}</ref> An bayyana ''khichdi'' a cikin rubuce-rubucen Afanasiy Nikitin, wani ɗan ƙasar Rasha wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa yankin Indiya a ƙarni na 15. Ya shahara sosai a tsakanin [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], musamman Jahangir . ''Ain-i-Akbari'', wani takarda na ƙarni na 16 wanda wakilin Sarkin Akbar na Mughal, Abu'l Fadl, ya rubuta, ya ambaci girke-girke na ''khichdi'', wanda ya ba da bambance-bambance bakwai. Akwai wani labari game da khichdi wanda ya nuna Akbar da mai ba shi shawara a kotu, Birbal . <ref name="Cooking the Khichidi">{{Cite web |title=Cooking The Khichdi is one of Birbal Stories. |url=http://www.english-for-students.com/Cooking-The-Khichdi.html |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=English for Students}}</ref> Ana tsammanin abincin Ingila da Indiya na kedgeree ya samo asali ne daga khichri. <ref name="Spotted Dog 1997, p. 12">Anne Chotzinoff Grossman and Lisa Grossman Thomas (1997) ''Lobscouse and Spotted Dog; Which It's a Gastronomic Companion to the Aubrey/Maturin Novels'', Norton, p. 12. {{ISBN|978-0-393-32094-7}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Delia |title=Buttery Kedgeree |url=http://www.deliaonline.com/recipes/buttery-kedgeree,1284,RC.html |access-date=2008-03-10 |website=Delia Smith's Complete Cookery Course}}</ref> == Bambancin yanki == Khichdi abinci ne mai matuƙar shahara a faɗin [[Geology na yankin Indiya|ƙasar Indiya]] wanda ya ƙunshi [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]] da [[Sri Lanka]] . Ana kuma shirya abincin sosai a [[Jihohi a Tarayyar Indiya|jihohin Indiya]] da yawa, kamar Punjab, [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], da [[Maharashtra]] . <ref name="Chatterjee 2017">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Priyadarshini |date=2017-02-10 |title=From Kashmir to Karnataka, khichdi is the one true underestimated food of India |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/823997/from-kashmir-to-karnataka-khichdi-is-the-one-true-underestimated-food-of-india |access-date=2017-02-10 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> Ana ƙara kayan lambu kamar su farin kabeji, dankali, da wake kore . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> 'Yan Hindu, galibi daga arewa/arewa maso yamma, waɗanda ke guje wa cin hatsi yayin azumi, suna cin Sabudana khichri da aka yi da [[Mai hikima|sago]] . A kudancin Indiya, duk da haka, kalmar ''khichri'' ba ta da farin jini sosai. Yayin da mutanen yankunan Tamil Nadu da Andhra ke dafa ''Pongal'', kuma mutanen Kannada suna dafa ''{{Transl|hi|ISO|Huggi}}'' wanda ake kira mung dal khichdi da ''{{Transl|hi|ISO|Bisi bele bhath}}'', wani nau'in wake na kurciya da kayan lambu, Keralites ba su da irin wannan abincin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A yankin Bhojpuri, ana cin Khēcharē musamman a [[Asabar|ranar Asabar]] a matsayin al'ada. Kowanne gida yana dafa Khēcharē sannan ya miƙa shi ga Sanee Devta sannan ya ɗauka a matsayin parsadee . Khichdi shine abin da ya jawo hankalin Anglo-Indiya kedgeree <ref name="Spotted Dog 1997, p. 12">Anne Chotzinoff Grossman and Lisa Grossman Thomas (1997) ''Lobscouse and Spotted Dog; Which It's a Gastronomic Companion to the Aubrey/Maturin Novels'', Norton, p. 12. {{ISBN|978-0-393-32094-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32094-7|<bdi>978-0-393-32094-7</bdi>]]</ref> ''Khichdi'' sanannen abinci ne na gargajiya a Haryana, musamman a yankunan karkara. Ana yin ''Haryanvi khichdi'' ne daga gero da mung ''dal'' (wake mung da aka raba) a niƙa a turmi ( ''unkhal'' ), kuma galibi ana cin sa ta hanyar haɗawa da ''ghee'' mai ɗumi ko ''lassi'', ko ma yogurt. Wani lokaci, ana haɗa [[Sorghum|''jowar'']] da ''bajra'' da ''mung dal'' . <ref name="HarKhichdi4" /> Al'ummar Musulmin Hyderabad, ta tsohuwar Jihar Hyderabad, a yankunan Telangana, Marathwada, da Kalyana-Karnataka na yanzu, suna yin khichdi a matsayin abincin karin kumallo na yau da kullun, kuma muhimmin ɓangare ne na abincin Hyderabad . [1] Ana kiran abincin khichri, kheema, khatta, ko wasu nau'ikan da suka canza, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan sassa uku na abincin, Khichri, naman sa da aka niƙa, da miya mai tsami, wanda aka yi da tamarind da ridi. [2] ''Khichra'' tana kama da ''haleem'', abincin nama, yayin da ''khichra'' abinci ne na masu cin ganyayyaki da shinkafa da hatsi ko lentil, ba tare da kayan ƙanshi ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lqw6ivi89boyc43qgmqlkwruxohwf5d 829556 829555 2026-05-04T08:09:33Z Sardeeq 39275 829556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Khichdi''''' ko '''''khichri''''' ( Urdu , Hindi , , Bengali , [[Odia]] : ଖେଚୁଡି, [[Bhojpuri]] : 𑂎𑂲𑂡𑂩𑂲, <small>romanized :</small> Khēcharē) abinci ne da ake ci a Kudancin Asiya wanda aka yi da shinkafa da lentil ( ''dal'' ) tare da bambance-bambancen abinci iri-iri. Bambancin abincin sun haɗa da [[Maiwa|''bajra'']] da mung <nowiki><i id="mwOA">dal</i></nowiki> ''khichri'' . A [[al'adun Indiya]], a yankuna da dama, musamman a yankunan arewa, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abinci mai ƙarfi na farko da jarirai ke ci. <ref name="Khichdicomfortfood">{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Malar |date=15 April 2012 |title=Khichdi–A Comfort Food – India Currents |url=http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/04/15/khichdi-comfort-food |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216062547/http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/04/15/khichdi-comfort-food |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> == Etymology da haruffan rubutu == [[Fayil:Yummy_Sabudana_Khichdi.jpg|thumb|220x220px|''Sabudana khichri'' sanannen abinci ne a lokacin azumin Shivratri ko Navratri .]] Kalmar ''Khichdī'' ta samo asali ne daga [[Sanskrit]] {{Lang|sa|खिच्चा}} ''{{Transl|hi|ISO|khiccā}}'', <ref name="Oxford University Press">{{Cite book|last=R. S. McGregor}}</ref> abincin shinkafa da wake. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Monier Monier-Williams}}</ref> Ana iya lura da wani bambancin fassara a cikin harafi na uku a cikin kalmar ''khicṛī'' . Sautin shine retroflex flap [ ɽ ], wanda aka rubuta da [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] tare da harafin Devanagari ⟨ {{Lang|hi|ड़}} ⟩, kuma a cikin rubutun Urdu tare da harafin Perso-Larabci ⟨ {{Lang|ur|{{nq|[[Ṛe|ڑ]]}}}} ⟩. A cikin ilimin tsarin sauti na Hindustani, asalin tushen murfin retroflex shine /ɖ / lokacin da ya faru tsakanin wasula. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Colin Masica}}</ref> Saboda haka a cikin Devanagari harafin ⟨ {{Lang|hi|ड}} ⟩, wakiltar {{IPA|/ɖ/}}, an daidaita shi don rubutawa {{IPA|/ɽ/}} ta hanyar ƙara diacritic a ƙarƙashinsa. A cikin rubutun Urdu, an wakilci ingancin sautin murfin ta hanyar daidaita harafin ⟨ {{Lang|ur|{{nq|[[Resh|ر]]}}}} ⟩, wakiltar {{IPA|/r/}}, tare da ƙara diacritic a sama da shi don nuna ingancin retroflex. Faɗuwar wannan baƙaƙe a cikin kalmar {{Transl|hi|ISO|khicṛī}} ya haifar da wasu haruffa guda biyu a Turanci: ''khichri'', wanda ke nuna tsarin sauti, da ''khichdi'', wanda ke nuna asalinsa. == Tarihi == Sarkin Girka Seleucus a lokacin yakin neman zabensa a Indiya (305-303 BC), ya ambaci cewa shinkafa mai hatsi ta shahara sosai tsakanin mutanen yankin Indiya. <ref name="Khichdicomfortfood">{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Malar |date=15 April 2012 |title=Khichdi–A Comfort Food – India Currents |url=http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/04/15/khichdi-comfort-food |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216062547/http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/04/15/khichdi-comfort-food |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=1 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGandhi2012">Gandhi, Malar (15 April 2012). [http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/04/15/khichdi-comfort-food "Khichdi–A Comfort Food – India Currents"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]</ref> [[Strabo]] ya kuma lura cewa abincin Indiya ya ƙunshi shinkafar porridge da abin sha da aka yi da shinkafa, wanda a yanzu ake kira arak . Matafiyin Morocco [[Ibn Battuta]] ya ambaci ''khichdi'' a matsayin abinci a Indiya wanda aka yi da shinkafa da wake mung, a lokacin zamansa a kusan shekara ta 1350. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Husain |first=Mabdi |date=1976 |orig-date=1953 |title=Rehla of Ibn Battuta |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheRehlaOfIbnBattuta/231448482-The-Rehla-of-Ibn-Battuta_djvu.txt |access-date=21 March 2015 |website=Internet Archive}}</ref> An bayyana ''khichdi'' a cikin rubuce-rubucen Afanasiy Nikitin, wani ɗan ƙasar Rasha wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa yankin Indiya a ƙarni na 15. Ya shahara sosai a tsakanin [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], musamman Jahangir . ''Ain-i-Akbari'', wani takarda na ƙarni na 16 wanda wakilin Sarkin Akbar na Mughal, Abu'l Fadl, ya rubuta, ya ambaci girke-girke na ''khichdi'', wanda ya ba da bambance-bambance bakwai. Akwai wani labari game da khichdi wanda ya nuna Akbar da mai ba shi shawara a kotu, Birbal . <ref name="Cooking the Khichidi">{{Cite web |title=Cooking The Khichdi is one of Birbal Stories. |url=http://www.english-for-students.com/Cooking-The-Khichdi.html |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=English for Students}}</ref> Ana tsammanin abincin Ingila da Indiya na kedgeree ya samo asali ne daga khichri. <ref name="Spotted Dog 1997, p. 12">Anne Chotzinoff Grossman and Lisa Grossman Thomas (1997) ''Lobscouse and Spotted Dog; Which It's a Gastronomic Companion to the Aubrey/Maturin Novels'', Norton, p. 12. {{ISBN|978-0-393-32094-7}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Delia |title=Buttery Kedgeree |url=http://www.deliaonline.com/recipes/buttery-kedgeree,1284,RC.html |access-date=2008-03-10 |website=Delia Smith's Complete Cookery Course}}</ref> == Bambancin yanki == Khichdi abinci ne mai matuƙar shahara a faɗin [[Geology na yankin Indiya|ƙasar Indiya]] wanda ya ƙunshi [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]] da [[Sri Lanka]] . Ana kuma shirya abincin sosai a [[Jihohi a Tarayyar Indiya|jihohin Indiya]] da yawa, kamar Punjab, [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], da [[Maharashtra]] . <ref name="Chatterjee 2017">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Priyadarshini |date=2017-02-10 |title=From Kashmir to Karnataka, khichdi is the one true underestimated food of India |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/823997/from-kashmir-to-karnataka-khichdi-is-the-one-true-underestimated-food-of-india |access-date=2017-02-10 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> Ana ƙara kayan lambu kamar su farin kabeji, dankali, da wake kore . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> 'Yan Hindu, galibi daga arewa/arewa maso yamma, waɗanda ke guje wa cin hatsi yayin azumi, suna cin Sabudana khichri da aka yi da [[Mai hikima|sago]] . A kudancin Indiya, duk da haka, kalmar ''khichri'' ba ta da farin jini sosai. Yayin da mutanen yankunan Tamil Nadu da Andhra ke dafa ''Pongal'', kuma mutanen Kannada suna dafa ''{{Transl|hi|ISO|Huggi}}'' wanda ake kira mung dal khichdi da ''{{Transl|hi|ISO|Bisi bele bhath}}'', wani nau'in wake na kurciya da kayan lambu, Keralites ba su da irin wannan abincin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A yankin Bhojpuri, ana cin Khēcharē musamman a [[Asabar|ranar Asabar]] a matsayin al'ada. Kowanne gida yana dafa Khēcharē sannan ya miƙa shi ga Sanee Devta sannan ya ɗauka a matsayin parsadee . Khichdi shine abin da ya jawo hankalin Anglo-Indiya kedgeree <ref name="Spotted Dog 1997, p. 12">Anne Chotzinoff Grossman and Lisa Grossman Thomas (1997) ''Lobscouse and Spotted Dog; Which It's a Gastronomic Companion to the Aubrey/Maturin Novels'', Norton, p. 12. {{ISBN|978-0-393-32094-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32094-7|<bdi>978-0-393-32094-7</bdi>]]</ref> ''Khichdi'' sanannen abinci ne na gargajiya a Haryana, musamman a yankunan karkara. Ana yin ''Haryanvi khichdi'' ne daga gero da mung ''dal'' (wake mung da aka raba) a niƙa a turmi ( ''unkhal'' ), kuma galibi ana cin sa ta hanyar haɗawa da ''ghee'' mai ɗumi ko ''lassi'', ko ma yogurt. Wani lokaci, ana haɗa [[Sorghum|''jowar'']] da ''bajra'' da ''mung dal'' . <ref name="HarKhichdi4" /> Al'ummar Musulmin Hyderabad, ta tsohuwar Jihar Hyderabad, a yankunan Telangana, Marathwada, da Kalyana-Karnataka na yanzu, suna yin khichdi a matsayin abincin karin kumallo na yau da kullun, kuma muhimmin ɓangare ne na abincin Hyderabad . [1] Ana kiran abincin khichri, kheema, khatta, ko wasu nau'ikan da suka canza, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan sassa uku na abincin, Khichri, naman sa da aka niƙa, da miya mai tsami, wanda aka yi da tamarind da ridi. [2] ''Khichra'' tana kama da ''haleem'', abincin nama, yayin da ''khichra'' abinci ne na masu cin ganyayyaki da shinkafa da hatsi ko lentil, ba tare da kayan ƙanshi ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ljbwebczw9iscfgcu80k288l9zjtku 0 149114 829562 2026-05-04T08:35:42Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304736420|Lablabi]]" 829562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lablabi''' or '''lablebi''' ( {{Lang|ar|لبلابي}} ) abincin gargajiya ne [[Abincin Tunisiya|na ƙasar Tunisiya]] wanda aka yi da wake a cikin miyar tafarnuwa da cumin mai ɗanɗano, ana yin sa a kan ƙananan guntun burodi mai kauri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title=Taste Tunisia? |url=https://tasteofthesouthmagazine.com/southern-stories-taste-tunisia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029134150/https://tasteofthesouthmagazine.com/southern-stories-taste-tunisia/ |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> Abincin abinci ne mai daɗi a Tunisiya kuma ana samunsa a cikin nau'ikan abinci daban-daban a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] da sauran sassan Gabas ta Tsakiya. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Turkiyya ta ''leblebi'', ma'ana gasasshen wake. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2023 |title=Taste Tunisia? |url=https://tasteofthesouthmagazine.com/southern-stories-taste-tunisia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029134150/https://tasteofthesouthmagazine.com/southern-stories-taste-tunisia/ |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> == Bambancin == * Hergma : Sigar gargajiya da aka yi da trotters na shanu, wanda ke ƙara wa miya daɗi. * Bizerte Lablabi: <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=Lablabi Story Ou le sandwich Bizertin |url=https://www.mangeonsbien.com/outdoor/pop-food/lablabi-story-sandwich-bizertin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222193704/https://www.mangeonsbien.com/outdoor/pop-food/lablabi-story-sandwich-bizertin/ |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> Wani nau'in sandwich ne da aka fi sani a arewacin Tunisiya, wanda aka yi ta hanyar cika baguette da cakuda wake da kayan ƙanshi. * Lablabi na Iraƙi: <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Lablabi (Chickpea) Iraqi Snack |url=https://baghdadcuisine.wordpress.com/2022/08/10/lablabi-chickpea-iraqi-snack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224122920/https://baghdadcuisine.wordpress.com/2022/08/10/lablabi-chickpea-iraqi-snack/ |archive-date=24 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> Abincin wake mai sauƙi a cikin miya. == Muhimmancin al'adu == Lablabi a da can abincin karin kumallo ne na hunturu, amma yanzu ana cin sa a kowane lokaci na yini, duk shekara. Ya shahara musamman a tsakanin matasa a matsayin abincin dare, wanda galibi ana ci don rage tasirin barasa bayan fita waje da daddare. [1] == Manazarta == hrsbkrkazaegb6eie76zbdav15xyt26 829563 829562 2026-05-04T08:36:05Z Sardeeq 39275 829563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lablabi''' or '''lablebi''' ( {{Lang|ar|لبلابي}} ) abincin gargajiya ne [[Abincin Tunisiya|na ƙasar Tunisiya]] wanda aka yi da wake a cikin miyar tafarnuwa da cumin mai ɗanɗano, ana yin sa a kan ƙananan guntun burodi mai kauri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title=Taste Tunisia? |url=https://tasteofthesouthmagazine.com/southern-stories-taste-tunisia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029134150/https://tasteofthesouthmagazine.com/southern-stories-taste-tunisia/ |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> Abincin abinci ne mai daɗi a Tunisiya kuma ana samunsa a cikin nau'ikan abinci daban-daban a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] da sauran sassan Gabas ta Tsakiya. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Turkiyya ta ''leblebi'', ma'ana gasasshen wake. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2023 |title=Taste Tunisia? |url=https://tasteofthesouthmagazine.com/southern-stories-taste-tunisia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029134150/https://tasteofthesouthmagazine.com/southern-stories-taste-tunisia/ |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> == Bambancin == * Hergma : Sigar gargajiya da aka yi da trotters na shanu, wanda ke ƙara wa miya daɗi. * Bizerte Lablabi: <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=Lablabi Story Ou le sandwich Bizertin |url=https://www.mangeonsbien.com/outdoor/pop-food/lablabi-story-sandwich-bizertin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222193704/https://www.mangeonsbien.com/outdoor/pop-food/lablabi-story-sandwich-bizertin/ |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> Wani nau'in sandwich ne da aka fi sani a arewacin Tunisiya, wanda aka yi ta hanyar cika baguette da cakuda wake da kayan ƙanshi. * Lablabi na Iraƙi: <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Lablabi (Chickpea) Iraqi Snack |url=https://baghdadcuisine.wordpress.com/2022/08/10/lablabi-chickpea-iraqi-snack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224122920/https://baghdadcuisine.wordpress.com/2022/08/10/lablabi-chickpea-iraqi-snack/ |archive-date=24 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> Abincin wake mai sauƙi a cikin miya. == Muhimmancin al'adu == Lablabi a da can abincin karin kumallo ne na hunturu, amma yanzu ana cin sa a kowane lokaci na yini, duk shekara. Ya shahara musamman a tsakanin matasa a matsayin abincin dare, wanda galibi ana ci don rage tasirin barasa bayan fita waje da daddare. [1] == Manazarta == ruql7kibbwanjj5ad6vjbskranxlnhj 0 149115 829564 2026-05-04T08:37:47Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331249570|Weet-Bix]]" 829564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Weet-Bix''' wani hatsi ne na karin kumallo na alkama wanda aka yi shi da hatsi gaba ɗaya wanda Kamfanin Abinci na Sanitarium Health ya ƙirƙira kuma ya ƙera a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da [[New Zealand]], sannan kuma a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ta Bokomo . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Weet-bix-_Early_20th_century_Tin.jpg|left|thumb|Kwano na Weet-Bix na farko daga shekarun 1930]] Bennison Osborne ne ya ƙirƙiro Weet-Bix a [[Sydney|Sydney, Ostiraliya]], a tsakiyar shekarun 1910. Osborne ya yi niyyar yin wani abu mai daɗi fiye da Granose, biskit ɗin da Kamfanin Abinci na Sanitarium Health ya tallata a wancan lokacin. A ranar 19 ga Agusta 1926, ya shigar da buƙatar yin rijistar alamar kasuwanci ta Weet-Bix, sunan da ya ƙirƙira. An fara samar da kayan ne a lamba 659 Parramatta Road, Leichhardt, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Osborne, kuma tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Arthur Shannon, wanda ya ƙirƙiri kamfanin Grain Products don ƙera hatsi. Abokin Osborne, Malcolm Ian Macfarlane, daga New Zealand, ya haɗu da shi don ɗaukar nauyin tallatawa. Kayan ya yi nasara sosai har a watan Oktoba na 1928, Shannon ya sayar da haƙƙin da ke cikin kayan ga Australasian Conference Association Limited (Sanitarium Health Food Company, wani reshe na Cocin Seventh-day Adventist da ke Ostiraliya). Macfarlane ya ba da shawarar a aika da kayan zuwa New Zealand, inda ya yi nasara sosai har ya zama da wahala a samar da kayan yadda ya kamata daga Ostiraliya. Osborne da MacFarlane sun je New Zealand suka kafa masana'antu a Auckland da Christchurch. Duk da haka, Shannon ya sake sayar da kayan ga Australasian Conference Association Limited. Daga nan Osborne da Macfarlane suka fitar da kayan zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]], kuma tare da tallafin kuɗi na Shannon, suka je wannan ƙasar suka gina masana'anta a [[Cape Town]], inda Osborne ke kula da tallace-tallace. An kuma sayar da wannan kasuwancin daga baya, a wannan karon ga Bokomo . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yayin da suke Afirka ta Kudu, Osborne da Macfarlane sun nemi samun ƙarin tallafin kuɗi mai gamsarwa don tabbatar da samfurin Osborne. An kafa ƙungiya, Osborne ya inganta samfurin, shi da Macfarlane suka tafi Ingila don kafa samfurin a can. [[Fayil:Shop_window_of_John_Orr_&_Co._03.1986.0193o.tif|thumb|Weet-Bix a cikin wani nunin kayan abinci na Sanitarium Health Foods na shekarun 1930 a Ashburton, New Zealand]] An yi wa Kamfanin Hatsi na Burtaniya & Afirka, Ltd. rijista a Landan a shekarar 1932, a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa, inda aka nuna mai shi a matsayin Weetabix Limited na Weetabix Mills, Kettering . An ƙayyade dukkan hannun jarin kamfanin a ƙarƙashin ikon daraktocin, waɗanda na farko su ne Bennison Osborne, Malcolm Ian Macfarlane, Alfred Richard Upton da Arthur Stanley Scrutton. <ref name="Companies' House" /> Domin a bambanta samfurin da wanda aka sayar a Ostiraliya, New Zealand da Afirka ta Kudu bisa doka, an sanya wa samfurin suna Weetabix . Osborne da Macfarlane sun zama daraktocin haɗin gwiwa na manaja tare da Osborne wanda ke kula da samarwa da kuma Macfarlane wanda ke kula da tallace-tallace. An duba wuraren da masana'antar ke aiki, inda daga ƙarshe aka zaɓi Burton Latimer a Northamptonshire, saboda tayin kamfanin niƙa fulawa da Mr. George ya yi, wanda ya nemi hannun jari a kamfanin, wanda daga baya aka ba shi kujera a kwamitin gudanarwa na yanzu. A shekarar 1933, Macfarlane ya bar kamfanin don neman wasu buƙatu na kasuwanci, inda ya bar Osborne a matsayin babban darektan gudanarwa. Daga ƙarshe George ya zama shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa. Osborne ya sayar da hannun jarinsa ga daraktocin a watan Yulin 1936, a lokacin ne aka sake wa kamfanin suna Weetabix Limited. [1] A wancan lokacin, Osborne ya kafa masana'antar Weetabix a Amurka, a Clinton, [[Massachusetts]] . Duk da haka, wannan kamfani bai yi nasara ba, kuma daga ƙarshe Weetabix ya shigo kasuwar Amurka daga [[Kanada]] ta hanyar Clinton, wurin da aka gina masana'antar Amurka ta asali. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Za a dakatar da Weet-Bix Clusters nan da watan Yunin 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2024 |title=Snap crackle stop: Sanitarium axing jobs as it discontinues iconic cereals |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/sanitarium-axing-49-jobs-as-it-discontinues-some-cereals/RBDFMFOB3NEAXE6DLOQ43RCRBM/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ}}</ref> == Manazarta == 763f1tpnxhyj4ar55y72od8mnaiz70m 829565 829564 2026-05-04T08:38:07Z Sardeeq 39275 829565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Weet-Bix''' wani hatsi ne na karin kumallo na alkama wanda aka yi shi da hatsi gaba ɗaya wanda Kamfanin Abinci na Sanitarium Health ya ƙirƙira kuma ya ƙera a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da [[New Zealand]], sannan kuma a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ta Bokomo . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Weet-bix-_Early_20th_century_Tin.jpg|left|thumb|Kwano na Weet-Bix na farko daga shekarun 1930]] Bennison Osborne ne ya ƙirƙiro Weet-Bix a [[Sydney|Sydney, Ostiraliya]], a tsakiyar shekarun 1910. Osborne ya yi niyyar yin wani abu mai daɗi fiye da Granose, biskit ɗin da Kamfanin Abinci na Sanitarium Health ya tallata a wancan lokacin. A ranar 19 ga Agusta 1926, ya shigar da buƙatar yin rijistar alamar kasuwanci ta Weet-Bix, sunan da ya ƙirƙira. An fara samar da kayan ne a lamba 659 Parramatta Road, Leichhardt, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Osborne, kuma tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Arthur Shannon, wanda ya ƙirƙiri kamfanin Grain Products don ƙera hatsi. Abokin Osborne, Malcolm Ian Macfarlane, daga New Zealand, ya haɗu da shi don ɗaukar nauyin tallatawa. Kayan ya yi nasara sosai har a watan Oktoba na 1928, Shannon ya sayar da haƙƙin da ke cikin kayan ga Australasian Conference Association Limited (Sanitarium Health Food Company, wani reshe na Cocin Seventh-day Adventist da ke Ostiraliya). Macfarlane ya ba da shawarar a aika da kayan zuwa New Zealand, inda ya yi nasara sosai har ya zama da wahala a samar da kayan yadda ya kamata daga Ostiraliya. Osborne da MacFarlane sun je New Zealand suka kafa masana'antu a Auckland da Christchurch. Duk da haka, Shannon ya sake sayar da kayan ga Australasian Conference Association Limited. Daga nan Osborne da Macfarlane suka fitar da kayan zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]], kuma tare da tallafin kuɗi na Shannon, suka je wannan ƙasar suka gina masana'anta a [[Cape Town]], inda Osborne ke kula da tallace-tallace. An kuma sayar da wannan kasuwancin daga baya, a wannan karon ga Bokomo . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yayin da suke Afirka ta Kudu, Osborne da Macfarlane sun nemi samun ƙarin tallafin kuɗi mai gamsarwa don tabbatar da samfurin Osborne. An kafa ƙungiya, Osborne ya inganta samfurin, shi da Macfarlane suka tafi Ingila don kafa samfurin a can. [[Fayil:Shop_window_of_John_Orr_&_Co._03.1986.0193o.tif|thumb|Weet-Bix a cikin wani nunin kayan abinci na Sanitarium Health Foods na shekarun 1930 a Ashburton, New Zealand]] An yi wa Kamfanin Hatsi na Burtaniya & Afirka, Ltd. rijista a Landan a shekarar 1932, a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa, inda aka nuna mai shi a matsayin Weetabix Limited na Weetabix Mills, Kettering . An ƙayyade dukkan hannun jarin kamfanin a ƙarƙashin ikon daraktocin, waɗanda na farko su ne Bennison Osborne, Malcolm Ian Macfarlane, Alfred Richard Upton da Arthur Stanley Scrutton. <ref name="Companies' House" /> Domin a bambanta samfurin da wanda aka sayar a Ostiraliya, New Zealand da Afirka ta Kudu bisa doka, an sanya wa samfurin suna Weetabix . Osborne da Macfarlane sun zama daraktocin haɗin gwiwa na manaja tare da Osborne wanda ke kula da samarwa da kuma Macfarlane wanda ke kula da tallace-tallace. An duba wuraren da masana'antar ke aiki, inda daga ƙarshe aka zaɓi Burton Latimer a Northamptonshire, saboda tayin kamfanin niƙa fulawa da Mr. George ya yi, wanda ya nemi hannun jari a kamfanin, wanda daga baya aka ba shi kujera a kwamitin gudanarwa na yanzu. A shekarar 1933, Macfarlane ya bar kamfanin don neman wasu buƙatu na kasuwanci, inda ya bar Osborne a matsayin babban darektan gudanarwa. Daga ƙarshe George ya zama shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa. Osborne ya sayar da hannun jarinsa ga daraktocin a watan Yulin 1936, a lokacin ne aka sake wa kamfanin suna Weetabix Limited. [1] A wancan lokacin, Osborne ya kafa masana'antar Weetabix a Amurka, a Clinton, [[Massachusetts]] . Duk da haka, wannan kamfani bai yi nasara ba, kuma daga ƙarshe Weetabix ya shigo kasuwar Amurka daga [[Kanada]] ta hanyar Clinton, wurin da aka gina masana'antar Amurka ta asali. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Za a dakatar da Weet-Bix Clusters nan da watan Yunin 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2024 |title=Snap crackle stop: Sanitarium axing jobs as it discontinues iconic cereals |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/sanitarium-axing-49-jobs-as-it-discontinues-some-cereals/RBDFMFOB3NEAXE6DLOQ43RCRBM/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ}}</ref> == Manazarta == q2cgqep8lut594stbxddrupjsv78xxa 0 149116 829566 2026-05-04T08:39:42Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340226647|Umqombothi]]" 829566 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umqombothi''' Kalmar "Umqombothi" ta samo asali ne a cikin KwaZulu Natal tare da ainihin kalmar "Unqambothi" ma'ana Very Nice .( ), nau'in [[giya]] ce ta gargajiya ta Afirka ta Kudu da aka yi da [[masara]] (masara), masara, [[Sorghum|masara]], [[Yis|yisti]], da ruwa. Giyar tana da ƙarancin sinadarin barasa (yawanci ƙasa da 3%) amma tana da yawan bitamin B. Tana da kauri, mai laushi, da kauri (daga masara), ƙamshi mai nauyi da tsami, da kuma kamannin da ba a iya gani, mai launin shuɗi. Umqombothi ya fi araha fiye da giyar lager ta kasuwanci da aka yi da [[sha'ir]] kuma aka ɗanɗana ta da furannin hop . == Hanyar gargajiya ta shiri == Ana yin Umqombothi bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta kaɗan tsakanin yankuna. Sau da yawa ana ba da girke-girken zuwa tsararraki. Ana shirya giyar a kan wuta a wajen gida. Sannan tana sanyaya jiki zuwa yanayin zafi a wajen gidan. Sinadaran da ake amfani da su sune: daidai gwargwado na garin masara, da aka niƙa (malt masara), da kuma malt masara da aka niƙa. Malt masara tana ba da giya mai laushi mai ɗanɗano mai laushi. Malt ɗin masara yana ba da giya mai duhu. Ana haɗa sinadaran a cikin tukunya mai ƙarfe, wanda aka sani da potjie a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Ana ƙara ma'aunin ruwa mai ɗumi guda huɗu. Ana barin haɗin cikin dare ɗaya. Haɗin ya fara yin tsami, kuma kumfa ya bayyana. Ana iya gano wani wari mai tsami. Ana cire ƙaramin ɓangare na wort ɗin a ajiye a gefe ɗaya. Sauran da aka dasa ana dafa shi har sai laka ta yi ɓawon burodi. Ana kiran wannan samfurin isidudu kuma ana iya cinsa a matsayin porridge . Idan aka yi giya, ana barin isidudu ya huce na kwana ɗaya. Bayan cakuda ya huce, sai a zuba shi a cikin babban akwati na filastik. Ana ƙara wort ɗin da aka ajiye a gefe a cikin akwati. Ana ƙara ɗan man dawa da ɗan man masara a cikin akwatin. Ana jujjuya ruwan da cokali na gargajiya da ake kira iphini . An rufe akwatin da murfi da bargo (don riƙe zafi). Ana sanya akwatin a wuri mai ɗumi na dare ɗaya don ƙarfafa ƙwai. Domin ganin ko giyar ta shirya, hanyar gwaji ta gargajiya ita ce a kunna [[ashana]] kusa da mazubi. Idan ashana ta hura da sauri, giyar ta shirya. Idan ashana ta ci gaba da haske, giyar ba ta shirya ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda cakudawar da ke yayyanka ta samar da adadi mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]], wanda ba ya ba da damar ƙone ashana. Idan ruwan ya shirya, ana tace ruwan da aka yi da gyada ta hanyar babban matse ƙarfe don cire hatsin da ya lalace. Laka da ke ƙasan mazubi ana kiransa [[intshela]] . Ana ƙara intshela a cikin giyar da aka tace don ƙara ɗanɗano. Ana matse hatsin da aka kashe kuma yawanci ana jefa su a ƙasa don [[Kaza|kaji]] . Mai yin giyar yana gode wa kakanninsa yayin da yake zubar da masara. Da zarar an tace giyar, sai a zuba ta a cikin wani babban ganga na jama'a da aka sani da gogogo. A shirye yake don raba ta da abokai da dangi. Idan baƙi suka isa gidan mai giyar don ɗanɗana giyar da kuma shiga cikin bikin, al'adar su kan kawo kwalbar brandy a matsayin alamar godiya. [[Fayil:Umqombothi_en_ukhamba,_cerveza_tradicional_sudafricana_01.jpg|thumb|Umqombothi yayi aiki a wani jirgin ruwan giya na ''ukhamba'', Zulu a [[Cape Town]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] .]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hbs316di0mufx44h6ms4cxg4ze55cxw 829567 829566 2026-05-04T08:40:52Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340226647|Umqombothi]]" 829567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umqombothi''' Kalmar "Umqombothi" ta samo asali ne a cikin KwaZulu Natal tare da ainihin kalmar "Unqambothi" ma'ana Very Nice .( ), nau'in [[giya]] ce ta gargajiya ta Afirka ta Kudu da aka yi da [[masara]] (masara), masara, [[Sorghum|masara]], [[Yis|yisti]], da ruwa. Giyar tana da ƙarancin sinadarin barasa (yawanci ƙasa da 3%) amma tana da yawan bitamin B. Tana da kauri, mai laushi, da kauri (daga masara), ƙamshi mai nauyi da tsami, da kuma kamannin da ba a iya gani, mai launin shuɗi.<ref>Murray, Slater. "Umqombothi: Africas original beer". Beerhouse. Beerhouse. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.</ref> Umqombothi ya fi araha fiye da giyar lager ta kasuwanci da aka yi da [[sha'ir]] kuma aka ɗanɗana ta da furannin hop.<ref>Odhav, B.; Naicker, V. (2002). "Mycotoxins in South African traditionally brewed beers". Food Additives and Contaminants. 19 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1080/02652030110053426. <nowiki>PMID 11811766</nowiki>. S2CID 27060269.</ref> == Hanyar gargajiya ta shiri == Ana yin Umqombothi bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta kaɗan tsakanin yankuna. Sau da yawa ana ba da girke-girken zuwa tsararraki. Ana shirya giyar a kan wuta a wajen gida. Sannan tana sanyaya jiki zuwa yanayin zafi a wajen gidan. Sinadaran da ake amfani da su sune: daidai gwargwado na garin masara, da aka niƙa (malt masara), da kuma malt masara da aka niƙa. Malt masara tana ba da giya mai laushi mai ɗanɗano mai laushi. Malt ɗin masara yana ba da giya mai duhu. Ana haɗa sinadaran a cikin tukunya mai ƙarfe, wanda aka sani da potjie a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Ana ƙara ma'aunin ruwa mai ɗumi guda huɗu. Ana barin haɗin cikin dare ɗaya. Haɗin ya fara yin tsami, kuma kumfa ya bayyana. Ana iya gano wani wari mai tsami. Ana cire ƙaramin ɓangare na wort ɗin a ajiye a gefe ɗaya. Sauran da aka dasa ana dafa shi har sai laka ta yi ɓawon burodi. Ana kiran wannan samfurin isidudu kuma ana iya cinsa a matsayin porridge . Idan aka yi giya, ana barin isidudu ya huce na kwana ɗaya. Bayan cakuda ya huce, sai a zuba shi a cikin babban akwati na filastik. Ana ƙara wort ɗin da aka ajiye a gefe a cikin akwati. Ana ƙara ɗan man dawa da ɗan man masara a cikin akwatin. Ana jujjuya ruwan da cokali na gargajiya da ake kira iphini . An rufe akwatin da murfi da bargo (don riƙe zafi). Ana sanya akwatin a wuri mai ɗumi na dare ɗaya don ƙarfafa ƙwai. Domin ganin ko giyar ta shirya, hanyar gwaji ta gargajiya ita ce a kunna [[ashana]] kusa da mazubi. Idan ashana ta hura da sauri, giyar ta shirya. Idan ashana ta ci gaba da haske, giyar ba ta shirya ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda cakudawar da ke yayyanka ta samar da adadi mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]], wanda ba ya ba da damar ƙone ashana. Idan ruwan ya shirya, ana tace ruwan da aka yi da gyada ta hanyar babban matse ƙarfe don cire hatsin da ya lalace. Laka da ke ƙasan mazubi ana kiransa [[intshela]] . Ana ƙara intshela a cikin giyar da aka tace don ƙara ɗanɗano. Ana matse hatsin da aka kashe kuma yawanci ana jefa su a ƙasa don [[Kaza|kaji]] . Mai yin giyar yana gode wa kakanninsa yayin da yake zubar da masara. Da zarar an tace giyar, sai a zuba ta a cikin wani babban ganga na jama'a da aka sani da gogogo. A shirye yake don raba ta da abokai da dangi. Idan baƙi suka isa gidan mai giyar don ɗanɗana giyar da kuma shiga cikin bikin, al'adar su kan kawo kwalbar brandy a matsayin alamar godiya. [[Fayil:Umqombothi_en_ukhamba,_cerveza_tradicional_sudafricana_01.jpg|thumb|Umqombothi yayi aiki a wani jirgin ruwan giya na ''ukhamba'', Zulu a [[Cape Town]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] .]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] as6s5sdwtwzv43045bjarng92w7h118 829568 829567 2026-05-04T08:41:16Z Sardeeq 39275 829568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Umqombothi''' Kalmar "Umqombothi" ta samo asali ne a cikin KwaZulu Natal tare da ainihin kalmar "Unqambothi" ma'ana Very Nice .( ), nau'in [[giya]] ce ta gargajiya ta Afirka ta Kudu da aka yi da [[masara]] (masara), masara, [[Sorghum|masara]], [[Yis|yisti]], da ruwa. Giyar tana da ƙarancin sinadarin barasa (yawanci ƙasa da 3%) amma tana da yawan bitamin B. Tana da kauri, mai laushi, da kauri (daga masara), ƙamshi mai nauyi da tsami, da kuma kamannin da ba a iya gani, mai launin shuɗi.<ref>Murray, Slater. "Umqombothi: Africas original beer". Beerhouse. Beerhouse. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.</ref> Umqombothi ya fi araha fiye da giyar lager ta kasuwanci da aka yi da [[sha'ir]] kuma aka ɗanɗana ta da furannin hop.<ref>Odhav, B.; Naicker, V. (2002). "Mycotoxins in South African traditionally brewed beers". Food Additives and Contaminants. 19 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1080/02652030110053426. <nowiki>PMID 11811766</nowiki>. S2CID 27060269.</ref> == Hanyar gargajiya ta shiri == Ana yin Umqombothi bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta kaɗan tsakanin yankuna. Sau da yawa ana ba da girke-girken zuwa tsararraki. Ana shirya giyar a kan wuta a wajen gida. Sannan tana sanyaya jiki zuwa yanayin zafi a wajen gidan. Sinadaran da ake amfani da su sune: daidai gwargwado na garin masara, da aka niƙa (malt masara), da kuma malt masara da aka niƙa. Malt masara tana ba da giya mai laushi mai ɗanɗano mai laushi. Malt ɗin masara yana ba da giya mai duhu. Ana haɗa sinadaran a cikin tukunya mai ƙarfe, wanda aka sani da potjie a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Ana ƙara ma'aunin ruwa mai ɗumi guda huɗu. Ana barin haɗin cikin dare ɗaya. Haɗin ya fara yin tsami, kuma kumfa ya bayyana. Ana iya gano wani wari mai tsami. Ana cire ƙaramin ɓangare na wort ɗin a ajiye a gefe ɗaya. Sauran da aka dasa ana dafa shi har sai laka ta yi ɓawon burodi. Ana kiran wannan samfurin isidudu kuma ana iya cinsa a matsayin porridge . Idan aka yi giya, ana barin isidudu ya huce na kwana ɗaya. Bayan cakuda ya huce, sai a zuba shi a cikin babban akwati na filastik. Ana ƙara wort ɗin da aka ajiye a gefe a cikin akwati. Ana ƙara ɗan man dawa da ɗan man masara a cikin akwatin. Ana jujjuya ruwan da cokali na gargajiya da ake kira iphini . An rufe akwatin da murfi da bargo (don riƙe zafi). Ana sanya akwatin a wuri mai ɗumi na dare ɗaya don ƙarfafa ƙwai. Domin ganin ko giyar ta shirya, hanyar gwaji ta gargajiya ita ce a kunna [[ashana]] kusa da mazubi. Idan ashana ta hura da sauri, giyar ta shirya. Idan ashana ta ci gaba da haske, giyar ba ta shirya ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda cakudawar da ke yayyanka ta samar da adadi mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]], wanda ba ya ba da damar ƙone ashana. Idan ruwan ya shirya, ana tace ruwan da aka yi da gyada ta hanyar babban matse ƙarfe don cire hatsin da ya lalace. Laka da ke ƙasan mazubi ana kiransa [[intshela]] . Ana ƙara intshela a cikin giyar da aka tace don ƙara ɗanɗano. Ana matse hatsin da aka kashe kuma yawanci ana jefa su a ƙasa don [[Kaza|kaji]] . Mai yin giyar yana gode wa kakanninsa yayin da yake zubar da masara. Da zarar an tace giyar, sai a zuba ta a cikin wani babban ganga na jama'a da aka sani da gogogo. A shirye yake don raba ta da abokai da dangi. Idan baƙi suka isa gidan mai giyar don ɗanɗana giyar da kuma shiga cikin bikin, al'adar su kan kawo kwalbar brandy a matsayin alamar godiya. [[Fayil:Umqombothi_en_ukhamba,_cerveza_tradicional_sudafricana_01.jpg|thumb|Umqombothi yayi aiki a wani jirgin ruwan giya na ''ukhamba'', Zulu a [[Cape Town]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] .]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mfn2j4golxq8mvs5wyi8d8pgf8ph6yj 0 149117 829569 2026-05-04T08:42:55Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327048934|Umngqusho]]" 829569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umngqusho''' ( ) abinci ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka yi da wake da wake, yawanci ana yin sa da kaza mai tauri. wanda ake kira ''umleqwa'' a cikin [[Harshen Xhosa|isiXhosa]] . A al'adance abincin Xhosa ne, sauran kabilu a Afirka ta Kudu ma sun karɓe shi a matsayin abincinsu na yau da kullun. Wannan abincin abinci ne na yau da kullun ga yawancin iyalai 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, waɗanda 'yan Zulu ke kira ''isitambu'' (masara mai tambari) da kuma ''umngqusho'' daga 'yan Xhosa. Sigar Xhosa, wadda aka yi amfani da man shanu ko kitse, a bayyane take ita ce abincin da Nelson Mandela ya fi so. [1] == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin Afirka * Jerin abincin legume == Manazarta == auo2kj13wa9w9q3bsowctmfgmtdp63k 829570 829569 2026-05-04T08:43:30Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327048934|Umngqusho]]" 829570 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umngqusho''' ( ) abinci ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka yi da wake da wake, yawanci ana yin sa da kaza mai tauri. wanda ake kira ''umleqwa'' a cikin [[Harshen Xhosa|isiXhosa]] . A al'adance abincin Xhosa ne, sauran kabilu a Afirka ta Kudu ma sun karɓe shi a matsayin abincinsu na yau da kullun. Wannan abincin abinci ne na yau da kullun ga yawancin iyalai 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, waɗanda 'yan Zulu ke kira ''isitambu'' (masara mai tambari) da kuma ''umngqusho'' daga 'yan Xhosa.<ref>SouthAfrica.net". Retrieved 28 April 2013.</ref> Sigar Xhosa, wadda aka yi amfani da man shanu ko kitse, a bayyane take ita ce abincin da Nelson Mandela ya fi so. [1] == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin Afirka * Jerin abincin legume == Manazarta == fj8ux706ty3pndm6371rx5kvm9cqbu5 829571 829570 2026-05-04T08:43:54Z Sardeeq 39275 829571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Umngqusho''' ( ) abinci ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka yi da wake da wake, yawanci ana yin sa da kaza mai tauri. wanda ake kira ''umleqwa'' a cikin [[Harshen Xhosa|isiXhosa]] . A al'adance abincin Xhosa ne, sauran kabilu a Afirka ta Kudu ma sun karɓe shi a matsayin abincinsu na yau da kullun. Wannan abincin abinci ne na yau da kullun ga yawancin iyalai 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, waɗanda 'yan Zulu ke kira ''isitambu'' (masara mai tambari) da kuma ''umngqusho'' daga 'yan Xhosa.<ref>SouthAfrica.net". Retrieved 28 April 2013.</ref> Sigar Xhosa, wadda aka yi amfani da man shanu ko kitse, a bayyane take ita ce abincin da Nelson Mandela ya fi so. [1] == Duba kuma == * Jerin abincin Afirka * Jerin abincin legume == Manazarta == ovyu8kbkwu3shv3kwq4r2g6ds6at3l8 0 149118 829573 2026-05-04T08:54:01Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336899188|Karkadeh]]" 829573 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karkadeh''' ( Arabic ) wani abin sha ne na gargajiya da ake yi a [[Misra|Masar]] da [[Sudan]] ta hanyar zuba busassun furanni daga furen [[Zobo|roselle]] a cikin ruwa. An san shi da launin ja mai zurfi da ɗanɗanon tart, ana iya cin karkadeh da zafi da sanyi, yana aiki a matsayin abin sha mai daɗi a cikin yanayi daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=September–October 2001 |title=The Red Tea of Egypt |url=http://saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200105/the.red.tea.of.egypt.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Saudi Aramco]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622215006/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200105/the.red.tea.of.egypt.htm |archive-date=22 June 2008 |access-date=2008-06-01}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2023 |title=Karkade (Hibiscus Tea) |url=https://www.themediterraneandish.com/karkade-hibiscus-tea/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=The Mediterranean Dish}}</ref> == A Masar == Don shirya karkadeh, ana haɗa busassun furannin roselle da ruwa sannan a tafasa. Sannan a dafa hadin na tsawon mintuna 5 zuwa 10 don fitar da cikakken dandanon roselle. Bayan tafasa, ana tace ruwan don cire furannin, sannan a ƙara sukari don samun daɗin da ake so. Da zarar ya huce, ana iya sanya abin sha a firiji a yi hidima a sanyaye, sau da yawa ana ƙawata shi da [[Na'a-Na'a|ganyen na'a-na'a]] ko yanki na lemun tsami . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=Karkade (Hibiscus Iced Tea) |url=https://www.healthylifetrainer.com/karkade-hibiscus-iced-tea/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Healthy Life Trainer}}</ref> A madadin haka, ana iya shirya karkadeh ta amfani da hanyar yin ruwan sanyi . Ta wannan hanyar, ana jiƙa busassun furannin roselle a cikin ruwan sanyi sannan a bar su su yi tauri har dare ya yi. Washegari, ana tace hadin, a sanya masa zaki don dandano, sannan a yi hidima a kan kankara a sanyaye. Wannan hanyar tana samar da dandano mai laushi idan aka kwatanta da hanyar tafasa ta gargajiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2024 |title=How to Make Hibiscus Tea (Karkade) |url=https://recipetale.com/hibiscus-tea-karkade/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Recipe Tale}}</ref> A yau, busasshen roselle ana samunsa a cikin jakunkunan shayi a Masar don yin shayin roselle mai zafi cikin sauri, amma galibi yana ba da ɗanɗano mai laushi idan aka kwatanta da hanyar gargajiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 2, 2015 |title=Egyptian Karkade – Hibiscus Iced Tea Recipe |url=https://homeisakitchen.com/2015/08/02/egyptian-karkade-hibiscus-iced-tea-recipe/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Home Is A Kitchen}}</ref> === Muhimmancin al'adu === [[Fayil:Flickr_-_Michael_Cavén_-_Spices.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Zobo|Roselle]] da sauran ganye a [[Hurghada]]]] Shaidu sun nuna cewa shukar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen yin abin sha, da kuma cewa tsohuwar Masarawa sun sha abin sha tun zamanin Masar ta Tsakiya . [1] [2] Karkadeh tana da matsayi mai girma a cikin al'adun zamantakewa da al'adun Masar. A al'ada, ana yin sa ne a lokacin bukukuwan aure, wanda ke nuna farin ciki da wadata. Abin sha kuma yana shahara a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki, inda ake yawan shan sa don karya azumi . [3] A cikin maganin gargajiya na Masar, ana amfani da kayan da aka yi daga jajayen ƙwayoyin shuka a matsayin abin sha mai zafi ko sanyi kuma an saba amfani da su don magance cututtuka kamar hawan jini, cututtukan zuciya, cututtukan kumburi, zazzabi da ciwon daji. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yawancin Masarawa suna danganta karkadeh da [[Tsohuwar Masar|tsoffin al'adun Masar]] . <ref name="egyptianstreets">{{Cite web |last=Abdou |first=Mona |date=August 15, 2022 |title=Ruby Red: How Karkade Became a Signature Egyptian Tea |url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2022/08/15/ruby-red-how-karkade-became-a-signature-egyptian-tea/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Egyptian Streets}}</ref> Ana kyautata zaton cewa [[Fir'auna]] ya fi son abin shan kuma an shafe ƙarni da yawa ana shansa saboda fa'idodinsa ga lafiya. <ref name="egyptianstreets" /> Wannan imani na gargajiya ya sa aka kira karkadeh da "shayin Fir'auna". <ref name="egyptianstreets" /> Ana samun wannan abin sha a ko'ina a ƙasar Masar, tun daga masu sayar da kayayyaki a kan titi har zuwa gidajen cin abinci na gargajiya. A cikin al'ummomin Musulmi, inda shan barasa ya yi ƙasa, karkadeh kuma yana aiki a matsayin madadin da ba na giya ba a lokacin bukukuwa da taruka. <ref name="egyptianstreets">{{Cite web |last=Abdou |first=Mona |date=August 15, 2022 |title=Ruby Red: How Karkade Became a Signature Egyptian Tea |url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2022/08/15/ruby-red-how-karkade-became-a-signature-egyptian-tea/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Egyptian Streets}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbdou2022">Abdou, Mona (August 15, 2022). [https://egyptianstreets.com/2022/08/15/ruby-red-how-karkade-became-a-signature-egyptian-tea/ "Ruby Red: How Karkade Became a Signature Egyptian Tea"]. ''Egyptian Streets''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Shirya karkadeh ya ƙunshi jiƙa busasshen furannin roselle, wani al'ada da ta zama abin sha'awa a gidajen Masar. Sau da yawa tana haɗa da halartar 'yan uwa da yawa, tare da shan abin sha tare. <ref name="egyptianstreets">{{Cite web |last=Abdou |first=Mona |date=August 15, 2022 |title=Ruby Red: How Karkade Became a Signature Egyptian Tea |url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2022/08/15/ruby-red-how-karkade-became-a-signature-egyptian-tea/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Egyptian Streets}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbdou2022">Abdou, Mona (August 15, 2022). [https://egyptianstreets.com/2022/08/15/ruby-red-how-karkade-became-a-signature-egyptian-tea/ "Ruby Red: How Karkade Became a Signature Egyptian Tea"]. ''Egyptian Streets''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Abinci Mai Gina Jiki == Karkadeh tana da wadataccen sinadarin antioxidants da bitamin C, wanda ke ba da fa'idodi masu yawa ga lafiya. Bincike ya nuna cewa shan shayin roselle akai-akai na iya taimakawa wajen rage hawan jini da matakan cholesterol. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da ke cikinsa na diuretic na iya taimakawa wajen narkewar abinci da kuma kula da nauyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Karkade - the refreshing red tea of Egypt |url=https://www.inside-egypt.com/karkade-the-refreshing-red-tea-of-egypt.html |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Inside Egypt}}</ref> == Manazarta == od9v2cage7x5ipkch9sz7ajenx18xij 829574 829573 2026-05-04T08:54:23Z Sardeeq 39275 829574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karkadeh''' ( Arabic ) wani abin sha ne na gargajiya da ake yi a [[Misra|Masar]] da [[Sudan]] ta hanyar zuba busassun furanni daga furen [[Zobo|roselle]] a cikin ruwa. An san shi da launin ja mai zurfi da ɗanɗanon tart, ana iya cin karkadeh da zafi da sanyi, yana aiki a matsayin abin sha mai daɗi a cikin yanayi daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=September–October 2001 |title=The Red Tea of Egypt |url=http://saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200105/the.red.tea.of.egypt.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Saudi Aramco]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622215006/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200105/the.red.tea.of.egypt.htm |archive-date=22 June 2008 |access-date=2008-06-01}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2023 |title=Karkade (Hibiscus Tea) |url=https://www.themediterraneandish.com/karkade-hibiscus-tea/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=The Mediterranean Dish}}</ref> == A Masar == Don shirya karkadeh, ana haɗa busassun furannin roselle da ruwa sannan a tafasa. Sannan a dafa hadin na tsawon mintuna 5 zuwa 10 don fitar da cikakken dandanon roselle. Bayan tafasa, ana tace ruwan don cire furannin, sannan a ƙara sukari don samun daɗin da ake so. Da zarar ya huce, ana iya sanya abin sha a firiji a yi hidima a sanyaye, sau da yawa ana ƙawata shi da [[Na'a-Na'a|ganyen na'a-na'a]] ko yanki na lemun tsami . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=Karkade (Hibiscus Iced Tea) |url=https://www.healthylifetrainer.com/karkade-hibiscus-iced-tea/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Healthy Life Trainer}}</ref> A madadin haka, ana iya shirya karkadeh ta amfani da hanyar yin ruwan sanyi . Ta wannan hanyar, ana jiƙa busassun furannin roselle a cikin ruwan sanyi sannan a bar su su yi tauri har dare ya yi. Washegari, ana tace hadin, a sanya masa zaki don dandano, sannan a yi hidima a kan kankara a sanyaye. Wannan hanyar tana samar da dandano mai laushi idan aka kwatanta da hanyar tafasa ta gargajiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2024 |title=How to Make Hibiscus Tea (Karkade) |url=https://recipetale.com/hibiscus-tea-karkade/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Recipe Tale}}</ref> A yau, busasshen roselle ana samunsa a cikin jakunkunan shayi a Masar don yin shayin roselle mai zafi cikin sauri, amma galibi yana ba da ɗanɗano mai laushi idan aka kwatanta da hanyar gargajiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 2, 2015 |title=Egyptian Karkade – Hibiscus Iced Tea Recipe |url=https://homeisakitchen.com/2015/08/02/egyptian-karkade-hibiscus-iced-tea-recipe/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Home Is A Kitchen}}</ref> === Muhimmancin al'adu === [[Fayil:Flickr_-_Michael_Cavén_-_Spices.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Zobo|Roselle]] da sauran ganye a [[Hurghada]]]] Shaidu sun nuna cewa shukar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen yin abin sha, da kuma cewa tsohuwar Masarawa sun sha abin sha tun zamanin Masar ta Tsakiya . [1] [2] Karkadeh tana da matsayi mai girma a cikin al'adun zamantakewa da al'adun Masar. A al'ada, ana yin sa ne a lokacin bukukuwan aure, wanda ke nuna farin ciki da wadata. Abin sha kuma yana shahara a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki, inda ake yawan shan sa don karya azumi . [3] A cikin maganin gargajiya na Masar, ana amfani da kayan da aka yi daga jajayen ƙwayoyin shuka a matsayin abin sha mai zafi ko sanyi kuma an saba amfani da su don magance cututtuka kamar hawan jini, cututtukan zuciya, cututtukan kumburi, zazzabi da ciwon daji. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yawancin Masarawa suna danganta karkadeh da [[Tsohuwar Masar|tsoffin al'adun Masar]] . <ref name="egyptianstreets">{{Cite web |last=Abdou |first=Mona |date=August 15, 2022 |title=Ruby Red: How Karkade Became a Signature Egyptian Tea |url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2022/08/15/ruby-red-how-karkade-became-a-signature-egyptian-tea/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Egyptian Streets}}</ref> Ana kyautata zaton cewa [[Fir'auna]] ya fi son abin shan kuma an shafe ƙarni da yawa ana shansa saboda fa'idodinsa ga lafiya. <ref name="egyptianstreets" /> Wannan imani na gargajiya ya sa aka kira karkadeh da "shayin Fir'auna". <ref name="egyptianstreets" /> Ana samun wannan abin sha a ko'ina a ƙasar Masar, tun daga masu sayar da kayayyaki a kan titi har zuwa gidajen cin abinci na gargajiya. A cikin al'ummomin Musulmi, inda shan barasa ya yi ƙasa, karkadeh kuma yana aiki a matsayin madadin da ba na giya ba a lokacin bukukuwa da taruka. <ref name="egyptianstreets">{{Cite web |last=Abdou |first=Mona |date=August 15, 2022 |title=Ruby Red: How Karkade Became a Signature Egyptian Tea |url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2022/08/15/ruby-red-how-karkade-became-a-signature-egyptian-tea/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Egyptian Streets}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbdou2022">Abdou, Mona (August 15, 2022). [https://egyptianstreets.com/2022/08/15/ruby-red-how-karkade-became-a-signature-egyptian-tea/ "Ruby Red: How Karkade Became a Signature Egyptian Tea"]. ''Egyptian Streets''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Shirya karkadeh ya ƙunshi jiƙa busasshen furannin roselle, wani al'ada da ta zama abin sha'awa a gidajen Masar. Sau da yawa tana haɗa da halartar 'yan uwa da yawa, tare da shan abin sha tare. <ref name="egyptianstreets">{{Cite web |last=Abdou |first=Mona |date=August 15, 2022 |title=Ruby Red: How Karkade Became a Signature Egyptian Tea |url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2022/08/15/ruby-red-how-karkade-became-a-signature-egyptian-tea/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Egyptian Streets}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbdou2022">Abdou, Mona (August 15, 2022). [https://egyptianstreets.com/2022/08/15/ruby-red-how-karkade-became-a-signature-egyptian-tea/ "Ruby Red: How Karkade Became a Signature Egyptian Tea"]. ''Egyptian Streets''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Abinci Mai Gina Jiki == Karkadeh tana da wadataccen sinadarin antioxidants da bitamin C, wanda ke ba da fa'idodi masu yawa ga lafiya. Bincike ya nuna cewa shan shayin roselle akai-akai na iya taimakawa wajen rage hawan jini da matakan cholesterol. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da ke cikinsa na diuretic na iya taimakawa wajen narkewar abinci da kuma kula da nauyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Karkade - the refreshing red tea of Egypt |url=https://www.inside-egypt.com/karkade-the-refreshing-red-tea-of-egypt.html |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Inside Egypt}}</ref> == Manazarta == 0q275mgipujqriq5rzxhwdxnhozuvjy 0 149119 829576 2026-05-04T09:28:51Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346879273|Hibiscus tea]]" 829576 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shayin Hibiscus''' (wanda ake bayarwa da zafi), ko '''ruwan roselle''' (wanda ake bayarwa da sanyi), wani jiko ne da aka yi daga jajayen ko kuma mai launin magenta mai zurfi ( sepals ) na [[Zobo|furen roselle]] ( ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' ). Ana sha da zafi da sanyi kuma yana da ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi kamar cranberry . Itacen ya fito ne daga Yammacin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Roselle or Jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa) |url=https://www.spadefootnursery.com/warm-season-crops-1/hibiscuasabdariffa |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Spadefoot Nursery, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Roselle – Gardening Solutions |url=https://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/edibles/vegetables/roselle/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Abin sha da aka yi da furannin ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' yana da bambance-bambance da sunaye da yawa na yanki: ana kiransa da '''bissap''' a [[Burkina Faso]], [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Gini|Guinea]] da [[Senegal]] ; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruhr |first=Louise |date=2014-07-18 |title=Bissap: Senegal's National Drink |url=https://www.createaction.org/blog/bissap-senegals-national-drink/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Create |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agyeman |first=Adwoa |date=2020-02-17 |title=GES investigates teacher's assault of pupil over 'sobolo' drink |url=https://www.adomonline.com/ges-investigates-teachers-assault-of-pupil-over-sobolo-drink/ |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=Adomonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> '''wonjo''' a [[Gambiya|Gambia]] ; '''zobo''' a [[Najeriya]] ; '''sobo''' a [[Ghana]] ; '''foléré''', '''dabileni''', '''tsobo''', '''siloo''' ko '''soborodo''' a sassa daban-daban na Afirka; <ref name="infobox2">{{Cite web |title=(Bissap Drink) |url=http://infoboxdaily.com/life/your-food/item/1470-sobolo-bissap-drink |access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> [[Karkadeh|karkadé]] a [[Misra|Masar]], [[Sudan]], [[Lebanon]] da [[Italiya]] ; '''zobo''' a [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] ; da '''agua de Jamaica''' a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] . Duk da cewa galibi ana kiransa "ruwan 'ya'yan itace", saboda an yi masa zaki da sanyi, a zahiri ana amfani da shi ne a jiko, kuma idan aka yi masa zafi ana kiransa "shayin hibiscus". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Health Benefits Of Sobolo |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/health/201507/247840.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607224816/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/health/201507/247840.php |archive-date=7 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=www.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 March 2017 |title=Reasons to drink more Sobolo |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Reasons-to-drink-more-Sobolo-519653 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> == Bayani == A cikin nau'in ruwan 'ya'yan itace, sau da yawa ana sha a cikin firiji; ruwan 'ya'yan Hibiscus ko ruwan 'ya'yan itace roselle wani abin sha ne mai duhu, ja-shuna-shunaye wanda galibi ana samunsa a cikin sanyi a ƙasashen Yammacin Afirka da Caribbean. Yana ɗanɗano kaɗan kamar ruwan 'ya'yan itacen cranberry kuma ana iya yin sa da ganyen na'a-na'a. <ref name="infobox2">{{Cite web |title=(Bissap Drink) |url=http://infoboxdaily.com/life/your-food/item/1470-sobolo-bissap-drink |access-date=19 March 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://infoboxdaily.com/life/your-food/item/1470-sobolo-bissap-drink "(Bissap Drink)"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Haka kuma ana iya yin sa da duk wani ɗanɗanon da mutum ya zaɓa—wani lokacin da aka haɗa shi da ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai launin lemu ko citta, ruwan abarba, cloves, ciyawar shayi, vanilla, da sauransu. A [[Ghana]], [[Najeriya]], da [[Senegal]], ana yin sa da sanyi, yayin da a [[Misra|Masar]], ana yin sa da ɗumi. [[Fayil:Hibiscus_tea.jpg|thumb|Shayin Hibiscus]] [[Fayil:Driedhibiscus.jpg|thumb|Busassun ƙwayoyin hibiscus]] == Amfani == === Afirka === Wataƙila an fara amfani da shayin roselle hibiscus a Afirka, musamman Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Roselle - plant |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/roselle-plant |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> A Afirka, ana sayar da shayin hibiscus a kasuwanni kuma ana samun busassun furanni a Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka. Bambancin abin sha ya shahara a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] da sassan [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] . A [[Senegal]], ana kiran ''bissap'' da "abin sha na ƙasa na Senegal". Ana yawan ɗanɗano shayin Hibiscus da na'a ko citta a Yammacin Afirka. A Ghana ana kiransa "sobolo", da kuma "zobo" a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=thecanadianafrican |date=2020-07-06 |title=Sobolo: Spiced Hibiscus Drink |url=https://thecanadianafrican.com/sobolo-spiced-hibiscus-drink/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Canadian African |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zobo drink |url=https://proveg.org/ng/recipes/zobo-drink/#:~:text=Zobo%20drink%20is%20a%20vibrant%20Nigerian%20beverage,savor%20the%20unique%20taste%20of%20homemade%20Zobo. |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[ProVeg International|ProVeg]] Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> ''[[Karkadeh|Karkadé]]'' ( Arabic {{Transl|ar|karkadīh}} ) ana yin sa da zafi ko sanyi da kankara. Ana shan sa a wasu sassan [[Arewacin Afirka]], musamman a [[Misra|Masar]] da [[Sudan]] . <ref name="aramco-karkady" /> A Masar da Sudan, ana gasa bukukuwan aure da gilashin shayin hibiscus. A kan titin da aka saba a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], masu siyarwa da gidajen cin abinci da yawa suna sayar da abin sha. A Sudan, mutane suna amfani da shayin hibiscus, ko karkadé, a cikin magungunan gargajiya don magance cututtuka da yawa na lafiya. Masu binciken magunguna waɗanda suka yi nazarin samfuran daga Sudan sun ba da shawarar cewa ingancinsa na iya danganta da anthocynins ɗinsa, sinadarai waɗanda za su iya haɓaka martanin garkuwar jiki da kuma yaƙi da kumburi, [[ciwon suga]], ciwon daji, da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cahliková |first=Lucie |last2=Ali |first2=Badreldin |last3=Blunden |first3=Gerald |date=2015 |title=Anthocyanins of Hibiscus sabdiffera Calyces from Sudan |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=77–79 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1501000120 |pmid=25920224 |s2cid=37341345 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khoo |first=Hock Eng |last2=Azlan |first2=Azrina |last3=Tang |first3=Sou Teng |last4=Lim |first4=See Meng |date=2017-08-13 |title=Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits |url=https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/1257 |journal=Food & Nutrition Research |language=en |volume=61 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779 |issn=1654-661X |pmc=5613902 |pmid=28970777}}</ref> === Amurka === [[Fayil:Agua_de_Jamaica.jpg|thumb|Gilashin sanyi ''agua de flor de Jamaica'' a cikin gidan abinci na Cuernavaca]] [[Fayil:Flor_de_Jamaica.JPG|thumb|Jakar calyces ta ''Flor de Jamaica'' daga Mexico]] Agua de flor de Jamaica, wanda kuma ake kira agua de Jamaica da rosa de Jamaica, ya shahara a Mexico, Tsakiyar Amurka, da kuma wasu sassan Kudancin Amurka da Caribbean. Yana ɗaya daga cikin aguas frescas da yawa da aka saba da su, waɗanda abubuwan sha ne masu araha waɗanda galibi ake yi daga ruwan 'ya'yan itace ko abubuwan da aka samo daga sabo. Jamaica da sauran aguas frescas ana samun su a cikin taquerias ko wasu gidajen cin abinci na Mexico. Yawanci ana shirya shi ta hanyar tsoma calyces a cikin ruwan zãfi, tace cakuda, danna calyces (don matse duk ruwan), ƙara sukari, da juyawa. Ana yin sa a sanyi, kuma a Jamaica, wannan abin sha da aka haɗa da kayan ƙanshi al'ada ce a Kirsimeti, ana yin sa tare da kek ɗin 'ya'yan itace ko pudding na dankalin turawa . [1] 'Yan Jamaica kuma suna haɗa zobo da rum, haka kuma, ana amfani da shi don ɗanɗano giya, kek, ice-cream da sauran kayan zaki, abubuwan adanawa, miya da glazes. A [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], ana kiran furanni da abin sha ''saril'' (wanda aka samo daga kalmar Turanci ''sorrel'' ). Ana shirya shi ta hanyar tsincewa da tafasa calyces ɗin da aka yanka da citta, sukari, [[Kaninfari|albasa]], kirfa, da nutmeg . A al'ada ana sha shi a lokacin [[Kirsimeti]] da [[Sabuwar Shekarar Sinawa|Sabuwar Shekarar Sin]] . A yankin Caribbean masu jin Turanci, ana yin abin sha, wanda ake kira zobo, daga calyces, kuma ana ɗaukarsa wani muhimmin ɓangare na bikin Kirsimeti. Kamfanin Caribbean Development Company, wani kamfanin giya [[Trinidad da Tobago|na Trinidad da Tobago]], yana samar da Sorrel Shandy inda ake haɗa shayin da giya. A cikin abincin Amurkawa na soul, shayin hibiscus yana cikin rukunin "abin sha ja" da ke da alaƙa da Yammacin Afirka. <ref name="Miller">{{Cite web |last=Adrian Miller |date=23 June 2015 |title=In Praise of Red Drink: The Origin Story Behind Soul Food's Most Iconic Beverage |url=https://firstwefeast.com/drink/2015/06/in-praise-of-red-drink-soul-food-origin-story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802071231/https://firstwefeast.com/drink/2015/06/in-praise-of-red-drink-soul-food-origin-story |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=15 May 2024 |publisher=First We Feast}}</ref> Duk da haka, girke-girke na ''sorrel'' na Caribbean waɗanda baƙi suka saya zuwa Arewacin Amurka, an daidaita su sosai. <ref name=":smag">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sahar |date=June 2022 |title=A Brief History of Red Drink:The obscure roots of a centuries-old beverage that’s now a Juneteenth fixture |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-red-drink-180980046/ |website=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]}}</ref> <ref name=":sorrel ja">{{Cite web |last=Yooniji |first=Han |date=4 February 2023 |title=The 500-year history of how sorrel migrated from West Africa to become the original 'Red Drink' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sorrel-history-red-drink-hibiscus-africa-black-history-2023-2#:~:text=In%20Jamaica%2C%20where%20there%20was,reinforced%20one%20another%2C%20Twitty%20said.&text=Food%20and%20beverages%20like%20sorrel,around%20the%20world%20does%20theirs.%22 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> Irin waɗannan abubuwan sha ja, waɗanda yanzu galibi ana amfani da su a cikin abubuwan sha masu narkewa, ana yawan ba su a gidajen cin abinci na soul da kuma a tarurrukan zamantakewa [[Afirkawan Amurka|na 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa]] . <ref name="Miller" /> == Manazarta == 0toqmosquhnb62wxd0tqf00cmnvh3xt 829577 829576 2026-05-04T09:29:18Z Sardeeq 39275 829577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shayin Hibiscus''' (wanda ake bayarwa da zafi), ko '''ruwan roselle''' (wanda ake bayarwa da sanyi), wani jiko ne da aka yi daga jajayen ko kuma mai launin magenta mai zurfi ( sepals ) na [[Zobo|furen roselle]] ( ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' ). Ana sha da zafi da sanyi kuma yana da ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi kamar cranberry . Itacen ya fito ne daga Yammacin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Roselle or Jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa) |url=https://www.spadefootnursery.com/warm-season-crops-1/hibiscuasabdariffa |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Spadefoot Nursery, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Roselle – Gardening Solutions |url=https://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/edibles/vegetables/roselle/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Abin sha da aka yi da furannin ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' yana da bambance-bambance da sunaye da yawa na yanki: ana kiransa da '''bissap''' a [[Burkina Faso]], [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Gini|Guinea]] da [[Senegal]] ; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruhr |first=Louise |date=2014-07-18 |title=Bissap: Senegal's National Drink |url=https://www.createaction.org/blog/bissap-senegals-national-drink/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Create |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agyeman |first=Adwoa |date=2020-02-17 |title=GES investigates teacher's assault of pupil over 'sobolo' drink |url=https://www.adomonline.com/ges-investigates-teachers-assault-of-pupil-over-sobolo-drink/ |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=Adomonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> '''wonjo''' a [[Gambiya|Gambia]] ; '''zobo''' a [[Najeriya]] ; '''sobo''' a [[Ghana]] ; '''foléré''', '''dabileni''', '''tsobo''', '''siloo''' ko '''soborodo''' a sassa daban-daban na Afirka; <ref name="infobox2">{{Cite web |title=(Bissap Drink) |url=http://infoboxdaily.com/life/your-food/item/1470-sobolo-bissap-drink |access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> [[Karkadeh|karkadé]] a [[Misra|Masar]], [[Sudan]], [[Lebanon]] da [[Italiya]] ; '''zobo''' a [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] ; da '''agua de Jamaica''' a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] . Duk da cewa galibi ana kiransa "ruwan 'ya'yan itace", saboda an yi masa zaki da sanyi, a zahiri ana amfani da shi ne a jiko, kuma idan aka yi masa zafi ana kiransa "shayin hibiscus". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Health Benefits Of Sobolo |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/health/201507/247840.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607224816/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/health/201507/247840.php |archive-date=7 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=www.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 March 2017 |title=Reasons to drink more Sobolo |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Reasons-to-drink-more-Sobolo-519653 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> == Bayani == A cikin nau'in ruwan 'ya'yan itace, sau da yawa ana sha a cikin firiji; ruwan 'ya'yan Hibiscus ko ruwan 'ya'yan itace roselle wani abin sha ne mai duhu, ja-shuna-shunaye wanda galibi ana samunsa a cikin sanyi a ƙasashen Yammacin Afirka da Caribbean. Yana ɗanɗano kaɗan kamar ruwan 'ya'yan itacen cranberry kuma ana iya yin sa da ganyen na'a-na'a. <ref name="infobox2">{{Cite web |title=(Bissap Drink) |url=http://infoboxdaily.com/life/your-food/item/1470-sobolo-bissap-drink |access-date=19 March 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://infoboxdaily.com/life/your-food/item/1470-sobolo-bissap-drink "(Bissap Drink)"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Haka kuma ana iya yin sa da duk wani ɗanɗanon da mutum ya zaɓa—wani lokacin da aka haɗa shi da ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai launin lemu ko citta, ruwan abarba, cloves, ciyawar shayi, vanilla, da sauransu. A [[Ghana]], [[Najeriya]], da [[Senegal]], ana yin sa da sanyi, yayin da a [[Misra|Masar]], ana yin sa da ɗumi. [[Fayil:Hibiscus_tea.jpg|thumb|Shayin Hibiscus]] [[Fayil:Driedhibiscus.jpg|thumb|Busassun ƙwayoyin hibiscus]] == Amfani == === Afirka === Wataƙila an fara amfani da shayin roselle hibiscus a Afirka, musamman Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Roselle - plant |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/roselle-plant |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> A Afirka, ana sayar da shayin hibiscus a kasuwanni kuma ana samun busassun furanni a Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka. Bambancin abin sha ya shahara a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] da sassan [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] . A [[Senegal]], ana kiran ''bissap'' da "abin sha na ƙasa na Senegal". Ana yawan ɗanɗano shayin Hibiscus da na'a ko citta a Yammacin Afirka. A Ghana ana kiransa "sobolo", da kuma "zobo" a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=thecanadianafrican |date=2020-07-06 |title=Sobolo: Spiced Hibiscus Drink |url=https://thecanadianafrican.com/sobolo-spiced-hibiscus-drink/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Canadian African |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zobo drink |url=https://proveg.org/ng/recipes/zobo-drink/#:~:text=Zobo%20drink%20is%20a%20vibrant%20Nigerian%20beverage,savor%20the%20unique%20taste%20of%20homemade%20Zobo. |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[ProVeg International|ProVeg]] Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> ''[[Karkadeh|Karkadé]]'' ( Arabic {{Transl|ar|karkadīh}} ) ana yin sa da zafi ko sanyi da kankara. Ana shan sa a wasu sassan [[Arewacin Afirka]], musamman a [[Misra|Masar]] da [[Sudan]] . <ref name="aramco-karkady" /> A Masar da Sudan, ana gasa bukukuwan aure da gilashin shayin hibiscus. A kan titin da aka saba a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], masu siyarwa da gidajen cin abinci da yawa suna sayar da abin sha. A Sudan, mutane suna amfani da shayin hibiscus, ko karkadé, a cikin magungunan gargajiya don magance cututtuka da yawa na lafiya. Masu binciken magunguna waɗanda suka yi nazarin samfuran daga Sudan sun ba da shawarar cewa ingancinsa na iya danganta da anthocynins ɗinsa, sinadarai waɗanda za su iya haɓaka martanin garkuwar jiki da kuma yaƙi da kumburi, [[ciwon suga]], ciwon daji, da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cahliková |first=Lucie |last2=Ali |first2=Badreldin |last3=Blunden |first3=Gerald |date=2015 |title=Anthocyanins of Hibiscus sabdiffera Calyces from Sudan |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=77–79 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1501000120 |pmid=25920224 |s2cid=37341345 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khoo |first=Hock Eng |last2=Azlan |first2=Azrina |last3=Tang |first3=Sou Teng |last4=Lim |first4=See Meng |date=2017-08-13 |title=Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits |url=https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/1257 |journal=Food & Nutrition Research |language=en |volume=61 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779 |issn=1654-661X |pmc=5613902 |pmid=28970777}}</ref> === Amurka === [[Fayil:Agua_de_Jamaica.jpg|thumb|Gilashin sanyi ''agua de flor de Jamaica'' a cikin gidan abinci na Cuernavaca]] [[Fayil:Flor_de_Jamaica.JPG|thumb|Jakar calyces ta ''Flor de Jamaica'' daga Mexico]] Agua de flor de Jamaica, wanda kuma ake kira agua de Jamaica da rosa de Jamaica, ya shahara a Mexico, Tsakiyar Amurka, da kuma wasu sassan Kudancin Amurka da Caribbean. Yana ɗaya daga cikin aguas frescas da yawa da aka saba da su, waɗanda abubuwan sha ne masu araha waɗanda galibi ake yi daga ruwan 'ya'yan itace ko abubuwan da aka samo daga sabo. Jamaica da sauran aguas frescas ana samun su a cikin taquerias ko wasu gidajen cin abinci na Mexico. Yawanci ana shirya shi ta hanyar tsoma calyces a cikin ruwan zãfi, tace cakuda, danna calyces (don matse duk ruwan), ƙara sukari, da juyawa. Ana yin sa a sanyi, kuma a Jamaica, wannan abin sha da aka haɗa da kayan ƙanshi al'ada ce a Kirsimeti, ana yin sa tare da kek ɗin 'ya'yan itace ko pudding na dankalin turawa . [1] 'Yan Jamaica kuma suna haɗa zobo da rum, haka kuma, ana amfani da shi don ɗanɗano giya, kek, ice-cream da sauran kayan zaki, abubuwan adanawa, miya da glazes. A [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], ana kiran furanni da abin sha ''saril'' (wanda aka samo daga kalmar Turanci ''sorrel'' ). Ana shirya shi ta hanyar tsincewa da tafasa calyces ɗin da aka yanka da citta, sukari, [[Kaninfari|albasa]], kirfa, da nutmeg . A al'ada ana sha shi a lokacin [[Kirsimeti]] da [[Sabuwar Shekarar Sinawa|Sabuwar Shekarar Sin]] . A yankin Caribbean masu jin Turanci, ana yin abin sha, wanda ake kira zobo, daga calyces, kuma ana ɗaukarsa wani muhimmin ɓangare na bikin Kirsimeti. Kamfanin Caribbean Development Company, wani kamfanin giya [[Trinidad da Tobago|na Trinidad da Tobago]], yana samar da Sorrel Shandy inda ake haɗa shayin da giya. A cikin abincin Amurkawa na soul, shayin hibiscus yana cikin rukunin "abin sha ja" da ke da alaƙa da Yammacin Afirka. <ref name="Miller">{{Cite web |last=Adrian Miller |date=23 June 2015 |title=In Praise of Red Drink: The Origin Story Behind Soul Food's Most Iconic Beverage |url=https://firstwefeast.com/drink/2015/06/in-praise-of-red-drink-soul-food-origin-story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802071231/https://firstwefeast.com/drink/2015/06/in-praise-of-red-drink-soul-food-origin-story |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=15 May 2024 |publisher=First We Feast}}</ref> Duk da haka, girke-girke na ''sorrel'' na Caribbean waɗanda baƙi suka saya zuwa Arewacin Amurka, an daidaita su sosai. <ref name=":smag">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sahar |date=June 2022 |title=A Brief History of Red Drink:The obscure roots of a centuries-old beverage that’s now a Juneteenth fixture |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-red-drink-180980046/ |website=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]}}</ref> <ref name=":sorrel ja">{{Cite web |last=Yooniji |first=Han |date=4 February 2023 |title=The 500-year history of how sorrel migrated from West Africa to become the original 'Red Drink' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sorrel-history-red-drink-hibiscus-africa-black-history-2023-2#:~:text=In%20Jamaica%2C%20where%20there%20was,reinforced%20one%20another%2C%20Twitty%20said.&text=Food%20and%20beverages%20like%20sorrel,around%20the%20world%20does%20theirs.%22 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> Irin waɗannan abubuwan sha ja, waɗanda yanzu galibi ana amfani da su a cikin abubuwan sha masu narkewa, ana yawan ba su a gidajen cin abinci na soul da kuma a tarurrukan zamantakewa [[Afirkawan Amurka|na 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa]] . <ref name="Miller" /> == Manazarta == njlkif0ve9jj8asshh8g9xmkxnpw5da 0 149120 829585 2026-05-04T10:36:36Z Saa063 43144 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347052301|Anna Mokgethi]]" 829585 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}'''Anna Maria Mokgethi''' 'yar siyasa ce ta Motswana wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci, Shige da Fice da Harkokin Jamiai daga Nuwamba 2019 zuwa Nuwamba 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Botswana ♦ Embassy in Stockholm, Sweden ♦ |url=http://www.botswana.se/News/CABINET-APPOINTMENTS |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.botswana.se}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta mazabar Gaborone Bonnington ta Arewa daga 2019-2024. Mokgethi memba ce ta Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Basimanebotlhe |first=Tsaone |date=2019-08-14 |title=Mokgethi runs on little more than credibility |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/mokgethi-runs-on-little-more-than-credibility/news |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Mmegi Online |language=en}}</ref> ((()Motswana politician who served as the Minister of Nationality, Immigration and Gender Affairs from November 2019 to ))) == Ayyukan siyasa == A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2019, shugaban kasar Mokgweetsi Masisi ya nada Mokgethi Ministan Kasa, Shige da Fice da Harkokin Jamiai. An rantsar da ita a wannan rana kuma ta gaji [[Dorcas Makgato-Malesu]] . == Rayuwa ta mutum == 'Yarta, Sarona Motlhagodi, wacce aka fi sani da Sasa Klaas, ta mutu a ranar 6 ga Maris 2021 a hadarin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] p1xgbm2nvlahcnso4suxm98aetly9fw 829586 829585 2026-05-04T10:36:59Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 829586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}'''Anna Maria Mokgethi''' 'yar siyasa ce ta Motswana wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci, Shige da Fice da Harkokin Jamiai daga Nuwamba 2019 zuwa Nuwamba 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Botswana ♦ Embassy in Stockholm, Sweden ♦ |url=http://www.botswana.se/News/CABINET-APPOINTMENTS |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.botswana.se}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta mazabar Gaborone Bonnington ta Arewa daga 2019-2024. Mokgethi memba ce ta Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Basimanebotlhe |first=Tsaone |date=2019-08-14 |title=Mokgethi runs on little more than credibility |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/mokgethi-runs-on-little-more-than-credibility/news |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Mmegi Online |language=en}}</ref> ((()Motswana politician who served as the Minister of Nationality, Immigration and Gender Affairs from November 2019 to ))) == Ayyukan siyasa == A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2019, shugaban kasar Mokgweetsi Masisi ya nada Mokgethi Ministan Kasa, Shige da Fice da Harkokin Jamiai. An rantsar da ita a wannan rana kuma ta gaji [[Dorcas Makgato-Malesu]] . == Rayuwa ta mutum == 'Yarta, Sarona Motlhagodi, wacce aka fi sani da Sasa Klaas, ta mutu a ranar 6 ga Maris 2021 a hadarin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ipipntqp452xdykpungz9y3yex818i4 829587 829586 2026-05-04T10:40:33Z Saa063 43144 829587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Anna Mokgethi | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> | alt = | caption = | office1 = Minister of Nationality, Immigration and Gender Affairs | term_start1 = 6 November 2019 | president1 = [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] | term_end1 = 1 November 2024 | predecessor1 = [[Dorcas Makgato-Malesu]] | successor1 = [[Pius Mokgware]] | office2 = Member of the [[National Assembly (Botswana)|National Assembly]] for [[Gaborone Bonnington North]] | term_start2 = 5 November 2019 | term_end2 = 5 September 2024 | predecessor2 = [[Duma Boko]] | successor2 = [[Maipelo Mophuting]] | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | citizenship = | party = [[Botswana Democratic Party]] | partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--> | relations = | children = Sasa Klaas | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = Politician | known_for = | committees = | portfolio = | awards = | website = }} {{Reflist}}'''Anna Maria Mokgethi''' 'yar siyasa ce ta Motswana wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci, Shige da Fice da Harkokin Jamiai daga Nuwamba 2019 zuwa Nuwamba 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Botswana ♦ Embassy in Stockholm, Sweden ♦ |url=http://www.botswana.se/News/CABINET-APPOINTMENTS |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.botswana.se}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta mazabar Gaborone Bonnington ta Arewa daga 2019-2024. Mokgethi memba ce ta Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Basimanebotlhe |first=Tsaone |date=2019-08-14 |title=Mokgethi runs on little more than credibility |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/mokgethi-runs-on-little-more-than-credibility/news |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Mmegi Online |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2019, shugaban kasar Mokgweetsi Masisi ya nada Mokgethi Ministan Kasa, Shige da Fice da Harkokin Jamiai. An rantsar da ita a wannan rana kuma ta gaji [[Dorcas Makgato-Malesu]] . == Rayuwa ta mutum == 'Yarta, Sarona Motlhagodi, wacce aka fi sani da Sasa Klaas, ta mutu a ranar 6 ga Maris 2021 a hadarin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pshaltfe1pi8x9eu0pz2cj9bg2umjhk 0 149121 829595 2026-05-04T11:10:57Z Saa063 43144 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350860347|Nnaniki Wilhemina Tebogo Makwinja]]" 829595 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nnaniki Wilhemina Tebogo Makwinja''' 'yar siyasa ce ta Motswana wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Botswana daga 2019 har zuwa 2024, tana wakiltar mazabar Lentsweletau-Mmopane a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana . Ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Ministan Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido daga Satumba har zuwa Nuwamba 2024.((((working in the field of [[:en:Human_resources_management|human resources management]] in Botswana. In 1986, she became a human resources employee at Debswana Mining Company, eventually becoming the company's manager for industrial communications and manpower development. After brief tenures with several companies in the 2000s, including a position as head of human resources at a hospital, Makwinja became acting [[:en:CEO|CEO]] of the Botswana Investment and Trade Centre in 2012. In 2014, she began working at a human)))) Makwinja ta halarci Jami'ar Essex a Ingila, ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa da Manufofin zamantakewa a shekarar 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Makwinja |first=Nnaniki |date=2013 |title=Dear Class |url=https://www.academia.edu/33663186 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127124715/https://www.academia.edu/33663186 |archive-date=November 27, 2024 |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta, ta fara aiki a fannin kula da albarkatun ɗan adam a Botswana. A shekara ta 1986, ta zama ma'aikaciyar ma'adinai a kamfanin Debswana Mining Company, daga ƙarshe ta zama manajan kamfanin don sadarwa na masana'antu da ci gaban ma'aikata. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da kamfanoni da yawa a cikin 2000s, gami da matsayi a matsayin Shugaba albarkatun ɗan adam a asibiti, Makwinja ta zama mukaddashin Shugaba na Cibiyar Zuba Jari da Ciniki ta Botswana a cikin 2012. A cikin 2014, ta fara aiki a wani kamfani mai ba da shawara kan albarkatun ɗan adam da ake kira Leadex Consulting . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2014 |title=Annual Report 2014: Our Present. Our Future. |url=https://www.gobotswana.com/sites/default/files/BITC%20AR%202014%20web.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Botswana Investment and Trade Centre |pages=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519231725/https://www.gobotswana.com/sites/default/files/BITC%20AR%202014%20web.pdf |archive-date=2023-05-19 |access-date=2023-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-07 |title=BITC struggling to secure CEO |url=https://guardiansun.co.bw/News/bitc-struggling-to-secure-ceo |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Botswana Guardian Sun |language=en}}</ref>  Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana, Makwinja ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokokin Botswana a Zaben 2014, daya gudana a mazabar Gabane-Mmankgodi. Koyaya, an kayar da ita a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyya. Ta sake tsayawa takarar majalisa a Zaben 2019, tana gudana a mazabar Lentsweletau-Mmopane . Kodayake ƙididdigar ƙuri'a ta farko a cikin fidda gwani ta nuna cewa ta rasa ga mai mulki [[Vincent Seretse]] da kuri'u 45 kawai, Makwinja ta yi kira ga sake ƙidaya, tana mai cewa akwai "rashin daidaito" tare da zaben. An sanar da ita ta lashe zaben fidda gwani bayan sake kiranta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selatlhwa |first=Innocent |date=2018-09-10 |title=Makwinja Savours Sweet Victory |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/makwinja-savours-sweet-victory/news |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[Mmegi]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lentsweletau-Mmopane |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/2012-02-13-15-06-33/constituencies/16-constituencies/60-kweneng-east |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207184021/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/2012-02-13-15-06-33/constituencies/16-constituencies/60-kweneng-east |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=[[Parliament of Botswana]]}}</ref> Makwinja ta lashe babban zaben, ta doke wasu 'yan takara uku da kuri'u 11,600; abokin hamayyarta mafi kusa, dan takarar Umbrella for Democratic Change, ya sami kuri'u 5,320. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisa mata uku da aka zaba a zaben 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-08-27 |title=Botswana's Political Field is Bereft of Women – IEC |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/botswanas-political-field-is-bereft-of-women-iec/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[The Botswana Gazette]] |language=en}}</ref> Bayan zaben ta, Shugaba Mokgweetsi Masisi ya nada Makwinja Mataimakin Ministan Ilimi na asali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magosi |first=Elias M. |date=2019 |title=Press Release: Cabinet Appointments |url=https://www.gov.bw/sites/default/files/2020-03/PRESS%20RELEASE%20-CABINET%20APPOINTMENTS.pdf |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=[[Government of Botswana]]}}</ref> A cikin wannan rawar, tana kula da Tsarin ilimin firamare da sakandare na Botswana. Ta fuskanci kalubale da yawa a lokacin da take aiki, ciki har da barkewar "mass hysteria" a wata makaranta a Salaje a cikin 2019, karancin littattafai a cikin 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Botswana battles outbreak of rare mass hysteria disease |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/botswana-battles-outbreak-of-rare-mass-hysteria-disease-150722/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Club of Mozambique |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma sake fasalin tsarin karatun kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-02 |title=Curriculum reform is envisaged to be implemented in 2021 |url=https://theparrotonline.co.bw/2019/12/curriculum-reform-is-envisaged-to-be-implemented-in-2021/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=The Parrot News Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Makwinja kuma mai ba da shawara ce ga ƙididdigar ƙididdiga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=CSEdBotswana Lays Foundation for Botswana's Reset Agenda and Digitization Strategy |url=https://www.ub.bw/news/csedbotswana-lays-foundation-botswanas-reset-agenda-and-digitization-strategy |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[University of Botswana]]}}</ref> Yayinda take cikin majalisa, Makwinja ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga saka hannun jari na Asiya a cikin Botswana, tana tallafawa kafa gonakin da ke gudanar da kasar Sin da wuraren kulawa a cikin gundumar ta, <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Ambassador Wang Xuefeng Attends Warm Winter Charity Donation |url=http://bw.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgxw/202105/t20210520_9054509.htm |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Botswana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-01 |title=Petani China dorong masyarakat Botswana tanam pokok kelor |trans-title=Chinese farmers encourage the people of Botswana to plant moringa trees |url=https://mediapermata.com.bn/petani-china-dorong-masyarakat-botswana-tanam-pokok-kelor/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[Media Permata]] |language=ms}}</ref> da kuma tallafawa haɗin gwiwar Japan a cikin Botswana Network on Ethics, Law and HIV / AIDS program. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Ambassador of Japan to Botswana Officially Hands Over Community Legal Service Centre to BONELA |url=https://www.botswana.emb-japan.go.jp/files/100348808.pdf |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=Embassy of Japan in Botswana}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce fitacciyar mai goyon bayan kokarin yaki da tashin hankali a kan mata a Botswana, tana jayayya cewa ban da tasirin ɗabi'a, tashin hankali na jinsi yana haifar da asarar yawan aiki. A cikin 2022, ta kasance mai magana a wani taron da Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kudancin Afirka suka shirya kan inganta lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da haƙƙoƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabasimane |first=Priscilla |date=July 5, 2022 |title=Parliamentarians Reaffirm Commitment to Advancing SRHR for those furthest left behind {{!}} United Nations in Botswana |url=https://botswana.un.org/en/189008-parliamentarians-reaffirm-commitment-advancing-srhr-those-furthest-left-behind,%20https://botswana.un.org/en/189008-parliamentarians-reaffirm-commitment-advancing-srhr-those-furthest-left-behind |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[United Nations Population Fund]] |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> Makwinja na ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Botswana a cikin Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dokoki, tana aiki a Kwamitin Tambayoyin Gabas ta Tsakiya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2023 |title=Celebrating 10 women MPs who are active on IPU committees |url=https://www.ipu.org/news/news-in-brief/2023-03/celebrating-10-women-mps-who-are-active-ipu-committees |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]}}</ref> Makwinja ya sake tsayawa takara a Zaben 2024, amma Legojane Kebaitse ne ya ci shi a zaben fidda gwani a watan Agusta, wanda dan takarar Alliance for Progressives Bogatsu Revelation ya ci shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basimanebotlhe |first=Tsaone |date=2024-08-20 |title=Kweneng East Wants Kebaitse Suspended, Barred From Contesting |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/kweneng-east-wants-kebaitse-suspended-barred-from-contesting/news |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=[[Mmegi]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Masolotate |first=Bonang |date=December 4, 2024 |title=Education Key to Self-reliance |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/83516 |access-date=January 27, 2025 |website=[[Daily News Botswana]]}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2024, Shugaba Mokgweetsi Masisi ya nada Makwinja a matsayin Ministan Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido, kuma ta yi aiki a cikin rawar har zuwa karshen wa'adin majalisar dokoki a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2024 .<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-09 |title=Nnaniki Makwinja Sworn-in as Botswana's Environment & Tourism Minister |url=https://voyagesafriq.com/2024/09/09/nnaniki-makwinja-sworn-in-as-botswanas-environment-tourism-minister/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Voyages Afriq |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-15 |title=President Duma Boko Appoints Boipuso Mmolotsi as Botswana's New Minister of Environment & Tourism |url=https://voyagesafriq.com/2024/11/15/president-duma-boko-appoints-boipuso-mmolotsi-as-botswanas-new-minister-of-environment-tourism/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Voyages Afriq |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] b52hqlqujxpcqm1d20ah3e6u3pm1h43 829596 829595 2026-05-04T11:12:55Z Saa063 43144 Translated 829596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Nnaniki Makwinja.png | office = [[Ministry of Environment and Tourism (Botswana)|Minister of Environment and Tourism]] | president = [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] | term_start = 9 September 2024 | term_end = 1 November 2024 | predecessor = [[Dumezweni Mthimkhulu]] | successor = [[Wynter Mmolotsi]] | office1 = Member of the<br>[[National Assembly of Botswana]]<br>for [[Lentsweletau]]-[[Mmopane]] | term_start1 = 23 October 2019 | term_end1 = 1 November 2024 | predecessor1 = [[Vincent Seretse]] | successor1 = [[Bogatsu Tshenolo]] | party = [[Botswana Democratic Party]] | alma_mater = [[University of Essex]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) }} '''Nnaniki Wilhemina Tebogo Makwinja''' 'yar siyasa ce ta Motswana wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Botswana daga 2019 har zuwa 2024, tana wakiltar mazabar Lentsweletau-Mmopane a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana . Ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Ministan Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido daga Satumba har zuwa Nuwamba 2024. Makwinja ta halarci Jami'ar Essex a Ingila, ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa da Manufofin zamantakewa a shekarar 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Makwinja |first=Nnaniki |date=2013 |title=Dear Class |url=https://www.academia.edu/33663186 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127124715/https://www.academia.edu/33663186 |archive-date=November 27, 2024 |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta, ta fara aiki a fannin kula da albarkatun ɗan adam a Botswana. A shekara ta 1986, ta zama ma'aikaciyar ma'adinai a kamfanin Debswana Mining Company, daga ƙarshe ta zama manajan kamfanin don sadarwa na masana'antu da ci gaban ma'aikata. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da kamfanoni da yawa a cikin 2000s, gami da matsayi a matsayin Shugaba albarkatun ɗan adam a asibiti, Makwinja ta zama mukaddashin Shugaba na Cibiyar Zuba Jari da Ciniki ta Botswana a cikin 2012. A cikin 2014, ta fara aiki a wani kamfani mai ba da shawara kan albarkatun ɗan adam da ake kira Leadex Consulting . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2014 |title=Annual Report 2014: Our Present. Our Future. |url=https://www.gobotswana.com/sites/default/files/BITC%20AR%202014%20web.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Botswana Investment and Trade Centre |pages=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519231725/https://www.gobotswana.com/sites/default/files/BITC%20AR%202014%20web.pdf |archive-date=2023-05-19 |access-date=2023-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-07 |title=BITC struggling to secure CEO |url=https://guardiansun.co.bw/News/bitc-struggling-to-secure-ceo |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Botswana Guardian Sun |language=en}}</ref>  Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana, Makwinja ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokokin Botswana a Zaben 2014, daya gudana a mazabar Gabane-Mmankgodi. Koyaya, an kayar da ita a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyya. Ta sake tsayawa takarar majalisa a Zaben 2019, tana gudana a mazabar Lentsweletau-Mmopane . Kodayake ƙididdigar ƙuri'a ta farko a cikin fidda gwani ta nuna cewa ta rasa ga mai mulki [[Vincent Seretse]] da kuri'u 45 kawai, Makwinja ta yi kira ga sake ƙidaya, tana mai cewa akwai "rashin daidaito" tare da zaben. An sanar da ita ta lashe zaben fidda gwani bayan sake kiranta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selatlhwa |first=Innocent |date=2018-09-10 |title=Makwinja Savours Sweet Victory |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/makwinja-savours-sweet-victory/news |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[Mmegi]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lentsweletau-Mmopane |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/2012-02-13-15-06-33/constituencies/16-constituencies/60-kweneng-east |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207184021/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/2012-02-13-15-06-33/constituencies/16-constituencies/60-kweneng-east |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=[[Parliament of Botswana]]}}</ref> Makwinja ta lashe babban zaben, ta doke wasu 'yan takara uku da kuri'u 11,600; abokin hamayyarta mafi kusa, dan takarar Umbrella for Democratic Change, ya sami kuri'u 5,320. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisa mata uku da aka zaba a zaben 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-08-27 |title=Botswana's Political Field is Bereft of Women – IEC |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/botswanas-political-field-is-bereft-of-women-iec/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[The Botswana Gazette]] |language=en}}</ref> Bayan zaben ta, Shugaba Mokgweetsi Masisi ya nada Makwinja Mataimakin Ministan Ilimi na asali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magosi |first=Elias M. |date=2019 |title=Press Release: Cabinet Appointments |url=https://www.gov.bw/sites/default/files/2020-03/PRESS%20RELEASE%20-CABINET%20APPOINTMENTS.pdf |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=[[Government of Botswana]]}}</ref> A cikin wannan rawar, tana kula da Tsarin ilimin firamare da sakandare na Botswana. Ta fuskanci kalubale da yawa a lokacin da take aiki, ciki har da barkewar "mass hysteria" a wata makaranta a Salaje a cikin 2019, karancin littattafai a cikin 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Botswana battles outbreak of rare mass hysteria disease |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/botswana-battles-outbreak-of-rare-mass-hysteria-disease-150722/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Club of Mozambique |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma sake fasalin tsarin karatun kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-02 |title=Curriculum reform is envisaged to be implemented in 2021 |url=https://theparrotonline.co.bw/2019/12/curriculum-reform-is-envisaged-to-be-implemented-in-2021/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=The Parrot News Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Makwinja kuma mai ba da shawara ce ga ƙididdigar ƙididdiga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=CSEdBotswana Lays Foundation for Botswana's Reset Agenda and Digitization Strategy |url=https://www.ub.bw/news/csedbotswana-lays-foundation-botswanas-reset-agenda-and-digitization-strategy |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[University of Botswana]]}}</ref> Yayinda take cikin majalisa, Makwinja ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga saka hannun jari na Asiya a cikin Botswana, tana tallafawa kafa gonakin da ke gudanar da kasar Sin da wuraren kulawa a cikin gundumar ta, <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Ambassador Wang Xuefeng Attends Warm Winter Charity Donation |url=http://bw.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgxw/202105/t20210520_9054509.htm |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Botswana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-01 |title=Petani China dorong masyarakat Botswana tanam pokok kelor |trans-title=Chinese farmers encourage the people of Botswana to plant moringa trees |url=https://mediapermata.com.bn/petani-china-dorong-masyarakat-botswana-tanam-pokok-kelor/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[Media Permata]] |language=ms}}</ref> da kuma tallafawa haɗin gwiwar Japan a cikin Botswana Network on Ethics, Law and HIV / AIDS program. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Ambassador of Japan to Botswana Officially Hands Over Community Legal Service Centre to BONELA |url=https://www.botswana.emb-japan.go.jp/files/100348808.pdf |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=Embassy of Japan in Botswana}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce fitacciyar mai goyon bayan kokarin yaki da tashin hankali a kan mata a Botswana, tana jayayya cewa ban da tasirin ɗabi'a, tashin hankali na jinsi yana haifar da asarar yawan aiki. A cikin 2022, ta kasance mai magana a wani taron da Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kudancin Afirka suka shirya kan inganta lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da haƙƙoƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabasimane |first=Priscilla |date=July 5, 2022 |title=Parliamentarians Reaffirm Commitment to Advancing SRHR for those furthest left behind {{!}} United Nations in Botswana |url=https://botswana.un.org/en/189008-parliamentarians-reaffirm-commitment-advancing-srhr-those-furthest-left-behind,%20https://botswana.un.org/en/189008-parliamentarians-reaffirm-commitment-advancing-srhr-those-furthest-left-behind |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[United Nations Population Fund]] |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> Makwinja na ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Botswana a cikin Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dokoki, tana aiki a Kwamitin Tambayoyin Gabas ta Tsakiya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2023 |title=Celebrating 10 women MPs who are active on IPU committees |url=https://www.ipu.org/news/news-in-brief/2023-03/celebrating-10-women-mps-who-are-active-ipu-committees |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]}}</ref> Makwinja ya sake tsayawa takara a Zaben 2024, amma Legojane Kebaitse ne ya ci shi a zaben fidda gwani a watan Agusta, wanda dan takarar Alliance for Progressives Bogatsu Revelation ya ci shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basimanebotlhe |first=Tsaone |date=2024-08-20 |title=Kweneng East Wants Kebaitse Suspended, Barred From Contesting |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/kweneng-east-wants-kebaitse-suspended-barred-from-contesting/news |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=[[Mmegi]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Masolotate |first=Bonang |date=December 4, 2024 |title=Education Key to Self-reliance |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/83516 |access-date=January 27, 2025 |website=[[Daily News Botswana]]}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2024, Shugaba Mokgweetsi Masisi ya nada Makwinja a matsayin Ministan Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido, kuma ta yi aiki a cikin rawar har zuwa karshen wa'adin majalisar dokoki a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2024 .<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-09 |title=Nnaniki Makwinja Sworn-in as Botswana's Environment & Tourism Minister |url=https://voyagesafriq.com/2024/09/09/nnaniki-makwinja-sworn-in-as-botswanas-environment-tourism-minister/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Voyages Afriq |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-15 |title=President Duma Boko Appoints Boipuso Mmolotsi as Botswana's New Minister of Environment & Tourism |url=https://voyagesafriq.com/2024/11/15/president-duma-boko-appoints-boipuso-mmolotsi-as-botswanas-new-minister-of-environment-tourism/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Voyages Afriq |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m9vst2dv0zjxd3azzq98639q2o54dqw