Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2497 869115 846593 2026-06-27T06:09:26Z ~2026-36365-87 46272 869115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Katsina State banner.jpg|thumb|Katsina_State_banner]] [[File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar jihar Katsina ]] [[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina Emir ]] [[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|IBB Way]] [[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina na dukko ]] [[File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT KSITM.jpg|thumb|KATSINA_STATE_INSTITUTE_OF_TECHNOLOGY_AND_MANAGEMENT_KSITM]] [[Fayil:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Katsina ]] [[Fayil:Gobarau Minaret Katsina.JPG|thumb|Hasumiyar Katsina [[File:Steel rolling rund-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel_rol]] [[File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|National_Museum_Katsina_State_03]]ling_round-about,_IBB_Way,_Katsina]] Katsina [[Karamar hukuma|Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce kuma babban birnin [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin]] [[Najeriya]]. Katsina tana da nisan kilomita 260 km (160 mil) daga gabashin [[Sokoto (birni)|Birnin Sokoto]], da kuma kilomita 135 Km (84 mil) daga Arewa Maso Yammacin [[Kano (birni)|Birnin Kano]], tana kusa da iyakar [[Ƙasar Wuta|ƙasar]] [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. An ƙiyasta cewa yawan mutanen dake cikin birnin Katsina a shekara ta (2016) da kimanin mutum 429,000.<ref>Katsina (State, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location, on March 21, 2016.</ref> Birnin akasarin mutanen birnin [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne daga ƙabilar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] da [[Fulani]]. Tsohon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] ya kasance babban mutum ne daga Katsina.<ref>"Umaru Musa Yar'Adua | president of Nigeria". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.</ref> Gwamna mai ci na yanzu a Jihar Katsina shi ne Umar Dikko Raɗɗa,<ref>"Buhari, Katsina governor meet inside Aso Rock". ''Punch Newspapers''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.</ref> wanda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin gwamnan jihar a ranar 29 ga watan mayu shekara ta 2023 == Masarautar Katsina: == Fadar Sarkin Katsina wanda aka fi sani da "Gidan Korau" wani katafaren gini ne dake tsakiyar tsohon birnin na Katsina. Fadar ta kasance muhimmin alama na daga al'adun, tarihi da kuma ɗabi'ar [[Katsinawa]]. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, [[Muhammadu Korau]] ya gina fadar a shekara ta 1348 [[Common Era|CE]], wanda ake tsammani cewa shi ne Sarkin musulmi na farko a Katsina. Wannan ne yasa ake kiran masarautar da Gidan Korau. Fadar na ɗaya daga cikin gidan sarauta mafi tsufa kuma na farko-farko, tare da masarautun [[Daura]], [[Kano]] [[Zazzau]]. Masarutar zagaye take da ganuwa wato katangar gidan Sarki wanda a yanzu babu ita. Ƙofar da ke isa zuwa masarautar ita ce 'Ƙofar Soro' sannan kuma ƙofar da ke bayan ta ita ce 'Ƙofar Bai' (babu ita a yanzu). Fadar sarkin a cikin masarautar wani ƙayataccen gini ne mai ƙirar salo na gargajiya.<ref>"KATSINA EMIRATE COUNCIL". Retrieved 6 August 2015.</ref> Sarkin Katsina na yanzu shine Alhaji [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]], runbun ilimi daga dangin sarakunan Fulani. [[File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Fadar Sarkin Katsina]] [[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Gidan rodi]] == Tarihi: == Birnin na zagaye da ganuwa mai tsawon kilomita 21 (mil 13) wanda ake tsammani an gina ta a ƙarni na (1100).<ref>Katsina The Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved February 20, 2007.</ref> Kafin zuwan addinin musulunci, jagorar Katsina na musamman shi ne Sarki, wanda yake fuskantar kisa a duk lokacin da aka same shi baya mulki yadda ya kamata. Daga ƙarni na 17 zuwa ƙarni na 18, Katsina ta kasance cibiyar kasuwanci na [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]] kuma ta zamo mafi girma daga cikin ƙasashen [[Hausa Bakwai]]. Fulani sun mamaye Ƙatsina a lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani]] a shekarar (1807). A shekarar 1903 ne, sarkin Katsina na lokacin Abubakar ɗan Ibrahim ya miƙa wuya ga mulkin Turawa, wadda ta ci gaba har zuwa samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. [[File:Katsina, 1911.png|thumb|Katsina a shekarar 1911]] A lokacin kasuwancin yankunan kusa da Sahara na Afirka, birnin ya kasance mai albarka kuma muhimmin cibiyar kasuwanci, kuma ana ɗaukanta a matsayin mafi shahara ta fuskar cinikayya, kasuwanci da kuma baiwar sarrafe-sarrafe. Matafiyi ɗan kasar Jamus, [[Friedrich Hornemann]] ne bature na farko da ya fara isa birnin a ƙarni na 19. Tarihin birnin dangane da ilimin boko ya samo asali ne tun daga farkon shekarun 1950, a yayin da aka gina makaranta ta matsakaita ta farko a arewacin Najeriya. Akwai manyan makarantu a yanzu wanda suka haɗa da jami'oi guda biyu, [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua]] da kuma ta 'yan kasuwa wato [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]]; sannan kuma akwai politakanik wato [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]] da kuma [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]].Har wayau, birnin gida ne ga shahararren masallacin ƙarni na 18 wato [[Hasumiyar Gobarau]], hasumiya mai tsawon mita 15 (50 ft) wanda aka gina da laka da itacen dabino. ==== Al'amarin Boko Haram na 2020: ==== A cikin watan Disambar shekara na 2020, aka yi [[Garkuwa da yara ɗalibai a Kankara|garkuwa da yara 300 ƴan makaranta a Ƙanƙara]].<ref name=":0">"Nigeria school attack: Hundreds of boys". ''BBC News''. 2020-12-17. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-28.</ref> Amma daga bisani an maido da yara 344 mako ɗaya bayan hakan.<ref name=":0" /> [[Boko Haram|Ƙungiyar Boko Haram]] ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ta aikata hakan, amma jami'ai sun nuna rashin amincewa da hakan kasancewa babu ƙungiyar Boko Haram a yankin. kuma ita jahar katsina ta kasance cikin jerin jahohin nijeria guda talatin da shida 36.<ref>tabbaci gareni</ref> == : == * [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Jami'ar Umaru Musa yar,aduwa Katsina]] (UMYU). * [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]] ( a da Islamic University Katsina). * [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]]. * [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]]. * Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management (KTSITM). * National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). * Cherish Enterprises Institute. * Katsina Community College of Education [Affiliated to Ahmadu Bello University Zaria (A.B.U) suncais ground]. ==Hotunan Manyan wuraren garin Katsina tare da Makarantu:== ==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;== <gallery> File:Umaru Musa Yar'adua, University 01.jpg|thumb|Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT .jpg|thumb|Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management File:Hassan usman katsina polytechnic 15.jpg|thumb|Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic File:Outreach to Alqalam University Katsina.jpg|thumb|AlQalam University Katsina File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|thumb|Federal College of Education, Katsina State </gallery> ==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;== <gallery> File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Kofar Gidan Sarkin Garin Katsina File:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Ofishin Biyan Haraji na Jihar Katsina File:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel Rolling Round About File:The view from peak of Gobarau Minaret.jpg|thumb|Makarantar dake da Hasumiyar Gobarau File:General hospital katsina 01.jpg|thumb|Asibitin Gwamnati na Jihar Katsina File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|Gidan Tarihin Jihar Katsina File:Places in Katsina City 05.jpg|thumb|Babbar Magudanar Ruwa dake Garin Katsina File:Roundabout in Katsina City 01.jpg|Round About na Katsina </gallery> == Labarin ƙasa: == === Yanayi; === Dangane da rabe-raben yanayi na Koppen, Katsina ta faɗa acikin yanayi na zafi wato ''semi-arid climate'', wanda ake rubuta wa a takaice da ''BSh a'' taswirorin yanayi na duniya.<ref>Climate Summary for Katsina.</ref> [[Fayil:Titin Dutsin-ma-road kusa da Central Market Katsina.jpg|thumb|karamar hukumar katsina]] === Ruwan sama; === Akwai ƙarancin ruwan sama a birnin Katsina, babu rikodin na ruwa kwata-kwata a tsakanin watannin Nuwamba zuwa March. {| class="wikitable" |+Jadawalin Ruwan Sama na Birnin Katsina: !S/N !Code !Shekaru !Junairu !Febreru !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Agusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disemba |- |1. |65028 |1990 |0 |0 |0 |0 |29.9 |57.9 |198.8 |220.2 |34.7 |0 |0 |0 |- |2. |65028 |1991 |0 |0 |10.8 |12.2 |73.5 |58.8 |71.5 |109.7 |21.1 |1.4 |0 |0 |- |3. |65028 |1992 |0 |0 |0 |0 |33.6 |19.9 |89.3 |119.4 |70.7 |0.2 |0 |0 |- |4. |65028 |1993 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.5 |42.3 |69 |94.5 |51.7 |0 |0 |0 |- |5. |65028 |1994 |0 |0 |0 |3.1 |12.3 |42.3 |107.9 |174.2 |113.1 |20.3 |0 |0 |- |6. |65028 |1995 |0 |0 |0 |10 |30 |70 |80 |120 |80 |10 |0 |0 |- |7. |65028 |1996 |0 |0 |0 |0 |42.6 |44.5 |38.1 |66.8 |67.8 |0 |0 |0 |- |8. |65028 |1997 |0 |0 |7.2 |9.5 |89.5 |30.4 |91.1 |153.7 |56.5 |8.3 |0 |0 |- |9. |65028 |1998 |0 |0 |0 |10.1 |11.4 |43.4 |114.1 |116.6 |135.2 |0.8 |0 |0 |- |10. |65028 |1999 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.2 |22.4 |149.2 |89.8 |132.3 |18.4 |0 |0 |- |11. |65028 |2000 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1.6 |106.8 |299.9 |160.2 |62.1 |45 |0 |0 |- |12. |65028 |2001 |0 |0 |0 |16.9 |83.9 |110.8 |176 |240.9 |70.6 |0 |0 |0 |- |13. |65028 |2002 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2.9 |141.3 |170.4 |71.3 |199.1 |9.8 |0 |0 |- |14. |65028 |2003 |0 |0 |0 |4 |52.8 |57.2 |118.2 |275.5 |75.1 |16.4 |0 |0 |- |15. |65028 |2004 |0 |0 |0 |0 |74.9 |151.2 |161.1 |268.8 |42 |0 |0 |0 |- |16. |65028 |2005 |0 |0 |0 |14.8 |18.4 |83.2 |173.7 |216.1 |194 |50.4 |0 |0 |- |17. |65028 |2006 |0 |0 |0 |0 |26.1 |69.9 |170.9 |314.9 |129.7 |15 |0 |0 |- |18. |65028 |2007 |0 |0 |0 |6.2 |84.9 |135.2 |117.4 |314.9 |45.5 |0 |0 |0 |- |19. |65028 |2008 |0 |0 |0 |16.6 |8.5 |63.3 |182.9 |213.9 |67.7 |4.2 |0 |0 |- |20. |65028 |2009 |0 |0 |0 |0 |95 |57.9 |96.5 |123.3 |38.3 |29 |0 |0 |- |21. |65028 |2010 |0 |0 |0 |85.6 |8.1 |118.8 |226.1 |448.9 |76.6 |48.6 |0 |0 |- |22. |65028 |2011 |0 |0 |0 |0 |38 |149.2 |116.6 |180.6 |67.3 |8 |0 |0 |- |23. |65028 |2012 |0 |0 |0 |0 |59.5 |135.2 |117.4 |314.9 |129.7 |15 |0 |0 |- |24. |65028 |2013 |0 |0 |0 |42.4 |36.7 |103.2 |89 |274.7 |107.6 |10.2 |0 |0 |- |25. |65028 |2014 |0 |0 |0 |0 |38.1 |39.5 |178.9 |178.7 |46.3 |0 |0 |0 |- |26. |65028 |2015 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |89.1 |178.9 |274.7 |46.3 |9 |0 |0 |- |27. |65028 |2016 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.5 |42.3 |69 |94.5 |59.5 |0 |0 |0 |- |28. |65028 |2017 |0 |0 |0 |10.1 |11.4 |62 |114.1 |16.6 |135.2 |0.8 |0 |0 |- |29. |65028 |2018 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2.9 |141.3 |170.4 |149.7 |199.1 |63.8 |0 |0 |- |30. |65028 |2019 |0 |0 |0 |11.6 |8.1 |118.8 |232.7 |359.1 |98.6 |26.6 |0 |0 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi, Katsina (NiMET) 2021. === Yanayin zafi ko sanyi; === Yanayi na nufin yanayi na zafi ko kuwa yanayin sanyi na wuri ===== Zafi; ===== Katsina na da yanayi na zafi sosai, tare da watan Aprelu a matsayin wata mafi zafi na kimanin 40.8 °C ko kuma 105.4 °F, tare da yanayi na matsakaicin zafi (31.4 °C or 88.5 °F) acikin watan December.<ref>Yu Media Group. "Katsina, Nigeria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2021-08-19.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !S/N !Code !Shekara !Junairu !Febrelu !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Juni !Juli !Augusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !December |- |1. |65028 |1985 |31.7 |29.7 |36.5 |36.5 |38.6 |35.9 |31.6 |31.3 |33.2 |35.5 |33.9 |28.2 |- |2. |65028 |1986 |38.9 |34.7 |37 |40.2 |39.2 |37 |31.5 |31.4 |32.2 |35.4 |33.3 |37.4 |- |3. |65028 |1987 |30.4 |33.6 |36 |37.6 |40.1 |36.6 |35.1 |32.6 |34.4 |35.7 |34.1 |30.1 |- |4. |65028 |1988 |28.4 |32 |36.7 |39 |39.2 |35.3 |31.9 |29.5 |31.9 |34.3 |33.7 |28.5 |- |5. |65028 |1989 |26 |28.4 |35.2 |39.3 |38.3 |36.2 |32.4 |30.9 |32.6 |33.6 |33.6 |29.6 |- |6. |65028 |1990 |32.2 |30.1 |33.5 |39.9 |38.1 |36.7 |31.7 |31.4 |33.9 |36.7 |35.5 |34 |- |7. |65028 |1991 |29.4 |35.9 |35.9 |39 |35.3 |35.1 |31 |30.5 |34.4 |36.4 |33.3 |28.9 |- |8. |65038 |1992 |29.1 |30.1 |36.4 |39 |36.5 |35.6 |31 |30.3 |32.4 |35.7 |31.5 |30.2 |- |9. |65028 |1993 |36.5 |32.5 |36.5 |39.3 |39.3 |36.5 |33.3 |31.5 |33.1 |36.9 |35.5 |29.5 |- |10. |65028 |1994 |29.5 |31.6 |38.2 |38.7 |38.9 |35.4 |31.8 |29.5 |31.4 |34.1 |32.3 |27.4 |- |11. |65028 |1995 |27.7 |31 |38.1 |38.8 |38.3 |36.1 |32.9 |30.9 |32.6 |35.4 |32.2 |31.7 |- |12. |65028 |1996 |32.1 |34.8 |37.6 |39.3 |38.3 |34.5 |33.6 |30.3 |32.3 |35.3 |31.2 |31.8 |- |13. |65028 |1997 |31.3 |28.5 |34.8 |38.3 |36.5 |35.1 |32.4 |31.7 |33.6 |36.5 |35.6 |30.4 |- |14. |65028 |1998 |29.4 |33.5 |33.9 |40.2 |39.3 |35.6 |32.1 |30.8 |31.6 |34.9 |34.9 |30.6 |- |15. |65028 |1999 |30.8 |34 |39 |39.5 |39.3 |38.1 |31.7 |29.5 |31.4 |33.4 |33.2 |29.7 |- |16. |65028 |2000 |31 |28.6 |35.2 |40.5 |39.6 |35.3 |31 |31 |32.9 |33.8 |33.8 |29.6 |- |17. |65028 |2001 |29.3 |30.4 |36.9 |38 |37.8 |34.3 |31.3 |30 |32 |34.8 |33.6 |31.9 |- |18. |65028 |2002 |26.3 |31.6 |37 |39.8 |40.8 |36 |32.5 |31.1 |32.2 |32.4 |33.8 |31 |- |19. |65028 |2003 |34.7 |35.3 |39.6 |39.4 |34.4 |35.6 |31.3 |30.8 |32.8 |33.8 |33.5 |31.7 |- |20. |65028 |2004 |32 |29.9 |40 |39 |36.5 |32 |30 |33 |36 |34 |33.9 |31.9 |- |21 |65028 |2005 |13.4 |19.4 |22 |24 |25.2 |24.2 |22.7 |21.6 |22.3 |20 |16.2 |14 |- |22. |65028 |2006 |15 |18.1 |20 |21.4 |26 |25 |23.2 |22 |22.2 |22 |15 |11.8 |- |23. |65028 |2007 |12.8 |13.6 |18.3 |22.7 |24.4 |23.8 |21.5 |20.3 |20.5 |17.6 |13.3 |10.7 |- |24. |65028 |2008 |9.5 |14.4 |20 |21.2 |23.2 |22.8 |21.1 |19.5 |19.8 |17.5 |13.3 |11.5 |- |25. |65028 |2009 |11.1 |14.2 |19.2 |23.4 |24.2 |22.4 |22.4 |21.1 |22.1 |21.5 |14.6 |13.6 |- |26. |65028 |2010 |14.5 |17 |19.7 |23.8 |23.7 |23.8 |22 |20.7 |21.9 |19.6 |14.3 |14.1 |- |27. |65028 |2011 |13.3 |17.9 |17.5 |22.3 |24.7 |23.8 |20.6 |20.5 |21.2 |21.2 |16.1 |12.2 |- |28. |65028 |2012 |12.6 |16.4 |18.6 |25.4 |26.3 |23.4 |21.3 |20.4 |21.8 |22.1 |19.0 |14.6 |- |29. |65028 |2013 |30.7 |34.3 |39.8 |37.8 |38.8 |35.6 |32.5 |29.9 |32.8 |34.9 |34.9 |31.1 |- |30. |65028 |2014 |30.8 |32.2 |37.5 |39.7 |37.6 |36.6 |33.4 |30.7 |32.5 |35.9 |34.8 |30.7 |- |31. |65028 |2015 |28.2 |35.1 |36.1 |37.5 |40.3 |37.4 |33.4 |33.1 |32.5 |35.9 |33.3 |36.1 |- |32. |65028 |2016 |28.2 |32.5 |38.5 |40.5 |39 |35.1 |32.2 |30.9 |32.3 |36.5 |35.5 |30.7 |- |33. |65028 |2017 |27.8 |31.6 |37.5 |39.5 |39 |34.7 |31.9 |31 |32.9 |35.7 |34.1 |30.2 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina (NiMET), 2021. ==== Sanyi; ==== Watan Janairu shi ne wata mafi sanyi a Katsina tare da kimanin 14.7 °C or 58.5 °F. {| class="wikitable" !S/N !Code !Shekara !Junairu !Febrelu !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Juni !Juli !Augusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !December |- |1. |65028 |1985 |16 |14.7 |22.6 |24.2 |26.7 |24.4 |22.2 |22.2 |22.6 |21 |17.5 |14.7 |- |2. |65028 |1986 |12.7 |18 |23.4 |26.2 |26.6 |25.2 |21.9 |21.8 |22.2 |20.8 |17.9 |12.8 |- |3. |65028 |1987 |13.1 |16.7 |21.4 |22.3 |25.2 |24.9 |23.9 |22.6 |23.6 |22.5 |17.5 |14.5 |- |4. |65028 |1988 |14.4 |16.4 |21.6 |26.6 |24.5 |24.5 |22.7 |21.2 |22.3 |19.6 |16.2 |13.5 |- |5. |65028 |1989 |11.1 |13.8 |18.9 |23.1 |25.1 |24.4 |22.2 |21.7 |22.8 |20.6 |15.8 |13.8 |- |6. |65028 |1990 |15.5 |14.3 |17 |25.7 |25.7 |25.1 |22.4 |25.8 |23.4 |21 |18.1 |17.4 |- |7. |65028 |1991 |13.7 |18.9 |21.7 |25.5 |24.5 |24.4 | | | | |16.2 |12.6 |- |8. |65028 |1992 |12.5 |13.9 |21.9 |24.4 |25.1 |23.7 |21.4 |21.1 |21.6 |20.3 |16.5 |12.7 |- |9. |65028 |1993 |11.3 |15 |19.7 |22.7 |24.9 |23.1 |21.1 |20.7 |21.1 |20.5 |17.5 |12.5 |- |10. |65028 |1994 |12.5 |13.5 |19.5 |23.7 |24.2 |22.1 |20 |19.1 |19.6 |20.7 |13.5 |10.5 |- |11. |65028 |1995 |11.2 |13 |19.1 |22.7 |23.5 |22.2 |20.5 |19.4 |19.7 |19.8 |14 |12.4 |- |12. |65028 |1996 |11.4 |14.2 |18.7 |20.8 |22.3 |20.6 |20 |18.8 |19 |18.7 |11.8 |12.2 |- |13. |65028 |1997 |14 |14.1 |21.1 |24.7 |24.6 |24 |22.9 |22.3 |23.1 |23.5 |18.9 |14.2 |- |14. |65028 |1998 |13.7 |17.5 |18.6 |25.8 |27.7 |24.5 |23.1 |21.8 |22.3 |21.3 |16.9 |13.3 |- |15. |65028 |1999 |12.6 |16 |20.2 |23.1 |24.7 |24.1 |20.8 |20.4 |20.7 |19 |15.1 |11.3 |- |16. |65028 |2000 |13 |11.2 |16.7 |19 |24.3 |23.5 |21 |21 |21.9 |19.9 |14.1 |11 |- |17. |65028 |2001 |20.2 |12.6 |16.5 |23 |24.6 |23.2 |22 |21 |21.9 |19.7 |14.6 |12.8 |- |18. |65028 |2002 |11.7 |13.5 |20 |25.6 |26 |24 |22.1 |21.9 |22.3 |19.8 |13.9 |12.8 |- |19. |65028 |2003 |16.5 |18.6 |24.4 |24 |23.6 |23.5 |22.2 |22.1 |22.5 |19.9 |14.5 |12.5 |- |20. |65028 |2004 |16 |17.5 |25 |25 |24.2 |22 |21 |22 |20 |17 |14.7 |12.3 |- |21 |65028 |2005 |13.4 |19.4 |22 |24 |25.2 |24.2 |22.7 |21.6 |22.3 |20 |16.2 |14 |- |22 |65028 |2006 |15 |18.1 |20 |21.4 |26 |25 |23.2 |22 |22.2 |22 |15 |11.8 |- |23. |65028 |2007 |12.8 |13.6 |18.3 |22.7 |24.4 |23.8 |21.5 |20.3 |20.5 |17.6 |13.3 |10.7 |- |24. |65028 |2008 |9.5 |14.4 |20 |21.2 |23.2 |22.8 |21.1 |19.5 |19.8 |17.5 |13.3 |11.5 |- |25. |65028 |2009 |11.1 |14.2 |19.2 |23.4 |24.2 |22.4 |22.4 |21.1 |21.1 |21.5 |14.6 |13.6 |- |26. |65028 |2010 |14.5 |17 |19.7 |23.8 |23.7 |23.8 |22 |20.7 |21.9 |19.6 |14.3 |14.1 |- |27. |65028 |2011 |13.3 |17.9 |17.5 |22.3 |24.7 |23.8 |20.6 |20.5 |21.2 |21.2 |16.1 |12.2 |- |28. |65028 |2012 |12.6 |16.4 |18.6 |25.4 |26.3 |23.4 |21.3 |20.4 |21.8 |22.1 |19.0 |14.6 |- |29. |65028 |2013 |14.3 |15.8 |22.1 |23.4 |24.3 |22.7 |21.9 |21 |22.3 |20.9 |18.3 |15.9 |- |30. |65028 |2014 |14.3 |16.7 |21.7 |25.8 |25.8 |26.7 |24.2 |22.1 |22.3 |20.7 |18.2 |14.2 |- |31. |65028 |2015 |12.3 |18.1 |20.8 |22.2 |26.6 |24.8 |22.7 | |22.3 |23.3 |17.6 |13.3 |- |32. |65028 |2016 |13.5 |16.5 |24.2 |27.1 |26.8 |24.9 |23.2 |22.2 |22 |22.3 |18.7 |13.1 |- |33. |65028 |2017 |13.4 |16.4 |19.9 |25 |27.1 |24.8 |23.1 |22.4 |23.1 |19.9 |16.6 |15.4 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina, (NiMET) 2021 ==Sanannun Mutane;== *[[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Fulani Al-Kishwani]] == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Palace of Katsina Emirate 05.jpg|palace of katsina File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|National museum Katsina state File:General Hospital Katsina 02.jpg|Katsina General Hospital File:Roundabout in Katsina City 02.jpg|katsina roundabout File:Cheryl Francisconi at Katsina Hospital.jpg|Cheryl Francisconi in Katsina File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|Gidan Sarkin katsina File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|Taswirar jahar katsina File:KSITM KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT.jpg|alt= File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|alt= File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|alt= File:Kofar Kwaya katsina state 02.jpg|alt= </gallery> == Demografi a Jihar Katsina == '''Demografi''' na nufin bincike ko nazari kan yawan jama’a, rabonsu ta jinsi, shekaru, addini, harshe, da ayyukan tattalin arziki. A Jihar '''Katsina''', demografi yana da muhimmanci wajen tsara ci gaban al’umma, ilimi, lafiya, da tsare-tsaren gwamnati. == Yawan Jama’a == A cewar kididdigar hukumar ƙididdiga ta ƙasa [[National Population Commission (NPC)]], Jihar Katsina tana da fiye da '''8.3 miliyan''' a ƙidayar shekara ta 2023, kuma ana sa ran yawan zai karu zuwa sama da '''9 miliyan''' a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. == Rabe-raben Jama’a == * **Maza:** kusan kashi 51% * **Mata:** kusan kashi 49% * **Matasa:** fiye da rabin jama’ar jihar suna ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda ke nuna cewa Katsina tana da matasa da yawa. * **Tsofaffi:** kashi 4–5% suna da shekaru sama da 60. == Addini == Yawancin jama’ar Jihar Katsina Musulmai ne, sai kuma ƙananan kabilu masu bin Kiristanci da wasu addinai na gargajiya. == Harsuna == Harshe mafi rinjaye a Katsina shi ne [[Hausa language|Hausa]], amma akwai kuma Fulfulde (na Fulani), da Turanci wanda ake amfani da shi a makarantu da hukumomi. == Kabilu == * Hausawa (mafi rinjaye) * Fulani * Gobirawa, Daurawa, Kurfayawa, da sauran ƙabilun ƙanana. == Ilimi == Katsina tana da makarantu da yawa daga firamare har zuwa jami’a. Mafi shahara daga cikin su sune: * [[Umaru Musa Yar’adua University (UMYU)]] * [[Federal University Dutsin-Ma (FUDMA)]] * [[Katsina State Polytechnic]] * Makarantu da sakandire masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati da dama. == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin Katsina ya dogara ne da: * Noma (irin su masara, gero, wake, da auduga) * Kiwo (shanu, awaki, da tumaki) * Sana’o’in hannu (ƙira, zane, da saka) * Ciniki a kasuwanni kamar Dutsin-ma, Daura, da Katsina. == Matsaloli da Kalubale == * Karuwar yawan jama’a ba tare da wadatattun ayyukan yi ba. * Matsalar rashin isasshen ruwa da lafiyar muhalli. * Kauracewar matasa zuwa manyan birane domin neman aiki. == Kammalawa == Demografi a Jihar Katsina na nuna cewa jihar na da matasa da yawa, kuma tana da damar ci gaba idan aka tsara tsare-tsaren ilimi da tattalin arziki yadda ya kamata. == Manazarta == * [[National Population Commission (Nigeria)]] * [[National Bureau of Statistics]] * Rahotanni daga [[United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)] {{reflist}} {{Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Katsina}} jihar katsina tana da kananan hukuma 34 gp846q8w2mln5dpm0m3ie7m2adxvpgm 0 3976 868945 859192 2026-06-26T21:41:07Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355247938|Volos]]" 868945 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Volos''' / / ˈvɒlɒs / ; Girkanci Greek {{IPA|el|ˈvolos|}} ) birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa a bakin teku a Thessaly wanda ke tsakiyar babban yankin Girka, kimanin {{Convert|330|km|0}} a arewacin [[Athens]] da kuma {{Convert|220|km|0}} a kudu da Thessaloniki . Ita ce babban birnin yankin Magnesia na yankin Thessaly. Volos kuma ita ce kawai hanyar shiga teku daga Thessaly, babban yankin noma na ƙasar. Tare da yawan jama'a 85,803 (2021), birnin muhimmin cibiyar masana'antu ne, kuma tashar jiragen ruwansa tana ba da "gada" tsakanin Turai da Asiya. Volos ita ce sabuwar biranen tashar jiragen ruwa ta Girka, inda aka gina manyan gine-gine na zamani bayan girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani a shekarar 1955. Ya haɗa da ƙananan hukumomin Volos, da Iolkos, da kuma ƙananan al'ummomin yankunan karkara . Tattalin arzikin birnin ya dogara ne akan masana'antu, kasuwanci, ayyuka da yawon buɗe ido. Birnin yana nan a Jami'ar Thessaly, kuma yana ba da kayan aiki don tarurruka, nune-nunen wasanni da manyan tarukan al'adu da kimiyya. Volos ya halarci Gasar Olympics ta 2004, kuma tun daga lokacin birnin ya ɗauki nauyin wasu tarukan wasanni, kamar Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Turai . Volos ya karɓi baƙuncin Gasar Olympics ta Duniya ta 7 kan Taurari da Taurari daga 27 ga Yuli zuwa 5 ga Agusta 2013. == Wuri == An gina shi a tsakiyar Tekun Pagasetic da kuma a ƙasan Dutsen Pilio ( Pelion, ƙasar Centaurs ). Birnin ya bazu a fili a ƙasan Dutsen Pelion, yana iyaka da garin Agria a gabas da Nea Anchialos a kudu maso yamma. Karamar hukumar Volos ta haɗa da garuruwan biyu, tare da ƙauyuka da yawa da ke kusa, ciki har da Makrinitsa da Portaria . Volos babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta kasuwanci ta babban yankin Girka a cikin tekun Aegean (bayan Piraeus da Thessaloniki), tare da haɗin jirgin ruwa da hydrofoil zuwa Tsibirin Sporades da ke kusa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Skiathos, Skopelos da Alonissos . Akwai kuma hanyoyin haɗi zuwa Lemnos, Lesbos, Chios da Skyros . == Manazarta == 4mewhknkbysdlmkdm8ktuctblj5lxt0 0 6644 868853 822778 2026-06-26T19:03:58Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356747594|Olusegun Obasanjo]]" 868853 wikitext text/x-wiki Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018. An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban. A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6k6h1pyixf5gofgze3npdevbyhbh4ut 868854 868853 2026-06-26T19:04:27Z Sardeeq 39275 868854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018. An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban. A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 995hcyc3zy3gq5lb6kv1k9pqmfdzg3a 868856 868854 2026-06-26T19:06:18Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban. A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oq56htwiwq1f34547llydi89tfxhk3u 868857 868856 2026-06-26T19:06:43Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban. A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1h7gs5afe1k4kom83tlu5vyh6p6zpu0 868858 868857 2026-06-26T19:07:12Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban. A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pbnkr0puh7iphai09bm3hw0ess7qhk9 868859 868858 2026-06-26T19:09:46Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban. A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pieca96r2an2y6rv5cy0xlo666hxvr4 868860 868859 2026-06-26T19:10:16Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban. A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4u935n85z45cfny1tvrw1hycanbjsig 868861 868860 2026-06-26T19:10:44Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban. A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2xemvfyf6zdd025ui00ilubxgcumd9v 868862 868861 2026-06-26T19:33:38Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] otq8i6poanbahyws58g44gg2pz36mlf 868863 868862 2026-06-26T19:34:05Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mjplycfv49qpt0gufx5668akygr1p27 868864 868863 2026-06-26T19:34:44Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cljndqtc10gxiyfrtlzcdkkazjnoeaa 868865 868864 2026-06-26T19:35:08Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sqqwe8nn518jl6t1wfqgtpzap0b196q 868866 868865 2026-06-26T19:35:35Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s6gfcqamyn135uwbnq1hq0fhs63agyd 868867 868866 2026-06-26T19:36:06Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r2cgjl1rsr1ou2gngiu1aqawhsdb82m 868868 868867 2026-06-26T19:37:57Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rbf1kotpsdgjojlpknegkbb2z4v67dr 868869 868868 2026-06-26T19:38:32Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7xfjfn32lmbpg2v0v9cj4ftsu9hvpbm 868870 868869 2026-06-26T19:39:07Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari]] . Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 59e2f72lpo5o6ie6fuqh7c1ingplvke 868871 868870 2026-06-26T19:40:08Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pklwvvkcw3hj0d8e3kj6nuufqyutj28 868872 868871 2026-06-26T19:41:06Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4lo9745q51o7loi697ypg7v268chp6k 868873 868872 2026-06-26T19:41:47Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ot3v3dfu32k3rzlhx2r1g9v0npbgbr 868874 868873 2026-06-26T19:44:35Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8mcm6gwj17unpso2ezzmfijlqbaucwk 868875 868874 2026-06-26T19:45:03Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d3l3xojpw7zf3pjwjzrsjtrq35pst4c 868876 868875 2026-06-26T19:45:30Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 600db01b5962w0u0vtb6cfjj9hw9rtj 868877 868876 2026-06-26T19:48:46Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1r4472894f362m5u4dku6vqjshwo5do 868878 868877 2026-06-26T19:49:17Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 27x0vx0ha9qh3jj384u3muj55ysjyk9 868879 868878 2026-06-26T19:49:56Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6mq2kt1kr2zyi81bbx1h9tqsmahurit 869070 868879 2026-06-27T04:08:29Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4jtu8cgze6x8bf6t0rrdieb9kxha0bk 869071 869070 2026-06-27T04:08:59Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aosija4lb46gi3w5goh0ojy9dt5l0y6 869072 869071 2026-06-27T04:09:29Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9u9roh52ynkofrj28t16q544brji45v 869074 869072 2026-06-27T04:10:08Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m6q1x3brpyu0sdb7cdofklklvb2pgba 869075 869074 2026-06-27T04:10:40Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 50nfa3c5lrrhnsq00n4ksgznjwoh8n0 869076 869075 2026-06-27T04:11:20Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hkwuz3feo9xgidxwuc7w41rchdbapua 869077 869076 2026-06-27T04:13:01Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jbt9tlo96m84q6nn4sbtauzbxd4fvnh 869078 869077 2026-06-27T04:13:35Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mnqqzbq8r5bln5bfpw24cn95yl31yel 869079 869078 2026-06-27T04:14:17Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iywife7az2nls8ugmdx9l1oxzyawj18 869080 869079 2026-06-27T04:14:49Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] erie06xzvujuif5ej5tl9dla2b4az8h 869081 869080 2026-06-27T04:15:15Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] es1mij7delc9ep39pl7xbiewtxk4arx 869082 869081 2026-06-27T04:15:53Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3qqaa4est05dxsgbklbgqe1bbbdek6q 869190 869082 2026-06-27T08:49:06Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 34dqp96gwik1ngy51cmzam68ijc48ov 869191 869190 2026-06-27T08:49:32Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4isoop7ybxubgogyyhzyxwbzva4nzxy 869192 869191 2026-06-27T08:49:58Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8dzsr5mejop6gn4n7qv7wsylilo77io 869193 869192 2026-06-27T08:51:10Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2tmjgsezzcftu8vwe3qwtfoas4fpkj7 869194 869193 2026-06-27T08:51:33Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2hld7f3l0kjjr3g64t2beq83gjdu435 869195 869194 2026-06-27T08:51:57Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rhkqy3y8acc1dci5q0lav9wlbrbitx3 869196 869195 2026-06-27T08:53:20Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] khcacezxge3xjzwucnd0r9vm7jz1zc0 869197 869196 2026-06-27T08:53:53Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1j4qtn1sybwx2fj55xbyaisjr1ed4kx 869199 869197 2026-06-27T08:54:20Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ktsamn0aaesc86tdifu506a3nbz2xj1 869200 869199 2026-06-27T08:55:54Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jotr3n72uwjzdj74oq6j78972xzyvzn 869201 869200 2026-06-27T08:56:35Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hwuw5h4w4eqw4xuyiq63riavfbn115x 869202 869201 2026-06-27T08:57:05Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 869202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chief '''Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo''' GCFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/nigeria-e.pdf |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ( // ⓘ ; Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́|}} An haife shi {{Circa}} 5 ga Maris 1937) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma tsohon janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sojan Najeriya daga 1976 zuwa 1979 sannan daga baya ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugabanta]] daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A ra'ayinsa ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Najeriya, ya kasance memba na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) daga 1998 zuwa 2015, kuma tun 2018.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 8; Adeolu 2017, p. 4.</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, p. 74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17; Derfler 2011, p. 74</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 29.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 29–30.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 30.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 78.</ref> An haife shi a ƙauyen Ibogun-Olaogun, dangin manoma na reshen Owu na [[Yarbawa]], Obasanjo ya yi karatu sosai a [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ya shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Najeriya]] kuma ya ƙware a fannin injiniyanci kuma ya yi aiki a Kongo, [[Birtaniya]], da [[Indiya]], inda ya kai matsayin Manjo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da 'yan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]], inda ya karɓi miƙa wuyansu a 1970. A shekarar 1975, [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|wani juyin mulki na soja]] ya kafa gwamnatin soja tare da Obasanjo a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkinta na nasara. Bayan an kashe shugaban triumvirate, [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], a shekara mai zuwa, [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|Majalisar Koli ta Soja]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council". www.interactioncouncil.org. Retrieved 1 February 2025.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 23; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 41.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 42; Derfler 2011, p. 79</ref> ta naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Ci gaba da manufofin Murtala, Obasanjo ya kula da rage kasafin kuɗi da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimin makaranta kyauta. Yana ƙara haɗa Najeriya da Amurka, ya kuma jaddada goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da mulkin tsirarun fararen fata a kudancin Afirka. Bayan da ya kuduri aniyar dawo da dimokuradiyya, Obasanjo ya jagoranci [[Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1979|zaben 1979]], bayan haka ya mika ragamar mulkin Najeriya ga sabon shugaban farar hula da aka zaba, [[Shehu Shagari|Shehu Shagari.]]<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 12.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 12–13; Derfler 2011, p. 73</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 13.</ref> Daga nan Obasanjo ya yi ritaya zuwa [[Ota, Ogun]], inda ya zama manomi, ya buga littattafai guda hudu, sannan ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen Afirka daban-daban.<ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 7; Derfler 2011, p. 72</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 72; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 9; Derfler 2011, p. 73; Adeolu 2017, p. 5.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 10; Derfler 2011, p. 73.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 14</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 15.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 16; Derfler 2011, pp. 73–74.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 25; Derfler 2011, p. 76.</ref> A shekarar 1993, [[Sani Abacha]] ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki na soja. Obasanjo ya fito fili ya soki gwamnatin Abacha kuma a shekarar 1995 aka kama shi aka kuma same shi da laifin kasancewa cikin wani juyin mulki da aka shirya, duk da cewa bai aikata laifin da ake zarginsa da shi ba. Yayin da yake tsare, ya zama Kirista mai sake haifuwa, tare da ra'ayin raba iko ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayinsa na duniya. An sake shi bayan mutuwar Abacha a 1998. Obasanjo ya shiga siyasar zabe, inda ya zama dan takarar PDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 1999, wanda ya lashe. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya cire siyasa daga harkokin soja kuma ya fadada 'yan sanda tare da tattara sojoji don yaki da tashe-tashen hankulan kabilanci, addini, da kuma ballewa. Ya janye [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|sojojin Najeriya daga Sierra Leone]] kuma ya sayar da kamfanoni daban-daban na gwamnati don takaita basussukan kasar da ke karuwa. An sake zabensa a zaben 2003. Saboda ra'ayoyin [[Pan-Africanism]], ya kasance mai goyon bayan kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Yunkurin Obasanjo na canza kundin tsarin mulki don kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba kuma ya jawo suka. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tauhidi daga [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegbite |first=Charles Segun |date=16 December 2017 |title=At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology |url=https://successfulpeoplemagazine.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/at-80years-obasanjo-bags-ph-d-in-theology/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Successful People's World |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 39</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 17.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 20.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 24.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 26–27.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 28.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 31.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 31–32.</ref> An bayyana Obasanjo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙarni na biyu na shugabannin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka . Ya sami yabo kan yadda ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da Najeriya ta yi zuwa ga [[dimokuradiyya ta wakilci]] a shekarun 1970 da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa a faɗin nahiyar. Masu suka sun dage cewa yana da laifin cin hanci da rashawa, cewa gwamnatocinsa sun kula da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa ya fara sha'awar haɗa kai da kuma riƙe ikonsa na kashin kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} Biography, Age, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 21.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 21–22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 22.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 25–26.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 41–42.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Mahaifin Olusegun Obasanjo Obasanjo Bankole yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara zama kuma ubannin da suka kafa ƙauyen Igbogun Olaogun a farkon shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa manomi ne mai arziki kuma mai sana'ar giyar dabino, ana ɗaukarsa talaka ne saboda ba ya cikin manyan mutane masu ilimi a [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] . Bankole ya haɗu da Bernice Ashabi, wani ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a Igbogun kuma dukansu sun yi aure. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka rage daga cikin shida: Olusegun da Adunni Oluwola, 'yar'uwarsa tilo. {{Sfn|Adeolu|2017}} A cewar fasfo ɗinsa, an haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a ranar 5 ga Maris 1937 duk da cewa babu wani tarihi na zamani kuma kwanan wata kusan kiyasi ne. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Olusegun ya fito ne daga Masarautar Owu . An rene shi a matsayin Baptist . Daga baya 'yar'uwarsa ta [[Musulunci|musulunta]] domin ta auri wani mutum Musulmi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yana da shekara 11, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta ƙauyen, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma bayan shekaru uku, a 1951, ya koma Makarantar Ranar Baptist a unguwar Owu ta [[Abeokuta]] . [ 11 ] A 1952 ya koma [[Baptist Boys' High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Baptist Boys]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} president of Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olusegun-Obasanjo |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> shi ma a garin. Kuɗaɗen makarantarsa wani ɓangare ne na tallafin gwamnati. [ 13 ] Obasanjo ya yi kyau a fannin ilimi, [ 14 ] kuma a makaranta ya zama ƙwararren ɗan Scout . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da hannu a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} a makarantar sakandare ne Obasanjo ya ƙi sunan farko na "Matthew" a matsayin wani aikin adawa da mulkin mallaka . [ 16 ] A halin yanzu, mahaifin Obasanjo ya yi watsi da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. [ 17 ] Bayan da ya faɗa cikin talauci, mahaifiyar Obasanjo ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwanci don ta rayu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Domin biyan kuɗin makarantarsa, Obasanjo ya yi aiki a gonakin koko da kola, ya yi kamun kifi, ya tattara itacen wuta, sannan ya sayar wa masu gini yashi. A lokacin hutun makaranta, ya kuma yi aiki a makarantar, yana sare ciyawa da sauran ayyukan hannu. [ 18 ] A shekarar 1956, Obasanjo ya yi jarrabawar makarantar sakandare, bayan ya ranci kuɗi don biyan kuɗin shiga. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan shekarar, ya fara soyayya da [[Esther Oluremi Obasanjo|Oluremi Akinlawon]], 'yar Owu ga wani babban jami'in tashar jirgin ƙasa. An yi musu alkawari za su yi aure a shekarar 1958. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma [[Ibadan]], inda ya yi aikin koyarwa. A can, ya zauna don jarrabawar shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan]], amma duk da cewa ya ci nasara, ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗin makaranta ba. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan Obasanjo ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula, kuma don samun damar shiga wannan sana'a, a shekarar 1958 ya amsa wani tallan horar da jami'in sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. [ 21 ] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja (1958–1966) == === Horar da sojoji: 1958–1959 === A watan Maris na shekarar 1958, Obasanjo ya shiga rundunar sojin Najeriya. [ 23 ] Ya ga hakan a matsayin wata dama ta ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da yake samun albashi; {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} bai sanar da iyalansa nan take ba, yana tsoron cewa iyayensa za su ƙi amincewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A wannan lokacin ne aka mayar da [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] zuwa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya, a shirye-shiryen samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Najeriya, kuma an yi yunƙurin shigar da ƙarin 'yan asalin Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na rundunar sojinta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jami'ai ta Kullum da ke [[Teshie]] a [[Ghana]] . [ 23 ] Lokacin da aka tura shi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ya aika wa amaryarsa wasiƙu da kyaututtuka a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1958, an zaɓe shi don ƙarin horo na watanni shida a Makarantar Cadet ta Mons Officer da ke Aldershot, kudancin [[Ingila]] . Obasanjo bai so hakan a can ba, yana ganin cewa cibiyar ta kasance ta aji da [[wariyar launin fata]], kuma ya ga yana da wahala ya daidaita da yanayin sanyi da danshi na Ingila. [ 26 ] Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa marasa kyau game da [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da kuma 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka a kan mutanen da ta mamaye. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} A ranar Litinin, ya sami kwamiti da takardar shaidar injiniya. Yayin da Obasanjo yake Ingila, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan shekara guda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1959, Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya. A can, aka tura shi [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a matsayin wani soja mai kula da rundunar sojojin ƙasa tare da Bataliyar Biyar. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Lokacin da ya yi a Kaduna shi ne karo na farko da Obasanjo ya zauna a yankin da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da yake can, a watan Oktoban 1960, Najeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> === Rikicin Congo: 1960–1961 === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an aika da Bataliya ta Biyar zuwa Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . A can, an kafa bataliya a Lardin Kivu, tare da hedikwatarsu a [[Bukavu]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A Kongo, Obasanjo da wasu suna da alhakin kare fararen hula, gami da ƙabilar tsiraru ta Belgium, daga [[1960 Sojojin Jama'a|sojojin da suka yi tawaye]] ga gwamnatin [[Patrice Lumumba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Fabrairun 1961, masu tawaye sun kama Obasanjo yayin da yake kwashe masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] daga wani tasha kusa da Bukavu. Masu tawaye sun yi tunanin kashe shi amma an umarce su da su sake shi. A watan Mayun 1961, Bataliya ta Biyar ta bar Kongo ta koma Najeriya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin rikicin, an naɗa shi kyaftin na wucin gadi. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} Daga baya ya lura cewa lokacin da aka yi a Kongo ya ƙarfafa "zafin Pan-African" na bataliyarsa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Dawowa daga Kongo: 1961–1966 === Da dawowarsa, Obasanjo ya sayi motarsa ta farko, {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti na ɗan lokaci saboda ciwon ciki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da ya warke, aka mayar da shi zuwa Rundunar Injiniyan Sojoji. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1962 aka tura shi aiki a Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojoji ta Royal a Ingila. [ 30 ] A can, ya yi fice kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Commonwealth da aka taɓa samu". [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, ya biya Akinlawon don tafiya zuwa Landan inda za ta iya shiga wani kwas na horo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Yunin 1963 a Ofishin Rijistar Kore na Camberwell, suna sanar da iyalansu ne kawai bayan taron. [ 31 ] A wannan shekarar, an ba Obasanjo umarnin komawa Najeriya, kodayake matarsa ta ci gaba da zama a Landan na tsawon shekaru uku don kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Da zarar ya isa Najeriya, Obasanjo ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Injiniyan Field da ke Kaduna. [ 33 ] A cikin aikin soja, Obasanjo ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin manyan mukamai, inda ya zama babban jami'i a shekarar 1965. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya yi amfani da kudin shigarsa wajen sayen filaye, a farkon shekarun 1960 yana samun kadarori a Ibadan, Kaduna, da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1965, an tura Obasanjo zuwa Indiya. A kan hanyarsa, ya ziyarci matarsa a Landan. A [[Indiya]], ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]] da ke Wellington sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da ke [[Pune|Poona]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya yi mamakin yunwar da ya gani a Indiya duk da cewa ya nuna sha'awar al'adun kasar, wani abu da ya karfafa masa gwiwa ya karanta littattafai kan addini mai kama da juna . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya == === Aikin kafin Yaƙin Basasa: 1966–1967 === Obasanjo ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun 1966 domin ya gano kasar tana tsakiyar [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin soja]] wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] ya jagoranta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo yana cikin wadanda suka yi gargadin cewa lamarin na iya rikidewa zuwa yakin basasa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya bayar da shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin masu shirya juyin mulkin da gwamnatin farar hula, wacce ta mika mulki ga Babban Kwamandan Soja [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da juyin mulkin ya gaza, Olusegun ya hadu da Ironsi a Legas. Ba da daɗewa ba Ironsi ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya a Najeriya ta hanyar dokar hadin kan kasa a watan Mayun 1966, wani abu da ya tayar da rikicin kabilanci. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ƙarshen watan Yuli, [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|an sake yin juyin mulki na biyu]] . A Ibadan, sojoji 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya sun yi tawaye suka kashe Ironsi, sannan suka kashe sojoji kusan ɗari biyu galibi daga Kudancin Najeriya. Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya karbi mulki. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A lokacin da ake wannan juyin mulki, Obasanjo yana [[Maiduguri]] . Jin labarin, sai ya koma Kaduna da sauri. A can, ya gano cewa sojojin arewa daga Bataliya ta Uku suna tattara sojoji, suna azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]], [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], ya fahimci cewa duk da cewa Olusegun ba Igbo ba ne, a matsayinsa na ɗan kudu, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari daga sojojin da suka yi tawaye. Domin kare su, Katsina ta mayar da Olusegun da matarsa Maiduguri na tsawon kwanaki goma, yayin da tashin hankalin ya ragu. Bayan haka, Obasanjo ya aika matarsa zuwa Legas yayin da yake komawa Kaduna da kansa, inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu 1967. A wannan lokacin shi ne babban jami'in Yarabawa mafi girma a arewa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Janairun 1967, an tura Obasanjo aiki zuwa Legas a matsayin Babban Injiniyan Sojoji. [ 40 ] Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun Igbo da na arewa ya ci gaba da karuwa, kuma a watan Mayu jami'in soja na Igbo [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga yankunan da Igbo ke da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, inda ya kafa [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] . [ 41 ] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura Obasanjo zuwa Ibadan don yin aiki a matsayin kwamandan [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . [ 42 ] Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Sojojin Najeriya da 'yan awaren Biafra ya barke a ranar 6 ga Yuli. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Ojukwu ta aika da rundunar sojojin Biafra a kan gadar Niger a wani yunƙuri na kwace yankin Mid-West, wani wuri da za ta iya kai hari a Lagos. Obasanjo ya nemi toshe hanyoyin da ke kaiwa birnin. Kwamandan Yarbawa Victor Banjo, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar hare-haren Biafra, ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Obasanjo ya bar su su wuce, amma ya ƙi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} === Umarnin Yaƙin Basasa: 1967–1970 === [[Fayil:Colonel_Olu_Obasanjo_-_ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|"Kanar Olu Obasanjo, Kwamanda, sashe na 3". ''Sabuwar Jaridar Najeriya'', shafi na 7, 12 Janairu 1970. Ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Najeriya da Biafra.]] Daga nan aka naɗa Obasanjo a matsayin kwamandan baya na Rukunin Biyu na [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], wanda ke aiki a Tsakiyar Yamma. Obasanjo da ke zaune a Ibadan ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an samar da kayayyaki ga Rukunin Biyu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A cikin birnin, Obasanjo ya koyar da wani kwas a fannin kimiyyar soja a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya gina abokan hulɗarsa a cikin manyan Yarabawa. A lokacin yaƙin, an sami tashin hankali a cikin jama'a a Jihar Yamma, kuma don guje wa alhakin waɗannan batutuwa, Obasanjo ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Yamma. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yayin da Obasanjo yake nesa da Ibadan a watan Nuwamba na 1968, mazauna ƙauyen da [[Agbekoya|ƙungiyar manoma ta Agbekoya]] ta tattara makamai sun kai hari kan zauren birnin Ibadan. Sojoji sun yi ramuwar gayya, inda suka kashe goma daga cikin masu tayar da zaune tsaye. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya dawo, ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da suka faru. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gowon ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin Kanar [[Benjamin Adekunle]], wanda ke jagorantar harin Biafra, amma yana buƙatar wani babban Ba’arabiye. Ya zaɓi Obasanjo, duk da rashin ƙwarewar yaƙi na baya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya isa [[Port Harcourt]] don ɗaukar sabon matsayin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1969; yanzu yana kula da sojoji tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 40,000. Ya shafe makonni shida na farko yana yaƙi da harin Biafra a [[Aba]] . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya zagaya kowane ɓangare na fagen daga, kuma ya ji rauni yayin da yake yin hakan. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya sami suna na jarumtaka a tsakanin sojojinsa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olusegun Obasanjo {{!}} InterAction Council |url=https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.interactioncouncil.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/olusegun-obasanjo "Olusegun Obasanjo | InterAction Council"]. ''www.interactioncouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba, Obasanjo ya ƙaddamar da [[Operation Finishing Touch]], yana ba da umarnin sojojinsa su ci gaba zuwa [[Umuahia]], wanda suka yi a [[Kirsimeti|ranar Kirsimeti]] . Wannan ya rage Biafra gida biyu. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1970, sai ya ƙaddamar da Operation Tail-Wind, inda ya kama filin jirgin saman Uli a ranar 12 ga Janairu. A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Biafra sun amince su miƙa wuya. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Obasanjo ya gana da kwamandan sojojin Biafra Philip Effiong . {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Obasanjo ya dage cewa sojojin Biafra su mika makamansu kuma wasu daga cikin shugabannin jihar da ta balle suka tafi Legas suka mika wuya ga Gowon a hukumance. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Washegari, Obasanjo ya yi magana a rediyon yankin, yana kira ga 'yan kasa da su zauna a gidajensu kuma su tabbatar da tsaronsu. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Yawancin 'yan Biafra da kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje sun ji tsoron cewa Sojojin Najeriya za su aikata munanan ayyuka a kan mutanen da aka kayar, kodayake Obasanjo yana son hana hakan. Ya umarci sojojinsa da ke yankin da su ci gaba da zama a cikin barikokinsu, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan yankin ya kamata su dauki alhakin bin doka da oda. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} [[3rd Armoured Division (Nijeriya)|Rundunar Soja ta Uku]], wacce ta fi zama a ware, ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan mutanen yankin. Obasanjo ya yi tsauri kan wadanda suka aikata laifin satar mutane, sannan ya harbi wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Gwamnatin Gowon ta sa Obasanjo ya dauki alhakin sake hada Biafra cikin Najeriya, wanda a wannan matsayi ya sami girmamawa saboda jaddada girman kai. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya jaddada dawo da samar da ruwa; zuwa watan Mayu na 1970 dukkan manyan garuruwan yankin sun sake hadewa da samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Matsayin Obasanjo wajen kawo karshen yakin ya sanya shi gwarzon yaki kuma sanannen mutum a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. {{Sfn|Derfler|2011}} === Aikin bayan Yaƙin Basasa: 1970–1975 === A watan Yunin 1970, Obasanjo ya koma Abeokuta, inda jama'a suka tarbe shi a matsayin gwarzon da ya dawo. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Daga nan aka tura shi Legas a matsayin Birgediya Janar na jagorantar Rundunar Injiniyoyi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A watan Oktoba, Gowon ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin soja za ta mika iko ga gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1976. A halin yanzu, haramcin jam'iyyun siyasa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rundunar sojoji; Gowon bai yi wani ci gaba ba wajen kafa gwamnatin farar hula. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A karkashin gwamnatin soja, Obasanjo ya zauna a kwamitin sallamar sojoji wanda ya ba da shawarar rage yawan sojoji a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1970. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1974 Obasanjo ya tafi Burtaniya don yin kwas a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Royal . [ 57 ] Da dawowarsa, a watan Janairun 1975, Gowon ya nada shi Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Gidaje, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon watanni bakwai, wanda a lokacin yake da alhakin gina barikin soja. [ 58 ] A shekarar 1970, Obasanjo ya sayi wani tsohon kamfani a Ibadan, inda ya ɗauki wani wakili don ya kula da shi. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} A shekarar 1973 ya yi rijistar wani kasuwanci, Temperance Enterprises Limited, wanda ta hanyarsa zai iya fara harkokin kasuwanci bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Ya kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a kadarori; zuwa 1974 ya mallaki gidaje biyu a Legas da kuma ɗaya a Ibadan da Abeokuta. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} An yi ta rade-radin cewa Obasanjo ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da ke [[Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya|ƙara yaɗuwa a Najeriya]], kodayake babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi game da hakan da ta bayyana. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} Aurensa da Oluremi ya yi tsami yayin da ta ƙi dangantakarsa da wasu mata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 aka wargaza aurensu. [ 60 ] A shekarar 1976 ya auri [[Stella Obasanjo|Stella Abebe]] a wani bikin gargajiya na Yarbawa. {{Sfn|Iliffe|2011}} == A gwamnatin Murtala == === Juyin mulkin 1975 da kuma bayansa === A watan Yulin 1975, juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin Shehu Musa Yar'Adua da Joseph Garba sun kori Gowon, [ 62 ] wanda ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya. [1] Ba su sanar da Obasanjo shirinsu ba domin an san shi da sukar juyin mulki a matsayin kayan aikin sauya gwamnati. [1] Masu shirya juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya na Gowon da wani rukunin sojoji uku wadanda Majalisar Soja za ta iya kin amincewa da shawarwarinsu. Saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar Murtala Muhammed ya zama shugaban kasa, inda Obasanjo ya zama na biyu a shugabancinsa, da Danjuma a matsayin na uku. [ 65 ] Masanin tarihi John Iliffe ya lura cewa daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara, Obasanjo shine "dokin aiki da kwakwalwa" kuma shine mafi sha'awar komawa mulkin farar hula. [1] Tare, rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta gabatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu don dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, ta kafa Ofishin Bincike na Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rashawa, ta maye gurbin dukkan gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami'ai waɗanda suka kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata, sannan ta ƙaddamar da "Operation Deadwood" inda ta hanyarsu suka kori jami'ai 11,000 daga ma'aikatan gwamnati. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bk4we9gs7308pcujho590gzlnmammua 0 8753 868995 791729 2026-06-26T22:28:19Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Emir Of Askira.jpg|thumb|sarkin Askira mai martaba Alhaji Mai Abdullahi Ibn Muhammadu Askirama]] Askira/Uba karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Askira. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 138,091 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 601.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Askira/Uba, Lassa, ita ce asalin wata sabuwar ƙwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin masu wa'azin Amurka da suka dawo, kuma ƙungiyar bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Yale ta fara gano ta, waɗanda suka sanya mata suna "ƙwayar cutar Lassa" bayan wurin da ta fara bayyana.[2] Askira/Uba tana da Majalisun Masarautu guda biyu, wato; Masarautar Askira da Masarautar Uba. Garin Askira, hedikwatar gwamnatin yankin ne Muhammadu Mai Maina ya kafa a shekarar 1921.[3]: 19  A watan Yulin 2014, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne suka kai hari a ƙauyukan Huyim da Dille a karamar hukumar Askira/Uba, inda suka kashe mutane tara da talatin da takwas bi da bi. Maharan sun fito ne daga Dajin Sambisa. Mazauna da suka rasa matsuguninsu "suna buƙatar taimako daga gwamnatoci da mutane masu himma."[4][5] == Ƙididdigar Jama'a == A wani bincike na alƙaluma na mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu (IDPs) a shekarar 2023, an gano cewa gwamnatin yankin ita ce mafi yawan masu magana da Marghi da Hausa. Harsunan da aka fi ruwaitowa (a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) da ke yankin gwamnatin yankin sune; Marghi - 45.3%, Hausa - 26.8%, Fulfulde, musamman Gabashin ko Adamawa Fulfulde - 11.0%, Cibak (Chibok) - 5.9%, Mafa - 3.7%, Kamwe - 3.5%, Kanuri - 3.1%, Ba a sani ba - 0.4% da Turanci - 0.4%.[6] Ba a samo wannan bayanai daga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da aka tsara a ƙasa ba. Lokaci na ƙarshe da Najeriya ta haɗa bayanai na ƙabilanci da harshe a cikin ma'aunin ƙidayar ta shine a ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 1963.[7] == Yanayi/Yanayi == Lokacin rani a Askira yana da zafi da ɗan gajimare, yayin da lokacin damina yana da zafi, akwai ƙura, kuma akwai gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 15 °C (59 °F) da 39 °C (103 °F); ba kasafai yake ƙasa ko sama da 12 °C (54 °F) ko 42 °C (108 °F) ba. Lokacin zafi, wanda ke gudana daga 8 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Mayu, yana ɗaukar watanni 2.0 kuma tare da matsakaicin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ke da matsakaicin sama da 37 °C (99 °F). A Askira, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 39 °C (102 °F) da ƙasa na 26 °C (78 °F).[8] Lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga 3 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Satumba, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana na ƙasa da 32 °C (89 °F). Tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 16 °C (60 °F) da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na 32 °C (89 °F), Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Askira.[9][10][8] Akwai yanayi guda biyu daban-daban a karamar hukumar Askira Uba, wacce ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 ko murabba'in mil 912. Lokacin damina yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da ɗayan kuma ana siffanta shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Ana samun manyan wurare na busasshiyar ƙasa a yankin, wanda ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan-ƙarfi. A Askira Uba, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 37 na Celsius ko digiri 99 na Fahrenheit, kuma danshi na gida shine kashi 18%.[11][8][12] == Girji == A tsawon shekara, matsakaicin kaso na murfin gajimare na Askira ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin. A Askira, lokacin da ya fi haske yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 4.4, yana farawa daga ranar 26 ga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshe a ranar 6 ga Maris. Janairu shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara a Askira, inda sararin samaniya yake a sarari, yawanci a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare kashi 58% na lokacin a matsakaici. Yankin gajimare na shekara yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.6, daga kusan 6 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Oktoba. A Askira, Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara, inda sararin samaniya yake a hazo ko kuma galibi gajimare kashi 75% na lokacin a matsakaici.[13][8]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Askira Uba}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] hd3qte236fulihf2giof9vva71cwht5 868997 868995 2026-06-26T22:30:25Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Emir Of Askira.jpg|thumb|sarkin Askira mai martaba Alhaji Mai Abdullahi Ibn Muhammadu Askirama]] Askira/Uba karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Askira. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 138,091 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 601.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Askira/Uba, Lassa, ita ce asalin wata sabuwar ƙwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin masu wa'azin Amurka da suka dawo, kuma ƙungiyar bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Yale ta fara gano ta, waɗanda suka sanya mata suna "ƙwayar cutar Lassa" bayan wurin da ta fara bayyana.<ref>Prono, Luca (9 January 2008). Zhang, Yawei (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Health. Vol. 1. SAGE. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0</nowiki>. OCLC 775277696</ref> Askira/Uba tana da Majalisun Masarautu guda biyu, wato; Masarautar Askira da Masarautar Uba. Garin Askira, hedikwatar gwamnatin yankin ne Muhammadu Mai Maina ya kafa a shekarar 1921.[3]: 19  A watan Yulin 2014, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne suka kai hari a ƙauyukan Huyim da Dille a karamar hukumar Askira/Uba, inda suka kashe mutane tara da talatin da takwas bi da bi. Maharan sun fito ne daga Dajin Sambisa. Mazauna da suka rasa matsuguninsu "suna buƙatar taimako daga gwamnatoci da mutane masu himma."[4][5] == Ƙididdigar Jama'a == A wani bincike na alƙaluma na mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu (IDPs) a shekarar 2023, an gano cewa gwamnatin yankin ita ce mafi yawan masu magana da Marghi da Hausa. Harsunan da aka fi ruwaitowa (a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) da ke yankin gwamnatin yankin sune; Marghi - 45.3%, Hausa - 26.8%, Fulfulde, musamman Gabashin ko Adamawa Fulfulde - 11.0%, Cibak (Chibok) - 5.9%, Mafa - 3.7%, Kamwe - 3.5%, Kanuri - 3.1%, Ba a sani ba - 0.4% da Turanci - 0.4%.[6] Ba a samo wannan bayanai daga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da aka tsara a ƙasa ba. Lokaci na ƙarshe da Najeriya ta haɗa bayanai na ƙabilanci da harshe a cikin ma'aunin ƙidayar ta shine a ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 1963.[7] == Yanayi/Yanayi == Lokacin rani a Askira yana da zafi da ɗan gajimare, yayin da lokacin damina yana da zafi, akwai ƙura, kuma akwai gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 15 °C (59 °F) da 39 °C (103 °F); ba kasafai yake ƙasa ko sama da 12 °C (54 °F) ko 42 °C (108 °F) ba. Lokacin zafi, wanda ke gudana daga 8 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Mayu, yana ɗaukar watanni 2.0 kuma tare da matsakaicin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ke da matsakaicin sama da 37 °C (99 °F). A Askira, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 39 °C (102 °F) da ƙasa na 26 °C (78 °F).[8] Lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga 3 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Satumba, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana na ƙasa da 32 °C (89 °F). Tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 16 °C (60 °F) da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na 32 °C (89 °F), Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Askira.[9][10][8] Akwai yanayi guda biyu daban-daban a karamar hukumar Askira Uba, wacce ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 ko murabba'in mil 912. Lokacin damina yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da ɗayan kuma ana siffanta shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Ana samun manyan wurare na busasshiyar ƙasa a yankin, wanda ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan-ƙarfi. A Askira Uba, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 37 na Celsius ko digiri 99 na Fahrenheit, kuma danshi na gida shine kashi 18%.[11][8][12] == Girji == A tsawon shekara, matsakaicin kaso na murfin gajimare na Askira ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin. A Askira, lokacin da ya fi haske yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 4.4, yana farawa daga ranar 26 ga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshe a ranar 6 ga Maris. Janairu shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara a Askira, inda sararin samaniya yake a sarari, yawanci a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare kashi 58% na lokacin a matsakaici. Yankin gajimare na shekara yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.6, daga kusan 6 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Oktoba. A Askira, Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara, inda sararin samaniya yake a hazo ko kuma galibi gajimare kashi 75% na lokacin a matsakaici.[13][8]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Askira Uba}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 1q3a3e96ckgkgymrr06etftdbsa8wkk 869001 868997 2026-06-26T22:31:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Emir Of Askira.jpg|thumb|sarkin Askira mai martaba Alhaji Mai Abdullahi Ibn Muhammadu Askirama]] Askira/Uba karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Askira. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 138,091 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 601.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Askira/Uba, Lassa, ita ce asalin wata sabuwar ƙwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin masu wa'azin Amurka da suka dawo, kuma ƙungiyar bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Yale ta fara gano ta, waɗanda suka sanya mata suna "ƙwayar cutar Lassa" bayan wurin da ta fara bayyana.<ref>Prono, Luca (9 January 2008). Zhang, Yawei (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Health. Vol. 1. SAGE. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0</nowiki>. OCLC 775277696</ref> Askira/Uba tana da Majalisun Masarautu guda biyu, wato; Masarautar Askira da Masarautar Uba. Garin Askira, hedikwatar gwamnatin yankin ne Muhammadu Mai Maina ya kafa a shekarar 1921.[3]: 19  A watan Yulin 2014, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne suka kai hari a ƙauyukan Huyim da Dille a karamar hukumar Askira/Uba, inda suka kashe mutane tara da talatin da takwas bi da bi. Maharan sun fito ne daga Dajin Sambisa. Mazauna da suka rasa matsuguninsu "suna buƙatar taimako daga gwamnatoci da mutane masu himma."[4][5] == Ƙididdigar Jama'a == A wani bincike na alƙaluma na mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu (IDPs) a shekarar 2023, an gano cewa gwamnatin yankin ita ce mafi yawan masu magana da Marghi da Hausa. Harsunan da aka fi ruwaitowa (a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) da ke yankin gwamnatin yankin sune; Marghi - 45.3%, Hausa - 26.8%, Fulfulde, musamman Gabashin ko Adamawa Fulfulde - 11.0%, Cibak (Chibok) - 5.9%, Mafa - 3.7%, Kamwe - 3.5%, Kanuri - 3.1%, Ba a sani ba - 0.4% da Turanci - 0.4%.<ref>Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (Anthony Hamilton Millard) (1971). West African travels and adventures; two autobiographical narratives from Northern Nigeria. Internet Archive. New Haven, Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-300-01426-6</nowiki>.</ref> Ba a samo wannan bayanai daga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da aka tsara a ƙasa ba. Lokaci na ƙarshe da Najeriya ta haɗa bayanai na ƙabilanci da harshe a cikin ma'aunin ƙidayar ta shine a ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 1963.[7] == Yanayi/Yanayi == Lokacin rani a Askira yana da zafi da ɗan gajimare, yayin da lokacin damina yana da zafi, akwai ƙura, kuma akwai gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 15 °C (59 °F) da 39 °C (103 °F); ba kasafai yake ƙasa ko sama da 12 °C (54 °F) ko 42 °C (108 °F) ba. Lokacin zafi, wanda ke gudana daga 8 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Mayu, yana ɗaukar watanni 2.0 kuma tare da matsakaicin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ke da matsakaicin sama da 37 °C (99 °F). A Askira, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 39 °C (102 °F) da ƙasa na 26 °C (78 °F).[8] Lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga 3 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Satumba, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana na ƙasa da 32 °C (89 °F). Tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 16 °C (60 °F) da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na 32 °C (89 °F), Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Askira.[9][10][8] Akwai yanayi guda biyu daban-daban a karamar hukumar Askira Uba, wacce ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 ko murabba'in mil 912. Lokacin damina yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da ɗayan kuma ana siffanta shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Ana samun manyan wurare na busasshiyar ƙasa a yankin, wanda ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan-ƙarfi. A Askira Uba, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 37 na Celsius ko digiri 99 na Fahrenheit, kuma danshi na gida shine kashi 18%.[11][8][12] == Girji == A tsawon shekara, matsakaicin kaso na murfin gajimare na Askira ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin. A Askira, lokacin da ya fi haske yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 4.4, yana farawa daga ranar 26 ga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshe a ranar 6 ga Maris. Janairu shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara a Askira, inda sararin samaniya yake a sarari, yawanci a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare kashi 58% na lokacin a matsakaici. Yankin gajimare na shekara yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.6, daga kusan 6 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Oktoba. A Askira, Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara, inda sararin samaniya yake a hazo ko kuma galibi gajimare kashi 75% na lokacin a matsakaici.[13][8]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Askira Uba}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 98icgkwqekcgbg74ewi1f3glf61c95u 869003 869001 2026-06-26T22:32:44Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Emir Of Askira.jpg|thumb|sarkin Askira mai martaba Alhaji Mai Abdullahi Ibn Muhammadu Askirama]] Askira/Uba karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Askira. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 138,091 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 601.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Askira/Uba, Lassa, ita ce asalin wata sabuwar ƙwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin masu wa'azin Amurka da suka dawo, kuma ƙungiyar bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Yale ta fara gano ta, waɗanda suka sanya mata suna "ƙwayar cutar Lassa" bayan wurin da ta fara bayyana.<ref>Prono, Luca (9 January 2008). Zhang, Yawei (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Health. Vol. 1. SAGE. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0</nowiki>. OCLC 775277696</ref> Askira/Uba tana da Majalisun Masarautu guda biyu, wato; Masarautar Askira da Masarautar Uba. Garin Askira, hedikwatar gwamnatin yankin ne Muhammadu Mai Maina ya kafa a shekarar 1921.[3]: 19  A watan Yulin 2014, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne suka kai hari a ƙauyukan Huyim da Dille a karamar hukumar Askira/Uba, inda suka kashe mutane tara da talatin da takwas bi da bi. Maharan sun fito ne daga Dajin Sambisa. Mazauna da suka rasa matsuguninsu "suna buƙatar taimako daga gwamnatoci da mutane masu himma."<ref>"Nigeria: Gunmen Kill Nine in Borno Village". Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref> == Ƙididdigar Jama'a == A wani bincike na alƙaluma na mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu (IDPs) a shekarar 2023, an gano cewa gwamnatin yankin ita ce mafi yawan masu magana da Marghi da Hausa. Harsunan da aka fi ruwaitowa (a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) da ke yankin gwamnatin yankin sune; Marghi - 45.3%, Hausa - 26.8%, Fulfulde, musamman Gabashin ko Adamawa Fulfulde - 11.0%, Cibak (Chibok) - 5.9%, Mafa - 3.7%, Kamwe - 3.5%, Kanuri - 3.1%, Ba a sani ba - 0.4% da Turanci - 0.4%.<ref>Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (Anthony Hamilton Millard) (1971). West African travels and adventures; two autobiographical narratives from Northern Nigeria. Internet Archive. New Haven, Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-300-01426-6</nowiki>.</ref> Ba a samo wannan bayanai daga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da aka tsara a ƙasa ba. Lokaci na ƙarshe da Najeriya ta haɗa bayanai na ƙabilanci da harshe a cikin ma'aunin ƙidayar ta shine a ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 1963.[7] == Yanayi/Yanayi == Lokacin rani a Askira yana da zafi da ɗan gajimare, yayin da lokacin damina yana da zafi, akwai ƙura, kuma akwai gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 15 °C (59 °F) da 39 °C (103 °F); ba kasafai yake ƙasa ko sama da 12 °C (54 °F) ko 42 °C (108 °F) ba. Lokacin zafi, wanda ke gudana daga 8 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Mayu, yana ɗaukar watanni 2.0 kuma tare da matsakaicin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ke da matsakaicin sama da 37 °C (99 °F). A Askira, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 39 °C (102 °F) da ƙasa na 26 °C (78 °F).[8] Lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga 3 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Satumba, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana na ƙasa da 32 °C (89 °F). Tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 16 °C (60 °F) da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na 32 °C (89 °F), Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Askira.[9][10][8] Akwai yanayi guda biyu daban-daban a karamar hukumar Askira Uba, wacce ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 ko murabba'in mil 912. Lokacin damina yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da ɗayan kuma ana siffanta shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Ana samun manyan wurare na busasshiyar ƙasa a yankin, wanda ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan-ƙarfi. A Askira Uba, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 37 na Celsius ko digiri 99 na Fahrenheit, kuma danshi na gida shine kashi 18%.[11][8][12] == Girji == A tsawon shekara, matsakaicin kaso na murfin gajimare na Askira ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin. A Askira, lokacin da ya fi haske yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 4.4, yana farawa daga ranar 26 ga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshe a ranar 6 ga Maris. Janairu shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara a Askira, inda sararin samaniya yake a sarari, yawanci a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare kashi 58% na lokacin a matsakaici. Yankin gajimare na shekara yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.6, daga kusan 6 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Oktoba. A Askira, Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara, inda sararin samaniya yake a hazo ko kuma galibi gajimare kashi 75% na lokacin a matsakaici.[13][8]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Askira Uba}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] h95p5pmui6676e2hk41lu0inr9ms5r8 869005 869003 2026-06-26T22:33:44Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Emir Of Askira.jpg|thumb|sarkin Askira mai martaba Alhaji Mai Abdullahi Ibn Muhammadu Askirama]] Askira/Uba karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Askira. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 138,091 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 601.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Askira/Uba, Lassa, ita ce asalin wata sabuwar ƙwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin masu wa'azin Amurka da suka dawo, kuma ƙungiyar bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Yale ta fara gano ta, waɗanda suka sanya mata suna "ƙwayar cutar Lassa" bayan wurin da ta fara bayyana.<ref>Prono, Luca (9 January 2008). Zhang, Yawei (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Health. Vol. 1. SAGE. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0</nowiki>. OCLC 775277696</ref> Askira/Uba tana da Majalisun Masarautu guda biyu, wato; Masarautar Askira da Masarautar Uba. Garin Askira, hedikwatar gwamnatin yankin ne Muhammadu Mai Maina ya kafa a shekarar 1921.[3]: 19  A watan Yulin 2014, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne suka kai hari a ƙauyukan Huyim da Dille a karamar hukumar Askira/Uba, inda suka kashe mutane tara da talatin da takwas bi da bi. Maharan sun fito ne daga Dajin Sambisa. Mazauna da suka rasa matsuguninsu "suna buƙatar taimako daga gwamnatoci da mutane masu himma."<ref>"Nigeria: Gunmen Kill Nine in Borno Village". Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref> == Ƙididdigar Jama'a == A wani bincike na alƙaluma na mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu (IDPs) a shekarar 2023, an gano cewa gwamnatin yankin ita ce mafi yawan masu magana da Marghi da Hausa. Harsunan da aka fi ruwaitowa (a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) da ke yankin gwamnatin yankin sune; Marghi - 45.3%, Hausa - 26.8%, Fulfulde, musamman Gabashin ko Adamawa Fulfulde - 11.0%, Cibak (Chibok) - 5.9%, Mafa - 3.7%, Kamwe - 3.5%, Kanuri - 3.1%, Ba a sani ba - 0.4% da Turanci - 0.4%.<ref>Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (Anthony Hamilton Millard) (1971). West African travels and adventures; two autobiographical narratives from Northern Nigeria. Internet Archive. New Haven, Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-300-01426-6</nowiki>.</ref> <ref>Hamza Idris; Yahaya Ibrahim (2014-07-15). "Nigeria: 38 Killed As Boko Haram Attacks Borno Village". Daily Trust - AllAfrica. Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref>Ba a samo wannan bayanai daga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da aka tsara a ƙasa ba. Lokaci na ƙarshe da Najeriya ta haɗa bayanai na ƙabilanci da harshe a cikin ma'aunin ƙidayar ta shine a ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 1963.[7] == Yanayi/Yanayi == Lokacin rani a Askira yana da zafi da ɗan gajimare, yayin da lokacin damina yana da zafi, akwai ƙura, kuma akwai gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 15 °C (59 °F) da 39 °C (103 °F); ba kasafai yake ƙasa ko sama da 12 °C (54 °F) ko 42 °C (108 °F) ba. Lokacin zafi, wanda ke gudana daga 8 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Mayu, yana ɗaukar watanni 2.0 kuma tare da matsakaicin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ke da matsakaicin sama da 37 °C (99 °F). A Askira, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 39 °C (102 °F) da ƙasa na 26 °C (78 °F).[8] Lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga 3 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Satumba, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana na ƙasa da 32 °C (89 °F). Tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 16 °C (60 °F) da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na 32 °C (89 °F), Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Askira.[9][10][8] Akwai yanayi guda biyu daban-daban a karamar hukumar Askira Uba, wacce ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 ko murabba'in mil 912. Lokacin damina yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da ɗayan kuma ana siffanta shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Ana samun manyan wurare na busasshiyar ƙasa a yankin, wanda ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan-ƙarfi. A Askira Uba, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 37 na Celsius ko digiri 99 na Fahrenheit, kuma danshi na gida shine kashi 18%.[11][8][12] == Girji == A tsawon shekara, matsakaicin kaso na murfin gajimare na Askira ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin. A Askira, lokacin da ya fi haske yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 4.4, yana farawa daga ranar 26 ga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshe a ranar 6 ga Maris. Janairu shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara a Askira, inda sararin samaniya yake a sarari, yawanci a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare kashi 58% na lokacin a matsakaici. Yankin gajimare na shekara yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.6, daga kusan 6 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Oktoba. A Askira, Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara, inda sararin samaniya yake a hazo ko kuma galibi gajimare kashi 75% na lokacin a matsakaici.[13][8]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Askira Uba}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] b0zb4i3nmsgly3kgqasqj6nzwdtybsn 869321 869005 2026-06-27T11:07:37Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Emir Of Askira.jpg|thumb|sarkin Askira mai martaba Alhaji Mai Abdullahi Ibn Muhammadu Askirama]] Askira/Uba karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Askira. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 138,091 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 601.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Askira/Uba, Lassa, ita ce asalin wata sabuwar ƙwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin masu wa'azin Amurka da suka dawo, kuma ƙungiyar bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Yale ta fara gano ta, waɗanda suka sanya mata suna "ƙwayar cutar Lassa" bayan wurin da ta fara bayyana.<ref>Prono, Luca (9 January 2008). Zhang, Yawei (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Health. Vol. 1. SAGE. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0</nowiki>. OCLC 775277696</ref> Askira/Uba tana da Majalisun Masarautu guda biyu, wato; Masarautar Askira da Masarautar Uba. Garin Askira, hedikwatar gwamnatin yankin ne Muhammadu Mai Maina ya kafa a shekarar 1921.[3]: 19  A watan Yulin 2014, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne suka kai hari a ƙauyukan Huyim da Dille a karamar hukumar Askira/Uba, inda suka kashe mutane tara da talatin da takwas bi da bi. Maharan sun fito ne daga Dajin Sambisa. Mazauna da suka rasa matsuguninsu "suna buƙatar taimako daga gwamnatoci da mutane masu himma."<ref>"Nigeria: Gunmen Kill Nine in Borno Village". Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref> == Ƙididdigar Jama'a == A wani bincike na alƙaluma na mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu (IDPs) a shekarar 2023, an gano cewa gwamnatin yankin ita ce mafi yawan masu magana da Marghi da Hausa. Harsunan da aka fi ruwaitowa (a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) da ke yankin gwamnatin yankin sune; Marghi - 45.3%, Hausa - 26.8%, Fulfulde, musamman Gabashin ko Adamawa Fulfulde - 11.0%, Cibak (Chibok) - 5.9%, Mafa - 3.7%, Kamwe - 3.5%, Kanuri - 3.1%, Ba a sani ba - 0.4% da Turanci - 0.4%.<ref>Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (Anthony Hamilton Millard) (1971). West African travels and adventures; two autobiographical narratives from Northern Nigeria. Internet Archive. New Haven, Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-300-01426-6</nowiki>.</ref> <ref>Hamza Idris; Yahaya Ibrahim (2014-07-15). "Nigeria: 38 Killed As Boko Haram Attacks Borno Village". Daily Trust - AllAfrica. Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref>Ba a samo wannan bayanai daga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da aka tsara a ƙasa ba. Lokaci na ƙarshe da Najeriya ta haɗa bayanai na ƙabilanci da harshe a cikin ma'aunin ƙidayar ta shine a ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 1963.<ref>"History of Population Census in Nigeria". National Population Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2026.</ref> == Yanayi/Yanayi == Lokacin rani a Askira yana da zafi da ɗan gajimare, yayin da lokacin damina yana da zafi, akwai ƙura, kuma akwai gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 15 °C (59 °F) da 39 °C (103 °F); ba kasafai yake ƙasa ko sama da 12 °C (54 °F) ko 42 °C (108 °F) ba. Lokacin zafi, wanda ke gudana daga 8 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Mayu, yana ɗaukar watanni 2.0 kuma tare da matsakaicin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ke da matsakaicin sama da 37 °C (99 °F). A Askira, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 39 °C (102 °F) da ƙasa na 26 °C (78 °F).[8] Lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga 3 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Satumba, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana na ƙasa da 32 °C (89 °F). Tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 16 °C (60 °F) da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na 32 °C (89 °F), Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Askira.[9][10][8] Akwai yanayi guda biyu daban-daban a karamar hukumar Askira Uba, wacce ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 ko murabba'in mil 912. Lokacin damina yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da ɗayan kuma ana siffanta shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Ana samun manyan wurare na busasshiyar ƙasa a yankin, wanda ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan-ƙarfi. A Askira Uba, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 37 na Celsius ko digiri 99 na Fahrenheit, kuma danshi na gida shine kashi 18%.[11][8][12] == Girji == A tsawon shekara, matsakaicin kaso na murfin gajimare na Askira ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin. A Askira, lokacin da ya fi haske yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 4.4, yana farawa daga ranar 26 ga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshe a ranar 6 ga Maris. Janairu shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara a Askira, inda sararin samaniya yake a sarari, yawanci a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare kashi 58% na lokacin a matsakaici. Yankin gajimare na shekara yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.6, daga kusan 6 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Oktoba. A Askira, Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara, inda sararin samaniya yake a hazo ko kuma galibi gajimare kashi 75% na lokacin a matsakaici.[13][8]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Askira Uba}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] rostpcy8454yl879qj7zd347xcwn5ll 869322 869321 2026-06-27T11:08:30Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Emir Of Askira.jpg|thumb|sarkin Askira mai martaba Alhaji Mai Abdullahi Ibn Muhammadu Askirama]] Askira/Uba karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Askira. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 138,091 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 601.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Askira/Uba, Lassa, ita ce asalin wata sabuwar ƙwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin masu wa'azin Amurka da suka dawo, kuma ƙungiyar bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Yale ta fara gano ta, waɗanda suka sanya mata suna "ƙwayar cutar Lassa" bayan wurin da ta fara bayyana.<ref>Prono, Luca (9 January 2008). Zhang, Yawei (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Health. Vol. 1. SAGE. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0</nowiki>. OCLC 775277696</ref> Askira/Uba tana da Majalisun Masarautu guda biyu, wato; Masarautar Askira da Masarautar Uba. Garin Askira, hedikwatar gwamnatin yankin ne Muhammadu Mai Maina ya kafa a shekarar 1921.[3]: 19  A watan Yulin 2014, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne suka kai hari a ƙauyukan Huyim da Dille a karamar hukumar Askira/Uba, inda suka kashe mutane tara da talatin da takwas bi da bi. Maharan sun fito ne daga Dajin Sambisa. Mazauna da suka rasa matsuguninsu "suna buƙatar taimako daga gwamnatoci da mutane masu himma."<ref>"Nigeria: Gunmen Kill Nine in Borno Village". Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref> == Ƙididdigar Jama'a == A wani bincike na alƙaluma na mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu (IDPs) a shekarar 2023, an gano cewa gwamnatin yankin ita ce mafi yawan masu magana da Marghi da Hausa. Harsunan da aka fi ruwaitowa (a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) da ke yankin gwamnatin yankin sune; Marghi - 45.3%, Hausa - 26.8%, Fulfulde, musamman Gabashin ko Adamawa Fulfulde - 11.0%, Cibak (Chibok) - 5.9%, Mafa - 3.7%, Kamwe - 3.5%, Kanuri - 3.1%, Ba a sani ba - 0.4% da Turanci - 0.4%.<ref>Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (Anthony Hamilton Millard) (1971). West African travels and adventures; two autobiographical narratives from Northern Nigeria. Internet Archive. New Haven, Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-300-01426-6</nowiki>.</ref> <ref>Hamza Idris; Yahaya Ibrahim (2014-07-15). "Nigeria: 38 Killed As Boko Haram Attacks Borno Village". Daily Trust - AllAfrica. Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref>Ba a samo wannan bayanai daga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da aka tsara a ƙasa ba. Lokaci na ƙarshe da Najeriya ta haɗa bayanai na ƙabilanci da harshe a cikin ma'aunin ƙidayar ta shine a ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 1963.<ref>"History of Population Census in Nigeria". National Population Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2026.</ref> == Yanayi/Yanayi == Lokacin rani a Askira yana da zafi da ɗan gajimare, yayin da lokacin damina yana da zafi, akwai ƙura, kuma akwai gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 15 °C (59 °F) da 39 °C (103 °F); ba kasafai yake ƙasa ko sama da 12 °C (54 °F) ko 42 °C (108 °F) ba. Lokacin zafi, wanda ke gudana daga 8 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Mayu, yana ɗaukar watanni 2.0 kuma tare da matsakaicin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ke da matsakaicin sama da 37 °C (99 °F). A Askira, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 39 °C (102 °F) da ƙasa na 26 °C (78 °F).<ref>"Askira Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> Lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga 3 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Satumba, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana na ƙasa da 32 °C (89 °F). Tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 16 °C (60 °F) da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na 32 °C (89 °F), Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Askira.[9][10][8] Akwai yanayi guda biyu daban-daban a karamar hukumar Askira Uba, wacce ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 ko murabba'in mil 912. Lokacin damina yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da ɗayan kuma ana siffanta shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Ana samun manyan wurare na busasshiyar ƙasa a yankin, wanda ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan-ƙarfi. A Askira Uba, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 37 na Celsius ko digiri 99 na Fahrenheit, kuma danshi na gida shine kashi 18%.[11][8][12] == Girji == A tsawon shekara, matsakaicin kaso na murfin gajimare na Askira ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin. A Askira, lokacin da ya fi haske yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 4.4, yana farawa daga ranar 26 ga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshe a ranar 6 ga Maris. Janairu shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara a Askira, inda sararin samaniya yake a sarari, yawanci a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare kashi 58% na lokacin a matsakaici. Yankin gajimare na shekara yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.6, daga kusan 6 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Oktoba. A Askira, Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara, inda sararin samaniya yake a hazo ko kuma galibi gajimare kashi 75% na lokacin a matsakaici.[13][8]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Askira Uba}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 60zyoiof4glsuyeg5qjeylslmuc43wy 869327 869322 2026-06-27T11:09:57Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Emir Of Askira.jpg|thumb|sarkin Askira mai martaba Alhaji Mai Abdullahi Ibn Muhammadu Askirama]] Askira/Uba karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Askira. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 138,091 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 601.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Askira/Uba, Lassa, ita ce asalin wata sabuwar ƙwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin masu wa'azin Amurka da suka dawo, kuma ƙungiyar bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Yale ta fara gano ta, waɗanda suka sanya mata suna "ƙwayar cutar Lassa" bayan wurin da ta fara bayyana.<ref>Prono, Luca (9 January 2008). Zhang, Yawei (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Health. Vol. 1. SAGE. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0</nowiki>. OCLC 775277696</ref> Askira/Uba tana da Majalisun Masarautu guda biyu, wato; Masarautar Askira da Masarautar Uba. Garin Askira, hedikwatar gwamnatin yankin ne Muhammadu Mai Maina ya kafa a shekarar 1921.[3]: 19  A watan Yulin 2014, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne suka kai hari a ƙauyukan Huyim da Dille a karamar hukumar Askira/Uba, inda suka kashe mutane tara da talatin da takwas bi da bi. Maharan sun fito ne daga Dajin Sambisa. Mazauna da suka rasa matsuguninsu "suna buƙatar taimako daga gwamnatoci da mutane masu himma."<ref>"Nigeria: Gunmen Kill Nine in Borno Village". Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref> == Ƙididdigar Jama'a == A wani bincike na alƙaluma na mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu (IDPs) a shekarar 2023, an gano cewa gwamnatin yankin ita ce mafi yawan masu magana da Marghi da Hausa. Harsunan da aka fi ruwaitowa (a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) da ke yankin gwamnatin yankin sune; Marghi - 45.3%, Hausa - 26.8%, Fulfulde, musamman Gabashin ko Adamawa Fulfulde - 11.0%, Cibak (Chibok) - 5.9%, Mafa - 3.7%, Kamwe - 3.5%, Kanuri - 3.1%, Ba a sani ba - 0.4% da Turanci - 0.4%.<ref>Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (Anthony Hamilton Millard) (1971). West African travels and adventures; two autobiographical narratives from Northern Nigeria. Internet Archive. New Haven, Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-300-01426-6</nowiki>.</ref> <ref>Hamza Idris; Yahaya Ibrahim (2014-07-15). "Nigeria: 38 Killed As Boko Haram Attacks Borno Village". Daily Trust - AllAfrica. Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref>Ba a samo wannan bayanai daga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da aka tsara a ƙasa ba. Lokaci na ƙarshe da Najeriya ta haɗa bayanai na ƙabilanci da harshe a cikin ma'aunin ƙidayar ta shine a ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 1963.<ref>"History of Population Census in Nigeria". National Population Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2026.</ref> == Yanayi/Yanayi == Lokacin rani a Askira yana da zafi da ɗan gajimare, yayin da lokacin damina yana da zafi, akwai ƙura, kuma akwai gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 15 °C (59 °F) da 39 °C (103 °F); ba kasafai yake ƙasa ko sama da 12 °C (54 °F) ko 42 °C (108 °F) ba. Lokacin zafi, wanda ke gudana daga 8 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Mayu, yana ɗaukar watanni 2.0 kuma tare da matsakaicin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ke da matsakaicin sama da 37 °C (99 °F). A Askira, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 39 °C (102 °F) da ƙasa na 26 °C (78 °F).<ref>"Askira Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> Lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga 3 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Satumba, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana na ƙasa da 32 °C (89 °F). Tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 16 °C (60 °F) da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na 32 °C (89 °F), Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Askira.<ref>"Nigeria-Borno: Askira/Uba Local Government Area (LGA) (as of 05 February 2018) | OCHA". www.unocha.org. 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref>[10][8] Akwai yanayi guda biyu daban-daban a karamar hukumar Askira Uba, wacce ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 ko murabba'in mil 912. Lokacin damina yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da ɗayan kuma ana siffanta shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Ana samun manyan wurare na busasshiyar ƙasa a yankin, wanda ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan-ƙarfi. A Askira Uba, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 37 na Celsius ko digiri 99 na Fahrenheit, kuma danshi na gida shine kashi 18%.[11][8][12] == Girji == A tsawon shekara, matsakaicin kaso na murfin gajimare na Askira ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin. A Askira, lokacin da ya fi haske yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 4.4, yana farawa daga ranar 26 ga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshe a ranar 6 ga Maris. Janairu shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara a Askira, inda sararin samaniya yake a sarari, yawanci a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare kashi 58% na lokacin a matsakaici. Yankin gajimare na shekara yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.6, daga kusan 6 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Oktoba. A Askira, Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara, inda sararin samaniya yake a hazo ko kuma galibi gajimare kashi 75% na lokacin a matsakaici.[13][8]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Askira Uba}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] r6lcjubkuimdzifvtubg02qd79v05y7 869328 869327 2026-06-27T11:10:35Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Emir Of Askira.jpg|thumb|sarkin Askira mai martaba Alhaji Mai Abdullahi Ibn Muhammadu Askirama]] Askira/Uba karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Askira. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 138,091 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 601.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Askira/Uba, Lassa, ita ce asalin wata sabuwar ƙwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin masu wa'azin Amurka da suka dawo, kuma ƙungiyar bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Yale ta fara gano ta, waɗanda suka sanya mata suna "ƙwayar cutar Lassa" bayan wurin da ta fara bayyana.<ref>Prono, Luca (9 January 2008). Zhang, Yawei (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Health. Vol. 1. SAGE. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0</nowiki>. OCLC 775277696</ref> Askira/Uba tana da Majalisun Masarautu guda biyu, wato; Masarautar Askira da Masarautar Uba. Garin Askira, hedikwatar gwamnatin yankin ne Muhammadu Mai Maina ya kafa a shekarar 1921.[3]: 19  A watan Yulin 2014, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne suka kai hari a ƙauyukan Huyim da Dille a karamar hukumar Askira/Uba, inda suka kashe mutane tara da talatin da takwas bi da bi. Maharan sun fito ne daga Dajin Sambisa. Mazauna da suka rasa matsuguninsu "suna buƙatar taimako daga gwamnatoci da mutane masu himma."<ref>"Nigeria: Gunmen Kill Nine in Borno Village". Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref> == Ƙididdigar Jama'a == A wani bincike na alƙaluma na mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu (IDPs) a shekarar 2023, an gano cewa gwamnatin yankin ita ce mafi yawan masu magana da Marghi da Hausa. Harsunan da aka fi ruwaitowa (a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) da ke yankin gwamnatin yankin sune; Marghi - 45.3%, Hausa - 26.8%, Fulfulde, musamman Gabashin ko Adamawa Fulfulde - 11.0%, Cibak (Chibok) - 5.9%, Mafa - 3.7%, Kamwe - 3.5%, Kanuri - 3.1%, Ba a sani ba - 0.4% da Turanci - 0.4%.<ref>Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (Anthony Hamilton Millard) (1971). West African travels and adventures; two autobiographical narratives from Northern Nigeria. Internet Archive. New Haven, Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-300-01426-6</nowiki>.</ref> <ref>Hamza Idris; Yahaya Ibrahim (2014-07-15). "Nigeria: 38 Killed As Boko Haram Attacks Borno Village". Daily Trust - AllAfrica. Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref>Ba a samo wannan bayanai daga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da aka tsara a ƙasa ba. Lokaci na ƙarshe da Najeriya ta haɗa bayanai na ƙabilanci da harshe a cikin ma'aunin ƙidayar ta shine a ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 1963.<ref>"History of Population Census in Nigeria". National Population Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2026.</ref> == Yanayi/Yanayi == Lokacin rani a Askira yana da zafi da ɗan gajimare, yayin da lokacin damina yana da zafi, akwai ƙura, kuma akwai gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 15 °C (59 °F) da 39 °C (103 °F); ba kasafai yake ƙasa ko sama da 12 °C (54 °F) ko 42 °C (108 °F) ba. Lokacin zafi, wanda ke gudana daga 8 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Mayu, yana ɗaukar watanni 2.0 kuma tare da matsakaicin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ke da matsakaicin sama da 37 °C (99 °F). A Askira, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 39 °C (102 °F) da ƙasa na 26 °C (78 °F).<ref>"Askira Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> Lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga 3 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Satumba, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana na ƙasa da 32 °C (89 °F). Tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 16 °C (60 °F) da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na 32 °C (89 °F), Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Askira.<ref>"Nigeria-Borno: Askira/Uba Local Government Area (LGA) (as of 05 February 2018) | OCHA". www.unocha.org. 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref><ref>"Askira, Nigeria Hourly Weather Forecast | Weather Underground". www.wunderground.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref>[8] Akwai yanayi guda biyu daban-daban a karamar hukumar Askira Uba, wacce ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 ko murabba'in mil 912. Lokacin damina yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da ɗayan kuma ana siffanta shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Ana samun manyan wurare na busasshiyar ƙasa a yankin, wanda ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan-ƙarfi. A Askira Uba, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 37 na Celsius ko digiri 99 na Fahrenheit, kuma danshi na gida shine kashi 18%.[11][8][12] == Girji == A tsawon shekara, matsakaicin kaso na murfin gajimare na Askira ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin. A Askira, lokacin da ya fi haske yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 4.4, yana farawa daga ranar 26 ga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshe a ranar 6 ga Maris. Janairu shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara a Askira, inda sararin samaniya yake a sarari, yawanci a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare kashi 58% na lokacin a matsakaici. Yankin gajimare na shekara yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.6, daga kusan 6 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Oktoba. A Askira, Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara, inda sararin samaniya yake a hazo ko kuma galibi gajimare kashi 75% na lokacin a matsakaici.[13][8]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Askira Uba}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] mrl5l04zvfmwbd3irrrfn1jbdjmfp4p 869329 869328 2026-06-27T11:11:35Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Emir Of Askira.jpg|thumb|sarkin Askira mai martaba Alhaji Mai Abdullahi Ibn Muhammadu Askirama]] Askira/Uba karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Askira. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 138,091 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 601.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Askira/Uba, Lassa, ita ce asalin wata sabuwar ƙwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin masu wa'azin Amurka da suka dawo, kuma ƙungiyar bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Yale ta fara gano ta, waɗanda suka sanya mata suna "ƙwayar cutar Lassa" bayan wurin da ta fara bayyana.<ref>Prono, Luca (9 January 2008). Zhang, Yawei (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Health. Vol. 1. SAGE. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0</nowiki>. OCLC 775277696</ref> Askira/Uba tana da Majalisun Masarautu guda biyu, wato; Masarautar Askira da Masarautar Uba. Garin Askira, hedikwatar gwamnatin yankin ne Muhammadu Mai Maina ya kafa a shekarar 1921.[3]: 19  A watan Yulin 2014, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne suka kai hari a ƙauyukan Huyim da Dille a karamar hukumar Askira/Uba, inda suka kashe mutane tara da talatin da takwas bi da bi. Maharan sun fito ne daga Dajin Sambisa. Mazauna da suka rasa matsuguninsu "suna buƙatar taimako daga gwamnatoci da mutane masu himma."<ref>"Nigeria: Gunmen Kill Nine in Borno Village". Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref> == Ƙididdigar Jama'a == A wani bincike na alƙaluma na mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu (IDPs) a shekarar 2023, an gano cewa gwamnatin yankin ita ce mafi yawan masu magana da Marghi da Hausa. Harsunan da aka fi ruwaitowa (a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) da ke yankin gwamnatin yankin sune; Marghi - 45.3%, Hausa - 26.8%, Fulfulde, musamman Gabashin ko Adamawa Fulfulde - 11.0%, Cibak (Chibok) - 5.9%, Mafa - 3.7%, Kamwe - 3.5%, Kanuri - 3.1%, Ba a sani ba - 0.4% da Turanci - 0.4%.<ref>Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (Anthony Hamilton Millard) (1971). West African travels and adventures; two autobiographical narratives from Northern Nigeria. Internet Archive. New Haven, Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-300-01426-6</nowiki>.</ref> <ref>Hamza Idris; Yahaya Ibrahim (2014-07-15). "Nigeria: 38 Killed As Boko Haram Attacks Borno Village". Daily Trust - AllAfrica. Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref>Ba a samo wannan bayanai daga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da aka tsara a ƙasa ba. Lokaci na ƙarshe da Najeriya ta haɗa bayanai na ƙabilanci da harshe a cikin ma'aunin ƙidayar ta shine a ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 1963.<ref>"History of Population Census in Nigeria". National Population Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2026.</ref> == Yanayi/Yanayi == Lokacin rani a Askira yana da zafi da ɗan gajimare, yayin da lokacin damina yana da zafi, akwai ƙura, kuma akwai gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 15 °C (59 °F) da 39 °C (103 °F); ba kasafai yake ƙasa ko sama da 12 °C (54 °F) ko 42 °C (108 °F) ba. Lokacin zafi, wanda ke gudana daga 8 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Mayu, yana ɗaukar watanni 2.0 kuma tare da matsakaicin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ke da matsakaicin sama da 37 °C (99 °F). A Askira, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 39 °C (102 °F) da ƙasa na 26 °C (78 °F).<ref>"Askira Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> Lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga 3 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Satumba, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana na ƙasa da 32 °C (89 °F). Tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 16 °C (60 °F) da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na 32 °C (89 °F), Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Askira.<ref>"Nigeria-Borno: Askira/Uba Local Government Area (LGA) (as of 05 February 2018) | OCHA". www.unocha.org. 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref><ref>"Askira, Nigeria Hourly Weather Forecast | Weather Underground". www.wunderground.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref><ref>"Askira Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> Akwai yanayi guda biyu daban-daban a karamar hukumar Askira Uba, wacce ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 ko murabba'in mil 912. Lokacin damina yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da ɗayan kuma ana siffanta shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Ana samun manyan wurare na busasshiyar ƙasa a yankin, wanda ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan-ƙarfi. A Askira Uba, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 37 na Celsius ko digiri 99 na Fahrenheit, kuma danshi na gida shine kashi 18%.[11][8][12] == Girji == A tsawon shekara, matsakaicin kaso na murfin gajimare na Askira ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin. A Askira, lokacin da ya fi haske yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 4.4, yana farawa daga ranar 26 ga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshe a ranar 6 ga Maris. Janairu shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara a Askira, inda sararin samaniya yake a sarari, yawanci a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare kashi 58% na lokacin a matsakaici. Yankin gajimare na shekara yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.6, daga kusan 6 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Oktoba. A Askira, Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara, inda sararin samaniya yake a hazo ko kuma galibi gajimare kashi 75% na lokacin a matsakaici.[13][8]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Askira Uba}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] ahk91j5vqsb0zd7gzfifezycqeybkwn 869330 869329 2026-06-27T11:12:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Emir Of Askira.jpg|thumb|sarkin Askira mai martaba Alhaji Mai Abdullahi Ibn Muhammadu Askirama]] Askira/Uba karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Askira. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 138,091 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 601.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Askira/Uba, Lassa, ita ce asalin wata sabuwar ƙwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin masu wa'azin Amurka da suka dawo, kuma ƙungiyar bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Yale ta fara gano ta, waɗanda suka sanya mata suna "ƙwayar cutar Lassa" bayan wurin da ta fara bayyana.<ref>Prono, Luca (9 January 2008). Zhang, Yawei (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Health. Vol. 1. SAGE. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0</nowiki>. OCLC 775277696</ref> Askira/Uba tana da Majalisun Masarautu guda biyu, wato; Masarautar Askira da Masarautar Uba. Garin Askira, hedikwatar gwamnatin yankin ne Muhammadu Mai Maina ya kafa a shekarar 1921.[3]: 19  A watan Yulin 2014, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne suka kai hari a ƙauyukan Huyim da Dille a karamar hukumar Askira/Uba, inda suka kashe mutane tara da talatin da takwas bi da bi. Maharan sun fito ne daga Dajin Sambisa. Mazauna da suka rasa matsuguninsu "suna buƙatar taimako daga gwamnatoci da mutane masu himma."<ref>"Nigeria: Gunmen Kill Nine in Borno Village". Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref> == Ƙididdigar Jama'a == A wani bincike na alƙaluma na mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu (IDPs) a shekarar 2023, an gano cewa gwamnatin yankin ita ce mafi yawan masu magana da Marghi da Hausa. Harsunan da aka fi ruwaitowa (a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) da ke yankin gwamnatin yankin sune; Marghi - 45.3%, Hausa - 26.8%, Fulfulde, musamman Gabashin ko Adamawa Fulfulde - 11.0%, Cibak (Chibok) - 5.9%, Mafa - 3.7%, Kamwe - 3.5%, Kanuri - 3.1%, Ba a sani ba - 0.4% da Turanci - 0.4%.<ref>Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (Anthony Hamilton Millard) (1971). West African travels and adventures; two autobiographical narratives from Northern Nigeria. Internet Archive. New Haven, Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-300-01426-6</nowiki>.</ref> <ref>Hamza Idris; Yahaya Ibrahim (2014-07-15). "Nigeria: 38 Killed As Boko Haram Attacks Borno Village". Daily Trust - AllAfrica. Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref>Ba a samo wannan bayanai daga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da aka tsara a ƙasa ba. Lokaci na ƙarshe da Najeriya ta haɗa bayanai na ƙabilanci da harshe a cikin ma'aunin ƙidayar ta shine a ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 1963.<ref>"History of Population Census in Nigeria". National Population Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2026.</ref> == Yanayi/Yanayi == Lokacin rani a Askira yana da zafi da ɗan gajimare, yayin da lokacin damina yana da zafi, akwai ƙura, kuma akwai gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 15 °C (59 °F) da 39 °C (103 °F); ba kasafai yake ƙasa ko sama da 12 °C (54 °F) ko 42 °C (108 °F) ba. Lokacin zafi, wanda ke gudana daga 8 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Mayu, yana ɗaukar watanni 2.0 kuma tare da matsakaicin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ke da matsakaicin sama da 37 °C (99 °F). A Askira, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 39 °C (102 °F) da ƙasa na 26 °C (78 °F).<ref>"Askira Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> Lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga 3 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Satumba, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana na ƙasa da 32 °C (89 °F). Tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 16 °C (60 °F) da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na 32 °C (89 °F), Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Askira.<ref>"Nigeria-Borno: Askira/Uba Local Government Area (LGA) (as of 05 February 2018) | OCHA". www.unocha.org. 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref><ref>"Askira, Nigeria Hourly Weather Forecast | Weather Underground". www.wunderground.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref><ref>"Askira Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> Akwai yanayi guda biyu daban-daban a karamar hukumar Askira Uba, wacce ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 ko murabba'in mil 912. Lokacin damina yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da ɗayan kuma ana siffanta shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Ana samun manyan wurare na busasshiyar ƙasa a yankin, wanda ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan-ƙarfi. A Askira Uba, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 37 na Celsius ko digiri 99 na Fahrenheit, kuma danshi na gida shine kashi 18%.<ref>"Askira / Uba Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> == Girji == A tsawon shekara, matsakaicin kaso na murfin gajimare na Askira ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin. A Askira, lokacin da ya fi haske yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 4.4, yana farawa daga ranar 26 ga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshe a ranar 6 ga Maris. Janairu shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara a Askira, inda sararin samaniya yake a sarari, yawanci a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare kashi 58% na lokacin a matsakaici. Yankin gajimare na shekara yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.6, daga kusan 6 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Oktoba. A Askira, Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara, inda sararin samaniya yake a hazo ko kuma galibi gajimare kashi 75% na lokacin a matsakaici.[13][8]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Askira Uba}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 8s3jo64xl40eq3wze5ldud1uc0a47oa 869332 869330 2026-06-27T11:14:16Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Emir Of Askira.jpg|thumb|sarkin Askira mai martaba Alhaji Mai Abdullahi Ibn Muhammadu Askirama]] Askira/Uba karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Askira. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 138,091 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 601.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Askira/Uba, Lassa, ita ce asalin wata sabuwar ƙwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin masu wa'azin Amurka da suka dawo, kuma ƙungiyar bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Yale ta fara gano ta, waɗanda suka sanya mata suna "ƙwayar cutar Lassa" bayan wurin da ta fara bayyana.<ref>Prono, Luca (9 January 2008). Zhang, Yawei (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Health. Vol. 1. SAGE. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0</nowiki>. OCLC 775277696</ref> Askira/Uba tana da Majalisun Masarautu guda biyu, wato; Masarautar Askira da Masarautar Uba. Garin Askira, hedikwatar gwamnatin yankin ne Muhammadu Mai Maina ya kafa a shekarar 1921.[3]: 19  A watan Yulin 2014, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne suka kai hari a ƙauyukan Huyim da Dille a karamar hukumar Askira/Uba, inda suka kashe mutane tara da talatin da takwas bi da bi. Maharan sun fito ne daga Dajin Sambisa. Mazauna da suka rasa matsuguninsu "suna buƙatar taimako daga gwamnatoci da mutane masu himma."<ref>"Nigeria: Gunmen Kill Nine in Borno Village". Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref> == Ƙididdigar Jama'a == A wani bincike na alƙaluma na mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu (IDPs) a shekarar 2023, an gano cewa gwamnatin yankin ita ce mafi yawan masu magana da Marghi da Hausa. Harsunan da aka fi ruwaitowa (a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) da ke yankin gwamnatin yankin sune; Marghi - 45.3%, Hausa - 26.8%, Fulfulde, musamman Gabashin ko Adamawa Fulfulde - 11.0%, Cibak (Chibok) - 5.9%, Mafa - 3.7%, Kamwe - 3.5%, Kanuri - 3.1%, Ba a sani ba - 0.4% da Turanci - 0.4%.<ref>Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (Anthony Hamilton Millard) (1971). West African travels and adventures; two autobiographical narratives from Northern Nigeria. Internet Archive. New Haven, Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-300-01426-6</nowiki>.</ref> <ref>Hamza Idris; Yahaya Ibrahim (2014-07-15). "Nigeria: 38 Killed As Boko Haram Attacks Borno Village". Daily Trust - AllAfrica. Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref>Ba a samo wannan bayanai daga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da aka tsara a ƙasa ba. Lokaci na ƙarshe da Najeriya ta haɗa bayanai na ƙabilanci da harshe a cikin ma'aunin ƙidayar ta shine a ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 1963.<ref>"History of Population Census in Nigeria". National Population Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2026.</ref> == Yanayi/Yanayi == Lokacin rani a Askira yana da zafi da ɗan gajimare, yayin da lokacin damina yana da zafi, akwai ƙura, kuma akwai gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 15 °C (59 °F) da 39 °C (103 °F); ba kasafai yake ƙasa ko sama da 12 °C (54 °F) ko 42 °C (108 °F) ba. Lokacin zafi, wanda ke gudana daga 8 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Mayu, yana ɗaukar watanni 2.0 kuma tare da matsakaicin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ke da matsakaicin sama da 37 °C (99 °F). A Askira, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 39 °C (102 °F) da ƙasa na 26 °C (78 °F).<ref>"Askira Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> Lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga 3 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Satumba, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana na ƙasa da 32 °C (89 °F). Tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 16 °C (60 °F) da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na 32 °C (89 °F), Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Askira.<ref>"Nigeria-Borno: Askira/Uba Local Government Area (LGA) (as of 05 February 2018) | OCHA". www.unocha.org. 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref><ref>"Askira, Nigeria Hourly Weather Forecast | Weather Underground". www.wunderground.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref><ref>"Askira Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> Akwai yanayi guda biyu daban-daban a karamar hukumar Askira Uba, wacce ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 ko murabba'in mil 912. Lokacin damina yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da ɗayan kuma ana siffanta shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Ana samun manyan wurare na busasshiyar ƙasa a yankin, wanda ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan-ƙarfi. A Askira Uba, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 37 na Celsius ko digiri 99 na Fahrenheit, kuma danshi na gida shine kashi 18%.<ref>"Askira / Uba Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref><ref>"Weather in Askira-Uba district". meteocast.net. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> == Girji == A tsawon shekara, matsakaicin kaso na murfin gajimare na Askira ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin. A Askira, lokacin da ya fi haske yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 4.4, yana farawa daga ranar 26 ga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshe a ranar 6 ga Maris. Janairu shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara a Askira, inda sararin samaniya yake a sarari, yawanci a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare kashi 58% na lokacin a matsakaici. Yankin gajimare na shekara yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.6, daga kusan 6 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Oktoba. A Askira, Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara, inda sararin samaniya yake a hazo ko kuma galibi gajimare kashi 75% na lokacin a matsakaici.[13][8]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Askira Uba}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 8ccw1p2qbk6nz8p3kln6x6hrccd1t7m 869333 869332 2026-06-27T11:15:28Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Emir Of Askira.jpg|thumb|sarkin Askira mai martaba Alhaji Mai Abdullahi Ibn Muhammadu Askirama]] Askira/Uba karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Askira. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 138,091 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 601.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Askira/Uba, Lassa, ita ce asalin wata sabuwar ƙwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin masu wa'azin Amurka da suka dawo, kuma ƙungiyar bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Yale ta fara gano ta, waɗanda suka sanya mata suna "ƙwayar cutar Lassa" bayan wurin da ta fara bayyana.<ref>Prono, Luca (9 January 2008). Zhang, Yawei (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Health. Vol. 1. SAGE. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0</nowiki>. OCLC 775277696</ref> Askira/Uba tana da Majalisun Masarautu guda biyu, wato; Masarautar Askira da Masarautar Uba. Garin Askira, hedikwatar gwamnatin yankin ne Muhammadu Mai Maina ya kafa a shekarar 1921.[3]: 19  A watan Yulin 2014, wasu 'yan bindiga da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne suka kai hari a ƙauyukan Huyim da Dille a karamar hukumar Askira/Uba, inda suka kashe mutane tara da talatin da takwas bi da bi. Maharan sun fito ne daga Dajin Sambisa. Mazauna da suka rasa matsuguninsu "suna buƙatar taimako daga gwamnatoci da mutane masu himma."<ref>"Nigeria: Gunmen Kill Nine in Borno Village". Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref> == Ƙididdigar Jama'a == A wani bincike na alƙaluma na mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu (IDPs) a shekarar 2023, an gano cewa gwamnatin yankin ita ce mafi yawan masu magana da Marghi da Hausa. Harsunan da aka fi ruwaitowa (a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) da ke yankin gwamnatin yankin sune; Marghi - 45.3%, Hausa - 26.8%, Fulfulde, musamman Gabashin ko Adamawa Fulfulde - 11.0%, Cibak (Chibok) - 5.9%, Mafa - 3.7%, Kamwe - 3.5%, Kanuri - 3.1%, Ba a sani ba - 0.4% da Turanci - 0.4%.<ref>Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (Anthony Hamilton Millard) (1971). West African travels and adventures; two autobiographical narratives from Northern Nigeria. Internet Archive. New Haven, Yale University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-300-01426-6</nowiki>.</ref> <ref>Hamza Idris; Yahaya Ibrahim (2014-07-15). "Nigeria: 38 Killed As Boko Haram Attacks Borno Village". Daily Trust - AllAfrica. Retrieved 2014-07-18.</ref>Ba a samo wannan bayanai daga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da aka tsara a ƙasa ba. Lokaci na ƙarshe da Najeriya ta haɗa bayanai na ƙabilanci da harshe a cikin ma'aunin ƙidayar ta shine a ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 1963.<ref>"History of Population Census in Nigeria". National Population Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2026.</ref> == Yanayi/Yanayi == Lokacin rani a Askira yana da zafi da ɗan gajimare, yayin da lokacin damina yana da zafi, akwai ƙura, kuma akwai gajimare. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 15 °C (59 °F) da 39 °C (103 °F); ba kasafai yake ƙasa ko sama da 12 °C (54 °F) ko 42 °C (108 °F) ba. Lokacin zafi, wanda ke gudana daga 8 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Mayu, yana ɗaukar watanni 2.0 kuma tare da matsakaicin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ke da matsakaicin sama da 37 °C (99 °F). A Askira, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 39 °C (102 °F) da ƙasa na 26 °C (78 °F).<ref>"Askira Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> Lokacin sanyi na watanni 2.8, wanda ke gudana daga 3 ga Yuli zuwa 28 ga Satumba, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana na ƙasa da 32 °C (89 °F). Tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 16 °C (60 °F) da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na 32 °C (89 °F), Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Askira.<ref>"Nigeria-Borno: Askira/Uba Local Government Area (LGA) (as of 05 February 2018) | OCHA". www.unocha.org. 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref><ref>"Askira, Nigeria Hourly Weather Forecast | Weather Underground". www.wunderground.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref><ref>"Askira Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> Akwai yanayi guda biyu daban-daban a karamar hukumar Askira Uba, wacce ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,362 ko murabba'in mil 912. Lokacin damina yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da ɗayan kuma ana siffanta shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Ana samun manyan wurare na busasshiyar ƙasa a yankin, wanda ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan-ƙarfi. A Askira Uba, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 37 na Celsius ko digiri 99 na Fahrenheit, kuma danshi na gida shine kashi 18%.<ref>"Askira / Uba Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref><ref>"Weather in Askira-Uba district". meteocast.net. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> == Girji == A tsawon shekara, matsakaicin kaso na murfin gajimare na Askira ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin. A Askira, lokacin da ya fi haske yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 4.4, yana farawa daga ranar 26 ga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshe a ranar 6 ga Maris. Janairu shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara a Askira, inda sararin samaniya yake a sarari, yawanci a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare kashi 58% na lokacin a matsakaici. Yankin gajimare na shekara yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.6, daga kusan 6 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Oktoba. A Askira, Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara, inda sararin samaniya yake a hazo ko kuma galibi gajimare kashi 75% na lokacin a matsakaici.<ref>"10-day weather forecast for Askira, Borno, Nigeria - The Weather Channel | weather.com". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref>[8]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Askira Uba}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] qw2m64es98mhx4rvsesvc93c6j2um4q 0 9123 869342 307905 2026-06-27T11:34:48Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dambo in Era at the fringe of Des’a forest.tif|thumb|Wani yanke a domboa na jahar barno]] '''Damboa''' ƙaramar hukuma ce dake [[Jihar Borno]] [[Nijeriya]]. H Shelkwatar ƙaramar hukumar na nan ne a cikin garin Damboa. Tana da girman ƙasa kimanin 6,219&nbsp;km² da kuma yawan jama'a da suka kai 233,200 tun daga alƙaluman ƙidayar shekara ta 2006.<ref name="NGA008007">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm2id=NGA008007 |title=Damboa (Local Government Area, Nigeria) – population statistics, map and location |last1=Brinkhoff |first1=Thomas |date=2013-11-20 |website=www.citypolulation.de |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref> Lambar aika saƙo zuwa ƙaramar hukumar ta postal itace 601.<ref>{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26 | accessdate = 2009-10-20 }}</ref> Asalin mazauna ƙaramar hukumar Damboa sune [[Mutanen Marghi]], amma saboda haɓakar tattalin arziki Damboa ta hanyar sana'ar kamun kifi a wancan lokaci yasa aka samu [[mutanen Kanuri]] da wasu suke yawan kai komo a Damboa har yakai ga sun zama mazauna garin da auren matan garin Damboa. Hakan yasa a, yawancin mutanen Damboa akasarin su rabi Kanuri ne kuma rabi Marghi, dukda haka dai har yanzu akwai gidajen Marghi tsantsa waɗanda basu cuɗanya ba. Sanadiyar cuɗanyar al'ada a garin yasanya yawancin ƴan'asalin garin Damboa sunfi son jingina su da Marghi wasun su kuma Kanuri, amma dai ayau a Damboa akwai mutanen Marghi waɗanda sune ke da rinjaye da kuma mutanen Kanuri waɗanda suke binsu kuma suna zaune a garin kansu ɗaya.<ref name="NGA008007"/> == Dattawan Damboa == ENGR.(Dr) Mohammed Abba Gana[3][circular reference] Comrade Modu Shettima Alhaji Abaya Lawan Alhaji Bulama Korede Karagama M. Kauji Malami Wakil Korede Late Dr. Lawan Kabu Late Alaji Malam Gaji Damboa Hon Grema Umar Mustapha Zarma Koljiri Modu Yerima Gumsuri Late Babagana Abbas Dawa Habu Hong Babagana Musa Kauji Alhaji Kaumi Damboa Mohammed Salisu Ayemu Lawan Gwasha Mustapha Tokebe Karagama Yaga Karagama Azir Lawan Makinta Alhaji lawan kolo Gumsuri Abdullahi Karagama Habu Daja Damboa Lawan Kolomi (LK) Barr. Mohammed Wakil Prof. Adamu Garba Alooma<ref>"LG Polls: Two professors, 26 others contest chairmanship posts in Borno". Premium Times. 27 November 2020</ref> Adamu Tubo Usman Alamin Mohammed Gumsuri Alhaji Darman Korede Alhaji Bukar Petrol Malam Mustapha Gaji Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka kafa Masarautar Borno kafin ta kafa Majalisar Masarautar Damboa, wata jiha ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.[6] == Haihuwa da mazaunanta masu shahara == Haihuwa masu shahara da mazauna Damboa na yanzu da na baya sun haɗa da: Mohammed Abba Gana, Tsohon Ministan FCT, Kwamishina Jihar Arewa maso Gabas == Ilimi == Jami'ar Fasaha ta Noma ta Tarayya Damboa (An gabatar da ita) Kwalejin Fasaha ta 'Yan Mata ta Gwamnati Damboa Makarantar Sakandare ta Ranar Gwamnati Damboa Makarantar Sakandare ta Ranar Gumsury Makarantar Firamare ta Tsakiya Damboa Makarantar Firamare ta Kasugula Damboa- Firamare ta Sabuwar Makarantar Damboa J S S DAMBOA MAKARANTAR FARAMA TA GARJANG ==== Manazarta ==== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] j5wulsz7ehdfdodm9rk1bx5o8a2bli6 869344 869342 2026-06-27T11:35:34Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dambo in Era at the fringe of Des’a forest.tif|thumb|Wani yanke a domboa na jahar barno]] '''Damboa''' ƙaramar hukuma ce dake [[Jihar Borno]] [[Nijeriya]]. H Shelkwatar ƙaramar hukumar na nan ne a cikin garin Damboa. Tana da girman ƙasa kimanin 6,219&nbsp;km² da kuma yawan jama'a da suka kai 233,200 tun daga alƙaluman ƙidayar shekara ta 2006.<ref name="NGA008007">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm2id=NGA008007 |title=Damboa (Local Government Area, Nigeria) – population statistics, map and location |last1=Brinkhoff |first1=Thomas |date=2013-11-20 |website=www.citypolulation.de |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref> Lambar aika saƙo zuwa ƙaramar hukumar ta postal itace 601.<ref>{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26 | accessdate = 2009-10-20 }}</ref> Asalin mazauna ƙaramar hukumar Damboa sune [[Mutanen Marghi]], amma saboda haɓakar tattalin arziki Damboa ta hanyar sana'ar kamun kifi a wancan lokaci yasa aka samu [[mutanen Kanuri]] da wasu suke yawan kai komo a Damboa har yakai ga sun zama mazauna garin da auren matan garin Damboa. Hakan yasa a, yawancin mutanen Damboa akasarin su rabi Kanuri ne kuma rabi Marghi, dukda haka dai har yanzu akwai gidajen Marghi tsantsa waɗanda basu cuɗanya ba. Sanadiyar cuɗanyar al'ada a garin yasanya yawancin ƴan'asalin garin Damboa sunfi son jingina su da Marghi wasun su kuma Kanuri, amma dai ayau a Damboa akwai mutanen Marghi waɗanda sune ke da rinjaye da kuma mutanen Kanuri waɗanda suke binsu kuma suna zaune a garin kansu ɗaya.<ref name="NGA008007"/> == Dattawan Damboa == ENGR.(Dr) Mohammed Abba Gana<ref>"Mohammed Abba Gana - Wikipedia"</ref>[circular reference] Comrade Modu Shettima Alhaji Abaya Lawan Alhaji Bulama Korede Karagama M. Kauji Malami Wakil Korede Late Dr. Lawan Kabu Late Alaji Malam Gaji Damboa Hon Grema Umar Mustapha Zarma Koljiri Modu Yerima Gumsuri Late Babagana Abbas Dawa Habu Hong Babagana Musa Kauji Alhaji Kaumi Damboa Mohammed Salisu Ayemu Lawan Gwasha Mustapha Tokebe Karagama Yaga Karagama Azir Lawan Makinta Alhaji lawan kolo Gumsuri Abdullahi Karagama Habu Daja Damboa Lawan Kolomi (LK) Barr. Mohammed Wakil Prof. Adamu Garba Alooma<ref>"LG Polls: Two professors, 26 others contest chairmanship posts in Borno". Premium Times. 27 November 2020</ref> Adamu Tubo Usman Alamin Mohammed Gumsuri Alhaji Darman Korede Alhaji Bukar Petrol Malam Mustapha Gaji Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka kafa Masarautar Borno kafin ta kafa Majalisar Masarautar Damboa, wata jiha ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.[6] == Haihuwa da mazaunanta masu shahara == Haihuwa masu shahara da mazauna Damboa na yanzu da na baya sun haɗa da: Mohammed Abba Gana, Tsohon Ministan FCT, Kwamishina Jihar Arewa maso Gabas == Ilimi == Jami'ar Fasaha ta Noma ta Tarayya Damboa (An gabatar da ita) Kwalejin Fasaha ta 'Yan Mata ta Gwamnati Damboa Makarantar Sakandare ta Ranar Gwamnati Damboa Makarantar Sakandare ta Ranar Gumsury Makarantar Firamare ta Tsakiya Damboa Makarantar Firamare ta Kasugula Damboa- Firamare ta Sabuwar Makarantar Damboa J S S DAMBOA MAKARANTAR FARAMA TA GARJANG ==== Manazarta ==== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 59wxd4npcl135kk95bjltbdbcbucavl 869346 869344 2026-06-27T11:36:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dambo in Era at the fringe of Des’a forest.tif|thumb|Wani yanke a domboa na jahar barno]] '''Damboa''' ƙaramar hukuma ce dake [[Jihar Borno]] [[Nijeriya]]. H Shelkwatar ƙaramar hukumar na nan ne a cikin garin Damboa. Tana da girman ƙasa kimanin 6,219&nbsp;km² da kuma yawan jama'a da suka kai 233,200 tun daga alƙaluman ƙidayar shekara ta 2006.<ref name="NGA008007">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm2id=NGA008007 |title=Damboa (Local Government Area, Nigeria) – population statistics, map and location |last1=Brinkhoff |first1=Thomas |date=2013-11-20 |website=www.citypolulation.de |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref> Lambar aika saƙo zuwa ƙaramar hukumar ta postal itace 601.<ref>{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26 | accessdate = 2009-10-20 }}</ref> Asalin mazauna ƙaramar hukumar Damboa sune [[Mutanen Marghi]], amma saboda haɓakar tattalin arziki Damboa ta hanyar sana'ar kamun kifi a wancan lokaci yasa aka samu [[mutanen Kanuri]] da wasu suke yawan kai komo a Damboa har yakai ga sun zama mazauna garin da auren matan garin Damboa. Hakan yasa a, yawancin mutanen Damboa akasarin su rabi Kanuri ne kuma rabi Marghi, dukda haka dai har yanzu akwai gidajen Marghi tsantsa waɗanda basu cuɗanya ba. Sanadiyar cuɗanyar al'ada a garin yasanya yawancin ƴan'asalin garin Damboa sunfi son jingina su da Marghi wasun su kuma Kanuri, amma dai ayau a Damboa akwai mutanen Marghi waɗanda sune ke da rinjaye da kuma mutanen Kanuri waɗanda suke binsu kuma suna zaune a garin kansu ɗaya.<ref name="NGA008007"/> == Dattawan Damboa == ENGR.(Dr) Mohammed Abba Gana<ref>"Mohammed Abba Gana - Wikipedia"</ref>[circular reference] Comrade Modu Shettima Alhaji Abaya Lawan Alhaji Bulama Korede Karagama M. Kauji Malami Wakil Korede Late Dr. Lawan Kabu Late Alaji Malam Gaji Damboa Hon Grema Umar Mustapha Zarma Koljiri Modu Yerima Gumsuri Late Babagana Abbas Dawa Habu Hong Babagana Musa Kauji Alhaji Kaumi Damboa Mohammed Salisu Ayemu Lawan Gwasha Mustapha Tokebe Karagama Yaga Karagama Azir Lawan Makinta Alhaji lawan kolo Gumsuri Abdullahi Karagama Habu Daja Damboa Lawan Kolomi (LK) Barr. Mohammed Wakil Prof. Adamu Garba Alooma<ref>"LG Polls: Two professors, 26 others contest chairmanship posts in Borno". Premium Times. 27 November 2020</ref> Adamu Tubo Usman Alamin Mohammed Gumsuri Alhaji Darman Korede Alhaji Bukar Petrol Malam Mustapha Gaji<ref>"Zulum, COAS Inspect Maiduguri - Damboa Road, Pledge Adequate Security"</ref> Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka kafa Masarautar Borno kafin ta kafa Majalisar Masarautar Damboa, wata jiha ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.[6] == Haihuwa da mazaunanta masu shahara == Haihuwa masu shahara da mazauna Damboa na yanzu da na baya sun haɗa da: Mohammed Abba Gana, Tsohon Ministan FCT, Kwamishina Jihar Arewa maso Gabas == Ilimi == Jami'ar Fasaha ta Noma ta Tarayya Damboa (An gabatar da ita) Kwalejin Fasaha ta 'Yan Mata ta Gwamnati Damboa Makarantar Sakandare ta Ranar Gwamnati Damboa Makarantar Sakandare ta Ranar Gumsury Makarantar Firamare ta Tsakiya Damboa Makarantar Firamare ta Kasugula Damboa- Firamare ta Sabuwar Makarantar Damboa J S S DAMBOA MAKARANTAR FARAMA TA GARJANG ==== Manazarta ==== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] bdv0kn9chgl8vat33pm9xo8am7warfq 869348 869346 2026-06-27T11:37:33Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dambo in Era at the fringe of Des’a forest.tif|thumb|Wani yanke a domboa na jahar barno]] '''Damboa''' ƙaramar hukuma ce dake [[Jihar Borno]] [[Nijeriya]]. H Shelkwatar ƙaramar hukumar na nan ne a cikin garin Damboa. Tana da girman ƙasa kimanin 6,219&nbsp;km² da kuma yawan jama'a da suka kai 233,200 tun daga alƙaluman ƙidayar shekara ta 2006.<ref name="NGA008007">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm2id=NGA008007 |title=Damboa (Local Government Area, Nigeria) – population statistics, map and location |last1=Brinkhoff |first1=Thomas |date=2013-11-20 |website=www.citypolulation.de |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref> Lambar aika saƙo zuwa ƙaramar hukumar ta postal itace 601.<ref>{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26 | accessdate = 2009-10-20 }}</ref> Asalin mazauna ƙaramar hukumar Damboa sune [[Mutanen Marghi]], amma saboda haɓakar tattalin arziki Damboa ta hanyar sana'ar kamun kifi a wancan lokaci yasa aka samu [[mutanen Kanuri]] da wasu suke yawan kai komo a Damboa har yakai ga sun zama mazauna garin da auren matan garin Damboa. Hakan yasa a, yawancin mutanen Damboa akasarin su rabi Kanuri ne kuma rabi Marghi, dukda haka dai har yanzu akwai gidajen Marghi tsantsa waɗanda basu cuɗanya ba. Sanadiyar cuɗanyar al'ada a garin yasanya yawancin ƴan'asalin garin Damboa sunfi son jingina su da Marghi wasun su kuma Kanuri, amma dai ayau a Damboa akwai mutanen Marghi waɗanda sune ke da rinjaye da kuma mutanen Kanuri waɗanda suke binsu kuma suna zaune a garin kansu ɗaya.<ref name="NGA008007"/> == Dattawan Damboa == ENGR.(Dr) Mohammed Abba Gana<ref>"Mohammed Abba Gana - Wikipedia"</ref>[circular reference] Comrade Modu Shettima Alhaji Abaya Lawan Alhaji Bulama Korede Karagama M. Kauji Malami Wakil Korede Late Dr. Lawan Kabu Late Alaji Malam Gaji Damboa Hon Grema Umar Mustapha Zarma Koljiri Modu Yerima Gumsuri Late Babagana Abbas Dawa Habu Hong Babagana Musa Kauji Alhaji Kaumi Damboa Mohammed Salisu Ayemu Lawan Gwasha Mustapha Tokebe Karagama Yaga Karagama Azir Lawan Makinta Alhaji lawan kolo Gumsuri Abdullahi Karagama Habu Daja Damboa Lawan Kolomi (LK) Barr. Mohammed Wakil Prof. Adamu Garba Alooma<ref>"LG Polls: Two professors, 26 others contest chairmanship posts in Borno". Premium Times. 27 November 2020</ref> Adamu Tubo Usman Alamin Mohammed Gumsuri Alhaji Darman Korede Alhaji Bukar Petrol Malam Mustapha Gaji<ref>"Zulum, COAS Inspect Maiduguri - Damboa Road, Pledge Adequate Security"</ref> Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka kafa Masarautar Borno kafin ta kafa Majalisar Masarautar Damboa, wata jiha ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki>.</ref> == Haihuwa da mazaunanta masu shahara == Haihuwa masu shahara da mazauna Damboa na yanzu da na baya sun haɗa da: Mohammed Abba Gana, Tsohon Ministan FCT, Kwamishina Jihar Arewa maso Gabas == Ilimi == Jami'ar Fasaha ta Noma ta Tarayya Damboa (An gabatar da ita) Kwalejin Fasaha ta 'Yan Mata ta Gwamnati Damboa Makarantar Sakandare ta Ranar Gwamnati Damboa Makarantar Sakandare ta Ranar Gumsury Makarantar Firamare ta Tsakiya Damboa Makarantar Firamare ta Kasugula Damboa- Firamare ta Sabuwar Makarantar Damboa J S S DAMBOA MAKARANTAR FARAMA TA GARJANG ==== Manazarta ==== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] huk9bu84gftbhm205w4kdkn7u9b0r50 869350 869348 2026-06-27T11:38:38Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dambo in Era at the fringe of Des’a forest.tif|thumb|Wani yanke a domboa na jahar barno]] '''Damboa''' ƙaramar hukuma ce dake [[Jihar Borno]] [[Nijeriya]]. H Shelkwatar ƙaramar hukumar na nan ne a cikin garin Damboa. Tana da girman ƙasa kimanin 6,219&nbsp;km² da kuma yawan jama'a da suka kai 233,200 tun daga alƙaluman ƙidayar shekara ta 2006.<ref name="NGA008007">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm2id=NGA008007 |title=Damboa (Local Government Area, Nigeria) – population statistics, map and location |last1=Brinkhoff |first1=Thomas |date=2013-11-20 |website=www.citypolulation.de |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref> Lambar aika saƙo zuwa ƙaramar hukumar ta postal itace 601.<ref>{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26 | accessdate = 2009-10-20 }}</ref> Asalin mazauna ƙaramar hukumar Damboa sune [[Mutanen Marghi]], amma saboda haɓakar tattalin arziki Damboa ta hanyar sana'ar kamun kifi a wancan lokaci yasa aka samu [[mutanen Kanuri]] da wasu suke yawan kai komo a Damboa har yakai ga sun zama mazauna garin da auren matan garin Damboa. Hakan yasa a, yawancin mutanen Damboa akasarin su rabi Kanuri ne kuma rabi Marghi, dukda haka dai har yanzu akwai gidajen Marghi tsantsa waɗanda basu cuɗanya ba. Sanadiyar cuɗanyar al'ada a garin yasanya yawancin ƴan'asalin garin Damboa sunfi son jingina su da Marghi wasun su kuma Kanuri, amma dai ayau a Damboa akwai mutanen Marghi waɗanda sune ke da rinjaye da kuma mutanen Kanuri waɗanda suke binsu kuma suna zaune a garin kansu ɗaya.<ref name="NGA008007"/> == Dattawan Damboa == ENGR.(Dr) Mohammed Abba Gana<ref>"Mohammed Abba Gana - Wikipedia"</ref>[circular reference] Comrade Modu Shettima Alhaji Abaya Lawan Alhaji Bulama Korede Karagama M. Kauji Malami Wakil Korede Late Dr. Lawan Kabu Late Alaji Malam Gaji Damboa Hon Grema Umar Mustapha Zarma Koljiri Modu Yerima Gumsuri Late Babagana Abbas Dawa Habu Hong Babagana Musa Kauji Alhaji Kaumi Damboa Mohammed Salisu Ayemu Lawan Gwasha Mustapha Tokebe Karagama Yaga Karagama Azir Lawan Makinta Alhaji lawan kolo Gumsuri Abdullahi Karagama Habu Daja Damboa Lawan Kolomi (LK) Barr. Mohammed Wakil Prof. Adamu Garba Alooma<ref>"LG Polls: Two professors, 26 others contest chairmanship posts in Borno". Premium Times. 27 November 2020</ref> Adamu Tubo Usman Alamin Mohammed Gumsuri Alhaji Darman Korede Alhaji Bukar Petrol Malam Mustapha Gaji<ref>"Zulum, COAS Inspect Maiduguri - Damboa Road, Pledge Adequate Security"</ref> Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka kafa Masarautar Borno kafin ta kafa Majalisar Masarautar Damboa, wata jiha ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki>.</ref> == Haihuwa da mazaunanta masu shahara == Haihuwa masu shahara da mazauna Damboa na yanzu da na baya sun haɗa da: Mohammed Abba Gana, Tsohon Ministan FCT, Kwamishina Jihar Arewa maso Gabas<ref>Hamidu, L. J.; Molta, N. B. (1989). "Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) infection in Mafi and Kawaram, Borno State". AfricaBib. 6–7: 106–114. Retrieved 2014-07-01.</ref> == Ilimi == Jami'ar Fasaha ta Noma ta Tarayya Damboa (An gabatar da ita) Kwalejin Fasaha ta 'Yan Mata ta Gwamnati Damboa Makarantar Sakandare ta Ranar Gwamnati Damboa Makarantar Sakandare ta Ranar Gumsury Makarantar Firamare ta Tsakiya Damboa Makarantar Firamare ta Kasugula Damboa- Firamare ta Sabuwar Makarantar Damboa J S S DAMBOA MAKARANTAR FARAMA TA GARJANG ==== Manazarta ==== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] muowgmewi9r2muk9hq4v7nghkxk480s 0 9125 869354 529602 2026-06-27T11:45:21Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 869354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Idris at Bama and Gwoza DURUMI IDP CAMP NIGERIA.jpg|thumb|Gwoza]] GwozaListenⓘ birni ne da kuma karamar hukuma a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Garin kan iyaka ne "kimanin kilomita 135 Kudu maso Gabashin Maiduguri."[2] Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 610.[3] Tsawon yankin yana da duwatsu da tuddai.[4] Tsaunin Gwoza, mai tsayin kusan mita 1300 sama da matakin teku yana ba da kyawawan wurare kuma ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Mandara, waɗanda ke samar da shinge na halitta tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru, tun daga Pulka. Suna kallon wuraren ajiyar namun daji ta hanyar juyawa zuwa Mubi da kuma bayan haka a Jihar Adamawa.[5] An kira karamar hukumar Gwoza da "mafaka mai suna ga 'yan Boko Haram,"[5] waɗanda suka isa yankin a shekarar 2009 daga Maiduguri.[6] Yankin ya fuskanci tashin hankali mai yawa sakamakon rikicin da ya barke a Najeriya, kuma a shekarar 2014, an ga kwararar mayakan Boko Haram daga dajin Sambisa.[an yi hasashe] Ya zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2014, "rahotannin sun nuna cewa an kai hari a duk fadin Gwoza. Ba za a iya tabbatar da gaskiyar rahoton ba saboda yawancin layukan waya a Gwoza da kauyukan da ke kewaye sun lalace sakamakon barna da 'yan ta'adda suka yi musu."[7] Deutsche Welle ta ruwaito cewa "Hanyoyi daga yankin suna da matukar hatsari kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na waya ba su da kyau ko kuma babu su."[8] Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Oktoban 2014, kimanin mazauna Gwoza 3,000 da fada ya raba da gidajensu suna "kwance a gefen Abuja", a cewar wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin agaji na yankin, inda "bukatar matsuguni, abinci, tufafi da magunguna ga wadanda rikicin ya shafa suma suka zama mummunan lamari."[9] A ranar 27 ga Maris 2015, kwana daya kafin zaben shugaban Najeriya, Rundunar Sojin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa ta kwace garin Gwoza daga hannun Boko Haram.[10]<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices-with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> ==Gundumomin karamar hukumar Gwoza== *Hausari *Gadamayo *Hambagda *Dlimankara *Jaje *Blablai ==Yaruka== Yaren Kanuri, yaren Cineni ,yaren ede,Yaren avda,yaren Guduf-Gava, Gvoko yaren Lamang, yaren Mafa Language da kuma yaren Waja. duka anayinsu a cikin karamar hukumar Gwoza. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gwoza}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] d3knyd2swq04vahfl3h6dwjqch9w7hx 869355 869354 2026-06-27T11:47:31Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Idris at Bama and Gwoza DURUMI IDP CAMP NIGERIA.jpg|thumb|Gwoza]] Gwoza birni ne da kuma karamar hukuma a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Garin kan iyaka ne "kimanin kilomita 135 Kudu maso Gabashin Maiduguri."<ref>"Boko Haram Attacked Christians, Burns 100 Churches At Nigerian-Cameroon Border". NaijaGists.com. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2015</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 610.[3] Tsawon yankin yana da duwatsu da tuddai.[4] Tsaunin Gwoza, mai tsayin kusan mita 1300 sama da matakin teku yana ba da kyawawan wurare kuma ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Mandara, waɗanda ke samar da shinge na halitta tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru, tun daga Pulka. Suna kallon wuraren ajiyar namun daji ta hanyar juyawa zuwa Mubi da kuma bayan haka a Jihar Adamawa.[5] An kira karamar hukumar Gwoza da "mafaka mai suna ga 'yan Boko Haram,"[5] waɗanda suka isa yankin a shekarar 2009 daga Maiduguri.[6] Yankin ya fuskanci tashin hankali mai yawa sakamakon rikicin da ya barke a Najeriya, kuma a shekarar 2014, an ga kwararar mayakan Boko Haram daga dajin Sambisa.[an yi hasashe] Ya zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2014, "rahotannin sun nuna cewa an kai hari a duk fadin Gwoza. Ba za a iya tabbatar da gaskiyar rahoton ba saboda yawancin layukan waya a Gwoza da kauyukan da ke kewaye sun lalace sakamakon barna da 'yan ta'adda suka yi musu."[7] Deutsche Welle ta ruwaito cewa "Hanyoyi daga yankin suna da matukar hatsari kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na waya ba su da kyau ko kuma babu su."[8] Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Oktoban 2014, kimanin mazauna Gwoza 3,000 da fada ya raba da gidajensu suna "kwance a gefen Abuja", a cewar wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin agaji na yankin, inda "bukatar matsuguni, abinci, tufafi da magunguna ga wadanda rikicin ya shafa suma suka zama mummunan lamari."[9] A ranar 27 ga Maris 2015, kwana daya kafin zaben shugaban Najeriya, Rundunar Sojin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa ta kwace garin Gwoza daga hannun Boko Haram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices-with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> ==Gundumomin karamar hukumar Gwoza== *Hausari *Gadamayo *Hambagda *Dlimankara *Jaje *Blablai ==Yaruka== Yaren Kanuri, yaren Cineni ,yaren ede,Yaren avda,yaren Guduf-Gava, Gvoko yaren Lamang, yaren Mafa Language da kuma yaren Waja. duka anayinsu a cikin karamar hukumar Gwoza. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gwoza}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 3px1vuagttr2isk3czqrn07g6bp3lag 869357 869355 2026-06-27T11:49:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Idris at Bama and Gwoza DURUMI IDP CAMP NIGERIA.jpg|thumb|Gwoza]] Gwoza birni ne da kuma karamar hukuma a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Garin kan iyaka ne "kimanin kilomita 135 Kudu maso Gabashin Maiduguri."<ref>"Boko Haram Attacked Christians, Burns 100 Churches At Nigerian-Cameroon Border". NaijaGists.com. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2015</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 610.<ref>"Post Offices-with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref> Tsawon yankin yana da duwatsu da tuddai.[4] Tsaunin Gwoza, mai tsayin kusan mita 1300 sama da matakin teku yana ba da kyawawan wurare kuma ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Mandara, waɗanda ke samar da shinge na halitta tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru, tun daga Pulka. Suna kallon wuraren ajiyar namun daji ta hanyar juyawa zuwa Mubi da kuma bayan haka a Jihar Adamawa.[5] An kira karamar hukumar Gwoza da "mafaka mai suna ga 'yan Boko Haram,"[5] waɗanda suka isa yankin a shekarar 2009 daga Maiduguri.[6] Yankin ya fuskanci tashin hankali mai yawa sakamakon rikicin da ya barke a Najeriya, kuma a shekarar 2014, an ga kwararar mayakan Boko Haram daga dajin Sambisa.[an yi hasashe] Ya zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2014, "rahotannin sun nuna cewa an kai hari a duk fadin Gwoza. Ba za a iya tabbatar da gaskiyar rahoton ba saboda yawancin layukan waya a Gwoza da kauyukan da ke kewaye sun lalace sakamakon barna da 'yan ta'adda suka yi musu."[7] Deutsche Welle ta ruwaito cewa "Hanyoyi daga yankin suna da matukar hatsari kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na waya ba su da kyau ko kuma babu su."[8] Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Oktoban 2014, kimanin mazauna Gwoza 3,000 da fada ya raba da gidajensu suna "kwance a gefen Abuja", a cewar wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin agaji na yankin, inda "bukatar matsuguni, abinci, tufafi da magunguna ga wadanda rikicin ya shafa suma suka zama mummunan lamari."[9] A ranar 27 ga Maris 2015, kwana daya kafin zaben shugaban Najeriya, Rundunar Sojin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa ta kwace garin Gwoza daga hannun Boko Haram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices-with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> ==Gundumomin karamar hukumar Gwoza== *Hausari *Gadamayo *Hambagda *Dlimankara *Jaje *Blablai ==Yaruka== Yaren Kanuri, yaren Cineni ,yaren ede,Yaren avda,yaren Guduf-Gava, Gvoko yaren Lamang, yaren Mafa Language da kuma yaren Waja. duka anayinsu a cikin karamar hukumar Gwoza. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gwoza}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] mbqp2eh6tmp4drlsec94v6w97f4xzwx 869358 869357 2026-06-27T11:49:52Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Idris at Bama and Gwoza DURUMI IDP CAMP NIGERIA.jpg|thumb|Gwoza]] Gwoza birni ne da kuma karamar hukuma a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Garin kan iyaka ne "kimanin kilomita 135 Kudu maso Gabashin Maiduguri."<ref>"Boko Haram Attacked Christians, Burns 100 Churches At Nigerian-Cameroon Border". NaijaGists.com. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2015</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 610.<ref>"Post Offices-with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref> Tsawon yankin yana da duwatsu da tuddai.<ref>"Scores killed in attack in northeast Nigeria". Al Jazeera English. 17 February 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</ref> Tsaunin Gwoza, mai tsayin kusan mita 1300 sama da matakin teku yana ba da kyawawan wurare kuma ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Mandara, waɗanda ke samar da shinge na halitta tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru, tun daga Pulka. Suna kallon wuraren ajiyar namun daji ta hanyar juyawa zuwa Mubi da kuma bayan haka a Jihar Adamawa.[5] An kira karamar hukumar Gwoza da "mafaka mai suna ga 'yan Boko Haram,"[5] waɗanda suka isa yankin a shekarar 2009 daga Maiduguri.[6] Yankin ya fuskanci tashin hankali mai yawa sakamakon rikicin da ya barke a Najeriya, kuma a shekarar 2014, an ga kwararar mayakan Boko Haram daga dajin Sambisa.[an yi hasashe] Ya zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2014, "rahotannin sun nuna cewa an kai hari a duk fadin Gwoza. Ba za a iya tabbatar da gaskiyar rahoton ba saboda yawancin layukan waya a Gwoza da kauyukan da ke kewaye sun lalace sakamakon barna da 'yan ta'adda suka yi musu."[7] Deutsche Welle ta ruwaito cewa "Hanyoyi daga yankin suna da matukar hatsari kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na waya ba su da kyau ko kuma babu su."[8] Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Oktoban 2014, kimanin mazauna Gwoza 3,000 da fada ya raba da gidajensu suna "kwance a gefen Abuja", a cewar wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin agaji na yankin, inda "bukatar matsuguni, abinci, tufafi da magunguna ga wadanda rikicin ya shafa suma suka zama mummunan lamari."[9] A ranar 27 ga Maris 2015, kwana daya kafin zaben shugaban Najeriya, Rundunar Sojin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa ta kwace garin Gwoza daga hannun Boko Haram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices-with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> ==Gundumomin karamar hukumar Gwoza== *Hausari *Gadamayo *Hambagda *Dlimankara *Jaje *Blablai ==Yaruka== Yaren Kanuri, yaren Cineni ,yaren ede,Yaren avda,yaren Guduf-Gava, Gvoko yaren Lamang, yaren Mafa Language da kuma yaren Waja. duka anayinsu a cikin karamar hukumar Gwoza. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gwoza}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] njl9caxu6lrfe1t3qtlf0fv9p73duvs 869359 869358 2026-06-27T11:50:26Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Idris at Bama and Gwoza DURUMI IDP CAMP NIGERIA.jpg|thumb|Gwoza]] Gwoza birni ne da kuma karamar hukuma a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Garin kan iyaka ne "kimanin kilomita 135 Kudu maso Gabashin Maiduguri."<ref>"Boko Haram Attacked Christians, Burns 100 Churches At Nigerian-Cameroon Border". NaijaGists.com. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2015</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 610.<ref>"Post Offices-with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref> Tsawon yankin yana da duwatsu da tuddai.<ref>"Scores killed in attack in northeast Nigeria". Al Jazeera English. 17 February 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</ref> Tsaunin Gwoza, mai tsayin kusan mita 1300 sama da matakin teku yana ba da kyawawan wurare kuma ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Mandara, waɗanda ke samar da shinge na halitta tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru, tun daga Pulka. Suna kallon wuraren ajiyar namun daji ta hanyar juyawa zuwa Mubi da kuma bayan haka a Jihar Adamawa.<ref>Bodunrin Kayode (29 April 2014). "Inside Nigeria's Sambisa forest, the Boko Haram hideout where kidnapped school girls are believed to be held". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2015.</ref> An kira karamar hukumar Gwoza da "mafaka mai suna ga 'yan Boko Haram,"[5] waɗanda suka isa yankin a shekarar 2009 daga Maiduguri.[6] Yankin ya fuskanci tashin hankali mai yawa sakamakon rikicin da ya barke a Najeriya, kuma a shekarar 2014, an ga kwararar mayakan Boko Haram daga dajin Sambisa.[an yi hasashe] Ya zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2014, "rahotannin sun nuna cewa an kai hari a duk fadin Gwoza. Ba za a iya tabbatar da gaskiyar rahoton ba saboda yawancin layukan waya a Gwoza da kauyukan da ke kewaye sun lalace sakamakon barna da 'yan ta'adda suka yi musu."[7] Deutsche Welle ta ruwaito cewa "Hanyoyi daga yankin suna da matukar hatsari kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na waya ba su da kyau ko kuma babu su."[8] Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Oktoban 2014, kimanin mazauna Gwoza 3,000 da fada ya raba da gidajensu suna "kwance a gefen Abuja", a cewar wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin agaji na yankin, inda "bukatar matsuguni, abinci, tufafi da magunguna ga wadanda rikicin ya shafa suma suka zama mummunan lamari."[9] A ranar 27 ga Maris 2015, kwana daya kafin zaben shugaban Najeriya, Rundunar Sojin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa ta kwace garin Gwoza daga hannun Boko Haram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices-with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> ==Gundumomin karamar hukumar Gwoza== *Hausari *Gadamayo *Hambagda *Dlimankara *Jaje *Blablai ==Yaruka== Yaren Kanuri, yaren Cineni ,yaren ede,Yaren avda,yaren Guduf-Gava, Gvoko yaren Lamang, yaren Mafa Language da kuma yaren Waja. duka anayinsu a cikin karamar hukumar Gwoza. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gwoza}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 88c7matkx3c1l3fufpqnjjyma5rhynu 869360 869359 2026-06-27T11:51:06Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Idris at Bama and Gwoza DURUMI IDP CAMP NIGERIA.jpg|thumb|Gwoza]] Gwoza birni ne da kuma karamar hukuma a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Garin kan iyaka ne "kimanin kilomita 135 Kudu maso Gabashin Maiduguri."<ref>"Boko Haram Attacked Christians, Burns 100 Churches At Nigerian-Cameroon Border". NaijaGists.com. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2015</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 610.<ref>"Post Offices-with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref> Tsawon yankin yana da duwatsu da tuddai.<ref>"Scores killed in attack in northeast Nigeria". Al Jazeera English. 17 February 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</ref> Tsaunin Gwoza, mai tsayin kusan mita 1300 sama da matakin teku yana ba da kyawawan wurare kuma ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Mandara, waɗanda ke samar da shinge na halitta tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru, tun daga Pulka. Suna kallon wuraren ajiyar namun daji ta hanyar juyawa zuwa Mubi da kuma bayan haka a Jihar Adamawa.<ref>Bodunrin Kayode (29 April 2014). "Inside Nigeria's Sambisa forest, the Boko Haram hideout where kidnapped school girls are believed to be held". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2015.</ref> An kira karamar hukumar Gwoza da "mafaka mai suna ga 'yan Boko Haram,"<ref>"Why has Borno become a stronghold of terror in Nigeria?". Deutsche Welle. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</ref> waɗanda suka isa yankin a shekarar 2009 daga Maiduguri.[6] Yankin ya fuskanci tashin hankali mai yawa sakamakon rikicin da ya barke a Najeriya, kuma a shekarar 2014, an ga kwararar mayakan Boko Haram daga dajin Sambisa.[an yi hasashe] Ya zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2014, "rahotannin sun nuna cewa an kai hari a duk fadin Gwoza. Ba za a iya tabbatar da gaskiyar rahoton ba saboda yawancin layukan waya a Gwoza da kauyukan da ke kewaye sun lalace sakamakon barna da 'yan ta'adda suka yi musu."[7] Deutsche Welle ta ruwaito cewa "Hanyoyi daga yankin suna da matukar hatsari kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na waya ba su da kyau ko kuma babu su."[8] Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Oktoban 2014, kimanin mazauna Gwoza 3,000 da fada ya raba da gidajensu suna "kwance a gefen Abuja", a cewar wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin agaji na yankin, inda "bukatar matsuguni, abinci, tufafi da magunguna ga wadanda rikicin ya shafa suma suka zama mummunan lamari."[9] A ranar 27 ga Maris 2015, kwana daya kafin zaben shugaban Najeriya, Rundunar Sojin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa ta kwace garin Gwoza daga hannun Boko Haram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices-with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> ==Gundumomin karamar hukumar Gwoza== *Hausari *Gadamayo *Hambagda *Dlimankara *Jaje *Blablai ==Yaruka== Yaren Kanuri, yaren Cineni ,yaren ede,Yaren avda,yaren Guduf-Gava, Gvoko yaren Lamang, yaren Mafa Language da kuma yaren Waja. duka anayinsu a cikin karamar hukumar Gwoza. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gwoza}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] ftdwgpehnmsch0wqf6qin94rd36jiou 869361 869360 2026-06-27T11:51:54Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Idris at Bama and Gwoza DURUMI IDP CAMP NIGERIA.jpg|thumb|Gwoza]] Gwoza birni ne da kuma karamar hukuma a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Garin kan iyaka ne "kimanin kilomita 135 Kudu maso Gabashin Maiduguri."<ref>"Boko Haram Attacked Christians, Burns 100 Churches At Nigerian-Cameroon Border". NaijaGists.com. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2015</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 610.<ref>"Post Offices-with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref> Tsawon yankin yana da duwatsu da tuddai.<ref>"Scores killed in attack in northeast Nigeria". Al Jazeera English. 17 February 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</ref> Tsaunin Gwoza, mai tsayin kusan mita 1300 sama da matakin teku yana ba da kyawawan wurare kuma ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Mandara, waɗanda ke samar da shinge na halitta tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru, tun daga Pulka. Suna kallon wuraren ajiyar namun daji ta hanyar juyawa zuwa Mubi da kuma bayan haka a Jihar Adamawa.<ref>Bodunrin Kayode (29 April 2014). "Inside Nigeria's Sambisa forest, the Boko Haram hideout where kidnapped school girls are believed to be held". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2015.</ref> An kira karamar hukumar Gwoza da "mafaka mai suna ga 'yan Boko Haram,"<ref>"Why has Borno become a stronghold of terror in Nigeria?". Deutsche Welle. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</ref> waɗanda suka isa yankin a shekarar 2009 daga Maiduguri.[6] Yankin ya fuskanci tashin hankali mai yawa sakamakon rikicin da ya barke a Najeriya, kuma a shekarar 2014, an ga kwararar mayakan Boko Haram daga dajin Sambisa.[an yi hasashe] Ya zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2014, "rahotannin sun nuna cewa an kai hari a duk fadin Gwoza. Ba za a iya tabbatar da gaskiyar rahoton ba saboda yawancin layukan waya a Gwoza da kauyukan da ke kewaye sun lalace sakamakon barna da 'yan ta'adda suka yi musu."<ref>"Nigeria: Three Soldiers Feared Killed As Bomber Hits Military Post". Daily Trust - allAfrica.com. 23 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014</ref> Deutsche Welle ta ruwaito cewa "Hanyoyi daga yankin suna da matukar hatsari kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na waya ba su da kyau ko kuma babu su."[8] Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Oktoban 2014, kimanin mazauna Gwoza 3,000 da fada ya raba da gidajensu suna "kwance a gefen Abuja", a cewar wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin agaji na yankin, inda "bukatar matsuguni, abinci, tufafi da magunguna ga wadanda rikicin ya shafa suma suka zama mummunan lamari."[9] A ranar 27 ga Maris 2015, kwana daya kafin zaben shugaban Najeriya, Rundunar Sojin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa ta kwace garin Gwoza daga hannun Boko Haram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices-with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> ==Gundumomin karamar hukumar Gwoza== *Hausari *Gadamayo *Hambagda *Dlimankara *Jaje *Blablai ==Yaruka== Yaren Kanuri, yaren Cineni ,yaren ede,Yaren avda,yaren Guduf-Gava, Gvoko yaren Lamang, yaren Mafa Language da kuma yaren Waja. duka anayinsu a cikin karamar hukumar Gwoza. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gwoza}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 8fal6508wrnvdlx6tex1nyk5uznrmfm 869363 869361 2026-06-27T11:52:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Idris at Bama and Gwoza DURUMI IDP CAMP NIGERIA.jpg|thumb|Gwoza]] Gwoza birni ne da kuma karamar hukuma a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Garin kan iyaka ne "kimanin kilomita 135 Kudu maso Gabashin Maiduguri."<ref>"Boko Haram Attacked Christians, Burns 100 Churches At Nigerian-Cameroon Border". NaijaGists.com. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2015</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 610.<ref>"Post Offices-with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref> Tsawon yankin yana da duwatsu da tuddai.<ref>"Scores killed in attack in northeast Nigeria". Al Jazeera English. 17 February 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</ref> Tsaunin Gwoza, mai tsayin kusan mita 1300 sama da matakin teku yana ba da kyawawan wurare kuma ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Mandara, waɗanda ke samar da shinge na halitta tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru, tun daga Pulka. Suna kallon wuraren ajiyar namun daji ta hanyar juyawa zuwa Mubi da kuma bayan haka a Jihar Adamawa.<ref>Bodunrin Kayode (29 April 2014). "Inside Nigeria's Sambisa forest, the Boko Haram hideout where kidnapped school girls are believed to be held". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2015.</ref> An kira karamar hukumar Gwoza da "mafaka mai suna ga 'yan Boko Haram,"<ref>"Why has Borno become a stronghold of terror in Nigeria?". Deutsche Welle. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</ref> waɗanda suka isa yankin a shekarar 2009 daga Maiduguri.[6] Yankin ya fuskanci tashin hankali mai yawa sakamakon rikicin da ya barke a Najeriya, kuma a shekarar 2014, an ga kwararar mayakan Boko Haram daga dajin Sambisa.[an yi hasashe] Ya zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2014, "rahotannin sun nuna cewa an kai hari a duk fadin Gwoza. Ba za a iya tabbatar da gaskiyar rahoton ba saboda yawancin layukan waya a Gwoza da kauyukan da ke kewaye sun lalace sakamakon barna da 'yan ta'adda suka yi musu."<ref>"Nigeria: Three Soldiers Feared Killed As Bomber Hits Military Post". Daily Trust - allAfrica.com. 23 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014</ref> Deutsche Welle ta ruwaito cewa "Hanyoyi daga yankin suna da matukar hatsari kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na waya ba su da kyau ko kuma babu su."<ref>"Boko Haram resists military offensive in Nigeria". Deutsche Welle. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Oktoban 2014, kimanin mazauna Gwoza 3,000 da fada ya raba da gidajensu suna "kwance a gefen Abuja", a cewar wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin agaji na yankin, inda "bukatar matsuguni, abinci, tufafi da magunguna ga wadanda rikicin ya shafa suma suka zama mummunan lamari."[9] A ranar 27 ga Maris 2015, kwana daya kafin zaben shugaban Najeriya, Rundunar Sojin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa ta kwace garin Gwoza daga hannun Boko Haram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices-with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> ==Gundumomin karamar hukumar Gwoza== *Hausari *Gadamayo *Hambagda *Dlimankara *Jaje *Blablai ==Yaruka== Yaren Kanuri, yaren Cineni ,yaren ede,Yaren avda,yaren Guduf-Gava, Gvoko yaren Lamang, yaren Mafa Language da kuma yaren Waja. duka anayinsu a cikin karamar hukumar Gwoza. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gwoza}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] heisgd3rzl3weyxfbd49adfa2544oky 869364 869363 2026-06-27T11:54:42Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Idris at Bama and Gwoza DURUMI IDP CAMP NIGERIA.jpg|thumb|Gwoza]] Gwoza birni ne da kuma karamar hukuma a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Garin kan iyaka ne "kimanin kilomita 135 Kudu maso Gabashin Maiduguri."<ref>"Boko Haram Attacked Christians, Burns 100 Churches At Nigerian-Cameroon Border". NaijaGists.com. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2015</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 610.<ref>"Post Offices-with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref> Tsawon yankin yana da duwatsu da tuddai.<ref>"Scores killed in attack in northeast Nigeria". Al Jazeera English. 17 February 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</ref> Tsaunin Gwoza, mai tsayin kusan mita 1300 sama da matakin teku yana ba da kyawawan wurare kuma ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Mandara, waɗanda ke samar da shinge na halitta tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru, tun daga Pulka. Suna kallon wuraren ajiyar namun daji ta hanyar juyawa zuwa Mubi da kuma bayan haka a Jihar Adamawa.<ref>Bodunrin Kayode (29 April 2014). "Inside Nigeria's Sambisa forest, the Boko Haram hideout where kidnapped school girls are believed to be held". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2015.</ref> An kira karamar hukumar Gwoza da "mafaka mai suna ga 'yan Boko Haram,"<ref>"Why has Borno become a stronghold of terror in Nigeria?". Deutsche Welle. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</ref> waɗanda suka isa yankin a shekarar 2009 daga Maiduguri.[6] Yankin ya fuskanci tashin hankali mai yawa sakamakon rikicin da ya barke a Najeriya, kuma a shekarar 2014, an ga kwararar mayakan Boko Haram daga dajin Sambisa.[an yi hasashe] Ya zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2014, "rahotannin sun nuna cewa an kai hari a duk fadin Gwoza. Ba za a iya tabbatar da gaskiyar rahoton ba saboda yawancin layukan waya a Gwoza da kauyukan da ke kewaye sun lalace sakamakon barna da 'yan ta'adda suka yi musu."<ref>"Nigeria: Three Soldiers Feared Killed As Bomber Hits Military Post". Daily Trust - allAfrica.com. 23 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014</ref> Deutsche Welle ta ruwaito cewa "Hanyoyi daga yankin suna da matukar hatsari kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na waya ba su da kyau ko kuma babu su."<ref>"Boko Haram resists military offensive in Nigeria". Deutsche Welle. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Oktoban 2014, kimanin mazauna Gwoza 3,000 da fada ya raba da gidajensu suna "kwance a gefen Abuja", a cewar wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin agaji na yankin, inda "bukatar matsuguni, abinci, tufafi da magunguna ga wadanda rikicin ya shafa suma suka zama mummunan lamari."<ref>Terkula Igidi (19 October 2014). "Nigeria: From Gwoza Killing Field to Misery in Abuja". Daily Trust - allAfrica.com. Retrieved 21 October 2014.</ref> A ranar 27 ga Maris 2015, kwana daya kafin zaben shugaban Najeriya, Rundunar Sojin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa ta kwace garin Gwoza daga hannun Boko Haram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices-with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> ==Gundumomin karamar hukumar Gwoza== *Hausari *Gadamayo *Hambagda *Dlimankara *Jaje *Blablai ==Yaruka== Yaren Kanuri, yaren Cineni ,yaren ede,Yaren avda,yaren Guduf-Gava, Gvoko yaren Lamang, yaren Mafa Language da kuma yaren Waja. duka anayinsu a cikin karamar hukumar Gwoza. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gwoza}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 2yntlooamrb7sw1r8oz7lz1l0efydjt 869365 869364 2026-06-27T11:55:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 869365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Idris at Bama and Gwoza DURUMI IDP CAMP NIGERIA.jpg|thumb|Gwoza]] Gwoza birni ne da kuma karamar hukuma a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Garin kan iyaka ne "kimanin kilomita 135 Kudu maso Gabashin Maiduguri."<ref>"Boko Haram Attacked Christians, Burns 100 Churches At Nigerian-Cameroon Border". NaijaGists.com. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2015</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 610.<ref>"Post Offices-with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref> Tsawon yankin yana da duwatsu da tuddai.<ref>"Scores killed in attack in northeast Nigeria". Al Jazeera English. 17 February 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</ref> Tsaunin Gwoza, mai tsayin kusan mita 1300 sama da matakin teku yana ba da kyawawan wurare kuma ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Mandara, waɗanda ke samar da shinge na halitta tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru, tun daga Pulka. Suna kallon wuraren ajiyar namun daji ta hanyar juyawa zuwa Mubi da kuma bayan haka a Jihar Adamawa.<ref>Bodunrin Kayode (29 April 2014). "Inside Nigeria's Sambisa forest, the Boko Haram hideout where kidnapped school girls are believed to be held". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2015.</ref> An kira karamar hukumar Gwoza da "mafaka mai suna ga 'yan Boko Haram,"<ref>"Why has Borno become a stronghold of terror in Nigeria?". Deutsche Welle. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</ref> waɗanda suka isa yankin a shekarar 2009 daga Maiduguri.[6] Yankin ya fuskanci tashin hankali mai yawa sakamakon rikicin da ya barke a Najeriya, kuma a shekarar 2014, an ga kwararar mayakan Boko Haram daga dajin Sambisa.[an yi hasashe] Ya zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2014, "rahotannin sun nuna cewa an kai hari a duk fadin Gwoza. Ba za a iya tabbatar da gaskiyar rahoton ba saboda yawancin layukan waya a Gwoza da kauyukan da ke kewaye sun lalace sakamakon barna da 'yan ta'adda suka yi musu."<ref>"Nigeria: Three Soldiers Feared Killed As Bomber Hits Military Post". Daily Trust - allAfrica.com. 23 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014</ref> Deutsche Welle ta ruwaito cewa "Hanyoyi daga yankin suna da matukar hatsari kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na waya ba su da kyau ko kuma babu su."<ref>"Boko Haram resists military offensive in Nigeria". Deutsche Welle. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Oktoban 2014, kimanin mazauna Gwoza 3,000 da fada ya raba da gidajensu suna "kwance a gefen Abuja", a cewar wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin agaji na yankin, inda "bukatar matsuguni, abinci, tufafi da magunguna ga wadanda rikicin ya shafa suma suka zama mummunan lamari."<ref>Terkula Igidi (19 October 2014). "Nigeria: From Gwoza Killing Field to Misery in Abuja". Daily Trust - allAfrica.com. Retrieved 21 October 2014.</ref> A ranar 27 ga Maris 2015, kwana daya kafin zaben shugaban Najeriya, Rundunar Sojin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa ta kwace garin Gwoza daga hannun Boko <ref>"Boko Haram HQ Gwoza in Nigeria 'retaken'". BBC News. 2 September 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.</ref>Haram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices-with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> ==Gundumomin karamar hukumar Gwoza== *Hausari *Gadamayo *Hambagda *Dlimankara *Jaje *Blablai ==Yaruka== Yaren Kanuri, yaren Cineni ,yaren ede,Yaren avda,yaren Guduf-Gava, Gvoko yaren Lamang, yaren Mafa Language da kuma yaren Waja. duka anayinsu a cikin karamar hukumar Gwoza. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gwoza}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 1xwuvt8wrta3te642p7mfmiuppk66lu 0 9131 868951 441042 2026-06-26T22:04:44Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.[2] Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.[3][4] Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.[5][6] == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.[7] A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.[8] Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.[9] Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.[10] Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.[11] == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."[12] Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.[13] Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.[14] == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] s12rj2tda5mbujdgxnykdayaljghh6v 868954 868951 2026-06-26T22:05:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.[3][4] Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.[5][6] == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.[7] A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.[8] Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.[9] Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.[10] Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.[11] == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."[12] Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.[13] Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.[14] == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 1nrcp5v6w8rgaepd3gbbn1g1vh1kjib 868955 868954 2026-06-26T22:07:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.<ref>Dr. Uwe Seibert, University of Jos. "Languages of Borno State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-03</ref> Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.[5][6] == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.[7] A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.[8] Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.[9] Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.[10] Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.[11] == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."[12] Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.[13] Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.[14] == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] i4s8gs414nqimktt70z171ul5mjptxa 868956 868955 2026-06-26T22:07:50Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.<ref>Dr. Uwe Seibert, University of Jos. "Languages of Borno State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-03</ref><ref>"Latest News About konduga". The Whistler Newspaper. 2026-06-02. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.[5][6] == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.[7] A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.[8] Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.[9] Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.[10] Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.[11] == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."[12] Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.[13] Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.[14] == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] ew0b0r24vnjss1xwb4r1fs8bv0ycirg 868957 868956 2026-06-26T22:08:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.<ref>Dr. Uwe Seibert, University of Jos. "Languages of Borno State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-03</ref><ref>"Latest News About konduga". The Whistler Newspaper. 2026-06-02. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.<ref>Bosoma Sheriff; Shettima Maina Mohammed. "Senator Alhaji Kaka Mallam Yale". Kanuri Studies Association. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.[7] A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.[8] Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.[9] Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.[10] Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.[11] == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."[12] Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.[13] Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.[14] == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] hiib2m1n7imjfrzwdh4jt9t0qkobi5k 868959 868957 2026-06-26T22:09:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.<ref>Dr. Uwe Seibert, University of Jos. "Languages of Borno State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-03</ref><ref>"Latest News About konduga". The Whistler Newspaper. 2026-06-02. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.<ref>Bosoma Sheriff; Shettima Maina Mohammed. "Senator Alhaji Kaka Mallam Yale". Kanuri Studies Association. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref><ref>"Konduga Blast Archives". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.[7] A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.[8] Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.[9] Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.[10] Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.[11] == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."[12] Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.[13] Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.[14] == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] qulyl6f5qtspke55tohnho1bkcf6vwd 868961 868959 2026-06-26T22:10:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.<ref>Dr. Uwe Seibert, University of Jos. "Languages of Borno State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-03</ref><ref>"Latest News About konduga". The Whistler Newspaper. 2026-06-02. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.<ref>Bosoma Sheriff; Shettima Maina Mohammed. "Senator Alhaji Kaka Mallam Yale". Kanuri Studies Association. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref><ref>"Konduga Blast Archives". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.<ref>McIntosh, Susan (2001). "West African Late Stone Age". Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 1: Africa. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. pp. 319–322. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1193-9_27. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-46255-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.[8] Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.[9] Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.[10] Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.[11] == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."[12] Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.[13] Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.[14] == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] dgi2md3u7hgjkwl96oon9udt1m0b8hm 868962 868961 2026-06-26T22:11:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.<ref>Dr. Uwe Seibert, University of Jos. "Languages of Borno State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-03</ref><ref>"Latest News About konduga". The Whistler Newspaper. 2026-06-02. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.<ref>Bosoma Sheriff; Shettima Maina Mohammed. "Senator Alhaji Kaka Mallam Yale". Kanuri Studies Association. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref><ref>"Konduga Blast Archives". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.<ref>McIntosh, Susan (2001). "West African Late Stone Age". Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 1: Africa. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. pp. 319–322. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1193-9_27. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-46255-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.<ref>Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Neer, Wim (1996). "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria". African Archaeological Review. 13 (2): 111–145. doi:10.1007/BF01956304.</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.[9] Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.[10] Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.[11] == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."[12] Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.[13] Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.[14] == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 4rfsyas240xnhz7lkpw59xmxpzoov33 868963 868962 2026-06-26T22:11:51Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.<ref>Dr. Uwe Seibert, University of Jos. "Languages of Borno State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-03</ref><ref>"Latest News About konduga". The Whistler Newspaper. 2026-06-02. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.<ref>Bosoma Sheriff; Shettima Maina Mohammed. "Senator Alhaji Kaka Mallam Yale". Kanuri Studies Association. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref><ref>"Konduga Blast Archives". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.<ref>McIntosh, Susan (2001). "West African Late Stone Age". Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 1: Africa. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. pp. 319–322. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1193-9_27. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-46255-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.<ref>Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Neer, Wim (1996). "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria". African Archaeological Review. 13 (2): 111–145. doi:10.1007/BF01956304.</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.<ref>B. A. OMOTARA; S. J. YAHYA; U. SHEHU; H. S. BELLO; A. P. BASSI (July 2006). "Communities' Awareness, Perception and Participation in the Community-Based Medical Education of the University of Maiduguri" (PDF). Taylor & Francis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.[10] Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.[11] == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."[12] Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.[13] Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.[14] == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] tf4d5bzus0r4cs8ap8d81jhog2o7oni 868965 868963 2026-06-26T22:13:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.<ref>Dr. Uwe Seibert, University of Jos. "Languages of Borno State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-03</ref><ref>"Latest News About konduga". The Whistler Newspaper. 2026-06-02. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.<ref>Bosoma Sheriff; Shettima Maina Mohammed. "Senator Alhaji Kaka Mallam Yale". Kanuri Studies Association. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref><ref>"Konduga Blast Archives". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.<ref>McIntosh, Susan (2001). "West African Late Stone Age". Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 1: Africa. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. pp. 319–322. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1193-9_27. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-46255-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.<ref>Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Neer, Wim (1996). "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria". African Archaeological Review. 13 (2): 111–145. doi:10.1007/BF01956304.</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.<ref>B. A. OMOTARA; S. J. YAHYA; U. SHEHU; H. S. BELLO; A. P. BASSI (July 2006). "Communities' Awareness, Perception and Participation in the Community-Based Medical Education of the University of Maiduguri" (PDF). Taylor & Francis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.<ref>Kawuwa MB, Mairiga AG, Usman HA. "Community perspective of maternal mortality: Experience from Konduga local government area, Borno State, Nigeria". Annals of African Medicine. 2007;6(3):109-114. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.[11] == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."[12] Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.[13] Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.[14] == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] q3ve3nbs791q94a12crlw2cuh5nz9r7 868967 868965 2026-06-26T22:13:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.<ref>Dr. Uwe Seibert, University of Jos. "Languages of Borno State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-03</ref><ref>"Latest News About konduga". The Whistler Newspaper. 2026-06-02. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.<ref>Bosoma Sheriff; Shettima Maina Mohammed. "Senator Alhaji Kaka Mallam Yale". Kanuri Studies Association. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref><ref>"Konduga Blast Archives". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.<ref>McIntosh, Susan (2001). "West African Late Stone Age". Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 1: Africa. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. pp. 319–322. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1193-9_27. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-46255-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.<ref>Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Neer, Wim (1996). "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria". African Archaeological Review. 13 (2): 111–145. doi:10.1007/BF01956304.</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.<ref>B. A. OMOTARA; S. J. YAHYA; U. SHEHU; H. S. BELLO; A. P. BASSI (July 2006). "Communities' Awareness, Perception and Participation in the Community-Based Medical Education of the University of Maiduguri" (PDF). Taylor & Francis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.<ref>Kawuwa MB, Mairiga AG, Usman HA. "Community perspective of maternal mortality: Experience from Konduga local government area, Borno State, Nigeria". Annals of African Medicine. 2007;6(3):109-114. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.<ref>"Soil nutrient dynamics under small-holder agricultural practices in Konduga, north-eastern Nigeria". Centre national de la recherche scientifique. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."[12] Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.[13] Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.[14] == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] kpuv0l41cp6p2dvdu49kqt06hoydhd6 868968 868967 2026-06-26T22:15:12Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.<ref>Dr. Uwe Seibert, University of Jos. "Languages of Borno State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-03</ref><ref>"Latest News About konduga". The Whistler Newspaper. 2026-06-02. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.<ref>Bosoma Sheriff; Shettima Maina Mohammed. "Senator Alhaji Kaka Mallam Yale". Kanuri Studies Association. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref><ref>"Konduga Blast Archives". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.<ref>McIntosh, Susan (2001). "West African Late Stone Age". Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 1: Africa. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. pp. 319–322. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1193-9_27. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-46255-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.<ref>Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Neer, Wim (1996). "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria". African Archaeological Review. 13 (2): 111–145. doi:10.1007/BF01956304.</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.<ref>B. A. OMOTARA; S. J. YAHYA; U. SHEHU; H. S. BELLO; A. P. BASSI (July 2006). "Communities' Awareness, Perception and Participation in the Community-Based Medical Education of the University of Maiduguri" (PDF). Taylor & Francis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.<ref>Kawuwa MB, Mairiga AG, Usman HA. "Community perspective of maternal mortality: Experience from Konduga local government area, Borno State, Nigeria". Annals of African Medicine. 2007;6(3):109-114. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.<ref>"Soil nutrient dynamics under small-holder agricultural practices in Konduga, north-eastern Nigeria". Centre national de la recherche scientifique. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."<ref>Njadvara Musa (2015-01-07). "allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Troops, Insurgents Clash in Captured Borno Town". The Guardian - allAfrica.com. Retrieved 2015-01-08.</ref> Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.[13] Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.[14] == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] jepmiabsxm4frg3ud0z5rh2haa9xfpw 868970 868968 2026-06-26T22:16:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.<ref>Dr. Uwe Seibert, University of Jos. "Languages of Borno State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-03</ref><ref>"Latest News About konduga". The Whistler Newspaper. 2026-06-02. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.<ref>Bosoma Sheriff; Shettima Maina Mohammed. "Senator Alhaji Kaka Mallam Yale". Kanuri Studies Association. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref><ref>"Konduga Blast Archives". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.<ref>McIntosh, Susan (2001). "West African Late Stone Age". Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 1: Africa. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. pp. 319–322. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1193-9_27. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-46255-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.<ref>Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Neer, Wim (1996). "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria". African Archaeological Review. 13 (2): 111–145. doi:10.1007/BF01956304.</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.<ref>B. A. OMOTARA; S. J. YAHYA; U. SHEHU; H. S. BELLO; A. P. BASSI (July 2006). "Communities' Awareness, Perception and Participation in the Community-Based Medical Education of the University of Maiduguri" (PDF). Taylor & Francis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.<ref>Kawuwa MB, Mairiga AG, Usman HA. "Community perspective of maternal mortality: Experience from Konduga local government area, Borno State, Nigeria". Annals of African Medicine. 2007;6(3):109-114. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.<ref>"Soil nutrient dynamics under small-holder agricultural practices in Konduga, north-eastern Nigeria". Centre national de la recherche scientifique. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."<ref>Njadvara Musa (2015-01-07). "allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Troops, Insurgents Clash in Captured Borno Town". The Guardian - allAfrica.com. Retrieved 2015-01-08.</ref> Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.<ref>Adamczyk, Ed (March 29, 2017). "Ten abducted in Nigeria after Boko Haram attacks". UPI. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017. Ten people in the Konduga area of Nigeria's Borno state were abducted after weekend raids by the Islamist insurgent group Boko Haram, a security official said [...] Ibrahim Abdullah of the Nigeria Security and Civil Defense Corps said that four women and six youths were kidnapped after insurgents on motorcycles attacked nearby villages, the newspaper Premium Times reported Wednesday, citing the News Agency of Nigeria. Abdullah added that the abductions are a sign that Boko Haram, which he said has been degraded by the Nigerian military, is attempting to recruit more young people by any means possible. The abductions are the first reported in the area, the former Boko Haram stronghold in northeastern Nigeria, in several months.</ref> Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.[14] == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] b25ofspjo96y2tzzrbtla5szosfi7hl 868973 868970 2026-06-26T22:17:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.<ref>Dr. Uwe Seibert, University of Jos. "Languages of Borno State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-03</ref><ref>"Latest News About konduga". The Whistler Newspaper. 2026-06-02. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.<ref>Bosoma Sheriff; Shettima Maina Mohammed. "Senator Alhaji Kaka Mallam Yale". Kanuri Studies Association. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref><ref>"Konduga Blast Archives". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.<ref>McIntosh, Susan (2001). "West African Late Stone Age". Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 1: Africa. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. pp. 319–322. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1193-9_27. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-46255-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.<ref>Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Neer, Wim (1996). "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria". African Archaeological Review. 13 (2): 111–145. doi:10.1007/BF01956304.</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.<ref>B. A. OMOTARA; S. J. YAHYA; U. SHEHU; H. S. BELLO; A. P. BASSI (July 2006). "Communities' Awareness, Perception and Participation in the Community-Based Medical Education of the University of Maiduguri" (PDF). Taylor & Francis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.<ref>Kawuwa MB, Mairiga AG, Usman HA. "Community perspective of maternal mortality: Experience from Konduga local government area, Borno State, Nigeria". Annals of African Medicine. 2007;6(3):109-114. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.<ref>"Soil nutrient dynamics under small-holder agricultural practices in Konduga, north-eastern Nigeria". Centre national de la recherche scientifique. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."<ref>Njadvara Musa (2015-01-07). "allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Troops, Insurgents Clash in Captured Borno Town". The Guardian - allAfrica.com. Retrieved 2015-01-08.</ref> Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.<ref>Adamczyk, Ed (March 29, 2017). "Ten abducted in Nigeria after Boko Haram attacks". UPI. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017. Ten people in the Konduga area of Nigeria's Borno state were abducted after weekend raids by the Islamist insurgent group Boko Haram, a security official said [...] Ibrahim Abdullah of the Nigeria Security and Civil Defense Corps said that four women and six youths were kidnapped after insurgents on motorcycles attacked nearby villages, the newspaper Premium Times reported Wednesday, citing the News Agency of Nigeria. Abdullah added that the abductions are a sign that Boko Haram, which he said has been degraded by the Nigerian military, is attempting to recruit more young people by any means possible. The abductions are the first reported in the area, the former Boko Haram stronghold in northeastern Nigeria, in several months.</ref> Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.<ref>Ojo, Isah (2025-06-23). "Borno gov blames Konduga bombing on drug markets, vows crackdown". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).[15]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 6imcnxtet6nfgnevgd6oyq909npbwje 868977 868973 2026-06-26T22:19:01Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konduga al'umma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya kuma tsakiyar wani yanki na Karamar Hukumar mai suna iri ɗaya, kimanin kilomita 25 daga kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, tana gefen arewa na Kogin Ngadda. Yawan jama'ar yankin Karamar Hukumar Konduga ya kai kimanin 13,400.<ref>"Konduga Nigeria". Geonames. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha shida da suka ƙunshi Masarautar Borno, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke Jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki></ref> Harsunan farko sune Shuwa Larabci, Kanuri, Mafa da Wandala / Malgwa.<ref>Dr. Uwe Seibert, University of Jos. "Languages of Borno State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-03</ref><ref>"Latest News About konduga". The Whistler Newspaper. 2026-06-02. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> Shi ne wurin haihuwar Sanata Kaka Mallam Yale.<ref>Bosoma Sheriff; Shettima Maina Mohammed. "Senator Alhaji Kaka Mallam Yale". Kanuri Studies Association. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref><ref>"Konduga Blast Archives". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 6300 BP, tukwane ya fara bayyana a Konduga.<ref>McIntosh, Susan (2001). "West African Late Stone Age". Encyclopedia of Prehistory Volume 1: Africa. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. pp. 319–322. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1193-9_27. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-46255-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamanin Mega Lake Chad, an yi wa tukwanen ado da kayan yumbu na Sahara.<ref>Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Neer, Wim (1996). "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria". African Archaeological Review. 13 (2): 111–145. doi:10.1007/BF01956304.</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2006, yawancin mazauna yankin ba su da ilimi kuma suna yin noma, tare da samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dala 20 a kowace shekara. Yawancin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwan sha ko wutar lantarki, kuma hanyoyin ba sa wucewa a lokacin damina.<ref>B. A. OMOTARA; S. J. YAHYA; U. SHEHU; H. S. BELLO; A. P. BASSI (July 2006). "Communities' Awareness, Perception and Participation in the Community-Based Medical Education of the University of Maiduguri" (PDF). Taylor & Francis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu yana da yawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya gano manyan cikas ga shiga asibiti don kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu saboda rashin kuɗi da matsalolin sufuri.<ref>Kawuwa MB, Mairiga AG, Usman HA. "Community perspective of maternal mortality: Experience from Konduga local government area, Borno State, Nigeria". Annals of African Medicine. 2007;6(3):109-114. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> Yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankin yana raguwa.<ref>"Soil nutrient dynamics under small-holder agricultural practices in Konduga, north-eastern Nigeria". Centre national de la recherche scientifique. Retrieved 2009-10-03.</ref> == Boko Haram == A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2015, "Sojojin Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Najeriya ... sun yi karo da waɗanda ake zargi da zama membobin ƙungiyar Boko Haram a ƙauyen Mainari da ke ƙaramar Hukumar Konduga ta Jihar Borno."<ref>Njadvara Musa (2015-01-07). "allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Troops, Insurgents Clash in Captured Borno Town". The Guardian - allAfrica.com. Retrieved 2015-01-08.</ref> Al'ummar ta kasance wurin da Boko Haram ta kai hare-hare.<ref>Adamczyk, Ed (March 29, 2017). "Ten abducted in Nigeria after Boko Haram attacks". UPI. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017. Ten people in the Konduga area of Nigeria's Borno state were abducted after weekend raids by the Islamist insurgent group Boko Haram, a security official said [...] Ibrahim Abdullah of the Nigeria Security and Civil Defense Corps said that four women and six youths were kidnapped after insurgents on motorcycles attacked nearby villages, the newspaper Premium Times reported Wednesday, citing the News Agency of Nigeria. Abdullah added that the abductions are a sign that Boko Haram, which he said has been degraded by the Nigerian military, is attempting to recruit more young people by any means possible. The abductions are the first reported in the area, the former Boko Haram stronghold in northeastern Nigeria, in several months.</ref> Ayyukan BH a Konduga sun haɗa da harbin jama'a a 2013, kisan gilla a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2014, yaƙe-yaƙe a 2014 da 2015, da kuma hare-haren kunar bakin wake a 2018, 2019 da 2025.<ref>Ojo, Isah (2025-06-23). "Borno gov blames Konduga bombing on drug markets, vows crackdown". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 2026-06-12.</ref> == Yanayi == Lokaci mai sauƙi, wanda ke ɗaukar daga 20 ga Yuli zuwa 22 ga Satumba, tare da matsakaicin zafin rana mai zafi ƙasa da 33 °C (92 °F), ya biyo bayan watan da ya fi zafi a Konduga, Afrilu, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafi na 41 °C (105 °F) da ƙasa da 25 °C (77 °F).<ref>"Konduga Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2023-09-13.</ref>{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] h8kibhdm03b64y1ml28troxdya1k9xb 0 9137 868946 662602 2026-06-26T21:53:01Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kala Balge''' Karamar hukuma ce dake a [[Jihar Borno]] [[Nijeriya]]. ==Yawan Jama'a== A cewar ƙidayar shekarar 2006, Kala-Balge na da yawan jama'a 60,797. Kabilun da suka fi yawa a yankin sun haɗa da [[Kanuri]], [[Shuwa Arab]] da wasu ƙananan kabilu. Addinin Musulunci shi ne mafi rinjaye, sai kuma wasu ’yan Kirista a ƙanƙance. ==Tattalin Arziki== Mutanen Kala-Balge suna da sana'o’in noma, kiwo da kamun kifi. Ana noma gero, dawa, masara da wake a lokacin damina. Kogunan da ke kusa da yankin suna taimakawa sosai wajen kamun kifi.<ref>"Kala Balge Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 2024-08-09.</ref> Sakamakon kasancewar yankin a iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru, ana samun cinikayya da musayar kaya tsakanin kasashen, sai dai matsalolin tsaro sun kawo cikas ga harkokin kasuwanci. ==Kalubale na Tsaro== Kala-Balge na daya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi shan wahala sakamakon tashe-tashen hankula da kungiyar [[Boko Haram]]. An samu hare-hare da dama a yankin, wanda ya tilasta dubban mutane tserewa zuwa sansanonin ’yan gudun hijira (IDP). A shekarar 2017, wani mummunan lamari ya faru a Rann, inda jirgin sama na sojojin Najeriya ya kai harin bam da kuskure a sansanin ’yan gudun hijira, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar fiye da mutane 100 ciki har da ma’aikatan agaji. Wannan lamari ya ja hankalin duniya baki ɗaya. ==Abubuwan More Rayuwa== Hanyoyin mota zuwa Kala-Balge ba su da kyau, musamman a lokacin damina, wanda ke haifar da ƙalubale ga kai agaji. Garin Rann na fama da ƙarancin asibitoci, makarantu da lantarki, kuma yana dogaro ne ga taimakon ƙungiyoyin agaji. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Kala Balge}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] gk2y5kvxwx5prx4njm9j0ivn6op39wo 868947 868946 2026-06-26T21:54:07Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kala Balge''' Karamar hukuma ce dake a [[Jihar Borno]] [[Nijeriya]]. ==Yawan Jama'a== A cewar ƙidayar shekarar 2006, Kala-Balge na da yawan jama'a 60,797. Kabilun da suka fi yawa a yankin sun haɗa da [[Kanuri]], [[Shuwa Arab]] da wasu ƙananan kabilu. Addinin Musulunci shi ne mafi rinjaye, sai kuma wasu ’yan Kirista a ƙanƙance. ==Tattalin Arziki== Mutanen Kala-Balge suna da sana'o’in noma, kiwo da kamun kifi. Ana noma gero, dawa, masara da wake a lokacin damina. Kogunan da ke kusa da yankin suna taimakawa sosai wajen kamun kifi.<ref>"Kala Balge Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 2024-08-09.</ref> Sakamakon kasancewar yankin a iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru, ana samun cinikayya da musayar kaya tsakanin kasashen, sai dai matsalolin tsaro sun kawo cikas ga harkokin kasuwanci.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> ==Kalubale na Tsaro== Kala-Balge na daya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi shan wahala sakamakon tashe-tashen hankula da kungiyar [[Boko Haram]]. An samu hare-hare da dama a yankin, wanda ya tilasta dubban mutane tserewa zuwa sansanonin ’yan gudun hijira (IDP). A shekarar 2017, wani mummunan lamari ya faru a Rann, inda jirgin sama na sojojin Najeriya ya kai harin bam da kuskure a sansanin ’yan gudun hijira, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar fiye da mutane 100 ciki har da ma’aikatan agaji. Wannan lamari ya ja hankalin duniya baki ɗaya. ==Abubuwan More Rayuwa== Hanyoyin mota zuwa Kala-Balge ba su da kyau, musamman a lokacin damina, wanda ke haifar da ƙalubale ga kai agaji. Garin Rann na fama da ƙarancin asibitoci, makarantu da lantarki, kuma yana dogaro ne ga taimakon ƙungiyoyin agaji. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Kala Balge}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] fv6v53vl201m1uqhkxdhlztdmz944ig 868948 868947 2026-06-26T21:54:54Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kala Balge''' Karamar hukuma ce dake a [[Jihar Borno]] [[Nijeriya]]. ==Yawan Jama'a== A cewar ƙidayar shekarar 2006, Kala-Balge na da yawan jama'a 60,797. Kabilun da suka fi yawa a yankin sun haɗa da [[Kanuri]], [[Shuwa Arab]] da wasu ƙananan kabilu. Addinin Musulunci shi ne mafi rinjaye, sai kuma wasu ’yan Kirista a ƙanƙance. ==Tattalin Arziki== Mutanen Kala-Balge suna da sana'o’in noma, kiwo da kamun kifi. Ana noma gero, dawa, masara da wake a lokacin damina. Kogunan da ke kusa da yankin suna taimakawa sosai wajen kamun kifi.<ref>"Kala Balge Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 2024-08-09.</ref> Sakamakon kasancewar yankin a iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru, ana samun cinikayya da musayar kaya tsakanin kasashen, sai dai matsalolin tsaro sun kawo cikas ga harkokin kasuwanci.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> ==Kalubale na Tsaro== Kala-Balge na daya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi shan wahala sakamakon tashe-tashen hankula da kungiyar [[Boko Haram]]. An samu hare-hare da dama a yankin, wanda ya tilasta dubban mutane tserewa zuwa sansanonin ’yan gudun hijira (IDP). A shekarar 2017, wani mummunan lamari ya faru a Rann, inda jirgin sama na sojojin Najeriya ya kai harin bam da kuskure a sansanin ’yan gudun hijira, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar fiye da mutane 100 ciki har da ma’aikatan agaji. Wannan lamari ya ja hankalin duniya baki ɗaya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki>.</ref> ==Abubuwan More Rayuwa== Hanyoyin mota zuwa Kala-Balge ba su da kyau, musamman a lokacin damina, wanda ke haifar da ƙalubale ga kai agaji. Garin Rann na fama da ƙarancin asibitoci, makarantu da lantarki, kuma yana dogaro ne ga taimakon ƙungiyoyin agaji. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Kala Balge}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 59klx34ecwtf1y2ii55u0daj1eml59v 868949 868948 2026-06-26T21:55:41Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kala Balge''' Karamar hukuma ce dake a [[Jihar Borno]] [[Nijeriya]]. ==Yawan Jama'a== A cewar ƙidayar shekarar 2006, Kala-Balge na da yawan jama'a 60,797. Kabilun da suka fi yawa a yankin sun haɗa da [[Kanuri]], [[Shuwa Arab]] da wasu ƙananan kabilu. Addinin Musulunci shi ne mafi rinjaye, sai kuma wasu ’yan Kirista a ƙanƙance. ==Tattalin Arziki== Mutanen Kala-Balge suna da sana'o’in noma, kiwo da kamun kifi. Ana noma gero, dawa, masara da wake a lokacin damina. Kogunan da ke kusa da yankin suna taimakawa sosai wajen kamun kifi.<ref>"Kala Balge Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 2024-08-09.</ref> Sakamakon kasancewar yankin a iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru, ana samun cinikayya da musayar kaya tsakanin kasashen, sai dai matsalolin tsaro sun kawo cikas ga harkokin kasuwanci.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> ==Kalubale na Tsaro== Kala-Balge na daya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi shan wahala sakamakon tashe-tashen hankula da kungiyar [[Boko Haram]]. An samu hare-hare da dama a yankin, wanda ya tilasta dubban mutane tserewa zuwa sansanonin ’yan gudun hijira (IDP). A shekarar 2017, wani mummunan lamari ya faru a Rann, inda jirgin sama na sojojin Najeriya ya kai harin bam da kuskure a sansanin ’yan gudun hijira, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar fiye da mutane 100 ciki har da ma’aikatan agaji. Wannan lamari ya ja hankalin duniya baki ɗaya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Nigerian village vigilantes 'repel Boko Haram attack'</ref> ==Abubuwan More Rayuwa== Hanyoyin mota zuwa Kala-Balge ba su da kyau, musamman a lokacin damina, wanda ke haifar da ƙalubale ga kai agaji. Garin Rann na fama da ƙarancin asibitoci, makarantu da lantarki, kuma yana dogaro ne ga taimakon ƙungiyoyin agaji. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Kala Balge}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] ptkegdmk5j03s5aigtmxrgxpduumj4a 868950 868949 2026-06-26T21:57:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kala Balge''' Karamar hukuma ce dake a [[Jihar Borno]] [[Nijeriya]]. ==Yawan Jama'a== A cewar ƙidayar shekarar 2006, Kala-Balge na da yawan jama'a 60,797. Kabilun da suka fi yawa a yankin sun haɗa da [[Kanuri]], [[Shuwa Arab]] da wasu ƙananan kabilu. Addinin Musulunci shi ne mafi rinjaye, sai kuma wasu ’yan Kirista a ƙanƙance. ==Tattalin Arziki== Mutanen Kala-Balge suna da sana'o’in noma, kiwo da kamun kifi. Ana noma gero, dawa, masara da wake a lokacin damina. Kogunan da ke kusa da yankin suna taimakawa sosai wajen kamun kifi.<ref>"Kala Balge Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 2024-08-09.</ref> Sakamakon kasancewar yankin a iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru, ana samun cinikayya da musayar kaya tsakanin kasashen, sai dai matsalolin tsaro sun kawo cikas ga harkokin kasuwanci.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> ==Kalubale na Tsaro== Kala-Balge na daya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi shan wahala sakamakon tashe-tashen hankula da kungiyar [[Boko Haram]]. An samu hare-hare da dama a yankin, wanda ya tilasta dubban mutane tserewa zuwa sansanonin ’yan gudun hijira (IDP). A shekarar 2017, wani mummunan lamari ya faru a Rann, inda jirgin sama na sojojin Najeriya ya kai harin bam da kuskure a sansanin ’yan gudun hijira, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar fiye da mutane 100 ciki har da ma’aikatan agaji. Wannan lamari ya ja hankalin duniya baki ɗaya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Nigerian village vigilantes 'repel Boko Haram attack'</ref> ==Abubuwan More Rayuwa== Hanyoyin mota zuwa Kala-Balge ba su da kyau, musamman a lokacin damina, wanda ke haifar da ƙalubale ga kai agaji. Garin Rann na fama da ƙarancin asibitoci, makarantu da lantarki, kuma yana dogaro ne ga taimakon ƙungiyoyin agaji.<ref>"Vengeful Boko Haram Terrorists Overwhelm Local Vigilantes In Kalabalge, Kill 40 Villagers". Sahara Reporters. New York City, United States. 31 May 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Kala Balge}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] rgdg8lsdilnts8wx3ug7fm56o2u74ys 0 9248 868754 866206 2026-06-26T16:02:10Z Kaddi123 38060 868754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gwadabawa''' ƙaramar hukuma ce a [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|jihar]] [[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]], [[Najeriya]] . Hedkwatarta tana cikin garin Gwadabawa akan babbar hanyar A1 . Ya ƙunshi gundumomin Gwadabawa, Salame, Chimola da Asara,gigane,tungar tudu,maman suka, Yana da yanki na 991&nbsp;km2 da yawan jama'a {{Sup|2}} a ƙidayar 2006. <ref>[http://www.statoids.com/yng.html HASC, population, area and Headquarters Statoids]</ref> Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 843. Gwadabawa tana daya daga cikin Manyan kananan hukumomi a jahar sokoto,tana da Dan majalisa guda biyu,(state house of representatives) Haka kuma akwai Makarantar aiki koyon Aikin lafiya wato college of health technology,suna da Basarake mai Sarautar Sarkin Gobir na Gwadabawa, Wanda Yana cikin manya sarakuna a cikin Daular Usmaniyya, suna daya daga cikin masu zaben sarki muslimi, Masu rike da wannan sarautar sun fito ne daga zuriyar Sarkin Musulmi Atiku. Gwadabawa gari ne mai din tarihi mai yawan jama'a, mutanen yanki sunfi karkata ga kasuwanci, == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} hw28rm9t50ckjnnqmlwso65hs1wvpi7 868758 868754 2026-06-26T16:02:58Z Kaddi123 38060 868758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gwadabawa''' ƙaramar hukuma ce a [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|jihar]] [[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]], [[Najeriya]] . Hedkwatarta tana cikin garin Gwadabawa akan babbar hanyar A1 . Ya ƙunshi gundumomin Gwadabawa, Salame, Chimola da Asara,gigane,tungar tudu,maman suka, Tanbagarka. Yana da yanki na 991&nbsp;km2 da yawan jama'a {{Sup|2}} a ƙidayar 2006. <ref>[http://www.statoids.com/yng.html HASC, population, area and Headquarters Statoids]</ref> Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 843. Gwadabawa tana daya daga cikin Manyan kananan hukumomi a jahar sokoto,tana da Dan majalisa guda biyu,(state house of representatives) Haka kuma akwai Makarantar aiki koyon Aikin lafiya wato college of health technology,suna da Basarake mai Sarautar Sarkin Gobir na Gwadabawa, Wanda Yana cikin manya sarakuna a cikin Daular Usmaniyya, suna daya daga cikin masu zaben sarki muslimi, Masu rike da wannan sarautar sun fito ne daga zuriyar Sarkin Musulmi Atiku. Gwadabawa gari ne mai din tarihi mai yawan jama'a, mutanen yanki sunfi karkata ga kasuwanci, == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} ls9fbj9f02mj53ck3ndaxxh2xdnjaz5 0 9259 869188 496552 2026-06-27T08:25:06Z Kaddi123 38060 869188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Silame Sokoto.ogg|thumb|furici]] '''Silame:''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| ƙaramar hukuma]] ce dake a [[Jihar Sokoto]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]]. local government ce dake a tsakiya sokoto,wato sokoto central zone.mafi yawan jama'a wannan lokal government Hausa Fulani ne,Kuma musulimi ne,ta mukwatakà da binji local government.tana Kuma mukwatakà da wani sashe na wamako local government tana da Dan majalisa guda daya (state house of Assemble).Mafi yawan jama'a wannan yankin Yan kasuwa ne da manoma. {{Stub}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Sokoto]] mdiyfmcloob27n37jqzkltm87xh77ia 0 9266 868707 523286 2026-06-26T13:41:35Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Auyo''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake Jihar [[Jigawa]], a arewa maso yammacin [[Nijeriya|kasar Nijeriya]]. Lambar akwatin gidan wayarta ita ce 731.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=7 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karamar hukumar ta shahara wajen noman shinkafa da alkama sakamakon kasar noma mai taki da allah ya hore mata<ref><nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Sampling-site-Hadiyau-Auyo-local-government-jigawa-state_fig1_338405286</nowiki></ref>. Sai dai ta fuskanci barazana ta ambaliyar ruwa a lokuta da dama a baya. == Yanayin Ƙasa == Auyo tana yankin arewa maso gabashin Jihar Jigawa. Tana da iyaka da Hadejia a arewa, Kafin Hausa a kudu, da kuma Kaugama a yamma. Yankin yana fuskantar yanayi mai ɗan bushewa, inda lokacin damina ke daɗewa daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani daga Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu. Kogin Hadejia yana ratsa yankin, yana samar da tushen ruwa ga noma da sauran ayyuka.<ref>"AUYO Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com". www.tageo.com. Retrieved 27 October 2024</ref> == Alƙaluma == Yawan al'ummar ƙaramar hukumar Auyo ya ƙunshi ƙabilun Hausa da Fulani, inda Hausa ke zama harshen da ake amfani da shi a yankin. Musulunci shine babban addini, wanda ke tasiri ga al'adun mazauna yankin da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum. A cewar ƙidayar jama'a ta Najeriya ta 2006, Auyo tana da kimanin mutane 132,001, kodayake alkaluman da aka yi kwanan nan sun nuna cewa ta girma.[4] == Tattalin Arziki == Noma ita ce ginshiƙin tattalin arzikin Auyo. Ƙasa mai albarka da kuma wadatar ruwa daga Kogin Hadejia sun sa ta dace da noman shinkafa, alkama, gero, dawa, da kayan lambu. Noman shinkafa, musamman, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin yankin, yana samar da aikin yi da kuma wadatar da jama'a da yawa. Kamun kifi da kiwon dabbobi suma sun zama ruwan dare, wanda ke taimakawa ga rayuwar al'ummar yankin. Garin yana dauke da kasuwannin gida inda ake cinikin kayayyakin noma, wanda ke jawo hankalin masu saye da masu sayarwa daga garuruwa da jihohi makwabta. == Kayan more rayuwa == Auyo tana da kayayyakin more rayuwa na asali, ciki har da wuraren kiwon lafiya, makarantu, da hanyoyin sadarwa na tituna da ke haɗa ta da wasu sassan Jihar Jigawa. Duk da haka, kamar yankunan karkara da yawa a Najeriya, Auyo tana fuskantar ƙalubale da suka shafi rashin wadataccen kayayyakin more rayuwa, musamman a fannin kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi da na jihohi sun yi ƙoƙari don inganta waɗannan ayyuka da kuma haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki. == Galary == <gallery> File:Auyo town Mosque.jpg File:Auyo.jpg|Auyo Town File:Auyo town Mosque 1.jpg|Central Mosque Auyo </gallery> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Jigawa]] jarrzlczfwubae1vh5gt54s4pmxg61y 868708 868707 2026-06-26T13:42:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Auyo''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake Jihar [[Jigawa]], a arewa maso yammacin [[Nijeriya|kasar Nijeriya]]. Lambar akwatin gidan wayarta ita ce 731.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=7 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karamar hukumar ta shahara wajen noman shinkafa da alkama sakamakon kasar noma mai taki da allah ya hore mata<ref><nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Sampling-site-Hadiyau-Auyo-local-government-jigawa-state_fig1_338405286</nowiki></ref>. Sai dai ta fuskanci barazana ta ambaliyar ruwa a lokuta da dama a baya. == Yanayin Ƙasa == Auyo tana yankin arewa maso gabashin Jihar Jigawa. Tana da iyaka da Hadejia a arewa, Kafin Hausa a kudu, da kuma Kaugama a yamma. Yankin yana fuskantar yanayi mai ɗan bushewa, inda lokacin damina ke daɗewa daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani daga Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu. Kogin Hadejia yana ratsa yankin, yana samar da tushen ruwa ga noma da sauran ayyuka.<ref>"AUYO Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com". www.tageo.com. Retrieved 27 October 2024</ref> == Alƙaluma == Yawan al'ummar ƙaramar hukumar Auyo ya ƙunshi ƙabilun Hausa da Fulani, inda Hausa ke zama harshen da ake amfani da shi a yankin. Musulunci shine babban addini, wanda ke tasiri ga al'adun mazauna yankin da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum. A cewar ƙidayar jama'a ta Najeriya ta 2006, Auyo tana da kimanin mutane 132,001, kodayake alkaluman da aka yi kwanan nan sun nuna cewa ta girma.<ref>"Auyo (Local Government Area, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 27 October 2024</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Noma ita ce ginshiƙin tattalin arzikin Auyo. Ƙasa mai albarka da kuma wadatar ruwa daga Kogin Hadejia sun sa ta dace da noman shinkafa, alkama, gero, dawa, da kayan lambu. Noman shinkafa, musamman, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin yankin, yana samar da aikin yi da kuma wadatar da jama'a da yawa. Kamun kifi da kiwon dabbobi suma sun zama ruwan dare, wanda ke taimakawa ga rayuwar al'ummar yankin. Garin yana dauke da kasuwannin gida inda ake cinikin kayayyakin noma, wanda ke jawo hankalin masu saye da masu sayarwa daga garuruwa da jihohi makwabta. == Kayan more rayuwa == Auyo tana da kayayyakin more rayuwa na asali, ciki har da wuraren kiwon lafiya, makarantu, da hanyoyin sadarwa na tituna da ke haɗa ta da wasu sassan Jihar Jigawa. Duk da haka, kamar yankunan karkara da yawa a Najeriya, Auyo tana fuskantar ƙalubale da suka shafi rashin wadataccen kayayyakin more rayuwa, musamman a fannin kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi da na jihohi sun yi ƙoƙari don inganta waɗannan ayyuka da kuma haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki. == Galary == <gallery> File:Auyo town Mosque.jpg File:Auyo.jpg|Auyo Town File:Auyo town Mosque 1.jpg|Central Mosque Auyo </gallery> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Jigawa]] iy5au4ik8sj8cf21d27spvjiet5yaa7 0 9268 868709 839967 2026-06-26T13:46:52Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}}{{Databox}}<ref name=":0">[https://www.manpower.com https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/wards-in-Iga/360/birniwa]</ref>[[Fayil:Birniwa melon market.jpg|thumb|kasuqar Lankana biriniwa]] [[Fayil:Birniwa water melon market.jpg|thumb|kasuqar birniwa]] '''Biriniwa'''({{ Audio|Birniwa.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yammacin [[Nijeriya]]. Ƙaramar hukumar Birniwa tana ƙarƙashin Masarautar [[Hadejia]]. Karamar Hukumar Birniwa tana da mazabu guda goma sha ɗaya wanda suka haɗar da , Batu, Birniwa, Dangwaleri, Fagi, Diginsa, Karanka, Kachallari, Kazura , Macinamari, Matamu da kuma Nguwa.<ref name=":0" /> == Mutane == Birniwa gari ne mai al'adu daban-daban tare da mazauna Kanuri, Hausawa da Fulani. Yawancin mazauna Unguwar Duguri, Dodori, Musari da Abari Kanuri ne (Mangawa), kuma su ne farkon mazauna garin. Yayin da mazauna Kofar Fada, Tsangayar liman, Tsangayar kudu, Unguwar sarkin fawa da Tsangayar yamma masu jin harshen Hausa ne. Akwai wasu yankuna da kabilu daban-daban suka haɗu. == Tsarin Arziki == Wannan ƙaramin kankana ne da aka girbe a garin Birniwa na jihar Jigawa Birniwa tana da ƙasa mai albarka, wanda hakan ya sa noma ya zama babban aikin mazaunanta. Suna noma amfanin gona mai yawa kamar gero, wake, dawa, masara, shinkafa da sauransu. Suna kuma noma amfanin gona mai kyau, musamman ridi, hibiscus, kankana, kankana da sauransu. Wannan ƙaramin kankana ne da aka girbe a garin Birniwa na jihar Jigawa Lokacin girbin kankana a Birniwa yawanci yana tsakanin Satumba da Disamba, kodayake kankana na iya samuwa a wajen wannan lokacin. == Yanayi == Zafin shekara-shekara na 33.49 °C (92.28 °F), wanda ya fi matsakaicin ƙasa, da kuma ranakun damina da milimita 46.08 (inci 1.814) na ruwan sama, wanda ke haifar da yanayin yanayin wurare masu zafi na wurare masu zafi.<ref>"Birniwa Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 28 August 2023.</ref> == Zafin jiki == Tare da ɗigon ɗumi da ke nuna matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yanayin zafin Birniwa yana nuna kyakkyawan yanayi zuwa yanayin zafi.[3]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Jigawa]] gfmoauh3ldxx6i3qg2k3oe25tj96y59 0 10018 868683 868682 2026-06-26T11:59:21Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wamba''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] wanda ke a shiyar tsakiyar kasar [[Nijeriya]]. Tana da kimanin fadin ƙasa na kilomita 1,156 (mil 446) kuma tana da yawan jama'a kusan 72,894 bisa ga kiyasin ƙidayar jama'a na 2006. Ƙaramar hukumar Wamba ƙasa ce ta noma, an san ta da noman rogo, wake na pidgeon, da man fetur. Wamba kuma tana da ma'adanai kamar gubar, barite, tantalite, columbite, da duwatsu masu daraja kamar Aquamarine da zinariya. Har yanzu ba a yi amfani da ita a hukumance ba. Wamba tana da bambancin addini, daga cikin ƙasashen da suka ƙunshi yankin akwai: Arum, Atoro, Buh, Kantana, Kulere, Ninzom, Ninkada, Reindeer, da Yashi. == Wuraren Shakatawa == Gwamnatin ƙaramar hukumar Wamba ta shahara da kyawawan magudanar ruwa ta Farin Ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsayin Cascades a Afirka. Yana gabatar da doguwar tsaunin fari daga tsaunukan jihohin Plateau har zuwa ƙasan tuddai, wanda ya ƙare da babban abin jan hankali na Farin Ruwa Falls, a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Wamba.<ref>"Nasarawa State Tourism|Farin Ruwa Waterfalls". Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010</ref> == Lambar Wasiƙa == Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 960.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref> == Yanayi == Watanni na bazara a Wamba suna daga Janairu zuwa Afrilu, tare da Maris shine watan da ya fi zafi. Daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba ana ɗaukarsa lokacin sanyi, tare da Agusta shine watan da ya fi sanyi.[3]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] ql7whbofd574uerw91h6v0o0xl4rdx2 868684 868683 2026-06-26T12:00:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wamba''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]] wanda ke a shiyar tsakiyar kasar [[Nijeriya]]. Tana da kimanin fadin ƙasa na kilomita 1,156 (mil 446) kuma tana da yawan jama'a kusan 72,894 bisa ga kiyasin ƙidayar jama'a na 2006. Ƙaramar hukumar Wamba ƙasa ce ta noma, an san ta da noman rogo, wake na pidgeon, da man fetur. Wamba kuma tana da ma'adanai kamar gubar, barite, tantalite, columbite, da duwatsu masu daraja kamar Aquamarine da zinariya. Har yanzu ba a yi amfani da ita a hukumance ba. Wamba tana da bambancin addini, daga cikin ƙasashen da suka ƙunshi yankin akwai: Arum, Atoro, Buh, Kantana, Kulere, Ninzom, Ninkada, Reindeer, da Yashi. == Wuraren Shakatawa == Gwamnatin ƙaramar hukumar Wamba ta shahara da kyawawan magudanar ruwa ta Farin Ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsayin Cascades a Afirka. Yana gabatar da doguwar tsaunin fari daga tsaunukan jihohin Plateau har zuwa ƙasan tuddai, wanda ya ƙare da babban abin jan hankali na Farin Ruwa Falls, a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Wamba.<ref>"Nasarawa State Tourism|Farin Ruwa Waterfalls". Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010</ref> == Lambar Wasiƙa == Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 960.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref> == Yanayi == Watanni na bazara a Wamba suna daga Janairu zuwa Afrilu, tare da Maris shine watan da ya fi zafi. Daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba ana ɗaukarsa lokacin sanyi, tare da Agusta shine watan da ya fi sanyi.<ref>"Wamba Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 11 September 2023.</ref>{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] o62dcs01ttpthp782vonrsl8bxd3k70 0 10019 868686 441764 2026-06-26T12:02:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Awe karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatar karamar hukumar tana cikin Garin Awe. Awe tana da yawan jama'a 116,080 (ƙiyasin 2005) kuma jimillar ƙasar ita ce 2800 k m 2 {\displaystyle km^<ref>Bimbol, N. L.; Marcus, N. D. (2005). "Geography of Nasarawa State: A study of Flora and Fauna". p. 8.</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta karamar hukumar ita ce 951103, 951104, 951105.[2] == Yanayi == Zafin jiki a lokacin damina yana da tsauri, yayin da lokacin rani yake da danshi kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare, wanda ke haifar da yanayi mai zafi a duk shekara.[3][4]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] srawtvurfzee4l8lvk8vzvj88w5wa00 868687 868686 2026-06-26T12:03:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Awe karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatar karamar hukumar tana cikin Garin Awe. Awe tana da yawan jama'a 116,080 (ƙiyasin 2005) kuma jimillar ƙasar ita ce 2800 k m 2 {\displaystyle km^<ref>Bimbol, N. L.; Marcus, N. D. (2005). "Geography of Nasarawa State: A study of Flora and Fauna". p. 8.</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta karamar hukumar ita ce 951103, 951104, 951105.<ref>"Nigeria Postal Codes | Welcome". nigeriapostcode.com.ng. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</ref> == Yanayi == Zafin jiki a lokacin damina yana da tsauri, yayin da lokacin rani yake da danshi kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare, wanda ke haifar da yanayi mai zafi a duk shekara.[3][4]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] j7ikju4ys8s6s2sj4k9gdg4h1p20mql 868688 868687 2026-06-26T12:04:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Awe karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatar karamar hukumar tana cikin Garin Awe. Awe tana da yawan jama'a 116,080 (ƙiyasin 2005) kuma jimillar ƙasar ita ce 2800 k m 2 {\displaystyle km^<ref>Bimbol, N. L.; Marcus, N. D. (2005). "Geography of Nasarawa State: A study of Flora and Fauna". p. 8.</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta karamar hukumar ita ce 951103, 951104, 951105.<ref>"Nigeria Postal Codes | Welcome". nigeriapostcode.com.ng. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</ref> == Yanayi == Zafin jiki a lokacin damina yana da tsauri, yayin da lokacin rani yake da danshi kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare, wanda ke haifar da yanayi mai zafi a duk shekara.<ref>"Awe Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 11 September 2023</ref>{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] q2i9xverjs2q1gz6gcaatyrniydrabt 868689 868688 2026-06-26T12:04:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Awe karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatar karamar hukumar tana cikin Garin Awe. Awe tana da yawan jama'a 116,080 (ƙiyasin 2005) kuma jimillar ƙasar ita ce 2800 k m 2 {\displaystyle km^<ref>Bimbol, N. L.; Marcus, N. D. (2005). "Geography of Nasarawa State: A study of Flora and Fauna". p. 8.</ref> Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta karamar hukumar ita ce 951103, 951104, 951105.<ref>"Nigeria Postal Codes | Welcome". nigeriapostcode.com.ng. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</ref> == Yanayi == Zafin jiki a lokacin damina yana da tsauri, yayin da lokacin rani yake da danshi kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare, wanda ke haifar da yanayi mai zafi a duk shekara.<ref>"Awe Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 11 September 2023</ref><ref>"Awe, Nasarawa, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data". tcktcktck.org. Retrieved 11 September 2023.</ref>{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] a02r8rgczstugv64p6rhqcm72lh1146 0 10020 868690 157337 2026-06-26T12:07:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868690 wikitext text/x-wiki Doma karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Doma. Karamar hukumar Doma tana da runduna ta musamman,<ref>Nigeria Army 4</ref> Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya,[3] Gonar Shinkafa ta Olam[4] da Dam na Doma.[5] Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,714 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 139,607 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 950.[6] Odu ita ce bikin shekara-shekara a karamar hukumar Doma. Noma ita ce mamayar yawancin mutanen Alago waɗanda su ne ƙabila mafi rinjaye a Doma. Yayin da mutanen Alago suka fi yawa a arewacin Majalisar Kananan Hukumomi, ana samun mutanen Bassa da yawa a Kudancin Doma. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Doma shine 30°C tare da saurin iska na matsakaicin kilomita 12/h da kuma jimillar ruwan sama na 1750 mm a kowace shekara.[7] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Doma ta 43 Alhaji (Dr) Ahmadu Aliyu Oga Onawo (OON) (2004- kwanan wata), yana zaune a fadarsa da ke Doma. An kafa masarautar Doma a shekarar 1232 ta hannun Andoma kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1901 lokacin da ta zama wani ɓangare na yankin arewacin Najeriya na Birtaniya.[8] An yi imanin cewa mutanen Doma/Alago karkashin jagorancin Osabonya Ogoshi Andoma sun ƙaura suka zauna a wasu wurare ciki har da Idah a jihar Kogi ta yanzu, Apa, Otupka, da Ogyogo a bakin kogin Benue a jihar Benue ta yanzu, sannan kuma a Oba’sidoma a karamar hukumar Keana ta jihar Nasarawa ta yanzu kafin su zauna a wurin da suke a yanzu.[9] Mutanen Doma masu magana da harshen Alago an san su da Idoma kuma sun yi ƙaura daga Apa wurin daular Kwararafa ta da. Labarinsu mai shahara ya nuna cewa an kafa Doma a ƙarni na 13 - kusan 1232 AD. Ka'idoji da tarihin ƙaura da zama a Alago gabaɗaya ka'idoji ne da tarihin Daular Jukun/Kwararafa wanda shine ka'idar da tarihin ƙaura akai-akai daga wani matsuguni zuwa wani a cikin iyakokin yankin Daular Kwararafa da ta lalace kuma a wajen yankin.[10] Wannan ya haɗa da ka'idar ƙaura ta Gabas, zama a wuri, rarraba harshe, da ilimin ƙabilanci, ka'idar yaƙi akai-akai, da ka'idar haɗin gwiwar Daular Kwararafa.[11] Wannan yana bayanin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jukun da Alagos da kuma duk dangin Kwararafa. An yi imanin cewa mutanen Alago na Doma da 'yan'uwansu daga Keana, Aloshi, Ibi, Obi, Agaza, Alagye, Agbashi, Agwatashi, da Assakio da sauransu sun fito ne daga tsohuwar daular Kwararafa.[12] An ce ƙaura ta kai su wurare kamar Idah a Jihar Kogi, Ogyogo a Jihar Benue, Obasidoma a Ƙaramar Hukumar Keana, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Doma. Duk da cewa wannan motsi yana cikin matakai biyu, amma wanda ya kafa Doma Osabonnya Ogoshi Andoma ne ya jagoranci matakin farko. == Manazarta == {{Stub}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] jm4bbpzcybdbftl3g9374fqbb34dmmk 868691 868690 2026-06-26T12:08:49Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868691 wikitext text/x-wiki Doma karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Doma. Karamar hukumar Doma tana da runduna ta musamman,<ref>Nigeria Army 4</ref> Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya,<ref>"Federal Science and Technical College Doma"</ref> Gonar Shinkafa ta Olam[4] da Dam na Doma.[5] Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,714 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 139,607 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 950.[6] Odu ita ce bikin shekara-shekara a karamar hukumar Doma. Noma ita ce mamayar yawancin mutanen Alago waɗanda su ne ƙabila mafi rinjaye a Doma. Yayin da mutanen Alago suka fi yawa a arewacin Majalisar Kananan Hukumomi, ana samun mutanen Bassa da yawa a Kudancin Doma. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Doma shine 30°C tare da saurin iska na matsakaicin kilomita 12/h da kuma jimillar ruwan sama na 1750 mm a kowace shekara.[7] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Doma ta 43 Alhaji (Dr) Ahmadu Aliyu Oga Onawo (OON) (2004- kwanan wata), yana zaune a fadarsa da ke Doma. An kafa masarautar Doma a shekarar 1232 ta hannun Andoma kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1901 lokacin da ta zama wani ɓangare na yankin arewacin Najeriya na Birtaniya.[8] An yi imanin cewa mutanen Doma/Alago karkashin jagorancin Osabonya Ogoshi Andoma sun ƙaura suka zauna a wasu wurare ciki har da Idah a jihar Kogi ta yanzu, Apa, Otupka, da Ogyogo a bakin kogin Benue a jihar Benue ta yanzu, sannan kuma a Oba’sidoma a karamar hukumar Keana ta jihar Nasarawa ta yanzu kafin su zauna a wurin da suke a yanzu.[9] Mutanen Doma masu magana da harshen Alago an san su da Idoma kuma sun yi ƙaura daga Apa wurin daular Kwararafa ta da. Labarinsu mai shahara ya nuna cewa an kafa Doma a ƙarni na 13 - kusan 1232 AD. Ka'idoji da tarihin ƙaura da zama a Alago gabaɗaya ka'idoji ne da tarihin Daular Jukun/Kwararafa wanda shine ka'idar da tarihin ƙaura akai-akai daga wani matsuguni zuwa wani a cikin iyakokin yankin Daular Kwararafa da ta lalace kuma a wajen yankin.[10] Wannan ya haɗa da ka'idar ƙaura ta Gabas, zama a wuri, rarraba harshe, da ilimin ƙabilanci, ka'idar yaƙi akai-akai, da ka'idar haɗin gwiwar Daular Kwararafa.[11] Wannan yana bayanin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jukun da Alagos da kuma duk dangin Kwararafa. An yi imanin cewa mutanen Alago na Doma da 'yan'uwansu daga Keana, Aloshi, Ibi, Obi, Agaza, Alagye, Agbashi, Agwatashi, da Assakio da sauransu sun fito ne daga tsohuwar daular Kwararafa.[12] An ce ƙaura ta kai su wurare kamar Idah a Jihar Kogi, Ogyogo a Jihar Benue, Obasidoma a Ƙaramar Hukumar Keana, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Doma. Duk da cewa wannan motsi yana cikin matakai biyu, amma wanda ya kafa Doma Osabonnya Ogoshi Andoma ne ya jagoranci matakin farko. == Manazarta == {{Stub}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] 28hphzmux49v2b1gdtqhgluotnjconr 868692 868691 2026-06-26T12:13:36Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1refGN2025 868692 wikitext text/x-wiki Doma karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Doma. Karamar hukumar Doma tana da runduna ta musamman,<ref>Nigeria Army 4</ref> Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya,<ref>"Federal Science and Technical College Doma"</ref> Gonar Shinkafa ta Olam<ref>"Olam counts losses as flood submerges rice farm in Nasarawa". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. 10 October 2022</ref> da Dam na Doma.[5] Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,714 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 139,607 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 950.[6] Odu ita ce bikin shekara-shekara a karamar hukumar Doma. Noma ita ce mamayar yawancin mutanen Alago waɗanda su ne ƙabila mafi rinjaye a Doma. Yayin da mutanen Alago suka fi yawa a arewacin Majalisar Kananan Hukumomi, ana samun mutanen Bassa da yawa a Kudancin Doma. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Doma shine 30°C tare da saurin iska na matsakaicin kilomita 12/h da kuma jimillar ruwan sama na 1750 mm a kowace shekara.[7] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Doma ta 43 Alhaji (Dr) Ahmadu Aliyu Oga Onawo (OON) (2004- kwanan wata), yana zaune a fadarsa da ke Doma. An kafa masarautar Doma a shekarar 1232 ta hannun Andoma kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1901 lokacin da ta zama wani ɓangare na yankin arewacin Najeriya na Birtaniya.[8] An yi imanin cewa mutanen Doma/Alago karkashin jagorancin Osabonya Ogoshi Andoma sun ƙaura suka zauna a wasu wurare ciki har da Idah a jihar Kogi ta yanzu, Apa, Otupka, da Ogyogo a bakin kogin Benue a jihar Benue ta yanzu, sannan kuma a Oba’sidoma a karamar hukumar Keana ta jihar Nasarawa ta yanzu kafin su zauna a wurin da suke a yanzu.[9] Mutanen Doma masu magana da harshen Alago an san su da Idoma kuma sun yi ƙaura daga Apa wurin daular Kwararafa ta da. Labarinsu mai shahara ya nuna cewa an kafa Doma a ƙarni na 13 - kusan 1232 AD. Ka'idoji da tarihin ƙaura da zama a Alago gabaɗaya ka'idoji ne da tarihin Daular Jukun/Kwararafa wanda shine ka'idar da tarihin ƙaura akai-akai daga wani matsuguni zuwa wani a cikin iyakokin yankin Daular Kwararafa da ta lalace kuma a wajen yankin.[10] Wannan ya haɗa da ka'idar ƙaura ta Gabas, zama a wuri, rarraba harshe, da ilimin ƙabilanci, ka'idar yaƙi akai-akai, da ka'idar haɗin gwiwar Daular Kwararafa.[11] Wannan yana bayanin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jukun da Alagos da kuma duk dangin Kwararafa. An yi imanin cewa mutanen Alago na Doma da 'yan'uwansu daga Keana, Aloshi, Ibi, Obi, Agaza, Alagye, Agbashi, Agwatashi, da Assakio da sauransu sun fito ne daga tsohuwar daular Kwararafa.[12] An ce ƙaura ta kai su wurare kamar Idah a Jihar Kogi, Ogyogo a Jihar Benue, Obasidoma a Ƙaramar Hukumar Keana, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Doma. Duk da cewa wannan motsi yana cikin matakai biyu, amma wanda ya kafa Doma Osabonnya Ogoshi Andoma ne ya jagoranci matakin farko. == Manazarta == {{Stub}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] as20jgkrzl4e62cxt7y0emk7ol7cxsd 868699 868692 2026-06-26T13:25:27Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868699 wikitext text/x-wiki Doma karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Doma. Karamar hukumar Doma tana da runduna ta musamman,<ref>Nigeria Army 4</ref> Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya,<ref>"Federal Science and Technical College Doma"</ref> Gonar Shinkafa ta Olam<ref>"Olam counts losses as flood submerges rice farm in Nasarawa". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. 10 October 2022</ref> da Dam na Doma.[5] Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,714 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 139,607 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 950.[6] Odu ita ce bikin shekara-shekara a karamar hukumar Doma. Noma ita ce mamayar yawancin mutanen Alago waɗanda su ne ƙabila mafi rinjaye a Doma. Yayin da mutanen Alago suka fi yawa a arewacin Majalisar Kananan Hukumomi, ana samun mutanen Bassa da yawa a Kudancin Doma. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Doma shine 30°C tare da saurin iska na matsakaicin kilomita 12/h da kuma jimillar ruwan sama na 1750 mm a kowace shekara.[7] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Doma ta 43 Alhaji (Dr) Ahmadu Aliyu Oga Onawo (OON) (2004- kwanan wata), yana zaune a fadarsa da ke Doma. An kafa masarautar Doma a shekarar 1232 ta hannun Andoma kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1901 lokacin da ta zama wani ɓangare na yankin arewacin Najeriya na Birtaniya.<ref>Stewart, John (2005). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 74. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7864-2562-8</nowiki>.</ref> An yi imanin cewa mutanen Doma/Alago karkashin jagorancin Osabonya Ogoshi Andoma sun ƙaura suka zauna a wasu wurare ciki har da Idah a jihar Kogi ta yanzu, Apa, Otupka, da Ogyogo a bakin kogin Benue a jihar Benue ta yanzu, sannan kuma a Oba’sidoma a karamar hukumar Keana ta jihar Nasarawa ta yanzu kafin su zauna a wurin da suke a yanzu.[9] Mutanen Doma masu magana da harshen Alago an san su da Idoma kuma sun yi ƙaura daga Apa wurin daular Kwararafa ta da. Labarinsu mai shahara ya nuna cewa an kafa Doma a ƙarni na 13 - kusan 1232 AD. Ka'idoji da tarihin ƙaura da zama a Alago gabaɗaya ka'idoji ne da tarihin Daular Jukun/Kwararafa wanda shine ka'idar da tarihin ƙaura akai-akai daga wani matsuguni zuwa wani a cikin iyakokin yankin Daular Kwararafa da ta lalace kuma a wajen yankin.[10] Wannan ya haɗa da ka'idar ƙaura ta Gabas, zama a wuri, rarraba harshe, da ilimin ƙabilanci, ka'idar yaƙi akai-akai, da ka'idar haɗin gwiwar Daular Kwararafa.[11] Wannan yana bayanin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jukun da Alagos da kuma duk dangin Kwararafa. An yi imanin cewa mutanen Alago na Doma da 'yan'uwansu daga Keana, Aloshi, Ibi, Obi, Agaza, Alagye, Agbashi, Agwatashi, da Assakio da sauransu sun fito ne daga tsohuwar daular Kwararafa.[12] An ce ƙaura ta kai su wurare kamar Idah a Jihar Kogi, Ogyogo a Jihar Benue, Obasidoma a Ƙaramar Hukumar Keana, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Doma. Duk da cewa wannan motsi yana cikin matakai biyu, amma wanda ya kafa Doma Osabonnya Ogoshi Andoma ne ya jagoranci matakin farko. == Manazarta == {{Stub}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] kmxnl5n5in1ve9hh2w0g8lgat01i7gj 868700 868699 2026-06-26T13:26:42Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868700 wikitext text/x-wiki Doma karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Doma. Karamar hukumar Doma tana da runduna ta musamman,<ref>Nigeria Army 4</ref> Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya,<ref>"Federal Science and Technical College Doma"</ref> Gonar Shinkafa ta Olam<ref>"Olam counts losses as flood submerges rice farm in Nasarawa". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. 10 October 2022</ref> da Dam na Doma.[5] Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,714 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 139,607 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 950.[6] Odu ita ce bikin shekara-shekara a karamar hukumar Doma. Noma ita ce mamayar yawancin mutanen Alago waɗanda su ne ƙabila mafi rinjaye a Doma. Yayin da mutanen Alago suka fi yawa a arewacin Majalisar Kananan Hukumomi, ana samun mutanen Bassa da yawa a Kudancin Doma. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Doma shine 30°C tare da saurin iska na matsakaicin kilomita 12/h da kuma jimillar ruwan sama na 1750 mm a kowace shekara.[7] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Doma ta 43 Alhaji (Dr) Ahmadu Aliyu Oga Onawo (OON) (2004- kwanan wata), yana zaune a fadarsa da ke Doma. An kafa masarautar Doma a shekarar 1232 ta hannun Andoma kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1901 lokacin da ta zama wani ɓangare na yankin arewacin Najeriya na Birtaniya.<ref>Stewart, John (2005). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 74. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7864-2562-8</nowiki>.</ref> An yi imanin cewa mutanen Doma/Alago karkashin jagorancin Osabonya Ogoshi Andoma sun ƙaura suka zauna a wasu wurare ciki har da Idah a jihar Kogi ta yanzu, Apa, Otupka, da Ogyogo a bakin kogin Benue a jihar Benue ta yanzu, sannan kuma a Oba’sidoma a karamar hukumar Keana ta jihar Nasarawa ta yanzu kafin su zauna a wurin da suke a yanzu.<ref>IBRAHIM, Ado Ahmad (2022). "Interrogating the Traditional Methods of Crime Control of the Alago Ethnic Group". Wukari International Studies Journal. 6 (2): 2.</ref> Mutanen Doma masu magana da harshen Alago an san su da Idoma kuma sun yi ƙaura daga Apa wurin daular Kwararafa ta da. Labarinsu mai shahara ya nuna cewa an kafa Doma a ƙarni na 13 - kusan 1232 AD. Ka'idoji da tarihin ƙaura da zama a Alago gabaɗaya ka'idoji ne da tarihin Daular Jukun/Kwararafa wanda shine ka'idar da tarihin ƙaura akai-akai daga wani matsuguni zuwa wani a cikin iyakokin yankin Daular Kwararafa da ta lalace kuma a wajen yankin.[10] Wannan ya haɗa da ka'idar ƙaura ta Gabas, zama a wuri, rarraba harshe, da ilimin ƙabilanci, ka'idar yaƙi akai-akai, da ka'idar haɗin gwiwar Daular Kwararafa.[11] Wannan yana bayanin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jukun da Alagos da kuma duk dangin Kwararafa. An yi imanin cewa mutanen Alago na Doma da 'yan'uwansu daga Keana, Aloshi, Ibi, Obi, Agaza, Alagye, Agbashi, Agwatashi, da Assakio da sauransu sun fito ne daga tsohuwar daular Kwararafa.[12] An ce ƙaura ta kai su wurare kamar Idah a Jihar Kogi, Ogyogo a Jihar Benue, Obasidoma a Ƙaramar Hukumar Keana, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Doma. Duk da cewa wannan motsi yana cikin matakai biyu, amma wanda ya kafa Doma Osabonnya Ogoshi Andoma ne ya jagoranci matakin farko. == Manazarta == {{Stub}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] bzqw22n1lmga8u8eojrhvs6rcb8s4ea 868701 868700 2026-06-26T13:27:48Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868701 wikitext text/x-wiki Doma karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Doma. Karamar hukumar Doma tana da runduna ta musamman,<ref>Nigeria Army 4</ref> Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya,<ref>"Federal Science and Technical College Doma"</ref> Gonar Shinkafa ta Olam<ref>"Olam counts losses as flood submerges rice farm in Nasarawa". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. 10 October 2022</ref> da Dam na Doma.[5] Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,714 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 139,607 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 950.[6] Odu ita ce bikin shekara-shekara a karamar hukumar Doma. Noma ita ce mamayar yawancin mutanen Alago waɗanda su ne ƙabila mafi rinjaye a Doma. Yayin da mutanen Alago suka fi yawa a arewacin Majalisar Kananan Hukumomi, ana samun mutanen Bassa da yawa a Kudancin Doma. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Doma shine 30°C tare da saurin iska na matsakaicin kilomita 12/h da kuma jimillar ruwan sama na 1750 mm a kowace shekara.[7] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Doma ta 43 Alhaji (Dr) Ahmadu Aliyu Oga Onawo (OON) (2004- kwanan wata), yana zaune a fadarsa da ke Doma. An kafa masarautar Doma a shekarar 1232 ta hannun Andoma kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1901 lokacin da ta zama wani ɓangare na yankin arewacin Najeriya na Birtaniya.<ref>Stewart, John (2005). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 74. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7864-2562-8</nowiki>.</ref> An yi imanin cewa mutanen Doma/Alago karkashin jagorancin Osabonya Ogoshi Andoma sun ƙaura suka zauna a wasu wurare ciki har da Idah a jihar Kogi ta yanzu, Apa, Otupka, da Ogyogo a bakin kogin Benue a jihar Benue ta yanzu, sannan kuma a Oba’sidoma a karamar hukumar Keana ta jihar Nasarawa ta yanzu kafin su zauna a wurin da suke a yanzu.<ref>IBRAHIM, Ado Ahmad (2022). "Interrogating the Traditional Methods of Crime Control of the Alago Ethnic Group". Wukari International Studies Journal. 6 (2): 2.</ref> Mutanen Doma masu magana da harshen Alago an san su da Idoma kuma sun yi ƙaura daga Apa wurin daular Kwararafa ta da. Labarinsu mai shahara ya nuna cewa an kafa Doma a ƙarni na 13 - kusan 1232 AD. Ka'idoji da tarihin ƙaura da zama a Alago gabaɗaya ka'idoji ne da tarihin Daular Jukun/Kwararafa wanda shine ka'idar da tarihin ƙaura akai-akai daga wani matsuguni zuwa wani a cikin iyakokin yankin Daular Kwararafa da ta lalace kuma a wajen yankin.<ref>Yaro, Kpendwa Daudu (2018). "COLONIAL ECONOMY OF IBI AND WUKARI DIVISIONS, 1900-1960". Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da ka'idar ƙaura ta Gabas, zama a wuri, rarraba harshe, da ilimin ƙabilanci, ka'idar yaƙi akai-akai, da ka'idar haɗin gwiwar Daular Kwararafa.[11] Wannan yana bayanin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jukun da Alagos da kuma duk dangin Kwararafa. An yi imanin cewa mutanen Alago na Doma da 'yan'uwansu daga Keana, Aloshi, Ibi, Obi, Agaza, Alagye, Agbashi, Agwatashi, da Assakio da sauransu sun fito ne daga tsohuwar daular Kwararafa.[12] An ce ƙaura ta kai su wurare kamar Idah a Jihar Kogi, Ogyogo a Jihar Benue, Obasidoma a Ƙaramar Hukumar Keana, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Doma. Duk da cewa wannan motsi yana cikin matakai biyu, amma wanda ya kafa Doma Osabonnya Ogoshi Andoma ne ya jagoranci matakin farko. == Manazarta == {{Stub}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] 905bkz1lkcrvogek1ru18b1i0owawtt 868703 868701 2026-06-26T13:28:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868703 wikitext text/x-wiki Doma karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Doma. Karamar hukumar Doma tana da runduna ta musamman,<ref>Nigeria Army 4</ref> Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya,<ref>"Federal Science and Technical College Doma"</ref> Gonar Shinkafa ta Olam<ref>"Olam counts losses as flood submerges rice farm in Nasarawa". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. 10 October 2022</ref> da Dam na Doma.[5] Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,714 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 139,607 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 950.[6] Odu ita ce bikin shekara-shekara a karamar hukumar Doma. Noma ita ce mamayar yawancin mutanen Alago waɗanda su ne ƙabila mafi rinjaye a Doma. Yayin da mutanen Alago suka fi yawa a arewacin Majalisar Kananan Hukumomi, ana samun mutanen Bassa da yawa a Kudancin Doma. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Doma shine 30°C tare da saurin iska na matsakaicin kilomita 12/h da kuma jimillar ruwan sama na 1750 mm a kowace shekara.[7] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Doma ta 43 Alhaji (Dr) Ahmadu Aliyu Oga Onawo (OON) (2004- kwanan wata), yana zaune a fadarsa da ke Doma. An kafa masarautar Doma a shekarar 1232 ta hannun Andoma kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1901 lokacin da ta zama wani ɓangare na yankin arewacin Najeriya na Birtaniya.<ref>Stewart, John (2005). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 74. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7864-2562-8</nowiki>.</ref> An yi imanin cewa mutanen Doma/Alago karkashin jagorancin Osabonya Ogoshi Andoma sun ƙaura suka zauna a wasu wurare ciki har da Idah a jihar Kogi ta yanzu, Apa, Otupka, da Ogyogo a bakin kogin Benue a jihar Benue ta yanzu, sannan kuma a Oba’sidoma a karamar hukumar Keana ta jihar Nasarawa ta yanzu kafin su zauna a wurin da suke a yanzu.<ref>IBRAHIM, Ado Ahmad (2022). "Interrogating the Traditional Methods of Crime Control of the Alago Ethnic Group". Wukari International Studies Journal. 6 (2): 2.</ref> Mutanen Doma masu magana da harshen Alago an san su da Idoma kuma sun yi ƙaura daga Apa wurin daular Kwararafa ta da. Labarinsu mai shahara ya nuna cewa an kafa Doma a ƙarni na 13 - kusan 1232 AD. Ka'idoji da tarihin ƙaura da zama a Alago gabaɗaya ka'idoji ne da tarihin Daular Jukun/Kwararafa wanda shine ka'idar da tarihin ƙaura akai-akai daga wani matsuguni zuwa wani a cikin iyakokin yankin Daular Kwararafa da ta lalace kuma a wajen yankin.<ref>Yaro, Kpendwa Daudu (2018). "COLONIAL ECONOMY OF IBI AND WUKARI DIVISIONS, 1900-1960". Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da ka'idar ƙaura ta Gabas, zama a wuri, rarraba harshe, da ilimin ƙabilanci, ka'idar yaƙi akai-akai, da ka'idar haɗin gwiwar Daular Kwararafa.<ref>Mohammed, Atose (2005). "Origin of Kwararafa Kingdom". Academia.</ref> Wannan yana bayanin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jukun da Alagos da kuma duk dangin Kwararafa. An yi imanin cewa mutanen Alago na Doma da 'yan'uwansu daga Keana, Aloshi, Ibi, Obi, Agaza, Alagye, Agbashi, Agwatashi, da Assakio da sauransu sun fito ne daga tsohuwar daular Kwararafa.[12] An ce ƙaura ta kai su wurare kamar Idah a Jihar Kogi, Ogyogo a Jihar Benue, Obasidoma a Ƙaramar Hukumar Keana, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Doma. Duk da cewa wannan motsi yana cikin matakai biyu, amma wanda ya kafa Doma Osabonnya Ogoshi Andoma ne ya jagoranci matakin farko. == Manazarta == {{Stub}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] co45rfa6pvbyww4f7a9k2tpcu4r1k31 868704 868703 2026-06-26T13:29:57Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868704 wikitext text/x-wiki Doma karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Doma. Karamar hukumar Doma tana da runduna ta musamman,<ref>Nigeria Army 4</ref> Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya,<ref>"Federal Science and Technical College Doma"</ref> Gonar Shinkafa ta Olam<ref>"Olam counts losses as flood submerges rice farm in Nasarawa". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. 10 October 2022</ref> da Dam na Doma.[5] Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,714 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 139,607 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 950.[6] Odu ita ce bikin shekara-shekara a karamar hukumar Doma. Noma ita ce mamayar yawancin mutanen Alago waɗanda su ne ƙabila mafi rinjaye a Doma. Yayin da mutanen Alago suka fi yawa a arewacin Majalisar Kananan Hukumomi, ana samun mutanen Bassa da yawa a Kudancin Doma. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Doma shine 30°C tare da saurin iska na matsakaicin kilomita 12/h da kuma jimillar ruwan sama na 1750 mm a kowace shekara.[7] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Doma ta 43 Alhaji (Dr) Ahmadu Aliyu Oga Onawo (OON) (2004- kwanan wata), yana zaune a fadarsa da ke Doma. An kafa masarautar Doma a shekarar 1232 ta hannun Andoma kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1901 lokacin da ta zama wani ɓangare na yankin arewacin Najeriya na Birtaniya.<ref>Stewart, John (2005). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 74. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7864-2562-8</nowiki>.</ref> An yi imanin cewa mutanen Doma/Alago karkashin jagorancin Osabonya Ogoshi Andoma sun ƙaura suka zauna a wasu wurare ciki har da Idah a jihar Kogi ta yanzu, Apa, Otupka, da Ogyogo a bakin kogin Benue a jihar Benue ta yanzu, sannan kuma a Oba’sidoma a karamar hukumar Keana ta jihar Nasarawa ta yanzu kafin su zauna a wurin da suke a yanzu.<ref>IBRAHIM, Ado Ahmad (2022). "Interrogating the Traditional Methods of Crime Control of the Alago Ethnic Group". Wukari International Studies Journal. 6 (2): 2.</ref> Mutanen Doma masu magana da harshen Alago an san su da Idoma kuma sun yi ƙaura daga Apa wurin daular Kwararafa ta da. Labarinsu mai shahara ya nuna cewa an kafa Doma a ƙarni na 13 - kusan 1232 AD. Ka'idoji da tarihin ƙaura da zama a Alago gabaɗaya ka'idoji ne da tarihin Daular Jukun/Kwararafa wanda shine ka'idar da tarihin ƙaura akai-akai daga wani matsuguni zuwa wani a cikin iyakokin yankin Daular Kwararafa da ta lalace kuma a wajen yankin.<ref>Yaro, Kpendwa Daudu (2018). "COLONIAL ECONOMY OF IBI AND WUKARI DIVISIONS, 1900-1960". Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da ka'idar ƙaura ta Gabas, zama a wuri, rarraba harshe, da ilimin ƙabilanci, ka'idar yaƙi akai-akai, da ka'idar haɗin gwiwar Daular Kwararafa.<ref>Mohammed, Atose (2005). "Origin of Kwararafa Kingdom". Academia.</ref> Wannan yana bayanin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jukun da Alagos da kuma duk dangin Kwararafa. An yi imanin cewa mutanen Alago na Doma da 'yan'uwansu daga Keana, Aloshi, Ibi, Obi, Agaza, Alagye, Agbashi, Agwatashi, da Assakio da sauransu sun fito ne daga tsohuwar daular Kwararafa.<ref>IPROJECT, Final Year Research Project Topics & Materials in PDF & Doc | iproject from. "MIGRATION,OCCUPATION & SETTLEMENT OF THE ALAGBO PEOPLE OF NASARAWA ST..." iproject.com.ng. Retrieved 2023-09-10.</ref> An ce ƙaura ta kai su wurare kamar Idah a Jihar Kogi, Ogyogo a Jihar Benue, Obasidoma a Ƙaramar Hukumar Keana, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Doma. Duk da cewa wannan motsi yana cikin matakai biyu, amma wanda ya kafa Doma Osabonnya Ogoshi Andoma ne ya jagoranci matakin farko. == Manazarta == {{Stub}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] 6htcku803iy90gja599t8y21ymbwz1y 868705 868704 2026-06-26T13:32:31Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868705 wikitext text/x-wiki Doma karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Doma. Karamar hukumar Doma tana da runduna ta musamman,<ref>Nigeria Army 4</ref> Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya,<ref>"Federal Science and Technical College Doma"</ref> Gonar Shinkafa ta Olam<ref>"Olam counts losses as flood submerges rice farm in Nasarawa". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. 10 October 2022</ref> da Dam na Doma.[5] Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,714 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 139,607 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 950.[6] Odu ita ce bikin shekara-shekara a karamar hukumar Doma. Noma ita ce mamayar yawancin mutanen Alago waɗanda su ne ƙabila mafi rinjaye a Doma. Yayin da mutanen Alago suka fi yawa a arewacin Majalisar Kananan Hukumomi, ana samun mutanen Bassa da yawa a Kudancin Doma. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Doma shine 30°C tare da saurin iska na matsakaicin kilomita 12/h da kuma jimillar ruwan sama na 1750 mm a kowace shekara.[7] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Doma ta 43 Alhaji (Dr) Ahmadu Aliyu Oga Onawo (OON) (2004- kwanan wata), yana zaune a fadarsa da ke Doma. An kafa masarautar Doma a shekarar 1232 ta hannun Andoma kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1901 lokacin da ta zama wani ɓangare na yankin arewacin Najeriya na Birtaniya.<ref>Stewart, John (2005). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 74. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7864-2562-8</nowiki>.</ref> An yi imanin cewa mutanen Doma/Alago karkashin jagorancin Osabonya Ogoshi Andoma sun ƙaura suka zauna a wasu wurare ciki har da Idah a jihar Kogi ta yanzu, Apa, Otupka, da Ogyogo a bakin kogin Benue a jihar Benue ta yanzu, sannan kuma a Oba’sidoma a karamar hukumar Keana ta jihar Nasarawa ta yanzu kafin su zauna a wurin da suke a yanzu.<ref>IBRAHIM, Ado Ahmad (2022). "Interrogating the Traditional Methods of Crime Control of the Alago Ethnic Group". Wukari International Studies Journal. 6 (2): 2.</ref> Mutanen Doma masu magana da harshen Alago an san su da Idoma kuma sun yi ƙaura daga Apa wurin daular Kwararafa ta da. Labarinsu mai shahara ya nuna cewa an kafa Doma a ƙarni na 13 - kusan 1232 AD. Ka'idoji da tarihin ƙaura da zama a Alago gabaɗaya ka'idoji ne da tarihin Daular Jukun/Kwararafa wanda shine ka'idar da tarihin ƙaura akai-akai daga wani matsuguni zuwa wani a cikin iyakokin yankin Daular Kwararafa da ta lalace kuma a wajen yankin.<ref>Yaro, Kpendwa Daudu (2018). "COLONIAL ECONOMY OF IBI AND WUKARI DIVISIONS, 1900-1960". Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da ka'idar ƙaura ta Gabas, zama a wuri, rarraba harshe, da ilimin ƙabilanci, ka'idar yaƙi akai-akai, da ka'idar haɗin gwiwar Daular Kwararafa.<ref>Mohammed, Atose (2005). "Origin of Kwararafa Kingdom". Academia.</ref> Wannan yana bayanin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jukun da Alagos da kuma duk dangin Kwararafa. An yi imanin cewa mutanen Alago na Doma da 'yan'uwansu daga Keana, Aloshi, Ibi, Obi, Agaza, Alagye, Agbashi, Agwatashi, da Assakio da sauransu sun fito ne daga tsohuwar daular Kwararafa.<ref>IPROJECT, Final Year Research Project Topics & Materials in PDF & Doc | iproject from. "MIGRATION,OCCUPATION & SETTLEMENT OF THE ALAGBO PEOPLE OF NASARAWA ST..." iproject.com.ng. Retrieved 2023-09-10.</ref> An ce ƙaura ta kai su wurare kamar Idah a Jihar Kogi, Ogyogo a Jihar Benue, Obasidoma a Ƙaramar Hukumar Keana, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Doma. Duk da cewa wannan motsi yana cikin matakai biyu, amma wanda ya kafa Doma Osabonnya Ogoshi Andoma ne ya jagoranci matakin farko. == Yanayin Yanayi == A duk shekara, yanayi a Doma ya bambanta, inda watan Maris shine watan da ya fi zafi, kuma watan Disamba shine watan da ya fi sanyi.<ref>"Doma Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2023-09-11.</ref> Yanayin a Doma yana fuskantar sauyin yanayi, tare da shekaru masu zafi da kuma sanyi, kamar yadda yanayin zafi mai kyau ya nuna.[14] Mutane masu daraja Alhaji (Dr) Ahmadu Aliyu Oga Onawo (OON) Sarkin Doma na yanzu, Andoma na 43 na Doma. Aliyu Akwe Doma tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Nasarawa. Dr. Emmanuel Agbadu Akabe (Jagaban Doma), Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Nasarawa. Muhammed Ogoshi Onawo (Ciroman Doma). Sanata, Sanatan Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Nasarawa. Amb. Usman Ari Ogah, Jakadun Najeriya a Indonesia. Amb. Henry John Omaku, (Giwan-Doma) Jakadun Najeriya zuwa Jamhuriyar Sierra-Leone HRH Engr. Muhammad Addra, manajan darakta, Hukumar Raya Kogin Benue, Makurdi. Arc. Ahmed Sarki Usman (Turaki-Kenge) shine Shugaban Zartarwa na yanzu, na karamar hukumar Doma Hon. Muhammed Adamu Oyanki (Sadauki-Kenge) Memba mai wakiltar Majalisar Doma ta Arewa Hon. Musa Ibrahim Muhammed (Dan-Kaden Doma) Memba mai wakiltar Majalisar Doma ta Kudu. == Jerin Sarakunan Doma == Sunaye da Kwanakin da aka ɗauka daga Jihohin Afirka da Masarautun John Stewart (2005).[8] Andoma (1232 - ?) Asalin Akau (? - c. 1300) Akwei (c. 1300 - ?) Adago Iya (? - c. 1390) Okabu (c. 1390 - ?) Okaku (? - c. 1480) Aboshe (c. 1480 - c. 1500) Oga I (c. 1500 - ?) Atta I Anao (? - c. 1600) Akwe I (c. 1600 - ?) Aboshi Adra (? - c. 1700) Asabo (c. 1700 - ?) Anawo (? - c. 1800) Oga II (c. 1800 - ?) Ogu Atta II Ari (? - c. 1855) Akwe II (c. 1855 - ?) Amaku Atta III Ausu Agabi Agulu Gaba (? - 1901) Atta IV (1901 - 1930) == Manazarta == {{Stub}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] hxsyc2g4eyxrlxr6uj0pxist0ccra6g 868706 868705 2026-06-26T13:33:31Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1RefGN2025 868706 wikitext text/x-wiki Doma karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Doma. Karamar hukumar Doma tana da runduna ta musamman,<ref>Nigeria Army 4</ref> Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya,<ref>"Federal Science and Technical College Doma"</ref> Gonar Shinkafa ta Olam<ref>"Olam counts losses as flood submerges rice farm in Nasarawa". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. 10 October 2022</ref> da Dam na Doma.[5] Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,714 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 139,607 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 950.[6] Odu ita ce bikin shekara-shekara a karamar hukumar Doma. Noma ita ce mamayar yawancin mutanen Alago waɗanda su ne ƙabila mafi rinjaye a Doma. Yayin da mutanen Alago suka fi yawa a arewacin Majalisar Kananan Hukumomi, ana samun mutanen Bassa da yawa a Kudancin Doma. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Doma shine 30°C tare da saurin iska na matsakaicin kilomita 12/h da kuma jimillar ruwan sama na 1750 mm a kowace shekara.[7] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Doma ta 43 Alhaji (Dr) Ahmadu Aliyu Oga Onawo (OON) (2004- kwanan wata), yana zaune a fadarsa da ke Doma. An kafa masarautar Doma a shekarar 1232 ta hannun Andoma kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1901 lokacin da ta zama wani ɓangare na yankin arewacin Najeriya na Birtaniya.<ref>Stewart, John (2005). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 74. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7864-2562-8</nowiki>.</ref> An yi imanin cewa mutanen Doma/Alago karkashin jagorancin Osabonya Ogoshi Andoma sun ƙaura suka zauna a wasu wurare ciki har da Idah a jihar Kogi ta yanzu, Apa, Otupka, da Ogyogo a bakin kogin Benue a jihar Benue ta yanzu, sannan kuma a Oba’sidoma a karamar hukumar Keana ta jihar Nasarawa ta yanzu kafin su zauna a wurin da suke a yanzu.<ref>IBRAHIM, Ado Ahmad (2022). "Interrogating the Traditional Methods of Crime Control of the Alago Ethnic Group". Wukari International Studies Journal. 6 (2): 2.</ref> Mutanen Doma masu magana da harshen Alago an san su da Idoma kuma sun yi ƙaura daga Apa wurin daular Kwararafa ta da. Labarinsu mai shahara ya nuna cewa an kafa Doma a ƙarni na 13 - kusan 1232 AD. Ka'idoji da tarihin ƙaura da zama a Alago gabaɗaya ka'idoji ne da tarihin Daular Jukun/Kwararafa wanda shine ka'idar da tarihin ƙaura akai-akai daga wani matsuguni zuwa wani a cikin iyakokin yankin Daular Kwararafa da ta lalace kuma a wajen yankin.<ref>Yaro, Kpendwa Daudu (2018). "COLONIAL ECONOMY OF IBI AND WUKARI DIVISIONS, 1900-1960". Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da ka'idar ƙaura ta Gabas, zama a wuri, rarraba harshe, da ilimin ƙabilanci, ka'idar yaƙi akai-akai, da ka'idar haɗin gwiwar Daular Kwararafa.<ref>Mohammed, Atose (2005). "Origin of Kwararafa Kingdom". Academia.</ref> Wannan yana bayanin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jukun da Alagos da kuma duk dangin Kwararafa. An yi imanin cewa mutanen Alago na Doma da 'yan'uwansu daga Keana, Aloshi, Ibi, Obi, Agaza, Alagye, Agbashi, Agwatashi, da Assakio da sauransu sun fito ne daga tsohuwar daular Kwararafa.<ref>IPROJECT, Final Year Research Project Topics & Materials in PDF & Doc | iproject from. "MIGRATION,OCCUPATION & SETTLEMENT OF THE ALAGBO PEOPLE OF NASARAWA ST..." iproject.com.ng. Retrieved 2023-09-10.</ref> An ce ƙaura ta kai su wurare kamar Idah a Jihar Kogi, Ogyogo a Jihar Benue, Obasidoma a Ƙaramar Hukumar Keana, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Doma. Duk da cewa wannan motsi yana cikin matakai biyu, amma wanda ya kafa Doma Osabonnya Ogoshi Andoma ne ya jagoranci matakin farko. == Yanayin Yanayi == A duk shekara, yanayi a Doma ya bambanta, inda watan Maris shine watan da ya fi zafi, kuma watan Disamba shine watan da ya fi sanyi.<ref>"Doma Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2023-09-11.</ref> Yanayin a Doma yana fuskantar sauyin yanayi, tare da shekaru masu zafi da kuma sanyi, kamar yadda yanayin zafi mai kyau ya nuna.<ref>"Climate Change Doma". meteoblue. Retrieved 2023-10-21.</ref> Mutane masu daraja Alhaji (Dr) Ahmadu Aliyu Oga Onawo (OON) Sarkin Doma na yanzu, Andoma na 43 na Doma. Aliyu Akwe Doma tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Nasarawa. Dr. Emmanuel Agbadu Akabe (Jagaban Doma), Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Nasarawa. Muhammed Ogoshi Onawo (Ciroman Doma). Sanata, Sanatan Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Nasarawa. Amb. Usman Ari Ogah, Jakadun Najeriya a Indonesia. Amb. Henry John Omaku, (Giwan-Doma) Jakadun Najeriya zuwa Jamhuriyar Sierra-Leone HRH Engr. Muhammad Addra, manajan darakta, Hukumar Raya Kogin Benue, Makurdi. Arc. Ahmed Sarki Usman (Turaki-Kenge) shine Shugaban Zartarwa na yanzu, na karamar hukumar Doma Hon. Muhammed Adamu Oyanki (Sadauki-Kenge) Memba mai wakiltar Majalisar Doma ta Arewa Hon. Musa Ibrahim Muhammed (Dan-Kaden Doma) Memba mai wakiltar Majalisar Doma ta Kudu. == Jerin Sarakunan Doma == Sunaye da Kwanakin da aka ɗauka daga Jihohin Afirka da Masarautun John Stewart (2005).[8] Andoma (1232 - ?) Asalin Akau (? - c. 1300) Akwei (c. 1300 - ?) Adago Iya (? - c. 1390) Okabu (c. 1390 - ?) Okaku (? - c. 1480) Aboshe (c. 1480 - c. 1500) Oga I (c. 1500 - ?) Atta I Anao (? - c. 1600) Akwe I (c. 1600 - ?) Aboshi Adra (? - c. 1700) Asabo (c. 1700 - ?) Anawo (? - c. 1800) Oga II (c. 1800 - ?) Ogu Atta II Ari (? - c. 1855) Akwe II (c. 1855 - ?) Amaku Atta III Ausu Agabi Agulu Gaba (? - 1901) Atta IV (1901 - 1930) == Manazarta == {{Stub}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Nasarawa]] nbk2ux7qy761semzxam69k3wov9sz5e 0 11031 869168 853760 2026-06-27T07:29:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Aguata''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Anambra]], [[Najeriya]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Local Governments in Anambra State|url=https://nigerianfinder.com/list-of-local-governments-in-anambra-state/|access-date=10 September 2021|website=nigerianfinder.com}}</ref> kuma tana ƙarƙashin mazabar sanatoci ta Anambra ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development}}</ref> Mafi yawan ɓangaren hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar yana cikin garin Aguluezechukwu,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2351741.html |access-date=28 June 2025 |website=mindat.org}}</ref> yayin da wani ƙaramin ɓangarenta yake cikin Ekwulobia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aguata.an.gov.ng/|title=Official Anambra State Government Website for Aguata Local Government|website=Anambra State Government|access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aguata.an.gov.ng/history-of-aguata-lga/|title=History of Aguata Local Government|website=Anambra State Government|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815045104/https://aguata.an.gov.ng/history-of-aguata-lga|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://naijasky.com/aguata/109/brief-history-of-aguata/7791|title=Brief history of Aguata – Aguata|last=Adeleke|first=Dr. Wale|website=NaijaSky|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906085340/http://naijasky.com/aguata/109/brief-history-of-aguata/7791|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra South Senatorial District |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/anambra-south-senatorial-district/ |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development}}</ref> Ƙaramar Hukumar tana da yawan jama’a da ya kai 286,897.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> {{Stub}} == Tattalin arziki == A wannan yanki, noma domin biyan buƙatun yau da kullum na daga cikin manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki. Kasuwannin <nowiki>'''</nowiki>Eke<nowiki>'''</nowiki> da <nowiki>'''</nowiki>Nkwo<nowiki>'''</nowiki> kuma suna zama cibiyoyin musayar kayayyaki da ayyuka iri-iri tsakanin jama’a. Haka kuma, akwai kamfanoni da cibiyoyi masu yawa a Ƙaramar Hukumar Aguata, ciki har da otal-otal, cibiyoyin kuɗi musamman bankunan microfinance, da sauran harkokin kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aguata Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/107/aguata |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=manpower.com.ng}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aguata}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]] f2ujc7zpkgk97acatqxjo339kkhgoep 0 11303 868825 619897 2026-06-26T17:33:02Z Niegodzisie 8612 868825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:DrownedWorldFresno2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Madonna (2006)]] [[File:Madonna_@_69th_Annual_Golden_Globes_Awards_cropped_2.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Madonna]] [[Fayil:Madonna at the premiere of I Am Because We Are.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Madonna Rebel Heart Tour 2015 - Stockholm (23051472299) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Madonna]] '''Madonna Louise Ciccone''' (an haife ta 16 ga Augusta a shekara ta 1958) mawaƙiya ce ƴar aslalin [[Tarayyar Amurka]]. {{stub}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Madonna}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Tarayyar Amurka]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] obgiyppqz36532fpxesui3u3qkp981y 0 13264 869011 178041 2026-06-26T22:42:01Z Merjoor 14653 869011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Faiza Jama Mohamed''' (an haife ta ne a shekarar 1958) yar asalin Somali ce mai rajin kare hakkin mata, Darakta Yankin Afirka Na Daidaituwa Yanzu . Ta kasance fitacciyar mai fafutuka a taswirar Maputo, kuma gwagwarmaya akan hana kaciyar mata. A 2004 Faiza Jama Mohamed ta rubuta ''Pambazuka News suna'' wanda editoci ke jayayya game da mahimmancin Yarjejeniyar Afirka game da Hakkin Mata . Ta kuma rubuta don ''The Guardian'' . <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/apr/21/kenya-courage-lead-africa-womens-rights Does Kenya have the courage to lead on women's rights in Africa], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 21 April 2014. Accessed 10 March 2020.</ref>.<ref name=Atuhaire>Pearl Atuhaire, 'A Compendium of Women in Peace and Security Processes in the East and Horn of Africa', February 17, 2014. {{SSRN|2397005}}</ref><ref>'African Leaders Must Act Now to Ratify the Protocol on the Rights of Women', ''Pambasuka News'', 162, 24 June 2004. Reprinted in {{cite book|editor1=Firoze Manji|editor2=Patrick Burnett|title=African Voices on Development and Social Justice: Editorials from Pambazuka News 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgflUDoN01QC&pg=PA101|year=2005|publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka|isbn=978-9987-417-35-3|pages=101–103}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * 'Yarjejeniyar Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka game da Hakkokin Mata a Afirka: Yakin yakin SOAWR', a cikin Roselynn Musa, Faiza Jama Mohammed da Firoze Manji (eds). ) ''Taimakawa rayuwa cikin yarjejeniyar Kungiyar'' Hadin Kan ''Afirka game da yancin mata a Afirka'', pp.14-18. * (ed. tare da Brenda Kombo da Rainatou Sow) ''[http://www.soawr.org/images/JourneytoEquality.pdf Tafiya zuwa Daidaitan: Shekaru 10 na Protocol akan Hakkokin Mata a Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321142137/https://www.soawr.org/images/JourneytoEquality.pdf |date=2021-03-21 }}'', Daidaitan Yanzu, 2013. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2dhf90ihd1djhvafww0ihg1jyxuihtm 0 14758 869233 863825 2026-06-27T10:02:29Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346630891|Fuelling Poverty]]" 869233 wikitext text/x-wiki Fuelling Poverty fim ne na Najeriya na 2012 wanda [[Ishaya Bako]] ya jagoranta wanda ke ba da labarin ayyukan ƙungiyar Occupy Nigeria lokacin da ta kasance a ƙarshen ta a farkon 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=JON GAMBRELL |date=April 21, 2013 |title="Fuelling Poverty" Documentary Censored By Nigerian Officials |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/21/fuelling-poverty-documentary-nigeria_n_3126915.html |access-date=29 July 2014 |website=Huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> Fim din na minti 28 ya nuna bayyanar musamman ta hanyar [[Wole Soyinka]], [[Femi Falana]], [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]], [[Seun Kuti]] da [[Desmond Elliot]]. Ya lashe kyautar Kyautattun Bayanai a 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2012 |title=Video: Watch Ishaya Bako's Documentary Film On The Fuel Subsidy, FUELING POVERTY |url=http://www.jaguda.com/2012/12/05/video-watch-ishaya-bakos-documentary-film-on-the-fuel-subsidy-fueling-poverty/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422023856/http://jaguda.com/2012/12/05/video-watch-ishaya-bakos-documentary-film-on-the-fuel-subsidy-fueling-poverty/ |archive-date=22 April 2016 |access-date=29 July 2014 |website=Jaguda.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2012 |title="We Have Nothing Else To Sacrifice" – Watch Ishaya Bako's Fuel Subsidy Removal Documentary "Fueling Poverty" |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/12/05/we-have-nothing-else-to-sacrifice-watch-ishaya-bakos-fuel-subsidy-removal-documentary-fueling-poverty/ |access-date=29 July 2014 |website=Bellanaija.com}}</ref> == Censorship == .Gwamnatin Najeriya, ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa (NFVCB), ta haramta fim din daga baje kolin jama'a, tana mai cewa "abin da ke cikin fim din yana da matukar tayar da hankali kuma yana iya haifar da ko karfafa rikice-rikicen jama'a da lalata tsaron kasa". Masu gabatarwa, ta hanyar lauyan NFVCB, an kuma "ba da shawara sosai kada su rarraba ko nuna fim din. Dukkanin hukumomin tsaro na kasa masu dacewa suna cikin faɗakarwa". == Dubi kuma == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 9a3rijk6uoec5azcgm1r32cie4orgg1 869237 869233 2026-06-27T10:03:32Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Fuelling Poverty fim ne na Najeriya na 2012 wanda [[Ishaya Bako]] ya jagoranta wanda ke ba da labarin ayyukan ƙungiyar Occupy Nigeria lokacin da ta kasance a ƙarshen ta a farkon 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=JON GAMBRELL |date=April 21, 2013 |title="Fuelling Poverty" Documentary Censored By Nigerian Officials |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/21/fuelling-poverty-documentary-nigeria_n_3126915.html |access-date=29 July 2014 |website=Huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> Fim din na minti 28 ya nuna bayyanar musamman ta hanyar [[Wole Soyinka]], [[Femi Falana]], [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]], [[Seun Kuti]] da [[Desmond Elliot]]. Ya lashe kyautar Kyautattun Bayanai a 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2012 |title=Video: Watch Ishaya Bako's Documentary Film On The Fuel Subsidy, FUELING POVERTY |url=http://www.jaguda.com/2012/12/05/video-watch-ishaya-bakos-documentary-film-on-the-fuel-subsidy-fueling-poverty/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422023856/http://jaguda.com/2012/12/05/video-watch-ishaya-bakos-documentary-film-on-the-fuel-subsidy-fueling-poverty/ |archive-date=22 April 2016 |access-date=29 July 2014 |website=Jaguda.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2012 |title="We Have Nothing Else To Sacrifice" – Watch Ishaya Bako's Fuel Subsidy Removal Documentary "Fueling Poverty" |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/12/05/we-have-nothing-else-to-sacrifice-watch-ishaya-bakos-fuel-subsidy-removal-documentary-fueling-poverty/ |access-date=29 July 2014 |website=Bellanaija.com}}</ref> == Censorship == .Gwamnatin Najeriya, ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa (NFVCB), ta haramta fim din daga baje kolin jama'a, tana mai cewa "abin da ke cikin fim din yana da matukar tayar da hankali kuma yana iya haifar da ko karfafa rikice-rikicen jama'a da lalata tsaron kasa". Masu gabatarwa, ta hanyar lauyan NFVCB, an kuma "ba da shawara sosai kada su rarraba ko nuna fim din. Dukkanin hukumomin tsaro na kasa masu dacewa suna cikin faɗakarwa". == Dubi kuma == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 4ye1kvgjcv4tn5rrvoq2hrb7njg2ov3 869243 869237 2026-06-27T10:06:00Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Fuelling Poverty fim ne na Najeriya na 2012 wanda [[Ishaya Bako]] ya jagoranta wanda ke ba da labarin ayyukan ƙungiyar Occupy Nigeria lokacin da ta kasance a ƙarshen ta a farkon 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=JON GAMBRELL |date=April 21, 2013 |title="Fuelling Poverty" Documentary Censored By Nigerian Officials |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/21/fuelling-poverty-documentary-nigeria_n_3126915.html |access-date=29 July 2014 |website=Huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> Fim din na minti 28 ya nuna bayyanar musamman ta hanyar [[Wole Soyinka]], [[Femi Falana]], [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]], [[Seun Kuti]] da [[Desmond Elliot]]. Ya lashe kyautar Kyautattun Bayanai a 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards. == Censorship == .Gwamnatin Najeriya, ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa (NFVCB), ta haramta fim din daga baje kolin jama'a, tana mai cewa "abin da ke cikin fim din yana da matukar tayar da hankali kuma yana iya haifar da ko karfafa rikice-rikicen jama'a da lalata tsaron kasa". Masu gabatarwa, ta hanyar lauyan NFVCB, an kuma "ba da shawara sosai kada su rarraba ko nuna fim din. Dukkanin hukumomin tsaro na kasa masu dacewa suna cikin faɗakarwa". == Dubi kuma == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} m7p78n8tierd27vazw1bny8g1v6lpq1 869245 869243 2026-06-27T10:07:37Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Fuelling Poverty fim ne na Najeriya na 2012 wanda [[Ishaya Bako]] ya jagoranta wanda ke ba da labarin ayyukan ƙungiyar Occupy Nigeria lokacin da ta kasance a ƙarshen ta a farkon 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=JON GAMBRELL |date=April 21, 2013 |title="Fuelling Poverty" Documentary Censored By Nigerian Officials |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/21/fuelling-poverty-documentary-nigeria_n_3126915.html |access-date=29 July 2014 |website=Huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> Fim din na minti 28 ya nuna bayyanar musamman ta hanyar [[Wole Soyinka]], [[Femi Falana]], [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]], [[Seun Kuti]] da [[Desmond Elliot]]. Ya lashe kyautar Kyautattun Bayanai a 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards. == Censorship == .Gwamnatin Najeriya, ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Fim da Bidiyo ta ƙasa (NFVCB), ta haramta fim din daga baje kolin jama'a, tana mai cewa "abin da ke cikin fim din yana da matukar tayar da hankali kuma yana iya haifar da ko karfafa rikice-rikicen jama'a da lalata tsaron kasa". Masu gabatarwa, ta hanyar lauyan NFVCB, an kuma "ba da shawara sosai kada su rarraba ko nuna fim din. Dukkanin hukumomin tsaro na kasa masu dacewa suna cikin faɗakarwa". == Dubi kuma == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} nlp4n4deqv2xvr2jykt50rfwm0cqauu 0 16057 868745 720647 2026-06-26T15:58:36Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co. == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016. A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 7ssphh17yy7ym1bz4zai1rxczicw75t 868746 868745 2026-06-26T15:58:59Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co. == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016. A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] fjycfbtzo0j1ikg5nd5mwm7izh6h5d2 868748 868746 2026-06-26T15:59:22Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>BN Pick Your Fave: Fade Ogunro & Makida Moka in IamISIGO". Bella Naija. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co. == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016. A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] n67j27f9cu02q6u605k5ebauok649m7 868749 868748 2026-06-26T16:00:33Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>BN Pick Your Fave: Fade Ogunro & Makida Moka in IamISIGO". Bella Naija. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co.<ref>LOTD: Makida Moka x Frankie and Co". Kamdora. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref> == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016. A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] gbyqmgptx7bht2l9knncx5uhv3zdo2y 868751 868749 2026-06-26T16:00:52Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>BN Pick Your Fave: Fade Ogunro & Makida Moka in IamISIGO". Bella Naija. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co.<ref>LOTD: Makida Moka x Frankie and Co". Kamdora. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref><ref>Movie starring Desmond Elliot, Ini Edo, Patience Ozokwor to hit cinemas in August". Pulse. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref> == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016. A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 0wwmm2utnu56vqyxfsotnvmyvupfo43 868752 868751 2026-06-26T16:01:12Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>BN Pick Your Fave: Fade Ogunro & Makida Moka in IamISIGO". Bella Naija. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co.<ref>LOTD: Makida Moka x Frankie and Co". Kamdora. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref><ref>Movie starring Desmond Elliot, Ini Edo, Patience Ozokwor to hit cinemas in August". Pulse. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>"Emem Isong makes case for rape victims in 'Code of Silence'". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref> == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016. A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 57y5qc90oc1pkpqtosycwgloun4x1og 868755 868752 2026-06-26T16:02:20Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>BN Pick Your Fave: Fade Ogunro & Makida Moka in IamISIGO". Bella Naija. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co.<ref>LOTD: Makida Moka x Frankie and Co". Kamdora. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref><ref>Movie starring Desmond Elliot, Ini Edo, Patience Ozokwor to hit cinemas in August". Pulse. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>"Emem Isong makes case for rape victims in 'Code of Silence'". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>Nigeria's first telenovela a success across the continent". Screen Africa. September 2, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref> == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016. A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] fn64zdmnxifcrawln9r3ntlk74rqn9d 868756 868755 2026-06-26T16:02:41Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>BN Pick Your Fave: Fade Ogunro & Makida Moka in IamISIGO". Bella Naija. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co.<ref>LOTD: Makida Moka x Frankie and Co". Kamdora. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref><ref>Movie starring Desmond Elliot, Ini Edo, Patience Ozokwor to hit cinemas in August". Pulse. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>"Emem Isong makes case for rape victims in 'Code of Silence'". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>Nigeria's first telenovela a success across the continent". Screen Africa. September 2, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Glo Sponsors New TV Soap, 'Taste Of Love'". P.M. News. Lagos, Nigeria. June 12, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref> == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016. A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 9t9r2dohmpcfpbvda5lfn4lxgh5dgcf 868759 868756 2026-06-26T16:03:04Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>BN Pick Your Fave: Fade Ogunro & Makida Moka in IamISIGO". Bella Naija. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co.<ref>LOTD: Makida Moka x Frankie and Co". Kamdora. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref><ref>Movie starring Desmond Elliot, Ini Edo, Patience Ozokwor to hit cinemas in August". Pulse. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>"Emem Isong makes case for rape victims in 'Code of Silence'". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>Nigeria's first telenovela a success across the continent". Screen Africa. September 2, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Glo Sponsors New TV Soap, 'Taste Of Love'". P.M. News. Lagos, Nigeria. June 12, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards 2015 nominees – Full list announced". February 13, 2016. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref> == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016. A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] n2nflpxmoyv1zt24zc6hla92o3kibry 868761 868759 2026-06-26T16:06:19Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>BN Pick Your Fave: Fade Ogunro & Makida Moka in IamISIGO". Bella Naija. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>The Pilot Episode of Inspector K has us Super Excited". xplorenollywood.com. April 16, 2017. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co.<ref>LOTD: Makida Moka x Frankie and Co". Kamdora. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref><ref>Movie starring Desmond Elliot, Ini Edo, Patience Ozokwor to hit cinemas in August". Pulse. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>"Emem Isong makes case for rape victims in 'Code of Silence'". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>Nigeria's first telenovela a success across the continent". Screen Africa. September 2, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Glo Sponsors New TV Soap, 'Taste Of Love'". P.M. News. Lagos, Nigeria. June 12, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards 2015 nominees – Full list announced". February 13, 2016. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref> == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016. A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] gqy1663gkrk6j2zbic8bh24m4j1cuuz 868762 868761 2026-06-26T16:06:43Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>BN Pick Your Fave: Fade Ogunro & Makida Moka in IamISIGO". Bella Naija. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>The Pilot Episode of Inspector K has us Super Excited". xplorenollywood.com. April 16, 2017. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref><ref>Web series is a disappointing whodunit". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2022-11-22. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co.<ref>LOTD: Makida Moka x Frankie and Co". Kamdora. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref><ref>Movie starring Desmond Elliot, Ini Edo, Patience Ozokwor to hit cinemas in August". Pulse. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>"Emem Isong makes case for rape victims in 'Code of Silence'". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>Nigeria's first telenovela a success across the continent". Screen Africa. September 2, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Glo Sponsors New TV Soap, 'Taste Of Love'". P.M. News. Lagos, Nigeria. June 12, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards 2015 nominees – Full list announced". February 13, 2016. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref> == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016. A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 12z9l6pdg7ex51czrtqutfs6ry4dsb8 868763 868762 2026-06-26T16:07:13Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>BN Pick Your Fave: Fade Ogunro & Makida Moka in IamISIGO". Bella Naija. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>The Pilot Episode of Inspector K has us Super Excited". xplorenollywood.com. April 16, 2017. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref><ref>Web series is a disappointing whodunit". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2022-11-22. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]]. Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co.<ref>LOTD: Makida Moka x Frankie and Co". Kamdora. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref><ref>Movie starring Desmond Elliot, Ini Edo, Patience Ozokwor to hit cinemas in August". Pulse. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>"Emem Isong makes case for rape victims in 'Code of Silence'". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>Nigeria's first telenovela a success across the continent". Screen Africa. September 2, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Glo Sponsors New TV Soap, 'Taste Of Love'". P.M. News. Lagos, Nigeria. June 12, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards 2015 nominees – Full list announced". February 13, 2016. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref> == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016.<ref>"Web Series Review: "Inspector K" – Just Another Wannabe Crime Thriller From Red TV?"</ref> A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 5ze5ayxn3qg2hr9py1sfktk6wxnnrte 868765 868763 2026-06-26T16:08:22Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>BN Pick Your Fave: Fade Ogunro & Makida Moka in IamISIGO". Bella Naija. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>The Pilot Episode of Inspector K has us Super Excited". xplorenollywood.com. April 16, 2017. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref><ref>Web series is a disappointing whodunit". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2022-11-22. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]]. Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co.<ref>LOTD: Makida Moka x Frankie and Co". Kamdora. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref><ref>Movie starring Desmond Elliot, Ini Edo, Patience Ozokwor to hit cinemas in August". Pulse. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>"Emem Isong makes case for rape victims in 'Code of Silence'". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>Nigeria's first telenovela a success across the continent". Screen Africa. September 2, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Glo Sponsors New TV Soap, 'Taste Of Love'". P.M. News. Lagos, Nigeria. June 12, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards 2015 nominees – Full list announced". February 13, 2016. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref> == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016.<ref>"Web Series Review: "Inspector K" – Just Another Wannabe Crime Thriller From Red TV?"</ref><ref>Oluwamayowa. "Inspector K Pays Homage To Social Media Yet Falls Flat". Culture Custodian. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref> A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ew6584yraq8cyp3szj5b0sosqcndci8 868766 868765 2026-06-26T16:08:42Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>BN Pick Your Fave: Fade Ogunro & Makida Moka in IamISIGO". Bella Naija. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>The Pilot Episode of Inspector K has us Super Excited". xplorenollywood.com. April 16, 2017. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref><ref>Web series is a disappointing whodunit". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2022-11-22. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]]. Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co.<ref>LOTD: Makida Moka x Frankie and Co". Kamdora. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref><ref>Movie starring Desmond Elliot, Ini Edo, Patience Ozokwor to hit cinemas in August". Pulse. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>"Emem Isong makes case for rape victims in 'Code of Silence'". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>Nigeria's first telenovela a success across the continent". Screen Africa. September 2, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Glo Sponsors New TV Soap, 'Taste Of Love'". P.M. News. Lagos, Nigeria. June 12, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards 2015 nominees – Full list announced". February 13, 2016. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref> == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016.<ref>"Web Series Review: "Inspector K" – Just Another Wannabe Crime Thriller From Red TV?"</ref><ref>Oluwamayowa. "Inspector K Pays Homage To Social Media Yet Falls Flat". Culture Custodian. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref><ref>The finale of "Inspector K" is something we never expected!". xplorenollywood.com. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref> A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 6x1v79j785v6at4k6gdbfdjsoh2q2s2 868768 868766 2026-06-26T16:09:04Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makida Moka '''' yar asalin ƙasar Masar ce' yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Ta yi fice a matsayin Monye a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2014 ''Gidi Up'', kuma ta buga fyaden da aka yiwa fyaɗe a cikin Emem Isong 's 2015 wasan kwaikwayo ''Code of Silence'' . A matsayinta na abin misali ita ce jakadiyar alama ta Frankie da Co.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/20-most-desirable-single-ladies-under-40-sassy-and-savvy/</ref><ref>Diagbare, Remi (March 13, 2011). "20 most desirable single ladies -Under 40, sassy and savvy". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Being short has worked for me – Makida Moka". The Punch. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>BN Pick Your Fave: Fade Ogunro & Makida Moka in IamISIGO". Bella Naija. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>The Pilot Episode of Inspector K has us Super Excited". xplorenollywood.com. April 16, 2017. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref><ref>Web series is a disappointing whodunit". Pulse Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2022-11-22. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Moka an haife ta ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] [[Misra|Masar]] mahaifiyarta ‘yar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ce mahaifinta kuma Dan asalin Nijeriya daga [[Jamaika|Jamaica]]. Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], sannan ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Benin . Tana da burin zama masaniyar ilimin kasa, tana aiki da wani kamfanin mai. Duk da cewa ba ta da tsayi, ta faɗa cikin yin tallan kayan kawa, lokacin da ta lashe gasar farko ta "Face of Sleek Nigeria" a shekarar (2009). Ta samu kulawa a kafafen yada labarai na Afirka saboda yanayin salon shigar ta na zamani. A matsayinta na abin koyi ita ce jakadiya ta musamman ga Frankie da Co.<ref>LOTD: Makida Moka x Frankie and Co". Kamdora. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref><ref>Movie starring Desmond Elliot, Ini Edo, Patience Ozokwor to hit cinemas in August". Pulse. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>"Emem Isong makes case for rape victims in 'Code of Silence'". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</ref><ref>Nigeria's first telenovela a success across the continent". Screen Africa. September 2, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Glo Sponsors New TV Soap, 'Taste Of Love'". P.M. News. Lagos, Nigeria. June 12, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards 2015 nominees – Full list announced". February 13, 2016. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref> == Harkar fim == A shekarar 2015 Moka ta nuna yadda wani dan fashin da aka yiwa fyade a cikin ''Code of Silence'', wanda wani dan siyasa na yankin da mai taimaka masa suka yiwa fyade. Ta ga harbin hoton wani abu ne mai `` tsanani <nowiki>'', wanda ya tayar mata da hankali har ta kai ga tana yawan yin hawaye bayan an yanke al'</nowiki>amuran. A shekarar 2016, rawar da Moka ta taka a ''dandano na Soyayya'', wani talbijin na Afirka da ake nunawa duk mako a Africa Magic, Silverbird Television da Africa Independent Television sun ba ta takarar zama "fitacciyar jarumar jarumai" a gwarzon Kyautar Masu Watsa Labarai na Najeriya na 2016.<ref>"Web Series Review: "Inspector K" – Just Another Wannabe Crime Thriller From Red TV?"</ref><ref>Oluwamayowa. "Inspector K Pays Homage To Social Media Yet Falls Flat". Culture Custodian. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref><ref>The finale of "Inspector K" is something we never expected!". xplorenollywood.com. Retrieved 2018-07-07.</ref><ref>My Banana Island Ghost Review". Independent. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2018-07-11.</ref> A cikin 2017, Moka ta buga "Melanie" a cikin jerin laifuka-ban dariya ''Sifeto K'' ; halinta a cikin jerin ya kasance matashiya mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarun wanda ya zama wanda aka azabtar da bayanan karya akan intanet a yayin kisan kai. Koyaya, bayanin rashin ladabi daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon ya haifar da ƙara yawan masu sauraro na dijital zuwa ta'aziyya. Jerin rukunin yanar gizon ya sami gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau, tare da ''Pulse ya'' kira shi "mara sa dariya", "damuwa da kallo" da kuma "rashin farin ciki mara kyau". Hakanan ya soki wasan kwaikwayo, samarwa, tattaunawa da makirci. Ya sami darajar kashi 50% daga ''Labaran Nollywood na Gaskiya'', wanda ya yarda da fim da kuma sautin abin birgewa. ''Al'ada mai rikon kwarya'' mai taken sake dubawa "Inspekta K Ya Girmama Yan Social Media Duk da haka Ya Fada Flat", tare da ''Xplore Nollywood'' suna bayyana labarin na karshe a matsayin abin mamaki Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Indiya Ninja a cikin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, Banana Island Ghost. Yanayinta daga baya ya nuna yana da rikice-rikice na ainihi a cikin launi da asalinta. == Fina-finai == * ''Banana Island Fatalwar'' (2017) * ''Lambar Shiru'' (2015) * ''Gidi Up'' (tare da [[OC Ukeje]] ) * ''Ku ɗanɗani'' Loveauna (tare da Blossom Chukwujekwu ) * ''Sufeto K'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] gmj5qrxq8z82961av79lv4ntdr73jrn 0 16139 869169 862597 2026-06-27T07:32:55Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344799460|Lola Margaret]]" 869169 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lola Margaret''' Listen ⓘ (an haifeta '''Lola Margaret Oladipupo''' ) yar wasan Najeriya ce, furodusa kuma daraktan fina-finai. Lola ta rasa iyayenta a shekarar 1999 kuma ta rayu tsawon rayuwarta ta yarinta tare da goggonta. Aikinta ya fito fili bayan ta fito a matsayin jarumar fim ɗin ''Bisola Alanu'' [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ckt2590o5d2ictk9ynazdolrt70lkhc 869170 869169 2026-06-27T07:34:08Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344799460|Lola Margaret]]" 869170 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lola Margaret''' Listen ⓘ (an haifeta '''Lola Margaret Oladipupo''' ) yar wasan Najeriya ce, furodusa kuma daraktan fina-finai. Lola ta rasa iyayenta a shekarar 1999 kuma ta rayu tsawon rayuwarta ta yarinta tare da goggonta. Aikinta ya fito fili bayan ta fito a matsayin jarumar fim ɗin ''Bisola Alanu'' == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Margaret a [[Ilesa]], [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya inda ta ci gaba da kammala karatunta na firamare da sakandare da kuma takardar shaidar jarrabawarta ta yammacin [[Afirka]] ( WAEC ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} West Africa Examination Council Nigeria |url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.waecnigeria.org}}</ref> Tana da digirin farko a fannin Tarihi da Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya bayan ta kammala karatunta a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nmudhcsbhw491jx7z6c9ot3gpcmx3mz 869171 869170 2026-06-27T07:34:23Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344799460|Lola Margaret]]" 869171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lola Margaret''' Listen ⓘ (an haifeta '''Lola Margaret Oladipupo''' ) yar wasan Najeriya ce, furodusa kuma daraktan fina-finai. Lola ta rasa iyayenta a shekarar 1999 kuma ta rayu tsawon rayuwarta ta yarinta tare da goggonta. Aikinta ya fito fili bayan ta fito a matsayin jarumar fim ɗin ''Bisola Alanu'' == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Margaret a [[Ilesa]], [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya inda ta ci gaba da kammala karatunta na firamare da sakandare da kuma takardar shaidar jarrabawarta ta yammacin [[Afirka]] ( WAEC ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} West Africa Examination Council Nigeria |url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.waecnigeria.org}}</ref> Tana da digirin farko a fannin Tarihi da Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya bayan ta kammala karatunta a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] . == Sana'a == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jsv82f7i31i0by5suicgh7y5pc2lgf3 869173 869171 2026-06-27T07:36:12Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344799460|Lola Margaret]]" 869173 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lola Margaret''' Listen ⓘ (an haifeta '''Lola Margaret Oladipupo''' ) yar wasan Najeriya ce, furodusa kuma daraktan fina-finai. Lola ta rasa iyayenta a shekarar 1999 kuma ta rayu tsawon rayuwarta ta yarinta tare da goggonta. Aikinta ya fito fili bayan ta fito a matsayin jarumar fim ɗin ''Bisola Alanu'' == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Margaret a [[Ilesa]], [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya inda ta ci gaba da kammala karatunta na firamare da sakandare da kuma takardar shaidar jarrabawarta ta yammacin [[Afirka]] ( WAEC ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} West Africa Examination Council Nigeria |url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.waecnigeria.org}}</ref> Tana da digirin farko a fannin Tarihi da Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya bayan ta kammala karatunta a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] . == Sana'a == An haifi Margaret a [[Ilesa]], [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya inda ta ci gaba da kammala karatunta na firamare da sakandare da kuma takardar shaidar jarrabawarta ta yammacin [[Afirka]] ( WAEC ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} West Africa Examination Council Nigeria |url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.waecnigeria.org}}</ref> Tana da digirin farko a fannin Tarihi da Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya bayan ta kammala karatunta a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3eunzwvjch19iieer5ik1hkvlxvc8q4 869174 869173 2026-06-27T07:37:53Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344799460|Lola Margaret]]" 869174 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lola Margaret''' Listen ⓘ (an haifeta '''Lola Margaret Oladipupo''' ) yar wasan Najeriya ce, furodusa kuma daraktan fina-finai. Lola ta rasa iyayenta a shekarar 1999 kuma ta rayu tsawon rayuwarta ta yarinta tare da goggonta. Aikinta ya fito fili bayan ta fito a matsayin jarumar fim ɗin ''Bisola Alanu'' == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Margaret a [[Ilesa]], [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya inda ta ci gaba da kammala karatunta na firamare da sakandare da kuma takardar shaidar jarrabawarta ta yammacin [[Afirka]] ( WAEC ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} West Africa Examination Council Nigeria |url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.waecnigeria.org}}</ref> Tana da digirin farko a fannin Tarihi da Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya bayan ta kammala karatunta a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] . == Sana'a == An haifi Margaret a [[Ilesa]], [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya inda ta ci gaba da kammala karatunta na firamare da sakandare da kuma takardar shaidar jarrabawarta ta yammacin [[Afirka]] ( WAEC ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} West Africa Examination Council Nigeria |url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.waecnigeria.org}}</ref> Tana da digirin farko a fannin Tarihi da Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya bayan ta kammala karatunta a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9bxwqgkpveccf5c6cwep9seqt07y9rk 869212 869174 2026-06-27T09:41:09Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lola Margaret''' Listen ⓘ (an haifeta '''Lola Margaret Oladipupo''' ) yar wasan Najeriya ce, furodusa kuma daraktan fina-finai. Lola ta rasa iyayenta a shekarar 1999 kuma ta rayu tsawon rayuwarta ta yarinta tare da goggonta. Aikinta ya fito fili bayan ta fito a matsayin jarumar fim ɗin ''Bisola Alanu'' == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Margaret a [[Ilesa]], [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya inda ta ci gaba da kammala karatunta na firamare da sakandare da kuma takardar shaidar jarrabawarta ta yammacin [[Afirka]] ( WAEC ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} West Africa Examination Council Nigeria |url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.waecnigeria.org}}</ref> Tana da digirin farko a fannin Tarihi da Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya bayan ta kammala karatunta a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] . == Sana'a == An haifi Margaret a [[Ilesa]], [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya inda ta ci gaba da kammala karatunta na firamare da sakandare da kuma takardar shaidar jarrabawarta ta yammacin [[Afirka]] ( WAEC ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} West Africa Examination Council Nigeria |url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.waecnigeria.org}}</ref> Tana da digirin farko a fannin Tarihi da Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya bayan ta kammala karatunta a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] . ==Manazarta [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 08cgk74va3jqr5k7fvgo6bb9ddl5xov 0 17440 869289 543885 2026-06-27T10:44:56Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi da ke kusan 32&nbsp;kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH. Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni. Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya . Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar, wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito. == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai. Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli. Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]] . Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] avlklg1sahheuexd2oncgdo329r0m9g 869290 869289 2026-06-27T10:45:50Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi da ke kusan 32&nbsp;kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH. Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni. Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya . Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar, wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito. == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai. Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli. Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]] . Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] 7lfnynph71dnw59qa0sa2iaubrrfuzr 869293 869290 2026-06-27T10:46:56Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH. Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni. Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya . Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar, wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito. == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai. Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli. Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]] . Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] ewlk3jycaz8h9bmraq02rjsorbb5g01 869294 869293 2026-06-27T10:47:35Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH. Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni. Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya . Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar, wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito. == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai. Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli. Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]] . Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] 4nndmzfst4afdd4qtp7ul5r5ax44gl1 869295 869294 2026-06-27T10:48:05Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni. Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya . Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar, wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito. == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai. Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli. Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]] . Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] fsiomjqe4gpw70zwwya4fgiusbg0c62 869296 869295 2026-06-27T10:48:43Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 869296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya . Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar, wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito. == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai. Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli. Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]] . Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] m1muwd0bx79iyhy19wh8ls8nxwya3o8 869300 869296 2026-06-27T10:55:04Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar, wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito. == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai. Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli. Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]] . Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] a5mxbac9v5rsw202xw8r870f09acwwo 869305 869300 2026-06-27T11:01:00Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito. == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai. Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli. Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]] . Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] 600kndb6k6fgyq0cr55rr20n35w0jxf 869306 869305 2026-06-27T11:01:31Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito. == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai. Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli. Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]] . Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] cn23ok7q9cpgxo7ckpgvruqis44x48p 869307 869306 2026-06-27T11:02:01Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai. Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli. Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]] . Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] j6b5a899jwlqrsexn0riwgqv3jqfvwo 869309 869307 2026-06-27T11:02:37Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 869309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli. Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]] . Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] q8mtnbkwaww7y51991e62oftigmnq9a 869312 869309 2026-06-27T11:03:03Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli. Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] tpzy8xk1cfol63arlatjjisxcmzocl7 869313 869312 2026-06-27T11:03:47Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] exe17ud8s9mps3wvp85dwuzgxsgqndd 869316 869313 2026-06-27T11:04:35Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] 6yten1mslq5nuuzuwphesd5xp69ho4x 869317 869316 2026-06-27T11:05:13Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] muiroic0f2afsrapghgxv3nzrj3hl3h 869318 869317 2026-06-27T11:06:00Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo'' . Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] o7u9li1q0ebwkb7dd0841hv2pky0zgb 869320 869318 2026-06-27T11:06:48Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] 12mp2he7fnq8p3biyvg2slg9rmn6xd7 869323 869320 2026-06-27T11:08:39Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya,<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] okj3ad3xm79si1ol0t3u74qiqp71ok5 869324 869323 2026-06-27T11:09:16Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya,<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi. == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] 1ngw1wc97l8iz0mw9nsrvl919kj30uf 869326 869324 2026-06-27T11:09:45Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 869326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya,<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi.<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] dhb6yivzwlie5b9l867b501u8j2w65f 869336 869326 2026-06-27T11:31:09Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya,<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi.<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka,<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] g7nh402tbkzv56wztau3tltthxorrwj 869337 869336 2026-06-27T11:32:07Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya,<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi.<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka,<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs).<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] 8xt9iui2ge33sz61pch8ndv0m10vxo1 869339 869337 2026-06-27T11:32:58Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 869339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya,<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi.<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka,<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs).<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] 4hhxrxccpo4dnrgkptwbtaje9941f3r 869340 869339 2026-06-27T11:33:57Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya,<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi.<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka,<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs).<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu.<ref>Insoll, Timothy (2015). Material Explorations in African Archaeology. OUP Oxford. pp. 37–38. <nowiki>ISBN 9780191062223</nowiki>.</ref> Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] q82euls4zhm3ox6997lay512fs6l47d 869341 869340 2026-06-27T11:34:43Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya,<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi.<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka,<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs).<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu.<ref>Insoll, Timothy (2015). Material Explorations in African Archaeology. OUP Oxford. pp. 37–38. <nowiki>ISBN 9780191062223</nowiki>.</ref> Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran. == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] hz84kfuq9409cbatb4g6w1emhyzpo8q 869343 869341 2026-06-27T11:35:19Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref>King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya,<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi.<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka,<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs).<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu.<ref>Insoll, Timothy (2015). Material Explorations in African Archaeology. OUP Oxford. pp. 37–38. <nowiki>ISBN 9780191062223</nowiki>.</ref> Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala<ref name=":0">Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran.<ref name=":0" /> == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] gume50i3oc85817ft0s254c2eigyy36 869345 869343 2026-06-27T11:36:21Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref name=":1">King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya,<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi.<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka,<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs).<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu.<ref>Insoll, Timothy (2015). Material Explorations in African Archaeology. OUP Oxford. pp. 37–38. <nowiki>ISBN 9780191062223</nowiki>.</ref> Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala<ref name=":0">Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran.<ref name=":0" /> == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907.<ref name=":1" /> An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] b5mjzeabjwo1sz9k7y5mmuaekwpd35s 869347 869345 2026-06-27T11:37:07Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref name=":1">King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya,<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi.<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka,<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs).<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu.<ref>Insoll, Timothy (2015). Material Explorations in African Archaeology. OUP Oxford. pp. 37–38. <nowiki>ISBN 9780191062223</nowiki>.</ref> Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala<ref name=":0">Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran.<ref name=":0" /> == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907.<ref name=":1" /> An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan. === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] fufsw1udep0j3ohf9y2t54jm92v1d94 869349 869347 2026-06-27T11:37:52Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref name=":1">King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya,<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi.<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka,<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs).<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu.<ref>Insoll, Timothy (2015). Material Explorations in African Archaeology. OUP Oxford. pp. 37–38. <nowiki>ISBN 9780191062223</nowiki>.</ref> Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala<ref name=":0">Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran.<ref name=":0" /> == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907.<ref name=":1" /> An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Adderley, Paul; Ameje, James; Banerjee, Arun; Fenn, Thomas; Liesegang, Gerhard; Haase, Claus-Peter; Usman, Yusuf Abdallah; Patscher, Stephan (September 2012). "Durbi Takusheyi: a high-status burial site in the western Central bilad al-sudan". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 47 (3): 256–271. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2012.707470. hdl:1893/9248. S2CID 162276862.</ref> === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] ny6mzezqtj1tga2z9ncq2n7lz51d46s 869351 869349 2026-06-27T11:40:47Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Locator_Map_Katsina-Nigeria.png|right|thumb|260x260px| Durbi Takusheyi yana kusa da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a [[Mani|gundumar Mani ta]] [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], arewacin Najeriya]] '''Durbi Takusheyi''' (ko '''Durbi-ta-kusheyi''', ma'ana "ƙaburburan babban mai wa'azi")<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> makwantai ko ƙaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Lange, Dierk (2005). Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: Africa centred and Canaanite Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French. Dettelbach: Röll. pp. 250–251. <nowiki>ISBN 9783897541153</nowiki>.</ref> da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin [[Hausawa]] da jihohin birni.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Kayan ƙabarin sun haɗa da na gida, na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Ameje, James; Fenn, Tom. "Progress in the Durbi Takusheyi Burial Project, 13th Congress, Dakar". PanAfrican Archaeological Association. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar,<ref>Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012). Historical dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 342. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810870901</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.<ref>Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|masarautun kasar hausa]], wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai.<ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. <nowiki>ISBN 9789004124202</nowiki>.</ref> Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli.<ref>Lugga, Sani Abubakar, Dr. (August 2005). The Great Province: Katsina Emirate at a Glance (PDF). Katsina, Nigeria: Lugga Press. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref> Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu ''gari'', sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma ''mai gari'', wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi.<ref>Watts, Michael J. (2013). Silent violence: food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria: with a new introduction (Pbk. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 9780820344454</nowiki>.</ref> Ɗabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] na Bawada, kusa da [[Mai'Adua|Tilla]].<ref name=":1">King, Lamont Dehaven (1 November 2001). "State and Ethnicity in precolonial Northern Nigeria". highbeam.com. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Keita, Maghan, ed. (2002). ''Conceptualizing, re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity''. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 10–11. ISBN <bdi>9789004124202</bdi>.</ref> Turawan yamma sun manta da ƙabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907.<ref>Suleiman, Mustapha (24 May 2015). "Katsina's Durbi Takusheyi museum opens". Daily Trust. Daily Trust. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya haɗa manya da ƙananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar [[Kuka|baobab da]] aka fi sani da ''Kuka Katsi'', da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira ''Kuka Kumayo.''<ref>"National Commission for Museums and Monuments Declaration (No. 2) Notice 1959". nigeria-law.org. National Commission For Museums and Monuments Act, Chapter 242. 23 April 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</ref> Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya,<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi.<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> == Kayan kabari == Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka,<ref>Sowole, Tajudeen (8 October 2011). "Gold, Slaves and Ivory… Nigerian museum pieces in Germany". africanartswithtaj.blogspot.co.za. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</ref> gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs).<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef (11 July 2008). "The emergence of Hausa identity: religion and society (abstracts)" (PDF). Durbi Takusheyi. University of Liverpool. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (ed.); Lane, Paul (2013). The Oxford handbook of African archaeology (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 852–853. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199569885</nowiki>.</ref> Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da / ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu.<ref>Insoll, Timothy (2015). Material Explorations in African Archaeology. OUP Oxford. pp. 37–38. <nowiki>ISBN 9780191062223</nowiki>.</ref> Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala<ref name=":0">Fenn, Thomas R.; Ameje, James; Gronenborn, Detlef; Ruiz, Joaquin (2014). "72. Archaeometallurgy of Metal Finds from the Medieval "Royal" Burials of Durbi Takusheyi, Northern Nigeria" (PDF). 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry | ISA 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da / ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran.<ref name=":0" /> == Haƙa ƙasa == === Binciken Palmer na 1907 === Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammadu Dikko ne]] suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907.<ref name=":1" /> An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba.<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan.<ref>Gronenborn, Detlef; Adderley, Paul; Ameje, James; Banerjee, Arun; Fenn, Thomas; Liesegang, Gerhard; Haase, Claus-Peter; Usman, Yusuf Abdallah; Patscher, Stephan (September 2012). "Durbi Takusheyi: a high-status burial site in the western Central bilad al-sudan". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 47 (3): 256–271. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2012.707470. hdl:1893/9248. S2CID 162276862.</ref> === Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 === Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku,<ref>Okeke, Chika (22 May 2015). "Seven years after, NCMM displays Durbi Takusheyi burial goods". Leadership. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</ref> lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Tarihi]] na [[Gidan Makama|Gidan Makama da]] ke [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. === Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 === A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] . Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz . A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. == Dawowar kayan tarihi == Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa [[Abuja|Abuja a]] ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015. == Gargajiya == [[File:Nijer09SG_411.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Hadisai sun nuna cewa an kifar da na karshe a cikin sarakunan Durbi Takusheyi a wasan kokawa na al'ada]] Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe [[Hausawa|ne]], Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, [[Tessaoua (gari)|Tazarawa]], Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance [[Tsafe|baƙon Yandoto]], malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada [[Tsamiya|tamarind]] . Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * <small>Daidaitawa: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''Geody'' <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">11 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: </small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''JAHRESBERICHT.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''DES.''</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">''RÖMISCH - GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS'' .</cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1">Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi.&nbsp;381 <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite></small> <small><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An dawo da <span class="nowrap">14 Disamba</span> 2015</span> .</cite></small> * <small>Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba [http://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Nigeria Katsina], Encyclopædia Britannica</small> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Katsina (jiha)]] 78y7ad52x0vr774ijdn8nrj02aobkxs 0 18556 868702 443400 2026-06-26T13:28:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar 'Yan Tawaye ta Ubangiji''' ƙungiya ce ta tsaro, da sabuwar ƙungiya na addini . Joseph Kony ne ya kafa ta a shekarar 1987, a arewacin [[Uganda]], don yakar gwamnati, ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaba Yoweri Museveni . Ƙungiyar tana aiki a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] da kuma [[Sudan ta Kudu]] . Yana son kafa ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta wacce doka ke gudana bisa [[Dokokin nan goma|dogaro da Dokoki Goma]] . Akwai wani tawaye da ake kira tayar da ƙayar baya na Lord Resistance Army, wanda asali ƙungiyar ta haifar dashi. Uganda ta sami damar korar ƙungiyar, amma tana ci gaba da tsoratar da jama'a a wasu ƙasashen da take aiki. A tare da rikicin, an kuma ce kungiyar ta aikata munanan laifuka na take hakkin dan adam. An zarge ta da take [[Hakkokin Yan-adam|hakkin bil]] adama da ya yaɗu, ciki har da kisan kai, sata, yankan kai, bautar da yara da tilastawa yara shiga faɗa . <ref name="warrants">International Criminal Court (14 October 2005). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616142249/http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200204/related%20cases/icc%200204%200105/press%20releases/warrant%20of%20arrest%20unsealed%20against%20five%20lra%20commanders Warrant of Arrest unsealed against five LRA Commanders]''. Retrieved 2 June 2009.</ref> Joseph Kony ne ke jagorantar ƙungiyar, wanda ya ayyana kansa mai magana da yawun Allah da kuma ruhu . Tun daga shekarar 1987, an yi imanin cewa Kony ya dauki sojoji yara 60,000 zuwa 100,000 tare da raba kusan mutum miliyan 2 da muhallansu a duk [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|tsakiyar Afirka]] . <ref name="guardian">Conal Urquhart, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/24/joseph-kony-african-union-brigade?newsfeed=true Joseph Kony: African Union brigade to hunt down LRA leader], guardian.co.uk, 24 March 2012</ref> A LRA ne daya daga cikin kasashen waje da kungiyoyin tsara yadda 'yan ta'adda da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], <ref>[http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?documentid=384&programID=39&from_page= Current List of Foreign Terrorist Organizations and Other Terrorist Organizations]</ref> da shugabanninta an so da [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|kotun kasa da kasa]] domin yaki laifuffuka da kuma cin zarafin bil'adama . <ref name="warrants"/> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Afirka ta Tsakiya]] [[Category:Uganda]] [[Category:Ta'adanci]] [[Category:Rikici]] [[Category:Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci]] mchozw40gu0n9mkqdwc085ucg5m6tl6 0 19059 869207 847084 2026-06-27T09:20:37Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343321771|Montana Vigilantes]]" 869207 wikitext text/x-wiki A tsakanin 1863–1864, 'Yan Bindiga na Montana sun bi tsarin Kwamitin Kula da Gaggawa na San Francisco wanda ya wanzu a shekarun 1850 [[California|a California]] don kawo tsari ga al'ummomin da ba su da doka a cikin da kewayen filayen zinare na Alder Gulch da Grasshopper Creek. Akwai kiyasin cewa an kashe mutane sama da 100 a cikin fashin " wakilan hanya " a kaka ta 1863. Kwamitin Kula da Gaggawa na Alder Gulch ya shirya a watan Disamba na 1863, kuma a cikin makonni shida na farko na 1864, an kama akalla jami'an hanya 20 na ƙungiyar Plummer mai suna, wanda aka sani da " Masu Rashin Laifi ", kuma ƙungiyar ta kama su kuma ta rataye su. Dokar yanki ta hukuma ta isa Alder Gulch a ƙarshen 1864 tare da isowar Alkalin Yankuna Hezekiah L. Hosmer kuma ayyukan 'yan banga sun daina aiki a yankin. As the gold fields of Alder Gulch and Grasshopper Creek declined in 1865, prospectors and fortune seekers migrated to newly discovered areas in and around Last Chance Gulch (now Helena, Montana). As lawlessness increased, vigilante justice continued there with the formation of the Committee of Safety in 1865. During the period 1865–1870, at least 14 alleged criminals were executed by Helena's vigilantes. In 1884, ranchers in Central and Eastern Montana resorted to vigilante justice to deal with cattle rustlers and horse thieves. The best-known vigilante group in that area was "Stuart's Stranglers", organized by Granville Stuart in the Musselshell region. As formal law enforcement became more prevalent in the region, vigilantism fell into decline. Vigilantism in pre-territorial and territorial Montana has been written about, romanticized and chronicled in personal memoirs, biographies, documentary and scholarly works, film and fiction for well over a century. The first book published in Montana was Thomas J. Dimsdale's 1866 first edition of ''The Vigilantes of Montana'', which was compiled from a series of newspaper articles he wrote for the ''Montana Post'' in 1865. Historical analysis of the period ranges from disrepute to heroism, with debates over whether the lack of any functioning justice system and the understanding of due process at the time meant the vigilantes acted in a way they thought was best for their communities or if modern standards of due process should govern analysis of their actions. == Bannack and Virginia City == [[Fayil:Bannack_-_overview.jpg|alt=Image of Montana ghost town|right|thumb|200x200px|Bannack, Montana (2005)]] On July 28, 1862, gold was discovered along Grasshopper Creek, a tributary of the Beaverhead River, in a remote part of eastern Idaho Territory, leading to the establishment of the town of Bannack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Briggeman |first=Kim |date=2012-07-28 |title=1st gold strike in territory that became Montana was 150 years ago |url=http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/st-gold-strike-in-territory-that-became-montana-was-years/article_8789efd4-d927-11e1-a4d1-0019bb2963f4.html |access-date=2013-12-28 |website=[[Missoulian]]}}</ref> Bannack was a gold rush boomtown that was the first territorial capital of Montana Territory for a brief period after the territory was established in 1864. Less than a year after the Grasshopper Creek find, on May 26, 1863, gold was discovered along Alder Gulch, a tributary creek northeast of the Ruby River that lies between the Tobacco Root Mountains and the Gravelly Range and {{Convert|70|mi}} east of Bannack. The Alder Gulch find became one of the largest placer mining gold fields in the western U.S. The mining settlements of Virginia City and Nevada City, Montana, which sprang up in Alder Gulch, boasted thousands of prospectors and fortune seekers by the end of 1863. These new settlements generally lacked justice systems found in populated portions of the territory, such as in the territorial capital in Lewiston, Idaho. In 1863, gold was the preferred form of currency in western frontier communities and had a value, fixed and guaranteed by the U.S. Government, of $20.67 per ounce. Almost all economic transactions in western mining communities were accomplished with gold nuggets, flakes or dust as currency and not surprisingly, the more gold one had, the more wealth one possessed. During the early years of the territory, there was no secure way to transport wealth out of the region. The only means of transporting wealth out of the Alder Gulch gold fields was via horseback or slow moving wagons and stagecoaches on a limited number of trails and primitive roads leading south and west to Salt Lake City and San Francisco or east to Minnesota. Roads and trails leading to Alder Gulch included the Bozeman and Bridger Trails connecting to the Oregon Trail from the east, the Mullan Road from points west and from Fort Benton, Montana the head of navigation on the Missouri River and the Corinne Road from Corinne, Utah and points south. Additionally, there was a single track, {{Convert|70|mi|km}} stage road that connected Alder Gulch with Bannack. Several commercial freight and two passenger stage companies, Peabody and Caldwell's and A.J. Oliver's, operated on this route. Stagecoaches had to stop at several different ranches during the trip to water and change horses, feed passengers and provide overnight lodging. One of these ranches, the Rattlesnake Ranch, was owned by Bill Bunton and Frank Parish, who were later hanged by the vigilantes as road agents and members of the Plummer gang.<ref name="Dillon3" /> [[File:Henry_Plummer_(1832-1864).jpg|alt=B&W image of a man with short hair and a long goatee beard|right|thumb|Henry Plummer]] In a region where valuable gold was plentiful, transportation was insecure and effective law and order was lacking, travelers became easy prey for robbers. By late 1863, thefts and murders along the routes in and around Alder Gulch had become common. In their writings about the vigilantes, Thomas Dimsdale and Nathaniel P. Langford estimated that at least 102 travelers were killed by robbers in the fall of 1863. Many more travelers left the region and were never heard from again. As this became a more frequent occurrence locals began suspecting that these crimes were being carried out by a single group of outlaws, known as "road agents", under the control of Bannack sheriff Henry Plummer. The gang became known as the Innocents because of their passwords, ''I am innocent''. ==== Notorious robberies, attempted robberies and murders in 1863 ==== * On October 13, 1863, Lloyd Magruder was killed by road agent Chris Lowrie. Magruder was an Idaho merchant leaving Virginia City with $12,000 in gold dust from goods he had sold there. Several of the men he hired to accompany him back to Lewiston, Idaho were in fact criminals. Four other men in the party were also murdered in camp - Charlie Allen, Robert Chalmers, Horace Chalmers and William Phillips - by Lowrie, Doc Howard, Jem Romaine and William Page. * On October 26, 1863, the Peabody and Caldwell's stage was robbed between the Rattlesnake Ranch and Bannack by two road agents believed to be Frank Parish and George Ives. Bill Bunton, the owner of the Rattlesnake Ranch who joined the stage at the ranch was also complicit in the robbery. The road agents netted $2,800 in gold from the passengers and threatened them all with death if they talked about the robbery.<ref name="Dillon3" /> * On November 13, 1863, a teenage Henry Tilden was in the employ of Wilbur Sanders and Sidney Edgerton to locate and corral some horses owned by Sanders and Edgerton. Near Horse Prairie, Tilden was confronted by three armed road agents. He was carrying very little money and was allowed to depart unmolested, but with the warning that if he talked, he would be killed. He did not heed the warning and told Sanders' wife, Hattie and Sidney Edgerton that he had recognized one of the road agents as sheriff Henry Plummer. Although Tilden's report was discounted because Plummer was respected, this incident led to increased suspicion in the region that Plummer was the leader of a gang of road agents.<ref name="Dillon3" /> [[Fayil:Plummer_Gang_Robbing_Stage_(1863).JPG|alt=B&W painting of men robbing a stagecoach|thumb|1907 Painting by John W. Norton of Henry Plummer's gang holding up and robbing a stagecoach]] * On November 22, 1863, the A.J. Oliver stage was robbed on its way to Bannack from Virginia City by road agents George Ives, "Whiskey Bill" Graves and Bob Zachary. The robbery netted less than $1,000 in gold and treasury notes. One of the victims, Leroy Southmayd made the mistake of reporting the robbery and identifying the road agents to Bannack Sheriff, Henry Plummer. Members of Plummer's gang confronted Southmayd on his return trip to Virginia City, but Southmayd was cunning enough to avoid injury or death. * In November 1863, Conrad Kohrs traveled to Bannack from Deer Lodge, Montana with $5,000 in gold dust to buy cattle. A conversation with Sheriff Plummer in Bannack led Kohrs to believe he might be robbed while on the trail back to Deer Lodge. While in an overnight camp his associates located road agents George Ives and "Dutch John" Wagner surveying the camp, armed with shotguns. A day or two later, Kohrs was on horseback returning to Deer Lodge when Ives and Wagner gave chase. Kohrs' horse proved the faster and he evaded confrontation before reaching the safety of Deer Lodge.<ref name="Dillon3" /> * In early December 1863, a three wagon freight outfit organized by Milton S. Moody was going to Salt Lake City from Virginia City. Among the seven passengers was John Bozeman. The freight wagons were carrying $80,000 in gold dust and $1,500 in treasury notes. While camped on Blacktail Deer Creek, road agents "Dutch John" Wagner and Steve Marshland entered the camp, armed and ready to rob the train. Members of the camp had armed themselves well and Wagner and Marshland were able to escape, claiming they were just looking for lost horses. Two days later, Wagner and Marshland were both wounded in an unsuccessful attempt to rob the wagon train as it crossed the Continental Divide at Rock Creek.<ref name="Dillon3" /> * On December 8, 1863, Anton Holter (who later became a Montana Power Company executive and had Holter Dam named for him), who was taking oxen to sell in Virginia City, survived an attempted robbery and murder. When road agents George Ives and Aleck Carter, whom Holter recognized, discovered Holter was not carrying any significant wealth, they tried to shoot him. He was able to avoid being shot and escaped into the brush.<ref name="Dillon3" /> === The failure of miners' courts === Prior to the creation of the Montana Territory on May 26, 1864,<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 1864 |title=Public Act of the Thirty-Eighth Congress of the United States, XCV An Act to provide a temporary government for the Territory of Montana |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=013/llsl013.db&recNum=114 |publisher=U.S. Congress |pages=85–93}}</ref> and the arrival of the territorial courts, the only court system available for the residents of Bannack and Virginia City were the informal miners' courts. The miners' courts were a vehicle of the organized mining districts<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morriss, Andrew P. |title=Hayek & Cowboys: Customary Law in the American West |url=https://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/ECM_PRO_060884.pdf |journal=NYU Journal of Law and Liberty |location=New York |publisher=New York University |volume=1 |page=36}}</ref> to resolve mining claims and disputes between miners in the district. When confronted with a major crime such as murder, they usually proved ineffective at resolving the crime to the satisfaction of the community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anderson, Terry L. |last2=Hill, P.J. |year=1978 |title=An American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: The Not So Wild, Wild West |url=https://mises.org/journals/jls/3_1/3_1_2.pdf |journal=The Journal of Libertarian Studies |access-date=2014-09-06}}</ref>  {{Blockquote|Another powerful incentive to wrong-doing is the absolute nullity of the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] in such cases. No matter what may be the proof, if the criminal is well liked in the community 'Not Guilty' is almost certain to be the verdict, despite the efforts of the judge and prosecutor.|''Vigilantes of Montana'', Thomas Dimsdale, 1865<ref name="Dimsdale14">{{cite book |author=Dimsdale, Thomas J. |title=The Vigilantes of Montana; or, Popular justice in the Rocky mountains; being a correct and impartial narrative of the chase, trial, capture, and execution of Henry Plummer's road agent band, together with accounts of the lives and crimes of many of the robbers and desperadoes, the whole being interspersed with sketches of life in the mining camps of the 'Far west.' |publisher= A. J. Noyes |edition=Third |year=1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/vigilantesofmont01dims |page=[https://archive.org/details/vigilantesofmont01dims/page/14 14]}}</ref>}} While there are not many accounts of early courts in Alder Gulch, probably due to their informality and short existence, John X. Beidler recalled a murder trial in the Virginia City miners' court in his memoirs. The trial was in the fall of 1863 and concerned the murder of J.W. Dillingham. The trial was held outside, due to the fact that every resident took part. In the end all three defendants were set free. The first, Charley Forbes, was freed after he gave an eloquent and sentimental speech about his mother. The other two, Buck Stinson and Haze Lyons, were convicted and set to be the first men executed in what would become the state of Montana. However, at what would be a very public hanging friends and sympathizers of Stinson and Lyons convinced the crowd to vote again on the execution. Two attempts at counting the vote were made according to Beidler. The first people voting 'hang' were to walk up-hill while those voting 'no hang' were to walk down-hill. This vote was rejected and the next attempt had four men form two gates and people would cast their vote by walking through the 'hang' gate or the 'no hang' gate. Beidler claims that friends of the condemned men simply walked through the 'no hang' gate repeatedly casting fraudulent votes that possibly allowed two murderers to walk free.<ref name="beidler" /> On December 19–21, 1863, a public trial was held of George Ives, the suspected murderer of Nicholas Tiebolt, a young Dutch immigrant. Hundreds of miners from around the area attended the 3-day, outdoor trial. George Ives was prosecuted by Wilbur F. Sanders and Ives was convicted and hanged on December 21, 1863. Sanders played a prominent role in Montana history and eventually became the first U.S. Senator from Montana when the territory gained statehood in 1889. While the Ives trial resulted in an execution many residents were frustrated by a cumbersome process that could easily be manipulated. This sentiment is illustrated by a quote from Thomas Dimsdale who wrote the first published account of the Montana Vigilantes, originally written in 1865 as a series of articles for the ''Montana Post'' and later compiled into a book. {{Blockquote|We the undersigned uniting ourselves in a party for the laudable purpos [sic] of arresting thievs [sic] & murderers & recovering stollen [sic] property do pledge ourselves upon our sacred honor each to all others & solemnly swear that we will reveal no secrets, violate no laws of right & never desert each other or our standard of justice so help us God as witness our hand and seal this 23 of December ad 1863|From original signed oath document held by Montana Historical Society<ref name=DillonCommittee/>|style=font-size:smaller}} === Formation of the Vigilance Committee === On December 23, 1863, two days after the Ives trial, a group of five Virginia City residents, led by Wilbur F. Sanders, and including Major Alvin W. Brockie, John Nye, Captain Nick D. Wall and Paris Pfouts organized the Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch. The committee was organized similar to the earlier San Francisco Committee of Vigilance (1851–56) in California of which some of the Alder Gulch organizers were familiar with.<ref name="DillonCommittee" /> The original committee oath signed by its earliest members was: {{Blockquote|It shall be the duty of members to attach themselves to some company and whenever any criminal act shall come to their knowledge to inform his Captain or Lieutenant of the same, when the officers so informed shall call together the members of his Company, (unless the Company has chosen a committee for such purpose) when they shall proceed to investigate the case, and elicit the facts and should the said company conclude that the person charged with any offense should be punished by the committee, the Captain or Lieutenant will first take steps to arrest the Criminal and then report same with proof to the Chief who will thereupon call a meeting of the Executive Committee and the judgement of such Executive Committee shall be final. The only punishment that shall be inflicted by this Committee is death.|By-laws of Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch (1863)<ref name=DillonB>{{cite book |author=Dillon, Mark C. |title=Montana Vigilantes 1863–1870 Gold, Guns and Gallows |publisher=Utah State University Press |location=Logan, Utah |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-87421-919-7 |chapter=Appendix B Bylaws of the Vigilance Committee |pages=404–405}}</ref>}} Paris Pfouts was elected as the president of the committee which drafted and adopted a comprehensive set of by-laws establishing a formal structure and process. The by-laws established the position of president, an executive officer, an executive committee, a secretary, treasurer and positions of captains and lieutenants of companies. The most relevant process contained in the by-laws was: === Prominent members === [[Fayil:JohnBozeman.JPG|alt=B&W image of a man with oiled hair and a wide moustache|right|thumb|John Bozeman]] Although the vigilance committee started as a small secret institution in Virginia City, knowledge of it soon spread in the territory and membership grew. As a secret organization, exact accounts of membership vary, but many members became prominent in the history of the territory and state. Among those who were members include Wilbur Sanders (1st U.S. Senator from Montana (1890)), Sidney Edgerton (first Governor of Montana Territory (1864)), Nelson Story (famous for his 1866 cattle drive from Texas to Bozeman and prominent Bozeman merchant), John Bozeman (founder of Bozeman, Montana (1864) and the Bozeman Trail), Nathaniel P. Langford (first Yellowstone National Park superintendent (1872–1877)), James Stuart (brother of Granville Stuart, who would form the Stuarts' Stranglers in 1884), Tom Cover (one of the Alder Gulch prospectors who discovered the first gold there and alleged murderer of John Bozeman (1867)) and Thomas Dimsdale (editor of Montana's first newspaper, the ''Montana Post'' and author of ''The Vigilantes of Montana'' (1866)). Due to the secret nature of the organization it is difficult to be sure when an execution was carried out by the vigilance committee or another group of motivated citizens. In the months following the Ives trial many suspected road agents were hanged. Notable among those hanged was Henry Plummer, the sheriff of Bannack, who was suspected by many of being the ringleader of the road agents. The Montana Vigilantes hanged men using the testimony of other men who faced their imminent executions as the sole evidence. Of the few accounts of the early actions of the Alder Gulch Vigilantes, Beidler and Dimsdale are the most complete, although they give little information about the secret trials conducted by the vigilantes. Estimates vary, but noted vigilante historian Frederick Allen believes that between the years 1863 and 1865 somewhere from 15 to 35 people were killed due to the actions of the Alder Gulch vigilantes.<ref name="Allen3777">{{Cite journal |last=Allen, Frederick. |date=Spring 2001 |title=Montana Vigilantes and the Origins of 3-7-77 |journal=Montana: The Magazine of Western History |volume=51 |pages=2–19, Note 58, page 16 |quote=58. In ''Strain of Violence'', Richard Maxwell Brown calls the 1884 episode "the deadliest of all American vigilante movements," a superlative supported in the book's appendix three, which counts thirty-five victims (p. 101). The actual number, however, appears to be considerably smaller. In "The Central Montana Vigilante Raids in 1884," which appeared in the premier issue of ''Montana: The Magazine of Western History'', January 1951, Oscar O. Mueller argues that fifteen to eighteen men died at the hands of Stuart's posse. In a 1980 University of Oregon master's thesis, "Granville Stuart and the Montana Vigilantes of 1884," Richard K. Mueller (no relation to Oscar Mueller) puts the figure at nineteen to twenty-two. My own count shows a maximum of seventeen, while Michael Malone, Richard Roeder, and William Lang's reasonable and reliable Montana: A History of Two Centuries (Seattle, 1976) estimates on page 163 "at least fifteen" victims. Meanwhile, Brown's appendix three cites thirty victims of vigilantism in Montana from 1863 to 1865, while my examination of the Virginia City, Montana Post raises that number to at least thirty-five. In either case, the distinction of "deadliest of all American vigilante movements" properly belongs to Montana's earliest vigilantes.}}</ref> === Vigilante justice === Over a course of approximately six weeks between December 1863 and February 1864, vigilante companies located, arrested and executed suspected members of the Plummer road agent gang in Bannack, Virginia City and Hellgate, Montana. Shortly after its formation, the Vigilance Committee dispatched a posse of men to search for Aleck Carter, "Whiskey Bill" Graves and Bill Bunton, known associates of George Ives. The posse was led by vigilante Captain James Williams, the man who had investigated the Nicolas Tiebolt murder by George Ives. Near the Rattlesnake Ranch on the Ruby River, the posse located "Erastus Red" Yeager and George Brown, both suspected road agents. While traveling back to Virginia City, Yeager made a complete confession, naming the majority of the road agents in Plummer's gang, including Henry Plummer. After obtaining the confession, Yeager and Brown were found guilty by the posse and summarily hanged from a cottonwood tree on the Lorrain's Ranch on the Ruby River. On January 6, 1864, "Dutch John" Wagner, a road agent wounded in the Moody robbery was captured by vigilante Captain Nick Wall and Ben Peabody on the Salt Lake City trail. The vigilantes transported Wagner to Bannack where he was hanged on January 11, 1864. By this time, Yeager's confession had mobilized vigilantes against Plummer and his key associates, deputies Buck Stinson and Ned Ray. Plummer, Stinson and Ray were arrested on the morning of January 10, 1864 and summarily hanged. On January 11, 1864, "Greaser Joe" Pizanthia, a road agent on Yeager's list, was located in his cabin just outside Bannack. A gunfight ensued that took the life of one vigilante, George Copley. Pizanthia's cabin was bombarded with three shells from a mountain howitzer belonging to Sidney Edgerton. The bombardment severely wounded Pizanthia and he was shot and killed as he was removed from the wreckage of the cabin.<ref name="Dillon8" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3i3oa5mftg5deo0efuifybt57sv82pj 869208 869207 2026-06-27T09:21:13Z D son203 45710 869208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A tsakanin 1863–1864, 'Yan Bindiga na Montana sun bi tsarin Kwamitin Kula da Gaggawa na San Francisco wanda ya wanzu a shekarun 1850 [[California|a California]] don kawo tsari ga al'ummomin da ba su da doka a cikin da kewayen filayen zinare na Alder Gulch da Grasshopper Creek. Akwai kiyasin cewa an kashe mutane sama da 100 a cikin fashin " wakilan hanya " a kaka ta 1863. Kwamitin Kula da Gaggawa na Alder Gulch ya shirya a watan Disamba na 1863, kuma a cikin makonni shida na farko na 1864, an kama akalla jami'an hanya 20 na ƙungiyar Plummer mai suna, wanda aka sani da " Masu Rashin Laifi ", kuma ƙungiyar ta kama su kuma ta rataye su. Dokar yanki ta hukuma ta isa Alder Gulch a ƙarshen 1864 tare da isowar Alkalin Yankuna Hezekiah L. Hosmer kuma ayyukan 'yan banga sun daina aiki a yankin. As the gold fields of Alder Gulch and Grasshopper Creek declined in 1865, prospectors and fortune seekers migrated to newly discovered areas in and around Last Chance Gulch (now Helena, Montana). As lawlessness increased, vigilante justice continued there with the formation of the Committee of Safety in 1865. During the period 1865–1870, at least 14 alleged criminals were executed by Helena's vigilantes. In 1884, ranchers in Central and Eastern Montana resorted to vigilante justice to deal with cattle rustlers and horse thieves. The best-known vigilante group in that area was "Stuart's Stranglers", organized by Granville Stuart in the Musselshell region. As formal law enforcement became more prevalent in the region, vigilantism fell into decline. Vigilantism in pre-territorial and territorial Montana has been written about, romanticized and chronicled in personal memoirs, biographies, documentary and scholarly works, film and fiction for well over a century. The first book published in Montana was Thomas J. Dimsdale's 1866 first edition of ''The Vigilantes of Montana'', which was compiled from a series of newspaper articles he wrote for the ''Montana Post'' in 1865. Historical analysis of the period ranges from disrepute to heroism, with debates over whether the lack of any functioning justice system and the understanding of due process at the time meant the vigilantes acted in a way they thought was best for their communities or if modern standards of due process should govern analysis of their actions. == Bannack and Virginia City == [[Fayil:Bannack_-_overview.jpg|alt=Image of Montana ghost town|right|thumb|200x200px|Bannack, Montana (2005)]] On July 28, 1862, gold was discovered along Grasshopper Creek, a tributary of the Beaverhead River, in a remote part of eastern Idaho Territory, leading to the establishment of the town of Bannack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Briggeman |first=Kim |date=2012-07-28 |title=1st gold strike in territory that became Montana was 150 years ago |url=http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/st-gold-strike-in-territory-that-became-montana-was-years/article_8789efd4-d927-11e1-a4d1-0019bb2963f4.html |access-date=2013-12-28 |website=[[Missoulian]]}}</ref> Bannack was a gold rush boomtown that was the first territorial capital of Montana Territory for a brief period after the territory was established in 1864. Less than a year after the Grasshopper Creek find, on May 26, 1863, gold was discovered along Alder Gulch, a tributary creek northeast of the Ruby River that lies between the Tobacco Root Mountains and the Gravelly Range and {{Convert|70|mi}} east of Bannack. The Alder Gulch find became one of the largest placer mining gold fields in the western U.S. The mining settlements of Virginia City and Nevada City, Montana, which sprang up in Alder Gulch, boasted thousands of prospectors and fortune seekers by the end of 1863. These new settlements generally lacked justice systems found in populated portions of the territory, such as in the territorial capital in Lewiston, Idaho. In 1863, gold was the preferred form of currency in western frontier communities and had a value, fixed and guaranteed by the U.S. Government, of $20.67 per ounce. Almost all economic transactions in western mining communities were accomplished with gold nuggets, flakes or dust as currency and not surprisingly, the more gold one had, the more wealth one possessed. During the early years of the territory, there was no secure way to transport wealth out of the region. The only means of transporting wealth out of the Alder Gulch gold fields was via horseback or slow moving wagons and stagecoaches on a limited number of trails and primitive roads leading south and west to Salt Lake City and San Francisco or east to Minnesota. Roads and trails leading to Alder Gulch included the Bozeman and Bridger Trails connecting to the Oregon Trail from the east, the Mullan Road from points west and from Fort Benton, Montana the head of navigation on the Missouri River and the Corinne Road from Corinne, Utah and points south. Additionally, there was a single track, {{Convert|70|mi|km}} stage road that connected Alder Gulch with Bannack. Several commercial freight and two passenger stage companies, Peabody and Caldwell's and A.J. Oliver's, operated on this route. Stagecoaches had to stop at several different ranches during the trip to water and change horses, feed passengers and provide overnight lodging. One of these ranches, the Rattlesnake Ranch, was owned by Bill Bunton and Frank Parish, who were later hanged by the vigilantes as road agents and members of the Plummer gang.<ref name="Dillon3" /> [[File:Henry_Plummer_(1832-1864).jpg|alt=B&W image of a man with short hair and a long goatee beard|right|thumb|Henry Plummer]] In a region where valuable gold was plentiful, transportation was insecure and effective law and order was lacking, travelers became easy prey for robbers. By late 1863, thefts and murders along the routes in and around Alder Gulch had become common. In their writings about the vigilantes, Thomas Dimsdale and Nathaniel P. Langford estimated that at least 102 travelers were killed by robbers in the fall of 1863. Many more travelers left the region and were never heard from again. As this became a more frequent occurrence locals began suspecting that these crimes were being carried out by a single group of outlaws, known as "road agents", under the control of Bannack sheriff Henry Plummer. The gang became known as the Innocents because of their passwords, ''I am innocent''. ==== Notorious robberies, attempted robberies and murders in 1863 ==== * On October 13, 1863, Lloyd Magruder was killed by road agent Chris Lowrie. Magruder was an Idaho merchant leaving Virginia City with $12,000 in gold dust from goods he had sold there. Several of the men he hired to accompany him back to Lewiston, Idaho were in fact criminals. Four other men in the party were also murdered in camp - Charlie Allen, Robert Chalmers, Horace Chalmers and William Phillips - by Lowrie, Doc Howard, Jem Romaine and William Page. * On October 26, 1863, the Peabody and Caldwell's stage was robbed between the Rattlesnake Ranch and Bannack by two road agents believed to be Frank Parish and George Ives. Bill Bunton, the owner of the Rattlesnake Ranch who joined the stage at the ranch was also complicit in the robbery. The road agents netted $2,800 in gold from the passengers and threatened them all with death if they talked about the robbery.<ref name="Dillon3" /> * On November 13, 1863, a teenage Henry Tilden was in the employ of Wilbur Sanders and Sidney Edgerton to locate and corral some horses owned by Sanders and Edgerton. Near Horse Prairie, Tilden was confronted by three armed road agents. He was carrying very little money and was allowed to depart unmolested, but with the warning that if he talked, he would be killed. He did not heed the warning and told Sanders' wife, Hattie and Sidney Edgerton that he had recognized one of the road agents as sheriff Henry Plummer. Although Tilden's report was discounted because Plummer was respected, this incident led to increased suspicion in the region that Plummer was the leader of a gang of road agents.<ref name="Dillon3" /> [[Fayil:Plummer_Gang_Robbing_Stage_(1863).JPG|alt=B&W painting of men robbing a stagecoach|thumb|1907 Painting by John W. Norton of Henry Plummer's gang holding up and robbing a stagecoach]] * On November 22, 1863, the A.J. Oliver stage was robbed on its way to Bannack from Virginia City by road agents George Ives, "Whiskey Bill" Graves and Bob Zachary. The robbery netted less than $1,000 in gold and treasury notes. One of the victims, Leroy Southmayd made the mistake of reporting the robbery and identifying the road agents to Bannack Sheriff, Henry Plummer. Members of Plummer's gang confronted Southmayd on his return trip to Virginia City, but Southmayd was cunning enough to avoid injury or death. * In November 1863, Conrad Kohrs traveled to Bannack from Deer Lodge, Montana with $5,000 in gold dust to buy cattle. A conversation with Sheriff Plummer in Bannack led Kohrs to believe he might be robbed while on the trail back to Deer Lodge. While in an overnight camp his associates located road agents George Ives and "Dutch John" Wagner surveying the camp, armed with shotguns. A day or two later, Kohrs was on horseback returning to Deer Lodge when Ives and Wagner gave chase. Kohrs' horse proved the faster and he evaded confrontation before reaching the safety of Deer Lodge.<ref name="Dillon3" /> * In early December 1863, a three wagon freight outfit organized by Milton S. Moody was going to Salt Lake City from Virginia City. Among the seven passengers was John Bozeman. The freight wagons were carrying $80,000 in gold dust and $1,500 in treasury notes. While camped on Blacktail Deer Creek, road agents "Dutch John" Wagner and Steve Marshland entered the camp, armed and ready to rob the train. Members of the camp had armed themselves well and Wagner and Marshland were able to escape, claiming they were just looking for lost horses. Two days later, Wagner and Marshland were both wounded in an unsuccessful attempt to rob the wagon train as it crossed the Continental Divide at Rock Creek.<ref name="Dillon3" /> * On December 8, 1863, Anton Holter (who later became a Montana Power Company executive and had Holter Dam named for him), who was taking oxen to sell in Virginia City, survived an attempted robbery and murder. When road agents George Ives and Aleck Carter, whom Holter recognized, discovered Holter was not carrying any significant wealth, they tried to shoot him. He was able to avoid being shot and escaped into the brush.<ref name="Dillon3" /> === The failure of miners' courts === Prior to the creation of the Montana Territory on May 26, 1864,<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 1864 |title=Public Act of the Thirty-Eighth Congress of the United States, XCV An Act to provide a temporary government for the Territory of Montana |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=013/llsl013.db&recNum=114 |publisher=U.S. Congress |pages=85–93}}</ref> and the arrival of the territorial courts, the only court system available for the residents of Bannack and Virginia City were the informal miners' courts. The miners' courts were a vehicle of the organized mining districts<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morriss, Andrew P. |title=Hayek & Cowboys: Customary Law in the American West |url=https://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/ECM_PRO_060884.pdf |journal=NYU Journal of Law and Liberty |location=New York |publisher=New York University |volume=1 |page=36}}</ref> to resolve mining claims and disputes between miners in the district. When confronted with a major crime such as murder, they usually proved ineffective at resolving the crime to the satisfaction of the community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anderson, Terry L. |last2=Hill, P.J. |year=1978 |title=An American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: The Not So Wild, Wild West |url=https://mises.org/journals/jls/3_1/3_1_2.pdf |journal=The Journal of Libertarian Studies |access-date=2014-09-06}}</ref>  {{Blockquote|Another powerful incentive to wrong-doing is the absolute nullity of the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] in such cases. No matter what may be the proof, if the criminal is well liked in the community 'Not Guilty' is almost certain to be the verdict, despite the efforts of the judge and prosecutor.|''Vigilantes of Montana'', Thomas Dimsdale, 1865<ref name="Dimsdale14">{{cite book |author=Dimsdale, Thomas J. |title=The Vigilantes of Montana; or, Popular justice in the Rocky mountains; being a correct and impartial narrative of the chase, trial, capture, and execution of Henry Plummer's road agent band, together with accounts of the lives and crimes of many of the robbers and desperadoes, the whole being interspersed with sketches of life in the mining camps of the 'Far west.' |publisher= A. J. Noyes |edition=Third |year=1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/vigilantesofmont01dims |page=[https://archive.org/details/vigilantesofmont01dims/page/14 14]}}</ref>}} While there are not many accounts of early courts in Alder Gulch, probably due to their informality and short existence, John X. Beidler recalled a murder trial in the Virginia City miners' court in his memoirs. The trial was in the fall of 1863 and concerned the murder of J.W. Dillingham. The trial was held outside, due to the fact that every resident took part. In the end all three defendants were set free. The first, Charley Forbes, was freed after he gave an eloquent and sentimental speech about his mother. The other two, Buck Stinson and Haze Lyons, were convicted and set to be the first men executed in what would become the state of Montana. However, at what would be a very public hanging friends and sympathizers of Stinson and Lyons convinced the crowd to vote again on the execution. Two attempts at counting the vote were made according to Beidler. The first people voting 'hang' were to walk up-hill while those voting 'no hang' were to walk down-hill. This vote was rejected and the next attempt had four men form two gates and people would cast their vote by walking through the 'hang' gate or the 'no hang' gate. Beidler claims that friends of the condemned men simply walked through the 'no hang' gate repeatedly casting fraudulent votes that possibly allowed two murderers to walk free.<ref name="beidler" /> On December 19–21, 1863, a public trial was held of George Ives, the suspected murderer of Nicholas Tiebolt, a young Dutch immigrant. Hundreds of miners from around the area attended the 3-day, outdoor trial. George Ives was prosecuted by Wilbur F. Sanders and Ives was convicted and hanged on December 21, 1863. Sanders played a prominent role in Montana history and eventually became the first U.S. Senator from Montana when the territory gained statehood in 1889. While the Ives trial resulted in an execution many residents were frustrated by a cumbersome process that could easily be manipulated. This sentiment is illustrated by a quote from Thomas Dimsdale who wrote the first published account of the Montana Vigilantes, originally written in 1865 as a series of articles for the ''Montana Post'' and later compiled into a book. {{Blockquote|We the undersigned uniting ourselves in a party for the laudable purpos [sic] of arresting thievs [sic] & murderers & recovering stollen [sic] property do pledge ourselves upon our sacred honor each to all others & solemnly swear that we will reveal no secrets, violate no laws of right & never desert each other or our standard of justice so help us God as witness our hand and seal this 23 of December ad 1863|From original signed oath document held by Montana Historical Society<ref name=DillonCommittee/>|style=font-size:smaller}} === Formation of the Vigilance Committee === On December 23, 1863, two days after the Ives trial, a group of five Virginia City residents, led by Wilbur F. Sanders, and including Major Alvin W. Brockie, John Nye, Captain Nick D. Wall and Paris Pfouts organized the Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch. The committee was organized similar to the earlier San Francisco Committee of Vigilance (1851–56) in California of which some of the Alder Gulch organizers were familiar with.<ref name="DillonCommittee" /> The original committee oath signed by its earliest members was: {{Blockquote|It shall be the duty of members to attach themselves to some company and whenever any criminal act shall come to their knowledge to inform his Captain or Lieutenant of the same, when the officers so informed shall call together the members of his Company, (unless the Company has chosen a committee for such purpose) when they shall proceed to investigate the case, and elicit the facts and should the said company conclude that the person charged with any offense should be punished by the committee, the Captain or Lieutenant will first take steps to arrest the Criminal and then report same with proof to the Chief who will thereupon call a meeting of the Executive Committee and the judgement of such Executive Committee shall be final. The only punishment that shall be inflicted by this Committee is death.|By-laws of Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch (1863)<ref name=DillonB>{{cite book |author=Dillon, Mark C. |title=Montana Vigilantes 1863–1870 Gold, Guns and Gallows |publisher=Utah State University Press |location=Logan, Utah |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-87421-919-7 |chapter=Appendix B Bylaws of the Vigilance Committee |pages=404–405}}</ref>}} Paris Pfouts was elected as the president of the committee which drafted and adopted a comprehensive set of by-laws establishing a formal structure and process. The by-laws established the position of president, an executive officer, an executive committee, a secretary, treasurer and positions of captains and lieutenants of companies. The most relevant process contained in the by-laws was: === Prominent members === [[Fayil:JohnBozeman.JPG|alt=B&W image of a man with oiled hair and a wide moustache|right|thumb|John Bozeman]] Although the vigilance committee started as a small secret institution in Virginia City, knowledge of it soon spread in the territory and membership grew. As a secret organization, exact accounts of membership vary, but many members became prominent in the history of the territory and state. Among those who were members include Wilbur Sanders (1st U.S. Senator from Montana (1890)), Sidney Edgerton (first Governor of Montana Territory (1864)), Nelson Story (famous for his 1866 cattle drive from Texas to Bozeman and prominent Bozeman merchant), John Bozeman (founder of Bozeman, Montana (1864) and the Bozeman Trail), Nathaniel P. Langford (first Yellowstone National Park superintendent (1872–1877)), James Stuart (brother of Granville Stuart, who would form the Stuarts' Stranglers in 1884), Tom Cover (one of the Alder Gulch prospectors who discovered the first gold there and alleged murderer of John Bozeman (1867)) and Thomas Dimsdale (editor of Montana's first newspaper, the ''Montana Post'' and author of ''The Vigilantes of Montana'' (1866)). Due to the secret nature of the organization it is difficult to be sure when an execution was carried out by the vigilance committee or another group of motivated citizens. In the months following the Ives trial many suspected road agents were hanged. Notable among those hanged was Henry Plummer, the sheriff of Bannack, who was suspected by many of being the ringleader of the road agents. The Montana Vigilantes hanged men using the testimony of other men who faced their imminent executions as the sole evidence. Of the few accounts of the early actions of the Alder Gulch Vigilantes, Beidler and Dimsdale are the most complete, although they give little information about the secret trials conducted by the vigilantes. Estimates vary, but noted vigilante historian Frederick Allen believes that between the years 1863 and 1865 somewhere from 15 to 35 people were killed due to the actions of the Alder Gulch vigilantes.<ref name="Allen3777">{{Cite journal |last=Allen, Frederick. |date=Spring 2001 |title=Montana Vigilantes and the Origins of 3-7-77 |journal=Montana: The Magazine of Western History |volume=51 |pages=2–19, Note 58, page 16 |quote=58. In ''Strain of Violence'', Richard Maxwell Brown calls the 1884 episode "the deadliest of all American vigilante movements," a superlative supported in the book's appendix three, which counts thirty-five victims (p. 101). The actual number, however, appears to be considerably smaller. In "The Central Montana Vigilante Raids in 1884," which appeared in the premier issue of ''Montana: The Magazine of Western History'', January 1951, Oscar O. Mueller argues that fifteen to eighteen men died at the hands of Stuart's posse. In a 1980 University of Oregon master's thesis, "Granville Stuart and the Montana Vigilantes of 1884," Richard K. Mueller (no relation to Oscar Mueller) puts the figure at nineteen to twenty-two. My own count shows a maximum of seventeen, while Michael Malone, Richard Roeder, and William Lang's reasonable and reliable Montana: A History of Two Centuries (Seattle, 1976) estimates on page 163 "at least fifteen" victims. Meanwhile, Brown's appendix three cites thirty victims of vigilantism in Montana from 1863 to 1865, while my examination of the Virginia City, Montana Post raises that number to at least thirty-five. In either case, the distinction of "deadliest of all American vigilante movements" properly belongs to Montana's earliest vigilantes.}}</ref> === Vigilante justice === Over a course of approximately six weeks between December 1863 and February 1864, vigilante companies located, arrested and executed suspected members of the Plummer road agent gang in Bannack, Virginia City and Hellgate, Montana. Shortly after its formation, the Vigilance Committee dispatched a posse of men to search for Aleck Carter, "Whiskey Bill" Graves and Bill Bunton, known associates of George Ives. The posse was led by vigilante Captain James Williams, the man who had investigated the Nicolas Tiebolt murder by George Ives. Near the Rattlesnake Ranch on the Ruby River, the posse located "Erastus Red" Yeager and George Brown, both suspected road agents. While traveling back to Virginia City, Yeager made a complete confession, naming the majority of the road agents in Plummer's gang, including Henry Plummer. After obtaining the confession, Yeager and Brown were found guilty by the posse and summarily hanged from a cottonwood tree on the Lorrain's Ranch on the Ruby River. On January 6, 1864, "Dutch John" Wagner, a road agent wounded in the Moody robbery was captured by vigilante Captain Nick Wall and Ben Peabody on the Salt Lake City trail. The vigilantes transported Wagner to Bannack where he was hanged on January 11, 1864. By this time, Yeager's confession had mobilized vigilantes against Plummer and his key associates, deputies Buck Stinson and Ned Ray. Plummer, Stinson and Ray were arrested on the morning of January 10, 1864 and summarily hanged. On January 11, 1864, "Greaser Joe" Pizanthia, a road agent on Yeager's list, was located in his cabin just outside Bannack. A gunfight ensued that took the life of one vigilante, George Copley. Pizanthia's cabin was bombarded with three shells from a mountain howitzer belonging to Sidney Edgerton. The bombardment severely wounded Pizanthia and he was shot and killed as he was removed from the wreckage of the cabin.<ref name="Dillon8" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] biyw1vqzavy6kpunxix0dqnswf07qto 0 21203 869325 640325 2026-06-27T11:09:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg|thumb|270x270px| Labarin hauren giwa na Benin daga gidan kayan gargajiya na tarih daniun art]] [[Fayil:A traditional wedding ceremony, of edo culture in west Africa Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Auren al adu]] '''Al'adar Najeriya, Ta''' samo asali ne daga ƙabilun [[Najeriya|Najeriya da]] yawa. Ƙasar tana da yaruka (harsuna) 527, bakwai daga cikinsu sun. dace. Najeriya kuma tana da yarukan da kabilu sama da guda ɗari da hamsin (1150). Manyan kabilu guda uku sune: [[Hausawa|hausawa galibinsu]] a arewa, [[Yarbawa|yarbawa sun]] fi yawa a kudu maso yamma, da kuma [[Igbo|Igbo inyamurai]] galibinsu a kudu maso gabas. Akwai wasu kabilun da yawa da ke da yawan mutane a fadin sassa daban-daban na kasar. Mutanen [[Mutanen Kanuri|Kanuri]] suna yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, mutanen [[Tiv]] na arewa ta tsakiya da kuma [[Harshen Efik|Efik]] - [[Harshen Ibibio|Ibibio]]. Mutanen [[Mutanen Edo|Edo]] sun fi yawa a yankin tsakanin yankin [[Kasar Yarbawa|Yarbawa]] da ƙasar Igbo. Yawancin Edo suna da Krista. Ana kumaaa bin wannan rukuni  daga mutanen [[Mutanen Ibibio|Ibibio]] / [[Mutanen Anaang|Annang]] / [[Mutanen Efik|Efik]] na kudu maso kudancin Najeriya da [[Mutanen Ijaw|Ijaw]] na Neja Delta. Sauran kabilun Najeriya, wasu lokuta ana kiransu 'marasa rinjaye', ana samun su a duk faɗin ƙasar amma musamman a arewa ta tsakiya da kuma ɓangaren midul belt (Middle belt). A bisa ga al'ada matasa basu cika zama waje ɗaya ba (Nomadic) saboda haka Fulani za a iya samunsu a duk faɗin yammaci da tsakiyar Afirka. Fulani da Hausawa galibinsu Musulmi ne yayin da Ibo mafi yawansu kirista ne kuma haka ma mutanen Efik, Ibibio, da Annang. Yarabawa daidai suke da yuwuwar zama Krista ne ko Musulmi amma [[Yarbawa]] Musulmi sunfi kirista yawa amma ba sosai ba. Ayyukan addini na asali suna da mahimmanci ga dukkan kabilun Najeriya, kuma sau da kiristoci sunfi al'adar da ake kira (syncretism). == Manyan al'adun ƙabilun Najeriya == [[File:Nigeria_linguistic_1979.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px| Rarraba harshe kusan 1979.]] [[File:Afro_asiatic_peoples_nigeria.png|thumb|200x200px| [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] (sune shuɗin ruwan kwai) yellow kenan, da sauran yarukan Chadi .]] [[File:Nigeria_Yoruba_Area.png|right|thumb|200x200px| Yankin Yarbawa.]] [[File:Igbo_Community_in_Nigeria_and_Africa.svg|right|thumb|200x200px| Ibo a Kudu maso Gabas.]] [[File:Edo.jpeg|right|thumb|200x200px| Edo a Kudu.]] [[File:IjawHistory.jpeg|right|thumb|200x200px| Ijaw (Ijo).]] === Al'adun Efik-Ibibio === Al’adun Efik-Ibibio na gabar kudu maso gabashin Najeriya sun bayar da gagarumar gudummawa ga al’adun Najeriya, musamman al’adun yankin kudu. A takaice dai kamar haka: : Harshen Efik-Ibibio : Ana yin wannan yaren a cikin [[Akwa Ibom|jihar Akwa Ibom]] da kuma [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]]. Tana da yarurruka daban-daban kamar yaren [[Mutanen Anaang|Annang,]] yaren Oron, da sauran su. Harshen Efik-Ibibio yana da tasiri sosai a kan harsuna da sunayen mutanen kudancin Najeriya. : '''Masu Kare''' : Al'adun Efik-Ibibio sun samu karbuwa daga kungiyar asiri, Ekpe, wanda ya kasance dan asalin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. "Ekpe", ma'ana 'Damisa', ya zama sanannen alama a al'adun Efik-Ibibio wanda daga baya ya zama sananne a sauran al'adun kabilun Najeriya. : '''Rubutawa''' : Nsibidi sanannen rubutun asalin yan asalin mutanen Efik ne wanda Ekpe ya kirkireshi ta mutanen Efik-Ibibio. : '''Abinci''' : Ana zaune a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya kusa da Tekun Atlantika, mutanen Efik-Ibibio suna da albarkatu da kayan lambu iri iri. Abincinsu sananne ne a duk faɗin Najeriya ciki har da sanannen miyar Afañg, Edikang Ikong miyan, miyar barkono, Ukwoho, Atama, Eritañ, shinkafa dafa-duka (jollof-rice), da sauransu. === Bini === Bini suna cikin yankin Kudu maso Kudu na zamani a Nijeriya. Wani lokacin ana kiransu Edos kuma suna kewaye da wasu al'adun kabilu kamar Urhobos, Itsekiri, Ishan, Yarabawa da sauransu. === Al'adar Yarbawa === [[Yarbawa]] suna cikin yankin yammacin Najeriya kuma shugabancinsu yana da masarauta. Suna da sarakuna waɗanda aka yarda su auri mata kamar yadda suke so da shugabanni da mutane masu taken. Suna kuma yin bautar gargajiya, suna girmama gumaka kamar Sango; allahn tsawa, Oya, Ogun; allahn ƙarfe ... da dai sauransu. Yarbawa suna da fara'a sosai kuma suna maraba da mutanen wasu ƙabilu da ƙasashe. === Al'adar Igbo === Gabashin Najeriya gida ne na ƙabilar [[Igbo|inyamurai]], waɗanda akasarinsu kiristoci ne. Addininsu na gargajiya an san shi da Omenani . Ta fuskar zamantakewar al'umma sarakunan da aka fi sani da Eze Igwes ke jagorantar su . Waɗannan alkaluman kuma ana sa ran za su ba da taken ga [[maza]] da [[mata]] waɗanda suka cika sosai. An san wannan da suna taken Nze na Ozo. Mutane masu taken yawanci ana magana dasu sosai, ana girmama su sosai kuma ana san su sosai a cikin al'ummomin su. === Al'adar Hausa-Fulani === [[Hausawa]] da [[Fulani]] suna zaune a yankin [[arewacin Najeriya]]. Najeriya ta kunshi kabilu da al'adu da dama, [[Hausa–Fulani|hausa fulani itace]] mafi girma ko kuma mafi yawan al'umma a nigeria kuma suna daga cikin mutane masu karrama baƙi da fara'a da son baƙi suna girmama juna musamman shuwagabannin su. Dukda cewa hausawa da fulani kabilu ne daban amma ana daukar su a matsayin kabila daya saboda kusancin dake akwai tsakanin kabilun biyu da kuma yadda Addinin su ya zamo ɗaya shine Addinin [[Musulunci]]. '''Hausa''' A kasar Hausa akwai al'adu daya wanda Hausawa ke amfani da su kowace shekara wadanda ake kira Hawan Sallah. <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200810130780.html</ref> Al'adun Fulanin kuma suna daukar "Shaɗi" a matsayin abubuwan bikinsu na shekara shekara. Haka kuma Auratayya ta ƙara danƙon dangantaka tsakanin Fulani da Hausawa. == Adabin Najeriya == Najeriya ta shahara da adabin [[turanci]] . ''Abubuwa Faɗa Baya'', na [[Chinua Achebe]], littafi ne mai mahimmanci a adabin Afirka. <ref>Booker, p. xvii.</ref> Tare da sayar da kofi sama da miliyan takwas a duniya, an fassara shi zuwa harsuna 50, yana mai da Achebe marubucin Afirka mafi fassara a kowane lokaci. <ref>Yousaf, p. 34.</ref> <ref>Ogbaa, p. 5.</ref> Wani dan Najeriya da ya taba lashe kyautar Nobel [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka ya]] bayyana aikin a matsayin "littafi na farko a Turanci wanda ya yi magana daga ciki da dabi'un Afirka, maimakon nuna dan Afirka a matsayin na bako, kamar yadda farin mutum zai ganshi." Najeriya tana da wasu fitattun marubutan adabin turanci. Wadannan sun hada da Femi Osofisan wanda ya fara buga wani littafin ''Kolera Kolej'' a 1975; [[Ben Okri]] wanda aikinsa na farko, ''(The Famished Road) aka'' buga shi a cikin 1991 da [[Buchi Emecheta|(Buchi Emecheta)]] wanda ya rubuta labaran da aka samo daga abubuwan da ta samu na rashin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata wanda ke inganta kallon mata ta hanyar iya yin aure da samun yara. [[Helon Habila]], [[Sefi Atta]], [[Florence Nwanzuruahu Nkiru Nwapa|Flora Nwapa]], [https://www.africanwriter.com/iquo-eke-deconstructing-preconceived-notions-an-interview/ Iquo DianaAbasi Eke], [[Zaynab Alkali]] da [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/06/04/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-comes-to-terms-with-global-fame Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie] da sauransu su ne mashahuran marubutan Nijeriya waɗanda ake karanta ayyukansu a ciki da wajen ƙasar. Baya ga masu magana da Ingilishi na yau da kullun, yawancin mutane, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku, suna magana da [[pidgin na Najeriya]], wanda yake da mahimman ƙamus na Turanci. Hakan ya zama ''yaren da'' ya zama ruwan dare sakamakon hakan. Ingilishi Pidgin wani nau<nowiki>'i ne na yare. Misali, "Yaya kake ''</nowiki> yana nufin" Yaya kake ". ''Palm Wine Drinkard'', sanannen labari ne da Amos Tutuola ya rubuta a ciki. Sai dai kuma a ƙarƙashin haka akwai Yaren Hausa wanda, kusan ko wane yare a Najeriya yana sha'awar yinshi saboda haka ne ma Yaren yafi ko wane yare yawa da watsuwa da kuma sauƙin fahimta. == Masana'antun finafinai ta kudancin Najeriya == Tun daga shekarun 1990 masana'antar fina-finai ta kudancin Nijeriya, wani lokaci ana kiranta " Nollywood ", ta zama ƙungiya mai saurin haɓaka al'adu a duk kudancin Najeriya. Saboda fina-finai, tasirin yamma kamar kiɗa, suturar yau da kullun da hanyoyin magana ana samun su a duk faɗin Nijeriya, har ma da arewacin sai dai ba sosai ba saboda akwai tsananin ra'ayin mazan jiya wato ra'ayin bin Dokokin Addinin Musulunci. == Mai jarida == == Wasanni == Magoya bayan kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Ingila kamar [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] da [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea galibi]] suna rarrabewa fiye da kabilanci har ma da bambancin addini don raba abin da ya dace a kungiyoyin Premier. [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Football ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar]], da ake yi wa laƙabi da "Super Eagles", ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nijeriya ce, wanda Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ke gudanarwa. A cewar FIFA World Rankings, Najeriya tana matsayi na 31 kuma tana matsayi na biyu mafi girma a tsakanin kasashen Afirka bayan Senegal (na 20). Matsayi mafi girma da Nijeriya ta taɓa kaiwa a kan matsayin shi ne na 5, a cikin Afrilu 1994. == Abinci == [[File:Foufou.jpg|left|thumb]] [[File:SuyavarietiesTX.JPG|left|thumb]] Abincin Najeriya yana ba da dunƙulen gargajiyar carbohydrates na gargajiya irin su [[doya]] da [[rogo]] da kuma kayan miya na kayan lambu waɗanda ake yawan amfani da su. [[Masara]] wani irin shuka ne da ake yawan noma shi a Nijeriya. Abinda 'yan Najeriya suka yaba dashi saboda karfin da yake bayarwa, garri shine "abu na farko a abinci a kudancin Najeriya" [[Rogo|hatsi na rogo]] wanda za'a iya cin sa da shi azaman abinci kuma bashi da tsada sosai. Doya ake akai-akai soyayyen ko dai soyayyen dankalin turawa. Waken Najeriya, ya sha bamban da koren wake, ya shahara sosai. Nama kuma mashahuri ne kuma suya ta Nijeriya —kamar nama mai wanda yake gasasshe ne— sanannen ɗanɗano ne. Naman daji, nama daga namun daji kamar ɓaure da rakumin dawa, shima ya shahara. Kayan dabinon da aka tatsa suna yin giyar gargajiya sai dai ita giya ba'a cika samunta a yakin arewa ba saboda Musulmai sune a yankin kuma giya haramun ce a Musulunci, hasalima ƴan Arewa sun kyamaci duk wani mai shanta, ruwan inabi, da kuma rogo mai yisti. Abincin Najeriya yana da yaji, galibi a yamma da kudancin ƙasar, har ma fiye da na Indiya . Wasu karin misalan kayan abincin su na gargajiya sune eba. Da kuma tuwo da [[Miyan kuka]] sakwara (pounded yam), iyan, fufu da miyan kamar [[Kuɓewa|okra]], ogbono da egusi . Fufu alama ce ta Najeriya don haka take a Chinua Achebe's ''Abubuwa Fada Baya'', misali. Achebe's magnum opus littafi ne da aka fi karantawa a cikin adabin Afirka na zamani. == Waƙa == [[File:Sango_priestress.jpg|left|thumb]] LafiyaKiɗan Nijeriya ya haɗa da nau'ikan mutane da yawa da mashahuran kiɗa, wasu daga cikinsu an san su a duniya. Mawaki kuma mai rajin kare zamantakewar mata [[Fela Kuti]] ya taka rawa sosai wajen bunkasa kide-kide a Najeriya. Mawaƙan gargajiya suna amfani da kayan kida iri-iri, kamar su gangunan Gongon . Kora da kakaki ma suna da mahimmanci. Sauran maganganun al'adu na gargajiya ana samun su a masquerades daban-daban na Najeriya, kamar Eyo dodonni, Ekpe da Ekpo na Dodanni na mutanen Efik / Ibibio / Annang / Igbo na kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, da Arewacin Edo dodo. Bayyanannun Yarabawa na wannan al'ada sune Gelede na Dodanni. == Albarkatun kasa == Babban mahimmin tushe na bayanai game da fasahar zamani ta Najeriya shine Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Zamani da Zamani wanda Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic dake Lagos ke gudanarwa. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Inganta Zuba Jarin Nijeriya, da kuma Naija (Investway Gateway), suna ba da cikakken bayani kan al’adun kasuwancin Najeriya. == Tufafi == Mata suna sanya dogayen riguna masu gudana da mayafai da aka yi daga kasuwannin gida waɗanda suke rini da saƙar masana'anta a cikin gida. Matan Kudancin Najeriya sun zabi sanya tufafi irin na yamma. Saɓanin yankin Arewacin Najeriya su suna sanya tufafi yadda Addinin Musulunci ya tsara musu mata da lulluɓi wanda yake rufe dukkan jikin su maza kuma da babbar riga Malum-Malum da kuma hula wani lokacin hadda [[Rawani]]. Mutane a yankuna na biranen Najeriya suna yin ado irin na yamma, matasa galibi sanye da wando da T-shirt. Sauran maza da mata na Najeriya galibi suna sanya salon gargajiya da ake kira ''Buba'' . Ga maza rigar da ke kwance a kasa zuwa rabin cinya. Don mata, sutturar rigar ta ɗan sauka ƙasa da kugu. ''Sauran kayan suturar'' sun hada da gele, wanda shine kwalliyar mata. Ga maza ana kiran nasu kwalliyar gargajiya ''fila'' . A tarihi, [[Kwalliya]] a Najeriya shine sanya nau'ikan yadudduka daban-daban. Auduga an shafe sama da shekaru 500 ana yin kwalliya a Najeriya. ''Hakanan'' ana amfani da siliki (ana kiransa tsamiya a [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], ''sannan'' a [[Yarbanci]], ''akpa-obubu'' a [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]], da ''sapar ubele'' a [[Edo]] ). Wataƙila shahararriyar kwalliyar da ake amfani da ita a cikin tufafin Najeriyar ita ce ɗab'in Dutchan (Dutch), wanda aka samar a cikin (Netherlands). Kasuwar shigo da wannan masana'antar ta mamaye kamfanin Holland na Vlisco, wanda ke siyar da masana'antarsa ta Dutch wax din tun daga ƙarshen 1800s, lokacin da aka siyar da masana'anta a hanyar kasuwancin kamfanin na cikin teku zuwa Indonesia. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an sanya sifofin Najeriya da Afirka, tsarin launi, da zane a cikin zane na Vlisco don zama babban bin sa alama. Najeriya tana da kabilu sama da 250 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |access-date=2021-06-12 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018101915/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma a sakamakon haka, akwai nau'ikan salon tufafi na gargajiya. A al'adar Yarbawa, mata suna sanya ''iro'' (wrapper), ''buba'' (sakakkiyar riga) da ''gele'' (nade kai). Maza suna sanya ''buba'' (babbar riga), ''sokoto'' (wando mai ''ɗaurin'' jaka), agbada (riga mai yawo tare da manyan hannaye) da ''fila'' (hula). A al’adar kabilar Ibo, kayan al’adun maza su ne ''Isiagu'' (babbar riga), wacce ake sawa da wando da ''hular gargajiya ta ’yan kabilar Ibo da ake kira Okpu Agwu'' . Al'adar Hausawa Matan suna sanye da rigar atamfa mai lullubi, mayafai biyu da mayafin hannu. ''Mazan'' Hausawa suna sanya barna ko ''kaftans'' (doguwar riga) tare da dogayen hular kwalliya. Matan suna sanya mayafi da riga kuma suna rufe kawunansu da ''hijabi'' (mayafi). == Duba kuma == * Gine-ginen Najeriya * Waƙar Najeriya * [[Al'adar Nok|Al'adun Nok]] * Bukukuwa a Najeriya * [[Jerin Gidajen Tarihi a Najeriya|Jerin gidajen tarihi a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == * Ross, Zai. " [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24956020 Fagen fasaha da waka a Najeriya]." ( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113001358/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24956020 |date=2021-01-13 }} ''labarai'' ) BBC. 20 Nuwamba 2013.1.  http://www.ethnologue.com/ 2. https://allafrica.com/stories/200810130780.html 3. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2678893 4. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-534099821/contemporary-african-poetry-a-postcolonial-reading {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729013252/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-534099821/contemporary-african-poetry-a-postcolonial-reading |date=2020-07-29 }} 5. https://theculturetrip.com/africa/nigeria/articles/from-achebe-to-adichie-top-ten-nigerian-authors/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729050558/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/nigeria/articles/from-achebe-to-adichie-top-ten-nigerian-authors/ |date=2020-07-29 }} 6. http://answersafrica.com/nigerian-people-culture.html [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eevcyfrgrak5egtq7c3cqh6307kni47 4 21908 868940 868152 2026-06-26T21:29:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 868940 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. 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|[[Special:Contributions/Abdul dede|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 25 ga Yuni 2026 |- |60 |[[User:Thegkz|Thegkz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Thegkz|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 25 ga Yuni 2026 |- |61 |[[User:Magaji000|Magaji000]] |[[Special:Contributions/Magaji000|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 25 ga Yuni 2026 |- |62 |[[User:JULIANISME|JULIANISME]] |[[Special:Contributions/JULIANISME|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 25 ga Yuni 2026 |- |63 |[[User:4848Umar|4848Umar]] |[[Special:Contributions/4848Umar|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 25 ga Yuni 2026 |- |64 |[[User:Muritala aliyu|Muritala aliyu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muritala aliyu|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 25 ga Yuni 2026 |- |65 |[[User:Bemanenough|Bemanenough]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bemanenough|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 25 ga Yuni 2026 |- |66 |[[User:Malamkarami1233|Malamkarami1233]] |[[Special:Contributions/Malamkarami1233|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 25 ga Yuni 2026 |- |67 |[[User:USMAN SANI BELLO|USMAN SANI BELLO]] |[[Special:Contributions/USMAN SANI BELLO|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |68 |[[User:Fruitist|Fruitist]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fruitist|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |69 |[[User:Me66804917|Me66804917]] |[[Special:Contributions/Me66804917|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |70 |[[User:Zappel de|Zappel de]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zappel de|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |71 |[[User:Entranced98|Entranced98]] |[[Special:Contributions/Entranced98|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |72 |[[User:濱田 桂輔|濱田 桂輔]] |[[Special:Contributions/濱田 桂輔|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |73 |[[User:OtengPortia|OtengPortia]] |[[Special:Contributions/OtengPortia|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |74 |[[User:Ocdp|Ocdp]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ocdp|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |75 |[[User:CalER08|CalER08]] |[[Special:Contributions/CalER08|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |76 |[[User:Andrea Šurlan|Andrea Šurlan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Andrea Šurlan|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |77 |[[User:JARAR2025|JARAR2025]] |[[Special:Contributions/JARAR2025|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |78 |[[User:Katsumo|Katsumo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Katsumo|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |79 |[[User:Diu2003|Diu2003]] |[[Special:Contributions/Diu2003|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |80 |[[User:ElHistoriador2|ElHistoriador2]] |[[Special:Contributions/ElHistoriador2|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |81 |[[User:Takechan116|Takechan116]] |[[Special:Contributions/Takechan116|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |82 |[[User:Tarihsever2025|Tarihsever2025]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tarihsever2025|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |83 |[[User:Ssuuna Peter|Ssuuna Peter]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ssuuna Peter|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |84 |[[User:Balise42|Balise42]] |[[Special:Contributions/Balise42|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |85 |[[User:FrankieDedo|FrankieDedo]] |[[Special:Contributions/FrankieDedo|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |86 |[[User:MSantos (WMF)|MSantos (WMF)]] |[[Special:Contributions/MSantos (WMF)|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |87 |[[User:El hussain 442|El hussain 442]] |[[Special:Contributions/El hussain 442|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |88 |[[User:Zeeenaru|Zeeenaru]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zeeenaru|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |89 |[[User:Zeee Pretty|Zeee Pretty]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zeee Pretty|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |90 |[[User:Mutawakkilu|Mutawakkilu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mutawakkilu|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |91 |[[User:Musa Ardo|Musa Ardo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Musa Ardo|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |92 |[[User:Shafi u Saleh|Shafi u Saleh]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shafi u Saleh|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |93 |[[User:Meemah Muh'd|Meemah Muh'd]] |[[Special:Contributions/Meemah Muh'd|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |94 |[[User:ZwishyZwashy|ZwishyZwashy]] |[[Special:Contributions/ZwishyZwashy|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |95 |[[User:Dan aggo001|Dan aggo001]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dan aggo001|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |96 |[[User:BillMichaelTheScienceMichael|BillMichaelTheScienceMichael]] |[[Special:Contributions/BillMichaelTheScienceMichael|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |97 |[[User:Borisportnoi|Borisportnoi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Borisportnoi|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 26 ga Yuni 2026 |- |} 0lxkywgj5x30h6qpwn48n7ucy3mxwxo 0 22386 868896 718675 2026-06-26T20:42:55Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:%22In_Search_of_the_Truth%22_in_Selma,_AL.png |thumb|Gaskiya ]] [[File:Agrupación_de_Familiares_de_Detenidos_Desaparecidos_de_Chile_(de_Kena_Lorenzini).jpg|thumb| Matan ƙungiyar dangin waɗanda aka tsare sun bace a gaban Fadar La Moneda lokacin mulkin soja na Pinochet, suna neman bayani kan masoyan da aka tilasta batan su .]] '''<nowiki/>'Yancin gaskiya''' shi ne hakki, dangane da mummunan take haƙƙin [[Hakkokin Yan-adam|dan adam]], ga wadanda abin ya shafa da danginsu ko al'ummominsu domin samun gaskiyar abinda ya faru. Haƙƙin gaskiya yana da kusanci da shi, to amma ya bambanta da, wajibin jihar na yin bincike da kuma hukunta manyan take Haƙƙin dan Adam.<ref name=Vedaschi>{{cite book |editor1-last=Shetreet |editor1-first=Shimon |title=The Culture of Judicial Independence: Rule of Law and World Peace |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-25781-8 |language=en |last1=Vedaschi |first1=Arianna |pages=107–133 |chapter=Globalization of Human Rights and Mutual Influence between Courts: The Innovative Reverse Path of the Right to the Truth|date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Y. Gloria |title=Truth as Justice: Legal and Extralegal Development of the Right to Truth |journal=[[Harvard International Review]] |date=2010 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=24–27 |jstor=42763345 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42763345 |issn=0739-1854}}</ref> 'Yancin gaskiya wani nau'i ne na haƙƙin waɗanda aka zalunta ya dace musamman da yin canjin yanayi game da cin zarafin ɗan Adam a baya da aka rinka damu. A shekara ta 2006,<ref name=Sweeney>{{cite journal |last1=Sweeney |first1=James A |title=The Elusive Right to Truth in Transitional Human Rights Jurisprudence |journal=International and Comparative Law Quarterly |date=2018 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=353–387 |doi=10.1017/S0020589317000586|doi-access=free }}</ref> Yasmin Naqvi ta kammala da cewa, "haƙƙin gaskiya yana tsaye a wani wuri a ƙofar ƙa'idar doka da kuma kayan magana a wani wuri sama da kyakkyawar hujja kuma a wani wuri a ƙasan ƙa'idar doka." {{Sfn|Sweeney|2018}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naqvi |first1=Yasmin |title=The right to the truth in international law: fact or fiction? |journal=International Review of the Red Cross |date=2006 |volume=88 |issue=862 |pages=245–273 |doi=10.1017/S1816383106000518 |s2cid=144817072 |url=https://international-review.icrc.org/articles/right-truth-international-law-fact-or-fiction |language=en}}</ref> == Asali/Tushe == Tunanin haƙƙin shari'a bisa gaskiya ya bambanta da fahimtar da ta gabata game da muhimmancin kafa gaskiya game da abin da ya faru a cikin batun take haƙƙin ɗan Adam. A cikin 1977, Yarjejeniyar zuwa Geneva ta sanya haƙƙin dangin mutanen da aka kashe a cikin rikice-rikicen muƙamai domin ganin asalin abinda ya faru. {{Sfn|Groome|2011}} Wani taro na shekara ta 1993 a Cibiyar Katolika ta Harkokin International kasashen Duniya ya yi magana akan haƙƙin gaskiya. Dama zuwa ga gaskiya da aka gane a duniya taushi dokar kida kamar da ''United Nations Principles'' magance hukunci a shekarar (2005) {{Sfn|Sweeney|2018}} da kuma babban taron ''MDD (Majilisar dinkin duniya) Resolution'' 60/147, kazalika da 2011 na da wani United Nations Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan kaddamar da Gaskiya, Adalci, Sakawa da Garanti na rashin dawowa. {{Sfn|Sweeney|2018}} A cikin shekarata 2006, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'Adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yanke hukuncin cewa akwai, "yancin da ba za a iya kwacewa ba kuma mai cin gashin kans." na gaskiya. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta kare dukkan mutane daga Bacewar ta tilasta kuma ta ba wadanda aka tilastawa bacewa damar bincike domin danin yadda bacewar ta kasance to amma ba a amince da ita a duniya ba. {{Sfn|Sweeney|2018}} A cewar Patricia Naftali, haƙƙin gaskiya ya kasance babu wuya saboda ra'ayi ne da ke da ma'ana daban-daban (wani lokacin ma yana cin karo da juna), wanda aka girka don tallafawa da'awar da dama na haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam. == Lamura == [[File:Villa_Grimaldi_3.jpg|thumb| Tunawa da shi a Villa Grimaldi tare da sunayen daruruwan mutane ko dai ƴan sanda asirin Chile sun ɓace ko sun kashe a can ƙarƙashin mulkin kama karya na Pinochet .]] Sakamakon ƙararraki a gaban kotunan ƙasa da ƙasa da suka gano jihohi na keta Haƙƙin dan Adam, an bukaci jihohi da: {{Sfn|Groome|2011}} # Gudanar da bincike mai inganci kuma a tuhumi mutanen da ke da alhakin # Bayyana bayanai game da mutanen da suka ɓace # Neman gafara a bainar jama'a tare da amincewa da take Haƙƙin mutane # Buga hukuncin kotu # Rama wadanda abin ya shafa # Sake biyan kuɗin kotu na masu da’awar # Inganta tsaro domin bada damar dawowar ‘yan gudun hijirar # Dauki matakai don hana sake faruwar abin da ya faru # Canja dokokin kasa # Cibiyar ta ɗauki matakan inganta bin ka’idojin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa # Gina abubuwan tunawa don tunawa da take hakkin ɗan' Adam === Kwamitin Kare Haƙƙin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === Shari'ar farko da ta bayyana hakki zuwa gaskiya a fikihun kare Haƙƙin dan Adam na ƙasa da kasa shine batun bacewar tilas, ''Quinteros v.'' ''Uruguay'' (1983); Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yanke hukuncin cewa, a cewar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Ƙasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa, mahaifiyar wanda aka kashe din tana da, <nowiki>''</nowiki>hakkin sanin abin da ya faru da yarta. Ta wannan mahangar, ita ma an cutar da ita ne game da keta alƙawarin da diyarta ta fuskanta musamman, na labarin 7 [ICCPR]." {{Sfn|Sweeney|2018}} A ''Saadoun v.'' ''Aljeriya'' (2003), game da mutumin da ya ɓace a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Aljeriya, Kwamitin ya yanke shawarar cewa rashin yin bincike ya haifar da wani sabon cin zarafin (ICCPR). A wannan halin da ake ciki na take hakki, Algeria ta sanar da yin afuwa ga laifukan da aka aikata a lokacin "bala'in kasa" {{Sfn|Sweeney|2018}} === Kotun Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam === Dokar shari'ar Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka ta 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta karkata zuwa ga ikon cin gashin kansa na gaskiya. Saboda hakkin kimanta gaskiya, kungiyar (IACHR) ta warware yarjeniyoyi da ke ba da afuwa ga masu keta hakkin dan Adam, kamar yadda yake a ''{{Interlanguage link|Barrios Altos v. Perú|es|Caso Barrios Altos vs. Perú}}'' ''{{Interlanguage link|Barrios Altos v. Perú|es|Caso Barrios Altos vs. Perú}}'' (2001). {{Sfn|Latino|2018}} A cikin shekarata 1985, shekaru shida kafin Guatemala ta karɓi ikon (IACHR), ɗan jaridar Amurka Nicholas Blake ya ɓace. A cikin ''Blake v.'' ''Guatemala'' (1998), kungiyar IACHR ta yanke shawarar cewa ƙoƙarin Guatemalan na kawo cikas ga binciken danginsa game da gaskiyar ya haifar da cutar rashin mutunci sabanin Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. {{Sfn|Groome|2011}} (IACHR) ta sha maimaita ra'ayinsa cewa: === Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam === Har ila yau akwai dokar shari'ar Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da ta dace da haƙƙin gaskiya. A cikin ''Cyprus v.'' ''Turkiya'' (2001), (ECHR) sun yanke hukunci akan [[Turkiyya|Turkiya]] dangane da batun 'yan [[Cyprus]] 'yan Girka da aka yi musu ganin karshe a hannun sojojin Turkiyya. Tashin hankalin dangin da ke raye sun haifar da "cigaba da take doka ta 3 ta Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (ECHR) game da dangin mutanen Girka-Cyprus da suka ɓace." {{Sfn|Groome|2011}} A cikin ''El-Masri v.'' ''Macedonia'' (2012), (ECtHR) sun tabbatar da cewa Arewacin Macedoniya suna yawan keta Yarjejeniyar ta yadda aka kyale El-Masri ya shiga hannun Amurka yayin ba da mamaki. Kotun ta lura cewa hukumomin Macedonia sun "hana mai neman sanar da shi abin da ya faru, gami da samun sahihin bayani game da wahalhalun da ake zargin ya sha da kuma rawar wadanda ke da alhakin abin da ya faɗa" da kuma boye wannan bayanan daga jama'a gaba daya. A cewar farfesa a fannin shari'a Arianna Vedaschi, "hukuncin da aka yanke a El-Masri ya nuna tunanin kirkire-kirkire na doka da kuma cikakkiyar halayyar kirki ta alkalai game da tabbatar da aiwatar da Haƙƙin gaskiya." A cikin ''Janowiec da Sauransu v.'' ''Rasha'' (2013), kotun ba ta sami cin zarafin taron ba game da binciken da Rasha ta yi game da kisan kiyashin Katyn na 1940, amma wannan hukuncin ya kasance bisa ka'idar rashin sake komowa saboda kisan gillar ya faru ne kafin a tsara (ECHR) Masanin shari'a James A. Sweeney ya soki tsarin (ECTHR) game da batun gaskiya-gaskiya, yana mai cewa: === Dokar ƙasa === Dokar ƙasar Argentina ta amince da haƙƙin gaskiya da adalci, tare da yin ''shari'ar sui generis'' da ake kira ''{{Interlanguage link|juicio por la verdad|es|Juicios por la Verdad}}'' (fitina game da gaskiya) ta cigaba ne bayan mulkin kama-karya na sojan Argentina. === Wuraren da ake iya yi === An ba da shawarar cewa waɗanda abin ya shafa na iya dogaro da Mataki na 5 na Yarjejeniyar kasashen Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a a cikin shari'oin gaskiya a gaban Kotun Afirka kan Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a. {{Sfn|Groome|2011}} Tsarin [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|kotun da ke hukunta manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa]] wanda aka zalunta na iya zama tabbatacce ga hakkin gaskiya da adalci. == Sauran misalai == [[File:Talaat_Pasha_grave.jpg|thumb| An binne Talaat Pasha, wanda ya ƙirƙiro da kisan kiyashi a Armenia a 1943 a wurin tunawa da 'yanci, Istanbul a matsayin gwarzo na kasa. ]] A cewar masanin ilimin shari'a Agostina Latino, haƙƙin gaskiyar da ke da nasaba da kisan kare dangin [[Armeniya]] ya zarce waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan Armeniya ga zuriyarsu da kuma Armeniya gaba ɗaya. Latino ta bayyana cewa, a matsayina na magajin gwamnatin Ottoman da ta aikata kisan kare dangi, musanta kisan kare dangi da gwamnatin Turkiya ke yi wa Armeniya ya keta hakkinsu na gaskiya. Misali, akwai wuraren tarihi da tituna da aka lasafta sunayen wadanda suka aikata laifin, amma ba wadanda abin ya shafa ba. Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka da wasu masu nazarin ra'ayin sun ba da shawarar cewa faɗin gaskiya na iya zama wani nau'i na biyan diyya ga waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu game da 'yancin ɗan Adam. {{Sfn|Sweeney|2018}} Yancin gaskiya na da nasaba da yaki da rashin hukuntawa kamar yadda kafa gaskiya game da abin da ya faru a baya shi ne mataki na farko wajen hukunta masu aikata laifi. == Dama zuwa Ranar Gaskiya == Tun daga shekarar 2010, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ke yin bikin Ranar Duniya don 'Yancin Gaskiya game da Babban take Haƙƙin Dan-Adam da Darajar waɗanda abin ya shafa, ko Dama zuwa Ranar Gaskiya, a ranar 24 ga Maris, ranar tunawa da kisan babban malamin El Salvador Óscar Arnulfo Romero. * == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0fedlonpknn25n7dnrl8345g0ebqhs8 0 23339 869314 448327 2026-06-27T11:04:25Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 869314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Atakora''' ya kasance kogin [[Tafkin Volta]] a [[Ghana]], yana gudana kimanin kilomita 60 gabas zuwa tafkin Volta. Duk karatunsa yana cikin kudancin [[Ghana]].<ref name="Rivers and Lakes">[http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm Ghana: Rivers and Lakes]</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} d7cbccguo0spoy9dwfn2m5ol37nsz39 0 23482 869230 861164 2026-06-27T10:01:38Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350221454|Chigozie Atuanya]]" 869230 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeal Chigozie Atuanya''' // ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1980) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa kuma ɗan kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezeh/Nigeriafilms.com |first=Maryjane |title=Chigozie Atunaya Leaving The Movies For The Field? - nigeriafilms.com |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605071530/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Nigeria: I'll Preserve Igbo Culture With Movies - Atuanya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602250115.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaba na Skybridimpex roof da Uncle Lala'sTV [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fty3omgy9mw5e6ht5c9hj81dqj6w8wy 869231 869230 2026-06-27T10:01:53Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350221454|Chigozie Atuanya]]" 869231 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeal Chigozie Atuanya''' // ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1980) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa kuma ɗan kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezeh/Nigeriafilms.com |first=Maryjane |title=Chigozie Atunaya Leaving The Movies For The Field? - nigeriafilms.com |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605071530/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Nigeria: I'll Preserve Igbo Culture With Movies - Atuanya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602250115.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaba na Skybridimpex roof da Uncle Lala'sTV == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lyxx4s394jv13i27eezm276qgxhomo7 869232 869231 2026-06-27T10:02:18Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350221454|Chigozie Atuanya]]" 869232 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeal Chigozie Atuanya''' // ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1980) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa kuma ɗan kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezeh/Nigeriafilms.com |first=Maryjane |title=Chigozie Atunaya Leaving The Movies For The Field? - nigeriafilms.com |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605071530/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Nigeria: I'll Preserve Igbo Culture With Movies - Atuanya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602250115.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaba na Skybridimpex roof da Uncle Lala'sTV == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a [[Aba]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Najeriya, Atuanya ya fito daga Nri a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . <ref name="Staff">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Uyo Gist |date=2024-08-18 |title=Chigozie Atuanya Biography And Net Worth |url=https://www.uyomoneygist.com/2024/08/18/chigozie-atuanya-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Uyo Money Gist |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin gudanar da gwamnati daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]] . <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nims53chi0hyw58j1ub4s5fbktt00ho 869234 869232 2026-06-27T10:02:34Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350221454|Chigozie Atuanya]]" 869234 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeal Chigozie Atuanya''' // ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1980) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa kuma ɗan kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezeh/Nigeriafilms.com |first=Maryjane |title=Chigozie Atunaya Leaving The Movies For The Field? - nigeriafilms.com |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605071530/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Nigeria: I'll Preserve Igbo Culture With Movies - Atuanya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602250115.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaba na Skybridimpex roof da Uncle Lala'sTV == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a [[Aba]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Najeriya, Atuanya ya fito daga Nri a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . <ref name="Staff">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Uyo Gist |date=2024-08-18 |title=Chigozie Atuanya Biography And Net Worth |url=https://www.uyomoneygist.com/2024/08/18/chigozie-atuanya-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Uyo Money Gist |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin gudanar da gwamnati daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]] . <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bk4wpimn4pzcx1tbodke4t8op6e3z4e 869235 869234 2026-06-27T10:03:01Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350221454|Chigozie Atuanya]]" 869235 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeal Chigozie Atuanya''' // ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1980) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa kuma ɗan kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezeh/Nigeriafilms.com |first=Maryjane |title=Chigozie Atunaya Leaving The Movies For The Field? - nigeriafilms.com |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605071530/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Nigeria: I'll Preserve Igbo Culture With Movies - Atuanya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602250115.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaba na Skybridimpex roof da Uncle Lala'sTV == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a [[Aba]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Najeriya, Atuanya ya fito daga Nri a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . <ref name="Staff">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Uyo Gist |date=2024-08-18 |title=Chigozie Atuanya Biography And Net Worth |url=https://www.uyomoneygist.com/2024/08/18/chigozie-atuanya-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Uyo Money Gist |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin gudanar da gwamnati daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]] . <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Sana'a == Atuanya ya fara fitowa a fina-finansa na farko a shekarar 1998 mai suna ''King Jaja of Opobo'' kuma tun daga lokacin ya fara shirya fina-finai da dama. <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com2">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Ya kasance abin koyi ga Delta Soap, yana fitowa a daya daga cikin tallace-tallacen talabijin dinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Birthday Mates: Chigozie Atuanya and Monalisa Chinda (Born September 13) - Nigeria Movie Network |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/birthday-mates-chigozie-atuanya-and-monalisa-chinda-born-september-13_959.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o7mctcpcavlz714gpmu5nnqomac6szi 869236 869235 2026-06-27T10:03:13Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350221454|Chigozie Atuanya]]" 869236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeal Chigozie Atuanya''' // ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1980) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa kuma ɗan kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezeh/Nigeriafilms.com |first=Maryjane |title=Chigozie Atunaya Leaving The Movies For The Field? - nigeriafilms.com |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605071530/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Nigeria: I'll Preserve Igbo Culture With Movies - Atuanya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602250115.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaba na Skybridimpex roof da Uncle Lala'sTV == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a [[Aba]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Najeriya, Atuanya ya fito daga Nri a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . <ref name="Staff">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Uyo Gist |date=2024-08-18 |title=Chigozie Atuanya Biography And Net Worth |url=https://www.uyomoneygist.com/2024/08/18/chigozie-atuanya-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Uyo Money Gist |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin gudanar da gwamnati daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]] . <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Sana'a == Atuanya ya fara fitowa a fina-finansa na farko a shekarar 1998 mai suna ''King Jaja of Opobo'' kuma tun daga lokacin ya fara shirya fina-finai da dama. <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com2">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Ya kasance abin koyi ga Delta Soap, yana fitowa a daya daga cikin tallace-tallacen talabijin dinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Birthday Mates: Chigozie Atuanya and Monalisa Chinda (Born September 13) - Nigeria Movie Network |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/birthday-mates-chigozie-atuanya-and-monalisa-chinda-born-september-13_959.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nb3jj7m944pfnqiydbtucbiemsnbr44 869238 869236 2026-06-27T10:03:45Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350221454|Chigozie Atuanya]]" 869238 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeal Chigozie Atuanya''' // ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1980) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa kuma ɗan kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezeh/Nigeriafilms.com |first=Maryjane |title=Chigozie Atunaya Leaving The Movies For The Field? - nigeriafilms.com |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605071530/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Nigeria: I'll Preserve Igbo Culture With Movies - Atuanya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602250115.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaba na Skybridimpex roof da Uncle Lala'sTV == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a [[Aba]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Najeriya, Atuanya ya fito daga Nri a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . <ref name="Staff">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Uyo Gist |date=2024-08-18 |title=Chigozie Atuanya Biography And Net Worth |url=https://www.uyomoneygist.com/2024/08/18/chigozie-atuanya-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Uyo Money Gist |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin gudanar da gwamnati daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]] . <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Sana'a == Atuanya ya fara fitowa a fina-finansa na farko a shekarar 1998 mai suna ''King Jaja of Opobo'' kuma tun daga lokacin ya fara shirya fina-finai da dama. <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com2">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Ya kasance abin koyi ga Delta Soap, yana fitowa a daya daga cikin tallace-tallacen talabijin dinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Birthday Mates: Chigozie Atuanya and Monalisa Chinda (Born September 13) - Nigeria Movie Network |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/birthday-mates-chigozie-atuanya-and-monalisa-chinda-born-september-13_959.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Atuanya ta auri Jennifer Obianuju Oranika, wacce ta kammala karatun lauya daga [[Igbinedion University|Jami'ar Igbinedion]], Jihar Edo. An yi auren ma'auratan a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2013, sannan aka yi auren fari a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weddings |first=BellaNaija |date=2013-08-03 |title=Nollywood Actor Chigozie Atuanya Ties the Knot with his damsel Jennifer Oranika |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/08/nollywood-actor-chigozie-atuanya-ties-the-knot-with-his-damsel-jennifer-oranike/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> Suna da 'ya mace, Kaima, wacce aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2014. [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] evn79gnuskjyw8wnsv43jwp4vzzxz3j 869240 869238 2026-06-27T10:04:34Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350221454|Chigozie Atuanya]]" 869240 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeal Chigozie Atuanya''' // ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1980) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa kuma ɗan kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezeh/Nigeriafilms.com |first=Maryjane |title=Chigozie Atunaya Leaving The Movies For The Field? - nigeriafilms.com |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605071530/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Nigeria: I'll Preserve Igbo Culture With Movies - Atuanya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602250115.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaba na Skybridimpex roof da Uncle Lala'sTV == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a [[Aba]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Najeriya, Atuanya ya fito daga Nri a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . <ref name="Staff">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Uyo Gist |date=2024-08-18 |title=Chigozie Atuanya Biography And Net Worth |url=https://www.uyomoneygist.com/2024/08/18/chigozie-atuanya-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Uyo Money Gist |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin gudanar da gwamnati daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]] . <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Sana'a == Atuanya ya fara fitowa a fina-finansa na farko a shekarar 1998 mai suna ''King Jaja of Opobo'' kuma tun daga lokacin ya fara shirya fina-finai da dama. <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com2">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Ya kasance abin koyi ga Delta Soap, yana fitowa a daya daga cikin tallace-tallacen talabijin dinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Birthday Mates: Chigozie Atuanya and Monalisa Chinda (Born September 13) - Nigeria Movie Network |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/birthday-mates-chigozie-atuanya-and-monalisa-chinda-born-september-13_959.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Atuanya ta auri Jennifer Obianuju Oranika, wacce ta kammala karatun lauya daga [[Igbinedion University|Jami'ar Igbinedion]], Jihar Edo. An yi auren ma'auratan a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2013, sannan aka yi auren fari a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weddings |first=BellaNaija |date=2013-08-03 |title=Nollywood Actor Chigozie Atuanya Ties the Knot with his damsel Jennifer Oranika |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/08/nollywood-actor-chigozie-atuanya-ties-the-knot-with-his-damsel-jennifer-oranike/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> Suna da 'ya mace, Kaima, wacce aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2014. * ''Gargaɗi na Ƙarshe'' (2002) * ''Arziki Mai Tausayi'' (2003) * ''Babbar Uwa'' * ''Mala'ikana'' (2004) * ''Jin Daɗin Shawagi'' (2005) * ''Maciji Mai Tattaki 3'' * ''Mugun daji'' * ''<nowiki/>'Yan Lumba'' (2008) * ''Ƙungiyar Mata'' (2011) a matsayin Mike * ''Fararen Farauta'' (2010) * ''Jin Daɗin Ruwa'' (2005) a matsayin Robert * ''<nowiki/>'Yar'uwata Mai Daɗi'' (2006) * ''Matsa Biyu'' (2006) * ''Fadar Sarauta (2005)'' * ''[[Chetanna]]'' (2015) a matsayin Emeka * ''[[Brother's Keeper (2014 fim)|Mai Tsaron Ɗan'uwa]]'' (2014) a matsayin Mai Kisan Kai * ''<nowiki/>'Yar Asalin'' (2018) a matsayin Chike * ''An Sata'' (2019) * ''Nkem'' (2020) * ''Disunion'' (2020) a matsayin Kalu * ''Obidike'' (2022) a matsayin Obidike * ''Ajiye Gimbiya'' (2022) a matsayin Nkemjika * ''Haɗuwa Mai Kyau'' (2022) * ''Mr Wife'' (2023) a matsayin Chibuzor [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0m83gnuo0bhwund2ehyrpzfnw1mpmg2 869241 869240 2026-06-27T10:04:48Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350221454|Chigozie Atuanya]]" 869241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeal Chigozie Atuanya''' // ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1980) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa kuma ɗan kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezeh/Nigeriafilms.com |first=Maryjane |title=Chigozie Atunaya Leaving The Movies For The Field? - nigeriafilms.com |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605071530/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Nigeria: I'll Preserve Igbo Culture With Movies - Atuanya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602250115.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaba na Skybridimpex roof da Uncle Lala'sTV == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a [[Aba]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Najeriya, Atuanya ya fito daga Nri a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . <ref name="Staff">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Uyo Gist |date=2024-08-18 |title=Chigozie Atuanya Biography And Net Worth |url=https://www.uyomoneygist.com/2024/08/18/chigozie-atuanya-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Uyo Money Gist |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin gudanar da gwamnati daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]] . <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Sana'a == Atuanya ya fara fitowa a fina-finansa na farko a shekarar 1998 mai suna ''King Jaja of Opobo'' kuma tun daga lokacin ya fara shirya fina-finai da dama. <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com2">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Ya kasance abin koyi ga Delta Soap, yana fitowa a daya daga cikin tallace-tallacen talabijin dinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Birthday Mates: Chigozie Atuanya and Monalisa Chinda (Born September 13) - Nigeria Movie Network |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/birthday-mates-chigozie-atuanya-and-monalisa-chinda-born-september-13_959.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Atuanya ta auri Jennifer Obianuju Oranika, wacce ta kammala karatun lauya daga [[Igbinedion University|Jami'ar Igbinedion]], Jihar Edo. An yi auren ma'auratan a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2013, sannan aka yi auren fari a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weddings |first=BellaNaija |date=2013-08-03 |title=Nollywood Actor Chigozie Atuanya Ties the Knot with his damsel Jennifer Oranika |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/08/nollywood-actor-chigozie-atuanya-ties-the-knot-with-his-damsel-jennifer-oranike/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> Suna da 'ya mace, Kaima, wacce aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2014. == Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa == * ''Gargaɗi na Ƙarshe'' (2002) * ''Arziki Mai Tausayi'' (2003) * ''Babbar Uwa'' * ''Mala'ikana'' (2004) * ''Jin Daɗin Shawagi'' (2005) * ''Maciji Mai Tattaki 3'' * ''Mugun daji'' * ''<nowiki/>'Yan Lumba'' (2008) * ''Ƙungiyar Mata'' (2011) a matsayin Mike * ''Fararen Farauta'' (2010) * ''Jin Daɗin Ruwa'' (2005) a matsayin Robert * ''<nowiki/>'Yar'uwata Mai Daɗi'' (2006) * ''Matsa Biyu'' (2006) * ''Fadar Sarauta (2005)'' * ''[[Chetanna]]'' (2015) a matsayin Emeka * ''[[Brother's Keeper (2014 fim)|Mai Tsaron Ɗan'uwa]]'' (2014) a matsayin Mai Kisan Kai * ''<nowiki/>'Yar Asalin'' (2018) a matsayin Chike * ''An Sata'' (2019) * ''Nkem'' (2020) * ''Disunion'' (2020) a matsayin Kalu * ''Obidike'' (2022) a matsayin Obidike * ''Ajiye Gimbiya'' (2022) a matsayin Nkemjika * ''Haɗuwa Mai Kyau'' (2022) * ''Mr Wife'' (2023) a matsayin Chibuzor [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8xwitit6wzeqe9n617k9ag6zq7c2kfu 869242 869241 2026-06-27T10:05:43Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zeal Chigozie Atuanya''' // ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1980) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa kuma ɗan kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezeh/Nigeriafilms.com |first=Maryjane |title=Chigozie Atunaya Leaving The Movies For The Field? - nigeriafilms.com |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605071530/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Nigeria: I'll Preserve Igbo Culture With Movies - Atuanya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602250115.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaba na Skybridimpex roof da Uncle Lala'sTV == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a [[Aba]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Najeriya, Atuanya ya fito daga Nri a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . <ref name="Staff">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Uyo Gist |date=2024-08-18 |title=Chigozie Atuanya Biography And Net Worth |url=https://www.uyomoneygist.com/2024/08/18/chigozie-atuanya-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Uyo Money Gist |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin gudanar da gwamnati daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]] . <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Sana'a == Atuanya ya fara fitowa a fina-finansa na farko a shekarar 1998 mai suna ''King Jaja of Opobo'' kuma tun daga lokacin ya fara shirya fina-finai da dama. <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com2">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Ya kasance abin koyi ga Delta Soap, yana fitowa a daya daga cikin tallace-tallacen talabijin dinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Birthday Mates: Chigozie Atuanya and Monalisa Chinda (Born September 13) - Nigeria Movie Network |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/birthday-mates-chigozie-atuanya-and-monalisa-chinda-born-september-13_959.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Atuanya ta auri Jennifer Obianuju Oranika, wacce ta kammala karatun lauya daga [[Igbinedion University|Jami'ar Igbinedion]], Jihar Edo. An yi auren ma'auratan a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2013, sannan aka yi auren fari a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weddings |first=BellaNaija |date=2013-08-03 |title=Nollywood Actor Chigozie Atuanya Ties the Knot with his damsel Jennifer Oranika |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/08/nollywood-actor-chigozie-atuanya-ties-the-knot-with-his-damsel-jennifer-oranike/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> Suna da 'ya mace, Kaima, wacce aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2014. == Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa == * ''Gargaɗi na Ƙarshe'' (2002) * ''Arziki Mai Tausayi'' (2003) * ''Babbar Uwa'' * ''Mala'ikana'' (2004) * ''Jin Daɗin Shawagi'' (2005) * ''Maciji Mai Tattaki 3'' * ''Mugun daji'' * ''<nowiki/>'Yan Lumba'' (2008) * ''Ƙungiyar Mata'' (2011) a matsayin Mike * ''Fararen Farauta'' (2010) * ''Jin Daɗin Ruwa'' (2005) a matsayin Robert * ''<nowiki/>'Yar'uwata Mai Daɗi'' (2006) * ''Matsa Biyu'' (2006) * ''Fadar Sarauta (2005)'' * ''[[Chetanna]]'' (2015) a matsayin Emeka * ''[[Brother's Keeper (2014 fim)|Mai Tsaron Ɗan'uwa]]'' (2014) a matsayin Mai Kisan Kai * ''<nowiki/>'Yar Asalin'' (2018) a matsayin Chike * ''An Sata'' (2019) * ''Nkem'' (2020) * ''Disunion'' (2020) a matsayin Kalu * ''Obidike'' (2022) a matsayin Obidike * ''Ajiye Gimbiya'' (2022) a matsayin Nkemjika * ''Haɗuwa Mai Kyau'' (2022) * ''Mr Wife'' (2023) a matsayin Chibuzor [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6gg8dc8c8p51pzx5ed6syy0ot1d4yg7 869244 869242 2026-06-27T10:06:21Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zeal Chigozie Atuanya''' // ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1980) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa kuma ɗan kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezeh/Nigeriafilms.com |first=Maryjane |title=Chigozie Atunaya Leaving The Movies For The Field? - nigeriafilms.com |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605071530/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/29612/61/chigozie-atunaya-leaving-the-movies-for-the-field.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Nigeria: I'll Preserve Igbo Culture With Movies - Atuanya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602250115.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaba na Skybridimpex roof da Uncle Lala'sTV == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a [[Aba]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Najeriya, Atuanya ya fito daga Nri a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . <ref name="Staff">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Uyo Gist |date=2024-08-18 |title=Chigozie Atuanya Biography And Net Worth |url=https://www.uyomoneygist.com/2024/08/18/chigozie-atuanya-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Uyo Money Gist |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin gudanar da gwamnati daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]] . <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Sana'a == Atuanya ya fara fitowa a fina-finansa na farko a shekarar 1998 mai suna ''King Jaja of Opobo'' kuma tun daga lokacin ya fara shirya fina-finai da dama. <ref name="nollywoodcommunity.com2">{{Cite web |last= |date=13 September 2015 |title=Happy birthday to Chigozie Atuanya, born September 13! |url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132021/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/happy-birthday-to-chigozie-atuanya-born-september-13/ |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Ya kasance abin koyi ga Delta Soap, yana fitowa a daya daga cikin tallace-tallacen talabijin dinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Birthday Mates: Chigozie Atuanya and Monalisa Chinda (Born September 13) - Nigeria Movie Network |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/birthday-mates-chigozie-atuanya-and-monalisa-chinda-born-september-13_959.html |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Atuanya ta auri Jennifer Obianuju Oranika, wacce ta kammala karatun lauya daga [[Igbinedion University|Jami'ar Igbinedion]], Jihar Edo. An yi auren ma'auratan a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2013, sannan aka yi auren fari a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weddings |first=BellaNaija |date=2013-08-03 |title=Nollywood Actor Chigozie Atuanya Ties the Knot with his damsel Jennifer Oranika |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/08/nollywood-actor-chigozie-atuanya-ties-the-knot-with-his-damsel-jennifer-oranike/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> Suna da 'ya mace, Kaima, wacce aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2014. == Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa == * ''Gargaɗi na Ƙarshe'' (2002) * ''Arziki Mai Tausayi'' (2003) * ''Babbar Uwa'' * ''Mala'ikana'' (2004) * ''Jin Daɗin Shawagi'' (2005) * ''Maciji Mai Tattaki 3'' * ''Mugun daji'' * ''<nowiki/>'Yan Lumba'' (2008) * ''Ƙungiyar Mata'' (2011) a matsayin Mike * ''Fararen Farauta'' (2010) * ''Jin Daɗin Ruwa'' (2005) a matsayin Robert * ''<nowiki/>'Yar'uwata Mai Daɗi'' (2006) * ''Matsa Biyu'' (2006) * ''Fadar Sarauta (2005)'' * ''[[Chetanna]]'' (2015) a matsayin Emeka * ''[[Brother's Keeper (2014 fim)|Mai Tsaron Ɗan'uwa]]'' (2014) a matsayin Mai Kisan Kai * ''<nowiki/>'Yar Asalin'' (2018) a matsayin Chike * ''An Sata'' (2019) * ''Nkem'' (2020) * ''Disunion'' (2020) a matsayin Kalu * ''Obidike'' (2022) a matsayin Obidike * ''Ajiye Gimbiya'' (2022) a matsayin Nkemjika * ''Haɗuwa Mai Kyau'' (2022) * ''Mr Wife'' (2023) a matsayin Chibuzor [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta tfrjih5znxjiuxo5dkb8bk3uhtznu15 0 23813 868845 799545 2026-06-26T18:08:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:2008 Orange Bowl Trophy.jpg|thumb|Wani kofin kenan na gasar Orange Bowl]] [[Fayil:2008 Orange Bowl Trophy.jpg|thumb|Orange bowl]] [[Fayil:Orange bowl 041.jpg|thumb|Orande bowl]] '''2008 FedEx Orange kwano''' wani post-kakar kwaleji kwallon kafa tasa wasan tsakanin Virginia Tech Hokies da Kansas Jayhawks a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2008, at Dolphin Stadium a Miami gidãjen Aljanna, [[Florida]] . Masu yada cin amana sun fifita Virginia Tech da maki uku, amma a wasan da aka mamaye da kariya da kungiyoyi na musamman, Kansas ta doke Virginia Tech 24 &#x2013; 21. Wasan ya kasance wani ɓangare na shekarar 2007 &#x2013; 08 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) na 2007 NCAA Division I FBS lokacin ƙwallon ƙafa kuma shi ne wasan kam'mala kakar na duka ƙungiyoyin biyu. Wan'nan tallan na Orange Bowl karo na 74 an watsa shi a Amurka akan FOX kuma sama da masu kallo miliyan takwas ne suka kalla. Wasan da ya gudana tsakanin zakaran ACC na Virginia Tech Hokies na biyar da Kansas Jayhawks na takwas daga Bab'ban taron 12 (Big 12) an kuma buga shi ne a filin wasa na Dolphins tsaka tsaki. Tech yayi aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar gida a cikin gasar. Virginia Tech ta atomatik ta cancanci zuwa Orange Bowl ta hanyar haɗin ACC tare da kwano, yayin da Orange Bowl ta zaɓi Kansas a kan West Virginia, wanda ya ɓata rai a lokacin 4 &#x2013; 7 Pittsburgh, da abokin hamayyar taron Missouri . Makon'ni biyu bayan zaɓin Kansas, rikice-rikice sun ɓarke lokacin da aka bayyana yarjejeniya don sanya Oklahoma mai lamba 4 akan Virginia Tech. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance kwamitocin BCS sun yi fatali da yarjejeniyar, kuma an zabi zabar Kansas. Wasan ya nuna a karo na farko da Jayhawks ya je Orange Bowl tun daga 1969 Orange Bowl kuma shi ne wasan su na farko da suka fara tun bayan 2005 Fort Worth Bowl, lokacin da suka ci Houston 41 &#x2013; 13. Virginia Tech ta buga wasan karshe a wasan Orange Bowl a watan Disambar 1996, inda ta sha kashi a han'nun Nebraska 21 &#x2013; 41. Kwancen Orange Bowl na 2008 shine lokacin fasaha na Virginia Tech na 15th a jere tare da wasan kwano, wata hanyar da ta dace da Kwancin 'Yancin kai na 1993. Kansas quarterback Todd Reesing ya kam'mala 20 na 37&nbsp;ya wuce don 227&nbsp;yadud'duka, daya&nbsp;tabawa, kuma daya&nbsp;tsangwama . A gefe guda na ball, Virginia Tech quarterback Sean Glennon ya gama wasan 13&nbsp;na 28&nbsp;wucewa, yana samun 160&nbsp;yadud'duka, daya&nbsp;tabawa da biyu&nbsp;tsangwama. Kansib cornerback Aqib Talib, wanda dawowarsa ta 60 yadi don tabawa ya baiwa Kansas jagorarta ta farko a wasan, ta lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Dan wasa . Bayan wasan, Talib ya kasance ɗayan 'yan wasa da yawa daga ƙungiyoyin biyu don sanar da niyyar shiga Tsarin NFL na 2008 . [[File:KU-VT_Orange_Bowl_Helmets.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Kwamishinonin Wasannin Wasannin Bowl da Kwamitin Orange Bowl kwamitin sun zaɓi Kansas da Virginia Tech don yin wasa a cikin 2008 Orange Bowl.]] A matsayinta na zakarun taron Yankin Tekun Atlantika, an baiwa Virginia Tech kyautar ta atomatik zuwa wasan Orange Bowl . <ref>[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/recaps/20071202aaa.html Hokies to face Kansas in FedEx Orange Bowl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208154809/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/recaps/20071202aaa.html |date=2007-12-08 }} Virginia Tech Sports Information Department, December 3, 2007.</ref> Takad'dun ACC na atomatik sakamakon yarjejeniyar bazata ne bayan fara wasan ACC Championship Game wanda ya baiwa wanda ya lashe ACC Championship Game kyautar kai tsaye zuwa Orange Bowl sai dai idan yana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Bowl don taka leda a ciki wasan Gasar Kasa. === Virginia Tech === Virginia Tech Hokies sun fara 2007&nbsp;lokacin ƙwallon ƙafa tare da so da tunani. Kamar yadda Virginia Tech ta murmure daga mummunan harbin makaranta a tarihin Amurka, ƙwallon ƙafa ya zama wata hanya don taimaka wa jami'ar ta warke cikin haushi. Wasan bude kakar, a ranar 1 ga Satumbar, 2007, ya sabawa Jami'ar East Carolina kuma ya gabatar da bukukuwa da yawa na tunawa da bikin. Da yake cike da motsin rai na yau, Hokies sun sami nasarar 17 &#x2013; 7. <ref>[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/recaps/20070901aaa.html Hokies hold off East Carolina, 17-7, in season opener] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105223522/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/recaps/20070901aaa.html |date=2008-01-05 }} Matt Kovatch, ''Hokiesports.com the Newspaper'', September 1, 2007.</ref> Wasan su na gaba ba zai zama da sauki ba. Mako guda baya, Virginia Tech tayi tafiya zuwa Baton Rouge, [[Louisiana]] don fuskantar A'a.&nbsp;2 Tigers na Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana . An yi la'akari da Tigers sosai a lokacin zaɓe kafin lokacin kakar wasa a matsayin waɗanda aka fi so su taka leda a Gasar Cin Kofin Nationalasar kuma sun mamaye Hokies a gaban taron jama'ar gida, 48 &#x2013; 7. <ref>[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/recaps/20070909aaa.html Tigers swarm Hokies in Death Valley, 48-7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105223526/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/recaps/20070909aaa.html |date=2008-01-05 }} Virginia Tech Sports Information Department, September 9, 2007.</ref> Dangane da shan kayen Hokies, Virginia Tech ta zaɓi fara sabon juyi da sabon shiri na cin fuska. Bayan sabon ɗan wasa Tyrod Taylor, 'yan Hokies sun sami nasarori biyar kai tsaye, gami da nasara akan A'a.&nbsp;22 Clemson ta 18&nbsp;maki. <ref>[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/recaps/20071006aaa.html Hokies 'special' in 41-23 win over Clemson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105223532/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/recaps/20071006aaa.html |date=2008-01-05 }} Virginia Tech Sports Information Department, October 6, 2007.</ref> Yayin nasarar nasara, Sean Glennon, wanda ya fara buga wasan baya ga Hokies a lokacin wasannin farko biyu na kakar, ya koma wasu abubuwan mallaka tare da Taylor a cikin wani tsarin da ba na biyun ba. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, Hokies suna da damar da za su iya rama asarar farkon lokacinsu ga LSU lokacin da suka fuskanci A'a.&nbsp;2 Kwalejin Boston a daren Alhamis a Blacksburg, [[Virginia]] . Kodayake Hokies sun mamaye yawancin wasan, Kwalejin Koleji ta Boston Matt Ryan ya yi nasarar dawowar ƙarshen wasan don lashe wasan 14 &#x2013; 10 tare da 11&nbsp;sakan da suka rage. <ref>[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/recaps/20071025aaa.html BC rains on Hokies' parade with 14-10 victory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201122838/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/recaps/20071025aaa.html |date=2007-12-01 }} Virginia Tech Sports Information Department, October 25, 2007.</ref> [[Fayil:2008 Orange Bowl Halftime Show teardown.jpg|thumb|2008 Orange Bowl]] Tare da cin nasara sau huɗu a jere bayan asarar, gami da nasara akan sannan-A'a.&nbsp;16 Virginia, Hokies sun sami nasarar Yankin Yankin gabar teku kuma sun sami damar zuwa 2007 ACC Championship Game a Jacksonville, Florida . <ref>[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/recaps/20071124aaa.html Hokies win Coastal division with 33&#x2013;21 defeat of UVa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128014457/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/recaps/20071124aaa.html |date=2007-11-28 }} Virginia Tech Sports Information Department, November 24, 2007.</ref> A can, sun sake fuskantar sakewa tare da Kwalejin Boston, zakarun rukunin Atlantic. Kamar yadda yake a cikin wasan da ya gabata, tsaro ya mamaye, am'ma ba kamar a farkon wasan ba, Matt Ryan bai sami damar cin nasarar ba. Biyu huɗu-kwata interceptions ta Virginia Tech shãfe haske da Hokie nasara da kuma wani atomatik karo da Orange kwano game. <ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=273350103 Hokies ride Glennon's arm, Taylor's legs to ACC crown] ESPN.com, December 1, 2007. </ref> === Kansas === Kansas ya fara 2007&nbsp;lokacin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa bai kula ba kuma ba tare da la'akari da yawa ba daga kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa. A cikin buɗe ƙwallon ƙafa na Associated Press na 2007&nbsp;kakar, Kansas ba ta sami kuri'a ɗaya ba. Daga wasan su na farko na shekara, Jayhawks sun fara burge masu jefa kuri'a da ingancin aiki. Da Kungiyar Ba -Amurke na Amurka a tsakanin Babban Jami’ar Michigan, Kansas ta ci 52&nbsp;maki yayin ba da izinin taɓawa ɗaya kawai. <ref>[http://www2.kusports.com/news/2007/sep/02/flyin_high/?football Flyin' high] Ryan Wood, ''Lawrence Journal-World'', September 2, 2007. </ref> A cikin wasanni uku masu zuwa, Kansas ya rinjayi abokan hamayyarsa 162-16. <ref>[http://www2.kusports.com/football/schedule/2007/ 2007 Football Schedule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227003749/http://www2.kusports.com/football/schedule/2007/ |date=2007-12-27 }} ''Lawrence Journal-World''.</ref> Kamar yadda jadawalin Big 12 na Kansas ya fara, hanyoyin nasara na Jayhawks sun ci gaba, yayin da suka tabbatar da kansu game da halattacciyar gasar. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, Kansas ta yi tafiya zuwa Manhattan, [[Kansas]], gidan mai lambar A-lokacin.&nbsp;24 Jami'ar Jihar Kansas don wasan buɗewa na Babban&nbsp;12 jadawalin. <ref>[http://www.espn.com/college-football/team/schedule/_/id/2305/year/2007 Kansas Jayhawks Schedule – 2007] ESPN.com. </ref> A gaban 50,924&nbsp;magoya baya masu adawa, Kansas quarterback Todd Reesing sun yi gwagwarmaya a karon farko a kakar. <ref name="KSU-KU">[http://www2.kusports.com/news/2007/oct/07/beyond_doubt/?football Beyond a doubt] Ryan Wood, ''Lawrence Journal-World'', October 7, 2007. </ref> Late a cikin kwata na huɗu, Reesing ya jefa ƙwallo wanda ya tashi daga facemask na mai karɓar mai karɓar Dexton Fields kafin a kama shi. Sakawar ta kafa wata matsala ta jihar Kansas wacce ta sanya Kansas cikin &#x2013; 21 saura mintuna bakwai da rabi. Reesing da Jayhawks sun buge da sauri, duk da haka, kuma sun zira kwallaye tazara 30 don ɗaukar jagora zuwa kyakkyawa. Tare da nasarar, Kansas ta shiga cikin martabar saman&nbsp;Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kwaleji 25 a kasar a karon farko tun 1996, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eighth-Ranked Kansas Football To Host Nebraska Saturday At 11:30 a.m. |url=http://kuathletics.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/102907aab.html |access-date=2021-08-12 |archive-date=2008-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105065437/http://kuathletics.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/102907aab.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> shiga cikin AP Poll a lamba 20. A cikin makonni shida masu zuwa, Kansas ya ci gaba da nemo hanyoyin cin nasara. Abokan hamayyar Jayhawk na gargajiya kamar su Nebraska, Oklahoma State, da Texas A&amp;amp;M sun sha kaye a lokacin kakar, kuma Kansas ta hau kan matsayin ƙasa. Ta 13th&nbsp;mako na kakar, an saita filin don wasan kwaikwayo game da kishiyar gargajiya ta Kansas, Missouri. <ref name="KU-MU">[http://www2.kusports.com/news/2007/nov/25/kus_perfect_season_spoiled_tigers/?football KU's perfect season spoiled by Tigers] Ryan Wood, ''Lawrence Journal-World'', November 25, 2007. </ref> Saboda yarjejeniya da aka riga aka yi, an buga bugun kan iyaka na 2007 a Kansas City, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]], a Filin wasa na Arrowhead, gidan Footballungiyar Kwallon Kwallon Kasa ta Kansas City Chiefs . A gaban sama da 80,000&nbsp;magoya baya, A'a.&nbsp;4 Missouri ta kayar da No.&nbsp;2 Kansas 36 &#x2013; 28 don baiwa Jayhawks asararsu ta farko a kakar. <ref name="KU-MU"/> Missouri, tare da nasara, ya sami tafiya zuwa Big 12 Championship Game. A cikin wannan wasan, Oklahoma ya ci Missouri 38 &#x2013; 17 don samun kyautar kai tsaye ga 2008 Fiesta Bowl . <ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=ncf&id=3160608 Oklahoma's dominance, Big 12 North's resurgence highlight season] Tim Griffin, ESPN.com, December 14, 2007. </ref> Saboda asarar ta ba Missouri karo na biyu na shekara, Kansas, wanda ya sha kashi ga Tigers, an zaɓi shi a matsayin babban zaɓi ta hanyar BCS kuma ya sami tafiya zuwa Orange Bowl. <ref>[http://www2.kusports.com/news/2007/dec/02/ku_play_virginia_tech_orange_bowl_jan_3/?football KU to play Virginia Tech in Orange Bowl on Jan. 3] ''Lawrence Journal-World'', December 2, 2007. </ref> === Rigima === Kodayake zaɓin Virginia Tech ta hanyar tayin atomatik ba shi da nutsuwa, zaɓin Kansas ya haifar da rikici mai yawa. Kansas ta sha kashi a hannun Big&nbsp;12 wanda ya zo na biyu a Missouri kuma yana da ƙarancin Matsayi na Bowwallon Bowl fiye da Tigers. <ref name="Missouri argument">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208105446/http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2007/12/04/orange-bowl-one-loss-better-two/ Orange Bowl: One loss is better than two] Dan Angell, the ''Missourian'', December 4, 2007.</ref> Wasu sun gaskata cewa ya kamata a zaɓi Missouri a gaban Kansas saboda sun kayar da Kansas kuma saboda sun taka rawa a cikin Big&nbsp;Wasan Gasar 12. A cewar jami'an BCS, duk da haka, asarar Missouri guda biyu ta kasance mafi lahani fiye da asarar Kansas daya da rashin wasan gasar gaba. Pundits da magoya baya waɗanda suka yi adawa da zaɓin Kansas sun nuna ƙarfin jadawalin Jayhawks, wanda a wani lokaci a lokacin lokacin ya yi ƙasa da 109 daga 119&nbsp;Iungiyoyin Division I. <ref name="MSNBC preview">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080218100202/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/6657620/ Bowl Breakdowns: Kansas vs. ]</ref> A lokacin zaɓin BCS, duk da haka, ƙarfin jadawalin Kansas ya hau da ɗan kaɗan, ya kai 88th a cikin martabar Sagarin da 74th a cikin darajar CBS. <ref name="CBS Rankings">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071206063741/http://www.sportsline.com/collegefootball/polls/119 Polls] Sportsline.com. </ref> Matsayi na ƙarshe ya ƙididdige jadawalin Kansas kamar yadda ya fi Hawaii wuya, wanda kuma aka zaɓa don wasa a cikin BCS. Tsananta halin da ake ciki shine gaskiyar cewa Kansas da Missouri suna da ɗayan mafi girman hamayya a cikin kwalejin kwallon kafa. An san shi da Yakin Ballaka, asalin hamayyar ya samo asali ne tun shekarun da suka gabata kafin yakin basasar Amurka . <ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/04/sports/FBC-T25-Missouri-BCS-Snub.php BCS snub, Kansas getting picked for Orange Bowl riles Missouri fans] The Associated Press, December 4, 2007. </ref> Makonni biyu bayan zaɓin Kansas, har yanzu wani rikici ya sake faruwa lokacin da aka bayyana cewa Babban&nbsp;12 da jami'an ACC sun yi yarjejeniya don fasalin wasan kwaikwayon Oklahoma / Virginia Tech a cikin Orange Bowl a cikin awannin da suka kai ga zaɓin ƙarshe. Oklahoma, wanda ya fara ba da shawarar, ya nemi da ya fuskanci babban abokin hamayyar BCS sannan akwai, wanda zai kasance Virginia Tech (wanda ya zo na 3 a cikin BCS). A yadda aka saba, Oklahoma, 2007&nbsp;Babba&nbsp;12 Gwarzo, da an yi wasa a cikin Fiesta Bowl, wanda ke riƙe da haƙƙin atomatik na Big&nbsp;12 Gasar ta BCS ta Gasar. Aarin sanannen magana a cikin kwangilar Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Bowl, duk da haka, yana ba da izini ga kwamishinoni na BCS su yi watsi da wannan tayin idan ƙungiyar da aka zaɓa ta atomatik ta buga wasan a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, ko don ƙirƙirar wasan da ya fi ban sha'awa. Oklahoma ya taka leda a 2007 Fiesta Bowl kuma ya zama cikakke ɗan takara don aiwatar da sashin. An bayar da rahoton cewa wakilai daga tasoshin Orange da Fiesta sun yi yarjejeniyar musayar Oklahoma da Kansas da Dan Beebe, kwamishina daga Babban&nbsp;12, ya gabatar da shirin ga kwamitin BCS. Sauran kwamishinonin BCS da suka rage sun yi watsi da bukatar (tare da manyan kwamishinonin Big 12, ACC da Big East kawai) kuma suka girmama ainihin zabin Kansas na Orange Bowl kuma ya tilasta Oklahoma ya karbi Fiesta Bowl Bid na atomatik. Fitar da wannan shirin ya hargitsa magoya baya da yawa a makarantun biyu da kuma duk fadin kasar, wadanda suka fahimci cewa wasan (4) Oklahoma- (3) Virginia Tech zai dace da wasan (8) Kansas- (3) Virginia Tech. Abin mamaki, yayin da ake ganin Oklahoma-Virginia Tech a matsayin mafi kyawun wasa saboda matsayinsu mai girma, ƙungiyoyin biyu sun ci gaba da damuwa da ƙananan ƙungiya tare da Oklahoma sun rasa 48-28 zuwa (9) West Virginia. [[File:Media_attention.jpg|right|thumb|416x416px| Hanyoyin watsa labaru na Orange Bowl na 2008 suna da yawa.]] Most pre-game media and popular coverage of the 2008 Orange Bowl focused on the matchup between Kansas's No.&nbsp;2 scoring offense and Virginia Tech's No.&nbsp;2 scoring defense. Outside factors, such as coaching, previous experience, and fan support were also considered in pre-game analysis of the matchup. Outside story lines included Virginia Tech's recovery from the Virginia Tech Massacre, recovery from late-season losses suffered by each team (against Missouri for Kansas and against Boston College for Virginia Tech). === Wasan wasa masu ban tsoro === ==== Kansas ==== Shiga cikin Bowl Bowl, Kansas ya kasance na biyu a cikin ƙasar da ke cin ƙwallo (44.3) kuma na shida a yadi a kowane wasa (491). <ref name="AP announcement">Tim Reynolds, "Orange Bowl: Va. Tech Vs. Kansas". </ref> Kansas ta ci 40 ko sama da maki takwas&nbsp;sau a lokacin 2007&nbsp;kakar kuma ya ci 50&nbsp;maki sau biyar. <ref name="VT Game Notes">[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/notes/01032008.pdf 2008 Orange Bowl Game Notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227092521/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/notes/01032008.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }} (PDF) Virginia Tech Sports Information Department, Hokiesports.com, December 20, 2007.</ref> Kansas ta kasa wasan An jagorancin guje baya Brandon McAnderson, wanda a kaddarance 87,5&nbsp;yadudduka a kowane wasa yayin 2007&nbsp;kakar kuma ya sami 1,050&nbsp;yadudduka da 16&nbsp;taɓawa a cikin kakar da ke kaiwa ga Bowl Bowl. Ta hanyar iska, Kansas quarterback Todd Reesing ya sami daraja ta 11 mafi girma a cikin ƙasar, yana ɗaukar kimanin 152.41&nbsp;kimar kwata-kwata a 2007. Reesing ya kammala 62.6% na fasinjojin sa yayin 2007&nbsp;kakar, yana samun 3,259&nbsp;yadud'duka, 32&nbsp;taɓawa, kuma kawai shida&nbsp;tsangwama. Reesing wanda aka fi so karba shi ne Marcus Henry, wanda ya kasance A'a.&nbsp;29 a kasar don wucewar yadin, matsakaita ya wuce 82&nbsp;karɓar yadudduka a kowane wasa. A lokacin 2007, Henry ya sami 994&nbsp;yadudduka da tara&nbsp;tabawa. A kan layin da aka yi, Jayhawks ya jagoranci jagorancin Amurka na hagu Anthony Collins, wanda ya kammala a matsayin wanda ya kai wasan karshe na Outland Trophy, wanda aka ba shi mafi kyawun dan wasan kwallon kafa na kwaleji. <ref>Randall Mell, "Orange Bowl: Kansas' Anthony Collins is large and in charge". </ref> Saboda tasirin Jayhawks akan laifi, sun zura kwallon kawai 46&nbsp;sau a lokacin 2007&nbsp;kakar, ta bakwai mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin Rukunin I. <ref>[https://archive.is/20070823052421/http://www.inrich.com/cva/ric/sports/colleges.apx.-content-articles-RTD-2008-01-03-0135.html Orange Bowl Notes] Inrich.com, January 3, 2008. </ref> ==== Virginia Tech ==== Virginia Tech ta ba da sabon tsarin kwata-kwata biyu akan laifi, kamar yadda masu biyun Sean Glennon da Tyrod Taylor suka raba lokaci a bayan cibiyar . Kodayake baƙon abu, tsarin ya sami nasarar jagorantar Hokies zuwa Gasar ACC ta biyu a cikin huɗu&nbsp;shekaru. A lokacin 2007&nbsp;lokacin yau da kullun, Glennon ya jefa don 1,636&nbsp;yadudduka da 11&nbsp;taɓawa, kammala 63&nbsp;kashi na wucewarsa. Taylor, yayin, ya wuce don 916&nbsp;yadud'duka da biyar&nbsp;taɓawa yayin kuma da hanzari don 431&nbsp;yadud'duka. <ref name="VT Game Notes2">[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/notes/01032008.pdf 2008 Orange Bowl Game Notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227092521/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/notes/01032008.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }} (PDF) Virginia Tech Sports Information Department, Hokiesports.com, December 20, 2007.</ref> Wasu masana sun yi hasashen Kansas na iya samun matsala tare da motsawar Taylor, saboda salon wasan sa ya yi kama da na Missouri na Chase Daniel, wanda ya ba Kansas asarar asarar 2007 kawai.&nbsp;kakar. <ref name="MSNBC preview"/> A ɗaya gefen ƙarshen laifin na Virginia Tech ƙungiyar masu karɓar karɓa ne, waɗanda manyan masu karɓar Eddie Royal da Josh Morgan suka jagoranta. Morgan shine mai karɓar matsayi na biyar a tarihin Virginia Tech, bayan da ya samu 1,787&nbsp;karbar yadudduka. Royal shi ne na shida, bayan da ya samu 1,767&nbsp;yadudduka. Biyu daga sauran masu karɓar Tech, Josh Hyman da Justin Harper, sun yi rajista 1,138&nbsp;da 1,274&nbsp;karɓar yadudduka kowan'nensu, alama ce ta farko a tarihin Fasaha ta Virginia cewa Hokies suna da masu karɓar yadi huɗu daban-daban a cikin ƙungiya ɗaya. A ƙasa, Hokies sun jagoranci jagorancin Branden Ore, wanda ya ruga don 876&nbsp;yadud'duka da takwas&nbsp;taɓawa yayin lokacin yau da kullun. Mako guda kafin Orange Bowl, masu horar da fasaha sun bayyana cewa za a dakatar da Ore a farkon kwata na wasan da Kansas a matsayin azaba saboda nunawa a ƙarshen wasan Hokies na wasan farko. An maye gurbin Ore da ɗan shekara biyu Kenny Lewis Jr. === Wasannin tsaro === ==== Virginia Tech ==== Virginia Tech ta gama kakar a matsayi na biyu na kasa a maki da aka ba da izinin wasa (15.5) kuma na huɗu a cikin ƙasa a cikin yadin da aka yarda (293). <ref name="AP announcement">Tim Reynolds, "Orange Bowl: Va. Tech Vs. Kansas". </ref> Hokies ba su ba da izinin kashi na huɗu cikin biyar ba&nbsp;wasanni bayan bada 14&nbsp;maki huɗu zuwa huɗu zuwa Kwalejin Boston a Blacksburg . Wani dan wasa mai mahim'manci a tsaron Virginia Tech shine dan wasan baya Xavier Adibi, wanda ya ci kwallonsa ta uku a wasan ACC Championship Game da Boston College. Adibi, tare da dan wasan baya na Vince Hall, sun kasance "mafi kyaun 'yan wasan biyu na kasar a cikin kasar," a cewar mai sharhin ESPN Chris Spielman. Tasirin Hall yana da, duk da haka, an iyakance shi a cikin 2007&nbsp;kakar ta karye wuyan hannu ya sha wahala akan Clemson. Hall ya rasa wasanni hudu tare da raunin, am'ma ya dawo don buga wasanni uku na ƙarshe na kakar don Virginia Tech kuma ya yi alkawarin za a nuna shi sosai a cikin 2008 Orange Bowl. <ref name="VT Game Notes2"/> Ajiye wa masu amfani da layin Virginia Tech babbar filin baya ne, wanda ya samar da 12&nbsp;NFL zaba zaba a cikin shekaru tara kafin 2007 kakar. Primary daga cikin backfield 'yan wasa sun cornerbacks Victor Harris da Brandon Flowers, wanda Sports kwatanta .com kira "watakila mafi kyau cornerback Duo a cikin kasar". ==== Kansas ==== Kansas, a halin yanzu, ba a girmama shi sosai a kan tsaro ba kuma ya zo cikin 2008 Orange Bowl yana cikin 57th&nbsp;na ƙasa a cikin kariya ta tsaro. A ƙasa, duk da haka, Kansas ya kasance mafi girma, na shida a cikin ƙasar. Bugu da kari, Kansas ya ba da izinin 16 kawai&nbsp;maki a kowane wasa, mai kyau isa don zama na huɗu a cikin ƙasa. Babban ɓangare na wan'nan gudu shine tsaron kare James McClinton, wanda aka laƙaba mai Babban&nbsp;12 na Tsaron Lineman na Shekarar kuma ya sami daraja ta ƙungiyar All-America ta biyu. McClinton ya gama kakar wasanni ta 2007 da 10.5&nbsp;tackles ga asarar da kuma yi musu wa'adi fiye na wannan ga Orange kwano. Kyaftin din tawagar tsaron Jayhawk, a halin yanzu, ya kasance dan Amurka ne mai kusurwa da baya Aqib Talib . Talib kuma ya kasance mai barazanar aikata laifi, inda ya kama takwas&nbsp;ya wuce, ciki har da huɗu&nbsp;taɓawa, yayin lokacin yau da kullun. <ref>[http://www.espn.com/college-football/team/stats/_/id/2305/year/2007 Kansas Jayhawks Stats – 2007] ESPN.com. </ref> == Takaita wasa == {{Wide image|2008 Orange Bowl Panorama.JPG|1000px|A panoramic view of the 2008 Orange Bowl shows the stands of [[Dolphin Stadium]] packed with [[University of Kansas|Kansas]] and [[Virginia Tech]] fans on the night of January 3, 2008.}} [[File:08_OB_National_Anthem.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Katharine McPhee tana rera taken ƙasa a 2008 Orange Bowl.]] Kwancen Orange Bowl na 2008 ya fara aiki a 8:30 na&nbsp; maraice EST a filin wasa na Dolphin a cikin Miami Gardens, Florida . An jera halarta ga wasan a matsayin 74,111 (karo na takwas a jere na Orange Bowl sellout), <ref name="Scoring summary">[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/stats/20080103.html#GAME.SUM Scoring Summary (Final)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211145818/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/stats/20080103.html#GAME.SUM |date=2008-02-11 }} Virginia Tech Sports Information, Hokiesports.com, January 4, 2008.</ref> am'ma ainihin halartar ya bayyana ya zama ƙasa, kuma yawancin ɓangarorin bene na filin wasan ba su cika. <ref>Lapointe, Joe. </ref> Kimanin 15&nbsp;miliyoyin masu kallo sun kalli wasan, suna samun damar watsa shirye-shiryen Nielsen da 7.4. <ref>Fox Sports. [http://www.bcsfootball.org/bcsfb/tvratings "2007-08 Bowl Game TV Ratings"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131214104/http://www.bcsfootball.org/bcsfb/tvratings |date=2009-01-31 }}, BCSfootball.com.</ref> Watsa shirye-shiryen Orange Bowl na 2008 shine wasan kwano kawai na BCS don nuna tashi a cikin masu kallon talabijin akan watsawar lokacin da ta gabata, saboda 2007 Orange Bowl kawai ta sami darajar Nielsen ta 7.0. <ref>The Business of Sports: Atlanta bucks BCS decline. </ref> Katharine McPhee wacce ta zo ta biyu a bautar Amurka Idol ce ta rera taken. <ref>Wood, Ryan. </ref> Kyautar tsabar kudin ta nuna tsoffin tauraruwar tauraruwa a makarantun biyu, Bruce Smith na Virginia Tech da Gale Sayers na Kansas. <ref>[http://www.kuathletics.com/news/2008/1/4/010408aaa_561.aspx?print=true Defense Leads Eighth-Ranked Jayhawks to 24–21 Orange Bowl Victory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220040822/http://www.kuathletics.com/news/2008/1/4/010408aaa_561.aspx?print=true |date=2016-12-20 }}, University of Kansas, January 4, 2008.</ref> Kansas ta ci nasara kuma aka zaba don jinkirta zabinta har zuwa rabi na biyu. Virginia Tech ta zaɓi karɓar ƙwallo don fara wasan. Kansas za ta karɓi ƙwallo don fara rabi na biyu. A kickoff, yanayin yanayin iska ya kasance mai sanyi ga Miami a {{Convert|57|°F|°C}} , kuma sararin samaniya yayi hadari da ruwan sama mai tsawa. <ref name="Scoring summary"/> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080105161621/http://www.wset.com/news/stories/0108/484964.html Cold Weather Reaches Orange Bowl] Matt Dreyer, ABC 13, WSET.com, January 3, 2008. </ref> === Na farko kwata === [[File:Eddie_Royal_kick_return.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Virginia Tech's Eddie Royal filaye kuma ya dawo da buɗe wasan wasan.]] Eddie Royal na Virginia Tech ya gabatar da bude wasan daga Kansas kicker Scott Webb, ya dawo dashi 59&nbsp;yadudduka zuwa layin yadi-41 na Kansas. Dawowar ta baiwa Virginia Tech laifi mai kyau a fagen fara wasan. Tech quarterback Sean Glennon da alaka a kan wani 11-yadi da izinin zuwa Justin Harper ga wata na farko saukar a kan bude play na wasan, amma Kansas ' tsaron fāriya a kan m plays. Bayan Tyrod Taylor na Virginia Tech ya shiga wasan ne a wasan baya, Kansas ta kori Taylor sau biyu, tana turawa Virginia Tech 19&nbsp;yadudduka baya, daga filin burin filin. Saboda sacks, Virginia Tech aka tilasta punt da ball tafi ba tare da ya zura kwallo a wani maki. <ref name="1st"/> An saukar da puntin a yankin ƙarshe don taɓawa, kuma Kansas ta fara mallakar wasan farko na cin mutunci a layinta na 20-yard. Kansas quarterback Todd Reesing ya tabbatar da tasiri sosai, ya kam'mala shida daga cikin takwas&nbsp;ya wuce yayin tuƙi kuma yana hanzari don biyar&nbsp;yadudduka a kan kwata-kwata kwata-kwata . Reesing ya kori laifin Kansas zuwa yankin Virginia Tech, amma bayan da Orion Martin na Tech ya kori Reesing, Kansas ta kasa samun damar farko sannan aka tura Scott Webb cikin wasan don kokarin burin filin 44-yadi. Kwallon Webb ya tashi cikin faifai masu fa'ida, duk da haka, wasan bai ci nasara ba tare da 6:44 ya rage a farkon kwata. <ref name="1st"/> Bayan makasudin filin da aka rasa, Virginia Tech ta karɓi laifi a layinta na 27-nasa. Komawa baya Kenny Lewis, Jr., wanda ya maye gurbin Branden Ore da aka dakatar, ya gudu ne karo na farko, kuma Tyrod Taylor ya haɗu a kan hanyar yadi 11 zuwa Eddie Royal don wani farkon sauka. Yanzu a cikin yankin Kansas, Taylor yayi ƙoƙari ya sake wucewa. Kansib All-American corner Aqib Talib ya yi tsalle tsakanin jifan Taylor da mai karba, yana kutse kwallon. Talib ya dawo da sakon'nin 60&nbsp;yadudduka zuwa yankin ƙarshe don taɓawa ta Kansas, maki na farko na wasan. Arin bugun dagawa da Scott Webb ya yi ya ci 7 &#x2013; 0 Kansas tare da 5:15 saura a cikin kwata. <ref name="1st">[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/playbyplay?gameId=280030259&period=1 1st Qtr Play-by-Play] ESPN.com, January 3, 2008. </ref> Da yake takawa zuwa ƙarshen yankin, Aqib Talib ya aikata azabtar da yadi-yadi na 15 ba tare da wasa ba, wanda aka tilasta akan wasan bayan ci nasara. Fanaritin, haɗe tare da kyakkyawar bugun daga Virginia Tech, ya ba wa Hokies kyakkyawan filin wasa don mallakar mallakarsu karo na uku. Quanterback Sean Glennon ya sami fa'ida a wan'nan matsayin filin, yana haɗuwa a kan hanyar 24-yard zuwa babban mai karɓar Justin Harper. Kamawa ya tura Virginia Tech a cikin yankin Kansas kuma da alama sun kafa laifin Hokie don farkon cin wasan. Bayan biyu&nbsp;wasa don rashin riba da asarar yadi biyar lokacin da aka kori Glennon daga James Holt, Virginia Tech ta tilasta yin ƙoƙari na burin filin 49-yadi. Kwallon Jud Dunlevy bai taka kara ya karya ba, am'ma, kuma an hana Virginia Tech ci. Kansas ta dawo da gajeren bugun, wanda ya faɗi a yankin ƙarshe, kuma ya dawo da ƙwallon 39&nbsp;yadudduka. Duk da karfin da aka samu na bugun da aka rasa, Kansas ya buga wasanni uku ba tare da samun nasara ba kuma an tilasta shi buga kwallon. Virginia Tech ta dawo da kwallon a layin ta na yadi 15 kuma ta buga wasanni biyu kafin lokaci ya kure a zangon farko. <ref name="1st"/> A ƙarshen kwata na farko, Kansas ta riƙe Virginia Tech ba tare da ƙima ba yayin da take cin gajiyar dawo da yadin 60 da Aqib Talib don kawai maki kawai na wasan, jagoran 7 &#x2013; 0. <ref name="1st"/> === Na biyu kwata === Virginia Tech ta fara kwata na biyu wajen mallake kwallon kuma suna fuskantar na uku da biyar daga layinta na yadi 20. A wasan farko na kwata, dan wasan baya Sean Glennon ya jefa na farko, am'ma an kama shi a layin 37 na Kansas ' Chris Harris . Bayan katsewa, Kansas ta sami kwallon a layin Virginia Tech 31-yadi. Todd Reesing ya haɗu a kan hanyar hawa zuwa ƙasa zuwa Derek Fine, kuma mai gudu Brandon McAnderson ya ba da gudummawar gajerun hanyoyi da yawa. Laifin na Kansas ya kasa samun karo na biyu na farko bayan da aka kama shi, amma, kuma an sake kiran Scott Webb mai ƙwallon ƙafa don yunƙurin burin filin, wan'nan lokacin daga 32&nbsp;yadudduka nesa Ba kamar bugun sa na farko ba, na biyun ya bi ta kan hanyoyin maki uku. Tare da 12&nbsp;mintuna da suka rage a zango na biyu, Kansas ya ƙara jagora zuwa 10 &#x2013; 0. <ref name="2nd"/> Virginia Tech ta dawo da kwallayen bayan fage a layin ta na 31, kuma Branden Ore, bayan ya shiga wasan bayan dakatarwarsa da kwata kwata, ya ci kwallon uku&nbsp;yadudduka. Quarterback Tyrod Taylor shima yaci kwallon biyar&nbsp;yadudduka a kan takaddama, amma bai sami nasarar farko ba. An tilasta wa Hokies buga kwallon, kuma Kansas ta dawo da bugun daga layinta na 41. Tare da kyakkyawan yanayin filin da ƙarfin da aka samu ta hanyar kutse da burin filin, Kansas ya motsa ƙwallon da sauri. Nekos Brown da Xavier Adibi sun kori Todd Reesing, amma sun haɗa Jake Sharp na 20&nbsp;yadudduka akan biyu&nbsp;wucewa, ciyar da ƙwallon ƙafa cikin yankin Virginia Tech. Ya wuce zuwa Marcus Henry da Dezmon Briscoe sun ci gaba Kansas 21&nbsp;karin yadudduka cikin yankin Hokie, kuma Brandon McAnderson ya ruga don biyar&nbsp;yadudduka a ƙasa. Sanya motar Kansas ya kasance yadi-yadi na 13 wanda Reesing ya yiwa Henry don kashewa. Sakamakon, wanda ya zo tare da 7:03 ya rage a farkon rabin, ya ba Kansas jagorancin 17 &#x2013; 0, mafi girma a wasan. <ref name="2nd"/> Virginia Tech ta dawo da bugun bayan wasan da ake matukar bukatar cin kwallaye kafin rabin lokaci. Kansas ta taka leda sosai a kan tsaro a duk rabin rabin farko, kuma rawar da wasan ya taka a bayan Jayhawks, wanda ya ci nasara a wasan'ni biyu&nbsp;Virginia Tech turnovers . Sean Glennon ya kam'mala wucewar yadi uku zuwa Josh Morgan don fara tuki, amma yana komawa baya Branden Ore wanda ya yi yawancin aiki a lokacin wasan karshe na karshe na Hokies. Bayan wucewar Glennon, Ore ya ruga ƙwallo a kan wasannin kai tsaye shida, ya ɗauki 33&nbsp;yadudduka da biyu&nbsp;farko sauka a hanya. Bayan haka, Glennon gudummawar wani biyar-yadi da gudu da kansa, wanda aka taimaka da wani 15-yadi facemask azãba da Kansas. Branden Ore ya sake karɓar ƙwallo, yana tafe a kan wasanni biyar a jere, wanda ya ƙare a cikin yadi guda ɗaya don taɓawa. Sakamakon ya zo ne da ya rage saura 1:03 a rabi, ya ba Virginia Tech maki na farko na wasan kuma ya rage ragamar Kansas zuwa 17 &#x2013; 7. <ref name="2nd">[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/playbyplay?gameId=280030259&period=2 2nd Qtr Play-by-Play] ESPN.com, January 3, 2008. </ref> Kansas ta karbi Virginia Tech's kickoff, kuma Hokies sun yi ƙoƙari su ba kansu wata dama ta yin laifi ta hanyar kiran lokaci bayan Kansas ta ruga ƙwallo. Lokaci ya dakatar da agogo, amma Kansas ya sami nasarar fara aiki da gudu daga agogo bayan Tech yayi amfani da abubuwan da aka ba shi uku&nbsp;lokacin aiki Komawa zuwa rabin lokaci, Kansas har yanzu yana da jagora da ƙarfi, am'ma Virginia Tech taɓawa ya yanke jagorancin Jayhawks zuwa kawai 10&nbsp;maki, 17 &#x2013; 7. <ref name="2nd"/> === Nunin rabin lokaci === [[File:ZZ_Top_Orange_Bowl.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| ZZ Top yayi a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan rabin lokacin na Orange Bowl na 2008.]] Nunin rabin lokacin wasan Orange Bowl na shekarar 2008 ya kasance ne daga rukunin dutsen Blues na Zlu Top, wanda ya rera wakar su mai suna ''Sharp Dressed Man'' . <ref>Daniels, Neil. </ref> Ungiyar ta fi so daga Kansas mai suna Todd Reesing, wanda ya nuna nadama kafin wasan cewa ba zai iya sauraron wasan kwaikwayon ba. <ref name="troubled">[http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2007/dec/11/reesing_troubled_miss_zz_top/ Reesing troubled to miss ZZ Top] Nathan Reed, ''Lawrence Journal-World'', December 11, 2007. </ref> Har ila yau, an nuna shi a yayin wasan kwaikwayon rabin rukuni na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta makarantar sakandare, waɗanda suka buga wa Stevie Ray Vaughan 's ''Crossfire'' yayin da matakin ZZ Top ya warwatse. <ref>[http://community.myfoxkc.com/blogs/Channel-Z/2008/01/05/Orange_Bowl_trip_recap Orange Bowl trip recap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714142625/http://community.myfoxkc.com/blogs/Channel-Z/2008/01/05/Orange_Bowl_trip_recap |date=2011-07-14 }} Channel-Z, myfoxkc.com, January 5, 2008.</ref> Bayan nunin rabin lokacin, motar FOX da ke watsa wasan ta sami matsalar katsewar lantarki. Kamar yadda ma'aikatan Fox suka yi aiki don dawo da wutar, rabi na biyu ya jinkirta da minti uku. <ref>[http://www2.kusports.com/news/2008/jan/04/orange_bowl_notebook/?football Orange Bowl notebook] ''Lawrence Journal-World'', January 4, 2008. </ref> === Na uku kwata === Kansas, wacce ta lashe wasan farko na wasan, ta karɓi ƙwallo don buɗe rabi na biyu. Todd Reesing da farko ya fara daga inda ya tsaya a farkon rabin, ya kammala fasalin zuwa Dexton Fields na 12&nbsp;yadudduka da farkon sauka. A wasannin da suka biyo baya, duk da haka, Virginia Tech ta nuna wasu ƙwarewar kariya waɗanda aka inganta su sosai zuwa cikin wasan. Aqib Talib an magance shi saboda asarar shida&nbsp;yadudduka bayan kamawa wucewa. An kori Reesing daga matsin lamba mai yawa daga tsaron Tech. A karo na uku ya sauka, Cody Grim'm ya kusan kama hanyar Reesing, wanda ya buge shi don tilasta wa Kansas punt. A dawowar da ta biyo baya, Virginia Tech ta sami babban wasan ta na farko. Eddie Royal, wanda ya koma kowane daya daga Virginia Tech ta farko-rabin Kicks, samu da ball da kuma lateraled shi zuwa Justin Harper, wanda ya koma da shi 84&nbsp;yadudduka don taɓawa. Sakamakon ya yanke jagorancin Kansas zuwa maki uku kawai tare da 11: 35 ya rage a cikin kwata na uku. <ref name="3rd"/> [[File:Kansas_blocked_kick.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Joe Mortensen na Kansas ya keta layin Virginia Tech don toshe ƙwallon burin filin Dundevy na 25 a zango na uku.]] Tare da saurin wasan a yanzu da tabbaci a cikin ni'imar su, tsaron Virginia Tech ya dakatar da laifin Kansas akan wasanni uku madaidaiciya, yana tilasta wani Kansas punt. Kwallon ya yi tafiya 62&nbsp;yadudduka kuma an dawo dashi a layin Virginia Tech 18-yadi. Laifin Virginia Tech, duk da matsakaicin filin, ya motsa da sauri, wani ɓangare saboda azabtar da tsangwama na yadi 15 akan Kansas. Sean Glennon ya kammala hanyar wuce gona da iri na 37 don kawo ƙarshen Greg Boone don tuƙa Hokies cikin zurfin yankin Kansas. Da farko, da alama mai tsaron baya na Kansas ne ya katse fasinjan, am'ma sake buga wasan da aka yi ya nuna Boone ya kwace kwallon daga mai tsaron baya. Sau uku suna zurfafawa a cikin yankin ja na Kansas sun mamaye Hokies kawai yadi tara, suna kafa yanayi na huɗu da ɗaya don laifin Virginia Tech. Maimakon fuskantar haɗarin sauya fasalin ƙasa na huɗu, babban kocin Virginia Tech Frank Beamer ya aika da kicker Jud Dunlevy don yunƙurin burin filin 25-yadi. A lokacin da harbi, duk da haka, Kansas wakĩli a kansu Joe Mortensen garzaya ta hanyar da Virginia Tech layi da kuma katange da harbi, da musun da Hokies uku da maki kuma tsare wani 17 &#x2013; 14 Kansas gubar da 6:31 rage a cikin kwata. <ref name="3rd"/> Ginin ya tsayar da duk ƙarfin Virginia Tech wanda aka samu tare da sake dawowa da dawo da Kansas a gaba. <ref>[http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2008/jan/04/mortensens_kick_block_proves_huge/ Mortensen's kick block proves huge] Ryan Wood, ''Lawrence Journal-World & News'', Lawrence, Kansas. </ref> Bayan toshewar, kodayake, Kansas ya kasa samun nasara akan laifi. Kodayake tilasta tilasta kwallon, bugun Kyle Tucker na bugun yadi na 42 ya taimaka ta hanyar yadin 10 na haramtacciyar haramtacciyar doka kan Virginia Tech wanda ya sanya Hokies a layin 25-yard nasu. Branden Ore ya ɗauki farkon sauka tare da rush biyu, amma laifin Tech ya kasa samun wani na farko kuma an tilastawa Hokies sake buga kwallon. <ref name="3rd">[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/playbyplay?gameId=280030259&period=3 3rd Qtr Play-by-Play] ESPN.com, January 3, 2008. </ref> [[File:08OB_Kansas_on_goal_line.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Laifin Kansas ya hau layi akan layin yadi na Virginia Tech.]] Kansas ta mallaki layinta na yadi na 12 bayan punt. A wasan farko na tuki, Reesing ya kammala wucewar yadi 37 zuwa filin Dexton, yana sanya ƙwallo kusa da tsakiyar fili. Sau uku cikakke ba su cika ba daga baya, Kansas ya fuskanci na huɗu da-goma da punt. Maimakon yin kwalliya, amma, Kansas an zaɓa don gwada fasfon ɓarna mai haɗari. Maimakon zura kwallon zuwa naushi, sai aka fasa kwallon don gudu Brandon McAnderson, wanda ya jefa kwallon 22&nbsp;yadudduka downfield zuwa Micah Brown don farkon sauka. A wasan gaba na gaba, Reesing, bayan ya dawo filin, an haɗa shi a kan layin 28 zuwa Dexton Fields, wanda aka tura daga iyakokin da ke kusa da layin makasudin . Tare da burin farko da manufa daga cikin layin yadi ɗaya, ƙaddamarwar Kansas kamar babu makawa. A wasan farko a cikin yankin jan, duk da haka, Kansas ya fidda kwallon. Kodayake dan wasan Kansas ya dawo da kwallon, wasan ya rasa hudu&nbsp;yadudduka. A wasa na gaba, Kansas ya aikata mum'munan laifi na mutum 15. Laifin na mutum ya biyo bayan yadi na 10 mai riƙe da hukunci, kuma an tura Kansas gaba ɗaya a wajen yankin janjan na Virginia Tech. A cikin yunƙurin turawa baya, Reesing ya jefa ƙetaren zurfin ƙasa. Maimakon a kammala, duk da haka, dan wasan Virginia Tech na DJ Parker ne ya katse kwallon. Tare da 39&nbsp;sakan da suka rage a cikin kwata, Virginia Tech ta tsayar da Kansas daga samun maki duk da Jayhawks sun kutsa cikin layin yadi na Virginia Tech. <ref name="3rd"/> Yayin da kwata-kwata suka ƙare, Hokies sun sami saurin saurin saurin biyu kuma sun haɓaka ƙwallon 26&nbsp;yadudduka, da alama sun dawo da ƙarfin da aka rasa tare da toshe ƙwallon. Tare da daya&nbsp;kwata kwata saura a wasan, duk da haka, Kansas har yanzu tana da maki uku, 17 &#x2013; 14. <ref name="3rd"/> === Na huɗu kwata === [[File:08OB_Kansas_touchdown.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Babban laifin da Kansas ya yi ya haifar da damuwa a kan gajeren shinge a ƙarshen kwata na huɗu game da tsaron Virginia Tech.]] Wasan'nin farko da aka fara na kwata na huɗu sun kasa rayuwa har zuwa alƙawarin da aka nuna a cikin na uku don Hokies. Biyu ba su cika ba kuma ɗayan da ya sami biyu kawai&nbsp;yadudduka sun tilasta Virginia Tech ta fidda kwallon tare da 13:49 da suka rage a cikin kwata. Bayan da aka hau kan layinta na 33, Kansas ba ta sami nasara a kan laifi ba kamar Virginia Tech. Bayan wasanni uku madaidaiciya ba tare da fa'ida ba, an tilasta Kansas fitar da kwallon har ila yau. Wani bugun yadi 58 wanda Kyle Tucker ya bugawa Virginia Tech a cikin layin yadi-10, kuma Hokies sun kasa ci gaba da kwallon sosai fiye da layin yadi goma. Wurin da bai cika ba da kuma yadi biyu da Branden Ore ya gudanar duk laifukan an gudanar dasu kafin Sean Glennon ya jefa wata yadi ta 20 zuwa ga Jayhawks 'Justin Thornton. Thornton ya dawo da kwallon 30&nbsp;yadudduka zuwa layin yadi na biyu na Tech Tech, kuma a wasan farko na Kansas bayan tsinkayar, Todd Reesing ya gudu biyu&nbsp;yadudduka don taɓawa. Sakamakon ya ba Jayhawks nasara 24 &#x2013; 14 tare da saura 10:57. <ref name="4th"/> Bayan Kansas kickoff, Virginia Tech ta karɓi ragamar layin ta na 33. Da yake buƙatar ci, 'yan Hokies sun yi kuskuren farawa na farko na yadi biyar kafin dan wasan baya Sean Glennon ya kori Kansas' Mike Rivera. Wasan kwaikwayo biyu sun tura laifin Virginia Tech, kuma ya hana su samun nasara. An tilasta shi buga kwallon, Virginia Tech dole ne ta buga tsaro yayin da Kansas ta karbi layinta na 28-yard. Tabbatar da jagorancin su, Kansas an zaɓa don gudanar da ƙwallo a cikin ƙoƙari na kiyaye agogo da kawo ƙarshen wasan da sauri. Brandon McAnderson ya sami 'yanci 28&nbsp;yadudduka a wasan farko na tuki, kuma Jake Sharp ya ba da gudum'mawar farko a ƙasa kafin tsaron Hokie ya tsayar da Kansas a kan yunƙurin samun farko a kan na huɗu da biyu a cikin yankin Virginia Tech. <ref name="4th"/> [[File:08OB_Onside_Kick_recovery.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Kansas ta dawo da kwalejin karshe ta Virginia Tech a yunƙurin bugun ƙafa.]] Bayan ya dakatar da Kansas a karo na huɗu, Virginia Tech ta ɗauki laifi a layinta na 22-yard. Tare da sauran 5:51 da suka rage a wasan, 'yan Hokies suna matukar bukatar zira kwallaye cikin sauri da kuma samun hanyar karewa don samun damar yin nasara. Hokies sun ci gaba a ɓangaren farko na wannan buƙata kamar yadda Sean Glen'non ya sauya farkon saukarwa ta iska. Kansas ba ta da izinin wasa sama da tara&nbsp;yadudduka har zuwa ƙarshen tukin, yana tilasta Virginia Tech don amfani da lokaci mai mahimmanci. A wasan karshe na tuki, Sean Glennon ya haɗu a yajin yadi 20 zuwa Justin Harper don taɓawa. Sakamakon ya yanke jagorancin Kansas zuwa maki uku kawai, amma tare da mintuna uku kawai ya rage a wasan, dawowar Virginia Tech za ta kasance cikakke ne kawai idan Hokies za su iya murmure wani bugun da ke kan wuya. <ref name="4th">[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/playbyplay?gameId=280030259&period=4 4th Qtr Play-by-Play] ESPN.com, January 3, 2008. </ref> Jud Dunlevy ta kori ƙwallon, wanda ke tafiya akan ƙa'idar 10&nbsp;yadudduka, amma Kansas ya dawo da shi. Hokies, duk da rashin murmurewa harbin da aka yi, amma har yanzu suna da damar samun wani mummunan abu idan suka dakatar da laifin Kansas ba tare da na farko ba. Saboda Hokies suna da ragowar lokaci biyu, zasu iya tsayar da agogo bayan wasan Kansas guda biyu, don haka adana lokaci don wasan tsere na Virginia Tech. Hanyar 11 ta wuce ta Todd Reesing ta sanya Kansas a farkon ƙasa, duk da haka, kuma abubuwan da Jayhawks suka biyo baya sun ba Kansas damar fitar da agogo duk da lokacin da ake amfani da Virginia Tech. Kansas ta kiyaye jagoranta ta durƙusa a kan ball a cikin layin Virginia Tech 5-yadi a wasan karshe na wasan, kuma &#x2013; 21 yayin da lokaci ya ƙure. <ref name="4th"/> == Statisticsididdigar ƙarshe == <div style="margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: right;"> {| class="wikitable" |+'''Kwatanta lissafi''' <ref name="team stats">[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/stats/20080103.html#GAME.TEM Team Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211145818/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/stats/20080103.html#GAME.TEM |date=2008-02-11 }} "Team Statistics (Final)" Virginia Tech Sports Information Department, Hokiesports.com, January 4, 2008.</ref> ! ! KU ! VT |- | '''1st Downs''' | 19 | 20 |- | '''Jimlar Yarduna''' | 344 | 306 |- | '''Wuraren wucewa''' | 249 | 177 |- | '''Gudun Yarduna''' | 95 | 135 |- | '''Hukunci''' | 5 &#x2013; 70 | 4 &#x2013; 27 |- | '''3 Down Canji''' | 6 &#x2013; 17 | 7 &#x2013; 17 |- | '''Canji na 4 na Kasa''' | 2 &#x2013; 3 | 1 &#x2013; 1 |- | '''Masu juyawa''' | 1 | 3 |- | '''Lokacin Mallaka''' | 33:47 | 26:13 |} </div>Kansas ' Aqib Talib an lasafta shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Dan wasa . Talib ta 60-yadi interception koma ga wani touchdown ya Orange kwano ta farko tun cikin shekarar 1968, Orange kwano, a lokacin da Oklahoma 's Bob Stephenson ya yi wan'nan feat. <ref>Charles Elmore, "Orange Bowl organizers get it right with Kansas" ''Palm Beach Post'', January 4, 2008, p. </ref> Lokacin da ya bayyana a filin wasa bayan wasan don karɓar kyautar sa, Talib ya ce, "Na ji kamar Deion!", Abin da ake nufi da tsohon tauraron NFL Deion Sanders . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080906180132/http://www.kansan.com/stories/2008/apr/25/wheeler_nfl_draft_looms_talib/ NFL draft looms for Talib] Bryan Wheeler, ''University Daily Kansan'', April 25, 2008.</ref> Teamsungiyoyin biyu sun gama da jimillar ƙididdiga irinta, kamar yadda ya dace da wasan kusa. Kungiyoyin biyu sun kasance tsakanin 38&nbsp;jimlar yadudduka na juna; Kansas tana da 344&nbsp;yadudduka da Virginia Tech suna da 306. <ref name="team stats"/> Wannan kusancin kusancin ya bayyana a cikin jimlar farko ta ƙungiyoyi kuma. Virginia Tech ta samu 20&nbsp;farkon kasa: 10&nbsp;gaggawa, takwas&nbsp;wucewa, kuma biyu&nbsp;ta hanyar hukunci. Kansas, yayin, ta sami 19&nbsp;farkon sauka: biyar&nbsp;gaggawa, 13&nbsp;wucewa, kuma daya&nbsp;ta hanyar hukunci. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na laifin Kansas ya zo ta iska yayin da Jayhawks suka kori 249&nbsp;net yadudduka wucewa. Hokies, a halin yanzu, sun sami kusan rabin laifin su a ƙasa. <ref name="team stats"/> Sakamakon ƙarshen dabarun mabanbanta ya kasance iri ɗaya, kodayake. Kansas ta sami nasarar sauya shida daga cikin 17&nbsp;ƙoƙari na uku, yayin da Virginia Tech ta sauya bakwai daga cikin 17&nbsp;yunkurin. Lokacin mallaka muhimmiyar hanya ce wacce take goyon bayan Kansas, kamar yadda Kansas ke sarrafa ƙwallo na 33:47, sama da minti 7 fiye da lokacin mallakar Virginia Tech na 26:13. Bambancin wasan ya fito ne daga ƙungiyoyi na musamman da masu sauyawa . Virginia Tech ta juya kwallon sau uku, yayin da Kansas ta juya kwallon sau daya tak. Kansas ta sauya abubuwanda take ɗauka uku zuwa 17&nbsp;maki, ba wa Jayhawks babbar fa'ida a kan allo. Kamfanin Virginia Tech ya kasa canza ikonsa na dawowa cikin kowane maki. <ref>[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/stats/20080103.html#GAME.DRV Drive Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211145818/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/stats/20080103.html#GAME.DRV |date=2008-02-11 }} "Drive Chart (Final)", Virginia Tech Sports Information Department, Hokiesports.com, January 4, 2008.</ref> === Sanarwa na ilimin lissafi na Virginia Tech === <div style="margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px;float: left;"> {| class="wikitable" |+'''Shugabanni daban-daban''' <ref name="Indy stats">[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/stats/20080103.html#GAME.IND Individual Statistics (Final)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211145818/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/stats/20080103.html#GAME.IND |date=2008-02-11 }} Hokiesports.com, January 4, 2008.</ref> ! colspan="5" style="background:#FF8C00;" | Virginia Tech wucewa |- ! ! C / ATT ! Yds ! TD ! INT |- | S. Glennon | 13/28 | 160 | 1 | 2 |- | T. Taylor | 1/3 | 11 | 0 | 1 |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#FF8C00;" | Gudun Fasaha ta Virginia |- ! ! Mota ! Yds ! TD ! LG |- | B. Ore | 23 | 116 | 1 | 14 |- | K. Lewis | 4 | 22 | 0 | 9 |- | J. Morgan | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#FF8C00;" | Karbar Virginia Tech |- ! ! Rec ! Yds ! TD ! LG |- | J. Harper | 4 | 64 | 1 | 24 |- | J. Morgan | 3 | 30 | 0 | 13 |- | G. Boone | 2 | 44 | 0 | 37 |- | E. Sarauta | 1 | 11 | 0 | 11 |} </div>A kan laifi, Hokies sun ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Jayhawks, duk da rashin nasara. Tsarin kwata-kwata biyu wanda aka gabatar dashi sosai zuwa wasan ya watsar da yawa a farkon kwata bayan da aka kori ɗan wasa Tyrod Taylor a farkon biyun sa&nbsp;yana wasa kuma ya jefa kutse wanda aka dawo dashi don taɓawa yayin karo na biyu akan filin. Bayan wadancan bayyanannun wasannin biyu na farko-kwata, da wasa daya a farkon kwata na biyu, Taylor bai sake shiga wasan ba har sai da wasa daya ya yi rabin rabin zuwa na hudu. <ref name="Play by play">[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/stats/20080103.html#GAME.PLY Play-by-Play Summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211145818/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/stats/20080103.html#GAME.PLY |date=2008-02-11 }} Virginia Tech Sports Information Department, Hokiesports.com, January 4, 2007.</ref> Tare da cire Taylor da yawa daga wasan, an bar ƙaramin Sean Glennon don cike gibin. Glennon yana da cikakkiyar nasara, idan ba mai ban mamaki ba, ya kammala 13&nbsp;na 28&nbsp;ya wuce na 160&nbsp;yadudduka da taɓawa. <ref name="Indy stats"/> Glennon yayi gwagwarmaya a wasu lokuta akan kariyar Jayhawks, amma, ya jefa maganganu guda biyu wanda ya haifar da 10&nbsp;Kansas maki. Tare da Glennon a bayan cibiyar, laifin Virginia Tech yayi amfani da masu karɓa daban-daban da yawa a cikin wasan wucewa. 'Yan wasa takwas daban-daban sun kama aƙalla sau ɗaya, kuma babban mai karɓar, Justin Harper, ya shigo cikin huɗu&nbsp;kama 64&nbsp;yadudduka da taɓawa. <ref name="Indy stats"/> Mai karɓar Josh Morgan, a halin yanzu, ya kama uku&nbsp;ya wuce, ya kawo shi 122&nbsp;tarba don aikinsa, wucewa Antonio Freeman don matsayi na biyu duk lokaci a Virginia Tech. <ref name="VT Game Notes2"/> Ernest Wilford ya kasance na farko a cikin littafin rikodin Virginia Tech, tare da 126&nbsp;liyafar Hokies sun ɗan fi ƙarfin saurin ƙwallon. A cikin wasan ƙasa, 'yan wasa daban-daban guda bakwai sun ɗauki ƙwallo aƙalla sau ɗaya, ragar 135&nbsp;gudu yadi. Branden Ore ya gama wasan da 116&nbsp;yadudduka, yana jagorantar dukkan masu hanzari a duka ƙungiyoyin biyu. Wannan jimlar ta sanya shi takwas kawai&nbsp;yadudduka gajere na lokacin yadi-yadi 1,000 na madaidaici. Jimlar Ore ta fi ban sha'awa yayin da mutum ya ɗauka an dakatar da shi a duk farkon zangon wasan, wurin da ya samu ta hanyar rusher rusher Kenny Lewis, Jr. Lewis ya gama wasan tare da ɗaukar kaya huɗu don 22&nbsp;yadudduka, kuma bai ga aiki da yawa ba bayan Ore ya shiga wasan a farkon na biyu&nbsp;kwata. A kan ƙungiyoyi na musamman, Hokies suna da manyan matsayi da ƙasa. Justin Harper's 84-yard punt-back touchdown ya haifar da zanga-zangar Virginia Tech wanda ya kawo Hokies a cikin nesa mai nisa, amma rashin nasara a kan ƙungiyoyi na musam'man ma ya ƙare taron kuma ya juya yanayin wasan da Virginia Tech. Kicker Jud Dunlevy ya kasance dan wasa na uku mafi dacewa a cikin kasar da ke shiga cikin Orange Bowl, bayan ya buge 21 daga cikin 24&nbsp;yunƙurin burin filin a lokacin kakar Ya kawai buƙatar ƙwallaye biyu a filin ne don karya tarihin Tech na mafi yawan burin a fagen kakar, wanda Shayne Graham ya kafa a 22 a 1998. Kodayake Dunlevy ta sami dama biyu a raga, ɗayan ya faɗi ƙasa kuma ɗayar ta toshe. A kan tsaro, 'yan Hokies sun kasance masu jagorancin layin Vince Hall, wanda ya yi rikodin gwagwarmaya guda bakwai, daya ya taimaka wajan shawo kan matsalar, da fasinja guda daya. Mai tsaron bayan Hokies Orion Martin shima yana da babban wasa, yana yin rikodin wasanni guda shida, daya ya taimaka, kuma biyu&nbsp;buhunan Kansas quarterback Todd Reesing. Sauran 'yan wasan tsaron biyu sun yi rikodin buhu ɗaya, kuma DJ Parker ya rubuta rikodin Hokies kawai a kan tsaro. === Sake dawo da ilimin lissafi na Kansas === <div style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 10px;float: right;"> {| class="wikitable" |+'''Shugabanni daban-daban''' <ref name="Indy stats"/> ! colspan="5" style="background:#00f; color:#fff;" | Shigewar Kansas |- ! ! C / ATT ! Yds ! TD ! INT |- | T. Reesing | 20/37 | 227 | 1 | 1 |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#00f; color:#fff;" | Kansas Rushing |- ! ! Mota ! Yds ! TD ! LG |- | B. McAnderson | 15 | 75 | 0 | 28 |- | J. Sharp | 9 | 33 | 0 | 9 |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#00f; color:#fff;" | Karban Kansas |- ! ! Rec ! Yds ! TD ! LG |- | D. Yankuna | 7 | 101 | 0 | 37 |- | J. Sharp | 4 | 30 | 0 | 18 |- | K. Meier | 4 | 44 | 0 | 15 |- | M. Henry | 2 | 24 | 1 | 15 |- | D. Briscoe | 2 | 20 | 0 | 14 |} </div>A kan laifi, Jayhawks ya rubuta jimlar 344&nbsp;yadudduka, 249&nbsp;na abin da ya zo ta cikin iska. Quarterback Todd Reesing shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga harin saman Kansas, ya kammala 20&nbsp;na 37&nbsp;ya wuce don 227&nbsp;yadudduka da kuma kawai tsoma baki. Kadai sauran dan wasan Kansas da ke yin rikodin yadudduka yana gudu baya Brandon McAnderson, wanda ya jefa fasalin farko na 22 a lokacin da ake buga karya. Kodayake yana cikin matsin lamba saboda yawancin wasan, an kori Reesing sau huɗu, Kansas ta ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da kai hari cikin wasan. Masu karɓa daban-daban guda takwas sun kama aƙalla sau ɗaya, tare da Dexton Fields ke jagorantar duk masu karɓar a cikin wasan tare da bakwai&nbsp;kama 101&nbsp;yadudduka. <ref name="Indy stats"/> Dukkan jumullar sune alamun da aka samu a cikin wasan daga kowace ƙungiya. Eldsungiyoyi kuma sun kasance masu karɓar wasan da aka ɗaura don wasan mafi tsayi na wasan, yadi-yadi na 37 ya tashi daga Reesing rabi zuwa zango na uku. <ref name="Play by play"/> Cornerback da wasan MVP Aqib Talib sun shigo wasan a matsayin mai karba sau da yawa, amma saboda fitowar sa a wasan irin wannan lamari ne da ba a saba gani ba, tsaron Virginia Tech ya sami damar zubewa a kansa kuma ya hana shi kama kwallon. Wasannin Jayhawks na ƙasa ba shi da tasiri fiye da laifinsu, amma har yanzu suna samun nasara a kan tsauraran matakan tsaro na Virginia Tech. Gudun baya Brandon McAnderson, Kansas mai saurin gudu, ya gama wasan tare da 15&nbsp;daukawa na 75&nbsp;yadudduka. Jake Sharp yana dawo da sauri sau tara don 33&nbsp;yadudduka, gami da manyan maɓallan farko-ƙasa. <ref name="Indy stats"/> Kamar yadda nasara kamar yadda laifin Kansas ya kasance, ƙungiyar Jayhawks ce ta musamman (ta doke kocin Virginia Tech Frank Beamer a nasa wasan) wanda ya basu nasarar. Kansas ta toshe wata manufa ta Virginia Tech, kuma ta sa dan wasan kwallon kafa Jud Dunlevy ya rasa wani gajeren. Kansas punter Kyle Tucker ya yi aiki mai kyau wanda ya sanya Virginia Tech a cikin ƙarshen filin, yana buga ƙwallo sau biyar don jimlar 250&nbsp;yadudduka, matsakaita 50&nbsp;yadudduka punt. Kwancen da ya fi tsayi, bugun yadi-62, na ɗaya daga cikin fati uku da aka saukar a cikin layin 20-Tech. <ref name="Indy stats"/> Kariyar Kansas, wacce ba a san tana cikin wasa ba, ta yi rawar gani, yayin da MVP Aqib Talib ya kam'mala wasan da biyar&nbsp;magance abubuwa ban da tsangwama ya dawo don taɓawa. <ref name="Defensive statistics">[http://www.hokiesports.com/football/stats/20080103.html#GAME.DEF Defensive Statistics (Final)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211145818/http://www.hokiesports.com/football/stats/20080103.html#GAME.DEF |date=2008-02-11 }} Virginia Tech Sports Information Department, Hokiesports.com, January 4, 2008.</ref> Jayhawks wanda ya jagoranci fafatawa shine Mike Rivera, wanda ya sami 12&nbsp;magance, ciki har da ɗaya&nbsp;buan na baya Sean Glennon. Gabaɗaya, Jayhawks ya kori Virginia Tech's kwata-kwata sau biyar, gami da buhu biyu akan buɗe wasan. == Tasirin Postgame == Nasarar Kansas a cikin 2008 Orange Bowl tana da tasiri mai yawa ga Virginia Tech da Kansas da kuma kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kwaleji a duk faɗin ƙasar. Nasarar ta ba Kansas damar kammala lokacin 2007 tare da rikodin ƙarshe na 12 &#x2013; 1, yayin da asarar ta kawo Virginia Tech zuwa rikodin ƙarshe na 11 &#x2013; 3. Wasan kansa ya ba da dubunnan miliyoyin dal oli na tasirin tattalin arziki ga yankin Kudancin Florida, wanda ya jawo dubun dubatar baƙi daga Virginia da Kansas. <ref>[http://blogs.trb.com/sports/custom/business/blog/2007/12/orange_changeup.html Orange Changeup] Sarah Talalay, Sun-Sentinel.com, December 4, 2007. </ref> A Kansas, sanduna da wuraren sayar da giya sun ci gajiyar wasan, yayin da magoya bayan Jayhawks suka tara abinci da barasa don wasan. Fada a kan wasa tsakanin gwamnonin Kansas da Virginia an warware shi lokacin da Gwamnan Virginia Tim Kaine ya aika wata Virginia ta sha sigari zuwa babban birnin jihar Kansas. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512233629/http://www.governor.virginia.gov/MediaRelations/NewsReleases/viewRelease.cfm?id=580 Governor Kaine Sends Virginia Ham to Kansas Governor Sebelius] Virginia.gov, January 7, 2008. </ref> Idan da ace Virginia Tech tayi nasara, gwamnan Kansas Kathleen Sebelius zai aikawa Kaine da sankarar naman sa na Kansas. <ref>[http://nbc29.com/Global/story.asp?S=7578174&nav=menu496_13_2story Kaine loses friendly wager over Tech's Orange Bowl loss] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213224529/http://www.nbc29.com/Global/story.asp?S=7578174&nav=menu496_13_2story |date=2012-02-13 }} The Associated Press, NBC 29, January 4, 2008.</ref> === Virginia Tech === The Hokies' loss to Kansas lowered its bowl winning percentage since 1993 to 40&nbsp;percent. In the 15&nbsp;bowl games played between the 1993 Independence Bowl and the 2008 Orange Bowl, the Hokies amassed a record of six&nbsp;wins and nine&nbsp;losses. Despite the loss to the Jayhawks and the loss of several graduating players, Virginia Tech was a popular pick to repeat as ACC champions heading into the off-season. The seniors who graduated following the Orange Bowl game were the winningest team in Virginia Tech history, becoming one of just three teams in Division I to win at least 10 games each of the previous four years. Junior Sean Glennon's second consecutive failure to win a bowl game, however, re-opened the question of whether he or Tyrod Taylor would be the Hokies' starter at quarterback in 2008. === Kansas === [[Fayil:Orange Bowl 021.jpg|thumb|2008 Orange Bowl]] Nasarar Kansas akan Virginia Tech shine nasarar Jayhawks karo na biyar kuma shine na 11&nbsp;wasan kwano a tarihin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kansas Jayhawks. Saboda yanayin da ba tsam'mani na nasarar Jayhawks, wasu masanan sun yi shelar 2008 Orange Bowl a matsayin matsayi a cikin manyan nasarorin wasanni na Kansas kowane lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orange Bowl the Biggest KU Sports Win Ever? |url=http://kansas.scout.com/2/717823.html |access-date=2021-08-12 |archive-date=2008-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422063545/http://kansas.scout.com/2/717823.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wasan ya biya $ 17&nbsp;miliyan zuwa Babban Taron na 12 kuma ya taimaka wajen haɓaka matsayin teamungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kansas da martaba ta ƙasa tsakanin masu son ɗaukar sabbin ma'aikata. <ref>"Local scoreboard", ''Charleston Daily Mail'', January 3, 2008, p. 2B.</ref> <ref>[https://www.deseretnews.com/article/695235541/A-lot-of-money-on-the-line-during-bowl-season.html A lot of money on the line during bowl season] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429091720/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/695235541/A-lot-of-money-on-the-line-during-bowl-season.html |date=2018-04-29 }} Graham Watson, ''The Deseret News'', December 16, 2007.</ref> <ref>"Kansas Jayhawks", John E. Hoover, ''McClatchy-Tribune Business News'', July 23, 2008.</ref> Bugu da kari, shirin ya ga karuwar sayar da tikiti a cikin shekarun kai tsaye bayan bayyanar kwano. <ref>[http://www2.kusports.com/news/2018/may/06/ku-football-ticket-sales-down-about-6-million-year/ KU football ticket sales down about $6 million per year; some question whether $300 million in new facilities will help] Chad Lawhorn, ''Lawrence Journal-World'', May 6, 2018. </ref> Watanni biyu bayan nasarar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Orange Bowl, kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta lashe Gasar Kasa inda ta zama makaranta ta biyu da ta ci wasan BCS Bowl da kuma Gasar Kasa a wasan kwallon kwando a shekarar makaranta guda. Bugu da ƙari nasara 49 da aka haɗo daga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando sun kasance mafi nasarar da aka samu a tarihin NCAA daga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa da ta kwando ta maza. === 2008 NFL Draft === The 2008 Orange Bowl provided an excellent national platform for players from both Kansas and Virginia Tech to impress National Football League scouts prior to the 2008 NFL Draft, held April 26 and April 27, 2008. Virginia Tech cornerback Brandon Flowers was one of the first Orange Bowl participants to announce his intent to enter the draft following the game. Flowers, a redshirt junior, finished the season with five interceptions. Two Kansas players announced that they would leave early for the NFL. Aqib Talib, the game's MVP, and All-American Anthony Collins announced they would enter the 2008 draft, capitalizing on their successful season. In total, twelve players from that game were drafted, eight from Virginia Tech and four from Kansas. == Manazarta ==   [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 35248vbnhpet8t2t98drj4t1nzar3lq 0 24842 869064 476999 2026-06-27T03:39:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adam Harry Webster''' (an haife a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1995) sana'a kwallon da suka taka a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|cibiyar baya]] ga Premier League kulob Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Webster a Chichester, [[West Sussex]] kuma an haife shi a cikin West Wittering kusa. == Aikin kulob == === Portsmouth === Webster ya koma Portsmouth yana dan shekara (12 ) bayan kin amincewa da Southampton, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] da ma [[Portsmouth]] tun yana dan shekara goma. Ya sanya hannu kan tallafin karatu tare da kulob a lokacin bazara na shekarar (2011) Da farko Steve Cotterill ya kira shi don shiga tare da ƙungiyar farko a wasan sada zumunci da FC Rostov. Ya zo a cikin minti na (72 ) don gwaji Fernando Vega.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}} A karkashin kulawar [[Michael Appleton]], an ba Webster ƙarin damar ƙungiyar farko. Bayan bayyanar da ba a yi amfani da ita ba a wasan da [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] a gasar cin kofin [[FIFA|FiFA]], <ref>[https://archive.is/20120907010313/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/LatestNews/news/Three-Changes-At-Chelsea-2995.aspx Three Changes at Chelsea]; [[Portsmouth F.C.]], 8 January 2012</ref> ya fara wasansa na farko yana da shekaru (17 ) a karshen mako mai zuwa a wasan Gasar Kwallon Kafa da West Ham United. Ya dawo daga dama a madadin Greg Halford a minti na (75). [[Fayil:Adam Webster 2022.jpg|thumb|Adam Webster]] A cikin kakar da ke biye, Webster ya karɓi rigar (#22) kuma yana da ƙarin dama a cikin ƙungiyar farko yana yin nasararsa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|cikakken baya]]. Lokacin da aka tuno da shi daga Aldershot Town, an saka shi cikin sahun farko a karawa da Hartlepool United. Webster ya zira ƙwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan, kuma babban burin sa na farko, inda ya baiwa Portsmouth nasara da ci( 1-0). <ref>[http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/pompey-1-hartlepool-0-1468665.aspx Pompey 1 Hartlepool 0]; Portsmouth F.C., 5 April 2014</ref> ==== Aldershot Town (aro) ==== A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekara ta (2013) Webster ya shiga Aldershot Town akan lamuni, har zuwa watan Janairu a shekara ta (2014) <ref>[http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/webster-loaned-to-aldershot-971884.aspx Webster Loaned To Aldershot]; Portsmouth FC, 6 August 2013</ref> Ya fara buga Shots ɗin sa kwanaki huɗu bayan haka, a wasan da aka tashi (1-1) da Grimsby. <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23558540 Grimsby 1–1 Aldershot]; BBC Sport, 10 August 2013</ref> Ya koma "Pompey" a ranar( 4 ) ga watan Janairu, bayan buga wasanni (21) kuma a ranar (21) ya sake komawa "Shots" a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}} === Garin Ipswich === A ranar( 6) ga watan Yuni a shekara ta (2016) Webster ya koma kulob din Ipswich Town na EFL Championship daga [[Portsmouth]] don kudin da ba a bayyana ba, a cikin yarjejeniyar wanda kuma ya ga mai tsaron baya Matt Clarke ya tafi akasin haka. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar (6 ) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2016) farawa a nasarar (4 - 2 ) a kan Barnsley a Portman Road. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Ipswich da [[Birmingham]] City a ranar (13) ga watan Disamba a shekara ta (2016). Webster ya buga wasanni (24 ) a duk gasa yayin kakar a shekara ta ( 2016 zuwa 2017 ) inda ya ci kwallo daya. Webster ya fara fitowa na farko na kakar a shekara ta (2017 zuwa 2018 ) a ranar bude kakar a wasan da suka ci [[Birmingham|Birmingham City]] (1-0). Ya kulla kawancen tsaro tare da kyaftin din kulob din Luke Chambers a tsawon kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga wasanni (29 ) a dukkan gasa a kakar wasa ta biyu a kulob din. A ranar (28 ) ga watan Yuni a shekara ta (2018) Webster ya canza zuwa kulob din Bristol City na Gasar Kwallon Kafa na farko na fam miliyan( 3.5) wanda ya tashi zuwa fam miliyan (8). === Brighton & Hove Albion === [[Fayil:BHA 5 v Espanyol 1 pre season 30 07 2022 48.jpg|thumb|Adam Webster]] A ranar (2) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2019) Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion ta amince da farashin (£ 44 ) wanda ya tashi zuwa (£ 22) m don Webster, dangane da likita. A ranar (3 ) ga watan Agusta, Brighton ya kammala sa hannun Webster, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu. Ya fara halarta na farko bayan kwanaki( 25) daga baya a ranar (27) ga watan Agusta a cikin nasarar dasuka tashi da ci ( 2-1) da Bristol Rovers a gasar cin kofin EFL . Webster ya fara buga Premier League na farko da kuma na farko na ''gasar Seagulls'' a wasan da suka [[Manchester City F.C.|doke Manchester City]] da ci( 4-0 ) a ranar (31) ga watan Agusta. A ranar( 5) ga watan Oktoba, Webster ya buga cikakken wasan a gida da Tottenham inda ya taimaka wa ''Albion'' zuwa tsallake -tsallake a cikin nasarar( 3-0). Webster ya ci kwallon sa ta farko ga ''The Seagulls'' kuma ta farko a saman jirgin ranar( 19) ga Oktoba a doke Aston Villa da ci( 2-1) a Villa Park. A ranar( 26 ) ga Oktoba, Webster ya zira kwallon da ta sa Everton ta dawo matsayi na (1 - 1) a cikin nasarar( 3-2) gida na ''Albion'' tare da ''Toffee's'' Lucas Digne shima ya zira kwallon da ya baiwa Brighton maki (3) a cikin minti na (90+na 4). Ya sake jefa kwallo a raga a ranar (5) ga watan Disamba inda ya bude bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal da]] ci (2-1). A duk lokacin farkon Webster na Brighton ya ci gaba da fafatawa a Shane Duffy daga farawa( 11) akai -akai, yana farawa a duk wasannin( 31) da ya buga a cikin zira kwallaye( 3) taimakawa( 1) da yin rikodin zane mai tsabta (5). A ranar (10) ga watan Janairun shekara ta (2021) Webster ya ci ''ƙwallonsa ta Albion ta'' biyu wanda ya sa ta zama (1-1 ) a cikin mintuna( 90+6 ) bayan mai tsaron ragar Jason Steele ya rasa ƙetare a kan hanyar sa a wasan ƙarshe na cin Kofin FA a kan Newport County inda Webster ya ci bugun fenariti a cikin( 4–3) nasara nasara. Webster ya taka leda a wasan da Brighton ta doke [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool da]] ci (1-0) ranar( 3) ga watan Fabrairu inda suka ci nasara a gasar farko a Anfield tun a shekarar (1982). Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya zira kwallaye - wanda ya zo daga ci (2-0 ) a wasan karshe da ci( 3 - 2 ) a gidan [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] a ranar (18) ga watan Mayu, tare da magoya bayan su suka koma kwallon kafa. Webster ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da Brighton a ranar (2 ) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta ( 2021) inda ya tsawaita zamansa a kulob din har zuwa (2026). == Aikin duniya == A wannan makon da ya fara buga wa Portsmouth, an kira Webster zuwa Ingila 'yan kasa da shekara( 17) don gasar sada zumunci a [[Portugal]]. A watan Oktoba a shekarar (2012) an kira Webster zuwa Ingila U (17) amma manajansa Michael Appleton ya toshe buƙatun daga FA saboda ƙarancin ɗan wasa a Portsmouth. <ref>[http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11674/8141308/Portsmouth-Michael-Appleton-backs-Adam-Webster-for-international-honours Portsmouth Michael Appleton backs Adam Webster for international honours]; Sky Sports, 5 October 2012</ref> Daga baya a cikin watan, an kira shi zuwa Ingila U (18) 's. <ref>[https://archive.is/20130131140414/http://pompeypages.com/2012/10/21/pompey-defender-called-up-to-england-squad/ Pompey defender called up to England squad]; Pompey Pages, 21 October 2012</ref> [[Fayil:BHA 5 v Espanyol 1 pre season 30 07 2022 25.jpg|thumb|Adam Webster]] A ranar( 13) ga watan Nuwamban a shekara ta( 2012) Webster ya fara buga wa Ingila wasa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru (19) a wasan da suka doke Finland (1-0) inda ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Jack Stephens . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407082905/http://www.thefa.com/England/mens-u19s/News/2012/england-finland-report "England 1–0 Finland"] The FA.com. 13 November 2012.</ref> A ranar( 24) ga watan Mayu shekara ta (2013) Webster ya yi bayyanar sa ta (3rd) don zuwan U19 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da [[Georgia]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}} == Ƙididdigar sana'a == {{Updated|28 August 2021}} * Adam Webster at Soccerbase [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8dwritby8g3x2lb2t710wzm7zkvbujq 3 25291 868850 112541 2026-06-26T18:55:05Z Dr-Taher 4721 Dr-Taher moved page [[Tattaunawar user:AbdelRahman 503]] to [[Tattaunawar user:عبدالرحمن مصطفى]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/AbdelRahman 503|AbdelRahman 503]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/عبدالرحمن مصطفى|عبدالرحمن مصطفى]]" 112541 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AbdelRahman 503! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AbdelRahman 503|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 14:45, 22 Satumba 2021 (UTC) f9k6bax8mgfd87lsn0tmiqqp6x74vwq 0 28731 869111 324246 2026-06-27T05:33:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Adi Lev''' ( {{Lang-he|עדי לב}} ; Agusta 20, 1953 - Maris 12, 2006) yar wasan [[Isra'ila|Isra'ila ce]] kuma yar wasan murya. <ref>[https://www.ishim.co.il/p.php?s=עדי+לב Adi Lev’s filmography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215174325/https://www.ishim.co.il/p.php?s=%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99+%D7%9C%D7%91 |date=2024-02-15 }} (in Hebrew)</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta a Romania, Lev ta yi ƙaura zuwa Isra’ila tare da danginta tana yan shekara 16. Ta yi karatu a jami'ar [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] da Beit Zvi. Ta kuma tafi wani taron karawa juna sani a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] a cikin shekarun 1970s. Bayan ta koma Isra'ila, Lev ta fara yin wasa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Habima da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Cameri inda ta yi tauraro a cikin daidaitawar wasan kwaikwayo na ''Les Misérables'' . Ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa tare da darekta Sofia Moskowitz. A kan allon, Lev an san shi da yin aiki tare da Ze'ev Revach a yawancin fina-finansa kuma yana fitowa a cikin ''Broken Wings'' da ''The Rubber Merchants'' . Tun daga ƙarshen 1990s, Lev ta mayar da hankalinta ga yin rubutu. Ta yi muryoyin [[Ibrananci]] na Baba Yaga a cikin ''Bartok the Magnificent'', Roz in ''Monsters, Inc.'', Mrs. Hasagawa in ''Lilo &amp;amp; Stitch'', Mrs. Tweedy in ''Kaji Run'' da Kala in ''Tarzan II'' . ==Bayan Fage== A cikin 1981, Lev ta auri mawaƙin Romanian Peter Wertheimer . Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Alon da Shirley, wanda kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce. ==Mutuwa== Lev ta mutu daga [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] a ranar 12 ga Maris 2006 tana da shekaru 52 bayan an gano shi a watan Satumba da ya gabata. An binne ta a tsohuwar makabartar Herzliya. == Manazarta ==   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|nm0505094|Adi Lev}} * Adi Lev discography at Discogs grf4udawv0bhzapq3w4vtyrgy39rs0y 0 28768 869066 512082 2026-06-27T04:01:23Z Trey314159 7254 fix homoglyphs: convert Cyrillic characters in Semyonovi[с]h to Latin 869066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Леонид Каневский (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hoton leonid semyonovich]] [[Fayil:אפרת בן צור ולאוניד קנייבסקי - עיר. סיפורי אודסה - 1996.jpg|thumb|Hotonahi a 1996]] '''Leonid Semyonovich Kanevski''' (Ukrainian , {{Lang-ru|Леони́д Семёнович Кане́вский}} ; 2 May 1939, [[Kiev]], [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] <ref>[http://www.kp.ru/daily/24478/636289/ Дмитрий Медведев наградил Леонида Каневского орденом Дружбы]</ref>), ne a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]], [[Rasha]] da kuma [[Isra'ila]] actor. Ya shahara da masu sauraron Soviet bayan ya zama ''tauraro a cikin'' jerin binciken da ''ZnaToKi'' ke gudanarwa inda ya fito a matsayin babban Tomin. == Filmography == # 1968 - ''The Diamond Arm'' - ''Contrabandist, sanya a plaster'' # 1969 - ''The Red Tant'' # 1971 - 2003 - ''ZnaToKi ne ya gudanar da binciken'' - ''Tomin'' # 1972 - Tashar Jirgin ''Kasa - Minti Biyu - Krasovsky'' # 1974 - ''Kasada a cikin Garin da babu shi'' - ''Kyaftin Bonaventure'' # 1978 - ''d'Artagnan da Musketeers uku'' # 1982 - ''Tare da Hanyoyi da Ba a sani ba'' - ''Desyatnik Millionskiy'' # 1983 - ''Mary Poppins, Goodbye'' - kamar yadda Bob Goodetty # 2005 - ''Talakawa dangi'' # 2011 - ''Motoci 2'' - Finn McMissile (Sigar Rasha) # 2012 - ''Maraba da… Ta'aziyyarmu'' - kamar yadda kansa (outro gag) == TV == Kanevsky shine mai watsa shiri kuma babban mutum a bayan jerin shirye-shiryen laifuka na NTV ''Binciken da ...'' (2006-). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Леонид Каневский: О другой профессии некогда было думать |url=http://www.mignews.com/news/interview/world/270706_142303_37502.html |access-date=2022-01-21 |archive-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028090933/https://mignews.com/news/interview/world/270706_142303_37502.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta ==   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|0437591}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] g7xhj40908z08l7vxb7cgywk2gzeec3 0 30232 868725 719447 2026-06-26T14:18:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:033-A MARRIAGE MARKET AT BABYLON.jpg|thumb]] '''Ƴancin yin aure''' ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da aka sadaukar don cin nasarar aure ga ma'auratan jinsi a Amurka. An kafa 'yancin yin aure a birnin New York a cikin shekarata 2003 ta Evan Wolfson . Wolfson ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar ta hanyar nasarar Yunin shekarata 2015 a Kotun Koli, har zuwa lokacin rufe hukuma a cikin Fabrairu shekarar 2016. Ƴancin Aure ya kori dabarun kasa - abin da 'Yancin Aure ya kira "Taswirar Nasara" - wanda ya kai ga nasara a fadin kasar. Dabarun da ke da nufin samun nasarar Kotun Koli da ke kawo ƙasar ga ƙuduri na ƙasa, da zarar masu ba da shawara sun yi nasarar samar da yanayi ga kotun ta hanyar yin aiki a kan hanyoyi guda uku: cin nasarar aure a cikin manyan jihohi, Kuma haɓaka mafi rinjaye na ƙasa don aure, da kuma kawo karshen. nuna banbancin aure da gwamnatin tarayya ke yi. == Tarihi == A cikin shekarata 1983, a lokacin da ma'auratan jinsi ɗaya ba su da wata ƙasa- ko matakin jiha a ko'ina cikin duniya, Evan Wolfson ya rubuta littafinsa na Harvard Law School kan 'yancin yin aure ga ma'auratan. Kuma Ya yi imanin cewa ta hanyar da'awar ƙamus na aure, ma'auratan na iya canza fahimtar kasar game da su wanene 'yan luwadi kuma, saboda haka, dalilin da ya sa ketare da wariya ba daidai ba ne. Ƙididdigar ta zayyana hujjojin da a ƙarshe suka zama tattaunawa ta ƙasa da kuma tsarin fadace-fadacen doka da na siyasa wanda ya haifar da sauyi na fahimtar jama'a da nasara a Kotun Koli. Wolfson ya ci gaba da yin hidima na cikakken lokaci a matsayin darektan aure na Lambda Legal a cikin shekarata 1990s. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a shari'ar Baehr ta Hawaii, wacce ta ƙaddamar da ci gaba da 'yancin yin aure na duniya. Shari'ar Hawai ta siffanta yanayin da ke gaba: ci gaban shari'a tare da shan kaye a siyasance, saboda rashin isasshen ci gaba wajen canza zukata da tunani. Lokacin da, a cikin shekarata 2000, shugabannin Asusun Evelyn & Walter Haas Jr. Wolfson suka tuntubi Wolfson, ya yi nasarar ba da shawarar cewa gidauniyar ta ba da gudummawar tallafin dala miliyan 2.5 a cikin shekarata 2001 - sannan kyautar tushe mafi girma a tarihin motsi na LGBT daga wanda ake mutuntawa sosai, tushen tushe ba LGBT ba - don taimakawa Wolfson gina sabon kamfen don cin nasarar aure. An kaddamar da yakin neman zabe a hukumance a shekara ta 2003, wato haihuwar 'Yancin Aure. Wolfson ya san daga nazarin tarihin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a cewa aure ga ma'aurata guda ɗaya zai zama dokar ƙasa ne kawai lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa biyu, Congress ko Kotun Koli na Amurka, ya kawo ƙuduri na ƙasa a kan dalilin. Amma yaƙin neman zaɓe mai wayo, dabarun ya kasance mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar yanayin da ya dace don isa ga wannan batu da kuma guje wa ganin an kwace. Kamar yadda yake a Hawaii (har ma da farkon zagaye na yaƙin aure a cikin shekarar 1970s ), ƙarar ta kasance tsakiyar - amma bai isa ba. Wolfson ya yi kira ga ƙirƙirar yakin da ke nuna abin da ya kira "4 Multi's": zai zama shekaru da yawa (ba a sa ran samun nasara a cikin dare ba), jihohi da yawa (ba a kallon yadda aka ci nasara daya bayan daya), da yawa. - abokin tarayya (babu wata kungiya da za ta iya yin shi duka), da kuma hanyoyin da yawa (zai hada da shari'a, neman ra'ayi, ilimin jama'a, kungiya, aiki kai tsaye, tara kudade, har ma, ƙarshe, zaɓe). Wolfson ya san cewa masu ba da shawara kan aure ba dole ba ne su ci nasara a kowace jiha, amma dole ne su sami isasshen jihohi - kuma ba kowane Ba'amurke ba ne ya kamata a lallashe su don tallafawa 'yancin yin aure, amma isashen Amurkawa suna buƙatar goyon baya a gaban zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai da alkalai. ciki har da alkalan kotun koli, za su yi abin da ya dace. Fiye da shekaru ashirin, motsin aure ya gina daga goyon bayan 27% kawai a tsakanin jama'ar Amurka a 1993 zuwa 63% a shekarata 2015; kuma daga jihohin 0 da ke ba da lasisin aure a cikin shekarata 2002 zuwa jihohin 37 da gundumar Columbia a cikin shekarata 2015, lokacin da nasarorin suka haifar da ƙarfi da kuzari wanda ya baiwa Alƙalan Kotun Koli damar gama aikin kuma su hana nuna bambancin aure. sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya. == Wuraren aiki == === Saƙo === Tun daga shekara ta 2010, 'Yancin Yin Aure ya ƙirƙira tare da daidaita haɗin gwiwar bincike, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Ƙungiyar Binciken Aure, tare da haɗin gwiwa na jihohi da na ƙasa kamar Shirin Ci gaban Motsi, Basic Rights Oregon, da Hanya na Uku don "fasa lambar" kan yadda za a isa. sashe na gaba na jama'ar Amurka waɗanda har yanzu ba su kasance cikin mafi yawan kamfen ɗin ya cimma ba. Ta hanyar bincike mai zurfi, ƙungiyoyin mayar da hankali, haɗin gwiwa tare da abokan tarayya, da kuma tattara abubuwan da aka samu a cikin yakin neman zabe da yawa (da asara), 'Yanci don Aure ya fara sabon littafin wasan kwaikwayo na sakon aure mai suna "Me ya sa Aure Mahimmanci". Littafin wasan kwaikwayon ya sauya daga mayar da hankali kan haƙƙoƙi da fa'idojin da ke tattare da aure zuwa tushen ƙa'idodi na ƙauna, sadaukarwa, 'yanci, dangi, da Doka ta Zinariya. Waɗannan su ne saƙonnin da suka haifar da masu jefa ƙuri'a na "tsakiyar" - waɗanda Wolfson ya kira "mai yiwuwa amma ba a kai ba tukuna" - don matsawa zuwa goyon baya, kuma sun taimaka wajen ba da gudummawa ga nasarar farko na tarihi na aure a kuri'a a 2012, don lashe yawancin Amurkawa na goyon bayan aure, da kuma nasarar da ƙungiyar ta samu a shekarata 2015. === Talla da kafofin watsa labarai === Ta hanyar dabarun watsa labarai masu tsauri da nagartaccen tsari, 'Yancin Aure "Dakin Latsawa" ya kori labarin kasa game da aure da kuma yaki da saƙon tushen tsoro na abokan adawar aure. 'Yancin Aure ya [https://www.youtube.com/user/FreedomToMarry ba da kuɗi, ba da umarni, da ƙirƙira tallace-tallacen da] ke nuna masu maye gurbin da ba zato ba tsammani da labaran balaguron balaguron Amurkawa don tallafawa aure. Manyan manzanni sun hada da tsofaffi, ‘yan Republican, da ‘yan uwa na ma’auratan jinsi daya, kuma sun taimaka wajen gabatar da shari’ar a kotun sauraron ra’ayin jama’a cewa duk Amurka a shirye take don samun ‘yancin yin aure. === Cibiyar Ayyukan Dijital === 'Yanci don Aure ta ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Ayyukan Dijital don yin amfani da nasarar aikin ƙungiyar ta ƙasa da kuma amfani da shi a cikin fiye da dozin biyu kamfen na dijital na jihohi. ’Yancin da ya lashe lambar yabo ta dijital ta ƙwararrun kayan aikin kan layi da sabbin dabarun abun ciki don jawo masu goyon bayan aure cikin ingantaccen aiki, ciyar da saƙon ƙungiyar ta kan layi, tara kuɗi, da ba da labarun mutanen da wariyar aure ta shafa kai tsaye. Kuma A taƙaice, 'Yancin Yin Aure shine dijital "ƙarshen baya" na kusan dukkanin mahimman kamfen na jihohi a cikin shekaru da yawa na turawa. 'Yanci don Aure ya sami karramawa da yawa don yin amfani da majagaba na bidiyo da aikin zamantakewa don bayar da shawarwari kamar Kyautar Pollie shekarata 2015 Silver. === Yakin jiha === ’Yancin yin aure a cikin jihohi kusan koyaushe ya ƙunshi kafa ƙungiyoyin yaƙin neman zaɓe na jiha cikin sauri da inganci, haɓaka aikin haɗin gwiwa, samarwa da haɓaka ƙwarewa da littafin wasan kwaikwayo na dabaru masu inganci, da samar da kuɗin da ake buƙata. 'Yanci don Aure ya taka rawa a kusan kowane cin nasara na majalisa da kuri'a, kuma ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da abokansa don samar da yanayin nasara a jihohi tare da karar da ake jira, neman kwarewa, albarkatun, da kayayyakin more rayuwa don tallafawa masu ba da shawara na gida. "Me ya sa Aure ke da matsala" shine yakin neman ilimin jama'a na kasa don 'Yancin Aure. An ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, shekarata 2011 <ref name="abcnews" /> Shirin Dalilin Aure ya haɗa da bidiyo da labarai daga ainihin mutane da ainihin gaskiyar abin da ya sa aure ya shafi, kuma ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na ƙoƙari na dogon lokaci a cikin jihohi. === Shugaba Obama da 'yan Democrat "Kace, 'Na Yi ' === A cikin Maris shekarata 2011, Freedom to Marry ta kaddamar da budaddiyar wasika tana kira ga [[Barack Obama]] da ya tallafa wa auren jinsi. Sama da mutane 122,000 ne suka sanya hannu kan sunayensu ga wasiƙar, gami da mashahurai da dama, shugabannin jama'a, da ƴan kasuwa. <ref name="christianpost" /> An kawo karshen yakin neman zaben ne a ranar 9 ga watan Mayun shekarata 2012, lokacin da shugaba Obama ya zama shugaban kasar Amurka na farko da ya ce yana goyon bayan auren jinsi guda. A cikin Fabrairu 2012, Freedom to Marry kuma ya kaddamar da yakin neman shawo kan Jam'iyyar Democrat don hada aure ga ma'auratan jima'i a matsayin plank a cikin dandalin jam'iyyar a 2012 Democratic National Convention . Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ba da gudummawa ga nuna goyon baya daga Sanatocin Demokraɗiyya 22, Shugabar Demokraɗiyya ta Majalisar Nancy Pelosi, Shugabar Babban Babban Taron Dimokuradiyya Rep. Debbie Wasserman-Schultz, Caroline Kennedy da wasu tara masu taimaka wa yakin neman zaben Shugaba Obama, da Amurkawa fiye da 40,000 da suka saka sunayensu a cikin bukatar 'Yanci ga Marry ta yanar gizo. A ranar 29 ga watan Yuli, kwamitin daftarin tsarin jam'iyyar Democratic Party ya haɗa da 'yancin yin aure plank a cikin daftarin dandalin. An amince da daftarin ne a babban taron jam'iyyar Democrat a watan Satumba, wanda ya sa jam'iyyar Democrat ta zama babbar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Amurka ta farko da ta goyi bayan auren ma'auratan a hukumance a dandalin jam'iyyar na kasa. === Masu unguwanni don 'Yancin Aure === A cikin Janairun shekarata 2012, Freedom to Marry ta kaddamar da yakin neman 'yancin yin aure (wanda kuma aka sani da Mayors for Marriage), yana ƙarfafa masu unguwanni a duk faɗin Amurka don amincewa da daidaiton aure ga yankunansu. Sama da hakimai 500 daga kusan dukkan jihohi 50 ne suka shiga yakin a lokacin da aka yi aure a shekarar 2015. A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2012, magajin garin San Antonio Julián Castro, Magajin Garin Baltimore Stephanie Rawlings-Blake, da Magajin Garin Yammacin Sacramento Christopher Cabaldon sun buga wani shafi, "Aure gay tambaya na adalci", a ''Amurka A yau'' . === tara kudade === A matsayinsa na mai ba da kuɗi mafi girma na motsin aure, 'Yancin Aure ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jawo babban tushe da masu ba da gudummawa. Masu ba da gudummawa sun mamaye bakan siyasa, daga giant asusu Paul Singer, wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Elliott Management kuma babban dan jam'iyyar Republican, zuwa ga fitattun masu ba da agaji Jon Stryker da Tim Gill, manyan magoya bayan 'yan takarar Democrat. Misali, a cikin Maris shekarata 2012, Freedom to Marry ta ƙaddamar da Asusun Win More Jihohi, wanda ya gano jihohin da ake fama da yaƙi inda aka fi buƙatar kuɗi. Jihohin 2012 sun haɗa da New Hampshire, Maine, Washington, [[Minnesota]], [[New Jersey]], da Maryland daga baya. Manufar ita ce tara aƙalla dala miliyan 3 don shiga cikin waɗannan kamfen na jihohi. Kungiyar ta cimma wannan buri na farko a farkon watan Agustan shekarar 2012 kuma ta ci gaba da tara kudade har zuwa karshen wannan shekara, inda ta zama ta fi kowacce kasa kudi daga cikin jihohi a cikin nasarori uku na zaben jihar. Dukkanin jihohin shida da ke cikin Asusun Win More States sun yi nasara a 2012 - tare da Maine, Maryland, da Washington sun yi aure a karon farko a kuri'a a zaben Nuwamba shekarata 2012. Minnesota ta zama jiha ta farko da ta toshe gyare-gyaren kin aure a wurin kada kuri'a (kuma ta zartar da kudirin aure na gaba a zaman majalisa na gaba). New Hampshire ta yi nasarar toshe wani mataki na soke aure, kuma New Jersey ta yi aure a majalisar dokokin jihar. A cikin Fabrairu shekarata 2013, Freedom to Marry ya kaddamar da zagaye na biyu na jihohi don Win More State Fund tare da burin tarawa da zuba jari dala miliyan 2 a cikin yakin neman nasarar aure a Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey da Rhode Island. Gabaɗaya, Freedom to Aure ya tara sama da dala miliyan 60 don yin aure a faɗin ƙasar. An saka wannan kuɗin a cikin shirye-shiryen jihohi, na ƙasa, da tarayya, kuma kai tsaye cikin yakin neman zabe a ƙasa. === Matasa Masu Ra'ayin mazan jiya don 'Yancin Aure === Matasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya don 'Yancin Aure wani yaƙin neman zaɓe ne don haskakawa da haɓaka tallafi don 'yancin yin aure tsakanin matasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a duk faɗin Amurka. Suna wakiltar matasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a duk faɗin ƙasar waɗanda suka yarda duk ƙasar Amurkawa su sami damar shiga cikin 'yancin yin aure. Fitattun membobin Kwamitin Jagorancin Matasa Conservatives sun haɗa da SE Cupp, Abby Huntsman, da Meghan McCain . Mai fafutukar ra'ayin mazan jiya Tyler Deaton ne ke gudanar da wannan yunƙuri. A ranar 4 ga Yuni, shekarata 2014, yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarin ƙasa don "sake fasalin tsarin RNC ". Yaƙin neman zaɓe na "sake fasalin dandamali" da aka ƙaddamar a New Hampshire, wanda ya ƙunshi wani shiri da aka mayar da hankali kan jahohin farko na shugaban ƙasa da kuma "wanda zai jagoranci babban taron jam'iyyar Republican a 2016". == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Hakkokin LGBT a Amurka * Jerin kungiyoyin kare hakkin LGBT == Manazarta == == Ci gaba da karatu == * ''Mujallar New York Times'', [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/24/magazine/evan-wolfson-i-believed-we-could-win.html?_r=0&mtrref=freedomtomarry.org "Evan Wolfson: 'Na Gaskanta Za Mu Yi Nasara'"], Yuli 2015 * ''The Washington Post'', [https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/freedom-to-marry-is-going-out-of-business-and-everybodys-thrilled/2015/07/30/5ca89b5c-322b-11e5-8f36-18d1d501920d_story.html "'Yancin yin Aure yana fita daga kasuwanci.] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/freedom-to-marry-is-going-out-of-business-and-everybodys-thrilled/2015/07/30/5ca89b5c-322b-11e5-8f36-18d1d501920d_story.html Kuma kowa yana farin ciki."] , Yuli 2015 * ''The Atlantic Monthly'', [https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/12/the-marriage-plot-inside-this-years-epic-campaign-for-gay-equality/265865/ "The Marriage Plot: In This Year's Epic Campaign for Gay Daidaita"], Disamba 2012 * ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'', [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/fashion/weddings/evan-wolfson-and-cheng-he-vows.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&src=twrhp "Evan Wolfson da Cheng He: alkawura"], Oktoba 2011 * ''The Advocate'', [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20111128133357/http://www.advocate.com/Politics/Commentary/Oped_For_Evan_Wolfson_an_I_Do_Filled_With_I_Did/ "Op-Ed: Ga Evan Wolfson, wani 'Na Yi' Cike Da 'Na Yi '] , Oktoba 2011 * ''Labaran Amurka &amp;amp; Rahoton Duniya'', [https://www.usnews.com/debate-club/should-gay-marriage-be-legal-nationwide/without-nationwide-gay-marriage-us-government-discriminates "Ba tare da Auren Luwaɗi a Ƙasashen Ƙasa ba, Gwamnatin Amurka tana Wariya"], Oktoba 2011 * ''Lokaci'', [http://swampland.time.com/2011/07/05/after-new-york-the-near-future-of-gay-marriage/#ixzz1RKZZux3d "Bayan New York: Makomar Auren Gay (Kusa)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707105852/https://swampland.time.com/2011/07/05/after-new-york-the-near-future-of-gay-marriage/#ixzz1RKZZux3d |date=2022-07-07 }}, Yuli 2011 * ''Huffington Post'', [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/evan-wolfson/the-freedom-to-marry-what_b_884604.html "'Yancin yin Aure: Menene Gaba Bayan New York?"] , Yuni 2011 * ''The Advocate'', [http://www.freedomtomarry.org/blog/entry/freedom-to-marry-announces-expansion-plans "'Yancin Aure Ya Sanar da Shirye-shiryen Fadadawa"], Janairu 2011 * ''Masanin Tattalin Arziki'', [http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/633#pro_statement_anchor "Auren Jima'i: Wannan gidan ya yi imanin cewa auren luwadi ya zama doka"], Janairu 2011 * ''Pacific Daily News'', [http://www.guampdn.com/article/20101229/NEWS01/12290329 "Lauyan 'Yancin Bil'adama ya inganta auren luwadi"]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Disamba 2010 * ''Los Angeles Times'', [http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gay-rights-year-20101219,0,2690533.story "Ribar ta fi koma baya a shekarar da aka fi sani da 'yancin ɗan luwaɗi"], Disamba 2010 * ''The Sunday Business Post'', [http://www.sbpost.ie/post/pages/p/story.aspx-qqqt=AGENDA-qqqs=agenda-qqqid=53167-qqqx=1.asp "A Very Civil Defence"]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Disamba 2010 * ''The Advocate'', [http://www.advocate.com/Politics/Commentary/The_Message_from_Iowa/ "Saƙon daga Iowa"], Nuwamba 2010 * Fox News, [http://video.foxnews.com/v/4416810/judges-ouster-stirs-debate/ "Alƙalai sun yi watsi da muhawara"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926002440/https://video.foxnews.com/v/4416810/judges-ouster-stirs-debate/ |date=2019-09-26 }}, Nuwamba 2010 * ''Rikodin New Jersey'', [http://www.northjersey.com/news/opinions/wolfson_101010.html "Kwancewar Lokacin"], Oktoba 2010 * ''Anderson Cooper 360°'', [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBa6WEUAtww&feature=player_embedded "An Rufe Haramcin Auren Jima'i"], Agusta 2010 * ''The New York Times'', [http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/ted-olsons-supreme-court-adventure/ "Ted Olson ta Kotun Koli Adventure"], Agusta 2009 {{Clear}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.freedomtomarry.org/}} * [http://www.freedomtomarry.org/pages/mayors-for-the-freedom-to-marry Masu unguwanni Don 'Yancin Aure] * [http://www.freedomtomarry.org/yc Matasa Masu Ra'ayin mazan jiya don 'Yancin Aure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111073716/http://www.freedomtomarry.org/yc |date=2016-01-11 }} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cbx9sp5r1dsk2c5mf1uvltq8iojovp2 0 40681 869026 534834 2026-06-26T23:23:18Z Arcdanumma047 38699 869026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:The Cornish Riviera GWR Burleigh Bruhl.png|thumb|sufuri]] [[Fayil:The Cornish Riviera GWR Burleigh Bruhl.png|thumb|Sufuri]] '''Sufuri''' (a cikin harshen Ingilishi na Biritaniya) tafiya ne na niyya na daga mutane, dabbobi, da kayayyaki daga wuri ɗaya zuwa wani. Hanyoyin sufuri sun haɗa da iska, ƙasa (jirgin ƙasa da hanya), ruwa, USB, bututu, da sarari. Ana iya raba filin zuwa ababen more rayuwa, ababen hawa, da ayyuka. Sufuri yana ba da damar cinikin ɗan adam, wanda ke da mahimmanci da cigaban wayewa .<ref>Crawford, Amy (2021-10-25). "Could flying electric 'air taxis' help fix urban transportation?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.</ref> Ayyukan sufuri sun ƙunshi ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki, ciki har da kuma hanyoyi, titin jirgin ƙasa, hanyoyin jirgin sama, [[Hanyar ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa]], magudanar ruwa, da bututun mai, da tashoshi kamar [[Filin jirgin sama|filayen]] jirgin sama, tashoshin jirgin ƙasa, tashoshin mota, ɗakunan ajiya, tashoshi na manyan motoci, tasoshin mai (ciki har da tashar mai da tashoshin mai). da tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Ana iya amfani da tashoshi duka don musayar fasinjoji da kaya da kuma kulawa. Hanyoyin sufuri kowane nau'in kayan sufuri ne da ake amfani da su don ɗaukar mutane ko kaya. Suna iya haɗawa da ababen hawa, hawan dabbobi, da shirya dabbobi. Motoci na iya haɗawa da kekuna, [[Mota|motoci]], kekuna, [[Bus|bas]], jiragen ƙasa, [[Babban mota|manyan motoci]], jirage masu saukar ungulu, jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama. == Hanyoyi == [[File:Manchester_Transport_Montage.jpg|right|thumb| Daban-daban hanyoyin sufuri.]] Yanayin sufuri shine mafitace wanda a ke yin amfani da wani nau'in abin hawa, ababen more rayuwa, da aiki. Jirgin mutum ko na kaya na iya haɗawa da yanayi ɗaya ko da yawa daga cikin hanyoyin, tare da na ƙarshen ana kiransa inter-modal ko jigilar kayayyaki da yawa. Kowane yanayi yana da nasa fa'ida da rashin amfani, kuma za a zaba bisa ga farashi, iyawa, da kuma hanya. Gwamnatoci suna magance yadda ake sarrafa motocin, da kuma hanyoyin da aka gindaya don wannan dalili, gami da kudade, doka, da manufofi. A cikin masana'antar sufuri, ayyuka da ikon mallakar kayayyakin more rayuwa na iya zama na jama'a ko na sirri, ya danganta da ƙasa da yanayin.<ref>Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US Archived 2015-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. April 28, 2009.</ref> Jirgin fasinja na iya zama na jama'a, inda masu aiki ke ba da ayyukan da aka tsara, ko na sirri. Harkokin sufurin kaya yana mayar da hankali kan kwantena, ko da yake ana amfani da jigilar kayayyaki don ɗimbin abubuwa masu ɗorewa. Harkokin sufuri na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasar tattalin arziki da dunkulewar duniya, amma yawancin nau'o'in suna haifar [[Gurbacewar Iska|da gurbacewar iska]] da kuma [[Amfani da Ƙasa|amfani da filaye mai yawa]]. Yayin da gwamnatoci ke ba da tallafi sosai, kyakkyawan tsarin sufuri yana da mahimmanci don yin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da hana yaduwar birane. === Ƙarfin ɗan adam(Human-powered) === [[File:Sherpa_carrying_woods.JPG|thumb| Harkokin sufurin da ɗan adam ya kasance ruwan dare a ƙasashe masu tasowa.]] Jirgin da ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, wajen nau'in sufuri mai ɗorewa, shi ne jigilar mutane da/ko kaya ta amfani da ƙarfin tsokar [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]], ta hanyar tafiya, gudu, da kuma iyo. [[Fasaha|Fasahar zamani]] ta baiwa injina damar haɓaka ƙarfin ɗan adam. Harkokin sufuri na ɗan adam ya kasance sananne saboda dalilai na ceton farashi, nishaɗi, [[Motsa jiki|motsa jiki na jiki]], da muhalli; wani lokacin shi ne kawai nau'in da ake samu, musamman a yankunan da ba a ci gaba ba ko kuma ba za a iya shiga ba. Ko da yake mutane suna iya tafiya ba tare da ababen more rayuwa ba, ana iya haɓaka sufuri ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi, musamman lokacin amfani da ikon ɗan adam da ababen hawa, kamar kekuna da inline skates. An kuma kera motocin da mutane ke amfani da su don yanayi masu wahala, kamar dusar ƙanƙara da ruwa, ta hanyar kwale-kwale na ruwa da kuma kankara; har ma ana iya shigar da iskar da jirgi mai amfani da dan Adam.<ref>"Major Roads of the United States". United States Department of the Interior. 2006-03-13. Archived from the original on 13 April 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2007.</ref> [[File:Airfrance.a318-100.f-guga.arp.jpg|alt=White jet aircraft coming into land, undercarriage fully extended. Under each wing is a turbofan engine|thumb| Jirgin [[Air France]] [[Airbus]] A318 ya sauka a [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Heathrow|filin jirgin saman Heathrow na London]].]] [[File:ICE1_Schellenberg.jpg|alt=White electric train with red cheatline emerging from tunnel in the countryside|thumb| Intercity Express, jirgin fasinja mai sauri na Jamus.]] [[File:Monday_morning_rush_at_Xi'erqi_Station,_southbound_(20170904084423).jpg|alt=|thumb| Titin jirgin karkashin kasa na Beijing na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin zirga-zirga cikin sauri a duniya.]] [[File:High_Five.jpg|right|thumb| Hanyar sufuri]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Sufuri]] [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i1yt5ged1jboj5wy931j37sv5nep14z 869027 869026 2026-06-26T23:24:16Z Arcdanumma047 38699 869027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:The Cornish Riviera GWR Burleigh Bruhl.png|thumb|sufuri]] [[Fayil:The Cornish Riviera GWR Burleigh Bruhl.png|thumb|Sufuri]] '''Sufuri''' (a cikin harshen Ingilishi na Biritaniya) tafiya ne na niyya na daga mutane, dabbobi, da kayayyaki daga wuri ɗaya zuwa wani. Hanyoyin sufuri sun haɗa da iska, ƙasa (jirgin ƙasa da hanya), [[ruwa]], USB, bututu, da sarari. Ana iya raba filin zuwa ababen more rayuwa, ababen hawa, da ayyuka. Sufuri yana ba da damar cinikin ɗan adam, wanda ke da mahimmanci da cigaban wayewa .<ref>Crawford, Amy (2021-10-25). "Could flying electric 'air taxis' help fix urban transportation?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.</ref> Ayyukan sufuri sun ƙunshi ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki, ciki har da kuma hanyoyi, titin jirgin ƙasa, hanyoyin jirgin sama, [[Hanyar ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa]], magudanar ruwa, da bututun mai, da tashoshi kamar [[Filin jirgin sama|filayen]] jirgin sama, tashoshin jirgin ƙasa, tashoshin mota, ɗakunan ajiya, tashoshi na manyan motoci, tasoshin mai (ciki har da tashar mai da tashoshin mai). da tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Ana iya amfani da tashoshi duka don musayar fasinjoji da kaya da kuma kulawa. Hanyoyin sufuri kowane nau'in kayan sufuri ne da ake amfani da su don ɗaukar mutane ko kaya. Suna iya haɗawa da ababen hawa, hawan dabbobi, da shirya dabbobi. Motoci na iya haɗawa da kekuna, [[Mota|motoci]], kekuna, [[Bus|bas]], jiragen ƙasa, [[Babban mota|manyan motoci]], jirage masu saukar ungulu, jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama. == Hanyoyi == [[File:Manchester_Transport_Montage.jpg|right|thumb| Daban-daban hanyoyin sufuri.]] Yanayin sufuri shine mafitace wanda a ke yin amfani da wani nau'in abin hawa, ababen more rayuwa, da aiki. Jirgin mutum ko na kaya na iya haɗawa da yanayi ɗaya ko da yawa daga cikin hanyoyin, tare da na ƙarshen ana kiransa inter-modal ko jigilar kayayyaki da yawa. Kowane yanayi yana da nasa fa'ida da rashin amfani, kuma za a zaba bisa ga farashi, iyawa, da kuma hanya. Gwamnatoci suna magance yadda ake sarrafa motocin, da kuma hanyoyin da aka gindaya don wannan dalili, gami da kudade, doka, da manufofi. A cikin masana'antar sufuri, ayyuka da ikon mallakar kayayyakin more rayuwa na iya zama na jama'a ko na sirri, ya danganta da ƙasa da yanayin.<ref>Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US Archived 2015-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. April 28, 2009.</ref> Jirgin fasinja na iya zama na jama'a, inda masu aiki ke ba da ayyukan da aka tsara, ko na sirri. Harkokin sufurin kaya yana mayar da hankali kan kwantena, ko da yake ana amfani da jigilar kayayyaki don ɗimbin abubuwa masu ɗorewa. Harkokin sufuri na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasar tattalin arziki da dunkulewar duniya, amma yawancin nau'o'in suna haifar [[Gurbacewar Iska|da gurbacewar iska]] da kuma [[Amfani da Ƙasa|amfani da filaye mai yawa]]. Yayin da gwamnatoci ke ba da tallafi sosai, kyakkyawan tsarin sufuri yana da mahimmanci don yin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da hana yaduwar birane. === Ƙarfin ɗan adam(Human-powered) === [[File:Sherpa_carrying_woods.JPG|thumb| Harkokin sufurin da ɗan adam ya kasance ruwan dare a ƙasashe masu tasowa.]] Jirgin da ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, wajen nau'in sufuri mai ɗorewa, shi ne jigilar mutane da/ko kaya ta amfani da ƙarfin tsokar [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]], ta hanyar tafiya, gudu, da kuma iyo. [[Fasaha|Fasahar zamani]] ta baiwa injina damar haɓaka ƙarfin ɗan adam. Harkokin sufuri na ɗan adam ya kasance sananne saboda dalilai na ceton farashi, nishaɗi, [[Motsa jiki|motsa jiki na jiki]], da muhalli; wani lokacin shi ne kawai nau'in da ake samu, musamman a yankunan da ba a ci gaba ba ko kuma ba za a iya shiga ba. Ko da yake mutane suna iya tafiya ba tare da ababen more rayuwa ba, ana iya haɓaka sufuri ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi, musamman lokacin amfani da ikon ɗan adam da ababen hawa, kamar kekuna da inline skates. An kuma kera motocin da mutane ke amfani da su don yanayi masu wahala, kamar dusar ƙanƙara da ruwa, ta hanyar kwale-kwale na ruwa da kuma kankara; har ma ana iya shigar da iskar da jirgi mai amfani da dan Adam.<ref>"Major Roads of the United States". United States Department of the Interior. 2006-03-13. Archived from the original on 13 April 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2007.</ref> [[File:Airfrance.a318-100.f-guga.arp.jpg|alt=White jet aircraft coming into land, undercarriage fully extended. Under each wing is a turbofan engine|thumb| Jirgin [[Air France]] [[Airbus]] A318 ya sauka a [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Heathrow|filin jirgin saman Heathrow na London]].]] [[File:ICE1_Schellenberg.jpg|alt=White electric train with red cheatline emerging from tunnel in the countryside|thumb| Intercity Express, jirgin fasinja mai sauri na Jamus.]] [[File:Monday_morning_rush_at_Xi'erqi_Station,_southbound_(20170904084423).jpg|alt=|thumb| Titin jirgin karkashin kasa na Beijing na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin zirga-zirga cikin sauri a duniya.]] [[File:High_Five.jpg|right|thumb| Hanyar sufuri]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Sufuri]] [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2g4rehjkyos8iho6von2ok5ziujqrmo 869029 869027 2026-06-26T23:26:24Z Arcdanumma047 38699 869029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:The Cornish Riviera GWR Burleigh Bruhl.png|thumb|sufuri]] [[Fayil:The Cornish Riviera GWR Burleigh Bruhl.png|thumb|Sufuri]] '''Sufuri''' (a cikin harshen Ingilishi na Biritaniya) tafiya ne na niyya na daga mutane, dabbobi, da kayayyaki daga wuri ɗaya zuwa wani. Hanyoyin sufuri sun haɗa da iska, ƙasa (jirgin ƙasa da hanya), [[ruwa]], USB, bututu, da sarari. Ana iya raba filin zuwa ababen more rayuwa, ababen hawa, da ayyuka. Sufuri yana ba da damar cinikin ɗan adam, wanda ke da mahimmanci da cigaban wayewa .<ref>Crawford, Amy (2021-10-25). "Could flying electric 'air taxis' help fix urban transportation?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.</ref> Ayyukan sufuri sun ƙunshi ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki, ciki har da kuma hanyoyi, titin jirgin ƙasa, hanyoyin jirgin sama, [[Hanyar ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa]], magudanar ruwa, da bututun mai, da tashoshi kamar [[Filin jirgin sama|filayen]] jirgin sama, tashoshin jirgin ƙasa, tashoshin mota, ɗakunan ajiya, tashoshi na manyan motoci, tasoshin mai (ciki har da tashar mai da tashoshin mai). da tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Ana iya amfani da tashoshi duka don musayar fasinjoji da kaya da kuma kulawa. Hanyoyin sufuri kowane nau'in kayan sufuri ne da ake amfani da su don ɗaukar mutane ko kaya. Suna iya haɗawa da ababen hawa, hawan dabbobi, da shirya dabbobi. Motoci na iya haɗawa da kekuna, [[Mota|motoci]], kekuna, [[Bus|bas]], jiragen ƙasa, [[Babban mota|manyan motoci]], jirage masu saukar ungulu, jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama. == Hanyoyi == [[File:Manchester_Transport_Montage.jpg|right|thumb| Daban-daban hanyoyin sufuri.]] Yanayin sufuri shine mafitace wanda a ke yin amfani da wani nau'in abin hawa, ababen more rayuwa, da aiki. Jirgin mutum ko na kaya na iya haɗawa da yanayi ɗaya ko da yawa daga cikin hanyoyin, tare da na ƙarshen ana kiransa inter-modal ko jigilar kayayyaki da yawa. Kowane yanayi yana da nasa fa'ida da rashin amfani, kuma za a zaba bisa ga farashi, iyawa, da kuma hanya. Gwamnatoci suna magance yadda ake sarrafa motocin, da kuma hanyoyin da aka gindaya don wannan dalili, gami da kudade, doka, da manufofi. A cikin masana'antar sufuri, ayyuka da ikon mallakar kayayyakin more rayuwa na iya zama na jama'a ko na sirri, ya danganta da ƙasa da yanayin.<ref>Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US Archived 2015-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. April 28, 2009.</ref> Jirgin fasinja na iya zama na jama'a, inda masu aiki ke ba da ayyukan da aka tsara, ko na sirri. Harkokin sufurin kaya yana mayar da hankali kan kwantena, ko da yake ana amfani da jigilar kayayyaki don ɗimbin abubuwa masu ɗorewa. Harkokin sufuri na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasar tattalin arziki da dunkulewar duniya, amma yawancin nau'o'in suna haifar [[Gurbacewar Iska|da gurbacewar iska]] da kuma [[Amfani da Ƙasa|amfani da filaye mai yawa]]. Yayin da gwamnatoci ke ba da tallafi sosai, kyakkyawan tsarin sufuri yana da mahimmanci don yin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da hana yaduwar birane. === Ƙarfin ɗan adam(Human-powered) === [[File:Sherpa_carrying_woods.JPG|thumb| Harkokin sufurin da ɗan adam ya kasance ruwan dare a ƙasashe masu tasowa.]] Jirgin da ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, wajen nau'in sufuri mai ɗorewa, shi ne jigilar mutane da/ko kaya ta amfani da ƙarfin tsokar [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]], ta hanyar tafiya, gudu, da kuma iyo. [[Fasaha|Fasahar zamani]] ta baiwa injina damar haɓaka ƙarfin ɗan adam. Harkokin sufuri na ɗan adam ya kasance sananne saboda dalilai na ceton farashi, nishaɗi, [[Motsa jiki|motsa jiki na jiki]], da muhalli; wani lokacin shi ne kawai nau'in da ake samu, musamman a yankunan da ba a ci gaba ba ko kuma ba za a iya shiga ba. Ko da yake mutane suna iya tafiya ba tare da ababen more rayuwa ba, ana iya haɓaka sufuri ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi, musamman lokacin amfani da ikon ɗan adam da ababen hawa, kamar kekuna da inline skates. An kuma kera motocin da mutane ke amfani da su don yanayi masu wahala, kamar dusar ƙanƙara da ruwa, ta hanyar kwale-kwale na ruwa da kuma kankara; har ma ana iya shigar da iskar da jirgi mai amfani da [[Ɗan Adam|danAdam]].<ref>"Major Roads of the United States". United States Department of the Interior. 2006-03-13. Archived from the original on 13 April 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2007.</ref> [[File:Airfrance.a318-100.f-guga.arp.jpg|alt=White jet aircraft coming into land, undercarriage fully extended. Under each wing is a turbofan engine|thumb| Jirgin [[Air France]] [[Airbus]] A318 ya sauka a [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Heathrow|filin jirgin saman Heathrow na London]].]] [[File:ICE1_Schellenberg.jpg|alt=White electric train with red cheatline emerging from tunnel in the countryside|thumb| Intercity Express, jirgin fasinja mai sauri na Jamus.]] [[File:Monday_morning_rush_at_Xi'erqi_Station,_southbound_(20170904084423).jpg|alt=|thumb| Titin jirgin karkashin kasa na Beijing na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin zirga-zirga cikin sauri a duniya.]] [[File:High_Five.jpg|right|thumb| Hanyar sufuri]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Sufuri]] [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p1fdr6gp1keiji5qahyb6m7r74dzp17 869030 869029 2026-06-26T23:26:57Z Arcdanumma047 38699 869030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:The Cornish Riviera GWR Burleigh Bruhl.png|thumb|sufuri]] [[Fayil:The Cornish Riviera GWR Burleigh Bruhl.png|thumb|Sufuri]] '''Sufuri''' (a cikin harshen Ingilishi na Biritaniya) tafiya ne na niyya na daga mutane, dabbobi, da kayayyaki daga wuri ɗaya zuwa wani. Hanyoyin sufuri sun haɗa da iska, ƙasa (jirgin ƙasa da hanya), [[ruwa]], USB, bututu, da sarari. Ana iya raba filin zuwa ababen more rayuwa, ababen hawa, da ayyuka. Sufuri yana ba da damar cinikin ɗan adam, wanda ke da mahimmanci da cigaban wayewa .<ref>Crawford, Amy (2021-10-25). "Could flying electric 'air taxis' help fix urban transportation?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.</ref> Ayyukan sufuri sun ƙunshi ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki, ciki har da kuma hanyoyi, titin jirgin ƙasa, hanyoyin jirgin sama, [[Hanyar ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa]], magudanar ruwa, da bututun mai, da tashoshi kamar [[Filin jirgin sama|filayen]] jirgin sama, tashoshin jirgin ƙasa, tashoshin mota, ɗakunan ajiya, tashoshi na manyan motoci, tasoshin mai (ciki har da tashar mai da tashoshin mai). da tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Ana iya amfani da tashoshi duka don musayar fasinjoji da kaya da kuma kulawa. Hanyoyin sufuri kowane nau'in kayan sufuri ne da ake amfani da su don ɗaukar mutane ko kaya. Suna iya haɗawa da ababen hawa, hawan dabbobi, da shirya dabbobi. Motoci na iya haɗawa da kekuna, [[Mota|motoci]], kekuna, [[Bus|bas]], jiragen ƙasa, [[Babban mota|manyan motoci]], jirage masu saukar ungulu, jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama. == Hanyoyi == [[File:Manchester_Transport_Montage.jpg|right|thumb| Daban-daban hanyoyin sufuri.]] Yanayin sufuri shine mafitace wanda a ke yin amfani da wani nau'in abin hawa, ababen more rayuwa, da aiki. Jirgin mutum ko na kaya na iya haɗawa da yanayi ɗaya ko da yawa daga cikin hanyoyin, tare da na ƙarshen ana kiransa inter-modal ko jigilar kayayyaki da yawa. Kowane yanayi yana da nasa fa'ida da rashin amfani, kuma za a zaba bisa ga farashi, iyawa, da kuma hanya. Gwamnatoci suna magance yadda ake sarrafa motocin, da kuma hanyoyin da aka gindaya don wannan dalili, gami da kudade, doka, da manufofi. A cikin masana'antar sufuri, ayyuka da ikon mallakar kayayyakin more rayuwa na iya zama na jama'a ko na sirri, ya danganta da ƙasa da yanayin.<ref>Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US Archived 2015-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. April 28, 2009.</ref> Jirgin fasinja na iya zama na jama'a, inda masu aiki ke ba da ayyukan da aka tsara, ko na sirri. Harkokin sufurin kaya yana mayar da hankali kan kwantena, ko da yake ana amfani da jigilar kayayyaki don ɗimbin abubuwa masu ɗorewa. Harkokin sufuri na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasar tattalin arziki da dunkulewar duniya, amma yawancin nau'o'in suna haifar [[Gurbacewar Iska|da gurbacewar iska]] da kuma [[Amfani da Ƙasa|amfani da filaye mai yawa]]. Yayin da gwamnatoci ke ba da tallafi sosai, kyakkyawan tsarin sufuri yana da mahimmanci don yin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da hana yaduwar birane. === Ƙarfin ɗan adam(Human-powered) === [[File:Sherpa_carrying_woods.JPG|thumb| Harkokin sufurin da ɗan adam ya kasance ruwan dare a ƙasashe masu tasowa.]] Jirgin da ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, wajen nau'in sufuri mai ɗorewa, shi ne jigilar mutane da/ko kaya ta amfani da ƙarfin tsokar [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]], ta hanyar tafiya, gudu, da kuma iyo. [[Fasaha|Fasahar zamani]] ta baiwa injina damar haɓaka ƙarfin ɗan adam. Harkokin sufuri na ɗan adam ya kasance sananne saboda dalilai na ceton farashi, nishaɗi, [[Motsa jiki|motsa jiki na jiki]], da muhalli; wani lokacin shi ne kawai nau'in da ake samu, musamman a yankunan da ba a ci gaba ba ko kuma ba za a iya shiga ba. Ko da yake mutane suna iya tafiya ba tare da ababen more rayuwa ba, ana iya haɓaka sufuri ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi, musamman lokacin amfani da ikon ɗan adam da ababen hawa, kamar kekuna da inline skates. An kuma kera motocin da mutane ke amfani da su don yanayi masu wahala, kamar dusar ƙanƙara da ruwa, ta hanyar kwale-kwale na ruwa da kuma kankara; har ma ana iya shigar da iskar da jirgi mai amfani da [[Ɗan Adam|dan Adam]].<ref>"Major Roads of the United States". United States Department of the Interior. 2006-03-13. Archived from the original on 13 April 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2007.</ref> [[File:Airfrance.a318-100.f-guga.arp.jpg|alt=White jet aircraft coming into land, undercarriage fully extended. Under each wing is a turbofan engine|thumb| Jirgin [[Air France]] [[Airbus]] A318 ya sauka a [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Heathrow|filin jirgin saman Heathrow na London]].]] [[File:ICE1_Schellenberg.jpg|alt=White electric train with red cheatline emerging from tunnel in the countryside|thumb| Intercity Express, jirgin fasinja mai sauri na Jamus.]] [[File:Monday_morning_rush_at_Xi'erqi_Station,_southbound_(20170904084423).jpg|alt=|thumb| Titin jirgin karkashin kasa na Beijing na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin zirga-zirga cikin sauri a duniya.]] [[File:High_Five.jpg|right|thumb| Hanyar sufuri]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Sufuri]] [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] onsghqj9htvspibyslj48716n3crx05 0 42272 868750 528231 2026-06-26T16:00:50Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359505043|Ezzaki Badou]]" 868750 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ezzaki "Zaki" Badou''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1959) kocin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Morocco kuma tsohon [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] wanda a halin yanzu yake kula da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijar . == Sana'ar wasa == An haife shi a Sidi Kacem, Zaki ya wakilci AS Salé, [[Wydad AC]], RCD Mallorca da Fath Union Sport a lokacin shekaru 17 na aikin ƙwararru. Tare da Mallorca, wanda ya sanya hannu a kansa a shekarar 1986 bayan da France Football ta naɗa shi a matsayin [[Gwarzon ɗan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafar Afirka na Shekara|gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka na shekara]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pierrend |first=José Luis |title=African Player of the Year |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/afr-poy.html |access-date=23 April 2015 |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> ya sami ci gaba zuwa [[La Liga]] a shekarar 1989 yayin da ya lashe Kofin Ricardo Zamora . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Zaki ya buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Morocco]] wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1986 da kuma [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka]] guda huɗu. A gasar da aka yi a Mexico, ya taimaka wa ƙasarsa ta zama ƙungiyar farko ta Afirka da ta kai zagaye na 16 ; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Griñán |first=Virginia |date=25 September 2009 |title=Qué fue de...Ezaki |trans-title=What happened to...Ezaki |url=http://cadenaser.com/ser/2009/09/25/deportes/1253834891_850215.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=[[Cadena SER]] |language=es}}</ref> haka kuma, wanda ya lashe wasanni 76 a jere <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamrud |first=Roberto |title=Ezzaki Badou "Zaki" – International Appearances |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-zaki-intl.html |access-date=16 August 2019 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> ya fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1984. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Badou Ezaki |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ez/badou-ezaki-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219235454/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ez/badou-ezaki-1.html |archive-date=19 December 2013 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Sports Reference}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka ta zabi Zaki a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan kwallon kafa 200 na Afirka a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. == Aikin koyarwa == Zaki ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1993 yana da shekaru 34, nan take ya zama manaja. A shekarar 2002, bayan ya horar da kungiyoyi da dama, ciki har da tsoffin kungiyoyin FUS da WAC, <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2012 |title=L'entraîneur Badou Zaki signe au Wydad |trans-title=Manager Badou Zaki signs with Wydad |url=http://fr.fifa.com/world-match-centre/nationalleagues/nationalleague=morocco-championnat-national-botola-2000000056/news/newsid/174/760/9/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224061919/http://fr.fifa.com/world-match-centre/nationalleagues/nationalleague=morocco-championnat-national-botola-2000000056/news/newsid/174/760/9/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=FIFA |language=fr}}</ref> an nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasar Morocco, inda ya bar mukaminsa bayan shekaru uku <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2005 |title=Démission de Zaki |trans-title=Zaki resigns |url=http://www.bladi.net/demission-de-zaki.html |access-date=12 February 2009 |publisher=Bladi |language=fr}}</ref> sannan ya dawo a watan Mayun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2014 |title=Morocco name former player Badou Zaki as new coach |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27252927 |access-date=2 May 2014 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> Ya sami nasarar kafa kungiyar matasa kuma ya cancanci shiga [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] da aka shirya a Tunisia a shekarar 2004 ba tare da an doke shi ba. 'Yan wasan Zaki sun kai wasan karshe ta hanyar shan kashi a hannun Tunisia da ci 2-1. Ya tafi bisa amincewar juna a watan Fabrairun 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2016 |title=Badou Zaki leaves post as Morocco coach by mutual consent |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35542209 |access-date=11 February 2016 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Daga baya Zaki ya koma bakin aikinsa na kulob, inda ya ci gaba da jagorantar ƙungiyoyi da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2018 |title=Algérie – MC Oran: Badou Zaki nouvel entraîneur |trans-title=Algeria – MC Oran: Badou Zaki new manager |url=https://orangefootballclub.com/fr/articles/algerie-mc-oran-badou-zaki-nouvel-entraineur/ |access-date=11 January 2020 |publisher=Orange |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 May 2018 |title=Badou Zaki to Coach Algerian Club Mouloudia Club d'Oran |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/05/246024/badou-zaki-coach-algerian-club-oran |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2017, an nada Zaki a matsayin kocin IR Tanger . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=9 July 2017 |title=Football: Zaki Officially Becomes Head Coach of IR Tangier |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/07/222523/football-zaki-officially-becomes-head-coach-ir-tangier |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Maris 2023, aka naɗa shi kocin Sudan, inda Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Saudiyya ke biyansa albashinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2023 |title=إعلان تعيين الزاكي مدربا لـ"صقور الجديان" |url=https://www.hespress.com/إعلان-تعيين-الزاكي-مدربا-لـصقور-الجدي-1137247.html |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}</ref> A lokacin da yake jagorantar wasansa na farko a Sudan, ya sami nasarar doke Gabon da ci 1-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Football |first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du |title=TotalEnergies AFCON qualifier: Fighting spirit delights coach Ezzaki as Sudan down Gabon {{!}} TotalEnergies African Cup Of Nations Qualifiers |url=https://www.cafonline.com/africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-afcon-qualifier-fighting-spirit-delights-coach-ezzaki-as-sudan-dow |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=CAFOnline.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2023, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Nijar ta sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu kan kwangila a hukumance da kocinta Badou Zaki don jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijar na tsawon shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=رسميا بادو الزاكي يتولى تدريب منتخب النيجر |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84-1278153.html |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2023 |title=Badou Zaki: Moroccan legend takes the helm to revive Niger's fortunes |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/badou-zaki-moroccan-legend-takes-the-helm-to-revive-nigers-fortunes/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Daraja == [[Fayil:Wydad_Casablanca_vs_Wydad_de_Fes,_December_13_2009-3.jpg|thumb|Zaki a shekarar 2009]] === Ɗan wasa === '''Wydad Casablanca''' * Botola Pro : 1977–78, 1985–86 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbink |first=Dinant |last2=Batalha |first2=José |title=Morocco 1985/86 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro86.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> * Kofin Kurzawa na Morocco : 1978, 1979, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Batalha |first=José |title=Morocco 1978/79 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro79.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> 1981 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Batalha |first=José |last2=Du KAC |first2=PFS |last3=Jönsson |first3=Mikael |title=Morocco 1980/81 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro81.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> * Kofin Mohammed na V : 1979 '''RCD Mallorca''' * Copa del Rey ta biyu: 1990-91 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmarés en |url=http://www.marca.com/deporte/futbol/copa–rey/palmares.html |access-date=22 June 2010 |publisher=[[MARCA]] |language=es}} {{Dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref> '''Maroko''' * Gasar Cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta]] zo ta uku: 1980 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Morocco (1980) |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/country/125/1980/Morocco.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}</ref> === Manaja === '''Wydad Casablanca''' * Botola Pro : 2010 * Kofin Kurzawa na Morocco : 1998 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco 1997/98 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro98.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> * Gasar cin kofin CAF ta zo ta biyu: 1999 * Gasar cin kofin zakarun Larabawa ta Zakarun Turai : 2009 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF : 2011 '''CR Belouizdad''' * Kofin Aljeriya : 2017 '''Maroko''' * Gasar cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|kofin Afirka ta]] zo ta biyu: 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Nations Cup 2004 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/04a.html |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> === Mutum ɗaya === * Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na shekara na ƙasar Morocco: 1979, 1981, 1986, 1988 * Mai tsaron raga na shekara na Morocco: 1978, 1979, 1986 * [[Gwarzon ɗan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafar Afirka na Shekara|Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka na shekara]] : 1986 * Ɗan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Larabawa na Shekara: 1986 * Kocin Aljeriya na Shekara: 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Algérie : Badou Zaki sacré meilleur entraîneur pour l'année 2017 |url=https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/60990/algerie-badou-zaki-sacre-meilleur.html}}</ref> * Kofin Ricardo Zamora : 1988–89 <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2015 |title=Zaki Badou, historia del Real Mallorca, invitado al centenario del club |trans-title=Zaki Badou, history of Real Mallorca, invited to club's century |url=http://www.mallorcaesports.es/futbol/item/19268-zaki-badou-historia-del-real-mallorca-invitado-al-centenario-del-club |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217073346/http://www.mallorcaesports.es/futbol/item/19268-zaki-badou-historia-del-real-mallorca-invitado-al-centenario-del-club |archive-date=17 February 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Mallorca Esports |language=es}}</ref> * Mai tsaron raga na shekara a gasar La Liga: 1988, 1989, 1990 * Ƙungiyar Mafarkin Maza ta IFFHS ta Morocco a kowane lokaci <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2022 |title=IFFHS |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1722 |access-date=3 March 2022 |publisher=IFFHS}}</ref> '''Umarni''' * Tsarin Al'arshi : 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |last=MAP |date=2004-02-15 |title=S.M. le Roi Mohammed VI décore les héros de l'équipe nationale de Wissams Royaux |url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2004/S-M--le-Roi-Mohammed-VI-decore-les-heros-de-l-equipe-nationale-de-Wissams-Royaux/37315.html |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Le Matin.ma |language=fr}}</ref> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120826160419/http://www.rcdm.es/jugadores-de-ayer-y-de-hoy-ezaki-badou/ Tarihin Real Mallorca] {{In lang|es}} * Ezzaki Badou * {{NFT player|15099}} * {{FIFA player|207356}} (an adana shi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] o59s5pnl6mhsvp83dg7xwbkl9cgbpxw 868753 868750 2026-06-26T16:02:06Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Ezzaki "Zaki" Badou''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1959) kocin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Morocco kuma tsohon [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] wanda a halin yanzu yake kula da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijar . == Sana'ar wasa == An haife shi a Sidi Kacem, Zaki ya wakilci AS Salé, [[Wydad AC]], RCD Mallorca da Fath Union Sport a lokacin shekaru 17 na aikin ƙwararru. Tare da Mallorca, wanda ya sanya hannu a kansa a shekarar 1986 bayan da France Football ta naɗa shi a matsayin [[Gwarzon ɗan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafar Afirka na Shekara|gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka na shekara]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pierrend |first=José Luis |title=African Player of the Year |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/afr-poy.html |access-date=23 April 2015 |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> ya sami ci gaba zuwa [[La Liga]] a shekarar 1989 yayin da ya lashe Kofin Ricardo Zamora . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Zaki ya buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Morocco]] wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1986 da kuma [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka]] guda huɗu. A gasar da aka yi a Mexico, ya taimaka wa ƙasarsa ta zama ƙungiyar farko ta Afirka da ta kai zagaye na 16 ; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Griñán |first=Virginia |date=25 September 2009 |title=Qué fue de...Ezaki |trans-title=What happened to...Ezaki |url=http://cadenaser.com/ser/2009/09/25/deportes/1253834891_850215.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=[[Cadena SER]] |language=es}}</ref> haka kuma, wanda ya lashe wasanni 76 a jere <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamrud |first=Roberto |title=Ezzaki Badou "Zaki" – International Appearances |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-zaki-intl.html |access-date=16 August 2019 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> ya fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1984. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Badou Ezaki |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ez/badou-ezaki-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219235454/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ez/badou-ezaki-1.html |archive-date=19 December 2013 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Sports Reference}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka ta zabi Zaki a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan kwallon kafa 200 na Afirka a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. == Aikin koyarwa == Zaki ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1993 yana da shekaru 34, nan take ya zama manaja. A shekarar 2002, bayan ya horar da kungiyoyi da dama, ciki har da tsoffin kungiyoyin FUS da WAC, <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2012 |title=L'entraîneur Badou Zaki signe au Wydad |trans-title=Manager Badou Zaki signs with Wydad |url=http://fr.fifa.com/world-match-centre/nationalleagues/nationalleague=morocco-championnat-national-botola-2000000056/news/newsid/174/760/9/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224061919/http://fr.fifa.com/world-match-centre/nationalleagues/nationalleague=morocco-championnat-national-botola-2000000056/news/newsid/174/760/9/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=FIFA |language=fr}}</ref> an nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasar Morocco, inda ya bar mukaminsa bayan shekaru uku <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2005 |title=Démission de Zaki |trans-title=Zaki resigns |url=http://www.bladi.net/demission-de-zaki.html |access-date=12 February 2009 |publisher=Bladi |language=fr}}</ref> sannan ya dawo a watan Mayun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2014 |title=Morocco name former player Badou Zaki as new coach |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27252927 |access-date=2 May 2014 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> Ya sami nasarar kafa kungiyar matasa kuma ya cancanci shiga [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] da aka shirya a Tunisia a shekarar 2004 ba tare da an doke shi ba. 'Yan wasan Zaki sun kai wasan karshe ta hanyar shan kashi a hannun Tunisia da ci 2-1. Ya tafi bisa amincewar juna a watan Fabrairun 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2016 |title=Badou Zaki leaves post as Morocco coach by mutual consent |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35542209 |access-date=11 February 2016 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Daga baya Zaki ya koma bakin aikinsa na kulob, inda ya ci gaba da jagorantar ƙungiyoyi da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2018 |title=Algérie – MC Oran: Badou Zaki nouvel entraîneur |trans-title=Algeria – MC Oran: Badou Zaki new manager |url=https://orangefootballclub.com/fr/articles/algerie-mc-oran-badou-zaki-nouvel-entraineur/ |access-date=11 January 2020 |publisher=Orange |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 May 2018 |title=Badou Zaki to Coach Algerian Club Mouloudia Club d'Oran |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/05/246024/badou-zaki-coach-algerian-club-oran |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2017, an nada Zaki a matsayin kocin IR Tanger . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=9 July 2017 |title=Football: Zaki Officially Becomes Head Coach of IR Tangier |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/07/222523/football-zaki-officially-becomes-head-coach-ir-tangier |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Maris 2023, aka naɗa shi kocin Sudan, inda Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Saudiyya ke biyansa albashinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2023 |title=إعلان تعيين الزاكي مدربا لـ"صقور الجديان" |url=https://www.hespress.com/إعلان-تعيين-الزاكي-مدربا-لـصقور-الجدي-1137247.html |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}</ref> A lokacin da yake jagorantar wasansa na farko a Sudan, ya sami nasarar doke Gabon da ci 1-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Football |first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du |title=TotalEnergies AFCON qualifier: Fighting spirit delights coach Ezzaki as Sudan down Gabon {{!}} TotalEnergies African Cup Of Nations Qualifiers |url=https://www.cafonline.com/africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-afcon-qualifier-fighting-spirit-delights-coach-ezzaki-as-sudan-dow |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=CAFOnline.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2023, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Nijar ta sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu kan kwangila a hukumance da kocinta Badou Zaki don jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijar na tsawon shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=رسميا بادو الزاكي يتولى تدريب منتخب النيجر |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84-1278153.html |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2023 |title=Badou Zaki: Moroccan legend takes the helm to revive Niger's fortunes |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/badou-zaki-moroccan-legend-takes-the-helm-to-revive-nigers-fortunes/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Daraja == [[Fayil:Wydad_Casablanca_vs_Wydad_de_Fes,_December_13_2009-3.jpg|thumb|Zaki a shekarar 2009]] === Ɗan wasa === '''Wydad Casablanca''' * Botola Pro : 1977–78, 1985–86 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbink |first=Dinant |last2=Batalha |first2=José |title=Morocco 1985/86 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro86.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> * Kofin Kurzawa na Morocco : 1978, 1979, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Batalha |first=José |title=Morocco 1978/79 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro79.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> 1981 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Batalha |first=José |last2=Du KAC |first2=PFS |last3=Jönsson |first3=Mikael |title=Morocco 1980/81 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro81.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> * Kofin Mohammed na V : 1979 '''RCD Mallorca''' * Copa del Rey ta biyu: 1990-91 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmarés en |url=http://www.marca.com/deporte/futbol/copa–rey/palmares.html |access-date=22 June 2010 |publisher=[[MARCA]] |language=es}} {{Dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref> '''Maroko''' * Gasar Cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta]] zo ta uku: 1980 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Morocco (1980) |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/country/125/1980/Morocco.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}</ref> === Manaja === '''Wydad Casablanca''' * Botola Pro : 2010 * Kofin Kurzawa na Morocco : 1998 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco 1997/98 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro98.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> * Gasar cin kofin CAF ta zo ta biyu: 1999 * Gasar cin kofin zakarun Larabawa ta Zakarun Turai : 2009 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF : 2011 '''CR Belouizdad''' * Kofin Aljeriya : 2017 '''Maroko''' * Gasar cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|kofin Afirka ta]] zo ta biyu: 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Nations Cup 2004 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/04a.html |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> === Mutum ɗaya === * Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na shekara na ƙasar Morocco: 1979, 1981, 1986, 1988 * Mai tsaron raga na shekara na Morocco: 1978, 1979, 1986 * [[Gwarzon ɗan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafar Afirka na Shekara|Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka na shekara]] : 1986 * Ɗan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Larabawa na Shekara: 1986 * Kocin Aljeriya na Shekara: 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Algérie : Badou Zaki sacré meilleur entraîneur pour l'année 2017 |url=https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/60990/algerie-badou-zaki-sacre-meilleur.html}}</ref> * Kofin Ricardo Zamora : 1988–89 <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2015 |title=Zaki Badou, historia del Real Mallorca, invitado al centenario del club |trans-title=Zaki Badou, history of Real Mallorca, invited to club's century |url=http://www.mallorcaesports.es/futbol/item/19268-zaki-badou-historia-del-real-mallorca-invitado-al-centenario-del-club |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217073346/http://www.mallorcaesports.es/futbol/item/19268-zaki-badou-historia-del-real-mallorca-invitado-al-centenario-del-club |archive-date=17 February 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Mallorca Esports |language=es}}</ref> * Mai tsaron raga na shekara a gasar La Liga: 1988, 1989, 1990 * Ƙungiyar Mafarkin Maza ta IFFHS ta Morocco a kowane lokaci <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2022 |title=IFFHS |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1722 |access-date=3 March 2022 |publisher=IFFHS}}</ref> '''Umarni''' * Tsarin Al'arshi : 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |last=MAP |date=2004-02-15 |title=S.M. le Roi Mohammed VI décore les héros de l'équipe nationale de Wissams Royaux |url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2004/S-M--le-Roi-Mohammed-VI-decore-les-heros-de-l-equipe-nationale-de-Wissams-Royaux/37315.html |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Le Matin.ma |language=fr}}</ref> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120826160419/http://www.rcdm.es/jugadores-de-ayer-y-de-hoy-ezaki-badou/ Tarihin Real Mallorca] {{In lang|es}} * Ezzaki Badou * {{NFT player|15099}} * {{FIFA player|207356}} (an adana shi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 7c7zjveuissxc4r8a42o9v6ogc6npbi 868757 868753 2026-06-26T16:02:44Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 868757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Ezzaki "Zaki" Badou''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1959) kocin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Morocco kuma tsohon [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] wanda a halin yanzu yake kula da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijar . == Sana'ar wasa == An haife shi a Sidi Kacem, Zaki ya wakilci AS Salé, [[Wydad AC]], RCD Mallorca da Fath Union Sport a lokacin shekaru 17 na aikin ƙwararru. Tare da Mallorca, wanda ya sanya hannu a kansa a shekarar 1986 bayan da France Football ta naɗa shi a matsayin [[Gwarzon ɗan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafar Afirka na Shekara|gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka na shekara]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pierrend |first=José Luis |title=African Player of the Year |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/afr-poy.html |access-date=23 April 2015 |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> ya sami ci gaba zuwa [[La Liga]] a shekarar 1989 yayin da ya lashe Kofin Ricardo Zamora . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Zaki ya buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Morocco]] wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1986 da kuma [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka]] guda huɗu. A gasar da aka yi a Mexico, ya taimaka wa ƙasarsa ta zama ƙungiyar farko ta Afirka da ta kai zagaye na 16 ; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Griñán |first=Virginia |date=25 September 2009 |title=Qué fue de...Ezaki |trans-title=What happened to...Ezaki |url=http://cadenaser.com/ser/2009/09/25/deportes/1253834891_850215.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=[[Cadena SER]] |language=es}}</ref> haka kuma, wanda ya lashe wasanni 76 a jere <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamrud |first=Roberto |title=Ezzaki Badou "Zaki" – International Appearances |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-zaki-intl.html |access-date=16 August 2019 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> ya fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1984. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Badou Ezaki |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ez/badou-ezaki-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219235454/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ez/badou-ezaki-1.html |archive-date=19 December 2013 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Sports Reference}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka ta zabi Zaki a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan kwallon kafa 200 na Afirka a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. == Aikin koyarwa == Zaki ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1993 yana da shekaru 34, nan take ya zama manaja. A shekarar 2002, bayan ya horar da kungiyoyi da dama, ciki har da tsoffin kungiyoyin FUS da WAC, <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2012 |title=L'entraîneur Badou Zaki signe au Wydad |trans-title=Manager Badou Zaki signs with Wydad |url=http://fr.fifa.com/world-match-centre/nationalleagues/nationalleague=morocco-championnat-national-botola-2000000056/news/newsid/174/760/9/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224061919/http://fr.fifa.com/world-match-centre/nationalleagues/nationalleague=morocco-championnat-national-botola-2000000056/news/newsid/174/760/9/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=FIFA |language=fr}}</ref> an nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasar Morocco, inda ya bar mukaminsa bayan shekaru uku <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2005 |title=Démission de Zaki |trans-title=Zaki resigns |url=http://www.bladi.net/demission-de-zaki.html |access-date=12 February 2009 |publisher=Bladi |language=fr}}</ref> sannan ya dawo a watan Mayun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2014 |title=Morocco name former player Badou Zaki as new coach |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27252927 |access-date=2 May 2014 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> Ya sami nasarar kafa kungiyar matasa kuma ya cancanci shiga [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] da aka shirya a Tunisia a shekarar 2004 ba tare da an doke shi ba. 'Yan wasan Zaki sun kai wasan karshe ta hanyar shan kashi a hannun Tunisia da ci 2-1. Ya tafi bisa amincewar juna a watan Fabrairun 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2016 |title=Badou Zaki leaves post as Morocco coach by mutual consent |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35542209 |access-date=11 February 2016 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Daga baya Zaki ya koma bakin aikinsa na kulob, inda ya ci gaba da jagorantar ƙungiyoyi da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2018 |title=Algérie – MC Oran: Badou Zaki nouvel entraîneur |trans-title=Algeria – MC Oran: Badou Zaki new manager |url=https://orangefootballclub.com/fr/articles/algerie-mc-oran-badou-zaki-nouvel-entraineur/ |access-date=11 January 2020 |publisher=Orange |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 May 2018 |title=Badou Zaki to Coach Algerian Club Mouloudia Club d'Oran |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/05/246024/badou-zaki-coach-algerian-club-oran |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2017, an nada Zaki a matsayin kocin IR Tanger . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=9 July 2017 |title=Football: Zaki Officially Becomes Head Coach of IR Tangier |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/07/222523/football-zaki-officially-becomes-head-coach-ir-tangier |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Maris 2023, aka naɗa shi kocin Sudan, inda Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Saudiyya ke biyansa albashinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2023 |title=إعلان تعيين الزاكي مدربا لـ"صقور الجديان" |url=https://www.hespress.com/إعلان-تعيين-الزاكي-مدربا-لـصقور-الجدي-1137247.html |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}</ref> A lokacin da yake jagorantar wasansa na farko a Sudan, ya sami nasarar doke Gabon da ci 1-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Football |first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du |title=TotalEnergies AFCON qualifier: Fighting spirit delights coach Ezzaki as Sudan down Gabon {{!}} TotalEnergies African Cup Of Nations Qualifiers |url=https://www.cafonline.com/africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-afcon-qualifier-fighting-spirit-delights-coach-ezzaki-as-sudan-dow |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=CAFOnline.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2023, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Nijar ta sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu kan kwangila a hukumance da kocinta Badou Zaki don jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijar na tsawon shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=رسميا بادو الزاكي يتولى تدريب منتخب النيجر |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84-1278153.html |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2023 |title=Badou Zaki: Moroccan legend takes the helm to revive Niger's fortunes |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/badou-zaki-moroccan-legend-takes-the-helm-to-revive-nigers-fortunes/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Daraja == [[Fayil:Wydad_Casablanca_vs_Wydad_de_Fes,_December_13_2009-3.jpg|thumb|Zaki a shekarar 2009]] === Ɗan wasa === '''Wydad Casablanca''' * Botola Pro : 1977–78, 1985–86 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbink |first=Dinant |last2=Batalha |first2=José |title=Morocco 1985/86 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro86.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> * Kofin Kurzawa na Morocco : 1978, 1979, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Batalha |first=José |title=Morocco 1978/79 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro79.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> 1981 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Batalha |first=José |last2=Du KAC |first2=PFS |last3=Jönsson |first3=Mikael |title=Morocco 1980/81 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro81.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> * Kofin Mohammed na V : 1979 '''RCD Mallorca''' * Copa del Rey ta biyu: 1990-91 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmarés en |url=http://www.marca.com/deporte/futbol/copa–rey/palmares.html |access-date=22 June 2010 |publisher=[[MARCA]] |language=es}} {{Dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref> '''Maroko''' * Gasar Cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta]] zo ta uku: 1980 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Morocco (1980) |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/country/125/1980/Morocco.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}</ref> === Manaja === '''Wydad Casablanca''' * Botola Pro : 2010 * Kofin Kurzawa na Morocco : 1998 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco 1997/98 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro98.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> * Gasar cin kofin CAF ta zo ta biyu: 1999 * Gasar cin kofin zakarun Larabawa ta Zakarun Turai : 2009 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF : 2011 '''CR Belouizdad''' * Kofin Aljeriya : 2017 '''Maroko''' * Gasar cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|kofin Afirka ta]] zo ta biyu: 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Nations Cup 2004 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/04a.html |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> === Mutum ɗaya === * Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na shekara na ƙasar Morocco: 1979, 1981, 1986, 1988 * Mai tsaron raga na shekara na Morocco: 1978, 1979, 1986 * [[Gwarzon ɗan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafar Afirka na Shekara|Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka na shekara]] : 1986 * Ɗan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Larabawa na Shekara: 1986 * Kocin Aljeriya na Shekara: 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Algérie : Badou Zaki sacré meilleur entraîneur pour l'année 2017 |url=https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/60990/algerie-badou-zaki-sacre-meilleur.html}}</ref> * Kofin Ricardo Zamora : 1988–89 <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2015 |title=Zaki Badou, historia del Real Mallorca, invitado al centenario del club |trans-title=Zaki Badou, history of Real Mallorca, invited to club's century |url=http://www.mallorcaesports.es/futbol/item/19268-zaki-badou-historia-del-real-mallorca-invitado-al-centenario-del-club |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217073346/http://www.mallorcaesports.es/futbol/item/19268-zaki-badou-historia-del-real-mallorca-invitado-al-centenario-del-club |archive-date=17 February 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Mallorca Esports |language=es}}</ref> * Mai tsaron raga na shekara a gasar La Liga: 1988, 1989, 1990 * Ƙungiyar Mafarkin Maza ta IFFHS ta Morocco a kowane lokaci <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2022 |title=IFFHS |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1722 |access-date=3 March 2022 |publisher=IFFHS}}</ref> '''Umarni''' * Tsarin Al'arshi : 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |last=MAP |date=2004-02-15 |title=S.M. le Roi Mohammed VI décore les héros de l'équipe nationale de Wissams Royaux |url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2004/S-M--le-Roi-Mohammed-VI-decore-les-heros-de-l-equipe-nationale-de-Wissams-Royaux/37315.html |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Le Matin.ma |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120826160419/http://www.rcdm.es/jugadores-de-ayer-y-de-hoy-ezaki-badou/ Tarihin Real Mallorca] {{In lang|es}} * Ezzaki Badou * {{NFT player|15099}} * {{FIFA player|207356}} (an adana shi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 84cio00onf181xy5l9hm67j1muzeyn9 0 43666 868698 233989 2026-06-26T13:24:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada''' ( '''Canada Soccer''' ), ita ce hukumar kula da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] a [[Kanada]] . Ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ke kula da ƙungiyoyin maza da mata na Kanada don wasan ƙasa da ƙasa, da kuma ƙungiyoyi na ɓangaren ƙanana (U-20 da U-17 na maza da mata). A cikin Kanada, tana kula da ƙwararrun ƙwanan ’yan takara da masu son) da masu son shiga gasar zakarun kulob ɗin. == Ƙungiya da mulki == Manufar Soccer ta Kanada, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin dokokinta, su ne:<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Canadian Soccer Association by-laws 2013 |url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/files/CanadaSoccer_2013By_Laws_20131128.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2014 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234551/http://www.canadasoccer.com/files/CanadaSoccer_2013By_Laws_20131128.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> # inganta, tsarawa da sarrafa wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a duk faɗin Kanada, musamman ta hanyar shirye-shiryen matasa da haɓakawa; # shirya gasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta kowace irin salo a matakin ƙasa, ta hanyar ayyana wuraren da aka ba da izini ga gasa daban-daban da ta ƙunshi; # tsara dokoki da tanadi na Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa, da tabbatar da aiwatar da su; # kare muradun Mambobinsa; # mutunta da hana duk wani keta doka, ƙa'idodi, umarni da yanke shawara na FIFA, CONCACAF da CSA, da kuma Dokokin Wasan; # hana duk hanyoyin ko ayyuka da ke kawo cikas ga daidaiton wasanni ko gasa ko haifar da cin zarafi na Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa; # sarrafawa da kula da duk wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na abokantaka da aka buga a cikin Kanada; # gudanar da harkokin wasanni na ƙasa da ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa; # gudanar da gasa a ƙasa da ƙasa da sauran matakan. Ƙwallon ƙafa na Kanada yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin kwamitin gudanarwa wanda ya ƙunshi daraktoci 14: Shugaban ƙasa, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, zaɓaɓɓun daraktoci shida, da naɗaɗɗen gudanarwa ko masu zaman kansu guda shida.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada Soccer Governance |url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/governance-s14655 |access-date=April 25, 2014 |website=Canada Soccer |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327001213/http://www.canadasoccer.com/governance-s14655 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana zaɓar kowane daraktoci shida da aka zaɓa daga ɗaya daga cikin yankuna shida. Dole ne hukumar ta haɗa da a kalla maza uku da mata uku. Shugaban hukumar shine Victor Montagliani kuma mataimakin shugaban shi ne Steven Reed. Babban Sakatare ne ke gudanar da Kwallon kafa na Kanada, wanda babban sakatare Peter Montopoli da mataimakin babban sakatare Earl Cochrane ke jagoranta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada Soccer staff |url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/staff-s14654 |access-date=April 25, 2014 |archive-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810090710/https://www.canadasoccer.com/staff-s14654 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban sakatare shi ne babban jami'in gudanarwa na Soccer Canada, kuma kwamitin gudanarwa ne ke nada shi.<ref name="auto" />Babban ofishin yana cikin Ottawa, Ontario. Ƙwallon ƙafa na Kanada memba ne na [[FIFA]] da CONCACAF . == Duba kuma == * Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta Kanada * Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Kanada * Tsarin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kanada * Kwallon kafa a Kanada == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.concacaf.com/inside-concacaf/member-associations/canada/ Kanada] a shafin CONCACAF * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610020849/http://fifa.com/associations/association=can/index.html Kanada] a shafin FIFA * [https://issuu.com/canadasoccer/docs/20201231_issuu_canada_records_results Rikodin Kwallon Kafa na Kanada & Sakamako 2021] * [http://csra__1.tripod.com/ Ƙungiyar Alƙalan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516004848/http://csra__1.tripod.com/ |date=2008-05-16 }} * {{Official website|http://www.canadasoccer.com/}} loavpb3w2ktqkymrzulc3ynv72c875j 0 44526 869301 500930 2026-06-27T10:57:07Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 869301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ousmane Ba.JPG|thumb|ousmane ba]] [[Fayil:RC Lens - FC Metz (14-03-2021) 12.jpg|thumb|ousmane ba]] '''Ousmane Ba''' (An haife shi 6 ga watan [[Yuni|Yunin]] 2002) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne kuma [[Senegal|ɗan ƙasar Senegal]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar Metz ta Ligue 2.<ref>https://www.ligue1.com/player?id=ousmane-ba</ref> == Aikin kulob == Ba samfurin matasa ne na makarantar matasa ta Senegalese Génération Foot.<ref>https://letsgometz.com/ousmane-ba-pret-pour-la-bataille-fc-metz-annecy/</ref> A ranar 16 ga watan [[Satumban]] 2020, ya shiga Metz B.<ref>https://www.fcmetz.com/2020-2021/actualites/equipe-pro/ousmane-ba-rejoint-les-grenats</ref> A ranar 7 ga watan [[Oktoban]] 2020, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila har zuwa 2025 tare da Metz.<ref>https://www.fcmetz.com/2020-2021/actualites/equipe-pro/pape-matar-sarr-et-ousmane-ba-officiellement-presentes</ref> == Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa == [[Fayil:Ousman Mane rolls the ball Mexico vs Senegal @ London 2012 -8.jpg|thumb|Ousmane Ba]] Ba ya fara bugawa Senegal U-23 wasan da ci 4-0 da Maroko U-23 a ranar 22 ga ga watan [[Satumban]] 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://socios-fcmetz.com/selection-ousmane-ba-et-les-lionceaux-enchainent/ |access-date=2023-03-19 |archive-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926110725/https://socios-fcmetz.com/selection-ousmane-ba-et-les-lionceaux-enchainent/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 2002]] 99ue3qvifdgwekcjj96nh2q1336zzha 0 47968 868727 799432 2026-06-26T14:38:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:African_nations_order_of_independence_1950-1993.gif|thumb| Taswirar mai motsi yana nuna tsarin yancin kai na ƙasashen Afirka, 1950–2011]] Decolonisation '''na mulkin mallaka na Afirka''' wani tsari ne da ya gudana daga tsakiyar shekarun 1950 zuwa shekara ta 1975 a lokacin [[Cold War|yakin cacar baka]], tare da samun sauye-sauye na gwamnati a nahiyar yayin da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka suka yi sauye-sauye zuwa kasashe masu cin gashin kansu. Tsarin ya kasance sau da yawa yana cike da tashin hankali, rikice-rikicen siyasa, tarzoma mai yaduwa, da shirya tawaye a cikin kasashen arewaci da na kudu da hamadar Sahara da suka hada da tawayen Mau Mau a [[Kenya]] ta [[Birtaniya]], Yakin [[Aljeriya]] a Aljeriya na [[Faransa]], Rikicin Kongo a Kongo Belgian, Yakin samun yancin kai na [[Angola]] a kasar [[Portugal]] [[Angola]] da juyin juya halin [[Zanzibar]] a masarautar [[Zanzibar]] da [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]] a kasar [[Biyafara|Biafra]] mai neman ballewa. <ref>John Hatch, ''Africa: The Rebirth of Self-Rule'' (1967)</ref> <ref>William Roger Louis, ''The transfer of power in Africa: decolonization, 1940-1960'' (Yale UP, 1982).</ref> <ref>Birmingham, David (1995). The Decolonization of Africa. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-540-9</ref> <ref>John D. Hargreaves, ''Decolonization in Africa'' (2014).</ref> <ref>for the viewpoint from London and Paris see Rudolf von Albertini, ''Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919-1960'' (Doubleday, 1971).</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|thumb|Rarraba Afirka: Nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1880 da 1913, kafin Farar Duniya ta Farko]] Rarraba Afirka tsakanin shekarar alif 1870 da 1914 wani muhimmin lokaci ne na mamayar Turawa a nahiyar Afirka wanda ya ƙare da kusan dukkan Afirka da albarkatunta sun koma hannun ƙasashen Turai, waɗanda suka yi gasa wajen kwace ƙasa ba tare da yin yaƙi da juna ba. An tabbatar da rarraba Afirka ne a Taron Berlin na 1885, ba tare da la’akari da tsarin siyasa da na zamantakewar da ke akwai ba.<ref>{{cite book|title= Berlin Conference of 1884-1885|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001/acref-9780195337709-e-0467|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|access-date=11 January 2015|last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |last2=Gates Jr. |first2=Henry Louis |year=2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Berlin Conference|url=http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/Projects/mun-bc/History.htm|website=teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215122624/http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/Projects/mun-bc/history.htm|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kusan dukkanin ƙasashen Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka sun rasa ’yancinsu. Keɓantattun ƙasashe guda biyu ne suka tsira: Laberiya, wadda tsoffin bayi daga Amurka suka kafa a farkon ƙarni na 19 kuma aka amince da ita a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a shekarar 1862<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2018 |title=The Revolutionary Summer of 1862 |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2017/winter/summer-of-1862 |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref>, amma Turawa suka ɗauke ta a matsayin ƙarƙashin tasirin Amurka; da Habasha, wadda ta samu nasara a Yaƙin Adwa<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2018 |title=Adwa Day in Ethiopia {{!}} Tesfa Tours |url=https://www.tesfatours.com/adwa-day-in-ethiopia/ |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=www.tesfatours.com |language=en-US |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024142256/https://www.tesfatours.com/adwa-day-in-ethiopia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, sai dai daga baya Italiya ta mamaye ta a 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fascismo: guerra d'Etiopia |url=http://www.storiaxxisecolo.it/fascismo/fascismo14.htm |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=www.storiaxxisecolo.it}}</ref> Birtaniya da Faransa su ne suka fi mallakar wurare da yawa a Afirka, sai dai kuma Jamus, Sifaniya, Italiya, Belgium, da Portugal suma suna da yankunan mallaka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present|last=Hunt|first=Michael|author-link=Michael H. Hunt|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-937102-0|location=New York|pages=264}}</ref> Daga shekarar 1977, ƙasashe 50 na Afirka sun samu 'yancin kai daga ƙasashen Turai.<ref name="selfstudyhistory.com">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2015 |title=Decolonisation of Africa |url=https://selfstudyhistory.com/2015/01/25/decolonisation-of-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010125629/https://selfstudyhistory.com/2015/01/25/decolonisation-of-africa/ |archive-date=10 October 2018 |website=selfstudyhistory.com}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2024}} === Dalilan waje === File:Colonial Africa (1939).svg|thumb|Yankunan Turawa a Afirka a 1939, shekarar da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya fara A farkon ƙarni na ashirin 20, ƙaunar ƙasa ta karu a faɗin duniya. Bayan ƙarewar Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, daulolin Jamus, Austro-Hungary, da Ottoman sun karye bisa ga ka'idojin da Woodrow Wilson ya gabatar cikin makalarsa ta maki goma sha huɗu. Ko da yake wasu masu fafutukar 'yanci a Afirka sun gani a matsayin dama, Wilson bai yi niyyar amfani da ka’idar 'yancin kai wajen taimaka wa Afirka ba. Buƙatun jagororin Masar da Tunisiya na neman 'yanci ba su samu karɓuwa ba domin hakan zai haifar da cikas ga muradun ƙasashen da suka yi nasara. Sai dai ra’ayin tsarin duniya bisa ga 'yancin kai ya ci gaba da samun karbuwa. Bayan 1919, jagororin fafutukar 'yancin kai sun fara kallon Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin abokiyar gwagwarmaya bisa akidar haɗin kan ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manela |first=Erez |date=1 December 2006 |title=Imagining Woodrow Wilson in Asia: Dreams of East-West Harmony and the Revolt against Empire in 1919 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/111/5/1327/10157?login=false |access-date=2 March 2024 |journal=American Historical Review|volume=111 |issue=5 |pages=1327–1351 |doi=10.1086/ahr.111.5.1327 }}</ref> Yawancin 'yan Afirka sun yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu. A Yaƙin Farko, aiki daga Afirka ya zama tilas a gaban gaba na yaki, sannan sojojin Afirka sun yi yaƙi a yakin Sinai da Falasdinu. Da yawa daga cikinsu ba a bar su su riƙe bindiga ko su yi aiki daidai da fararen fata ba. Nutsewar jirgin SS Mendi a 1917 ya jawo mutuwar mutane 607 daga cikin 646 da ke cikinsa — mafi yawansu 'yan Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2018 |title=Africans played key, often unheralded, role in World War I |url=https://apnews.com/article/e33d9b25471a4f5d9ac94cccce102fb0 |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> A Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, 'yan Afirka sun yi yaƙi a Turai da Asiya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Killingray|first=David|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/711105036|title=Fighting for Britain : African soldiers in the Second World War|date=2010|publisher=James Currey|others=Martin Plaut|isbn=978-1-84615-789-9|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk|oclc=711105036}}</ref> Kusan mutane miliyan ɗaya daga Afirka ta ƙasa da hamada sun yi aiki a rundunonin Turawa. Wasu sun shiga aikin soja ne da ƙarfi, wasu kuma da son rai domin neman rayuwa mai kyau.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=25 August 2015 |title=Africa's Role in WWII Remembered - Fifteen Eighty Four {{!}} Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.cambridgeblog.org/2015/08/africas-role-in-wwii-remembered/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da wayewar kai ta siyasa da fata na samun 'yanci, amma an fi yi musu burin banza.<ref>Ferguson, Ed, and A. Adu Boahen. (1990). "African Perspectives On Colonialism." ''The International Journal Of African Historical Studies'' 23 (2): 334. doi:10.2307/219358.</ref> Saboda ƙasashen da suka yi nasara ba su da niyyar barin yankunan mallakarsu, kuma suna buƙatar albarkatu da ma’aikata daga Afirka don farfaɗo da Turai, sai suka rage girman rawar da Afirka ta taka a nasarar yaƙin.<ref name=":1" /> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1941, Shugaban Amurka Franklin D. Roosevelt da Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Winston Churchill sun haɗu don tsara yadda duniya za ta kasance bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Sakamakon haka shine takardar Atlantic Charter.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Atlantic Conference & Charter, 1941|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/atlantic-conf|website=history.state.gov |quote="The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration released by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 14, 1941, following a meeting of the two heads of state in Newfoundland."|access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref> Ba wata yarjejeniya ba ce kuma ba a miƙa ta ga Majalisar Dokokin Birtaniya ko Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ba, amma ta zama sananniya sosai.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Karski|first1=Jan|title=The Great Powers and Poland: From Versailles to Yalta|date=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-2665-4|page=330|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zelAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA330|access-date=24 June 2014}}</ref> Sashe na uku na takardar ya nuna 'yancin al’umma su zabi nau’in gwamnatin da suke so, da kuma dawo da ikon mulkin kai. Firayim Minista Churchill ya bayyana a majalisar dokokin Birtaniya cewa wannan takarda tana magana ne game da "ƙasashe da al’ummomi na Turai da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Nazi."<ref>{{cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=War Situation |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1941-09-09/debates/2376309d-cb7b-495f-a38e-d6774539c459/WarSituation |house=Commons |date=9 September 1941 |volume=374|column=69 |speaker=Winston Churchill |position=...</ref> ===Dalilan Ciki=== Cin hanci da rashawa na tattalin arzikin mulkin mallaka ya haɗa da karkatar da albarkatu kamar hakar ma'adinai da kuma ribar da ake samu zuwa hannun masu hannun jari na Turai, wanda hakan ya hana ci gaban cikin gida, ya kuma haifar da babbar damuwa a zamantakewar al'umma.<ref>[Boahen, A. (TND) (1990) Africa Under Colonial Domination, Volume 7]</ref> Ga farkon masu kishin ƙasa na [[Afirka]], samun ‘yancin kai ya zama wajibi ne na ɗabi’a da aka gina fafutukar siyasa a kansa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kendhammer|first=Brandon|date=1 January 2007|title=DuBois the pan-Africanist and the development of African nationalism|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870601006538|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=30|issue=1|pages=51–71|doi=10.1080/01419870601006538|s2cid=55991352 |issn=0141-9870|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Falola|first1=Toyin|title=Nationalism and African Intellectuals|date=2018|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59426-6_25|work=The Palgrave Handbook of African Colonial and Postcolonial History|pages=621–641|editor-last=Shanguhyia|editor-first=Martin S.|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|language=en|doi=10.1057/978-1-137-59426-6_25|isbn=978-1-137-59426-6|access-date=2 December 2021|last2=Agbo|first2=Chukwuemeka|editor2-last=Falola|editor2-first=Toyin|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, mulkin mallaka ya farfado, a wasu lokuta ba da gangan ba, da ƙananan shugabanni 'yan Afirka da suka sami ilimi a jami’o’in Yammacin Duniya, inda suka fahimci ra’ayoyi kamar ikon kai da kai (TND). Ko da yake ba a karfafa samun ‘yancin kai ba, an samu wasu yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin waɗannan shugabanni da masu mulkin mallaka,<ref name=":0" /> kuma irinsu Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya), Kwame Nkrumah (Gold Coast, yanzu Ghana), Julius Nyerere (Tanganyika, yanzu Tanzania), Léopold Sédar Senghor (Senegal), Nnamdi Azikiwe (Nigeria), Patrice Lumumba (Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo), António Agostinho Neto (Tsohuwar Angola ta Portugal, yanzu Angola) da Félix Houphouët-Boigny (Côte d'Ivoire) su ne suka jagoranci fafutukar kishin ƙasa na Afirka. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wasu masana'antu da biranen Afirka sun bunƙasa lokacin da jiragen ruwa masu yaki na U-boat suka hana jigilar albarkatu zuwa Turai ta Tekun Atlantika.<ref name="selfstudyhistory.com"/>{{better source needed|date=February 2024}} A hankali, garuruwa, masana'antu, da ƙungiyoyin kwadago sun bunƙasa, wanda ya inganta ilimi da koyo, tare da haifar da kafuwar jaridun da ke goyon bayan 'yancin kai.<ref name="selfstudyhistory.com"/>{{better source needed|date=February 2024}} A shekarar 1945, Taron Na Biyar na Pan-Afriƙa ya nemi a kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka, inda wakilan taron suka haɗa da waɗanda suka zama shugabannin Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, da sauran masu kishin ƙasa na Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=live |url=http://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/august-2010/‘wind-change’-transformed-continent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905163752/https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/august-2010/%E2%80%98wind-change%E2%80%99-transformed-continent|archive-date=5 September 2019 |title=A 'Wind Of Change' That Transformed The Continent |agency=Africa Renewal |date=August 2010 |first1=Michael |last1=Fleshman |website=United Nations }}</ref> ==Sauyin Zuwa 'Yancin Kai== {{Further|Neocolonialism}} Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, samun ‘yancin kai ya yadu cikin sauri a nahiyar Afirka yayin da ƙasashe da dama suka sami ‘yancin kai daga mulkin mallakar Turai. A watan Agusta 1941, Shugaban Amurka Franklin D. Roosevelt da Firaministan Birtaniya Winston Churchill sun haɗu don tattaunawa kan manufofin su bayan yaƙin. A wannan taron, sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Atlantic Charter, wadda a wani ɓangare ta tanadi cewa za su, "girmama haƙƙin kowane ƙasa na zaɓar nau'in gwamnati da za su rayu a ƙarƙashinta; kuma suna son ganin haƙƙin ikon kai da mulkin kai ya dawo ga waɗanda aka tilasta musu a rasa shi."<ref>"Atlantic Charter", 14 August 1941, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_16912.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208233557/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_16912.htm |date=8 December 2021 }}</ref> Wannan yarjejeniya ta zama mataki na farko bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu zuwa samun ‘yancin kai yayin da kishin ƙasa ya ƙaru a Afirka. Sakamakon bashi da yawa da suka taru bayan yaƙin, ƙasashen Turai ba su iya ci gaba da kula da mulkin mallakar Afirka ba.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} Wannan ya ba wa masu kishin ƙasa na Afirka damar yin sulhu kan samun ‘yancin kai cikin sauri da ƙarancin asarar rayuka.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} Sai dai wasu ƙasashe sun sha wahala sosai tare da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a yayin fafutukarsu don samun ‘yancin kai.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} Masanin tarihin James Meriweather ya bayyana cewa manufar Amurka game da Afirka ta kasance ta hanyar matsakaici, inda suka goyi bayan samun ‘yancin kai na Afirka amma kuma suka tabbatar wa ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Turai cewa za su ci gaba da riƙe abin da suke da shi. Washington na son irin ƙungiyoyin Afirka da za su jagoranci sabbin ƙasashen da suka sami ‘yancin kai, wato ba na kommunist ba kuma ba sosai na dimokiradiyya ba. Meriweather ya ce ƙungiyoyin ba na gwamnati ba sun yi tasiri wajen canza manufofin Amurka game da Afirka. Sun matsa lamba ga gwamnatoci da cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu su janye jarinsu daga ƙasashen Afirka da ba a mulki da rinjaye na mafi yawan jama'a ba. Wannan ya taimaka wajen sauya manufofin Amurka game da Afirka ta Kudu, kamar yadda aka gani a lokacin amincewa da Dokar Yaki da Rarrabuwar Kawuna ta 1986.<ref>James Hunter Meriwether, ''Tears, Fire, and Blood: The United States and the Decolonization of Africa'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2021).</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Kasashen Afirka da suka samu 'yancin kai |- ! Kasar{{efn|An kara bayanin a wasu lokuta inda 'yancin kai ya samu ta hadin gwiwar kasashe da dama ko inda kasar ta kasance ta hade ne daga kasashen da suka riga sun sami 'yancin kai. Ko da yake Habasha ta kasance karkashin mulkin Italiya bayan yakin Italiya da Habasha na biyu kuma an gane ta a matsayin koloni a wancan lokaci, an cire ta a nan saboda lokacin mulkin Italiya (wanda ya kai fiye da shekaru biyar kawai kuma ya kare da dawowar gwamnatin gida ta Haile Selassie) ana kallonsa a matsayin mamayar soja. }} ! Sunan koloni ! Ikon mulki{{efn|Wasu yankuna sun canza hannu sau da yawa, don haka kawai ikon mulkin karshe aka ambata a jerin. Haka kuma, an ambaci ikon tabbatarwa ko na kula don wuraren da suka kasance karkashin [[League of Nations mandate]] ko [[United Nations Trust Territories|UN Trust Territories]].}} ! data-sort-type="date" | Ranar samun 'yanci{{efn|An bayar da ranakun samun 'yanci na wuraren da aka hade ko aka hada cikin kasashen da suka riga sun sami 'yanci a cikin bayanai daban-daban, haka nan da ranakun da kasashen Commonwealth suka kawo karshen sarakun su.}} ! Shugaban kasa na farko{{efn|Ga kasashen da suka sami 'yanci a matsayin [[Commonwealth realm]], sarauta tare da firaminista mai karfi, ko dimokuradiyya ta majalisa, an jera shugaban gwamnati maimakon shugaban kasa.}} ! Hanyar samun 'yanci |- | {{Flagicon|Daular Habasha}} Daular Habasha | Italiya ta Gabas ta Afirka | Daular Italiya | 1941 | Yekuno Amlak | Ba ta taba zama koloni ba<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |title=The Ethiopians: A History |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2001 |isbn=0-631-22493-9 |edition=2nd |location=Great Britain |pages=243}}</ref> An mamaye ta dan lokaci ta Italiya bayan yakin Italiya da Habasha na biyu |- | {{Flag|Liberiya}} | Al’ummar Amurka ta Kolonizasiya Liberiya | Amurka | 26 Yuli 1847{{efn|Liberiya ta kara karbar [[Jamhuriyar Maryland]], wani koloni na tsoffin bayi Afirka-Amurka, a 1857. Amurka ba ta amince da Liberiya ba sai ranar 5 Fabrairu 1862.}} | Joseph Jenkins Roberts{{efn|Stephen Allen Benson shi ne shugaban kasa a lokacin da Amurka ta amince.}} | Bayanin samun 'yancin Liberiya |- | {{Flag|Afirka Ta Kudu|1910}}{{efn|A matsayin [[Tarayyar Afirka Ta Kudu]].}} | Kolonin Cape <br /> Kolonin Natal <br /> Kolonin Orange River <br /> Kolonin Transvaal | Birtaniya | 31 Mayu 1910{{efn|An kafa Tarayyar Afirka Ta Kudu bisa dokar [[South Africa Act]]. A 11 Disamba 1931, an kara mata ikon kai da kai ta hanyar dokar [[Statute of Westminster 1931]]. A 1960 ta zama Jamhuriya bayan zaben 1960. Sai aka samu mulkin wariyar launin fata har zuwa 1994 lokacin da Nelson Mandela ya zama shugaban kasa.}} | Louis Botha | Dokar Tarayyar Afirka Ta Kudu 1909<br>Har yanzu tana karkashin mulkin kabilar fari har zuwa 1994. |- | {{Flag|Masar|1922}}{{efn|A matsayin [[Masar ta Sarauniya]]. Kasar dake nahiyar Asiya da Afirka.}} | Sultanate na Masar | 28 Fabrairu 1922{{efn|A ranar 28 Fabrairu 1922 gwamnatin Birtaniya ta kawo sanarwar samun 'yancin kai ta Masar, amma ta bar wasu muhimman abubuwa kamar harkokin waje, sadarwa, soja, da Sudan na Anglo-Masriya.}} | Fuad I na Masar{{efn|Jagororin juyin juya hali na 1952 sun zama shugabannin kasar daga baya, amma Fuad I ne shugaban a lokacin samun 'yanci.}} | Juyin juya hali na Masar na 1919 |- | {{Flagicon|Emirate na Cyrenaica}} | Birtaniya ta Mulkin Soja (Libya) | Birtaniya | 1 Maris 1949 | Idris |- | {{Flagicon|Masar ta Libya}} Masar ta Libya | Birtaniya ta Mulkin Soja (Libya)<br>Faransa yankin soji na Fezzan-Ghadames<br>Emirate na Cyrenaica | Birtaniya<br>Faransa<br>Emirate na Cyrenaica | 24 Disamba 1951 | Yaki na Jeji na Yamma |- | {{Flag|Libya}}{{efn|A matsayin Masar ta Libya.}} | Italiya ta Libya{{efn|Daga 1947, Libya na karkashin mulkin hade-hade na yakin duniya na biyu na Birtaniya da Faransa.}} | Italiya<br>Birtaniya | 24 Disamba 1951 | Idris | Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Italiya, 1947<br>Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolushin 289 |- | {{Flag|Sudan|1956}} | Birtaniya da Masar (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) | Birtaniya{{efn|Yarjejeniyar mulkin tare ta 1899 inda Birtaniya da Masar suka raba mulki, amma Birtaniya ke da iko mafi yawa.}} | 1 Janairu 1956{{efn|Kafin Sudan ta samu 'yanci, yankin kudu ya fara yakin neman yanci daga 1955.}} | Ismail al-Azhari{{efn|Salva Kiir ya zama shugaban kudu Sudan bayan samun 'yanci na kudu Sudan a 2011.}} | –{{efn|Samun 'yancin Sudan na da alaƙa da juyin juya halin Masar na 1952 wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin Birtaniya.}} |- | {{Flag|Tunisiya}} | Masar ta Tunisiya | Faransa<br>Birtaniya | 20 Maris 1956 | Muhammad VIII al-Amin<br>Habib Bourguiba | – |- | {{Flag|Moroko}} | Masar ta Faransa a Moroko<br>Yankin Tangier na Duniya<br>Masar ta Spain a Moroko<br>Yammacin Afirka na Spain<br>Ifni | Faransa<br>Spain | 2 Maris 1956<br>7 Afrilu 1956<br>10 Afrilu 1958<br>4 Janairu 1969<br>14 Nuwamba 1975<br>27 Fabrairu 1976 | Mohammed V | Yakin Ifni |- | {{Flag|Ghana}}{{efn|A matsayin Mulkin Mallakar Ghana.}} | {{Flag|Gold Coast}} | {{Flag|United Kingdom}} | 6 Maris 1957{{efn|Mandatin British Togoland na Majalisar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe da kuma yankin amana na Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Ɗuniya an haɗa shi cikin mulkin Gold Coast a ranar 13 Disamba 1956. A ranar 1 Yuli 1960 Ghana ta ƙarshe ta rushe sarautar Commonwealth kuma ta zama Jamhuriya.}} | Kwame Nkrumah{{efn|Asalin a matsayin Firayim Minista; ya zama Shugaba bayan an rushe sarautar.}} | Zaɓen Gabaɗaya na Gold Coast 1956 |- | {{Flag|Guinea}} | {{Flag|French West Africa}} | {{Flag|France}} | 2 Oktoba 1958 | Ahmed Sékou Touré | Zaɓen Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Guinea 1958 |- | {{Flag|Cameroon|1961}} | {{flagicon image|Reichskolonialflagge.svg}} Kamerun<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} French Cameroon<br />{{Flagicon image|British Cameroon Flag.svg}} British Cameroon | {{Flag|German Empire}}<br />{{Flag|France}}<br />{{Flag|United Kingdom}} | 4 Maris 1916<br />1 Janairu 1960{{efn|Bayan samun 'yanci daga Mandatin French Cameroun da yankin amana na Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Ɗuniya, wani ɓangare na British Cameroons aka haɗa shi a ranar 1 Oktoba 1961. Sauran ɓangaren British Cameroons ya shiga Najeriya.}}<br />1 Oktoba 1961 | Karl Ebermaier<br />Ahmadou Ahidjo<br />John Ngu Foncha | –{{efn|Ƙananan rikicin makami daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Jama'ar Cameroon.}} |- | {{Flag|Togo}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of Togo (1957-1958).svg}} French Togoland {{flagicon image|Reichskolonialflagge.svg}} Togoland | rowspan="4" | {{Flag|France}} | 27 Afrilu 1960 | Sylvanus Olympio | – |- | {{Flag|Mali|1959}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} French West Africa | rowspan="2" |20 Yuni 1960{{efn|Senegal da French Sudan sun samu 'yanci a ranar 20 Yuni 1960 a matsayin Tarayyar Mali, wacce ta rushe cikin watanni kaɗan ta zama Senegal da Mali na yanzu.}} | Modibo Keïta | – |- | {{Flag|Senegal}} | Léopold Sédar Senghor | – |- | {{Flag|Madagascar}}{{efn|A matsayin Jamhuriyar Malagasy.}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} French Madagascar | 26 Yuni 1960 | Philibert Tsiranana | –{{efn|Tashin hankalin Malagasy na baya wanda bai samu 'yanci daga Faransa ba.}} |- | {{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}{{efn|A matsayin Jamhuriyar Congo (Léopoldville).}} | {{Flag|Belgian Congo}} | {{Flag|Belgium}} | 30 Yuni 1960 | Joseph Kasa-Vubu | Taron Teburin Zagaye na Belgo-Congolese{{efn|Matsalar Congo ta faru bayan samun 'yanci.}} |- | {{Flag|Somalia}}{{efn|A matsayin Jamhuriyar Somali.}} | {{Flag|British Somaliland}}<br />{{Flagicon image|State Ensign of Italy.svg}} Yankin Amanar Somaliland | {{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br />{{Flag|Italy}} | 26 Yuni 1960<br />1 Yuli 1960{{efn|Yankin Amanar Somalia (tsohuwar Italian Somaliland) da Jihar Somaliland (tsohuwar British Somaliland) sun hade a 1 Yuli 1960 don kafa Jamhuriyar Somali (Somalia).}} | Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal <br> Aden Adde | – |- | {{Flagicon|Benin|1960}} Jamhuriyar Dahomey | {{Flagicon|Benin|1960}} Jamhuriyar Dahomey<br />{{Flagicon|Portugal|1961}} Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá | {{Flagicon|France}} Jamhuriyar Faransa ta Biyar<br />{{Flagicon|Portugal|1961}} Portugal | 1 Agusta 1960<br />31 Yuli 1961<ref>Benin mai 'yanci ta mamaye Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá na Portugal a 1961.</ref> | Hubert Maga | |- | {{Flag|Benin}}{{efn|A matsayin Jamhuriyar Dahomey.}} | rowspan="4" | {{Flag|French West Africa}} | rowspan="8" | {{Flag|France}} | 1 Agusta 1960 | Hubert Maga | – |- | {{Flag|Niger}} | 3 Agusta 1960 | Hamani Diori | – |- | {{Flag|Burkina Faso}}{{efn|A matsayin Jamhuriyar Upper Volta.}} | 5 Agusta 1960 | Maurice Yaméogo | – |- | {{Flag|Ivory Coast}} | 7 Agusta 1960 | Félix Houphouët-Boigny | – |- | {{Flag|Chad}} | rowspan="4" | {{Flag|French Equatorial Africa}} | 11–12 Agusta 1960 | François Tombalbaye | – |- | {{Flag|Central African Republic}} | 13 Agusta 1960 | David Dacko | – |- | {{Flag|Republic of the Congo}} | 14–15 Agusta 1960 | Fulbert Youlou | – |- | {{Flag|Gabon}} | 16–17 Agusta 1960 | Léon M'ba | – |- | {{Flag|Nigeria}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of Nigeria (1914–1952).svg}} Colonial Nigeria<br />{{Flagicon image|British Cameroon Flag.svg}} British Cameroon | {{Flag|United Kingdom}} | 1 Oktoba 1960<br />1 Yuni 1961<br />1 Oktoba 1961{{efn|Wani ɓangare na British Cameroons mandati da yankin amana ya shiga Najeriya a 1 Oktoba 1961. Sauran ɓangaren ya shiga French Cameroun da aka rigaya ya samu 'yanci.}} | Nnamdi Azikiwe | – |- | {{Flag|Mauritania|1959}} | {{Flag|French West Africa}} | {{Flag|France}} | 28 Nuwamba 1958<br />28 Nuwamba 1960 | Moktar Ould Daddah | – |- | {{Flag|Sierra Leone}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of Sierra Leone (1916–1961).svg}} Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate | rowspan="2" | {{Flag|United Kingdom}} | 27 Afrilu 1961 | Milton Margai | – |- | {{flagcountry|Tanganyika (1961–1964)}}{{efn|name="Tanzania"|Bayan samun 'yanci, Tanganyika da Zanzibar sun hade a 26 Afrilu 1964 su zama Tanzania.}} | {{Flag|Tanganyika Territory}} | 9 Disamba 1961 | Julius Nyerere | – |- | {{Flag|Burundi|1962}}{{efn|A matsayin Masarautar Burundi.}} | rowspan="2" |{{flag|German East Africa}}<br />{{flagdeco|Belgium}} Ruanda-Urundi | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|German Empire}}<br /> {{Flag|Belgium}} | rowspan="2" | 1 Yuli 1919 <br /> 1 Yuli 1962 | Mwambutsa IV na Burundi | – |- | {{Flag|Rwanda|1962}} | Yuhi V Musinga <br /> Grégoire Kayibanda | Juyin Juya Halin Rwanda |- | {{Flag|Algeria}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} French Algeria | {{Flag|France}} | 5 Yuli 1962 | Ahmed Ben Bella{{efn|Ya kama mukami a 27 Satumba 1962 a matsayin Firayim Minista. Daga ranar samun 'yanci har zuwa rantsar da Ben Bella, Abderrahmane Farès ne shugaban Kw | Yakin Algeriya<br /> Yarjejeniyar Évian |- | {{Flag|Uganda}} | {{flagicon image|Flag of the Uganda Protectorate.svg}} Masarautar Uganda | rowspan="11" | {{Flag|United Kingdom}} | 9 Oktoba 1962 | Milton Obote | – |- | {{Flag|Kenya}} | {{flagicon image|Flag of Kenya (1921–1963).svg}} Gidan mulkin Birtaniya na Gabashin Afirka | 12 Disamba 1963{{efn|An kawar da mulkin mallakar da aka yi na gama gari daidai shekara guda bayan haka; Ranar Jamhuriya tana bikin duka kwanakin biyu.}} | Jomo Kenyatta{{efn|sunan="realm"}} | –{{efn|Tashin hankali na Mau Mau ya kasance farkon tashin hankali da aka yi domin samun 'yanci daga Birtaniya amma bai yi nasara ba.}} |- | {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar (1963).svg}} Masarautar Zanzibar{{efn|sunan="Tanzania"}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar (1963).svg}} Masarautar Zanzibar | 10 Disamba 1963 | Jamshid bin Abdullah | –{{efn|Masarautar Zanzibar ta sami juyin juya hali bayan wata guda da samun 'yanci.}} |- | {{Flag|Malawi}} | {{Flag|Nyasaland}} | 6 Yuli 1964{{efn|An kawar da mulkin gama gari shekaru biyu bayan haka.}} | Hastings Banda{{efn|sunan="realm"}} | – |- | {{Flag|Zambia|1964}} | {{Flag|Northern Rhodesia}} | 24 Oktoba 1964 | Kenneth Kaunda | – |- | {{Flag|The Gambia}} | {{flagicon image|Flag of The Gambia (1889–1965).svg}} Gidan mulkin Gambia da kariya | 18 Fabrairu 1965{{efn|An kawar da mulkin gama gari a ranar 24 Afrilu 1970.}} | Dawda Jawara{{efn|sunan="realm"}} | – |- | ''{{Flag|Rhodesia}}''<br />{{Flag|Zimbabwe}} | {{Flag|Southern Rhodesia}} | ''11 Nuwamba 1965 (a matsayin Rhodesia)''{{efn|Birtaniya da sauran al'umma ba su amince da gwamnatin Rhodesia ba saboda rashin yarda da mulkin mafi rinjaye na baƙar fata. Sai aka amince da Zimbabwe bayan yakin Rhodesian Bush.}} | ''Ian Smith'' | ''Hanyar Rhodesia ta ƙaddamar da 'yanci kai tsaye'' |- | {{Flag|Botswana}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg}} Masarautar Bechuanaland | 30 Satumba 1960 – 1966{{efn|Ranar Botswana ita ce ranar biyu na bikin samun 'yanci. Ranar farko kuma ana kiran ta Ranar Botswana.}} | Seretse Khama | – |- | {{Flag|Lesotho|1966}} | {{flagicon image|Unofficial Basutoland Ensign.svg}} Basutoland | 4 Oktoba 1966 | Leabua Jonathan{{efn|Moshoeshoe II ya zama sarkin bayan samun 'yanci.}} | – |- | {{Flag|Mauritius}} | {{flagicon image|Flag of Mauritius (1923–1968).svg}} Mauritius na Birtaniya | 12 Maris 1968 | Seewoosagur Ramgoolam | – |- | {{Flag|Eswatini}} | Mulkin kai tsaye na Birtaniya akan Swaziland (1906–1968) | 6 Satumba 1968 | Sobhuza II | – |- | {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}} | {{flagicon image|Reichskolonialflagge.svg}} Kamerun<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} Kamerun na Faransa<br />Kasar Afirka ta Faransa<br />{{flagicon image|British Cameroon Flag.svg}} Kamerun na Birtaniya<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1945 - 1977).svg}} Guinea ta Spain | Mulkin Jamus<br />Mulkin Faransa<br />Mulkin Birtaniya<br />Mulkin Spain | 4 Maris 1916<br />1 Janairu 1960<br />16–17 Agusta 1960{{efn|Bayan samun 'yanci na Kamerun na Faransa da Birtaniya an hada su a 1 Oktoba 1961. Wani bangaren na Birtaniya ya shiga Najeriya.}}<br />1 Oktoba 1961<br />12 Oktoba 1968 | Karl Ebermaier<br />Ahmadou Ahidjo<br />Léon M'ba<br />John Ngu Foncha<br />Francisco Macías Nguema | – |- | {{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of Portugal.svg}} Guinea ta Portugal | rowspan="3" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | 24 Satumba 1973 <br>10 Satumba 1974 (an amince)<br>5 Yuli 1975{{efn|Ba a yi bikin ranar ba. Ranar 24 Satumba 1973 ita ce ranar samun 'yanci a Guinea-Bissau.}} | Luís Cabral<br>João Bernardo Vieira <br>Aristides Pereira<br>Pedro Pires | Yakin 'yancin Guinea-Bissau |- | {{Flag|Mozambique}}{{efn|Kamar yadda Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mozambique take}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of Portugal.svg}} Mozambique na Portugal | 25 Yuni 1975 | Samora Machel | Yakin 'yancin Mozambique |- | {{Flag|Cape Verde}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of Portugal.svg}} Cape Verde na Portugal | 5 Yuli 1975 | Aristides Pereira{{efn|Pedro Pires ya zama Firayim Minista kwanaki uku bayan samun 'yanci.}} | Yakin 'yancin Guinea-Bissau{{efn|Duk da yake yakin 'yanci na Cape Verde yana da alaka da na Guinea-Bissau, kasar tsibirin ba ta shiga yaki sosai ba.}} |- | {{Flag|Comoros|1963}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} Tarihin Comoros na Faransa | {{Flag|France}} | 6 Yuli 1975 | Ahmed Abdallah | Zabukan samun 'yanci na 1974 a Comoros |- | {{Flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of Portugal.svg}} São Tomé da Príncipe na Portugal | rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | 12 Yuli 1975 | Manuel Pinto da Costa | – |- | {{Flag|Angola}}{{efn|Kamar yadda Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Angola take}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of Portugal.svg}} Angola na Portugal | 11 Nuwamba 1975 | Agostinho Neto | Yakin 'yancin Angola |- | {{Flag|Seychelles}} | {{flagicon image|Flag of Seychelles 1961-1976.gif}} Tarihin Seychelles na Birtaniya | {{Flag|United Kingdom}} | 29 Yuni 1976 | James Mancham | – |- | {{Flag|Djibouti}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} Yankin Faransa na Afars da Issas | {{Flag|France}} | 27 Yuni 1977 | Hassan Gouled Aptidon | Zabukan samun 'yanci na 1977 a Afars da Issas |- | ''{{Flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}''{{efn|Mulkin mallakar Spain ya kare a zahiri a Yankin Sahara ta Yamma lokacin da aka raba yankin tsakanin Mauritania da Morocco a 1979. Saharan ta Yamma tana jiran 'yanci, yayin da Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ke da iko kan wani ƙaramin yanki. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta har yanzu tana ganin Spain a matsayin mai kula da yankin baki ɗaya.}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1945 - 1977).svg}} Sahara ta Spain<br>{{Flagicon|Morocco|1976}} Yankunan Kudu<br>{{Flagicon|Mauritania|1959}} Tiris al-Gharbiyya (Sahara ta Yamma) | {{Flag|Spain}}<br />{{Flag|Morocco}}<br />{{Flagicon|Mauritania|1959}} Mauritania | 27 Fabrairu 1976<br />''har yanzu ba a samu 'yanci ba'' | El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed<br />''Mohamed Abdelaziz'' | Yakin Sahara ta Yamma<br />''rikicin Sahara ta Yamma'' |- |{{Flag|Namibia}} |{{Flag|South West Africa}} |{{Flag|South Africa|1928}} |27 Oktoba 1966 (na doka)<ref>Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kawo karshen mulkin Afirka ta Kudu a Namibia a 1966; Afirka ta Kudu ta bar mulkin ne a 1990.</ref><br>21 Maris 1990 |Sam Nujoma |Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 269<br>Yakin iyakar Afirka ta Kudu |- |{{flag|Eritrea}} |{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} Eritrea ta Italiya<br>{{Flagicon|Ethiopian Empire}} Masarautar Eritrea |{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} Daular Italiya<br>{{Flagicon|Ethiopian Empire}} Daular Habasha |15 Satumba 1952<br>(Haɗa da Habasha)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schiller |first=A. Arthur |date=1 July 1953 |title=Eritrea: Constitution and Federation with Ethiopia |url=https://academic.oup.com/ajcl/article-abstract/2/3/375/2587054?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=375–383 |doi=10.2307/837485 |jstor=837485 |via=Oxford Academic|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br>24 Mayu 1993<br>'yanci |Isaias Afwerki |Yakin 'yancin Eritrea |} ==Daular Biritaniya== [[File:British Empire in 1959.svg|thumb|Daular Biritaniya a 1959]] [[File:British Decolonisation in Africa.png|thumb|Yakin 'yancin kai na Biritaniya a Afirka. Zuwa 1980, kowace mulkin mallaka ta Biritaniya ta sami 'yanci.]] ===Ghana=== A ranar 6 ga Maris, 1957, Ghana (tsohuwar Gold Coast) ta zama kasar Afirka ta farko a kudancin Sahara da ta samu 'yancin kai daga mulkin mallaka na Turai.<ref>Esseks, John D. "Political independence and economic decolonisation: the case of Ghana under Nkrumah." Western Political Quarterly 24.1 (1971): 59-64.</ref> Tun daga babban taron Pan-African na 1945, shugaban 'yancin kai na Gold Coast (Ghana ta zamani), Kwame Nkrumah, ya bayyana manufarsa a fili. A cikin sanarwar taron, ya rubuta cewa, "Mun yi imani da 'yancin dukkan al'ummai su mulki kansu. Muna tabbatar da 'yancin dukkan al'ummar da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka su mallaki makomarsu. Dukkanin mulkin mallaka dole ne su 'yantu daga ikon mallaka na kasashen waje, ko na siyasa ne ko na tattalin arziki."<ref>Nkrumah, Kwame, ''Fifth Pan-African Congress, Declaration to Colonial People of the World'' (Manchester, England, 1945).</ref> A shekarar 1948, 'yan Ghana tsoffin sojoji uku 'yan sanda na mulkin mallaka suka kashe su a lokacin zanga-zanga. Rikici ya barke a Accra kuma duk da cewa an daure Nkrumah da sauran shugabannin Ghana na wani dan lokaci, lamarin ya zama mai hanzari ga yunkurin 'yancin kai. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, Nkrumah ya kafa jam'iyyar Convention People's Party (CPP), wadda ta kaddamar da babban kamfen don tallafawa 'yancin kai tare da taken "Gwamnatin Kai Tsaye Yanzu!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/media-center/features/2888-political-party-activity-in-ghana-1947-to-1957|title=POLITICAL PARTY ACTIVITY IN GHANA—1947 TO 1957 - Government of Ghana|website=www.ghana.gov.gh|language=en-gb|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135723/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/media-center/features/2888-political-party-activity-in-ghana-1947-to-1957|url-status=dead}}</ref> Karin kishin kasa a cikin kasar ya kara karfinsu kuma jam'iyyar siyasa ta fadada sosai. A watan Fabrairun 1951, CPP ta sami ikon siyasa ta hanyar lashe kujeru 34 cikin 38 da aka zaba, ciki har da guda daya ga Nkrumah wanda aka daure a lokacin. Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta sake fasalta kundin tsarin mulkin Gold Coast don ba 'yan Ghana rinjaye a majalisar dokoki a 1951. A 1956, Ghana ta nemi 'yancin kai a cikin Commonwealth, wanda aka bayar cikin lumana a 1957 tare da Nkrumah a matsayin firaminista kuma Sarauniya Elizabeth II a matsayin mai mulki.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Daniel Yergin|author2=Joseph Stanislaw|title=The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy|publisher=Simon and Schuster|url=https://archive.org/details/commandingheight00yerg_1|url-access=registration|year=2002|page=[https://archive.org/details/commandingheight00yerg_1/page/66 66]|isbn=978-0-684-83569-3}}</ref> ===Iska ta Canji=== Firaminista Harold Macmillan ya yi jawabin "Iska ta Canji" a Afirka ta Kudu, a watan Fabrairun 1960, inda ya yi magana da Majalisar Dokokin kasar game da "iska ta canji da ke kadawa ta wannan nahiyar."<ref>Frank Myers, "Harold Macmillan's" Winds of Change" Speech: A Case Study in the Rhetoric of Policy Change." ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 3.4 (2000): 555-575. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/29854/summary excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320220708/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/29854/summary |date=20 March 2019 }}</ref> Macmillan yana son kauce wa irin yakin mulkin mallaka da Faransa ke yi a Aljeriya. A karkashin mulkinsa, yunkurin 'yancin kai ya ci gaba cikin sauri.<ref>Philip E. Hemming, "Macmillan and the End of the British Empire in Africa." in R. Aldous and S. Lee, eds., ''Harold Macmillan and Britain's World Role'' (1996) pp. 97-121, [https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780333630532 excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805100240/https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780333630532 |date=5 August 2021 }}</ref> Sauran yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Afirka, ban da Kudancin Rhodesia, duk sun sami 'yancin kai kafin 1968. Janyewar Birtaniya daga kudanci da gabashin Afirka bai kasance mai lumana ba. Samun 'yancin kai na Kenya ya riga Yakin Mau Mau na tsawon shekaru takwas. A Rhodesia, sanarwar 'yancin kai ta bangare guda ta 1965 da 'yan tsiraru farare suka yi ta haifar da yakin basasa wanda ya dauki lokaci har zuwa yarjejeniyar Lancaster House ta 1979, wadda ta kafa sharuddan samun 'yancin kai da aka amince da shi a 1980, a matsayin sabuwar al'ummar Zimbabwe.<ref>James, pp. 618–21.</ref> Birtaniya ta dauki matakin dawo da yankinta na karshe da Birtaniya ta mamaye a Afirka ta hanyar sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma a 2025 wadda ke mika ikon mallaka na tsibirin Chagos ga Mauritius. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, tsibirin Diego Garcia mai mahimmanci da yankin buffer na kilomita 38 nan da nan an mayar da su ga Mauritius. Wannan yarjejeniyar ta ba da damar ci gaba da aiki tare na sansanin Anglo-Amurka a Diego Garcia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2025/05/25/chagos-deal-is-done-sovereignty-is-returned-to-mauritius/ |title= Chagos Deal Is Done: Sovereignty Is Returned to Mauritius |work=e-ir.info |date=25 May 2025|access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> ==Belgium== [[File:Leopold II Statue at Place du Trône - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Mutum-mutumin sarkin Belgium Leopold II yana kan doki, wanda ya mulki Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Kongo daga 1885 zuwa 1908, a Regent Place cikin birnin Brussels, Belgium]] Belgium ta mallaki yankuna da dama a zamanin mulkin mallaka, musamman Congo ta Belgium (wanda yanzu ake kira Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Congo) daga 1908 zuwa 1960 da kuma Ruanda-Urundi (wanda yanzu suke matsayin Rwanda da Burundi) daga 1922 zuwa 1962. Har ila yau, tana da ƙaramar mallaka a ƙasar Sin (1902–1931) kuma tana cikin shugabannin haɗaka na Yankin Ƙasa na Tangier a Maroko. Kimanin kashi 98% na yankunan Belgium a ketare na wancan lokaci guda ɗaya ne kawai, wato Congo ta Belgium, wanda ya fi girman Belgium sau 76. An kafa wannan mallaka ne a shekara ta 1908 bayan an sauya ikon mulki daga Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Kongo, wadda ta kasance mallakar kai tsaye ta sarkin Belgium Leopold II. Tashin hankali da cin zarafin da jami'an Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Kongo suka yi wa mutanen asalin ƙasar, da kuma mugun tsarin tattalin arziƙin ƙwace dukiya, ya haifar da matsin lamba daga ƙasashen duniya don Belgium ta karɓi cikakken ikon ƙasar. Mulkin Belgium a Congo ya ta'allaka ne da abota tsakanin gwamnati, mishan (ƙungiyoyin kirista) da kamfanonin kasuwanci masu zaman kansu, wanda ake kira "hadin gwiwar mulkin mallaka" (''trinité coloniale''). A shekarun 1940 da 1950, Congo ta samu gagarumar ci gaban birane kuma gwamnati na ƙoƙarin mayar da ita "mallaka abar koyi". Saboda motsin neman 'yanci da ya ƙara ƙarfi da radikalanci, Congo ta samu 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1960 a matsayin Jamhuriyar Congo-Léopoldville. Daga cikin sauran mallakan Belgium, mafi muhimmanci shi ne Ruanda-Urundi, wani yanki na Gabashin Afirka ta Jamus, wanda aka bai wa Belgium a matsayin mallaka ƙarƙashin hukumar League of Nations bayan Jamus ta rasa dukkan mallakokinta a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Bayan juyin juya halin Rwanda, wannan yankin ya zama ƙasashe masu 'yanci guda biyu: Burundi da Rwanda a shekara ta 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Belgium's role in Rwandan genocide|url=https://mondediplo.com/2021/06/11rwanda|website=Le Monde Diplomatique|date=1 June 2021|access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref> == Daular Mallakar Faransa == [[File:French Community 1959.svg|thumb|Al’ummar Faransa a Afirka a shekarar 1959]] [[File:European settlement in Africa map1962.png|thumb|Yadda Turawa da 'ya'yansu suka bazu a nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1962.<ref name="Cowan">{{cite book |last=Cowan |first=L. Gray |title=The Dilemmas of African Independence |date=1964 |publisher=Walker & Company, Publishers |location=New York |pages=42–55, 105 |asin=B0007DMOJ0}}</ref> {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} {{legend|#006D2C|Fiye da 100,000}} {{colend}}]] Daular mallakar Faransa ta fara rugujewa lokacin Yakin Duniya na Biyu lokacin da gwamnatin Vichy France ke iko da daular. Kasa bayan kasa, yawancin yankuna na mallaka sun fadi hannun wasu kasashen waje: Japan a Indochina, Birtaniya a Siriya, Lebanon da Madagascar, Amurka da Birtaniya a Maroko da Aljeriya, da Jamus da Italiya a Tunisiya. Charles de Gaulle ne ya fara dawo da iko a hankali, inda ya yi amfani da sansanonin mallaka don korar gwamnatin Vichy daga kasar Faransa. De Gaulle da mafi yawan Faransawa sun kuduri aniyar ci gaba da rike da daular cikin sabon tsari. An samar da Hadaddiyar Faransa wacce ta maye gurbin tsohuwar daula, amma har yanzu jami'an birnin Paris ke da cikakken iko. An bai wa yankunan majalisun cikin gida da iyakantaccen iko da kasafin kudi. An samu wata gungun fitattun mutane da ake kira *évolués*, 'yan asalin yankunan da Faransa ke mulki da ke zaune a cikin kasar Faransa.<ref>Patrick Manning, ''Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa 1880-1995'' (1998) shf 135-63.</ref><ref>Guy De Lusignan, ''French-speaking Africa since independence'' (1969) shf 3-86.</ref><ref>Rudolph von, ''Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919-1960'' (1971), 265-472.</ref> De Gaulle ya shirya babban taro na yankunan Faransa masu 'yanci a Brazzaville, Afirka ta Tsakiya, a watan Janairu zuwa Fabrairu 1944. Tsira da dorewar Faransa ya dogara da goyon bayan wadannan yankuna, don haka De Gaulle ya yi alkawura da dama. Wadannan sun hada da kawo karshen tilasta wa mutane yin aiki, kawo karshen dokokin musamman da suka bambanta fararen fata da 'yan asalin yankuna, samar da zababbun majalisun yankuna, wakilci a Paris a cikin sabuwar "Kungiyar Faransa", da kuma wakilci daga yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara a majalisar Faransa. Sai dai kuma, 'yancin kai an fito fili an ce ba zai taba yiwuwa ba: :Manufar aikin wayar da kan al'umma da Faransa ta aiwatar a yankunan mallaka ya hana kowanne ra’ayi na cin gashin kai, ko sauya hanya daga tsarin daular Faransa; Ko da kuwa a nan gaba, tsarin mulki ba zai bai wa yankunan mallaka damar mulkin kai ba.<ref>{{Citation |title=Brazzaville: 30 janvier–8 fevrier 1944 |pages=32 |year=1944 |publisher=Ministere des Colonies |mode=cs1}} Quoted in: {{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Tony |date=1978 |title=A Comparative Study of French and British Decolonization |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/178322 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=73 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500008835 |issn=0010-4175 |jstor=178322 |s2cid=145080475|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Rikice-rikice === Bayan karewar Yakin Duniya na Biyu, Faransa ta fuskanci motsin neman 'yancin kai. A Aljeriya, zanga-zanga a watan Mayu 1945 ta jawo kashe-kashen da suka yi sanadiyyar mutuwar kimanin mutane 20,000 zuwa 45,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Horne |first=Alistair |title=A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 |publisher=The Viking Press |year=1977 |location=New York |page=27 |author-link=Alistair Horne}}</ref> Tashin hankali a Haiphong, Indochina, a watan Nuwamba 1945 ya jawo jirgin yaki na ruwan Faransa ya harba garin.<ref>J.F.V. Keiger, ''France and the World since 1870'' (Arnold, 2001) shf 207.</ref> Gwamnatin Paul Ramadier (SFIO) ta murkushe Tashin Hankali a Madagascar a 1947. Faransa ta kiyasta mace-macen daga mutane 11,000 zuwa kimanin 89,000 bisa rahoton sojojin Faransa.<ref>Anthony Clayton, ''The Wars of French Decolonization'' (1994) shf 85</ref> A Kamaru, tawagar Union of the Peoples of Cameroon karkashin Ruben Um Nyobé ta fara tarzoma a 1955, an murkushe ta da karfi tsawon shekaru biyu inda aka kashe kimanin mutane 100,000.<ref>{{Citation |title=Cameroon: The UPC Insurrection, 1956–70 |date=1996 |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230371354_4 |work=Traditional Religion and Guerrilla Warfare in Modern Africa |pages=36–48 |editor-last=Weigert |editor-first=Stephen L. |access-date=23 April 2021 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1057/9780230371354_4 |isbn=978-0-230-37135-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==== Aljeriya ==== Shugabancin Faransa a Aljeriya ya samo asali ne tun shekaru dari da suka gabata. Kungiyoyin Ferhat Abbas da Messali Hadj ne suka yi fice tsakanin yakin duniya biyu, amma bayan yakin duniya na biyu, matsin lamba ya karu. A 1945, an yi kashe-kashe a Sétif. Yakin 'Yancin Aljeriya ya fara a 1954. Bangarori duka biyu sun aikata danyen aiki, kuma yawan wadanda suka mutu yana da cece-kuce saboda dalilan yaɗa ra'ayi.<ref>{{cite book |author=Martin S. Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLGHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Algerian War and the French Army, 1954–62: Experiences, Images, Testimonies |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-230-50095-2 |page=6 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Yakin ya rikide zuwa rikici na bangarori uku saboda yawan 'yan asalin Turai da suka zauna a Aljeriya tun lokacin mulkin Faransa. Rikicin siyasa a Faransa ya janyo rugujewar Jamhuriyar Hudu, inda Charles de Gaulle ya dawo mulki a 1958 ya kuma janye sojoji da Turawa daga Aljeriya a 1962.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r59MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA356 |title=The Roots and Consequences of Independence Wars: Conflicts that Changed World History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4408-5599-3 |editor=Spencer C. Tucker |pages=355–57}}</ref><ref>James McDougall, "The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962", ''Journal of Modern History'' 89#4 (2017) shf 772–811 [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/694427 excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822195109/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/694427|date=22 August 2021}}</ref> Yakin ya dauki fiye da shekaru takwas, kuma adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai tsakanin 300,000 zuwa 400,000.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2012 |title=Algeria celebrates 50 years of independence - France keeps mum |language=en-GB |work=RFI |url=http://en.rfi.fr/africa/20120705-algeria-celebrates-50-years-independence-france-keeps-mum |access-date=12 May 2018}}</ref> A 1962, Jam'iyyar 'Yancin Aljeriya ta cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da De Gaulle, wato Évian Accords<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evian Accords and the Algerian War: An Uncertain Peace |url=https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/march-2017-evian-accords-uncertain-peace |access-date=23 April 2021 |website=origins.osu.edu|date=15 March 2017 }}</ref>, inda Turawa za su iya komawa kasashensu, ko zauna a Aljeriya a matsayin baki ko kuma su zama 'yan kasa. Mafi yawan Turawa miliyan daya da ke Aljeriya sun bar kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French-Algerian truce |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/french-algerian-truce |access-date=23 April 2021 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> === Al’ummar Faransa === [[File:EU OCT and OMR map en.png|thumb|Yankunan musamman na Tarayyar Turai, kusan 2011]] Masu ra’ayin mazan jiya na Faransa sun gaji da mulkin mallaka bayan bala’o’in da suka fuskanta a Indochina da Aljeriya. Suna son katse duk wata alaka da kasashen Afirka ta Kudu da Hamadar Sahara da Faransa ke da su. Lokacin yakin duniya, de Gaulle ya dogara da wadannan yankuna wajen kafa gwamnatin Faransa mai 'yanci. A ziyararsa ta 1958, ya bayyana kudirinsa na bai wa Afirka ta Kudu da ke karkashin Faransa muhimmanci a siyasar waje.<ref>Julian Jackson, ''De Gaulle'' (2018), shf 490-93, 525, 609-615.</ref> Hadaddiyar Faransa ta tsufa ta maye gurbinta da sabuwar Al’ummar Faransa karkashin tsarin mulkin 1958. Guinea ce kadai ta ki amincewa a kuri’ar raba gardama. Amma dai, Al’ummar Faransa ta ruguje a lokacin yakin Aljeriya; kusan duk sauran kasashen Afirka sun samu 'yancin kai a 1960 == Portugal == [[File:Portuguese Empire 20th century.png|thumb|Daular mulkin mallaka ta Portugal a karni na 20 tare da ranakun da suka rasa mallaka]] Sabanin sauran ƙasashen Turai a shekarun 1950 da 1960, gwamnatin ''Estado Novo'' ta Portugal ba ta janye daga mulkinta na Afirka ba. A cikin shekarun 1960, kungiyoyin ‘yan gwagwarmaya masu ɗauke da makamai sun fara aiki a yankunan Afirka da Portugal ke mulka. Yaƙin Mulkin Mallaka na Portugal, wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin 'Yancin Angola, Yaƙin 'Yancin Guinea-Bissau da kuma Yaƙin 'Yancin Mozambique, rikici ne da ya ɗauki shekaru 13 ana yi tsakanin sojojin Portugal da ƙungiyoyin 'yan kishin ƙasa da ke neman 'yanci a yankunan Afirka daga shekarar 1961 zuwa 1974. A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin Portugal, wato ''Estado Novo'', sojoji ne suka kifar da ita a juyin mulki na ''Carnation Revolution'' a shekarar 1974, kuma wannan sauyin gwamnati ne ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oliveira|first=Pedro Aires|date=24 Mayu 2017|chapter=Yancin kai a Afirka da Portugal ke mulka|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-41|language=ha|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.41|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History|isbn=9780190277734|access-date=22 Maris 2022|archive-date=13 Mayu 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513215825/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-41|url-status=live}}</ref> Daga Mayu 1974 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, fiye da mutane 500,000 daga cikin ‘yan ƙasar Portugal da ke zaune a yankunan Afirka da Portugal ke mulka (galibinsu daga Angola da Mozambique) sun bar waɗannan yankuna a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira—''retornados''.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12079340 Gudun Hijira daga Angola], The Economist (16 Agusta 1975).</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090113204408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html Rushe Daular Portugal], Time Magazine (Litinin, 7 Yuli 1975).</ref> == Suwidin == [[Fayil:Müller Fetu 1648 B002.jpg|thumb|Akan Sarkin Futu sun gayyace su don gina "gidan dutse" don kasuwanci.]] Sweden ta mallaki wasu ƙauyuka na ɗan lokaci a gabar tekun Gold (a halin yanzu [[Ghana]]) daga 22 ga Afrilu 1650 zuwa 20 Afrilu 1663, lokacin da Denmark ta kwace babban birnin Fort Carlsborg da Fort Christianborg. ===Cape Coast=== A cikin 1652, Swedes sun ɗauki Cape Coast a halin yanzu [[Ghana]], wanda a baya yana ƙarƙashin ikon Dutch kuma kafin hakan Portuguese. Cape Coast ta ta'allaka ne akan katangar Carolusburg da aka gina a shekara ta 1653 kuma aka sanya mata suna bayan Sarki Charles X Gustav na Sweden amma yanzu ana kiranta da Cape Coast Castle. == Amurka == ===Mulkin Mallakar Laberiya=== Mallakar Laberiya, daga baya ƙasar Laberiya, ta kasance wani yanki mai zaman kansa na ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka (ACS) wanda ya fara a 1822. Ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta—[[Laberiya|Jamhuriyar Laberiya]]—bayan Sanarwa ayyana 'yancin kai a 1847. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Kasashen da suka sami 'yancin kai daga Amurka |- ! Ƙasa ! Sunan mulkin mallaka ! Ikon mulki ! data-sort-type="date" | Ranar samun 'yanci ! Shugaban ƙasa na farko ! Yadda aka sami 'yancin kai |- | {{Flag|Liberia}} | {{Flagicon image|Flag of Liberia (1827-1847).svg}} American Colonization Society, Liberia | {{Flag|United States|1846}} (American Colonization Society) | 26 Yuli 1847{{efn|Liberia daga baya ta ƙara ƙarƙashin kanta Jamhuriyar Maryland, wata ƙasar 'yan gudun hijira ta Afirka-Amurka, a shekara ta 1857. Amurka ba ta amince da Liberia ba sai ranar 5 Fabrairu 1862.}} | Joseph Jenkins Roberts{{efn|Stephen Allen Benson ya kasance Shugaban ƙasa a ranar da Amurka ta amince da Liberia.}}<br />William Tubman | Takaddar 'Yancin Kai ta Liberia |} ==Samun Ƙarfin Mulki== {| class="wikitable sortable tpl-blanktable" !Ƙasa !Ranar samun Ƙarfin Mulki !Hanyar samun Ƙarfin Mulki |- |'''{{flag|Algeria}}''' |3 Yuli 1962 |Faransa ta amince da sakamakon kuri'ar raba gardama na neman 'yanci da aka gudanar kwanaki biyu kafin haka |- |'''{{flag|Angola}}''' |11 Nuwamba 1975 |'Yanci daga Portugal |- |'''{{flag|Benin}}''' |1 Agusta 1960 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Botswana}} |30 Satumba 1966 |'Yanci daga Birtaniya |- |'''{{flag|Burkina Faso}}''' |5 Agusta 1960 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Burundi}}''' |1 Yuli 1962 |'Yanci daga Belgium |- |'''{{flag|Cabo Verde}}''' |24 Satumba 1973 10 Satumba 1974 (an amince) 5 Yuli 1975 |'Yanci daga Portugal |- |'''{{flag|Cameroon}}''' |1 Janairu 1960 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Central African Republic}}''' |13 Agusta 1960 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Chad}}''' |11 Agusta 1960 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Comoros}}''' |6 Yuli 1975 |Ayyana 'yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}''' |30 Yuni 1960 |'Yanci daga Belgium |- |'''{{flag|Republic of Congo}}''' |15 Agusta 1960 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Djibouti}}''' |27 Yuni 1977 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Egypt}}''' |28 Fabrairu 1922 |Birtaniya ta dakatar da ikon mallakar ƙasar, ta ba Masar 'yancin kai |- |'''{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}''' |12 Oktoba 1968 |'Yanci daga Sipen |- |'''{{flag|Eritrea}}''' |1 Yuni 1936<br>5 Mayu 1941 19 Mayu 1941 10 Fabrairu 1947 19 Fabrairu 1951 15 Satumba 1952 |Ayyukan yaƙin Abyssinia, ayyana 'yanci daga Habasha |- |'''{{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini}}''' |6 Satumba 1968 |'Yanci daga Birtaniya a matsayin Swaziland |- |'''{{flag|Ethiopia}}''' |5 Mayu 1941 |Yaƙin Abyssinia |- |'''{{flag|Gabon}}''' |17 Agusta 1960 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Gambia}}''' |18 Fabrairu 1965 |'Yanci daga Birtaniya |- |'''{{flag|Ghana}}''' |6 Maris 1957 |'Yanci daga Birtaniya |- |'''{{flag|Guinea}}''' |2 Oktoba 1958 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}''' |24 Satumba 1973 10 Satumba 1974 (an amince) 5 Yuli 1975 |Ayyana 'yanci daga Portugal |- |'''{{flag|Ivory Coast}}''' |4 Disamba 1958 |Jihar mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Ƙungiyar Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Ivory Coast}}''' |7 Agusta 1960 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Kenya}}''' |12 Disamba 1963 |'Yanci daga Birtaniya |- |'''{{flag|Lesotho}}''' |4 Oktoba 1966 |'Yanci daga Birtaniya |- |'''{{flag|Liberia}}''' |26 Yuli 1847 |'Yanci daga Ƙungiyar Kwantar da Hankalin Amurka (American Colonization Society) |- |'''{{flag|Libya}}''' |24 Disamba 1951 |'Yanci daga kulawar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya bayan mulkin Italiya ya ƙare |- | rowspan="2" |'''{{flag|Madagascar}}''' |14 Oktoba 1958 |An kafa Jamhuriyar Malagasy a matsayin jiharmu mai cin gashin kanta a Ƙungiyar Faransa |- |26 Yuni 1960 |Faransa ta amince da 'yancin Madagascar |- |'''{{flag|Malawi}}''' |6 Yuli 1964 |'Yanci daga Birtaniya |- | rowspan="2" |'''{{flag|Mali}}''' |25 Nuwamba 1958 |Sudan ta Faransa ta sami ikon kanta |- |24 Nuwamba 1958 4 Afrilu 1959 20 Yuni 1960 20 Agusta 1960 22 Satumba 1960 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Mauritania}}''' |28 Nuwamba 1960 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Mauritius}}''' |12 Maris 1968 |'Yanci daga Birtaniya |- |'''{{flag|Morocco}}''' |7 Afrilu 1956 |'Yanci daga Faransa da Sipen |- |'''{{flag|Mozambique}}''' |25 Yuni 1975 |'Yanci daga Portugal |- |'''{{flag|Namibia}}''' |21 Maris 1990 |'Yanci daga mulkin Afirka ta Kudu |- | rowspan="2" |'''{{flag|Niger}}''' |4 Disamba 1958 |Cin gashin kai a Ƙungiyar Faransa |- |3 Agusta 1960 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Nigeria}}''' |1 Oktoba 1960 |'Yanci daga Birtaniya |- |'''{{flag|Rwanda}}''' |1 Yuli 1962 |'Yanci daga Belgium |- |'''{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}''' |12 Yuli 1975 |'Yanci daga Portugal |- |'''{{flag|Senegal}}''' |20 Yuni 1960 20 Agusta 1960 22 Satumba 1960 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Seychelles}}''' |29 Yuni 1976 |'Yanci daga Birtaniya |- |'''{{flag|Sierra Leone}}''' |27 Afrilu 1961 |'Yanci daga Birtaniya |- |'''{{flag|Somalia}}''' |26 Yuni 1960 1 Yuli 1960 |Haɗewar yankin Tsohon Somaliyar Italiya da Tsohon Somaliyar Birtaniya |- | rowspan="2" |'''{{flag|South Africa}}''' |11 Disamba 1931 |Dokar Westminster: ba da cin gashin kai ga Union of South Africa daga Birtaniya |- |31 Mayu 1910 |Ƙirƙirar Union of South Africa daga tsoffin yankuna |- |'''{{flag|South Sudan}}''' |9 Yuli 2011 |'Yanci daga Sudan bayan yaƙin basasa |- |'''{{flag|Sudan}}''' |1 Janairu 1956 |'Yanci daga hadin mulki na Masar da Birtaniya |- |'''{{flag|Tanzania}}''' |'9 Disamba 1961 |'Yancin Tanganyika daga Birtaniya |- | rowspan="2" |'''{{flag|Togo}}''' |30 Agusta 1958 |Cin gashin kai a Ƙungiyar Faransa |- |27 Afrilu 1960 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- |'''{{flag|Tunisia}}''' |20 Maris 1956 |'Yanci daga Faransa |- | rowspan="2" |'''{{flag|Uganda}}''' |1 March 1962 |An ba da ikon cin gashin kai |- |9 October 1962 |'Yancin kai daga Birtaniya |- |'''{{flag|Zambia}}''' |24 October 1964 |'Yancin kai daga Birtaniya |- | rowspan="2" |'''{{flag|Zimbabwe}}''' |11 November 1965 |Ayyaɗewar 'yancin kai ba tare da izini ba daga Rhodesia ta Kudu |- |18 April 1980 |An amince da 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya a matsayin Zimbabwe |} == Mulkin mallaka na zamani == [[File:Colonisation 1550.png|thumb|right|Daular duniya da masarautu a shekara ta 1550]] [[File:Colonial empires in 1800.svg|thumb|Daular duniya da masarautu a shekara ta 1800]] Mulkin mallaka a zamanin mulkin mallaka, yawanci yana nufin ƙasashen Yammacin Turai suna kwace ƙasashe a Amurka, Afirka, Asiya, da Oseaniya. Manyan ƙasashen Turai da suka yi aiki a irin wannan mulkin mallaka sun haɗa da Spain, Portugal, Faransa, Tsardom na Rasha (daga baya Daular Rasha da Ƙungiyar Soviet), Masarautar Ingila (daga baya Masarautar Birtaniya), Netherlands, Belgium<ref name="CobaltRed">{{cite book |last1=Kara |first1=Siddharth |title=Cobalt Red: How the Blood of the Congo Powers Our Lives |date=1 January 2023 |publisher=St. Martins Press |isbn=978-1-250-28429-7 |url=https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250284297/cobaltred}}</ref> da Masarautar Prussia (yanzu mafi yawan Jamus), kuma daga karni na 18, Amurka. Yawancin waɗannan ƙasashen sun sami lokaci na kusan cikakken rinjaye a harkar ciniki ta duniya daga kusan shekara ta 1500 zuwa 1900. Daga ƙarshen karni na 19, Japan ma ta shiga harkar mulkin mallaka, musamman a Hokkaido da Korea. Yayinda wasu mulkin mallaka na Turai suka mai da hankali kan gajeren lokaci na cin gajiyar damar tattalin arziki (misali Newfoundland ko Siberia) ko kuma don wasu manufofi na musamman kamar masu zaman kansu da ke neman 'yancin addini (Massachusetts), a wasu lokuta an shirya tsare-tsaren dogon lokaci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga dukkan ɓangarorin, amma mafi yawa don ƙasashen masu mulki ne, bisa ga tsari mai zurfi (kamar yadda James Oglethorpe ya yi a Mulkin Georgia a shekarun 1730 da Edward Gibbon Wakefield a Kamfanin New Zealand a shekarun 1840).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morgan |first1=Philip D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7X-sIs5sBQC |title=African American Life in the Georgia Lowcountry: The Atlantic World and the Gullah Geechee |publisher=University of Georgia Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8203-4307-5 |editor1-last=Morgan |editor1-first=Philip D. |editor1-link=Philip D. Morgan |series=Race in the Atlantic World, 1700-1900 Series |page=16 |chapter=Lowcountry Georgia and the Early Modern Atlantic World, 1733-ca. 1820 |quote=[...] Georgia represented a break from the past. As one scholar has noted. it was 'a preview of the later doctrines of "systematic colonization" advocated by Edward Gibbon Wakefield and others for the settlement of Australia and New Zealand.' In contrast to such places as Jamaica and South Carolina, the trustees intended Georgia as 'a regular colony', orderly, methodical, disciplined [...] |author-link1=Philip D. Morgan |access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref> A wasu lokuta mulkin mallakar Turai ya kasance don samun ribar tattalin arziki ta dogon lokaci, kamar a Congo inda Joseph Conrad ya bayyana rayuwa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sarki Leopold II na Belgium a karni na 19 kuma Siddharth Kara ya bayyana mulkin mallaka da tasirin Turawa da Sinawa a karni na 20 da 21.<ref name="CobaltRed"/> [[File:Colonialism in 1945 updated legend.png|thumb|right|Daular duniya da masarautu a shekara ta 1945]] Mulkin mallaka na iya zama wata hanya ta shigar da haɗa mutanen ƙasashen waje cikin al'adun ƙasar mulkin mallaka. Wata hanya a wannan fanni ita ce mulkin harshen ƙasa, ko amfani da harsunan mallakar ƙasar waje ba tare da ba da damar harsunan asali su samu amfani ba musamman wajen gudanarwa (da kuma a wuraren jama'a).<ref>{{cite web |title=Tomasz Kamusella. 2020. Global Language Politics: Eurasia versus the Rest (pp 118-151). ''Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics''. Vol 14, No 2. |url=https://content.sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/jnmlp/14/2/article-p117.xml }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{Clear}} ==Gado== ===Tattalin Arziki=== Akwai rubuce-rubuce da dama da suka yi nazari a kan gado da tasirin mulkin mallaka da tsarin mulkin mallaka kan cigaban tattalin arzikin Afirka, inda bincike da dama ke nuna sakamako daban-daban na tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Michalopoulos|first1=Stelios|last2=Papaioannou|first2=Elias|date=1 March 2020|title=Historical Legacies and African Development|url=https://lbsresearch.london.edu/id/eprint/1290/1/w25278.pdf|journal=Journal of Economic Literature|language=en|volume=58|issue=1|pages=53–128|doi=10.1257/jel.20181447|s2cid=216320975|issn=0022-0515 |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121003405/https://lbsresearch.london.edu/id/eprint/1290/1/w25278.pdf |archive-date= 21 November 2023 }}</ref> Ra'ayin nazarin zamani na cigaba (modernisation theory) ya bayyana cewa kasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka sun gina abubuwan more rayuwa domin haɗa Afirka da tattalin arzikin duniya; sai dai an fi mayar da hankali wajen amfani da wannan ababen more rayuwar ne don fitar da albarkatu zuwa kasashen turai. Tsarin tattalin arzikin Afirka an gina shi ne don amfanar da masu mulkin mallaka, inda duk wata riba da ake samu za ta tafi wurinsu, hakan kuma yana hana ci gaban tarin jarin yankunan cikin gida.<ref name="Bertocchia, G. 2002">Bertocchia, G. & Canova, F., (2002) Did colonization matter for growth? An empirical exploration into the historical causes of Africa's underdevelopment. European Economic Review, Volume 46, pp. 1851-1871</ref> Ra'ayin dogaro (dependency theory) na cewa, yawancin tattalin arzikin kasashen Afirka sun ci gaba da zama a matsayin na biyu cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya bayan samun ‘yancin kai, suna dogaro da kayayyakin albarkatu na asali kamar tagulla a Zambiya da shayi a Kenya.<ref>Vincent Ferraro, "Dependency Theory: An Introduction", in The Development Economics Reader, ed. Giorgio Secondi (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 58-64</ref> Duk da wannan dogaro da rashin daidaiton kasuwanci, wani binciken kwatanta (meta-analysis) da aka gudanar a kasashe 18 na Afirka ya gano cewa kashi daya cikin uku daga cikinsu sun samu cigaban tattalin arziki bayan samun ‘yancin kai.<ref name="Bertocchia, G. 2002"/> ===Al’umma=== ====Harshe==== Masana irinsu Dellal (2013), Miraftab (2012), da Bamgbose (2011) sun bayyana cewa yawan bambancin harsunan Afirka ya ragu sosai.{{Full citation needed|date=August 2023}} An yi amfani da harshe a matsayin kayan aiki daga kasashen turai masu mulkin mallaka wajen raba yankuna da kuma kirkirar sabbin ainihi, wanda hakan ya janyo rikice-rikice da tashin hankali a tsakanin kasashen Afirka.<ref>IMF Country Report No. 17/80 (2017). Article Iv Consultation - Press Release; Staff Report; And Statement By The Executive Director For Nigeria.</ref> ====Doka==== A farkon shekarun bayan samun ‘yancin kai, kasashen Afirka da dama sun ci gaba da amfani da dokokin mulkin mallaka. Sai dai daga shekarar 2015, yawancin wadannan dokokin na mulkin mallaka an sauya su da dokoki da aka rubuta a cikin gida.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berinzon |first1=Maya |last2=Briggs |first2=Ryan |date=1 July 2016 |title=Legal Families Without the Laws: The Fading of Colonial Law in French West Africa |journal=American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=64| issue=2 |pages=329–370 |doi=10.5131/AJCL.2016.0012}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Ƙara karatu== {{refbegin|40em}} * {{cite book |author-last=Birmingham |author-first=David |year=1995 |title=The Decolonization of Africa |language=en |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-85728-540-6 |oclc=212163399 |ol=OL14849261W}} * Brennan, James R. "The Cold War battle over global news in East Africa: decolonization, the free flow of information, and the media business, 1960-1980." ''Journal of Global History'' 10.2 (2015): 333+. * Brown, Judith M. and Wm. Roger Louis, eds. ''The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV: The Twentieth Century'' (2001) pp 515–73. [https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofthebritishempirevol.4oxford1999 online] * [[Antoinette Burton|Burton, Antoinette]]. ''The Trouble with Empire: Challenges to Modern British Imperialism'' (2015) * Chafer, Tony. ''The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonization'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2002). * Chafer, Tony, and Alexander Keese, eds. ''Francophone Africa at fifty'' (Oxford UP, 2015). * Clayton, Anthony. ''The wars of French decolonization'' (Routledge, 2014). * Cohen, Andrew. ''The politics and economics of decolonization in Africa: the failed experiment of the Central African Federation'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017). * Cooper, Frederick. ''Decolonization and African society: The labor question in French and British Africa'' (Cambridge University Press, 1996). * Gerits, Frank. ''The Ideological Scramble for Africa: How the Pursuit of Anticolonial Modernity Shaped a Postcolonial Order (1945–1966)'' (Cornell University Press, 2023). ISBN13: 9781501767913. Major scholarly coverage of British, French and Portuguese colonies. [https://hdiplo.org/to/RT26-4 see online reviews and reply by author] * {{cite book |editor1-last=Gifford |editor1-first=Prosser |editor1-link=Prosser Gifford |editor2-last=Louis |editor2-first=William Roger |editor2-link=Wm. Roger Louis |title=The transfer of power in Africa: decolonization, 1940–1960 |language=en |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1982 |oclc=8169830 |isbn=978-0-300-02568-2 |ol=OL19169397W}} * Gordon, April A. and Donald L. Gordon, Lynne Riener. ''Understanding Contemporary Africa'' (London, 1996). [https://archive.org/details/understandcon00gord online] * {{cite book |author-last=Hargreaves |author-first=John D. |author-link=John D. Hargreaves |title=Decolonization in Africa |language=en |edition=2nd |date=1996 |doi=10.4324/9781315843193 |isbn=978-1-315-84319-3 |oclc=897463837 |ol=OL2966496W}} * {{cite book |author-last=Hatch |author-first=John |author-link=John Hatch, Baron Hatch of Lusby |title=Africa: The Rebirth of Self-Rule |language=en |date=1967 |publisher=Oxford University Press}} * Horne, Alistair. (1977). ''[[A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962]]''. Viking Press. * James, Leslie, and Elisabeth Leake, eds. ''Decolonization and the Cold War: Negotiating Independence'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015). * Jeppesen, Chris, and Andrew W.M. Smith, eds. ''Britain, France and the Decolonization of Africa: Future Imperfect?'' (UCL Press, 2017) [https://archive.org/details/BritainFranceAndTheDecolonizationOfAfrica online]. * Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, and António Costa Pinto, eds. ''The Ends of European Colonial Empires: Cases and Comparisons'' (Springer, 2016). * Khapoya, Vincent B. ''The African Experience'' (1994) [https://archive.org/details/africanexperienc00khap online] * Louis, Wm Roger, and Ronald Robinson. "The imperialism of decolonization." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 22.3 (1994): 462–511. * Manthalu, Chikumbutso Herbert, and Yusef Waghid, eds. ''Education for Decoloniality and Decolonisation in Africa'' (Springer, 2019). * MacQueen, Norrie. ''The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire'' (1997) [https://archive.org/details/portugueseafrica online] * [[Ali Mazrui|Mazrui, Ali A.]] ed. "[[General History of Africa]]" vol. VIII, UNESCO, 1993 * McDougall, James. (2017). ''[[A History of Algeria]]''. Cambridge University Press. * McDougall, James. (2006). ''[[History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria]]''. Cambridge University Press. * Meriwether, James Hunter. ''Tears, Fire, and Blood: The United States and the Decolonization of Africa'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2021). [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57430 online review] *Michalopoulos, Stelios; Papaioannou, Elias (2020-03-01). "Historical Legacies and African Development." ''Journal of Economic Literature''. 58#1: 53–128. [https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.20181447 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301170714/https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257%2Fjel.20181447 |date=1 March 2022 }} * Milford, Ismay. ''African Activists in a Decolonising World: The Making of an Anticolonial Culture, 1952–1966'' (Cambridge University Press, 2023). {{ISBN|978-1009276993}} * Muschik, Eva-Maria. "Managing the world: the United Nations, decolonization, and the strange triumph of state sovereignty in the 1950s and 1960s." ''Journal of Global History'' 13.1 (2018): 121–144. * Ndlovu‐Gatsheni, Sabelo J. "Decoloniality as the future of Africa." ''History Compass'' 13.10 (2015): 485–496. [https://www.blacfoundation.org/pdf/Ndlovu-Gatsheni-14.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515025331/https://www.blacfoundation.org/pdf/Ndlovu-Gatsheni-14.pdf |date=15 May 2021 }} * Rothermund, Dietmar. ''The Routledge companion to decolonization'' (Routledge, 2006), comprehensive global coverage; 365pp [https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Companion-Decolonization-Companions-History/dp/0415356326/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519235250/http://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Companion-Decolonization-Companions-History/dp/0415356326 |date=19 May 2016 }} * Sarmento, João. "Portuguese tropical geography and decolonization in Africa: the case of Mozambique." ''Journal of Historical Geography'' 66 (2019): 20–30. * Seidler, Valentin. "Copying informal institutions: the role of British colonial officers during the decolonization of British Africa." ''Journal of Institutional Economics'' 14.2 (2018): 289–312. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220717042247/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63060428/Seidler_2018_Joie20200423-116195-hsgh2i-libre.pdf?1587631921=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCopying_informal_institutions_the_role_o.pdf&Expires=1658035344&Signature=gNG2vEg7DMx217biE4DIqv5otdJS0S1vr9m2B9sV57Y5yrZbP9iQ7T3FtAVomcdOPxLIxVp1xMaulWLqRFsz-1s8fLiLbe-TTtkGnFAtq3y5DqyhsfWfX5uDd09A8DOWB6xMcJwAaFgoVFE6B5UspA7pMfnAzZlMLjnDLoLlrcxwPozmSrdZcEod~Lmt69FIeWkM6aQfqIUZBsMMlOhpqe19EyzZUSMijrmVvFxxtiMxQzMyKdZocGPCP02kHVeQNydX~8m-dtNjigk9HcgM1TSPwolSiK6ciCTNKD74b1q1gVjQJos0Q6VcK4tSK1P~I5oeWxySTNuWO3yKoHu4HA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA online] * Strang, David. "From dependency to sovereignty: An event history analysis of decolonization 1870-1987." ''American Sociological Review'' (1990): 846–860. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095750 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805220351/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095750 |date=5 August 2021 }} * Thomas, Martin, Bob Moore, and Larry Butler. ''Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe's imperial states'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015). * {{cite book |author-last=von Albertini |author-first=Rudolf |author-link=:de:Rudolf von Albertini |translator-last=Garvie |translator-first=Francisca |title=Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919-1960 |language=en |publisher=Doubleday |date=1971 |oclc=1156399427 |ol=OL1316698W |ol-access=free}} for the viewpoint from London and Paris. * White, Nicholas. ''Decolonization: the British experience since 1945'' (Routledge, 2014). * Wilder, Gary. ''Freedom time: negritude, decolonization, and the future of the world'' (Duke University Press, 2015). [https://www.amazon.com/Freedom-Time-Negritude-Decolonization-Future/dp/0822358506/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607090755/http://www.amazon.com/Freedom-Time-Negritude-Decolonization-Future/dp/0822358506 |date=7 June 2016 }} * Winks, Robin, ed. ''The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography'' (2001) ch 29–34, pp 450–557. How historians covered the history [https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofthebritishempirevol.5oxford1999_201911 online] * Wood, Sarah L. "How Empires Make Peripheries: 'Overseas France' in Contemporary History." ''Contemporary European History'' (2019): 1–12. [https://www.academia.edu/download/59871105/how_empires_make_peripheries_overseas_france_in_contemporary_history20190626-117738-uca67y.pdf online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} {{refend}} == Mahaɗa == * [http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20100212-africa-50-years-independence Africa: 50 years of independence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201630/http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20100212-africa-50-years-independence |date=2016-03-03 }} Radio France Internationale in English * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120315041126/http://www.legalfrontiers.ca/2010/11/winds-of-change-or-hot-air-decolonization-and-the-salt-water-test/ "Winds of Change or Hot Air? Decolonization and the Salt Water Test"] Legal Frontiers International Law Blog op0oebhbyqg1boai0k16tacemxvzge8 0 48395 868697 459072 2026-06-26T13:05:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} The '''International Pollutants Elimination Network''' ( '''IPEN''' ) (a da an sanya da sunan International POPs Elimination Network) cibiyar sadarwa ce ta duniya ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da aka keɓe don manufar gama gari na kawar da gurɓatattun kayayyaki kamar guba a cikin fenti, mercury da guba a cikin muhalli, gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin halitta na ci gaba.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Name Better Reflects Breadth of IPEN's Work |url=https://ipen.org/news/new-name-better-reflects-breadth-ipens-work |accessdate=15 November 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430181739/https://ipen.org/news/new-name-better-reflects-breadth-ipens-work |url-status=dead }}</ref> (POPs), ''endocrin'' ke rushe sinadarai, da sauran abubuwa masu guba. IPEN ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na jama'a waɗanda ke tallafawa dandamali na gama gari don kawar da POPs ta duniya ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Stockholm, yin aiki don yin tasiri kan aiwatar da yarjejeniyar [[Taron Rotterdam|Rotterdam]] da Basel, da Yarjejeniyar Minimata akan Mercury . Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sama da 550 na IPEN suna aiki tare don kawar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, bisa gagarumin daidaita daidaiton zamantakewa. Wannan manufa ta hada da cimma duniyar da ake samar da dukkan sinadarai da amfani da su ta hanyoyin da za su kawar da mummunar illa ga lafiyar dan Adam da muhalli, da kuma inda gurbatattun kwayoyin halitta (POPs) da sinadarai masu kama da juna suka daina gurbata muhallin gida da na duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPEN |url=https://ipen.org/about-ipen |accessdate=15 November 2019}}</ref> == Bayanan kula == [[Category:Gurbataccen mai]] [[Category:Muhalli]] gaqtn4qajltqtcvuwtt7ax53l0gdauu 0 50198 868894 562034 2026-06-26T20:41:35Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:24 Seasons -9.jpg|thumb|lili almog]] [[Fayil:Parklili.jpg|thumb|hoton da lili tayi]] [[Fayil:24 Seasons -9.jpg|thumb|Lili Almog]] '''Lili Almog''' ( [[Ibrananci]] : לילי אלמוג, b. 1961, [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]]) tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]],mai daukar hoto ce kuma mai fasahar watsa labarai gauraye, wacce ta shahara saboda kyawawan hotunanta na ruhi na asalin al'adun mata a duniya. Almog ta yi aiki da farko a fannin [[Hoto na muhalli|zane-zanen muhalli]], daga cikin ayyukanta da suka yi fice akwai ɗaukar hotunan mata masu zaman kansu a Isra'ila, Falasdinu,da Amurka da kuma yin aiki a masallatai mata musulmi da kuma wasu tsirarun mata a yankunan karkarar China. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Lili Almog ta gina sana'ar daukar hoto mai farin jini, inda ta mai da hankali kan ruwan tabarau na musamman kan mata kuma,kwanan nan,kan alamun kasancewar dan Adam a cikin shimfidar wurare na Amurka bayan masana'antu. Ta kuma taso a cikin gidan matattarar Isra'ila,ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a tsakiyar shekarata 1980s a matsayin 'yarjarida mai daukar hoto, tana aiki akan harbe-harbe da hoto,da kuma tattara bayanan rayuwar dare na New York a cikin hotunan baƙi-da-fari.A hankali ta canza zuwa daukar hoto mata kawai, suna gabatar da"psyche da jikinsu"a cikin sararin samaniya tare da bayyana "yanayin ruhaniya na tunani da al'adu"wanda rikici da al'adun yammacin ya shafa. Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Kayayyakin gani a cikin 1990s,ta ci gaba da haɓaka hangen nesa nata,wanda ya ɗauke ta zuwa wuraren keɓantacce na mata ( ''Sequence Bed'' ), ruɓaɓɓen nuns a cikin gidajen Karmeli na nesa ( ''cikakkiyar kusanci'' ), da [[Musulunci a China|'yan tsiraru mata a yankunan karkarar kasar]] Sin( ''Sauran Rabin Sama'' ), inda ta kama mata a lokacin kadaici da fahimtar juna. "Niyyata… shine in shiga wani wuri mai zaman kansa ba tare da tarwatsa ainihin ma'anar sadarwa tsakanin batutuwa, kwarewarsu, da mai kallo ba," in ji Almog. ''Tsakanin Kasancewa da Rashin'' Ya ƙunshi hotuna na waje da ciki na Kibbutz da aka lalatar gidaje waɗanda aka gina bisa [[Karatun gine-gine|tsarin gine-ginen]] Bauhaus. Wannan silsilar ta haifar da tarihin zamantakewa da na tarihi, da kuma ma'anar waka da misaltacciya na halaka da metamorphosis.A cikin juya bakan zuwa na zahiri, wannan aikin yana ba da shaida ga zagayowar rayuwa kuma yana magana da ƙarin jigogi na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da asara. A cikin ''ƙasa zuwa Duniya'', Almog ta faɗaɗa sha'awarta ga ayyukan ɗan adam don haɗawa da alamomi ko alamun da ɗan adam ya bari,a cikin wannan yanayin,tana mai da hankali kan shimfidar wurare kamar wuraren wasan golf, filayen wasan ƙwallon baseball da kaburburan jirgin sama waɗanda ke haɗa iyakokin da ba a iya gani na al'adu da fasaha - ciki har da zane-zane, sassakaki da bidiyo. Aikin kwanan nan na Lili shine ''sararin samaniya'' wanda ke ci gaba da nuna mata da ainihin ruhaniyarsu a ciki,tare da aiwatar da tsarin daukar hoto. wanda ke haifar da hotuna da ke yin sharhin al'adu kan [[addini]] da kuma jaddada hoton matan da aka rufe a tsawon tarihicasa haa . Wannan aikin ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu: ''Zane-zane'' da ''lokutan yanayi'' . == nune-nunen == Zaɓin nune-nunen solo da rukuni sun haɗa da: * [[San Francisco]] Museum of Modern Art * Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Art * Griffin Museum, Massachusetts * Ffotogallery, United Kingdom * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fotokunst, Denmark * Tel Aviv Museum of Art * [https://www.tod.org.il/en/museum/about-the-museum/ David Tower Museum] * Museé de la Photographie a Charleri, Belgium * Gidan Gallery na Andrea Meislin, Birnin New York * Wurin masu daukar hoto, UK * Gidan Hoto na Prague, Jamhuriyar Czech * Stills Gallery, Ostiraliya * Gidan Alternative Museum na New York City == Tarin kayan tarihi == Baya ga tarin masu zaman kansu da yawa,wasu gidajen tarihi da ake ajiye tarin hotunan Almog sune: * Farashin MOMA * Victoria da Albert Museum * Museum of Fine Arts, Houston * [https://www.harvardartmuseums.org Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge] * [https://mam.org Milwaukee Art Museum] * [https://www.imj.org.il/en Isra'ila Museum, Jerusalem] * Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art, New York * [https://www.norton.org Norton Museum] * Musee de la Photographie, Belgium * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fotokunst, Denmark * Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Art * [http://www.thewarehouse.org Ƙungiyar Wieland, Atlanta] * [https://finearts.uky.edu/art-museum Gidan kayan gargajiya na Burtaniya, Kentucky] == Labarai == Almog ta buga littattafai da monographs : * ''Jerin Bed'' (2002) an nuna shi a cikin Hertzliya Museum of Contemporary Art . * ''Cikakkar kusanci'' (2006) Latsa Gidan Wuta  * ''Sauran Rabin Sama'' (2009) Latsa Gidan Wuta  * ''Tsakanin Kasancewa da Babu'' (2015) == Nassoshi == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] czgwo7jx6wnpwn4cw6mdpcmnkbgyuvz 0 51442 868883 416500 2026-06-26T20:18:29Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aviva Cantor''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1940) yar jaridar [[Amurka]] ce, malami kuma marubuci.Mai ba da shawara na [[Feminism|mata]] da dimokiraɗiyya na rayuwar jama'ar [[Yahudawa]],Cantor ya kasance mai himma wajen haɓaka abubuwan Yahudawa masu ci gaba sama da shekaru 40.Ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1968 na Yancin Yahudawa a New York,ƙungiyar Sihiyoniya ta Socialist,kuma ta kasance editan kafa editan ''Jaridar Yancin'' Yahudanci. JLP tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa na farko da suka ba da shawarar mafita ta ƙasashe biyu (1968). == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Aviva Cantor a cikin 1940 kuma ya girma a Gabashin Bronx ta hanyar gargajiya amma iyayen Orthodox waɗanda suka yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amirka daga [[Rasha]] bayan yakin [[duniya]] na farko.Ta halarci Makarantar Ramaz,makarantar Yahudawa ta Orthodox, ta kammala karatun sakandare a matsayin Valedictorian.1957.Ta shafe shekaru biyu tana karatun tarihi a Jami'ar [[Ibrananci]] ta Kudus,kuma ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Barnard a 1961 kuma daga Makarantar Graduate na Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia a 1963.A karshen shekarun 1969 ta shiga harkar fafutukar neman yancin kasar [[Biyafara|Biafra]],ta kuma zama mataimakiyar shugabar kwamitin mawaka da marubuta na Biafra. A cikin 1976,ta ƙaddamar kuma ta kafa ''Lilith''mujallar mata ta Yahudawa mai zaman kanta ta kwata-kwata,wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin editan haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar 1987,kuma don abin da ta rubuta akai-akai. Labarinta sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe da yawa,ciki har da ''Ms.'', ''Muryar Ƙauyen'', da ''[[Israel Horizons|Isra'ila Horizons]]'',da kuma a cikin litattafai da dama.Rahotonta ga Hukumar Kula da Watsa Labarun Yahudawa (JTA) kan al'ummar Yahudawan Amurka,Isra'ila,jerin sassanta da yawa kan al'ummomin Yahudawa na waje-ciki har da Cuba,Argentina, Ostiriya,Turai ta Tsakiya da Kenya-da kuma hirar da ta yi da mutane kamar [[Gerhard Riegner]], Carl Sagan,David Wyman, da [[Renee Epelbaum]], an haɗa su a duniya. After teaching the first Jewish feminist course in the Jewish Free High School in 1972, she compiled, edited and annotated several editions of ''The Jewish Woman, 1900–1985: A Bibliography'', the 4th of which was published by BiblioPress in 1986 and 1987. Her children's book manuscript, ''Tamar's Cat: A Story of the Exodus'', won first prize in the [[Sydney]] Taylor Children's Book Manuscript Contest of the Association of Jewish Libraries in 1991. She is also the author of several plays, including ''Esther and the Three Fools: A Feminist Purimshpiel''; ''Moses and Tziporah with the Pesky Ex-Slaves in the Desert''; and ''Hamlet's Secrets'', a comedy. A cikin 1995,Harper San Francisco ta buga babban aikinta na 548,''Matan Yahudawa/Mazajen Yahudawa:Legacy of Patriarchy in Jewish Life'',binciken mata na tarihin Yahudawa,al'adu da ilimin halin dan Adam (wanda ke da shafuka 100 na ƙarshen bayanin).Aikin yana sanya rayuwar Yahudawa ta gargajiya da ta zamani a ƙarƙashin na'urar duban mata. Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwanta na tsakiya shine cewa buƙatun rayuwar Yahudawa a cikin "gaggawa na kasa" na shekaru 2,000 na gudun hijira a ƙarƙashin yanayi na zalunci da haɗari ya zama dole a canza al'ummomin gida zuwa milieus da aka sanar da dabi'un mata na rashin tashin hankali,aɗin kai,dogara da juna,tausayi,da ijma'i.Mutumin Bayahude mai manufa ya canza "daga macho zuwa mentsch" ta hanyar haramtacciyar ta'addanci iri-iri da sake fasalin namiji a matsayin koyo da ilimi.A lokaci guda kuma,an ba wa mata damar damawa da yawa don tabbatarwa,amma idan ya kasance cikin muradun rayuwar jama'a.An horar da ta don zama "mai ba da tabbacin altruistic-mai tabbatarwa" (a cikin gamayya,ma'anar gargajiya ta kalmar "mai kunnawa" watau, mai gudanarwa).Hakika mazaje ba su gushe suna mallake al’umma ba,sun yanke shawara a kan manufofinta da dokokinta,da zabar shugabancinta (aji sun taka rawa a nan). Cantor ya yi imanin cewa wannan nasarar da aka samu na sauyi na matsayi da rayuwar jama'a ya tabbatar da cewa tunanin maza na tashin hankali,ko da kuwa ya zama kwayoyin halitta,za a iya shawo kan su idan maza da mata suna da isasshen kuzari kuma suna sane da adalci na duniya mai zaman lafiya,daidaito,a cikin ruhun wahayin annabi Ishaya. == Other activities == Cantor kuma yana aiki a cikin ƙungiyar kare dabba kuma shine Mataimakin Shugaban "CHAI:Damuwa don Taimakawa Dabbobi a Isra'ila,"wanda [[Nina Natelson]] ya kafa a 1984 don taimakawa al'ummar jin dadin dabbobi na Isra'ila don inganta yanayin dabbobin gida a cikin ƙasa mai kawai.ƴan SPCAs da yawancin al'ummomin baƙi waɗanda ba su da al'adar kariyar dabbobi da yanayin yaƙi mai gudana. Ya tsara dokar kare dabbobi ta Isra'ila;gudanar da shirye-shiryen ilimi na ɗan adam da yawa (ciki har da ɗaya don yaran Yahudawa da Larabawa a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] SPCA),wurin IB.Cibiyar Ilimi ta Singer Humane wadda ta gina;kuma sun gudanar da muhimman taruka,ciki har da na malamai kan alakar cin zarafin dabbobi,cin zarafi a cikin gidada kuma laifukan manya wadanda suka azabtar da dabbobi tun suna yara,da kuma wani kan hanyoyin da za a bi wajen amfani da dabbobi wajen gwaji. CHAI ta gina matsuguni a Tiberias,tana kula da shirin spay-neuter na wayar hannu da shirin gyaran doki.Ita da kungiyar 'yar uwarta ta Isra'ila,HAKOL Chai,sun ceci karnuka da kuliyoyi da dama da aka ji rauni ko aka yi watsi da su a harin da aka kai wa Sderot.Marigayi Rep. Tom Lantos,wanda ya yi aiki a Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta CHAI,ya kasance mai goyon bayan aikin da ya dace,kamar yadda wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Isaac Bashevis Singer.Cantor ya rubuta rukunin Ilimin Dan Adam mai darasi 10 yana zana gabaɗaya akan tushen Yahudawa,wanda ya hana zalunci ga dabbobi (ko da yake Yahudanci ya ba da izinin yanka don abinci,dokar Yahudawa ta buƙaci tsarin ya kasance kusa da mara zafi sosai kamar yadda zai yiwu;wannan yanayin ba ya samun yawa sosai.A yau,musamman a Kudancin Amirka <ref>"Jewish Vegetarian Society"</ref> ). In the 1980s, she initiated an ultimately successful Women's Appeal for the release of Soviet Prisoner of Conscience Ida Nudel. Cantor kuma memba ne na hukumar ba da shawara ta Tuna Cibiyar Mata == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cantor ya yi aure na tsawon shekaru 38 ga dan jarida Murray Zuckoff,wanda ya bayyana kansa "mai juyin juya hali,"Sihiyoniya dan gurguzu kuma dan jarida mai bincike (mai ba da rahoto na ''Paterson Morning Call'' kuma editan JTA),wanda ya yi gwagwarmayar tabbatar da gaskiya da adalci da alkalami.Ya kuma kasance malami mai kwazo a CUNY.Zuckoff yana son Isra'ila,Yiddish,kuliyoyi.littattafai,kiɗa,fasahar jama'a da Star Trek.Ya rasu a shekara ta 2004. Cantor kuma yana tsara kiɗan liturgical kuma yana ɗaukar hoton cat ɗinta azaman abin sha'awa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2019}} == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Cantor, Aviva. ''Matar Bayahude, 1900-1985: Littafin Rubutu'' . New York, NY: Biblio Press, 1985, 1986. * Cantor, Aviva: "The Egalitarian Hagada." New York: Littattafan Beruriah, 1991, 1992, 1994. * Cantor, Aviva. ''Mata Yahudawa/Mazajen Yahudawa: Gadon sarauta a rayuwar Yahudawa'' . San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1995. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1940]] qk8v2ee77fpbdv4eqawtm0xr4gvlqio 0 51883 869211 740917 2026-06-27T09:38:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Airtel Africa plc''' wani kamfani ne na Biritaniya da ke samar da [[Sadarwa|hanyoyin sadarwa]] da kuɗaɗen wayar hannu a ƙasashe 14 na Afirka, musamman a Gabashi da Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka. Airtel Africa mafi rinjaye mallakin kamfanin sadarwa na Indiya Bharti Airtel ne. Kamfanin Airtel Africa yana ba da sabis na muryar wayar hannu da bayanai da kuma sabis na kuɗin wayar hannu a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Airtel Nigeria ita ce rukunin da ya fi samun riba a cikin Airtel Africa, saboda arha tsarin data a Najeriya. Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekarar 2019, Airtel yana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da miliyan 99 a nahiyar. <ref name="ET1">{{Cite web |title=Airtel, Millicom ink pact to merge in Ghana - The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/companies-a-z/corporate-trends/airtel-millicom-ink-pact-to-merge-in-ghana/articleshow/57456883.cms |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> An jera shi a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta London kuma yanki ne na FTSE 100 Index . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2022 |title=BHP Group Plc (UK) & BHP Group Ltd (Australia): Unification of Share Structure - Update: Changes in FTSE UK Index Series |url=https://research.ftserussell.com/products/index-notices/home/getnotice/?id=2603117 |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> == Tarihi == == MTN Group tattaunawar hadaka == A watan Mayun shekarar 2008, ya bayyana cewa Airtel na binciken yuwuwar siyan MTN Group, kamfanin sadarwa na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke aiki a ƙasashe 21 na Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. ''Jaridar Financial Times'' ta ruwaito cewa Bharti na tunanin bayar da dalar Amurka $45&nbsp;biliyan 100% na hannun jarin MTN, wanda zai kasance mafi girma da wani kamfani Indiya ya samu a ketare. Sai dai ɓangarorin biyu sun jaddada yanayin tattaunawar. Mujallar ''Economist'' ta lura cewa, "Idan wani abu, Bharti za ta yi aure ", saboda MTN yana da ƙarin masu biyan kuɗi, ƙarin kuɗaɗen shiga da kuma faɗaɗa yanayin ƙasa. Duk da haka, tattaunawar ta wargaje yayin da Kamfanin MTN ya yi ƙoƙarinta sauya tattaunawar ta hanyar mayar da Bharti kusan wani reshe na sabon kamfani. A watan Mayun shekarar 2009, Airtel ya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharti renews talks with MTN |url=http://topupguru.com/2009/05/25/bharti-renews-talks-with-mtn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024133534/http://topupguru.com/2009/05/25/bharti-renews-talks-with-mtn/ |archive-date=24 October 2014 |access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> cewa ya sake tattaunawa da MTN kuma dukkan kamfanonin biyu sun amince su tattauna yiwuwar hada-hadar kasuwanci a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Topupguru.com |url=http://topupguru.com/2009/05/25/bharti-renews-talks-with-mtn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024133534/http://topupguru.com/2009/05/25/bharti-renews-talks-with-mtn/ |archive-date=24 October 2014 |access-date=23 August 2010 |publisher=Topupguru.com}}</ref> An tsawaita lokacin keɓancewa sau biyu har zuwa 30 Satumban shekarar 2009. Tattaunawar ta ƙare ba tare da yarjejeniya ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Bharti, MTN call off merger talks |url=http://www.telecoms.com/14914/bharti-mtn-call-off-merger-talks |access-date=23 August 2010 |publisher=Telecoms.com}}</ref> An ba da shawarar mafita inda za a jera sabon kamfani akan musayar hannayen jari guda 2, ɗaya a Afirka ta Kudu ɗaya kuma a Indiya. Koyaya, jerin sunayen kamfanoni biyu ba su da izinin dokar Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Bharti Airtel and MTN talks collapse again due to dual-listing disagreement &#124; City A.M |url=http://www.cityam.com/article/bharti-airtel-and-mtn-talks-collapse-again-due-dual-listing-disagreement |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=City A.M.}}</ref> == Zain Africa saye == A watan Juni na shekarar 2010, Bharti ta kulla yarjejeniyar siyan ayyukan wayar salula na Zain a kasashen Afirka 15 kan dala 8.97.&nbsp;biliyan, a cikin mafi girma na biyu mafi girma na Indiya a ketare bayan Tata Karfe ta dalar Amurka 13.&nbsp;Bharti Airtel ya kammala siyan Corus a ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2010, wanda hakan ya sa Airtel ya zama kamfani na biyar mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa. Kamfanin Airtel ya ruwaito cewa kudaden shiga na kashi na hudu na 2010 ya karu da kashi 53% zuwa $3.2&nbsp;biliyan idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. Sabbin sashin Afirka da aka samu ya ba da gudummawar dala $911&nbsp;miliyan ga duka. Koyaya, ribar net ɗin ta ragu da kashi 41% daga $470&nbsp;miliyan a 2009 zuwa $291&nbsp;miliyan 2010 saboda $ 188&nbsp;karuwar miliyan na cajin bakan rediyo a Indiya da ƙaruwar dala 106&nbsp;miliyan a cikin riba bashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathy |first=Devidutta |last2=Goma |first2=Eman |date=8 June 2010 |title=Bharti closes $9 billion Zain Africa deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zain-bharti-idUSTRE6570VJ20100608 |access-date=7 September 2014 |website=[[Reuters]] |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> == Sake suna ===L [[File:The_ship_like_building_of_Airtel_headquarter.jpg|thumb|Airtel Tanzania HQ]] A ranar 18 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2010, Airtel ya sake yin suna a Indiya a matakin farko na dabarun sake fasalin duniya. Kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da wani sabon tambari mai ɗauke da ‘airtel’ da aka rubuta da kananan harafi. Kamfanin da ke London mai suna [[The Brand Union]] ne ya tsara shi, sabuwar tambarin ita ce harafin 'a' a cikin ƙananan haruffa, tare da 'airtel' da aka rubuta a cikin ƙananan haruffa a ƙarƙashin tambarin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-19 |title=Airtel dons a new look, plans to be closer to consumers across the globe > afaqs! news & features |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28828_Airtel+dons+a+new+look+plans+to+be+closer+to+consumers+across+the+globe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611191547/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28828_Airtel+dons+a+new+look+plans+to+be+closer+to+consumers+across+the+globe |archive-date=11 June 2012 |access-date=2012-06-28 |publisher=Afaqs.com}}</ref> == Warid Uganda saye == Airtel ya sami kasuwancin Warid na Uganda a cikin 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-13 |title=Uganda regulator clears Airtel's Warid Telecom acquisition |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/p7C9SHRAcudSGxRV2OI7VL/Uganda-regulator-clears-Airtels-Warid-Telecom-acquisition.html |access-date=2014-04-19 |publisher=Mint}}</ref> == Farashin Telecom Seychelles == A ranar 11 ga Agustan shekarar 2010, Bharti Airtel ya sanar da cewa zai mallaki 100% na hannun jari a Seychelles Telecom akan dalar Amurka $62.&nbsp;miliyan ɗaya ɗauka kasancewarsa a duniya zuwa kasashe 19. Telecom Seychelles ta fara aiki a cikin 1998 kuma tana aiki da 3G, Fixed Line, jirgin ruwa zuwa gaɓar sabis na wayar tauraron dan adam, a cikin ƙarin sabis ɗin da aka ƙara kamar VSAT da Ƙofar Titin Ƙasa da Ƙasa a Seychelles a ƙarƙashin alamar Airtel. Kamfanin yana da sama da kashi 57% na kasuwar wayar hannu ta Seychelles. <ref name="Bharti Airtel to buy Telecom Seychelles for Rs 288 crore" /> Kamfanin Airtel ya sanar da shirin zuba jarin dalar Amurka 10&nbsp;miliyan a cikin ƙayyadaddun hanyar sadarwa da sadarwar wayar hannu a cikin Seychelles sama da shekaru uku, yayin da kuma ke shiga cikin aikin tashar jirgin ruwa na Seychelles Gabashin Afirka (SEAS). US $34&nbsp;miliyan aikin SEAS na da nufin inganta haɗin gwiwar Seychelles ta duniya ta hanyar gina 2,000&nbsp;hanyar haɗin kai mai tsayin kilomita ƙarƙashin teku zuwa Dar es Salaam a Tanzaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2010 |title=USD10m plan for Airtel Seychelles; Bharti announces commitment to SEAS cable |url=http://www.telegeography.com/cu/article.php?article_id=34109&email=html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726185625/https://www.telegeography.com/cu/article.php?article_id=34109&email=html |archive-date=26 July 2020 |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=Telegeography.com}}</ref> == Tigo Rwanda saye == Kamfanin na Bharti Airtel ya samu lasisin gudanar da ayyukan wayar hannu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Navadha |date=19 December 2017 |title=Airtel's Rwanda unit to buy Millicom subsidiary Tigo Rwanda |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/D0nXYu3bNZWqknJV7nTERO/Bharti-Airtel-to-buy-Millicoms-operations-in-Rwanda.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Satumbar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aulakh |first=Gulveen |date=30 December 2017 |title=Bharti Airtel signs agreement to buy Millicom's operations in Rwanda |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/bharti-airtel-signs-agreement-to-buy-millicoms-operations-in-rwanda/articleshow/62128734.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2011 |title=Bharti Airtel Rwanda entry seen spurring price war |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rwanda-telecoms-idINL5E7KE0ZK20110914 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2012 |title=Airtel launches mobile services in Rwanda |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/airtel-launches-mobile-services-in-rwanda/articleshow/12471710.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> ya kaddamar da sabis a ranar 30 ga Maris 2012. Airtel shi ne na biyu mafi girma na sadarwar wayar hannu a Ruwanda yana da kashi 40% na kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=19 December 2017 |title=Bharti Airtel to acquire Millicom's operations in Rwanda |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/bharti-airtel-to-acquire-millicoms-operations-in-rwanda/article9996165.ece |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=The Hindu Business Line |language=en}}</ref> Kamfanin ya yi aiki a matsayin Airtel-Tigo bayan haɗewar, har sai da aka mayar da ita a matsayin Airtel Rwanda a cikin Janairu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=Airtel-Tigo rebrands, launches new campaign |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/business/airtel-tigo-rebrands-launches-new-campaign |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=The New Times |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Airtel-Tigo becomes Airtel Rwanda |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/01/20/airtel-tigo-becomes-airtel-rwanda/ |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=telegeography.com}}</ref> == IPO == Kamfanin Bharti Airtel ya sanar a ranar 4 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2019 cewa zai nemi tara dala miliyan 750 ta hanyar ba da kyauta ga jama'a na Airtel Africa wanda a karkashinsa za a sanya kamfanin a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airtel Africa to raise $750 mn via IPO, eyes London listing - ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/airtel-africa-to-raise-750-mn-via-ipo-eyes-london-listing/69644888 |access-date=4 June 2019 |website=ETTelecom.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2019 |title=Airtel Africa to raise ₹5,000 cr via IPO, eyes London listing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/airtel-africa-to-raise-5000-cr-via-ipo-eyes-london-listing/article27436552.ece |access-date=4 June 2019 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> == Ƙasashen ayyuka == Airtel Africa yana aiki a kasashe kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; " ! style="width:12%;" |Country !Subsidiary !Remarks |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Chad}} |Airtel Tchad S.A. |Airtel Chad is the #1 operator with 43% market share.<ref name="Zain.com">{{Cite web |title=Airtel Chad |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/05/31/orange-in-talks-with-mic-over-potential-takeovers-in-africa/}}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |Airtel Congo RDC S.A. |Airtel had 1 million customers in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2014 |title=Airtel Money has 1M revenue-earning users in DRC |url=https://www.mobileworldlive.com/money/news-money/airtel-money-1m-revenue-earning-users-drc |access-date=21 October 2021 |publisher=Mobile World Live}}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Gabon}} |Airtel Gabon S.A. |Airtel Gabon has 829,000 customers and its market share stood at 61%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African operators |url=http://www.ametw.com/free_news_AfricanOperators.html#Zain5 |publisher=AMETW.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Kenya}} |Airtel Kenya Ltd. |Airtel Kenya is the second largest operator and has about 9 million customers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-14 |title=Airtel Kenya grows subscriber base to four million; 3G network to launch in March |url=http://www.telegeography.com/cu/article.php?article_id=35816&email=html |access-date=2012-06-28 |publisher=Telegeography.com }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Madagascar}} |Airtel Madagascar S.A. |Airtel holds second place in the mobile telecom market in Madagascar, has a 39% market share and over 1.4&nbsp;million customers.<ref name="Zain.com" /> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Malawi}} |Airtel Malawi Plc |Airtel Malawi is the market leader with a market share of 72%.<ref name="Zain.com" /> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Niger}} |Celtel Niger S.A. |Airtel Niger is the market leader with a 68% market share.<ref name="Zain.com" /> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Nigeria}} |Airtel Networks Limited |Airtel is the 3rd largest operator with 33,376,556 subscribers, behind Globacom (37,268,483) and MTN Nigeria (61,280,293) as of Nov 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Muhammed |title=Industry Statistics |url=http://ncc.gov.ng/stakeholder/statistics-reports/industry-overview#gsm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225095934/http://www.ncc.gov.ng/stakeholder/statistics-reports/industry-overview#gsm |archive-date=25 December 2016 |access-date=2017-09-10 |website=ncc.gov.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Republic of the Congo}} |Airtel Congo B |Airtel Congo is the market leader with a 55% market share.<ref name="Zain.com" /> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Rwanda}} |Airtel Rwanda |Airtel launched services in Rwanda on 30 March 2012. |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Seychelles}} |Airtel Seychelles |Airtel has over 55% market share of mobile market in Seychelles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-10-24 |title=About us &#124; Airtel (Seychelles) – Mobile Phones, Mobile Internet, Broadband, Email, Blackberry & Roaming |url=http://www.airtel.sc/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828220024/http://www.airtel.sc/about-us |archive-date=28 August 2010 |access-date=2010-08-23 |publisher=Airtel.sc}}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Tanzania}} |Airtel Tanzania Limited |Airtel Tanzania is the market leader with a 30% market share.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2015 |title=Tanzania is betting big on 4G by taking back a Bharti-Airtel stake in the state telco |url=http://qz.com/413597/tanzania-is-betting-big-on-4g-by-taking-back-a-bharti-airtel-stake-in-the-state-telco/ |access-date=2016-01-08 |website=Quartz |language=en-US |archive-date=2016-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102023255/http://qz.com/413597/tanzania-is-betting-big-on-4g-by-taking-back-a-bharti-airtel-stake-in-the-state-telco/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Uganda}} |Airtel Uganda Limited |Airtel Uganda stands as the #2 operator with a market share of 38%.<ref name="Zain.com" /> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Zambia}} |Airtel Zambia PLC |Airtel Zambia has a 40.5% market share.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investor Relations FAQs |url=https://www.airtel.co.zm/home_investor_zm#:~:text=As%20of%20Nov%202017%2C%20Airtel,a%2040.5%25%20subscriber%20market%20share. |access-date=20 July 2021 |website=Airtel Zambia}}</ref> |} === Tsoffin ayyuka === ==== Burkina Faso da Saliyo ==== Airtel ya fara aiki a [[Burkina Faso]] da [[Saliyo]] bayan samun ayyukan Zain na Afirka a watan Yunin 2010. <ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite web |date=15 February 2010 |title=Bharti Airtel bidding US$10.7B for Zain's Africa mobile ops |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/urnidgns852573c400693880482576cb0007322f-idUS151558389120100215 |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Airtel da kamfanin sadarwa na Faransa Orange SA sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a watan Yulin 2015 don siyar da ayyukan tsohon a Burkina Faso, Saliyo, Chadi da Kongo-Brazzaville ga karshen. A watan Janairun 2016 ne Airtel ya sanar da cewa ya kulla yarjejeniyar sayar da ayyukansa a Burkina Faso da Saliyo ga Orange. Ba a bayyana darajar yarjejeniyar ba, amma manazarta sun kiyasta ta kai dalar Amurka miliyan 800-900. Yarjejeniyar sayar da aiki a Chadi da Kongo-Brazzaville ta ci tura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. S. |date=14 January 2016 |title=Airtel to sell 2 African operations to Orange |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bharti-airtel-sells-burkina-sierra-leone-biz-to-orange-116011300126_1.html |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=Business Standard India}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2016 |title=Airtel signs deal to sell two African operations to France's Orange |url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/airtel-signs-deal-to-sell-two-african-operations-to-frances-orange-2581888.html |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Orange ya karɓi iko da ayyuka a Burkina Faso a watan Yuni 2016 da Saliyo a Yuli 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Airtel closes sale of its unit in Sierra Leone to France's Orange |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/tech/hardware/airtel-closes-sale-of-its-unit-in-sierra-leone-to-frances-orange/articleshow/53291015.cms |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lead |first=Telecom |date=19 July 2016 |title=Orange completes Airtel deal in Sierra Leone {{!}} TelecomLead |url=http://www.telecomlead.com/telecom-services/orange-completes-airtel-deal-sierra-leone-70070 |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=TelecomLead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Orange announces 100% takeover of Airtel in Burkina Faso |url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/06/23/orange-announce-100-percent-takeover-of-airtel-in-burkina-faso/ |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=Africanews}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Orange announces 100% takeover of Airtel in Sierra Leone |url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/07/21/orange-announces-100-percent-takeover-of-airtel-in-sierra-leone/ |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=Africanews}}</ref> ==== Ghana ==== Airtel ya fara aiki a [[Ghana]] bayan ya mallaki ayyukan Zain na Afirka a watan Yuni 2010. <ref name="reuters.com"/> A ranar 4 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 2017, Airtel da Millicom International Cellular sun amince su hade ayyukansu a Ghana (Airtel Ghana Ltd da Tigo Ghana Ltd) don samar da kamfanin sadarwa na wayar salula na biyu mafi girma a kasar, tare da kamfanonin biyu suna da hannun jari daidai a cikin hadakar. <ref name="ET1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Airtel, Millicom sign pact to combine Ghana operations |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/jFs45g0EN7ejTK9vlBOdhJ/Airtel-Millicom-sign-pact-to-combine-Ghana-operations.html |website=Mint}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2020, Airtel ya sanar da cewa yana shirin barin kasuwancinsa a Ghana, kuma ya shiga cikin "tsalle-tsalle na tattaunawa" don sayar da hannun jari a AirtelTigo ga [[Gwamnatin Ghana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=Ghana government in talks to takeover AirtelTigo shares |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ghana-airtel-idINKBN27D29P |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> An sayar da AirtelTigo Ghana a watan Oktoba 2020 ga gwamnatin Ghana kan dala miliyan 25. <ref name="AirtelgoSold">{{Cite web |last=Mingas |first=Mingas |date=29 October 2020 |title=Ghanaian government buys AirtelTigo for $25 million |url=https://www.capacitymedia.com/articles/3826793/ghanaian-government-buys-airteltigo-for-25-million |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Capacity Media |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503105527/https://www.capacitymedia.com/articles/3826793/ghanaian-government-buys-airteltigo-for-25-million |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Network Daya == [[Fayil:Bharti_Airtel_countries_of_operations.svg|thumb|250x250px|Taswirorin da ke nuna labaran Airtel a duniya]] Daya Network wata hanyar sadarwa ce ta wayar salula wacce ke baiwa abokan huldar Airtel damar amfani da wannan sabis a kasashe da dama a kan farashin gidansu. Abokan ciniki za su iya yin kira mai fita daidai da ƙimar cibiyar sadarwar su, kuma kira mai shigowa kyauta ne. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bafna |first=Sanjay |date=15 November 2012 |title=AIRTEL Customers in AFRICA to Get FREE Incoming Calls While International Roaming in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh |url=http://telecomtalk.info/airtel-cuctomers-africa-free-incoming-calls-international-roaming-india-sri-lanka-bangladesh/102789/#more-102789 |access-date=15 June 2013 |publisher=Telecomtalk.info}}</ref> {{As of|2021}} , ana samun sabis ɗin a Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo Brazzaville, Gabon, India, Kenya, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, Saliyo, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Uganda, da Zambia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=One Network Services |url=http://africa.airtel.com/wps/wcm/connect/africarevamp/malawi/home/personal/voice-and-text/voice/one-network |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721033945/http://www.africa.airtel.com/wps/wcm/connect/AfricaRevamp/malawi/home/personal/voice-and-text/voice/one-network |archive-date=21 July 2014 |access-date=7 September 2014 |publisher=Airtel}}</ref> <ref name="AirtelgoSold"/> == Sayar da wani bangare na kudin Airtel == A cikin Maris ɗin shekarar 2021, Airtel Africa ya sayar da wasu tsirarun ƴan tsirarun kasuwancin sa na Airtel Money, ga wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na San Francisco TPG Capital, akan farashin kwangilar dalar Amurka miliyan 200. TPG na zuba jari a cikin kasuwancin Airtel Money na Airtel Africa, ta hannun reshensa, ''The Arise Fund'' . <ref name="AMR">{{Cite web |last=Victor Juma |date=19 March 2021 |title=Airtel sells mobile money service stake to PE firm for Sh21 billion |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/airtel-sells-mobile-money-service-pe-firm-for-sh21-billion-3327878 |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, a farkon Afrilu 2021, Airtel Africa ya sayar da ƙarin ƙaramin hannun jari na Airtel Money zuwa Mastercard akan dalar Amurka miliyan 100. <ref name="AMM">{{Cite web |last=Tage Kene-Okafor |date=1 April 2021 |title=Airtel Africa receives $100M for its mobile money business from Mastercard |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/04/01/airtel-africa-receives-additional-100m-for-its-mobile-money-business-from-mastercard/ |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * airtel India * airtel Sri Lanka * airtel Bangladesh == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qxf2er4ohvrd04tdisriko5yb1e5ixp 0 53079 868972 307586 2026-06-26T22:17:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:En-us-Abdulbaset Sieda from Syria pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb|Abdulbaset Sieda]] '''Abdulbaset Sieda''' (/ˌɑːbdəlˈbɑːsət ˈsiːdə/ (sanya) AHB-dəl-BAH-set SEE-də; {{Lang-ar|عبد الباسط سيدا}}: / ALA-LC: ''Abd al-Bāsiṭ Sīdā''; Kurdish: ; an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni 1956) masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Kurdawa-[[Siriya|Syria]]. Shi ne tsohon Shugaban Majalisar Tarayyar Siriya (SNC), wanda ya gaji Burhan Ghalioun a watan Yunin 2012. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa game da Kurdawa a [[Siriya]] kuma aikinsa na ilimi ya ƙware a cikin wayewar zamani.<ref name="AJ">{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/06/2012610104023429809.html |title=Profile: Syria's Abdulbaset Sieda |work=Al Jazeera English |date=10 June 2012 }}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Sieda a Amuda, wani gari da Kurdawa ke zaune a Gwamnatin Al-Hasakah, [[Siriya]]. Ya sami Ph.D. daga Jami'ar [[Damascus]] kuma ya kasance farfesa a jami'a a [[Libya]] daga shekarun 1991 zuwa 1994. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa game da Kurdawa a Siriya. Bayan [[Libya]] ya tafi gudun hijira zuwa [[Sweden]] kuma ya ƙware a cikin nazarin wayewar zamani.<ref>[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/44385/World/Region/Kurd-moderate-takes-over-Syria-opposition.aspx Kurd moderate takes over Syria opposition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002014705/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/44385/World/Region/Kurd-moderate-takes-over-Syria-opposition.aspx |date=2018-10-02 }}, ''[[Al-Ahram]]'', 10 June 2012</ref> Ya shiga SNC a shekara ta 2011 a matsayin mai fafutuka mai zaman kansa (ba memba na jam'iyyar siyasa ba) kuma an zabe shi a cikin zartarwa. An zaba shi a matsayin shugaban sashen kare hakkin dan adam. A watan Yunin 2012 ya kasance dan takarar yarjejeniya don shugabancin SNC na watanni uku, wanda ya gaji Burhan Ghalioun, wanda ya jagoranci shi tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 2011. Jami'an SNC sun bayyana shi a matsayin mutum mai gaskiya da sulhu wanda zai iya haɗa bangarorin SNC da kuma yin kira ga kabilanci da addinai a Siriya waɗanda ke tsoron 'yan adawa.<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=237835 Syria opposition picks new chief], ''[[Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]'', 11 June 2012</ref> Bayan zabensa ya ce babban aikinsa shine fadadawa da sake fasalin SNC, yana mai da shi mafi hada kai da dimokuradiyya. A cikin Siriya, ya ce yana so ya ƙarfafa alaƙa da Sojojin Siriya masu 'yanci, hadin gwiwar sojoji masu sauya sheka. Ya yi kira ga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ya zartar da ƙuduri a ƙarƙashin Babi na VII na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkinobho, wanda ke ba da damar amfani da karfi. Koyaya, masu gwagwarmayar Kurdawa da 'yan siyasa a lardinsa sun nisanta kansu daga gare shi. zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati bayan zabensa ta ɗaga banners cewa bai wakilce shi ba saboda yana adawa da tarayya. Wani mai magana da yawun kungiyar matasa ta Kurdawa - babbar ƙungiyar matasa a yankunan Kurdawa na Siriya kuma wani bangare ne na babbar ƙungiyar adawa ta Kurdawar ya ce Sieda "ya shiga cikin rukunin abokan gaba na mutanen Kurdawa" lokacin da ya ki fita daga SNC a watan Maris lokacin da sauran jam'iyyun Kurdawa suka bar. Wani wakilin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kurdistan ta Siriya ya zarge shi da "bi tsarin Turkiyya" kuma ya ce "yana wakiltar kansa kawai".<ref>[http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/4831.html Kurds Wary of New Syrian Opposition Leader] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529025407/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/4831.html |date=2022-05-29 }}, ''[[Rudaw (newspaper)]]'', 12 June 2012</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == *   == Manazarta == {{Reflist|33em}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120613180945/http://www.syriancouncil.org/en/members/item/56-abdulbaset-sieda.html Bayanan Sieda] a shafin yanar gizon SNC {{Syrian uprising (2011–present)}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 2hwkxdkhel9scc49cq17bu95v8850qd 0 54124 869221 435690 2026-06-27T09:54:22Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344770195|Eric Aghimien]]" 869221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eric Enomamien Aghimien''' darakta ne na Najeriya, [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]], marubucin allo, kuma edita. Fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''[[A Mile from Home]]'' ya lashe kyaututtuka a [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|kyaututtukan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2014]] da kuma [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10|kyaututtukan Africa Movie Academy na]] == Rayuwar farko == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] 76tkp8c1jahj3rujg6iruzb4opaguuj 869222 869221 2026-06-27T09:55:03Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344770195|Eric Aghimien]]" 869222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eric Enomamien Aghimien''' darakta ne na Najeriya, [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]], marubucin allo, kuma edita. Fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''[[A Mile from Home]]'' ya lashe kyaututtuka a [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|kyaututtukan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2014]] da kuma [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10|kyaututtukan Africa Movie Academy na]] == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|jihar Edo]] kuma shi ne na huɗu cikin yara bakwai. Yana da shekaru takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da [[Makarantar Fasaha Auchi|Auchi Polytechnic]], jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha ta kirkire-kirkire, ciki har da; waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai ban da [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] ihw2eqip7wsb0whtm7mtvfflbr3g1hc 869223 869222 2026-06-27T09:56:22Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344770195|Eric Aghimien]]" 869223 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eric Enomamien Aghimien''' darakta ne na Najeriya, [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]], marubucin allo, kuma edita. Fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''[[A Mile from Home]]'' ya lashe kyaututtuka a [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|kyaututtukan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2014]] da kuma [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10|kyaututtukan Africa Movie Academy na]] == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|jihar Edo]] kuma shi ne na huɗu cikin yara bakwai. Yana da shekaru takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da [[Makarantar Fasaha Auchi|Auchi Polytechnic]], jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha ta kirkire-kirkire, ciki har da; waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai ban da Ya sami takardar shaidar difloma ta ƙasa a fannin fasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje ta kimiyya a shekarar 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayin da yake samun takardar shaidar difloma, ya kasance memba na wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai suna Da TED. Bayan kammala karatun difloma ta ƙasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aikin nishaɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] 54ux6omrq5x8yzb4q1296eepkqwkja7 869224 869223 2026-06-27T09:56:36Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344770195|Eric Aghimien]]" 869224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eric Enomamien Aghimien''' darakta ne na Najeriya, [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]], marubucin allo, kuma edita. Fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''[[A Mile from Home]]'' ya lashe kyaututtuka a [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|kyaututtukan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2014]] da kuma [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10|kyaututtukan Africa Movie Academy na]] == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|jihar Edo]] kuma shi ne na huɗu cikin yara bakwai. Yana da shekaru takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da [[Makarantar Fasaha Auchi|Auchi Polytechnic]], jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha ta kirkire-kirkire, ciki har da; waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai ban da Ya sami takardar shaidar difloma ta ƙasa a fannin fasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje ta kimiyya a shekarar 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayin da yake samun takardar shaidar difloma, ya kasance memba na wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai suna Da TED. Bayan kammala karatun difloma ta ƙasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aikin nishaɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] tesmxfek0aw56gys00vtbm9sgmzehni 869225 869224 2026-06-27T09:57:11Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344770195|Eric Aghimien]]" 869225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eric Enomamien Aghimien''' darakta ne na Najeriya, [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]], marubucin allo, kuma edita. Fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''[[A Mile from Home]]'' ya lashe kyaututtuka a [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|kyaututtukan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2014]] da kuma [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10|kyaututtukan Africa Movie Academy na]] == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|jihar Edo]] kuma shi ne na huɗu cikin yara bakwai. Yana da shekaru takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da [[Makarantar Fasaha Auchi|Auchi Polytechnic]], jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha ta kirkire-kirkire, ciki har da; waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai ban da Ya sami takardar shaidar difloma ta ƙasa a fannin fasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje ta kimiyya a shekarar 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayin da yake samun takardar shaidar difloma, ya kasance memba na wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai suna Da TED. Bayan kammala karatun difloma ta ƙasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aikin nishaɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da harkar fim. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara harkar fim a shekara ta 2007 a wata cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana son yin karatun yin fim a ƙasashen waje amma bai sami isasshen kuɗi don ya kammala ba. Ya ci gaba da koyo ta hanyar neman koyaswa ta yanar gizo. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a shekara ta 2008 wanda ke taimaka wa hazikan da za su zo su gano, haɓaka da kuma nuna baiwarsu. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] p1nobtcj2xldvv9tuyvajuj0j6y1oei 869226 869225 2026-06-27T09:57:45Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344770195|Eric Aghimien]]" 869226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eric Enomamien Aghimien''' darakta ne na Najeriya, [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]], marubucin allo, kuma edita. Fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''[[A Mile from Home]]'' ya lashe kyaututtuka a [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|kyaututtukan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2014]] da kuma [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10|kyaututtukan Africa Movie Academy na]] == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|jihar Edo]] kuma shi ne na huɗu cikin yara bakwai. Yana da shekaru takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da [[Makarantar Fasaha Auchi|Auchi Polytechnic]], jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha ta kirkire-kirkire, ciki har da; waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai ban da Ya sami takardar shaidar difloma ta ƙasa a fannin fasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje ta kimiyya a shekarar 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayin da yake samun takardar shaidar difloma, ya kasance memba na wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai suna Da TED. Bayan kammala karatun difloma ta ƙasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aikin nishaɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da harkar fim. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara harkar fim a shekara ta 2007 a wata cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana son yin karatun yin fim a ƙasashen waje amma bai sami isasshen kuɗi don ya kammala ba. Ya ci gaba da koyo ta hanyar neman koyaswa ta yanar gizo. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a shekara ta 2008 wanda ke taimaka wa hazikan da za su zo su gano, haɓaka da kuma nuna baiwarsu. A shekarar 2011, ya yi wani gajeren fim na gwaji mai suna Heckto wanda aka zaba domin Best Use of Special Effects da Best Actor a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko mai suna ''A Mile from Home'', wani wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] bh2jc7xe77cwdgmqyayuh7fg648pl1y 869228 869226 2026-06-27T09:58:47Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eric Enomamien Aghimien''' darakta ne na Najeriya, [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]], marubucin allo, kuma edita. Fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''[[A Mile from Home]]'' ya lashe kyaututtuka a [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|kyaututtukan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2014]] da kuma [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10|kyaututtukan Africa Movie Academy na]] == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|jihar Edo]] kuma shi ne na huɗu cikin yara bakwai. Yana da shekaru takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da [[Makarantar Fasaha Auchi|Auchi Polytechnic]], jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha ta kirkire-kirkire, ciki har da; waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai ban da Ya sami takardar shaidar difloma ta ƙasa a fannin fasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje ta kimiyya a shekarar 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayin da yake samun takardar shaidar difloma, ya kasance memba na wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai suna Da TED. Bayan kammala karatun difloma ta ƙasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aikin nishaɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da harkar fim. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara harkar fim a shekara ta 2007 a wata cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana son yin karatun yin fim a ƙasashen waje amma bai sami isasshen kuɗi don ya kammala ba. Ya ci gaba da koyo ta hanyar neman koyaswa ta yanar gizo. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a shekara ta 2008 wanda ke taimaka wa hazikan da za su zo su gano, haɓaka da kuma nuna baiwarsu. A shekarar 2011, ya yi wani gajeren fim na gwaji mai suna Heckto wanda aka zaba domin Best Use of Special Effects da Best Actor a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko mai suna ''A Mile from Home'', wani wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] j9bwnxi30wi0gl6lyhonjnkpiwfenb1 869229 869228 2026-06-27T09:59:21Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eric Enomamien Aghimien''' darakta ne na Najeriya, [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]], marubucin allo, kuma edita. Fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''[[A Mile from Home]]'' ya lashe kyaututtuka a [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|kyaututtukan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2014]] da kuma [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10|kyaututtukan Africa Movie Academy na]] == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|jihar Edo]] kuma shi ne na huɗu cikin yara bakwai. Yana da shekaru takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da [[Makarantar Fasaha Auchi|Auchi Polytechnic]], jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha ta kirkire-kirkire, ciki har da; waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai ban da Ya sami takardar shaidar difloma ta ƙasa a fannin fasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje ta kimiyya a shekarar 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayin da yake samun takardar shaidar difloma, ya kasance memba na wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai suna Da TED. Bayan kammala karatun difloma ta ƙasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aikin nishaɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da harkar fim. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara harkar fim a shekara ta 2007 a wata cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana son yin karatun yin fim a ƙasashen waje amma bai sami isasshen kuɗi don ya kammala ba. Ya ci gaba da koyo ta hanyar neman koyaswa ta yanar gizo. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a shekara ta 2008 wanda ke taimaka wa hazikan da za su zo su gano, haɓaka da kuma nuna baiwarsu. A shekarar 2011, ya yi wani gajeren fim na gwaji mai suna Heckto wanda aka zaba domin Best Use of Special Effects da Best Actor a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko mai suna ''A Mile from Home'', wani wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] ==Manazarta j9nqvmt9twzknuy0sz9jvwmks7dd3u7 0 58443 869284 475901 2026-06-27T10:41:02Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwalekwalen Dufuna''' wani kwale-kwale ne da wani [[Fulani|bafulatani]] makiyaya ya gano a shekarar 1987 mai tazarar kilomita kadan daga kauyen Dufuna da ke cikin karamar hukumar [[Fune]], wanda ba shi da nisa da [[kogin Komadugu Gana]], a [[Yobe|jihar Yobe]] a [[Najeriya]] .Radiocarbon da ke nuna samfurin gawayi da aka samu a kusa da wurin,kwale-kwalen yana da shekaru 8,500 zuwa 8,000,yana danganta wurin da [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chadi]] .Jirgin ruwan yana da {{Convert|8.4|m}} tsayi kuma yana da {{Convert|0.5|m}} tsayi a wurinsa mafi girma.<ref name="Breunig">{{Cite journal|url-status=116–117}}</ref>A halin yanzu tana [[Damaturu]], Nigeria.<ref>Richard Trillo (16 June 2008). "Nigeria Part 3:14.5 the north and northeast Maiduguri". The Rough Guide to West Africa. Rough Guides. pp. Unnumbered. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4053-8070-6</nowiki>.</ref> [[File:Dufuna-canoe-theafricanhistory-com PicsArt 03-07-09.24.07.jpg|thumb|Dufuna kwalekwale]] == Fage == An gano kwale-kwalen Dufuna ne a kauyen Dufuna,wanda ke tsakanin [[Potiskum]] da [[Gashua]],a jihar Yobe.<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal|url-status=1–12}}</ref> {{Rp|5}}A ranar 4 ga watan Mayun 1987,wani Bafullatani makiyayi mai suna Mallam Ya’u yana haƙa rijiya,ya bugi wani abu mai kauri a tsawon mita 4.5.<ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|5}}Ya sanar da sarkin kauyensu game da gano abin. <ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|5}} A shekarun 1989 da 1990, [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] ta fara binciken wurin domin tabbatar da ko kwalekwale ne da kuma daukar samfurin katako na radiocarbon.<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal|url-status=1–12}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdewumi2014">Adewumi, Afolasade A (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/35514815 "Dufuna Canoe Find: Birthing the Underwatercultural Heritage In Nigeria"]. ''University of Ibadan Journal of Public and International Law''. '''4''': 1–12.</cite></ref> {{Rp|5}}Bayan haka,a wani aikin bincike na hadin gwiwa da Jami’ar Frankfurt da Maiduguri suka bayar na Farfesa Peter Breunig da Garba Abubakar,za su koma wurin kuma an kara daukar samfurin itace da wasu dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Jamus guda biyu.<ref name="ADE01" />{{Rp|5}} A shekarar 1994,wata tawagar binciken ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi daga kasashen Jamus da Najeriya ta tono wurin,inda ma’aikata hamsin suka hako kwalekwalen sama da mako biyu,inda aka gano tsawonsa ya kai mita 8.4,fadinsa mita 0.5 da kauri 5cm.<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal|url-status=1–12}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdewumi2014">Adewumi, Afolasade A (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/35514815 "Dufuna Canoe Find: Birthing the Underwatercultural Heritage In Nigeria"]. ''University of Ibadan Journal of Public and International Law''. '''4''': 1–12.</cite></ref>{{Rp|5-6}}An gano kwale-kwalen a cikin wani ruwa da ke kwance a kan gado mai yashi yayin da yadudduka na yumbu ke kwance a tsakaninsa da saman da ke kare shi a cikin yanayi mara amfani da iskar oxygen.<ref name="ADE01" />{{Rp|5}}Binciken kwale-kwalen ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da baka da kashin baya da fasaha zuwa maki kuma an gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar "kayan aikin gatari-kamar da tsinke gatari bifacial kayayyakin aiki na micro-lithic kama". <ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|8}}Farfesa Breunig ya ce fasahar gine-gine ta nuna dogon ci gaba kuma kwalekwalen ba sabon zane ba ne.<ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|9}}A wani binciken da wata kungiyar kimiya ta Amurka ta gudanar a shekarar 2015,sun gano cewa [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chadi]] ya ragu da kashi 95 cikin dari a cikin shekaru arba'in saboda haka ana iya tunanin cewa yankin kauyen Dufuna zai kasance wani bangare na bala'in ambaliya da tabkin a baya. . <ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|6-7}} Kwalekwalen an yi kwanan watan radiocarbon aƙalla sau biyu, kuma an yi kwanan watan zuwa 6556-6388 KZ da kuma zuwa 6164-6005 KZ, <ref name="Breunig">{{Cite journal|url-status=116–117}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBreunigNeumannVan_Neer1996">Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Van Neer, Wim (1996). [https://www.academia.edu/6747300 "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria"]. ''African Archaeological Review''. '''13''' (2): 116–117. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/BF01956304|10.1007/BF01956304]]. [[JSTOR (mai ganowa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130590 25130590]. [[S2CID (mai ganowa)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162196033 162196033].</cite></ref> wanda ya sa ya zama sanannen jirgin ruwa mafi tsufa a Afirka kuma (bayan kwalekwalen Pesse ) na biyu mafi tsufa a duniya.<ref name="Breunig" />Wataƙila an ƙirƙira shi ne a cikin al’adar yin kwale-kwale da aka daɗe ana amfani da ita wajen kamun kifi a gefen [[kogin Komadugu Gana]] .<ref name="Breunig" />Mai yiwuwa mambobi ne na jama'ar da suka mamaye wani yanki daga yammacin yankin [[Sahara]] zuwa [[Nil|kogin Nilu]] na tsakiyar [[Sudan]] zuwa yankin arewacin [[Kenya]] .<ref name="Breunig" /> == Duba kuma == * Jirgin ruwan kamun kifi na gargajiya * Jerin tsoffin jiragen ruwa == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} nj6kspn7yzv4fhydhzw13xftgjq1w30 869285 869284 2026-06-27T10:42:12Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869285 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwalekwalen Dufuna''' wani kwale-kwale ne da wani [[Fulani|bafulatani]] makiyaya ya gano a shekarar 1987 mai tazarar kilomita kadan daga kauyen Dufuna da ke cikin karamar hukumar [[Fune]], wanda ba shi da nisa da [[kogin Komadugu Gana]], a [[Yobe|jihar Yobe]] a [[Najeriya]] .Radiocarbon da ke nuna samfurin gawayi da aka samu a kusa da wurin,kwale-kwalen yana da shekaru 8,500 zuwa 8,000,yana danganta wurin da [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chadi]].<ref>Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Van Neer, Wim (1996). "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria". African Archaeological Review. 13 (2): 116–117. doi:10.1007/BF01956304. JSTOR 25130590. S2CID 162196033.</ref> Jirgin ruwan yana da {{Convert|8.4|m}} tsayi kuma yana da {{Convert|0.5|m}} tsayi a wurinsa mafi girma.<ref name="Breunig">{{Cite journal|url-status=116–117}}</ref>A halin yanzu tana [[Damaturu]], Nigeria.<ref>Richard Trillo (16 June 2008). "Nigeria Part 3:14.5 the north and northeast Maiduguri". The Rough Guide to West Africa. Rough Guides. pp. Unnumbered. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4053-8070-6</nowiki>.</ref> [[File:Dufuna-canoe-theafricanhistory-com PicsArt 03-07-09.24.07.jpg|thumb|Dufuna kwalekwale]] == Fage == An gano kwale-kwalen Dufuna ne a kauyen Dufuna,wanda ke tsakanin [[Potiskum]] da [[Gashua]],a jihar Yobe.<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal|url-status=1–12}}</ref> {{Rp|5}}A ranar 4 ga watan Mayun 1987,wani Bafullatani makiyayi mai suna Mallam Ya’u yana haƙa rijiya,ya bugi wani abu mai kauri a tsawon mita 4.5.<ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|5}}Ya sanar da sarkin kauyensu game da gano abin. <ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|5}} A shekarun 1989 da 1990, [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] ta fara binciken wurin domin tabbatar da ko kwalekwale ne da kuma daukar samfurin katako na radiocarbon.<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal|url-status=1–12}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdewumi2014">Adewumi, Afolasade A (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/35514815 "Dufuna Canoe Find: Birthing the Underwatercultural Heritage In Nigeria"]. ''University of Ibadan Journal of Public and International Law''. '''4''': 1–12.</cite></ref> {{Rp|5}}Bayan haka,a wani aikin bincike na hadin gwiwa da Jami’ar Frankfurt da Maiduguri suka bayar na Farfesa Peter Breunig da Garba Abubakar,za su koma wurin kuma an kara daukar samfurin itace da wasu dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Jamus guda biyu.<ref name="ADE01" />{{Rp|5}} A shekarar 1994,wata tawagar binciken ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi daga kasashen Jamus da Najeriya ta tono wurin,inda ma’aikata hamsin suka hako kwalekwalen sama da mako biyu,inda aka gano tsawonsa ya kai mita 8.4,fadinsa mita 0.5 da kauri 5cm.<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal|url-status=1–12}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdewumi2014">Adewumi, Afolasade A (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/35514815 "Dufuna Canoe Find: Birthing the Underwatercultural Heritage In Nigeria"]. ''University of Ibadan Journal of Public and International Law''. '''4''': 1–12.</cite></ref>{{Rp|5-6}}An gano kwale-kwalen a cikin wani ruwa da ke kwance a kan gado mai yashi yayin da yadudduka na yumbu ke kwance a tsakaninsa da saman da ke kare shi a cikin yanayi mara amfani da iskar oxygen.<ref name="ADE01" />{{Rp|5}}Binciken kwale-kwalen ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da baka da kashin baya da fasaha zuwa maki kuma an gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar "kayan aikin gatari-kamar da tsinke gatari bifacial kayayyakin aiki na micro-lithic kama". <ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|8}}Farfesa Breunig ya ce fasahar gine-gine ta nuna dogon ci gaba kuma kwalekwalen ba sabon zane ba ne.<ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|9}}A wani binciken da wata kungiyar kimiya ta Amurka ta gudanar a shekarar 2015,sun gano cewa [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chadi]] ya ragu da kashi 95 cikin dari a cikin shekaru arba'in saboda haka ana iya tunanin cewa yankin kauyen Dufuna zai kasance wani bangare na bala'in ambaliya da tabkin a baya. . <ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|6-7}} Kwalekwalen an yi kwanan watan radiocarbon aƙalla sau biyu, kuma an yi kwanan watan zuwa 6556-6388 KZ da kuma zuwa 6164-6005 KZ, <ref name="Breunig">{{Cite journal|url-status=116–117}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBreunigNeumannVan_Neer1996">Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Van Neer, Wim (1996). [https://www.academia.edu/6747300 "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria"]. ''African Archaeological Review''. '''13''' (2): 116–117. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/BF01956304|10.1007/BF01956304]]. [[JSTOR (mai ganowa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130590 25130590]. [[S2CID (mai ganowa)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162196033 162196033].</cite></ref> wanda ya sa ya zama sanannen jirgin ruwa mafi tsufa a Afirka kuma (bayan kwalekwalen Pesse ) na biyu mafi tsufa a duniya.<ref name="Breunig" />Wataƙila an ƙirƙira shi ne a cikin al’adar yin kwale-kwale da aka daɗe ana amfani da ita wajen kamun kifi a gefen [[kogin Komadugu Gana]] .<ref name="Breunig" />Mai yiwuwa mambobi ne na jama'ar da suka mamaye wani yanki daga yammacin yankin [[Sahara]] zuwa [[Nil|kogin Nilu]] na tsakiyar [[Sudan]] zuwa yankin arewacin [[Kenya]] .<ref name="Breunig" /> == Duba kuma == * Jirgin ruwan kamun kifi na gargajiya * Jerin tsoffin jiragen ruwa == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} k47czet5wvwh9n5345b1qrzozhy0xqo 869286 869285 2026-06-27T10:43:01Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869286 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwalekwalen Dufuna''' wani kwale-kwale ne da wani [[Fulani|bafulatani]] makiyaya ya gano a shekarar 1987 mai tazarar kilomita kadan daga kauyen Dufuna da ke cikin karamar hukumar [[Fune]], wanda ba shi da nisa da [[kogin Komadugu Gana]], a [[Yobe|jihar Yobe]] a [[Najeriya]].<ref>Garba, Abubakar (1996). "The architecture and chemistry of a dug-out: the Dufuna Canoe in ethno-archaeological perspective". Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs. 268 (8): 193. S2CID 207909025.</ref> Radiocarbon da ke nuna samfurin gawayi da aka samu a kusa da wurin,kwale-kwalen yana da shekaru 8,500 zuwa 8,000,yana danganta wurin da [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chadi]].<ref>Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Van Neer, Wim (1996). "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria". African Archaeological Review. 13 (2): 116–117. doi:10.1007/BF01956304. JSTOR 25130590. S2CID 162196033.</ref> Jirgin ruwan yana da {{Convert|8.4|m}} tsayi kuma yana da {{Convert|0.5|m}} tsayi a wurinsa mafi girma.<ref name="Breunig">{{Cite journal|url-status=116–117}}</ref>A halin yanzu tana [[Damaturu]], Nigeria.<ref>Richard Trillo (16 June 2008). "Nigeria Part 3:14.5 the north and northeast Maiduguri". The Rough Guide to West Africa. Rough Guides. pp. Unnumbered. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4053-8070-6</nowiki>.</ref> [[File:Dufuna-canoe-theafricanhistory-com PicsArt 03-07-09.24.07.jpg|thumb|Dufuna kwalekwale]] == Fage == An gano kwale-kwalen Dufuna ne a kauyen Dufuna,wanda ke tsakanin [[Potiskum]] da [[Gashua]],a jihar Yobe.<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal|url-status=1–12}}</ref> {{Rp|5}}A ranar 4 ga watan Mayun 1987,wani Bafullatani makiyayi mai suna Mallam Ya’u yana haƙa rijiya,ya bugi wani abu mai kauri a tsawon mita 4.5.<ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|5}}Ya sanar da sarkin kauyensu game da gano abin. <ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|5}} A shekarun 1989 da 1990, [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] ta fara binciken wurin domin tabbatar da ko kwalekwale ne da kuma daukar samfurin katako na radiocarbon.<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal|url-status=1–12}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdewumi2014">Adewumi, Afolasade A (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/35514815 "Dufuna Canoe Find: Birthing the Underwatercultural Heritage In Nigeria"]. ''University of Ibadan Journal of Public and International Law''. '''4''': 1–12.</cite></ref> {{Rp|5}}Bayan haka,a wani aikin bincike na hadin gwiwa da Jami’ar Frankfurt da Maiduguri suka bayar na Farfesa Peter Breunig da Garba Abubakar,za su koma wurin kuma an kara daukar samfurin itace da wasu dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Jamus guda biyu.<ref name="ADE01" />{{Rp|5}} A shekarar 1994,wata tawagar binciken ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi daga kasashen Jamus da Najeriya ta tono wurin,inda ma’aikata hamsin suka hako kwalekwalen sama da mako biyu,inda aka gano tsawonsa ya kai mita 8.4,fadinsa mita 0.5 da kauri 5cm.<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal|url-status=1–12}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdewumi2014">Adewumi, Afolasade A (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/35514815 "Dufuna Canoe Find: Birthing the Underwatercultural Heritage In Nigeria"]. ''University of Ibadan Journal of Public and International Law''. '''4''': 1–12.</cite></ref>{{Rp|5-6}}An gano kwale-kwalen a cikin wani ruwa da ke kwance a kan gado mai yashi yayin da yadudduka na yumbu ke kwance a tsakaninsa da saman da ke kare shi a cikin yanayi mara amfani da iskar oxygen.<ref name="ADE01" />{{Rp|5}}Binciken kwale-kwalen ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da baka da kashin baya da fasaha zuwa maki kuma an gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar "kayan aikin gatari-kamar da tsinke gatari bifacial kayayyakin aiki na micro-lithic kama". <ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|8}}Farfesa Breunig ya ce fasahar gine-gine ta nuna dogon ci gaba kuma kwalekwalen ba sabon zane ba ne.<ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|9}}A wani binciken da wata kungiyar kimiya ta Amurka ta gudanar a shekarar 2015,sun gano cewa [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chadi]] ya ragu da kashi 95 cikin dari a cikin shekaru arba'in saboda haka ana iya tunanin cewa yankin kauyen Dufuna zai kasance wani bangare na bala'in ambaliya da tabkin a baya. . <ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|6-7}} Kwalekwalen an yi kwanan watan radiocarbon aƙalla sau biyu, kuma an yi kwanan watan zuwa 6556-6388 KZ da kuma zuwa 6164-6005 KZ, <ref name="Breunig">{{Cite journal|url-status=116–117}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBreunigNeumannVan_Neer1996">Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Van Neer, Wim (1996). [https://www.academia.edu/6747300 "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria"]. ''African Archaeological Review''. '''13''' (2): 116–117. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/BF01956304|10.1007/BF01956304]]. [[JSTOR (mai ganowa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130590 25130590]. [[S2CID (mai ganowa)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162196033 162196033].</cite></ref> wanda ya sa ya zama sanannen jirgin ruwa mafi tsufa a Afirka kuma (bayan kwalekwalen Pesse ) na biyu mafi tsufa a duniya.<ref name="Breunig" />Wataƙila an ƙirƙira shi ne a cikin al’adar yin kwale-kwale da aka daɗe ana amfani da ita wajen kamun kifi a gefen [[kogin Komadugu Gana]] .<ref name="Breunig" />Mai yiwuwa mambobi ne na jama'ar da suka mamaye wani yanki daga yammacin yankin [[Sahara]] zuwa [[Nil|kogin Nilu]] na tsakiyar [[Sudan]] zuwa yankin arewacin [[Kenya]] .<ref name="Breunig" /> == Duba kuma == * Jirgin ruwan kamun kifi na gargajiya * Jerin tsoffin jiragen ruwa == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} o0l0w5jxtede3gxsxha83bebt3tum6u 869287 869286 2026-06-27T10:43:35Z Nnamadee 31123 869287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalekwalen Dufuna''' wani kwale-kwale ne da wani [[Fulani|bafulatani]] makiyaya ya gano a shekarar 1987 mai tazarar kilomita kadan daga kauyen Dufuna da ke cikin karamar hukumar [[Fune]], wanda ba shi da nisa da [[kogin Komadugu Gana]], a [[Yobe|jihar Yobe]] a [[Najeriya]].<ref>Garba, Abubakar (1996). "The architecture and chemistry of a dug-out: the Dufuna Canoe in ethno-archaeological perspective". Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs. 268 (8): 193. S2CID 207909025.</ref> Radiocarbon da ke nuna samfurin gawayi da aka samu a kusa da wurin,kwale-kwalen yana da shekaru 8,500 zuwa 8,000,yana danganta wurin da [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chadi]].<ref>Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Van Neer, Wim (1996). "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria". African Archaeological Review. 13 (2): 116–117. doi:10.1007/BF01956304. JSTOR 25130590. S2CID 162196033.</ref> Jirgin ruwan yana da {{Convert|8.4|m}} tsayi kuma yana da {{Convert|0.5|m}} tsayi a wurinsa mafi girma.<ref name="Breunig">{{Cite journal|url-status=116–117}}</ref>A halin yanzu tana [[Damaturu]], Nigeria.<ref>Richard Trillo (16 June 2008). "Nigeria Part 3:14.5 the north and northeast Maiduguri". The Rough Guide to West Africa. Rough Guides. pp. Unnumbered. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4053-8070-6</nowiki>.</ref> [[File:Dufuna-canoe-theafricanhistory-com PicsArt 03-07-09.24.07.jpg|thumb|Dufuna kwalekwale]] == Fage == An gano kwale-kwalen Dufuna ne a kauyen Dufuna,wanda ke tsakanin [[Potiskum]] da [[Gashua]],a jihar Yobe.<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal|url-status=1–12}}</ref> {{Rp|5}}A ranar 4 ga watan Mayun 1987,wani Bafullatani makiyayi mai suna Mallam Ya’u yana haƙa rijiya,ya bugi wani abu mai kauri a tsawon mita 4.5.<ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|5}}Ya sanar da sarkin kauyensu game da gano abin. <ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|5}} A shekarun 1989 da 1990, [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] ta fara binciken wurin domin tabbatar da ko kwalekwale ne da kuma daukar samfurin katako na radiocarbon.<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal|url-status=1–12}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdewumi2014">Adewumi, Afolasade A (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/35514815 "Dufuna Canoe Find: Birthing the Underwatercultural Heritage In Nigeria"]. ''University of Ibadan Journal of Public and International Law''. '''4''': 1–12.</cite></ref> {{Rp|5}}Bayan haka,a wani aikin bincike na hadin gwiwa da Jami’ar Frankfurt da Maiduguri suka bayar na Farfesa Peter Breunig da Garba Abubakar,za su koma wurin kuma an kara daukar samfurin itace da wasu dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Jamus guda biyu.<ref name="ADE01" />{{Rp|5}} A shekarar 1994,wata tawagar binciken ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi daga kasashen Jamus da Najeriya ta tono wurin,inda ma’aikata hamsin suka hako kwalekwalen sama da mako biyu,inda aka gano tsawonsa ya kai mita 8.4,fadinsa mita 0.5 da kauri 5cm.<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal|url-status=1–12}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdewumi2014">Adewumi, Afolasade A (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/35514815 "Dufuna Canoe Find: Birthing the Underwatercultural Heritage In Nigeria"]. ''University of Ibadan Journal of Public and International Law''. '''4''': 1–12.</cite></ref>{{Rp|5-6}}An gano kwale-kwalen a cikin wani ruwa da ke kwance a kan gado mai yashi yayin da yadudduka na yumbu ke kwance a tsakaninsa da saman da ke kare shi a cikin yanayi mara amfani da iskar oxygen.<ref name="ADE01" />{{Rp|5}}Binciken kwale-kwalen ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da baka da kashin baya da fasaha zuwa maki kuma an gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar "kayan aikin gatari-kamar da tsinke gatari bifacial kayayyakin aiki na micro-lithic kama". <ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|8}}Farfesa Breunig ya ce fasahar gine-gine ta nuna dogon ci gaba kuma kwalekwalen ba sabon zane ba ne.<ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|9}}A wani binciken da wata kungiyar kimiya ta Amurka ta gudanar a shekarar 2015,sun gano cewa [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chadi]] ya ragu da kashi 95 cikin dari a cikin shekaru arba'in saboda haka ana iya tunanin cewa yankin kauyen Dufuna zai kasance wani bangare na bala'in ambaliya da tabkin a baya. . <ref name="ADE01" /> {{Rp|6-7}} Kwalekwalen an yi kwanan watan radiocarbon aƙalla sau biyu, kuma an yi kwanan watan zuwa 6556-6388 KZ da kuma zuwa 6164-6005 KZ, <ref name="Breunig">{{Cite journal|url-status=116–117}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBreunigNeumannVan_Neer1996">Breunig, Peter; Neumann, Katharina; Van Neer, Wim (1996). [https://www.academia.edu/6747300 "New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria"]. ''African Archaeological Review''. '''13''' (2): 116–117. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/BF01956304|10.1007/BF01956304]]. [[JSTOR (mai ganowa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130590 25130590]. [[S2CID (mai ganowa)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162196033 162196033].</cite></ref> wanda ya sa ya zama sanannen jirgin ruwa mafi tsufa a Afirka kuma (bayan kwalekwalen Pesse ) na biyu mafi tsufa a duniya.<ref name="Breunig" />Wataƙila an ƙirƙira shi ne a cikin al’adar yin kwale-kwale da aka daɗe ana amfani da ita wajen kamun kifi a gefen [[kogin Komadugu Gana]] .<ref name="Breunig" />Mai yiwuwa mambobi ne na jama'ar da suka mamaye wani yanki daga yammacin yankin [[Sahara]] zuwa [[Nil|kogin Nilu]] na tsakiyar [[Sudan]] zuwa yankin arewacin [[Kenya]] .<ref name="Breunig" /> == Duba kuma == * Jirgin ruwan kamun kifi na gargajiya * Jerin tsoffin jiragen ruwa == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} 36noaulz7j4lhbe5x97gkr13iyo7214 0 63633 868736 596550 2026-06-26T15:51:08Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alan Vaughan-Richards''' (1925-1989) wani masanin gine-ginen Birtaniya ne na Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a masana'antar gine-ginen [[Najeriya]] bayan mulkin mallaka.Ya sa masu zane-zanen gine-ginen kan yuwuwar tasirin nau'ikan Afirka a cikin zanen gine-gine ta hanyar buga mujalla na ''Gine-gine da Gine-gine na Yammacin Afirka''. Vaughan-Richards ya haɗa ayyukan mawaƙan Najeriya a yawancin ayyukansa.Ya sami horon aikin gine-gine na zamani a Ingila,sannan ya karanci amfani da al'adu na gine-gine a Najeriya,kuma da yawa daga cikin kwamitocinsa sun kasance masu hada karfi da karfe.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}</ref><ref>Alan Vaughan-Richards African Modernism Archive". Edinburgh College of Art satellite sites. August 6, 2012. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2019.</ref> == Ilimi == Vaughan-Richards ya yi karatu a London Polytechnic (yanzu Jami'ar Westminster ) inda ya sami digiri a fannin gine-gine a 1950.Ya kuma yi rajista don sabon kwas da aka kirkira akan Architecture na Tropical<ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>a Architectural Association,[[Landan|London]] a 1956. == Sana'a == Vaughan-Richards ya fara aikinsa a cikin 1950s yana aiki tare da Hukumar Ci gaban Architect a Irakikuma daga baya Haɗin gwiwar Gine-gine a London.Kamfanin ya tsunduma cikin zayyana wani sabon otal na Bristol da aka sake ginawa da gidaje na kamfanonin mai da iskar gas a Legas.A yayin gudanar da aikin,Vaughan-Richards ya shiga cikin zane na farko kuma a matsayinsa na mai kula da wuraren ya ziyarci Najeriya yayin rangadin ayyukan.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref>Lokacin da Architect Co-Partnership ya fice daga Najeriya,Vaughan-Richards ya zauna a kasar kuma ya zama dan Najeriya.Gidansa da ke [[Ikoyi]] kusa da [[Lagos Lagoon|tafkin Legas]] wanda fom a ƙauyen Hausa suka rinjayi shi kuma aka tsara shi a matsayin ofishinsa.Yawancin kwamitocinsa sun haɗa da gidaje masu zaman kansu da wurin zama na ma'aikata na Jami'ar Legas.Ya sami karɓuwa a tsakanin abokan cinikin sa na sirri tare da ƙirar sa na karimci na raba ko wuraren jama'a da kuma manyan hanyoyin shiga cikin kwamitocins.<ref name="roux" /> Mawallafin marubuci Ba’amurke Elaine Neil Orr ya bayyana salon gine-ginen Vaughan-Richards,inda ya rubuta cewa “ya kasance yana amfani da geometries mai curvilinear a cikin ƙirarsa,wani lokaci a matsayin ado amma galibi a matsayin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da bango da ɗakuna.Zane-zane na yau da kullun shine babban jigon sa,tun da farko daga shinge da zanen rufin.,sannan daga aikin katako".<ref>Elaine Neil Orr, ''Swimming Between Worlds'' (2018), p. 170.</ref> Vaughan-Richards shi ne ya kafa tare da gyara ginin ''West African Builder da Architect'' don samar da bayanai game da gine-gine a Afirka sannan kuma ya rubuta ''Ginin Legas'' tare da Kunle Akinsemoyinwani littafi da ke nuna ci gaban Legas. <ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> Vaughan-Richards ya hade da Felix Ibru na Roye Ibru da Co.Ya kasance mai kula da sashen gine-gine na [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]] inda kwamitocinsa suka hada da Jaja Hall,[[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], babban tsari na Jami'ar Legas; zane-zane na zamani tare da nau'ikan wurare masu zafi da yammacin Afirka kamar gidan Olaoluwakitan da gidan Alan Vaughan-Richards.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}</ref>Yawancin ayyukansa sun yi watsi da su ko kuma ba su da kyau.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> A cikin 1980s, ya shiga cikin rubuta jerin kayayyaki na gidajen [[Yan Brazil a Najeriya|Brazil]] a Legas don amfani da ƙungiyar kiyayewa.A cikin shekarun 1950,sabbin ayyukan gine-gine da aka tsara daga tsarin gine-gine na zamani na Turai tare da la'akari da yanayin Najeriya wanda Maxwell Fry ya jagoranta da kuma London da aka horar da masu gine-ginen Najeriya sun fara fitowa a matsayin babban salon a Legas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUduku2006">Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". ''Habitat International''. '''30''' (3): 396–411. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001|10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0197-3975|0197-3975]].</cite></ref><ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>Vaughan-Richards yana cikin masu ginin zamani,amma yana son ƙarin bincike tare da ɗaukar nau'ikan Afirka da ake da su,fasahar Afirka da amfani da kayan kamar katako.<ref name=":0" />Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na haɗa nau'ikan al'adun Afirka da salon rayuwa a cikin gine-ginen Najeriya na zamani,tashi daga salon al'adun gargajiya da ke fitowa a cikin 1950s wanda galibi ya haɗa da daidaitawa ga yanayin yanayi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=337–354}}</ref>Gidansa na sirri da aka gina a shekarun 1960 gwaji ne na sifofin gine-ginen gargajiya na Yammacin Afirka tare da ka'idodin gine-gine na zamani kamar amfani da na'urorin geometries na curvi-linear da madauwari.Sauran ayyuka irin su Gidan Ola-oluwakitan sun yi fice don la'akari da yadda aka ba da siffofin Afirka<ref name=":1" />da asali,kuma daga baya sun zama abin koyi ga sauran gidaje masu zaman kansu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1989]] kvjst74csbs59nn1wm80p2ef5e6bqnv 868737 868736 2026-06-26T15:51:27Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alan Vaughan-Richards''' (1925-1989) wani masanin gine-ginen Birtaniya ne na Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a masana'antar gine-ginen [[Najeriya]] bayan mulkin mallaka.Ya sa masu zane-zanen gine-ginen kan yuwuwar tasirin nau'ikan Afirka a cikin zanen gine-gine ta hanyar buga mujalla na ''Gine-gine da Gine-gine na Yammacin Afirka''. Vaughan-Richards ya haɗa ayyukan mawaƙan Najeriya a yawancin ayyukansa.Ya sami horon aikin gine-gine na zamani a Ingila,sannan ya karanci amfani da al'adu na gine-gine a Najeriya,kuma da yawa daga cikin kwamitocinsa sun kasance masu hada karfi da karfe.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}</ref><ref>Alan Vaughan-Richards African Modernism Archive". Edinburgh College of Art satellite sites. August 6, 2012. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2019.</ref><ref>Elaine Neil Orr, Swimming Between Worlds (2018), p. 170</ref> == Ilimi == Vaughan-Richards ya yi karatu a London Polytechnic (yanzu Jami'ar Westminster ) inda ya sami digiri a fannin gine-gine a 1950.Ya kuma yi rajista don sabon kwas da aka kirkira akan Architecture na Tropical<ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>a Architectural Association,[[Landan|London]] a 1956. == Sana'a == Vaughan-Richards ya fara aikinsa a cikin 1950s yana aiki tare da Hukumar Ci gaban Architect a Irakikuma daga baya Haɗin gwiwar Gine-gine a London.Kamfanin ya tsunduma cikin zayyana wani sabon otal na Bristol da aka sake ginawa da gidaje na kamfanonin mai da iskar gas a Legas.A yayin gudanar da aikin,Vaughan-Richards ya shiga cikin zane na farko kuma a matsayinsa na mai kula da wuraren ya ziyarci Najeriya yayin rangadin ayyukan.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref>Lokacin da Architect Co-Partnership ya fice daga Najeriya,Vaughan-Richards ya zauna a kasar kuma ya zama dan Najeriya.Gidansa da ke [[Ikoyi]] kusa da [[Lagos Lagoon|tafkin Legas]] wanda fom a ƙauyen Hausa suka rinjayi shi kuma aka tsara shi a matsayin ofishinsa.Yawancin kwamitocinsa sun haɗa da gidaje masu zaman kansu da wurin zama na ma'aikata na Jami'ar Legas.Ya sami karɓuwa a tsakanin abokan cinikin sa na sirri tare da ƙirar sa na karimci na raba ko wuraren jama'a da kuma manyan hanyoyin shiga cikin kwamitocins.<ref name="roux" /> Mawallafin marubuci Ba’amurke Elaine Neil Orr ya bayyana salon gine-ginen Vaughan-Richards,inda ya rubuta cewa “ya kasance yana amfani da geometries mai curvilinear a cikin ƙirarsa,wani lokaci a matsayin ado amma galibi a matsayin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da bango da ɗakuna.Zane-zane na yau da kullun shine babban jigon sa,tun da farko daga shinge da zanen rufin.,sannan daga aikin katako".<ref>Elaine Neil Orr, ''Swimming Between Worlds'' (2018), p. 170.</ref> Vaughan-Richards shi ne ya kafa tare da gyara ginin ''West African Builder da Architect'' don samar da bayanai game da gine-gine a Afirka sannan kuma ya rubuta ''Ginin Legas'' tare da Kunle Akinsemoyinwani littafi da ke nuna ci gaban Legas. <ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> Vaughan-Richards ya hade da Felix Ibru na Roye Ibru da Co.Ya kasance mai kula da sashen gine-gine na [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]] inda kwamitocinsa suka hada da Jaja Hall,[[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], babban tsari na Jami'ar Legas; zane-zane na zamani tare da nau'ikan wurare masu zafi da yammacin Afirka kamar gidan Olaoluwakitan da gidan Alan Vaughan-Richards.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}</ref>Yawancin ayyukansa sun yi watsi da su ko kuma ba su da kyau.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> A cikin 1980s, ya shiga cikin rubuta jerin kayayyaki na gidajen [[Yan Brazil a Najeriya|Brazil]] a Legas don amfani da ƙungiyar kiyayewa.A cikin shekarun 1950,sabbin ayyukan gine-gine da aka tsara daga tsarin gine-gine na zamani na Turai tare da la'akari da yanayin Najeriya wanda Maxwell Fry ya jagoranta da kuma London da aka horar da masu gine-ginen Najeriya sun fara fitowa a matsayin babban salon a Legas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUduku2006">Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". ''Habitat International''. '''30''' (3): 396–411. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001|10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0197-3975|0197-3975]].</cite></ref><ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>Vaughan-Richards yana cikin masu ginin zamani,amma yana son ƙarin bincike tare da ɗaukar nau'ikan Afirka da ake da su,fasahar Afirka da amfani da kayan kamar katako.<ref name=":0" />Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na haɗa nau'ikan al'adun Afirka da salon rayuwa a cikin gine-ginen Najeriya na zamani,tashi daga salon al'adun gargajiya da ke fitowa a cikin 1950s wanda galibi ya haɗa da daidaitawa ga yanayin yanayi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=337–354}}</ref>Gidansa na sirri da aka gina a shekarun 1960 gwaji ne na sifofin gine-ginen gargajiya na Yammacin Afirka tare da ka'idodin gine-gine na zamani kamar amfani da na'urorin geometries na curvi-linear da madauwari.Sauran ayyuka irin su Gidan Ola-oluwakitan sun yi fice don la'akari da yadda aka ba da siffofin Afirka<ref name=":1" />da asali,kuma daga baya sun zama abin koyi ga sauran gidaje masu zaman kansu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1989]] d4o8gaul0sq7nl9n7n7rtvx3rmxol94 868738 868737 2026-06-26T15:51:46Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alan Vaughan-Richards''' (1925-1989) wani masanin gine-ginen Birtaniya ne na Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a masana'antar gine-ginen [[Najeriya]] bayan mulkin mallaka.Ya sa masu zane-zanen gine-ginen kan yuwuwar tasirin nau'ikan Afirka a cikin zanen gine-gine ta hanyar buga mujalla na ''Gine-gine da Gine-gine na Yammacin Afirka''. Vaughan-Richards ya haɗa ayyukan mawaƙan Najeriya a yawancin ayyukansa.Ya sami horon aikin gine-gine na zamani a Ingila,sannan ya karanci amfani da al'adu na gine-gine a Najeriya,kuma da yawa daga cikin kwamitocinsa sun kasance masu hada karfi da karfe.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}</ref><ref>Alan Vaughan-Richards African Modernism Archive". Edinburgh College of Art satellite sites. August 6, 2012. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2019.</ref><ref>Elaine Neil Orr, Swimming Between Worlds (2018), p. 170</ref><ref>Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". Habitat International. 30 (3): 396–411. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001. ISSN 0197-3975.</ref> == Ilimi == Vaughan-Richards ya yi karatu a London Polytechnic (yanzu Jami'ar Westminster ) inda ya sami digiri a fannin gine-gine a 1950.Ya kuma yi rajista don sabon kwas da aka kirkira akan Architecture na Tropical<ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>a Architectural Association,[[Landan|London]] a 1956. == Sana'a == Vaughan-Richards ya fara aikinsa a cikin 1950s yana aiki tare da Hukumar Ci gaban Architect a Irakikuma daga baya Haɗin gwiwar Gine-gine a London.Kamfanin ya tsunduma cikin zayyana wani sabon otal na Bristol da aka sake ginawa da gidaje na kamfanonin mai da iskar gas a Legas.A yayin gudanar da aikin,Vaughan-Richards ya shiga cikin zane na farko kuma a matsayinsa na mai kula da wuraren ya ziyarci Najeriya yayin rangadin ayyukan.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref>Lokacin da Architect Co-Partnership ya fice daga Najeriya,Vaughan-Richards ya zauna a kasar kuma ya zama dan Najeriya.Gidansa da ke [[Ikoyi]] kusa da [[Lagos Lagoon|tafkin Legas]] wanda fom a ƙauyen Hausa suka rinjayi shi kuma aka tsara shi a matsayin ofishinsa.Yawancin kwamitocinsa sun haɗa da gidaje masu zaman kansu da wurin zama na ma'aikata na Jami'ar Legas.Ya sami karɓuwa a tsakanin abokan cinikin sa na sirri tare da ƙirar sa na karimci na raba ko wuraren jama'a da kuma manyan hanyoyin shiga cikin kwamitocins.<ref name="roux" /> Mawallafin marubuci Ba’amurke Elaine Neil Orr ya bayyana salon gine-ginen Vaughan-Richards,inda ya rubuta cewa “ya kasance yana amfani da geometries mai curvilinear a cikin ƙirarsa,wani lokaci a matsayin ado amma galibi a matsayin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da bango da ɗakuna.Zane-zane na yau da kullun shine babban jigon sa,tun da farko daga shinge da zanen rufin.,sannan daga aikin katako".<ref>Elaine Neil Orr, ''Swimming Between Worlds'' (2018), p. 170.</ref> Vaughan-Richards shi ne ya kafa tare da gyara ginin ''West African Builder da Architect'' don samar da bayanai game da gine-gine a Afirka sannan kuma ya rubuta ''Ginin Legas'' tare da Kunle Akinsemoyinwani littafi da ke nuna ci gaban Legas. <ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> Vaughan-Richards ya hade da Felix Ibru na Roye Ibru da Co.Ya kasance mai kula da sashen gine-gine na [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]] inda kwamitocinsa suka hada da Jaja Hall,[[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], babban tsari na Jami'ar Legas; zane-zane na zamani tare da nau'ikan wurare masu zafi da yammacin Afirka kamar gidan Olaoluwakitan da gidan Alan Vaughan-Richards.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}</ref>Yawancin ayyukansa sun yi watsi da su ko kuma ba su da kyau.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> A cikin 1980s, ya shiga cikin rubuta jerin kayayyaki na gidajen [[Yan Brazil a Najeriya|Brazil]] a Legas don amfani da ƙungiyar kiyayewa.A cikin shekarun 1950,sabbin ayyukan gine-gine da aka tsara daga tsarin gine-gine na zamani na Turai tare da la'akari da yanayin Najeriya wanda Maxwell Fry ya jagoranta da kuma London da aka horar da masu gine-ginen Najeriya sun fara fitowa a matsayin babban salon a Legas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUduku2006">Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". ''Habitat International''. '''30''' (3): 396–411. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001|10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0197-3975|0197-3975]].</cite></ref><ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>Vaughan-Richards yana cikin masu ginin zamani,amma yana son ƙarin bincike tare da ɗaukar nau'ikan Afirka da ake da su,fasahar Afirka da amfani da kayan kamar katako.<ref name=":0" />Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na haɗa nau'ikan al'adun Afirka da salon rayuwa a cikin gine-ginen Najeriya na zamani,tashi daga salon al'adun gargajiya da ke fitowa a cikin 1950s wanda galibi ya haɗa da daidaitawa ga yanayin yanayi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=337–354}}</ref>Gidansa na sirri da aka gina a shekarun 1960 gwaji ne na sifofin gine-ginen gargajiya na Yammacin Afirka tare da ka'idodin gine-gine na zamani kamar amfani da na'urorin geometries na curvi-linear da madauwari.Sauran ayyuka irin su Gidan Ola-oluwakitan sun yi fice don la'akari da yadda aka ba da siffofin Afirka<ref name=":1" />da asali,kuma daga baya sun zama abin koyi ga sauran gidaje masu zaman kansu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1989]] pv3u4hfldint8j467j4j762wgxlnwo4 868739 868738 2026-06-26T15:52:40Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alan Vaughan-Richards''' (1925-1989) wani masanin gine-ginen Birtaniya ne na Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a masana'antar gine-ginen [[Najeriya]] bayan mulkin mallaka.Ya sa masu zane-zanen gine-ginen kan yuwuwar tasirin nau'ikan Afirka a cikin zanen gine-gine ta hanyar buga mujalla na ''Gine-gine da Gine-gine na Yammacin Afirka''.<ref>Service, James Brooke, New York Times News. "BRAZILIAN HOUSES IN NIGERIA ARE A LEGACY OF THOUSANDS OF FREED". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.</ref> Vaughan-Richards ya haɗa ayyukan mawaƙan Najeriya a yawancin ayyukansa.Ya sami horon aikin gine-gine na zamani a Ingila,sannan ya karanci amfani da al'adu na gine-gine a Najeriya,kuma da yawa daga cikin kwamitocinsa sun kasance masu hada karfi da karfe.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}</ref><ref>Alan Vaughan-Richards African Modernism Archive". Edinburgh College of Art satellite sites. August 6, 2012. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2019.</ref><ref>Elaine Neil Orr, Swimming Between Worlds (2018), p. 170</ref><ref>Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". Habitat International. 30 (3): 396–411. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001. ISSN 0197-3975.</ref> == Ilimi == Vaughan-Richards ya yi karatu a London Polytechnic (yanzu Jami'ar Westminster ) inda ya sami digiri a fannin gine-gine a 1950.Ya kuma yi rajista don sabon kwas da aka kirkira akan Architecture na Tropical<ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>a Architectural Association,[[Landan|London]] a 1956. == Sana'a == Vaughan-Richards ya fara aikinsa a cikin 1950s yana aiki tare da Hukumar Ci gaban Architect a Irakikuma daga baya Haɗin gwiwar Gine-gine a London.Kamfanin ya tsunduma cikin zayyana wani sabon otal na Bristol da aka sake ginawa da gidaje na kamfanonin mai da iskar gas a Legas.A yayin gudanar da aikin,Vaughan-Richards ya shiga cikin zane na farko kuma a matsayinsa na mai kula da wuraren ya ziyarci Najeriya yayin rangadin ayyukan.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref>Lokacin da Architect Co-Partnership ya fice daga Najeriya,Vaughan-Richards ya zauna a kasar kuma ya zama dan Najeriya.Gidansa da ke [[Ikoyi]] kusa da [[Lagos Lagoon|tafkin Legas]] wanda fom a ƙauyen Hausa suka rinjayi shi kuma aka tsara shi a matsayin ofishinsa.Yawancin kwamitocinsa sun haɗa da gidaje masu zaman kansu da wurin zama na ma'aikata na Jami'ar Legas.Ya sami karɓuwa a tsakanin abokan cinikin sa na sirri tare da ƙirar sa na karimci na raba ko wuraren jama'a da kuma manyan hanyoyin shiga cikin kwamitocins.<ref name="roux" /> Mawallafin marubuci Ba’amurke Elaine Neil Orr ya bayyana salon gine-ginen Vaughan-Richards,inda ya rubuta cewa “ya kasance yana amfani da geometries mai curvilinear a cikin ƙirarsa,wani lokaci a matsayin ado amma galibi a matsayin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da bango da ɗakuna.Zane-zane na yau da kullun shine babban jigon sa,tun da farko daga shinge da zanen rufin.,sannan daga aikin katako".<ref>Elaine Neil Orr, ''Swimming Between Worlds'' (2018), p. 170.</ref> Vaughan-Richards shi ne ya kafa tare da gyara ginin ''West African Builder da Architect'' don samar da bayanai game da gine-gine a Afirka sannan kuma ya rubuta ''Ginin Legas'' tare da Kunle Akinsemoyinwani littafi da ke nuna ci gaban Legas. <ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> Vaughan-Richards ya hade da Felix Ibru na Roye Ibru da Co.Ya kasance mai kula da sashen gine-gine na [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]] inda kwamitocinsa suka hada da Jaja Hall,[[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], babban tsari na Jami'ar Legas; zane-zane na zamani tare da nau'ikan wurare masu zafi da yammacin Afirka kamar gidan Olaoluwakitan da gidan Alan Vaughan-Richards.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}</ref>Yawancin ayyukansa sun yi watsi da su ko kuma ba su da kyau.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> A cikin 1980s, ya shiga cikin rubuta jerin kayayyaki na gidajen [[Yan Brazil a Najeriya|Brazil]] a Legas don amfani da ƙungiyar kiyayewa.A cikin shekarun 1950,sabbin ayyukan gine-gine da aka tsara daga tsarin gine-gine na zamani na Turai tare da la'akari da yanayin Najeriya wanda Maxwell Fry ya jagoranta da kuma London da aka horar da masu gine-ginen Najeriya sun fara fitowa a matsayin babban salon a Legas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUduku2006">Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". ''Habitat International''. '''30''' (3): 396–411. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001|10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0197-3975|0197-3975]].</cite></ref><ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>Vaughan-Richards yana cikin masu ginin zamani,amma yana son ƙarin bincike tare da ɗaukar nau'ikan Afirka da ake da su,fasahar Afirka da amfani da kayan kamar katako.<ref name=":0" />Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na haɗa nau'ikan al'adun Afirka da salon rayuwa a cikin gine-ginen Najeriya na zamani,tashi daga salon al'adun gargajiya da ke fitowa a cikin 1950s wanda galibi ya haɗa da daidaitawa ga yanayin yanayi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=337–354}}</ref>Gidansa na sirri da aka gina a shekarun 1960 gwaji ne na sifofin gine-ginen gargajiya na Yammacin Afirka tare da ka'idodin gine-gine na zamani kamar amfani da na'urorin geometries na curvi-linear da madauwari.Sauran ayyuka irin su Gidan Ola-oluwakitan sun yi fice don la'akari da yadda aka ba da siffofin Afirka<ref name=":1" />da asali,kuma daga baya sun zama abin koyi ga sauran gidaje masu zaman kansu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1989]] icqygtr590o21le5qaobn50l3h5lm81 868740 868739 2026-06-26T15:53:16Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alan Vaughan-Richards''' (1925-1989) wani masanin gine-ginen Birtaniya ne na Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a masana'antar gine-ginen [[Najeriya]] bayan mulkin mallaka.Ya sa masu zane-zanen gine-ginen kan yuwuwar tasirin nau'ikan Afirka a cikin zanen gine-gine ta hanyar buga mujalla na ''Gine-gine da Gine-gine na Yammacin Afirka''.<ref>Service, James Brooke, New York Times News. "BRAZILIAN HOUSES IN NIGERIA ARE A LEGACY OF THOUSANDS OF FREED". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.</ref><ref>Okoye, Ikem (1993). "Good news for modern man?: architecture as evangelical mission in southern Nigeria". Passages. hdl:2027/spo.4761530.0006.009.</ref> Vaughan-Richards ya haɗa ayyukan mawaƙan Najeriya a yawancin ayyukansa.Ya sami horon aikin gine-gine na zamani a Ingila,sannan ya karanci amfani da al'adu na gine-gine a Najeriya,kuma da yawa daga cikin kwamitocinsa sun kasance masu hada karfi da karfe.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}</ref><ref>Alan Vaughan-Richards African Modernism Archive". Edinburgh College of Art satellite sites. August 6, 2012. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2019.</ref><ref>Elaine Neil Orr, Swimming Between Worlds (2018), p. 170</ref><ref>Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". Habitat International. 30 (3): 396–411. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001. ISSN 0197-3975.</ref> == Ilimi == Vaughan-Richards ya yi karatu a London Polytechnic (yanzu Jami'ar Westminster ) inda ya sami digiri a fannin gine-gine a 1950.Ya kuma yi rajista don sabon kwas da aka kirkira akan Architecture na Tropical<ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>a Architectural Association,[[Landan|London]] a 1956. == Sana'a == Vaughan-Richards ya fara aikinsa a cikin 1950s yana aiki tare da Hukumar Ci gaban Architect a Irakikuma daga baya Haɗin gwiwar Gine-gine a London.Kamfanin ya tsunduma cikin zayyana wani sabon otal na Bristol da aka sake ginawa da gidaje na kamfanonin mai da iskar gas a Legas.A yayin gudanar da aikin,Vaughan-Richards ya shiga cikin zane na farko kuma a matsayinsa na mai kula da wuraren ya ziyarci Najeriya yayin rangadin ayyukan.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref>Lokacin da Architect Co-Partnership ya fice daga Najeriya,Vaughan-Richards ya zauna a kasar kuma ya zama dan Najeriya.Gidansa da ke [[Ikoyi]] kusa da [[Lagos Lagoon|tafkin Legas]] wanda fom a ƙauyen Hausa suka rinjayi shi kuma aka tsara shi a matsayin ofishinsa.Yawancin kwamitocinsa sun haɗa da gidaje masu zaman kansu da wurin zama na ma'aikata na Jami'ar Legas.Ya sami karɓuwa a tsakanin abokan cinikin sa na sirri tare da ƙirar sa na karimci na raba ko wuraren jama'a da kuma manyan hanyoyin shiga cikin kwamitocins.<ref name="roux" /> Mawallafin marubuci Ba’amurke Elaine Neil Orr ya bayyana salon gine-ginen Vaughan-Richards,inda ya rubuta cewa “ya kasance yana amfani da geometries mai curvilinear a cikin ƙirarsa,wani lokaci a matsayin ado amma galibi a matsayin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da bango da ɗakuna.Zane-zane na yau da kullun shine babban jigon sa,tun da farko daga shinge da zanen rufin.,sannan daga aikin katako".<ref>Elaine Neil Orr, ''Swimming Between Worlds'' (2018), p. 170.</ref> Vaughan-Richards shi ne ya kafa tare da gyara ginin ''West African Builder da Architect'' don samar da bayanai game da gine-gine a Afirka sannan kuma ya rubuta ''Ginin Legas'' tare da Kunle Akinsemoyinwani littafi da ke nuna ci gaban Legas. <ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> Vaughan-Richards ya hade da Felix Ibru na Roye Ibru da Co.Ya kasance mai kula da sashen gine-gine na [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]] inda kwamitocinsa suka hada da Jaja Hall,[[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], babban tsari na Jami'ar Legas; zane-zane na zamani tare da nau'ikan wurare masu zafi da yammacin Afirka kamar gidan Olaoluwakitan da gidan Alan Vaughan-Richards.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}</ref>Yawancin ayyukansa sun yi watsi da su ko kuma ba su da kyau.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> A cikin 1980s, ya shiga cikin rubuta jerin kayayyaki na gidajen [[Yan Brazil a Najeriya|Brazil]] a Legas don amfani da ƙungiyar kiyayewa.A cikin shekarun 1950,sabbin ayyukan gine-gine da aka tsara daga tsarin gine-gine na zamani na Turai tare da la'akari da yanayin Najeriya wanda Maxwell Fry ya jagoranta da kuma London da aka horar da masu gine-ginen Najeriya sun fara fitowa a matsayin babban salon a Legas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUduku2006">Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". ''Habitat International''. '''30''' (3): 396–411. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001|10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0197-3975|0197-3975]].</cite></ref><ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>Vaughan-Richards yana cikin masu ginin zamani,amma yana son ƙarin bincike tare da ɗaukar nau'ikan Afirka da ake da su,fasahar Afirka da amfani da kayan kamar katako.<ref name=":0" />Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na haɗa nau'ikan al'adun Afirka da salon rayuwa a cikin gine-ginen Najeriya na zamani,tashi daga salon al'adun gargajiya da ke fitowa a cikin 1950s wanda galibi ya haɗa da daidaitawa ga yanayin yanayi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=337–354}}</ref>Gidansa na sirri da aka gina a shekarun 1960 gwaji ne na sifofin gine-ginen gargajiya na Yammacin Afirka tare da ka'idodin gine-gine na zamani kamar amfani da na'urorin geometries na curvi-linear da madauwari.Sauran ayyuka irin su Gidan Ola-oluwakitan sun yi fice don la'akari da yadda aka ba da siffofin Afirka<ref name=":1" />da asali,kuma daga baya sun zama abin koyi ga sauran gidaje masu zaman kansu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1989]] i32r9wc7dk02jp9owszf6hhh2bfy9rh 868741 868740 2026-06-26T15:53:39Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alan Vaughan-Richards''' (1925-1989) wani masanin gine-ginen Birtaniya ne na Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a masana'antar gine-ginen [[Najeriya]] bayan mulkin mallaka.Ya sa masu zane-zanen gine-ginen kan yuwuwar tasirin nau'ikan Afirka a cikin zanen gine-gine ta hanyar buga mujalla na ''Gine-gine da Gine-gine na Yammacin Afirka''.<ref>Service, James Brooke, New York Times News. "BRAZILIAN HOUSES IN NIGERIA ARE A LEGACY OF THOUSANDS OF FREED". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.</ref><ref>Okoye, Ikem (1993). "Good news for modern man?: architecture as evangelical mission in southern Nigeria". Passages. hdl:2027/spo.4761530.0006.009.</ref><ref>le Roux, Hannah (2003). "The networks of tropical architecture". The Journal of Architecture. 8 (3): 337–354. doi:10.1080/1360236032000134835. S2CID 219639485.</ref> Vaughan-Richards ya haɗa ayyukan mawaƙan Najeriya a yawancin ayyukansa.Ya sami horon aikin gine-gine na zamani a Ingila,sannan ya karanci amfani da al'adu na gine-gine a Najeriya,kuma da yawa daga cikin kwamitocinsa sun kasance masu hada karfi da karfe.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}</ref><ref>Alan Vaughan-Richards African Modernism Archive". Edinburgh College of Art satellite sites. August 6, 2012. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2019.</ref><ref>Elaine Neil Orr, Swimming Between Worlds (2018), p. 170</ref><ref>Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". Habitat International. 30 (3): 396–411. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001. ISSN 0197-3975.</ref> == Ilimi == Vaughan-Richards ya yi karatu a London Polytechnic (yanzu Jami'ar Westminster ) inda ya sami digiri a fannin gine-gine a 1950.Ya kuma yi rajista don sabon kwas da aka kirkira akan Architecture na Tropical<ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>a Architectural Association,[[Landan|London]] a 1956. == Sana'a == Vaughan-Richards ya fara aikinsa a cikin 1950s yana aiki tare da Hukumar Ci gaban Architect a Irakikuma daga baya Haɗin gwiwar Gine-gine a London.Kamfanin ya tsunduma cikin zayyana wani sabon otal na Bristol da aka sake ginawa da gidaje na kamfanonin mai da iskar gas a Legas.A yayin gudanar da aikin,Vaughan-Richards ya shiga cikin zane na farko kuma a matsayinsa na mai kula da wuraren ya ziyarci Najeriya yayin rangadin ayyukan.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref>Lokacin da Architect Co-Partnership ya fice daga Najeriya,Vaughan-Richards ya zauna a kasar kuma ya zama dan Najeriya.Gidansa da ke [[Ikoyi]] kusa da [[Lagos Lagoon|tafkin Legas]] wanda fom a ƙauyen Hausa suka rinjayi shi kuma aka tsara shi a matsayin ofishinsa.Yawancin kwamitocinsa sun haɗa da gidaje masu zaman kansu da wurin zama na ma'aikata na Jami'ar Legas.Ya sami karɓuwa a tsakanin abokan cinikin sa na sirri tare da ƙirar sa na karimci na raba ko wuraren jama'a da kuma manyan hanyoyin shiga cikin kwamitocins.<ref name="roux" /> Mawallafin marubuci Ba’amurke Elaine Neil Orr ya bayyana salon gine-ginen Vaughan-Richards,inda ya rubuta cewa “ya kasance yana amfani da geometries mai curvilinear a cikin ƙirarsa,wani lokaci a matsayin ado amma galibi a matsayin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da bango da ɗakuna.Zane-zane na yau da kullun shine babban jigon sa,tun da farko daga shinge da zanen rufin.,sannan daga aikin katako".<ref>Elaine Neil Orr, ''Swimming Between Worlds'' (2018), p. 170.</ref> Vaughan-Richards shi ne ya kafa tare da gyara ginin ''West African Builder da Architect'' don samar da bayanai game da gine-gine a Afirka sannan kuma ya rubuta ''Ginin Legas'' tare da Kunle Akinsemoyinwani littafi da ke nuna ci gaban Legas. <ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> Vaughan-Richards ya hade da Felix Ibru na Roye Ibru da Co.Ya kasance mai kula da sashen gine-gine na [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]] inda kwamitocinsa suka hada da Jaja Hall,[[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], babban tsari na Jami'ar Legas; zane-zane na zamani tare da nau'ikan wurare masu zafi da yammacin Afirka kamar gidan Olaoluwakitan da gidan Alan Vaughan-Richards.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}</ref>Yawancin ayyukansa sun yi watsi da su ko kuma ba su da kyau.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> A cikin 1980s, ya shiga cikin rubuta jerin kayayyaki na gidajen [[Yan Brazil a Najeriya|Brazil]] a Legas don amfani da ƙungiyar kiyayewa.A cikin shekarun 1950,sabbin ayyukan gine-gine da aka tsara daga tsarin gine-gine na zamani na Turai tare da la'akari da yanayin Najeriya wanda Maxwell Fry ya jagoranta da kuma London da aka horar da masu gine-ginen Najeriya sun fara fitowa a matsayin babban salon a Legas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUduku2006">Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". ''Habitat International''. '''30''' (3): 396–411. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001|10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0197-3975|0197-3975]].</cite></ref><ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>Vaughan-Richards yana cikin masu ginin zamani,amma yana son ƙarin bincike tare da ɗaukar nau'ikan Afirka da ake da su,fasahar Afirka da amfani da kayan kamar katako.<ref name=":0" />Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na haɗa nau'ikan al'adun Afirka da salon rayuwa a cikin gine-ginen Najeriya na zamani,tashi daga salon al'adun gargajiya da ke fitowa a cikin 1950s wanda galibi ya haɗa da daidaitawa ga yanayin yanayi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=337–354}}</ref>Gidansa na sirri da aka gina a shekarun 1960 gwaji ne na sifofin gine-ginen gargajiya na Yammacin Afirka tare da ka'idodin gine-gine na zamani kamar amfani da na'urorin geometries na curvi-linear da madauwari.Sauran ayyuka irin su Gidan Ola-oluwakitan sun yi fice don la'akari da yadda aka ba da siffofin Afirka<ref name=":1" />da asali,kuma daga baya sun zama abin koyi ga sauran gidaje masu zaman kansu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1989]] d0k5m64fa9f1smlhk95nyj595lo3i6r 868742 868741 2026-06-26T15:54:52Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alan Vaughan-Richards''' (1925-1989) wani masanin gine-ginen Birtaniya ne na Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a masana'antar gine-ginen [[Najeriya]] bayan mulkin mallaka.Ya sa masu zane-zanen gine-ginen kan yuwuwar tasirin nau'ikan Afirka a cikin zanen gine-gine ta hanyar buga mujalla na ''Gine-gine da Gine-gine na Yammacin Afirka''.<ref>Service, James Brooke, New York Times News. "BRAZILIAN HOUSES IN NIGERIA ARE A LEGACY OF THOUSANDS OF FREED". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.</ref><ref>Okoye, Ikem (1993). "Good news for modern man?: architecture as evangelical mission in southern Nigeria". Passages. hdl:2027/spo.4761530.0006.009.</ref><ref>le Roux, Hannah (2003). "The networks of tropical architecture". The Journal of Architecture. 8 (3): 337–354. doi:10.1080/1360236032000134835. S2CID 219639485.</ref><ref>Antończyk, Katarzyna. "Architecture in Africa - a modernist African interior | ONE PHOTO SUNDAY". Archived from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-23</ref> Vaughan-Richards ya haɗa ayyukan mawaƙan Najeriya a yawancin ayyukansa.Ya sami horon aikin gine-gine na zamani a Ingila,sannan ya karanci amfani da al'adu na gine-gine a Najeriya,kuma da yawa daga cikin kwamitocinsa sun kasance masu hada karfi da karfe.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}</ref><ref>Alan Vaughan-Richards African Modernism Archive". Edinburgh College of Art satellite sites. August 6, 2012. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2019.</ref><ref>Elaine Neil Orr, Swimming Between Worlds (2018), p. 170</ref><ref>Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". Habitat International. 30 (3): 396–411. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001. ISSN 0197-3975.</ref> == Ilimi == Vaughan-Richards ya yi karatu a London Polytechnic (yanzu Jami'ar Westminster ) inda ya sami digiri a fannin gine-gine a 1950.Ya kuma yi rajista don sabon kwas da aka kirkira akan Architecture na Tropical<ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>a Architectural Association,[[Landan|London]] a 1956. == Sana'a == Vaughan-Richards ya fara aikinsa a cikin 1950s yana aiki tare da Hukumar Ci gaban Architect a Irakikuma daga baya Haɗin gwiwar Gine-gine a London.Kamfanin ya tsunduma cikin zayyana wani sabon otal na Bristol da aka sake ginawa da gidaje na kamfanonin mai da iskar gas a Legas.A yayin gudanar da aikin,Vaughan-Richards ya shiga cikin zane na farko kuma a matsayinsa na mai kula da wuraren ya ziyarci Najeriya yayin rangadin ayyukan.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref>Lokacin da Architect Co-Partnership ya fice daga Najeriya,Vaughan-Richards ya zauna a kasar kuma ya zama dan Najeriya.Gidansa da ke [[Ikoyi]] kusa da [[Lagos Lagoon|tafkin Legas]] wanda fom a ƙauyen Hausa suka rinjayi shi kuma aka tsara shi a matsayin ofishinsa.Yawancin kwamitocinsa sun haɗa da gidaje masu zaman kansu da wurin zama na ma'aikata na Jami'ar Legas.Ya sami karɓuwa a tsakanin abokan cinikin sa na sirri tare da ƙirar sa na karimci na raba ko wuraren jama'a da kuma manyan hanyoyin shiga cikin kwamitocins.<ref name="roux" /> Mawallafin marubuci Ba’amurke Elaine Neil Orr ya bayyana salon gine-ginen Vaughan-Richards,inda ya rubuta cewa “ya kasance yana amfani da geometries mai curvilinear a cikin ƙirarsa,wani lokaci a matsayin ado amma galibi a matsayin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da bango da ɗakuna.Zane-zane na yau da kullun shine babban jigon sa,tun da farko daga shinge da zanen rufin.,sannan daga aikin katako".<ref>Elaine Neil Orr, ''Swimming Between Worlds'' (2018), p. 170.</ref> Vaughan-Richards shi ne ya kafa tare da gyara ginin ''West African Builder da Architect'' don samar da bayanai game da gine-gine a Afirka sannan kuma ya rubuta ''Ginin Legas'' tare da Kunle Akinsemoyinwani littafi da ke nuna ci gaban Legas. <ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> Vaughan-Richards ya hade da Felix Ibru na Roye Ibru da Co.Ya kasance mai kula da sashen gine-gine na [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]] inda kwamitocinsa suka hada da Jaja Hall,[[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], babban tsari na Jami'ar Legas; zane-zane na zamani tare da nau'ikan wurare masu zafi da yammacin Afirka kamar gidan Olaoluwakitan da gidan Alan Vaughan-Richards.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}</ref>Yawancin ayyukansa sun yi watsi da su ko kuma ba su da kyau.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> A cikin 1980s, ya shiga cikin rubuta jerin kayayyaki na gidajen [[Yan Brazil a Najeriya|Brazil]] a Legas don amfani da ƙungiyar kiyayewa.A cikin shekarun 1950,sabbin ayyukan gine-gine da aka tsara daga tsarin gine-gine na zamani na Turai tare da la'akari da yanayin Najeriya wanda Maxwell Fry ya jagoranta da kuma London da aka horar da masu gine-ginen Najeriya sun fara fitowa a matsayin babban salon a Legas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUduku2006">Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". ''Habitat International''. '''30''' (3): 396–411. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001|10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0197-3975|0197-3975]].</cite></ref><ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>Vaughan-Richards yana cikin masu ginin zamani,amma yana son ƙarin bincike tare da ɗaukar nau'ikan Afirka da ake da su,fasahar Afirka da amfani da kayan kamar katako.<ref name=":0" />Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na haɗa nau'ikan al'adun Afirka da salon rayuwa a cikin gine-ginen Najeriya na zamani,tashi daga salon al'adun gargajiya da ke fitowa a cikin 1950s wanda galibi ya haɗa da daidaitawa ga yanayin yanayi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=337–354}}</ref>Gidansa na sirri da aka gina a shekarun 1960 gwaji ne na sifofin gine-ginen gargajiya na Yammacin Afirka tare da ka'idodin gine-gine na zamani kamar amfani da na'urorin geometries na curvi-linear da madauwari.Sauran ayyuka irin su Gidan Ola-oluwakitan sun yi fice don la'akari da yadda aka ba da siffofin Afirka<ref name=":1" />da asali,kuma daga baya sun zama abin koyi ga sauran gidaje masu zaman kansu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1989]] cjzkzy0quh1yrda2xoywvcjvjummsxk 868743 868742 2026-06-26T15:55:12Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alan Vaughan-Richards''' (1925-1989) wani masanin gine-ginen Birtaniya ne na Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a masana'antar gine-ginen [[Najeriya]] bayan mulkin mallaka.Ya sa masu zane-zanen gine-ginen kan yuwuwar tasirin nau'ikan Afirka a cikin zanen gine-gine ta hanyar buga mujalla na ''Gine-gine da Gine-gine na Yammacin Afirka''.<ref>Service, James Brooke, New York Times News. "BRAZILIAN HOUSES IN NIGERIA ARE A LEGACY OF THOUSANDS OF FREED". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.</ref><ref>Okoye, Ikem (1993). "Good news for modern man?: architecture as evangelical mission in southern Nigeria". Passages. hdl:2027/spo.4761530.0006.009.</ref><ref>le Roux, Hannah (2003). "The networks of tropical architecture". The Journal of Architecture. 8 (3): 337–354. doi:10.1080/1360236032000134835. S2CID 219639485.</ref><ref>Antończyk, Katarzyna. "Architecture in Africa - a modernist African interior | ONE PHOTO SUNDAY". Archived from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-23</ref><ref>Kaye, Whiteman (2013-10-21). Lagos : a cultural and historical imagination. Exeter, UK. <nowiki>ISBN 9781908493897</nowiki>. OCLC 868916695.</ref> Vaughan-Richards ya haɗa ayyukan mawaƙan Najeriya a yawancin ayyukansa.Ya sami horon aikin gine-gine na zamani a Ingila,sannan ya karanci amfani da al'adu na gine-gine a Najeriya,kuma da yawa daga cikin kwamitocinsa sun kasance masu hada karfi da karfe.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}</ref><ref>Alan Vaughan-Richards African Modernism Archive". Edinburgh College of Art satellite sites. August 6, 2012. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2019.</ref><ref>Elaine Neil Orr, Swimming Between Worlds (2018), p. 170</ref><ref>Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". Habitat International. 30 (3): 396–411. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001. ISSN 0197-3975.</ref> == Ilimi == Vaughan-Richards ya yi karatu a London Polytechnic (yanzu Jami'ar Westminster ) inda ya sami digiri a fannin gine-gine a 1950.Ya kuma yi rajista don sabon kwas da aka kirkira akan Architecture na Tropical<ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>a Architectural Association,[[Landan|London]] a 1956. == Sana'a == Vaughan-Richards ya fara aikinsa a cikin 1950s yana aiki tare da Hukumar Ci gaban Architect a Irakikuma daga baya Haɗin gwiwar Gine-gine a London.Kamfanin ya tsunduma cikin zayyana wani sabon otal na Bristol da aka sake ginawa da gidaje na kamfanonin mai da iskar gas a Legas.A yayin gudanar da aikin,Vaughan-Richards ya shiga cikin zane na farko kuma a matsayinsa na mai kula da wuraren ya ziyarci Najeriya yayin rangadin ayyukan.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref>Lokacin da Architect Co-Partnership ya fice daga Najeriya,Vaughan-Richards ya zauna a kasar kuma ya zama dan Najeriya.Gidansa da ke [[Ikoyi]] kusa da [[Lagos Lagoon|tafkin Legas]] wanda fom a ƙauyen Hausa suka rinjayi shi kuma aka tsara shi a matsayin ofishinsa.Yawancin kwamitocinsa sun haɗa da gidaje masu zaman kansu da wurin zama na ma'aikata na Jami'ar Legas.Ya sami karɓuwa a tsakanin abokan cinikin sa na sirri tare da ƙirar sa na karimci na raba ko wuraren jama'a da kuma manyan hanyoyin shiga cikin kwamitocins.<ref name="roux" /> Mawallafin marubuci Ba’amurke Elaine Neil Orr ya bayyana salon gine-ginen Vaughan-Richards,inda ya rubuta cewa “ya kasance yana amfani da geometries mai curvilinear a cikin ƙirarsa,wani lokaci a matsayin ado amma galibi a matsayin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da bango da ɗakuna.Zane-zane na yau da kullun shine babban jigon sa,tun da farko daga shinge da zanen rufin.,sannan daga aikin katako".<ref>Elaine Neil Orr, ''Swimming Between Worlds'' (2018), p. 170.</ref> Vaughan-Richards shi ne ya kafa tare da gyara ginin ''West African Builder da Architect'' don samar da bayanai game da gine-gine a Afirka sannan kuma ya rubuta ''Ginin Legas'' tare da Kunle Akinsemoyinwani littafi da ke nuna ci gaban Legas. <ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> Vaughan-Richards ya hade da Felix Ibru na Roye Ibru da Co.Ya kasance mai kula da sashen gine-gine na [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]] inda kwamitocinsa suka hada da Jaja Hall,[[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], babban tsari na Jami'ar Legas; zane-zane na zamani tare da nau'ikan wurare masu zafi da yammacin Afirka kamar gidan Olaoluwakitan da gidan Alan Vaughan-Richards.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}</ref>Yawancin ayyukansa sun yi watsi da su ko kuma ba su da kyau.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> A cikin 1980s, ya shiga cikin rubuta jerin kayayyaki na gidajen [[Yan Brazil a Najeriya|Brazil]] a Legas don amfani da ƙungiyar kiyayewa.A cikin shekarun 1950,sabbin ayyukan gine-gine da aka tsara daga tsarin gine-gine na zamani na Turai tare da la'akari da yanayin Najeriya wanda Maxwell Fry ya jagoranta da kuma London da aka horar da masu gine-ginen Najeriya sun fara fitowa a matsayin babban salon a Legas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUduku2006">Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". ''Habitat International''. '''30''' (3): 396–411. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001|10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0197-3975|0197-3975]].</cite></ref><ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>Vaughan-Richards yana cikin masu ginin zamani,amma yana son ƙarin bincike tare da ɗaukar nau'ikan Afirka da ake da su,fasahar Afirka da amfani da kayan kamar katako.<ref name=":0" />Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na haɗa nau'ikan al'adun Afirka da salon rayuwa a cikin gine-ginen Najeriya na zamani,tashi daga salon al'adun gargajiya da ke fitowa a cikin 1950s wanda galibi ya haɗa da daidaitawa ga yanayin yanayi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=337–354}}</ref>Gidansa na sirri da aka gina a shekarun 1960 gwaji ne na sifofin gine-ginen gargajiya na Yammacin Afirka tare da ka'idodin gine-gine na zamani kamar amfani da na'urorin geometries na curvi-linear da madauwari.Sauran ayyuka irin su Gidan Ola-oluwakitan sun yi fice don la'akari da yadda aka ba da siffofin Afirka<ref name=":1" />da asali,kuma daga baya sun zama abin koyi ga sauran gidaje masu zaman kansu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1989]] 797htf2lz3151zrfmtqjbdz6euia1lu 868744 868743 2026-06-26T15:55:43Z Sardeeq 39275 #1Lib1RefGN2025 #1Lib1RefNG 868744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alan Vaughan-Richards''' (1925-1989) wani masanin gine-ginen Birtaniya ne na Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a masana'antar gine-ginen [[Najeriya]] bayan mulkin mallaka.Ya sa masu zane-zanen gine-ginen kan yuwuwar tasirin nau'ikan Afirka a cikin zanen gine-gine ta hanyar buga mujalla na ''Gine-gine da Gine-gine na Yammacin Afirka''.<ref>Service, James Brooke, New York Times News. "BRAZILIAN HOUSES IN NIGERIA ARE A LEGACY OF THOUSANDS OF FREED". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.</ref><ref>Okoye, Ikem (1993). "Good news for modern man?: architecture as evangelical mission in southern Nigeria". Passages. hdl:2027/spo.4761530.0006.009.</ref><ref>le Roux, Hannah (2003). "The networks of tropical architecture". The Journal of Architecture. 8 (3): 337–354. doi:10.1080/1360236032000134835. S2CID 219639485.</ref><ref>Antończyk, Katarzyna. "Architecture in Africa - a modernist African interior | ONE PHOTO SUNDAY". Archived from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-23</ref><ref>Kaye, Whiteman (2013-10-21). Lagos : a cultural and historical imagination. Exeter, UK. <nowiki>ISBN 9781908493897</nowiki>. OCLC 868916695.</ref> Vaughan-Richards ya haɗa ayyukan mawaƙan Najeriya a yawancin ayyukansa.Ya sami horon aikin gine-gine na zamani a Ingila,sannan ya karanci amfani da al'adu na gine-gine a Najeriya,kuma da yawa daga cikin kwamitocinsa sun kasance masu hada karfi da karfe.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}</ref><ref>Alan Vaughan-Richards African Modernism Archive". Edinburgh College of Art satellite sites. August 6, 2012. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2019.</ref><ref>Elaine Neil Orr, Swimming Between Worlds (2018), p. 170</ref><ref>Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". Habitat International. 30 (3): 396–411. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001. ISSN 0197-3975.</ref><ref>Gavron, Darlene (29 May 1988). "AYO VAUGHAN-RICHARDS". Chicago Tribune. p. E3. ProQuest 282492015, 890379420</ref> == Ilimi == Vaughan-Richards ya yi karatu a London Polytechnic (yanzu Jami'ar Westminster ) inda ya sami digiri a fannin gine-gine a 1950.Ya kuma yi rajista don sabon kwas da aka kirkira akan Architecture na Tropical<ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>a Architectural Association,[[Landan|London]] a 1956. == Sana'a == Vaughan-Richards ya fara aikinsa a cikin 1950s yana aiki tare da Hukumar Ci gaban Architect a Irakikuma daga baya Haɗin gwiwar Gine-gine a London.Kamfanin ya tsunduma cikin zayyana wani sabon otal na Bristol da aka sake ginawa da gidaje na kamfanonin mai da iskar gas a Legas.A yayin gudanar da aikin,Vaughan-Richards ya shiga cikin zane na farko kuma a matsayinsa na mai kula da wuraren ya ziyarci Najeriya yayin rangadin ayyukan.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref>Lokacin da Architect Co-Partnership ya fice daga Najeriya,Vaughan-Richards ya zauna a kasar kuma ya zama dan Najeriya.Gidansa da ke [[Ikoyi]] kusa da [[Lagos Lagoon|tafkin Legas]] wanda fom a ƙauyen Hausa suka rinjayi shi kuma aka tsara shi a matsayin ofishinsa.Yawancin kwamitocinsa sun haɗa da gidaje masu zaman kansu da wurin zama na ma'aikata na Jami'ar Legas.Ya sami karɓuwa a tsakanin abokan cinikin sa na sirri tare da ƙirar sa na karimci na raba ko wuraren jama'a da kuma manyan hanyoyin shiga cikin kwamitocins.<ref name="roux" /> Mawallafin marubuci Ba’amurke Elaine Neil Orr ya bayyana salon gine-ginen Vaughan-Richards,inda ya rubuta cewa “ya kasance yana amfani da geometries mai curvilinear a cikin ƙirarsa,wani lokaci a matsayin ado amma galibi a matsayin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da bango da ɗakuna.Zane-zane na yau da kullun shine babban jigon sa,tun da farko daga shinge da zanen rufin.,sannan daga aikin katako".<ref>Elaine Neil Orr, ''Swimming Between Worlds'' (2018), p. 170.</ref> Vaughan-Richards shi ne ya kafa tare da gyara ginin ''West African Builder da Architect'' don samar da bayanai game da gine-gine a Afirka sannan kuma ya rubuta ''Ginin Legas'' tare da Kunle Akinsemoyinwani littafi da ke nuna ci gaban Legas. <ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> Vaughan-Richards ya hade da Felix Ibru na Roye Ibru da Co.Ya kasance mai kula da sashen gine-gine na [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]] inda kwamitocinsa suka hada da Jaja Hall,[[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], babban tsari na Jami'ar Legas; zane-zane na zamani tare da nau'ikan wurare masu zafi da yammacin Afirka kamar gidan Olaoluwakitan da gidan Alan Vaughan-Richards.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}</ref>Yawancin ayyukansa sun yi watsi da su ko kuma ba su da kyau.<ref name="roux">{{Cite journal|url-status=361–392}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoux2004">Roux, Hannah Le (2004). "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria". ''Architectural History''. '''47''': 361–392. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0066622X00001805|10.1017/S0066622X00001805]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2059-5670|2059-5670]].</cite></ref> A cikin 1980s, ya shiga cikin rubuta jerin kayayyaki na gidajen [[Yan Brazil a Najeriya|Brazil]] a Legas don amfani da ƙungiyar kiyayewa.A cikin shekarun 1950,sabbin ayyukan gine-gine da aka tsara daga tsarin gine-gine na zamani na Turai tare da la'akari da yanayin Najeriya wanda Maxwell Fry ya jagoranta da kuma London da aka horar da masu gine-ginen Najeriya sun fara fitowa a matsayin babban salon a Legas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=396–411}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUduku2006">Uduku (2006-09-01). "Modernist architecture and 'the tropical' in West Africa: The tropical architecture movement in West Africa, 1948–1970". ''Habitat International''. '''30''' (3): 396–411. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001|10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.11.001]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0197-3975|0197-3975]].</cite></ref><ref name=":0">Daniel Immerwahr (2007) The politics of architecture and urbanism in postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 19:2, 165-186, DOI: 10.1080/13696810701760450</ref>Vaughan-Richards yana cikin masu ginin zamani,amma yana son ƙarin bincike tare da ɗaukar nau'ikan Afirka da ake da su,fasahar Afirka da amfani da kayan kamar katako.<ref name=":0" />Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na haɗa nau'ikan al'adun Afirka da salon rayuwa a cikin gine-ginen Najeriya na zamani,tashi daga salon al'adun gargajiya da ke fitowa a cikin 1950s wanda galibi ya haɗa da daidaitawa ga yanayin yanayi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=337–354}}</ref>Gidansa na sirri da aka gina a shekarun 1960 gwaji ne na sifofin gine-ginen gargajiya na Yammacin Afirka tare da ka'idodin gine-gine na zamani kamar amfani da na'urorin geometries na curvi-linear da madauwari.Sauran ayyuka irin su Gidan Ola-oluwakitan sun yi fice don la'akari da yadda aka ba da siffofin Afirka<ref name=":1" />da asali,kuma daga baya sun zama abin koyi ga sauran gidaje masu zaman kansu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1989]] f3j8j6b6h4lgvgoy1gm5lte0g7wcbuc 0 64132 868885 590878 2026-06-26T20:20:18Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 868885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shimul Javeri Kadri''' ta kasance masaniyar gine-gine ce ƴar ƙasar Indiya, wadda ta kafa SJK Architects, wani kamfani na gine-gine a birnin [[Mumbai]], Indiya. Ta lashe lambobin yabo na kasa da kasa da yawa da suka hada da Prix Versailles Award (2016) da lambar yabo ta Duniya Architecture Festival shekara (2012). Hakanan an ba ta suna ɗaya daga cikin Architectural Digest's Top 100 (AD 100) da Top 50 (AD50) waɗanda ke da manyan gine-gine da masu zanen ciki Indiya. Kadri tana da falsafar gini mai jituwa da yanayi - ta amfani da abubuwan halitta, hasken rana, iska, kayan halitta, da muhallin al'adu. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da gidajen tarihi, otal, ofis da gine-ginen masana'antu, cibiyoyin ilimi, da bungalows. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Kadri ta yi karatun cikin gine-gine a Mumbai Kwalejin Architecture, da Tsara-tsaren Birane a Jami'ar [[Michigan]] Ann Arbor . Ta kafa SJK Architects bayan ta dawo Indiya daga Amurka shekara 1990. Gine-ginen da suka sami lambar yabo da ta tsara sun haɗa da Gidan Rarraba Motoci na Mahindra da Mahindra Limited, Indiya, wanda ta lashe lambar yabo aChicago Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design Award shekara 2016. Zanenta na Dasavatara Hotel cikinTirupati, Indiya ta sami lambar yabo ta musamman na Prix Versailles a cikin shekara 2016, yayin da ƙirar Lotus Cafe a cikin otal ɗaya ta lashe Prix Versailles a cikin rukunin gidajen cin abinci. <ref>[http://diversum.net/fichiers/File/%28en%29_Prix_Versailles_30-05-2016.pdf Prix Versailles press release, 30 May 2016]</ref> <ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Companies/P2DJO7W76FcvzntnyTLllJ/India-is-going-through-a-cultural-colonization-Shimul-Javer.html ''Mint'', 28 May 2016]</ref> Zane da gine-gine na ofishin fina-finai na Nirvana, [[Bengaluru]], ta sami lambar yabo da yawa ciki har da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun na FuturArc da Green Leadership Award. Sauran ayyukanta masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da masana'antar salon rayuwa ta Synergy a Karur, Makarantar Sparkrill International da Kwalejin Injiniya ta SR a Warangal da Ayushakti, wurin shakatawa na ayurvedic a Mumbai. Kalubalen shine gina wannan wurin shakatawa na ayurvedic a cikin wani yanki mai cike da cunkoson jama'a a cikin Mumbai a cikin wani ɗan fili mai faɗin ƴan ɗimbin fili mai tsawon goma sha shida mita 16 wanda gine-ginen gidaje ta yi iyaka da bangarori uku, duk da haka ya ba ta haske, iska, sararin samaniya, farin ciki da kwanciyar hankali. Shimul tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Akshara, cibiyar albarkatun mata a Mumbai don Save the Children [[Indiya|India]] inda ta himmatu wajen jagorantar ilimi da ayyukan mata. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 5uj8wmjk3fjss7rsjw4bl73wk50sf1y 0 64283 868892 796931 2026-06-26T20:40:11Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  '''Cybèle Varela,''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1943, Petrópolis ) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Brazil]]. Ita mai zane ce, mai fasahar bidiyo, kuma mai daukar hoto. [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Sana'a == Daga shekarar 1962 zuwa 1966, Cybèle Varela tayi nazarin zane-zane na gani a gidan kayan gar gajiya na zamani a [[Rio de Janeiro]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Itau Cultural's Encyclopedia of Brazilian Art |url=http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicexternas/enciclopedia_ic/index.cfm?fuseaction=artistas_biografia&cd_verbete=1482&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28555&cd_item=3 |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-date=2012-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215045409/http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicexternas/enciclopedia_ic/index.cfm?fuseaction=artistas_biografia&cd_verbete=1482&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28555&cd_item=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta fara aikin ta a matsayin mai zane da sculptor, inda ta lashe ''lambar yabo ta Matasa ta Fasaha'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Jami'ar [[São Paulo]] a shekarar 1967 tare da triptych : "Duk abin da zai iya kasan cewa, amma hakan bai kasance ba". A wan nan shekarar ta nuna a karon farko a Sao Paulo Art Biennial . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo |url=http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/patrimonioartistico/sis/leartista.php?id=36 |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203122/http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/patrimonioartistico/sis/leartista.php?id=36 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gwam natin Faransa ta ba Varela tallafin karatu don yin karatu a [[Faris|Paris]] a Ecole du Louvre a cikin 1968 – 69. A cikin 1971-72 ta zauna a Cité internationale des arts, kuma a cikin 1976-78 tayi karatu a École Pratique des Hautes Études . Mai sukar fasahar Faransa Pierre Restany ya rubuta “Cybèle Varela baya fenti shimfidar wurare. Ba komai nata na kallon madubi ba sai kace kace”. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (March 2011)">Wannan zance na bukatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A Geneva a cikin 1980s, aikinta ya mayar da han kali kan jigogi daga yanayi, a cikin 1990s ya zama mafi alama, an ƙara shi tare da daukar hoto, bugu na dijital da bidiyo, kuma tun 2000 ya koma ga pop surrealism . A cikin 1997, gwamnatin Brazil ta ba da gudummawar daya daga cikin zane-zanenta ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. == nune-nunen (aka zaɓa) == * "elles@centrepompidou": National Modern Art Museum, Paris, 2009 * "Outros 60's": Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Curitiba, 2006 * Sao Paulo Museum of Modern Art : 2005 * National Museum of Fine Arts: Rio de Janeiro, 2003 * Art Museum na Amurka : Washington DC, 1987 * Sao Paulo Biennal: Brazil, 1981 * Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Cantonal, Lausanne, 1980 * "Mix-media": Musée Rath, Geneva, 1980 * Sao Paulo Biennale: Brazil, 1969 * Sao Paulo Biennal: Brazil, 1967 * Gidan kayan tarihi na fasahar zamani: Rio de Janeiro, 1964 == Magana == {{Reflist}} == Sources da ƙarin karatu == * Benezit, E. ''Dictionary of Artists'' . Paris : Grundu, 2006. * Cavalcanti, Carlos da Ayala, Walmir (ed). ''Dicionario brasileiro de artistas plasticos'' . Brasilia : MEC/INL, 1973-1980. * ''Sunan mahaifi Varela : peintures, 1960-1984'' : Jean-Jacques Lévêque, Frederico Morais, Jean-Luc Chalumeau da kuma Pierre Restany. Geneva : Imprimerie Genevoise SA, 1984. * ''Cybèle Varela, Kewaye'' . Rio de Janeiro, MNBA, 2003. * ''Cybèle Varela'' . Bruno Mantura da Cybèle Varela. Roma : Gangemi, 2007. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-88-492-1226-6|978-88-492-1226-6]] . * Jost, Karl (ed). ''Künstlerverzeichnis der Schweiz, 1980-1990'' . Zurich Institut für Kunstwissenschaft, 1991. * Leite, José Roberto Teixeira. ''Dicionario Critico da pintura no Brasil'' . Rio de Janeiro : Artlivre, 1988. * Leite, José Roberto Teixeira. ''500 anos da pintura brasileira'' . CD-Rom, LogOn, 2000. * Pontual, Roberto. ''Dicionario das artes plasticas no Brasil'' . Rio de Janeiro : Civilizaçao Brasileira, 1969. * Restany, Pierre (ed.), ''Les Hyperrealists'' . Évreux Cibiyar Culturel International de Vascoeuil, 1974. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.cybelevarela.com/ Shafin hukuma] * [http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicexternas/enciclopedia_ic/index.cfm?fuseaction=artistas_biografia&cd_verbete=1482&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28555&cd_item=3 Itau Al'adu ta Encyclopedia of Brazilian Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215045409/http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicexternas/enciclopedia_ic/index.cfm?fuseaction=artistas_biografia&cd_verbete=1482&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28555&cd_item=3 |date=2012-02-15 }} * [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=pt&u=http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicexternas/enciclopedia_ic/Enc_Artistas/artistas_imp.cfm%3Fcd_verbete%3D1482%26imp%3DN%26cd_idioma%3D28555&ei=X8iNTfKpGoeXhQfb5oG8Dg&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB8Q7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3D1962/1966%2B-%2BFaz%2Bcurso%2Bde%2Bpintura%2Bno%2BMuseu%2Bde%2BArte%2BModerna%2Bdo%2BRio%2Bde%2BJaneiro%2B-%2BMAM/RJ%2B%2B1963/1965%2B-%2BDirige%2Ba%2BAssocia%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o%2Bdos%2BAmigos%2Bda%2BArte,%2BPetr%25C3%25B3polis,%2BRio%2Bde%2BJaneiro%2B%2B1964%2B-%2BRealiza%2Bo%2Bcen%25C3%25A1rio%2Be%2Bos%2Bfigurinos%2Bpara%2Ba%2B%25C3%25B3pera%2BLa%2BBoh%25C3%25A8me,%2Bapresentada%2Bno%2BAudit%25C3%25B3rio%2BSanta%2BIsabel,%2BPetr%25C3%25B3polis%2B%2B1968%2B-%2BRealiza%2Bpain%25C3%25A9is%2Bpara%2Bo%2BTouring%2BClub%2Bde%2BPetr%25C3%25B3polis%2Be%2Bdo%2BRio%2Bde%2BJaneiro%26hl%3Den%26prmd%3Divns Tarihin Cybèle Varela], Itaú Al'adu, Brazil; sabunta 27 Maris 2011. [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 3kqjx44pqx1a04gyf3sme2br6vxdozj 0 71504 869158 381836 2026-06-27T07:05:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agbor Gilbert Ebot''' (an haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Janairu, 1983 a Tiko ) ɗan Kamaru ne mai shirya fina-finai.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://dcodedtv.com/us-embassy-backs-Cameroon-film-festival-2017/ |title= US Embassy backs Cameroon Film Festival 2017|publisher= Enyewah |access-date=23 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.omenkaonline.com/conversation-agbor-gilbert-ebot/ |title= IN CONVERSATION WITH AGBOR GILBERT EBOT |date= 31 May 2016 |access-date= 23 June 2017 |archive-date= 17 September 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210917010702/https://www.omenkaonline.com/conversation-agbor-gilbert-ebot/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Gilbert ga iyayen [[Kamaru]] da [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. Mahaifinsa [[Kamaru|dan ƙasar Kamaru]] ne daga Mamfe da ke yankin Manyu yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]] a [[Najeriya]].<ref name="conv">{{cite web | url=http://www.omenkaonline.com/conversation-agbor-gilbert-ebot/ | title=IN CONVERSATION WITH AGBOR GILBERT EBOT | publisher=The Punch NG | work=omenkaonline.com | date=31 May 2016 | access-date=23 June 2017 | author=ADEBIMPE, Enyewah | archive-date=17 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917010702/https://www.omenkaonline.com/conversation-agbor-gilbert-ebot/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya yi karatu a Government Technical High School (GTHS) da ke Mamfe. == Sana'a == Agbor Gilbert bai halarci wata makarantar fasaha don fim ba. A cikin 2003, ya haɗu da [[Jeta Amata]], [[Fred Amata]], [[Olu Jacobs]] da [[Rita Dominic]] a Calabar yayin da suke ɗaukar shirin fim. Yakan ziyarci wurin domin a ko da yaushe a kore shi daga aji saboda rashin samun ingantattun litattafai ko kayan aiki. A duk lokacin da ya koma wurin, yakan zauna a can ya taimaka a matsayin mataimaki na furodusa a kan saitin, kuma ta haka ne sha'awar fim ta karu. == Rigima == Ebdot ya yi barazana mai cike da cece-kuce kan mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo kuma mai fafutukar LGBT [[Bandy Kiki]], yana mai cewa <nowiki>''...</nowiki> Idan na kama ku zuwa Kamaru, zan 'yi muku fyade' da kyau, madigo ya kama jikinki... Ina samun shirye-shiryen don baku belle... "<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-42007761|title=Cameroon: Gay blogger no get any regret|date=18 November 2017|work=BBC News Pidgin|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Fim == {{col-begin}}{{col-3}} * ''Pink Poison'' (2012)<ref>{{cite web|title=Agbor Gilbert is back: Pink Poison is next|url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/movies/nollywood-movies/523-agbor-gilbert-is-back-pink-poison-is-next.html|website=tiptopstars.com|publisher=Ernest Kanjo|access-date=24 June 2017|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826222455/http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/movies/nollywood-movies/523-agbor-gilbert-is-back-pink-poison-is-next.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''The Blues Kingdom'' (2007)<ref>{{cite web|title= Cameroon: Film - "The Blues Kingdom" Launched in Yaounde |url= http://allafrica.com/stories/200710291848.html|website=allafrica.com|publisher=brenda|access-date=24 June 2017}}</ref> * ''The Land of shadow'' (2014)<ref>{{cite web|title=Nollywood's Jim Iyke Romances Cameroonian Actress, Solange Ojong.|url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/19554/3/nollywoods-jim-iyke-romances-cameroonian-actress-s.html|website= modernghana.com |publisher=babajide|access-date=24 June 2017}}</ref> * ''Far (2014 film)''<ref>{{cite web|title="FAR nominated for Best African Movie 2015|url=http://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/FAR-nominated-for-Best-African-Movie-2015-328707?lang=|website=cameroonweb.com|publisher=Enyewah|access-date=24 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{col-end}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje == * {{IMDb name|id= nm2712728 |name= Gilbert Agbor Ebot }} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gilbert Ebot, Agbor}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] gjkoh76d9dv1eum3r1hooocmn37fkju 0 72565 869291 734761 2026-06-27T10:46:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Akon|image=Akon DF2 4639 (47859034612) (cropped).jpg|caption=Akon in 2019|other_names={{hlist|A-Kon|El Negreeto}}|birth_name=Aliaune Damala Badara Akon Thiam<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=Akon used to lie about being an African Prince because he was 'bored as hell' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/akon-african-prince-coming-to-america-b2377171.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-09 |title=Africanews {{!}} Akon's Akoin wins him 'Innovator Of The Year' award |url=http://www.africanews.com/amp/2018/10/11/akon-s-akoin-wins-him-innovator-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref>|birth_date={{birth date and age|1973|04|16}}|birth_place=[[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], US|father=[[Mor Thiam]]|occupation={{flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * rapper * record producer * entrepreneur * philanthropist }}|citizenship={{hlist|United States|Senegal}}|agent=|organization=[[Akon Lighting Africa]]|works={{hlist|[[Akon discography|Discography]]|[[#Filmography|filmography]]|[[Akon production discography|production]]}}|spouse=|children=9<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akon Defends Nick Cannon Having Numerous Kids with Multiple Women, Says That's How Life is Supposed to be |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/akon-defends-nick-cannon-kids-multiple-women/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226164502/https://www.xxlmag.com/akon-defends-nick-cannon-kids-multiple-women/ |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]|date=December 21, 2022 }}</ref>|awards=[[List of awards and nominations received by Akon|Full list]]|years_active=1996–present|module={{infobox musical artist | embed = yes | origin = [[Newark, New Jersey]], US | genre = {{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[Pop music|pop]]}} | label = {{Flatlist| * Akonik * [[BMG Rights Management|BMG]] * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * [[Konvict Muzik|Konvict]] * [[KonLive Distribution|KonLive]] * [[Republic Records|Republic]] * [[Universal Motown Records|Universal Motown]] * [[Universal Records (1995)|Universal Records]] * [[SRC Records|SRC]] * [[UpFront Records|UpFront]] }} | website = {{URL|akon.com}} | module = {{Infobox | embed = yes|child=yes | header = Logo | headerstyle = background:#b0c4de | data2 = [[File:Akon Logo.png|180px]] }} }}}} [[Fayil:Akon 2008.jpg|thumb|Akon]] '''Aliaune Damala Badara Akon Thiam''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1973), wanda aka fi sani da Akon (/ˈEɪkɒn/), mawaƙi ne na Senegalese-Amurka, mai shirya rikodin, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Wani mutum R&B mai tasiri a cikin kiɗa na duniya na zamani, ya zama sananne a shekara ta 2004 bayan fitowar sautin farko "Locked Up" (tare da Styles P) da kuma bin sa, "Lonely." An tsara shi a cikin hip hop da R & B bi da bi, duka waƙoƙin biyu sun riga sun fito da kundi na farko na Trouble (2004), wanda ya zama nasarar kasuwancinsa.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Rolling Stone. (2004). ''Akon: Locked Up and Lonely – The New Sound of R&B''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from Rolling Stone. (2004). ''Akon: Locked Up and Lonely – The New Sound of R&B''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from</ref> [[Fayil:Akon in 2015.jpg|thumb|Akon]] Kundin sa na biyu, Konvicted (2006) ya haɗu da ci gaba da nasara yayin da ya sami [[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|Kyautar Grammy]] don Mafi Kyawun R & B Album na zamani, yayin da jagoranta: "I Wanna Love You" (tare da [[Snoop Dogg]]) da "Smack That" (tare da Eminem) kowannensu ya sami gabatarwa don mafi Kyautar Rap/Song. waƙoƙin sun kai lamba ɗaya <ref>Bronson, Fred. </ref> biyu bi da bi a kan&#x20;Billboard hot kamar yadda aka saki waƙoƙinsa a shekara mai zuwa: "Kada Ka Matter" da kuma aikin baƙinsa a kan Gwen Stefani's "The Sweet Escape"; wannan ya sanya Akon mai zane-zane na farko da ya riƙe saman wurare biyu a kan labaran Billboard Hot 100 sau biyu. Kundin sa na uku, Freedom (2008) ya sami goyon baya daga Hot 100 saman goma, "Right Now (Na Na Na) ". Kundin sa na huɗu, ''El Negreeto'' (2019) ya bincika reggaeton da kiɗa na Latin.<ref>Bronson, Fred.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/chart-beat-159-1053124/|title=Chart Beat|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> Tare da aikinsa na solo, Akon ya ba da wasan kwaikwayo na baƙi a kan shigarwar ''Billboard'' Hot 100 23 ga wasu masu fasaha - irin wannan aikin ya haifar da ƙarin zabuka biyu na Grammy Award. Akon ya kafa lakabin rikodin Konvict Muzik da KonLive Distribution a cikin 2004 da 2007 bi da bi, ta hanyar da ya sanya hannu kan ayyukan da suka ci nasara da dama ciki har da [[Lady Gaga]], T-Pain, R. City, Kardinal Offishall, Jeffree Star da French Montana, da sauransu. Bugu da kari, yana aiki a lokaci guda a cikin samarwa da rubuce-rubuce na waƙa galibi ga masu fasaha a kan lakabinsa, amma kuma ga wasu masu fasaha na yau da kullun ciki har da [[Michael Jackson]], [[Snoop Dogg]], Lionel Richie, Leona Lewis, Sean Paul, [[Whitney Houston]], Mario, da Estelle, da sauransu. Tun daga wannan lokacin Akon ya kasance mai yawa a cikin ayyukan sadaka da taimakon jama'a. Ya ƙaddamar da kamfanin ba da riba Akon Lighting Africa a cikin 2014, kuma ya fara ci gaba a garinsu a Senegal, wanda aka shirya don buɗewa ga jama'a a cikin 2026. ''Forbes'' ya sanya Akon na 80 (Power Rank) a cikin Celebrity 100 a cikin 2010 da 5th a cikin 40 Mafi Girma Celebrities a Afirka, a cikin 2011. ''Billboard'' ta sanya Akon No. 6 a cikin jerin Top Digital Songs Artists of the decade. Guinness World Records <ref> https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/86827-best-selling-mastertones-act</ref> lissafa shi a matsayin mai sayar da lambar daya don manyan sautuna a duniya, tare da sayar da miliyan 11 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. == Rayuwa ta farko == haifi Aliaune Damala Bouga Time Puru Nacka Lu Lu Badara Akon Thiam a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1973, a St. Louis, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]], ga dangin [[Musulmi]]. mai rawa Kine Gueye Thiam (née Gueye), kuma mahaifinsa mai ba da kida ne Mor Thiam. <ref name="Jeune Afrique" /><ref name="Goldsmith" /> haifi Mor Thiam ne a cikin iyalin Toucouleur na malaman Kur'ani a Kaolack, [[Senegal|Seneygal]]. Akon ya shafe wani muhimmin bangare na yarinta a Senegal, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "garinsa". Akon koyi yin amfani da kayan kida guda biyar, ciki har da drum, guitar da djembe. <ref name="VH1_interview" /> yake da shekaru bakwai, shi da iyalinsa sun koma Union City, New Jersey, suna raba lokacinsa tsakanin Amurka da Senegal har sai sun zauna a Newark. Yayinda yake girma a New Jersey, Akon yana da wahalar kasancewa tare da wasu yara. Lokacin shi da ɗan'uwansa suka isa makarantar sakandare, iyayensa sun bar su da kansu a Jersey City kuma suka ƙaura da sauran iyalin zuwa [[Atlanta]], Jojiya. Akon halarci Makarantar sakandare ta William L. Dickinson a Jersey City.<ref name="bio.com2">{{Cite web|title=Akon – Music Producer, Songwriter, Singer|url=http://www.biography.com/people/akon-21330753|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821123250/http://www.biography.com/people/akon-21330753|archive-date=August 21, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2016|website=Biography.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Muslim celebrities|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/famous-muslim-celebrities/28/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183523/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/famous-muslim-celebrities/28/|archive-date=January 10, 2019|access-date=January 10, 2019|website=cbsnews.com|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 9, 2014|title=12 Black Celebrities Whose Real Names Will Surprise You|url=https://atlantablackstar.com/2014/05/09/12-black-celebrities-whose-real-names-will-surprise/4/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326212454/https://atlantablackstar.com/2014/05/09/12-black-celebrities-whose-real-names-will-surprise/4/|archive-date=March 26, 2019|access-date=March 26, 2019|website=atlantablackstar.com}}</ref> <ref name="Goldsmith2">Goldsmith, Melissa Ursula Dawn; Fonseca, Anthony J.; [https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA300 ''Hip Hop around the World: An Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017082927/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA300|date=October 17, 2023}} [2 volumes], [[ABC-CLIO]] (2018), p. 300, {{ISBN|9780313357596}}.</ref><ref name="Jeune Afrique2">{{Cite news|last=Pajon|first=Léo|date=July 3, 2018|title=Dix choses à savoir sur Akon, artiste multi-casquette|language=fr|trans-title=Ten things to know about Akon, multi-talented artist|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/586428/culture/dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-akon-senegal-usa-chanteur/|url-status=live|access-date=March 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302154013/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/586428/culture/dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-akon-senegal-usa-chanteur/|archive-date=March 2, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="Goldsmith2"/><ref name="Jeune Afrique2"/> <ref name="VH1_interview2">{{Cite web|last=Bottomley|first=C.|date=May 2, 2005|title=Akon: Trouble No More|url=http://www.vh1.com/artists/interview/1501105/05022005/akon.jhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020050755/http://www.vh1.com/artists/interview/1501105/05022005/akon.jhtml|archive-date=October 20, 2011|website=[[VH1]].com}}</ref> <ref name="Billboard11.4.062">{{Cite magazine|date=November 4, 2006|title=Deep Grooves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|page=36|via=[[Google Books]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116095236/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36|archivedate=January 16, 2016|accessdate=November 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuperinksy, Amy|date=January 15, 2020|title=Akon went from Union City to building his own city, Akon City, in Senegal|url=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2020/01/akon-went-from-union-city-to-building-his-own-city-akon-city-in-senegal.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116090028/https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2020/01/akon-went-from-union-city-to-building-his-own-city-akon-city-in-senegal.html|archive-date=January 16, 2020|access-date=September 1, 2020|website=[[NJ.com]]}}</ref> <ref name="VH1_interview2"/> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Steve|date=October 4, 2004|title=Akon, not 'Trouble,' is his middle name|work=[[USA Today]]|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2004-10-04-otv-akon_x.htm|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070511060455/http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2004-10-04-otv-akon_x.htm|archive-date=May 11, 2007|quote=Akon (real name: Allaune Thiam) is the son of acclaimed Senegalese percussionist Mor Thiam, who came to the USA to tour with dancers Katherine Dunham and Alvin Ailey. Growing up, Akon had a hard time getting along with kids in New Jersey. When he and his older brother reached high school, his parents left them on their own in Jersey City and moved the family to Atlanta}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Lin|first=Jonathan|date=November 17, 2013|title=Akon stops by his Jersey City home away from home|url=https://www.nj.com/hudson/2013/11/akon_stops_by_jersey_city_bar_for_dinner_speaks_of_growing_up_in_the_area.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701212242/https://www.nj.com/hudson/2013/11/akon_stops_by_jersey_city_bar_for_dinner_speaks_of_growing_up_in_the_area.html|archive-date=July 1, 2019|access-date=July 1, 2019|website=[[The Jersey Journal]]|via=NJ.com|quote=Akon said Costa helped keep him out of trouble during his rougher days in Jersey City, when he attended [[William L. Dickinson High School|Dickinson High School]] on Palisade Avenue.}}</ref> == Ayyukan kiɗa == === 2003-2005: Bincike da ''Matsalar'' === Mai ba da labari mai suna Devyne Stephens, shugaban Upfront Megatainment, ya fara jin labarin Akon lokacin da rapper Lil Zane ya kawo shi zuwa zauren maimaitawa na Stephens, wurin da a lokacin ya ga basira kamar Usher da TLC ana bunkasa. tsakanin Stephens da Akon ta fara ne a matsayin abota da Jagora, tare da saurayi mai zane-zane yana tsayawa akai-akai don neman shawara, tare da Stephens daga ƙarshe ya sanya hannu a kamfaninsa na samarwa kuma ya fara shirya shi da sana'a. Waƙoƙin <ref name="hitquarters.com" /> Akon ya rubuta tare da Stephens an kawo su ga alamar SRC Records ta Universal. A wata hira da HitQuarters SRC A&R Jerome "Knobody" Foster ya ce, "Abin da ya kama hankalina nan da nan shi ne "Lonely", kuma na ce, 'wannan yaro jami'a ne - wannan babban rikodin ne. " <ref name="hitquarters.com" /> Foster da SRC Shugaba Steve Rifkind nan da nan suka shiga jirgin sama mai zaman kansa zuwa Atlanta don saduwa da saurayi mai zane. Akon <ref name="hitquarters.com" /> san aikin Foster a matsayin furodusa Knobody don haka akwai girmama juna kuma biyun sun yi nasara. An saki kundi na farko na Akon, Trouble, a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2004. Ya haifar da waƙoƙin "Locked Up", "Lonely", "Belly Dancer (Bananza) ", "Pot of Gold" da "Ghetto". "Locked Up" ya kai matsayi na 8 a Amurka da kuma lamba 5 a Burtaniya. "Ghetto" ya zama rediyo lokacin da DJ Green Lantern ya sakewa maimaita shi don haɗawa da ayoyi daga rappers [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] da The Notorious B.I.G. Kundin ya haɗu da silky na Akon, muryoyin Afirka ta Yamma da aka gauraya tare da Gabashin Gabas da Kudancin. Yawancin waƙoƙin Akon suna farawa sauti na gefen ƙofar gidan kurkuku tare da shi yana furta kalmar "Konvict". A shekara ta 2005, ya fitar da wakar "Lonely" (wanda ya samo samfurori na Bobby Vinton "Mr. Lonely"). Waƙar ta kai saman biyar a kan <nowiki><i id="mwtg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100, kuma ta hau kan sigogi a Ostiraliya, Burtaniya da Jamus. Kundin sa kuma ya hau zuwa lamba daya a Burtaniya a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2005. Lokacin da tashar kiɗa The Box tana da saman ginshiƙi goma na mako-mako, wanda aka lissafa ta yawan buƙatun bidiyo, "Lonely" na Akon ya zama mafi tsawo a saman ginshiƙan, wanda ya kai sama da makonni goma sha biyar. Daga nan aka nuna Akon a wasu waƙoƙi guda biyu, P-Money's "Keep on Callin'" daga kundin Magic City, ɗayan kuma tare da rapper na [[New Zealand]] Savage tare da "Moonshine", wanda ya zama nasara a duka New Zealand da Australia, ya kai lamba ɗaya a cikin sigogi na New Zealand. Shekara guda bayan haka a shekara ta 2005, ya yi baƙon baƙo na farko da aka yaba da shi a kan kundi na farko na Young Jeezy, Let's Get It: Thug Motivation 101, tare da waƙar "Soul Survivor". A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, an kashe kocinsa Robert Montanez a cikin harbi bayan wata takaddama a [[New Jersey]]. <ref>Petipas, Jolene. </ref><ref>Reid, Shaheem. </ref> shekara ta 2006, Akon da Young Jeezy sun ba da shawarar shirye-shirye don kundin hadin gwiwa. === 2006-2008: ''An yanke masa hukunci'' === [[File:Akon at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre in Charlotte, North Carolina, 2007.jpg|left|thumb|Akon yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]])" id="mwzg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre (Charlotte)">Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Verizon Wireless a Charlotte, 2007]] Akon ya fara sabon lakabin rikodin sa na KonLive Distribution a karkashin Interscope Records . An saki kundi na biyu, Konvicted, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006 kuma ya fara ne a lamba ta biyu a kan <nowiki><i id="mw1g">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200, yana sayar da kofe 286,000 a cikin makon farko. Bayan makonni shida kawai, Konvicted ya sayar da fiye da miliyan daya a Amurka. An tabbatar da kundin platinum bayan makonni bakwai, kuma bayan makonni goma sha shida an tabbatar da platinum sau biyu. Ya kasance a cikin saman ashirin na ''Billboard'' 200 na makonni 28 a jere kuma ya kai lamba ta biyu a lokuta hudu. A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2007, RIAA ta tabbatar da kundin 'platinum uku' tare da raka'a miliyan 3 da aka sayar a Amurka. Kundin ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwa tare da Eminem, [[Snoop Dogg]], da Styles P. An saki na farko "Smack That" (tare da Eminem) a watan Agustan 2006 kuma ya kai lamba ta biyu a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni biyar a jere. A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2006, Akon ya karya rikodin a kan Hot 100, yayin da ya sami mafi girman hawa a cikin tarihin shekaru 48 na ginshiƙi tare da "Smack That" yana tsalle daga lamba 95 zuwa 7. An yi amfani da tsalle-tsalle ta hanyar lambar shida a kan Hot Digital Songs tare da saukewa 67,000 . An karya rikodin sau da yawa. T.I. zabi "Smack That" don Mafi kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa a 49th Annual Grammy Awards, amma ya ɓace ga Justin Timberlake da TI's "My Love". "I Wanna Love You", wanda ke nuna [[Snoop Dogg]], shine na biyu da aka saki a watan Satumba, zai ci gaba da samun Akon lambar farko a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, kuma Snoop ta biyu. "I Wanna Love You" ya hau kan sigogi na Amurka na makonni biyu a jere. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, an saki na uku "Don't Matter" wanda ya ba shi lambar farko ta farko da ta biyu a jere ta Hot 100 chart-topper. An saki "Mama Africa" a matsayin guda na Turai a watan Yulin 2007, yana mai da shi na huɗu gaba ɗaya daga cikin kundin. Don ya dace da fitowar kundin "Sorry, Blame It on Me" wanda aka fara a watan Agustan 2007 a kan Hot 100 a lamba bakwai. A watan Fabrairun 2007, Akon ya ƙaddamar da layin tufafinsa na Konvict Clothing . Yana nuna tufafin tituna na birane ciki har da jeans, hoodies, T-shirts da hat. <ref>Winning, Brolin. </ref>''Aliaune'' shine mafi kyawun sigar, ko layin tsayi, ga maza da mata, wanda ya haɗa da blazers, denim jeans da sauran abubuwa. [[File:GwenStefaniAndAkon.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Akon yana aiki tare da Gwen Stefani a kan Sweet Escape Tour]] Ya samar kuma ya fito a kan Gwen Stefani's "The Sweet Escape" wanda ya kai No. 2 a kan <nowiki><i id="mw-w">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Akon ya yi a ɓangaren Amurka na Live Earth . Daga baya ya rubuta remix na "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" na [[Michael Jackson]] don Sake fitar da shekaru 25 na Jackson's Thriller . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar bachata Aventura da Reggaeton duo Wisin &amp;amp; Yandel a kan All Up 2 You . Waƙar ta sami gabatarwa biyu a Premios Lo Nuestro 2010 don "Urban Song of the Year" da "Hadin gwiwar bidiyo na Shekara". Ya sanya hannu kan Jayko, mai zane-zane na R&B da Reggaeton na Hispanic, zuwa lakabinsa. === 2008-2009: 'Yanci''<nowiki/>'Yanci' yanci'' === Akon ya fitar da kundi na uku Freedom a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2008, wanda ya haifar da waƙoƙi huɗu: "Daya da Yanzu (Na Na Na) ", "Ina da Biya" (tare da Lil Wayne da Young Jeezy), "Beautiful" (tare le Colby O'Donis da Kardinal Offishall) da kuma "Ba Mu Kula". An tabbatar da 'yanci a platinum a Amurka. Mawallafin rap Nelly ba da shawarar cewa Akon, Pharrell, da T-Pain sun yi magana game da kafa ƙungiyar rap a cikin shekara ta 2009. Akon Konvict Muzik sun samar da ƙungiyar hip hop / rock Flipsyde ta 2009, State of Survival, wanda aka saki ta hanyar KonLive Distribution da Cherrytree Records. Ya kuma kasance babban furodusa na kundi na hudu na Kardinal Offishall Not 4 Sale . Na farko "Dangerous", wanda ya nuna Akon ya kai No. 5 a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Ya rubuta waƙar Kon Live mai suna [[Lady Gaga]] "Just Dance", kuma wanda ya sami kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Rubuce-rubuce a 51st Annual Grammy Awards. Bayan mutuwar ba zato ba tsammani na [[Michael Jackson]], wanda Akon ke aiki tare da shi, Akon ya fitar da waƙar haraji da ake kira "Cry Out of Joy". Akon ya ce yana da kyakkyawar aboki da Jackson kusa da ƙarshen rayuwar Jackson a cikin wata hira da marubucin R & B na Burtaniya Pete Lewis na 'Blues & Soul' a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2008, waƙar da ake kira "Hold My Hand", R&B duet / haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Michael Jackson da Akon, ta bazu a intanet. Ba a haɗa shi a cikin jerin waƙoƙi na Freedom kamar yadda Akon ya bayyana a baya ba. A lokacin wata hira da Tavis Smiley, Akon ya ce Jackson ya shirya a kan fitowar babban matsayi ciki har da bidiyon kiɗa har sai waƙar ta ɓace. Wannan ita ce waƙar Jackson ta ƙarshe da aka sani kafin ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2009. Akon ya gama aiki a kan waƙar don kundin Jackson, Michael, kuma an sake shi a matsayin guda a watan Nuwamba 2010. Akon ya rubuta tare kuma ya rubuta "Sanya shi a kan My Tab" tare da New Kids on the ''Block ɗin'' kundin sake haduwa na 2008 The Block . Ya kuma rubuta tare kuma ya samar da Leona Lewis' single "Forgive Me" kuma ya yi aiki tare da X Factor 2008 wanda ya lashe Alexandra Burke a kan kundi na farko. Daga ba ya yi aiki tare da [[Whitney Houston]] don kundi na dawowa na 2009 I Look to You, yana bayyana a kan waƙar "Kamar yadda ba a taɓa barin ta ba". Akon haɗu da Pitbull a kan "Shut It Down" daga kundin "Rebelution" kuma ya yi aiki tare da Matisyahu don Haske maimaita waƙarsa "One Day" a kan kundin sa Light . [1] Ya kuma hada kai da mawaƙa Natalia Kills ta farko, "Mirrors", daga kundi na farko, Perfectionist . IsThereSomethingICanDo.com, an ƙaddamar da shi A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2009, Aikin haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa tsakanin masu fasaha Peter Buffett da Akon sun haɗa kai da DoSomething.org, don daidaitawa da sakin "Jinin Cikin Zinariya". Waƙar mayar da hankali kan fataucin mutane kuma ta ƙunshi masu fasaha biyu. David Guetta ya haɗu da Akon a cikin "Sexy Bitch", waƙar gida ta farko ta Akon. Waƙar ta kai lamba 1 a cikin kasashe sama da shida kuma an tsara ta a 5 a kan <nowiki><i id="mwAVY">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Ya samar kuma ya rubuta "Oh Africa" don gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 tare da Pepsi . A cewar ''Forbes'', Akon ya tara dala miliyan 13 a shekara ta 2011, dala miliyan 21 a shekara ta 2010, dala miliyan 20 a shekara ta 2009 da dala miliyan 12 a shekara ta 2008. === 2010-2018: Kundin ''Filin wasa'' da ba a fitar da shi ba === An saki guda, " Angel ", wanda Guetta ya yi, a watan Satumba na 2010, wanda ya kai lamba 56 a kan ginshiƙi na ''Billboard'' na Amurka, wanda ya yi ƙasa da ficewar da ya yi a baya. Akon ya yi waƙar a lokacin Nunin Kayayyakin Sirri na Victoria na 2010. Akon ya tafi Jamaica don yin aiki tare da Damian, Julian da Stephen Marley . Kusan lokaci guda, Akon ya hada kai da Dr. Dre da [[Snoop Dogg]] akan " Kush ", suna tsarawa a lamba 36 akan jadawalin ''Billboard'' . An yi niyya ne na farko daga kundin Dr. Dre mai zuwa ''Detox'' ; duk da haka, an cire shi daga jerin waƙoƙin kundi na ƙarshe, tare da sakin kundi daga ƙarshe. Ya kuma ba da gudummawar " Mu ne Duniya: 25 don Haiti ", wata ƙungiyar agaji guda ɗaya don taimakon girgizar ƙasar Haiti a 2010 . Bayan kusan shekaru uku na dakatarwa daga aikin solo, Akon ya fito da gabatarwa guda ɗaya "Dirty Work", tare da [[Wiz Khalifa]], wanda aka saki a cikin Fabrairu 2013, yana kololuwa a lamba 31 akan sigogin <nowiki><i id="mwAXU">Billboard na</i></nowiki> Rhythmic . D baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2013, Akon ya fitar da wani waka mai suna "So Blue". A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, Akon ya fitar da mutane biyar daga ''Filin wasa''. Ya kuma sanar da cewa kundin zai zama kundi biyar, ya rabu zuwa nau'o'i biyar (Euro, Pop, Urban, Island & World). Dukkanin mutane sun kasa tsarawa. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Akon ya sanar ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon sa na hukuma cewa yana shirin fitar da kundi na huɗu Stadium a cikin nau'o'i huɗu: Stadium-Island, Stadium-Urban, Stadium-World da Stadium-House . Wadan bugu na kundin za su kasance kawai ta hanyar aikace-aikacen wayar hannu na Stadium wanda ke tallafawa tallace-tallace amma yana bawa magoya baya damar yawo da kundin. jinkirta kundin har abada, kuma ana iya sake shi a nan gaba. ƙarshen 2015 da farkon 2016, Akon ya fitar da waƙoƙin "Want Some", "Hypnotized" da "Good Girls Lie", bayan ya buga sabon yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da Atlantic Records. watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, Akon ya bayyana a cikin shirin talabijin na gaskiya na kasar Sin I Am a Singer tare da mawaƙin Taiwan Jeff Chang . [1] Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an nuna shi a kan remix na Joey Montana's single "Picky", kuma an nuna shi tare da [[Chris Brown]] a kan Gucci Mane's Michael Jackson tribute single "Moonwalk". A ƙarshen 2017, ya fitar da haɗin gwiwa tare da Konvict signes mai suna ''Konvict Kartel Vol. '' ''2''. A cikin 2018, ya haɗu da mawaƙin reggaeton Ozuna a kan waƙar "Coméntale", karo na farko da Akon ya raira waƙa a cikin Mutanen Espanya a cikin waƙar Latin. lokacin, ya bayyana cewa ya karɓi laƙabi "El Negreeto" kuma zai bi haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu masu zane-zane na Mutanen Espanya. === 2019-yanzu: Komawa zuwa kiɗa, Akonik Label Group, ''El Negreeto'', ''Akonda'', da Konnect''Haɗin kai'' === == Taimako == Akon kuma fara aikin Akon Lighting Africa a cikin 2014 wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki a kasashe 15 na [[Afirka]]. Ya kuma kaddamar da nasa sadaka ga yara marasa galihu a Afirka da ake kira Konfidence Foundation . An haɗa Akon a matsayin baƙo a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na hukuma na Pitbull "I Believe That We Will Win (World Anthem) ", inda ake ba da gudummawa ga ciyar da Amurka da Gidauniyar Anthony Robbins a matsayin taimako ga waɗanda cutar ta COVID-19 ta shafa. == Birnin Akon == A cikin 2018, Akon ya sanar da cewa yana aiki tare da gwamnatin Senegal don gina birnin yawon bude ido tare da tattalin arzikin cryptocurrency mai suna Akon City, ta hanyar amfani da Akon na cryptocurrency, Akoin, a cibiyar kasuwanci. A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2020, Akon ya ba da labari a kan Twitter cewa an kammala yarjejeniyar birnin kuma ana ci gaba da aikin. rubuta hoton kansa tare da shugaban kasar Senegal Macky Sall "Duba gaba don karbar bakuncin ku a nan gaba". watan Yunin 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa kamfanin injiniya da mai ba da shawara KE International (kamfanin da ke da alhakin gina Mwale Medical and Technology City) an ba shi kwangilar dala biliyan 6 don gina birnin. Mataki <ref name="Cision_1" /> 1 na ginin, wanda ya kamata a fara gini a 2023 kuma a kammala shi a 2026, zai hada da hanyoyi, asibiti, gidaje, otal-otal, ofishin 'yan sanda, wurin sharar gida, makaranta, da tashar hasken rana.&nbsp; Aikin bai fara gini ba, ya wuce jadawalin; mazauna yankin suna damuwa game da rashin ci gaba. ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2020, Akon ya gaya wa wani taron manema labarai cewa ya kafa dutse na farko na birnin dala biliyan 6. "Dutse da kansa yana zaune a kasan hanya mai datti a cikin filin; ƙaramin allon da ke tallata babban aikin ya fadi daga gare ta. " Devyne Stephens ya gabatar da karar Akon a Amurka saboda bashin kusan dala miliyan 4 da aka aro a matsayin wani ɓangare na aiwatar da aikinsa na birni na gaba. Stephens ya ce Akon City da Akoin suna cikin wani makirci na zamba. == Talabijin da fim == Akon ya tabbatar da cewa shirin talabijin na gaskiya yana cikin ayyukan. Za a kira shi ''Mai kula da Ɗan'uwana'', kuma batun shi ne cewa 'yan uwan Akon guda biyu kusan iri ɗaya za su je Atlanta suna nuna shi yana yaudarar mutane suyi tunanin cewa a zahiri, Akon ne. Za su yi ƙoƙari su sami magani na VIP da kyauta. Akon ya ce mutane sun yi kuskuren 'yan uwansa sau da yawa a Atlanta, wanda shine abin da wasan kwaikwayon ya dogara da shi.  {{When|date=July 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2023)">when?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><ref name="Sawjani">Sawjani, Archna. </ref> shekara ta 2006, an ba da sanarwar cewa Akon yana shirin yin aiki a kan fim mai suna Illegal Alien, wanda zai dogara da rayuwarsa. Tushen yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Mekhi Phifer zai nuna Akon a cikin fim din. Akon ya tabbatar a wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Agustan 2007 tare da shafin yanar gizon Poland INTERIA .PL cewa ya yi aiki a fim din da ake kira "Cocaine Cowboys", wanda ke ba da labarin Jon Roberts, babban matukin jirgi na Medellín Cartel . <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20090129102959/http://muzyka.interia.pl/szukaj/news/akon-intensywnie,966807 Akon intensywnie]", INTERIA.</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2007, Akon ya shiga gidan Big Brother a ''Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Edition 2'' a matsayin baƙo. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin fitowar Nuwamba 17, 2008, na ''WWE Raw'', tare da Santino Marella yana ambaton shi a cikin jawabinsa. He collaborated with music director duo Vishal–Shekhar and the English and [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] lyrics of "Chammak Challo" as a part of the soundtrack for the 2011 Bollywood film ''Ra.One''. Akon ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da ƙungiyar da aka jefa a fim din Najeriya-Amurka na 2012 Black November . A shekara ta 2014, ya fito tare da Hayden Christensen da Adrien Brody a cikin fim din, American Heist, wanda Sarik Andreasyan ya jagoranta. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 2007, Akon ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da 'ya'ya shida tare da mata uku a wata hira da Blender, <ref name="Blender">[http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?ID=2811 Who Does Akon Think He Is?] </ref> dukansu yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da su. ce yana so ya kiyaye iyalinsa daga idon jama'a. Akon mallaki ma'adinin lu'u-lu'u a Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya musanta wanzuwar lu'u'u-ulu'u na jini (wanda aka fi sani da "lu'u-ru'u na rikici") yana cewa, "Ba na imani da lu'u na rikitarwa. Wannan fim ne kawai. Babu wanda ya yi tunani ko ya damu da lu'ulu'u-rikicen rikici har sai an saki Blood Diamond. " <ref name="Cooper">Egere-Cooper, Matilda. </ref> Tun daga lokacin ya bayyana cewa ya yarda cewa lu'u da yake da shi ne mai mallakar ma'u-mai na ma'adarin Afirka wanda aka sadaukar da shi don kauce wa amfani da lu'adinin jini yayin da riba ga al'ummomin yankin. Akon ya bayyana a cikin shirin ITV2 mai suna The ''Hot Desk'' . Ya bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayon cewa shi mai sha'awar kulob din Premier League na Ingila [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea FC]] ne. === Batutuwan Shari'a === Akon ya bayyana cewa ya kasance wani ɓangare na zoben sata kuma ya yi shekaru uku a kurkuku daga 1999 zuwa 2002. , a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, shafin yanar gizon Smoking Gun ya kalubalanci da'awarsa tare da bayanan kotu da tambayoyi tare da masu bincike da ke da hannu a shari'ar Akon, yana kammala cewa ba a yanke masa hukunci da wani laifi ba kuma bai yi aiki a kurkuku ba. Akon amsa rahoton ta hanyar cewa bai taba yin shekaru 3 a kurkuku ba, amma yana da gajerun hukunci da yawa waɗanda suka kai shekaru uku. <ref>Ramnarine, Kristy. </ref><ref>Telesford, Nigel. </ref> watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, Akon ya jawo zargi game da wani mataki wanda ya hada da jima'i da Danah Alleyne - yarinya mai shekaru 15 a lokacin wacce ita ce 'yar fasto kuma 'yar'uwar mai karɓar bakuncin Crime Watch Ian Alleyne-a Zen Nightclub a Port of Spain, [[Trinidad da Tobago]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na gasa ta karya, duk da sanarwar kulob din don samun shekaru 21 da sama da shekaru. Ma'aikatan Akon ne suka yi fim din lamarin kuma daga baya aka ɗora shi a Intanet. A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2007, kafofin watsa labarai na gida, tashar CCN TV6, sun watsa shirin bidiyo a fili. A cikin zargi a rediyo, talabijin, da kuma daga blogosphere, Verizon Wireless ya cire sautin da ke nuna waƙoƙin Akon. Verizon kuma <ref>Leeds, Jeff. </ref> yanke shawarar kada ta dauki nauyin The Sweet Escape Tour inda Akon zai zama aikin buɗewa ga Gwen Stefani. Koyaya, Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Universal ba ta ɗauki mataki a kan Akon ba, amma kawai ta ba da umarnin cire bidiyon bidiyo daga shafin raba bidiyo na YouTube saboda [[Keta Haƙƙin Mallaka|keta haƙƙin mallaka]]. Mai sharhi mai <ref>Bozell, L. Brent III. </ref>'ayin mazan jiya kuma wanda ya kafa Majalisar Talabijin ta Iyaye Brent Bozell ya kira wannan "rashin alhakin kamfanoni". Masu sharhi kan siyasa na dama Michelle Malkin, Laura Ingraham, da Bill O'Reilly sun soki Akon saboda "ƙazantar da mata". <ref>Malkin, Michelle. </ref> Malkin <ref>Malkin, Michelle. </ref> ɗora sharhi game da Akon zuwa [[YouTube]], ta amfani da hotuna daga bidiyon kiɗa da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Trinidad, kuma Universal Music Group sannan ya tilasta cire shi ta hanyar bayar da sanarwa ta DMCA. Gidauniyar Electronic Frontier ta shiga cikin Malkin wajen kalubalantar cirewa a matsayin rashin amfani da dokar haƙƙin mallaka, yana mai ambaton amfani mai kyau. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007, UMG ta soke da'awarta ga bidiyon, kuma bidiyon ya koma YouTube. On June 3, 2007, at WSPK's KFEST concert at the Dutchess Stadium in Fishkill, New York, a concert attendee threw an object towards Akon on stage. Akon asked the crowd to identify who threw the object and that he be brought on stage. Security staff grabbed the teen and took him up to the stage. Akon then pulled him up from the crowd and hoisted him across his shoulders. The singer then tossed the attendee back into the crowd from his shoulders. Video of the incident was reviewed by Fishkill police. Akon has said that the incident was staged and that he in fact used the act to set up for the next record.{{Dead link|date=May 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="&amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged May 2021">dead link</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</span></sup>  Charges of endangering the welfare of a minor, a misdemeanor, and second-degree harassment, a violation, were filed, according to police Chief Donald F. Williams, and Akon was arraigned on the two charges on December 3, 2007, in the town of Fishkill Court.<ref>[http://www.pojonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071130/NEWS05/711300344 Akon Faces Charges], ''Poughkeepsie Journal'', November 30, 2007. {{Dead link|date=May 2021}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, kungiyoyin Buddha a Sri Lanka sun nuna rashin amincewa da wani kide-kide da Akon ya shirya, suna cewa bidiyon kiɗansa tare da Guetta don "Sexy Chick" ya zagi [[Buddha|Addinin Buddha]] saboda siffar Buddha da za'a iya gani sau da yawa a bango. yake la'akari da zargin da ake yi wa Akon, [[Sri Lanka]] Government">Gwamnatin Sri Lanka ta yanke shawarar kada ta ba shi visa don shiga Sri Lanka. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == == Bayanan da aka yi == [[File:Logo_Akon.gif|thumb|Alamar tallace-tallace ta Akon, da aka yi amfani da ita daga 2003 zuwa 2007]] [[File:Akon_Logo.png|thumb|Akon's general marketing logo, used since 2008]] == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''[[Black November]]'' (2012) * ''American Heist'' (2014) * ''Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping'' (2016) * [[Dar es Salaam|Dar Es Salaam]], Tanzania One-off Concert (2006). * Konvicted Tour (July to September 2007, then additional dates in 2008) * The Sweet Escape Tour with Gwen Stefani (April to July 2007) * Good Girl Gone Bad Tour with [[Rihanna]] (Canadian-leg only, September – December 2008) * Konvict Muzik Tour with T-Pain (Australia only, October 26–27, 2009) * Summer Tour, (Brazil-leg only, January to February 2010) * OMG Tour with Usher (North America Second Leg, April – June 2011) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == External links == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Category:Maza]] [[Category:Mutanan Amerika]] [[Category:Mawaka]] sshbol7ipa2jllhds9qn2a7fujyd62n 869292 869291 2026-06-27T10:46:36Z KiranBOT 35988 cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v2.2.9s 869292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Akon|image=Akon DF2 4639 (47859034612) (cropped).jpg|caption=Akon in 2019|other_names={{hlist|A-Kon|El Negreeto}}|birth_name=Aliaune Damala Badara Akon Thiam<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=Akon used to lie about being an African Prince because he was 'bored as hell' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/akon-african-prince-coming-to-america-b2377171.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-09 |title=Africanews {{!}} Akon's Akoin wins him 'Innovator Of The Year' award |url=https://www.africanews.com/2018/10/11/akon-s-akoin-wins-him-innovator-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref>|birth_date={{birth date and age|1973|04|16}}|birth_place=[[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], US|father=[[Mor Thiam]]|occupation={{flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * rapper * record producer * entrepreneur * philanthropist }}|citizenship={{hlist|United States|Senegal}}|agent=|organization=[[Akon Lighting Africa]]|works={{hlist|[[Akon discography|Discography]]|[[#Filmography|filmography]]|[[Akon production discography|production]]}}|spouse=|children=9<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akon Defends Nick Cannon Having Numerous Kids with Multiple Women, Says That's How Life is Supposed to be |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/akon-defends-nick-cannon-kids-multiple-women/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226164502/https://www.xxlmag.com/akon-defends-nick-cannon-kids-multiple-women/ |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]|date=December 21, 2022 }}</ref>|awards=[[List of awards and nominations received by Akon|Full list]]|years_active=1996–present|module={{infobox musical artist | embed = yes | origin = [[Newark, New Jersey]], US | genre = {{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[Pop music|pop]]}} | label = {{Flatlist| * Akonik * [[BMG Rights Management|BMG]] * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * [[Konvict Muzik|Konvict]] * [[KonLive Distribution|KonLive]] * [[Republic Records|Republic]] * [[Universal Motown Records|Universal Motown]] * [[Universal Records (1995)|Universal Records]] * [[SRC Records|SRC]] * [[UpFront Records|UpFront]] }} | website = {{URL|akon.com}} | module = {{Infobox | embed = yes|child=yes | header = Logo | headerstyle = background:#b0c4de | data2 = [[File:Akon Logo.png|180px]] }} }}}} [[Fayil:Akon 2008.jpg|thumb|Akon]] '''Aliaune Damala Badara Akon Thiam''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1973), wanda aka fi sani da Akon (/ˈEɪkɒn/), mawaƙi ne na Senegalese-Amurka, mai shirya rikodin, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Wani mutum R&B mai tasiri a cikin kiɗa na duniya na zamani, ya zama sananne a shekara ta 2004 bayan fitowar sautin farko "Locked Up" (tare da Styles P) da kuma bin sa, "Lonely." An tsara shi a cikin hip hop da R & B bi da bi, duka waƙoƙin biyu sun riga sun fito da kundi na farko na Trouble (2004), wanda ya zama nasarar kasuwancinsa.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Rolling Stone. (2004). ''Akon: Locked Up and Lonely – The New Sound of R&B''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from Rolling Stone. (2004). ''Akon: Locked Up and Lonely – The New Sound of R&B''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from</ref> [[Fayil:Akon in 2015.jpg|thumb|Akon]] Kundin sa na biyu, Konvicted (2006) ya haɗu da ci gaba da nasara yayin da ya sami [[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|Kyautar Grammy]] don Mafi Kyawun R & B Album na zamani, yayin da jagoranta: "I Wanna Love You" (tare da [[Snoop Dogg]]) da "Smack That" (tare da Eminem) kowannensu ya sami gabatarwa don mafi Kyautar Rap/Song. waƙoƙin sun kai lamba ɗaya <ref>Bronson, Fred. </ref> biyu bi da bi a kan&#x20;Billboard hot kamar yadda aka saki waƙoƙinsa a shekara mai zuwa: "Kada Ka Matter" da kuma aikin baƙinsa a kan Gwen Stefani's "The Sweet Escape"; wannan ya sanya Akon mai zane-zane na farko da ya riƙe saman wurare biyu a kan labaran Billboard Hot 100 sau biyu. Kundin sa na uku, Freedom (2008) ya sami goyon baya daga Hot 100 saman goma, "Right Now (Na Na Na) ". Kundin sa na huɗu, ''El Negreeto'' (2019) ya bincika reggaeton da kiɗa na Latin.<ref>Bronson, Fred.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/chart-beat-159-1053124/|title=Chart Beat|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> Tare da aikinsa na solo, Akon ya ba da wasan kwaikwayo na baƙi a kan shigarwar ''Billboard'' Hot 100 23 ga wasu masu fasaha - irin wannan aikin ya haifar da ƙarin zabuka biyu na Grammy Award. Akon ya kafa lakabin rikodin Konvict Muzik da KonLive Distribution a cikin 2004 da 2007 bi da bi, ta hanyar da ya sanya hannu kan ayyukan da suka ci nasara da dama ciki har da [[Lady Gaga]], T-Pain, R. City, Kardinal Offishall, Jeffree Star da French Montana, da sauransu. Bugu da kari, yana aiki a lokaci guda a cikin samarwa da rubuce-rubuce na waƙa galibi ga masu fasaha a kan lakabinsa, amma kuma ga wasu masu fasaha na yau da kullun ciki har da [[Michael Jackson]], [[Snoop Dogg]], Lionel Richie, Leona Lewis, Sean Paul, [[Whitney Houston]], Mario, da Estelle, da sauransu. Tun daga wannan lokacin Akon ya kasance mai yawa a cikin ayyukan sadaka da taimakon jama'a. Ya ƙaddamar da kamfanin ba da riba Akon Lighting Africa a cikin 2014, kuma ya fara ci gaba a garinsu a Senegal, wanda aka shirya don buɗewa ga jama'a a cikin 2026. ''Forbes'' ya sanya Akon na 80 (Power Rank) a cikin Celebrity 100 a cikin 2010 da 5th a cikin 40 Mafi Girma Celebrities a Afirka, a cikin 2011. ''Billboard'' ta sanya Akon No. 6 a cikin jerin Top Digital Songs Artists of the decade. Guinness World Records <ref> https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/86827-best-selling-mastertones-act</ref> lissafa shi a matsayin mai sayar da lambar daya don manyan sautuna a duniya, tare da sayar da miliyan 11 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. == Rayuwa ta farko == haifi Aliaune Damala Bouga Time Puru Nacka Lu Lu Badara Akon Thiam a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1973, a St. Louis, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]], ga dangin [[Musulmi]]. mai rawa Kine Gueye Thiam (née Gueye), kuma mahaifinsa mai ba da kida ne Mor Thiam. <ref name="Jeune Afrique" /><ref name="Goldsmith" /> haifi Mor Thiam ne a cikin iyalin Toucouleur na malaman Kur'ani a Kaolack, [[Senegal|Seneygal]]. Akon ya shafe wani muhimmin bangare na yarinta a Senegal, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "garinsa". Akon koyi yin amfani da kayan kida guda biyar, ciki har da drum, guitar da djembe. <ref name="VH1_interview" /> yake da shekaru bakwai, shi da iyalinsa sun koma Union City, New Jersey, suna raba lokacinsa tsakanin Amurka da Senegal har sai sun zauna a Newark. Yayinda yake girma a New Jersey, Akon yana da wahalar kasancewa tare da wasu yara. Lokacin shi da ɗan'uwansa suka isa makarantar sakandare, iyayensa sun bar su da kansu a Jersey City kuma suka ƙaura da sauran iyalin zuwa [[Atlanta]], Jojiya. Akon halarci Makarantar sakandare ta William L. Dickinson a Jersey City.<ref name="bio.com2">{{Cite web|title=Akon – Music Producer, Songwriter, Singer|url=http://www.biography.com/people/akon-21330753|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821123250/http://www.biography.com/people/akon-21330753|archive-date=August 21, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2016|website=Biography.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Muslim celebrities|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/famous-muslim-celebrities/28/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183523/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/famous-muslim-celebrities/28/|archive-date=January 10, 2019|access-date=January 10, 2019|website=cbsnews.com|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 9, 2014|title=12 Black Celebrities Whose Real Names Will Surprise You|url=https://atlantablackstar.com/2014/05/09/12-black-celebrities-whose-real-names-will-surprise/4/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326212454/https://atlantablackstar.com/2014/05/09/12-black-celebrities-whose-real-names-will-surprise/4/|archive-date=March 26, 2019|access-date=March 26, 2019|website=atlantablackstar.com}}</ref> <ref name="Goldsmith2">Goldsmith, Melissa Ursula Dawn; Fonseca, Anthony J.; [https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA300 ''Hip Hop around the World: An Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017082927/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA300|date=October 17, 2023}} [2 volumes], [[ABC-CLIO]] (2018), p. 300, {{ISBN|9780313357596}}.</ref><ref name="Jeune Afrique2">{{Cite news|last=Pajon|first=Léo|date=July 3, 2018|title=Dix choses à savoir sur Akon, artiste multi-casquette|language=fr|trans-title=Ten things to know about Akon, multi-talented artist|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/586428/culture/dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-akon-senegal-usa-chanteur/|url-status=live|access-date=March 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302154013/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/586428/culture/dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-akon-senegal-usa-chanteur/|archive-date=March 2, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="Goldsmith2"/><ref name="Jeune Afrique2"/> <ref name="VH1_interview2">{{Cite web|last=Bottomley|first=C.|date=May 2, 2005|title=Akon: Trouble No More|url=http://www.vh1.com/artists/interview/1501105/05022005/akon.jhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020050755/http://www.vh1.com/artists/interview/1501105/05022005/akon.jhtml|archive-date=October 20, 2011|website=[[VH1]].com}}</ref> <ref name="Billboard11.4.062">{{Cite magazine|date=November 4, 2006|title=Deep Grooves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|page=36|via=[[Google Books]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116095236/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36|archivedate=January 16, 2016|accessdate=November 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuperinksy, Amy|date=January 15, 2020|title=Akon went from Union City to building his own city, Akon City, in Senegal|url=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2020/01/akon-went-from-union-city-to-building-his-own-city-akon-city-in-senegal.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116090028/https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2020/01/akon-went-from-union-city-to-building-his-own-city-akon-city-in-senegal.html|archive-date=January 16, 2020|access-date=September 1, 2020|website=[[NJ.com]]}}</ref> <ref name="VH1_interview2"/> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Steve|date=October 4, 2004|title=Akon, not 'Trouble,' is his middle name|work=[[USA Today]]|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2004-10-04-otv-akon_x.htm|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070511060455/http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2004-10-04-otv-akon_x.htm|archive-date=May 11, 2007|quote=Akon (real name: Allaune Thiam) is the son of acclaimed Senegalese percussionist Mor Thiam, who came to the USA to tour with dancers Katherine Dunham and Alvin Ailey. Growing up, Akon had a hard time getting along with kids in New Jersey. When he and his older brother reached high school, his parents left them on their own in Jersey City and moved the family to Atlanta}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Lin|first=Jonathan|date=November 17, 2013|title=Akon stops by his Jersey City home away from home|url=https://www.nj.com/hudson/2013/11/akon_stops_by_jersey_city_bar_for_dinner_speaks_of_growing_up_in_the_area.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701212242/https://www.nj.com/hudson/2013/11/akon_stops_by_jersey_city_bar_for_dinner_speaks_of_growing_up_in_the_area.html|archive-date=July 1, 2019|access-date=July 1, 2019|website=[[The Jersey Journal]]|via=NJ.com|quote=Akon said Costa helped keep him out of trouble during his rougher days in Jersey City, when he attended [[William L. Dickinson High School|Dickinson High School]] on Palisade Avenue.}}</ref> == Ayyukan kiɗa == === 2003-2005: Bincike da ''Matsalar'' === Mai ba da labari mai suna Devyne Stephens, shugaban Upfront Megatainment, ya fara jin labarin Akon lokacin da rapper Lil Zane ya kawo shi zuwa zauren maimaitawa na Stephens, wurin da a lokacin ya ga basira kamar Usher da TLC ana bunkasa. tsakanin Stephens da Akon ta fara ne a matsayin abota da Jagora, tare da saurayi mai zane-zane yana tsayawa akai-akai don neman shawara, tare da Stephens daga ƙarshe ya sanya hannu a kamfaninsa na samarwa kuma ya fara shirya shi da sana'a. Waƙoƙin <ref name="hitquarters.com" /> Akon ya rubuta tare da Stephens an kawo su ga alamar SRC Records ta Universal. A wata hira da HitQuarters SRC A&R Jerome "Knobody" Foster ya ce, "Abin da ya kama hankalina nan da nan shi ne "Lonely", kuma na ce, 'wannan yaro jami'a ne - wannan babban rikodin ne. " <ref name="hitquarters.com" /> Foster da SRC Shugaba Steve Rifkind nan da nan suka shiga jirgin sama mai zaman kansa zuwa Atlanta don saduwa da saurayi mai zane. Akon <ref name="hitquarters.com" /> san aikin Foster a matsayin furodusa Knobody don haka akwai girmama juna kuma biyun sun yi nasara. An saki kundi na farko na Akon, Trouble, a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2004. Ya haifar da waƙoƙin "Locked Up", "Lonely", "Belly Dancer (Bananza) ", "Pot of Gold" da "Ghetto". "Locked Up" ya kai matsayi na 8 a Amurka da kuma lamba 5 a Burtaniya. "Ghetto" ya zama rediyo lokacin da DJ Green Lantern ya sakewa maimaita shi don haɗawa da ayoyi daga rappers [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] da The Notorious B.I.G. Kundin ya haɗu da silky na Akon, muryoyin Afirka ta Yamma da aka gauraya tare da Gabashin Gabas da Kudancin. Yawancin waƙoƙin Akon suna farawa sauti na gefen ƙofar gidan kurkuku tare da shi yana furta kalmar "Konvict". A shekara ta 2005, ya fitar da wakar "Lonely" (wanda ya samo samfurori na Bobby Vinton "Mr. Lonely"). Waƙar ta kai saman biyar a kan <nowiki><i id="mwtg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100, kuma ta hau kan sigogi a Ostiraliya, Burtaniya da Jamus. Kundin sa kuma ya hau zuwa lamba daya a Burtaniya a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2005. Lokacin da tashar kiɗa The Box tana da saman ginshiƙi goma na mako-mako, wanda aka lissafa ta yawan buƙatun bidiyo, "Lonely" na Akon ya zama mafi tsawo a saman ginshiƙan, wanda ya kai sama da makonni goma sha biyar. Daga nan aka nuna Akon a wasu waƙoƙi guda biyu, P-Money's "Keep on Callin'" daga kundin Magic City, ɗayan kuma tare da rapper na [[New Zealand]] Savage tare da "Moonshine", wanda ya zama nasara a duka New Zealand da Australia, ya kai lamba ɗaya a cikin sigogi na New Zealand. Shekara guda bayan haka a shekara ta 2005, ya yi baƙon baƙo na farko da aka yaba da shi a kan kundi na farko na Young Jeezy, Let's Get It: Thug Motivation 101, tare da waƙar "Soul Survivor". A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, an kashe kocinsa Robert Montanez a cikin harbi bayan wata takaddama a [[New Jersey]]. <ref>Petipas, Jolene. </ref><ref>Reid, Shaheem. </ref> shekara ta 2006, Akon da Young Jeezy sun ba da shawarar shirye-shirye don kundin hadin gwiwa. === 2006-2008: ''An yanke masa hukunci'' === [[File:Akon at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre in Charlotte, North Carolina, 2007.jpg|left|thumb|Akon yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]])" id="mwzg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre (Charlotte)">Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Verizon Wireless a Charlotte, 2007]] Akon ya fara sabon lakabin rikodin sa na KonLive Distribution a karkashin Interscope Records . An saki kundi na biyu, Konvicted, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006 kuma ya fara ne a lamba ta biyu a kan <nowiki><i id="mw1g">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200, yana sayar da kofe 286,000 a cikin makon farko. Bayan makonni shida kawai, Konvicted ya sayar da fiye da miliyan daya a Amurka. An tabbatar da kundin platinum bayan makonni bakwai, kuma bayan makonni goma sha shida an tabbatar da platinum sau biyu. Ya kasance a cikin saman ashirin na ''Billboard'' 200 na makonni 28 a jere kuma ya kai lamba ta biyu a lokuta hudu. A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2007, RIAA ta tabbatar da kundin 'platinum uku' tare da raka'a miliyan 3 da aka sayar a Amurka. Kundin ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwa tare da Eminem, [[Snoop Dogg]], da Styles P. An saki na farko "Smack That" (tare da Eminem) a watan Agustan 2006 kuma ya kai lamba ta biyu a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni biyar a jere. A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2006, Akon ya karya rikodin a kan Hot 100, yayin da ya sami mafi girman hawa a cikin tarihin shekaru 48 na ginshiƙi tare da "Smack That" yana tsalle daga lamba 95 zuwa 7. An yi amfani da tsalle-tsalle ta hanyar lambar shida a kan Hot Digital Songs tare da saukewa 67,000 . An karya rikodin sau da yawa. T.I. zabi "Smack That" don Mafi kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa a 49th Annual Grammy Awards, amma ya ɓace ga Justin Timberlake da TI's "My Love". "I Wanna Love You", wanda ke nuna [[Snoop Dogg]], shine na biyu da aka saki a watan Satumba, zai ci gaba da samun Akon lambar farko a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, kuma Snoop ta biyu. "I Wanna Love You" ya hau kan sigogi na Amurka na makonni biyu a jere. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, an saki na uku "Don't Matter" wanda ya ba shi lambar farko ta farko da ta biyu a jere ta Hot 100 chart-topper. An saki "Mama Africa" a matsayin guda na Turai a watan Yulin 2007, yana mai da shi na huɗu gaba ɗaya daga cikin kundin. Don ya dace da fitowar kundin "Sorry, Blame It on Me" wanda aka fara a watan Agustan 2007 a kan Hot 100 a lamba bakwai. A watan Fabrairun 2007, Akon ya ƙaddamar da layin tufafinsa na Konvict Clothing . Yana nuna tufafin tituna na birane ciki har da jeans, hoodies, T-shirts da hat. <ref>Winning, Brolin. </ref>''Aliaune'' shine mafi kyawun sigar, ko layin tsayi, ga maza da mata, wanda ya haɗa da blazers, denim jeans da sauran abubuwa. [[File:GwenStefaniAndAkon.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Akon yana aiki tare da Gwen Stefani a kan Sweet Escape Tour]] Ya samar kuma ya fito a kan Gwen Stefani's "The Sweet Escape" wanda ya kai No. 2 a kan <nowiki><i id="mw-w">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Akon ya yi a ɓangaren Amurka na Live Earth . Daga baya ya rubuta remix na "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" na [[Michael Jackson]] don Sake fitar da shekaru 25 na Jackson's Thriller . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar bachata Aventura da Reggaeton duo Wisin &amp;amp; Yandel a kan All Up 2 You . Waƙar ta sami gabatarwa biyu a Premios Lo Nuestro 2010 don "Urban Song of the Year" da "Hadin gwiwar bidiyo na Shekara". Ya sanya hannu kan Jayko, mai zane-zane na R&B da Reggaeton na Hispanic, zuwa lakabinsa. === 2008-2009: 'Yanci''<nowiki/>'Yanci' yanci'' === Akon ya fitar da kundi na uku Freedom a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2008, wanda ya haifar da waƙoƙi huɗu: "Daya da Yanzu (Na Na Na) ", "Ina da Biya" (tare da Lil Wayne da Young Jeezy), "Beautiful" (tare le Colby O'Donis da Kardinal Offishall) da kuma "Ba Mu Kula". An tabbatar da 'yanci a platinum a Amurka. Mawallafin rap Nelly ba da shawarar cewa Akon, Pharrell, da T-Pain sun yi magana game da kafa ƙungiyar rap a cikin shekara ta 2009. Akon Konvict Muzik sun samar da ƙungiyar hip hop / rock Flipsyde ta 2009, State of Survival, wanda aka saki ta hanyar KonLive Distribution da Cherrytree Records. Ya kuma kasance babban furodusa na kundi na hudu na Kardinal Offishall Not 4 Sale . Na farko "Dangerous", wanda ya nuna Akon ya kai No. 5 a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Ya rubuta waƙar Kon Live mai suna [[Lady Gaga]] "Just Dance", kuma wanda ya sami kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Rubuce-rubuce a 51st Annual Grammy Awards. Bayan mutuwar ba zato ba tsammani na [[Michael Jackson]], wanda Akon ke aiki tare da shi, Akon ya fitar da waƙar haraji da ake kira "Cry Out of Joy". Akon ya ce yana da kyakkyawar aboki da Jackson kusa da ƙarshen rayuwar Jackson a cikin wata hira da marubucin R & B na Burtaniya Pete Lewis na 'Blues & Soul' a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2008, waƙar da ake kira "Hold My Hand", R&B duet / haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Michael Jackson da Akon, ta bazu a intanet. Ba a haɗa shi a cikin jerin waƙoƙi na Freedom kamar yadda Akon ya bayyana a baya ba. A lokacin wata hira da Tavis Smiley, Akon ya ce Jackson ya shirya a kan fitowar babban matsayi ciki har da bidiyon kiɗa har sai waƙar ta ɓace. Wannan ita ce waƙar Jackson ta ƙarshe da aka sani kafin ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2009. Akon ya gama aiki a kan waƙar don kundin Jackson, Michael, kuma an sake shi a matsayin guda a watan Nuwamba 2010. Akon ya rubuta tare kuma ya rubuta "Sanya shi a kan My Tab" tare da New Kids on the ''Block ɗin'' kundin sake haduwa na 2008 The Block . Ya kuma rubuta tare kuma ya samar da Leona Lewis' single "Forgive Me" kuma ya yi aiki tare da X Factor 2008 wanda ya lashe Alexandra Burke a kan kundi na farko. Daga ba ya yi aiki tare da [[Whitney Houston]] don kundi na dawowa na 2009 I Look to You, yana bayyana a kan waƙar "Kamar yadda ba a taɓa barin ta ba". Akon haɗu da Pitbull a kan "Shut It Down" daga kundin "Rebelution" kuma ya yi aiki tare da Matisyahu don Haske maimaita waƙarsa "One Day" a kan kundin sa Light . [1] Ya kuma hada kai da mawaƙa Natalia Kills ta farko, "Mirrors", daga kundi na farko, Perfectionist . IsThereSomethingICanDo.com, an ƙaddamar da shi A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2009, Aikin haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa tsakanin masu fasaha Peter Buffett da Akon sun haɗa kai da DoSomething.org, don daidaitawa da sakin "Jinin Cikin Zinariya". Waƙar mayar da hankali kan fataucin mutane kuma ta ƙunshi masu fasaha biyu. David Guetta ya haɗu da Akon a cikin "Sexy Bitch", waƙar gida ta farko ta Akon. Waƙar ta kai lamba 1 a cikin kasashe sama da shida kuma an tsara ta a 5 a kan <nowiki><i id="mwAVY">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Ya samar kuma ya rubuta "Oh Africa" don gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 tare da Pepsi . A cewar ''Forbes'', Akon ya tara dala miliyan 13 a shekara ta 2011, dala miliyan 21 a shekara ta 2010, dala miliyan 20 a shekara ta 2009 da dala miliyan 12 a shekara ta 2008. === 2010-2018: Kundin ''Filin wasa'' da ba a fitar da shi ba === An saki guda, " Angel ", wanda Guetta ya yi, a watan Satumba na 2010, wanda ya kai lamba 56 a kan ginshiƙi na ''Billboard'' na Amurka, wanda ya yi ƙasa da ficewar da ya yi a baya. Akon ya yi waƙar a lokacin Nunin Kayayyakin Sirri na Victoria na 2010. Akon ya tafi Jamaica don yin aiki tare da Damian, Julian da Stephen Marley . Kusan lokaci guda, Akon ya hada kai da Dr. Dre da [[Snoop Dogg]] akan " Kush ", suna tsarawa a lamba 36 akan jadawalin ''Billboard'' . An yi niyya ne na farko daga kundin Dr. Dre mai zuwa ''Detox'' ; duk da haka, an cire shi daga jerin waƙoƙin kundi na ƙarshe, tare da sakin kundi daga ƙarshe. Ya kuma ba da gudummawar " Mu ne Duniya: 25 don Haiti ", wata ƙungiyar agaji guda ɗaya don taimakon girgizar ƙasar Haiti a 2010 . Bayan kusan shekaru uku na dakatarwa daga aikin solo, Akon ya fito da gabatarwa guda ɗaya "Dirty Work", tare da [[Wiz Khalifa]], wanda aka saki a cikin Fabrairu 2013, yana kololuwa a lamba 31 akan sigogin <nowiki><i id="mwAXU">Billboard na</i></nowiki> Rhythmic . D baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2013, Akon ya fitar da wani waka mai suna "So Blue". A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, Akon ya fitar da mutane biyar daga ''Filin wasa''. Ya kuma sanar da cewa kundin zai zama kundi biyar, ya rabu zuwa nau'o'i biyar (Euro, Pop, Urban, Island & World). Dukkanin mutane sun kasa tsarawa. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Akon ya sanar ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon sa na hukuma cewa yana shirin fitar da kundi na huɗu Stadium a cikin nau'o'i huɗu: Stadium-Island, Stadium-Urban, Stadium-World da Stadium-House . Wadan bugu na kundin za su kasance kawai ta hanyar aikace-aikacen wayar hannu na Stadium wanda ke tallafawa tallace-tallace amma yana bawa magoya baya damar yawo da kundin. jinkirta kundin har abada, kuma ana iya sake shi a nan gaba. ƙarshen 2015 da farkon 2016, Akon ya fitar da waƙoƙin "Want Some", "Hypnotized" da "Good Girls Lie", bayan ya buga sabon yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da Atlantic Records. watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, Akon ya bayyana a cikin shirin talabijin na gaskiya na kasar Sin I Am a Singer tare da mawaƙin Taiwan Jeff Chang . [1] Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an nuna shi a kan remix na Joey Montana's single "Picky", kuma an nuna shi tare da [[Chris Brown]] a kan Gucci Mane's Michael Jackson tribute single "Moonwalk". A ƙarshen 2017, ya fitar da haɗin gwiwa tare da Konvict signes mai suna ''Konvict Kartel Vol. '' ''2''. A cikin 2018, ya haɗu da mawaƙin reggaeton Ozuna a kan waƙar "Coméntale", karo na farko da Akon ya raira waƙa a cikin Mutanen Espanya a cikin waƙar Latin. lokacin, ya bayyana cewa ya karɓi laƙabi "El Negreeto" kuma zai bi haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu masu zane-zane na Mutanen Espanya. === 2019-yanzu: Komawa zuwa kiɗa, Akonik Label Group, ''El Negreeto'', ''Akonda'', da Konnect''Haɗin kai'' === == Taimako == Akon kuma fara aikin Akon Lighting Africa a cikin 2014 wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki a kasashe 15 na [[Afirka]]. Ya kuma kaddamar da nasa sadaka ga yara marasa galihu a Afirka da ake kira Konfidence Foundation . An haɗa Akon a matsayin baƙo a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na hukuma na Pitbull "I Believe That We Will Win (World Anthem) ", inda ake ba da gudummawa ga ciyar da Amurka da Gidauniyar Anthony Robbins a matsayin taimako ga waɗanda cutar ta COVID-19 ta shafa. == Birnin Akon == A cikin 2018, Akon ya sanar da cewa yana aiki tare da gwamnatin Senegal don gina birnin yawon bude ido tare da tattalin arzikin cryptocurrency mai suna Akon City, ta hanyar amfani da Akon na cryptocurrency, Akoin, a cibiyar kasuwanci. A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2020, Akon ya ba da labari a kan Twitter cewa an kammala yarjejeniyar birnin kuma ana ci gaba da aikin. rubuta hoton kansa tare da shugaban kasar Senegal Macky Sall "Duba gaba don karbar bakuncin ku a nan gaba". watan Yunin 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa kamfanin injiniya da mai ba da shawara KE International (kamfanin da ke da alhakin gina Mwale Medical and Technology City) an ba shi kwangilar dala biliyan 6 don gina birnin. Mataki <ref name="Cision_1" /> 1 na ginin, wanda ya kamata a fara gini a 2023 kuma a kammala shi a 2026, zai hada da hanyoyi, asibiti, gidaje, otal-otal, ofishin 'yan sanda, wurin sharar gida, makaranta, da tashar hasken rana.&nbsp; Aikin bai fara gini ba, ya wuce jadawalin; mazauna yankin suna damuwa game da rashin ci gaba. ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2020, Akon ya gaya wa wani taron manema labarai cewa ya kafa dutse na farko na birnin dala biliyan 6. "Dutse da kansa yana zaune a kasan hanya mai datti a cikin filin; ƙaramin allon da ke tallata babban aikin ya fadi daga gare ta. " Devyne Stephens ya gabatar da karar Akon a Amurka saboda bashin kusan dala miliyan 4 da aka aro a matsayin wani ɓangare na aiwatar da aikinsa na birni na gaba. Stephens ya ce Akon City da Akoin suna cikin wani makirci na zamba. == Talabijin da fim == Akon ya tabbatar da cewa shirin talabijin na gaskiya yana cikin ayyukan. Za a kira shi ''Mai kula da Ɗan'uwana'', kuma batun shi ne cewa 'yan uwan Akon guda biyu kusan iri ɗaya za su je Atlanta suna nuna shi yana yaudarar mutane suyi tunanin cewa a zahiri, Akon ne. Za su yi ƙoƙari su sami magani na VIP da kyauta. Akon ya ce mutane sun yi kuskuren 'yan uwansa sau da yawa a Atlanta, wanda shine abin da wasan kwaikwayon ya dogara da shi.  {{When|date=July 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2023)">when?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><ref name="Sawjani">Sawjani, Archna. </ref> shekara ta 2006, an ba da sanarwar cewa Akon yana shirin yin aiki a kan fim mai suna Illegal Alien, wanda zai dogara da rayuwarsa. Tushen yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Mekhi Phifer zai nuna Akon a cikin fim din. Akon ya tabbatar a wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Agustan 2007 tare da shafin yanar gizon Poland INTERIA .PL cewa ya yi aiki a fim din da ake kira "Cocaine Cowboys", wanda ke ba da labarin Jon Roberts, babban matukin jirgi na Medellín Cartel . <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20090129102959/http://muzyka.interia.pl/szukaj/news/akon-intensywnie,966807 Akon intensywnie]", INTERIA.</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2007, Akon ya shiga gidan Big Brother a ''Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Edition 2'' a matsayin baƙo. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin fitowar Nuwamba 17, 2008, na ''WWE Raw'', tare da Santino Marella yana ambaton shi a cikin jawabinsa. He collaborated with music director duo Vishal–Shekhar and the English and [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] lyrics of "Chammak Challo" as a part of the soundtrack for the 2011 Bollywood film ''Ra.One''. Akon ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da ƙungiyar da aka jefa a fim din Najeriya-Amurka na 2012 Black November . A shekara ta 2014, ya fito tare da Hayden Christensen da Adrien Brody a cikin fim din, American Heist, wanda Sarik Andreasyan ya jagoranta. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 2007, Akon ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da 'ya'ya shida tare da mata uku a wata hira da Blender, <ref name="Blender">[http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?ID=2811 Who Does Akon Think He Is?] </ref> dukansu yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da su. ce yana so ya kiyaye iyalinsa daga idon jama'a. Akon mallaki ma'adinin lu'u-lu'u a Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya musanta wanzuwar lu'u'u-ulu'u na jini (wanda aka fi sani da "lu'u-ru'u na rikici") yana cewa, "Ba na imani da lu'u na rikitarwa. Wannan fim ne kawai. Babu wanda ya yi tunani ko ya damu da lu'ulu'u-rikicen rikici har sai an saki Blood Diamond. " <ref name="Cooper">Egere-Cooper, Matilda. </ref> Tun daga lokacin ya bayyana cewa ya yarda cewa lu'u da yake da shi ne mai mallakar ma'u-mai na ma'adarin Afirka wanda aka sadaukar da shi don kauce wa amfani da lu'adinin jini yayin da riba ga al'ummomin yankin. Akon ya bayyana a cikin shirin ITV2 mai suna The ''Hot Desk'' . Ya bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayon cewa shi mai sha'awar kulob din Premier League na Ingila [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea FC]] ne. === Batutuwan Shari'a === Akon ya bayyana cewa ya kasance wani ɓangare na zoben sata kuma ya yi shekaru uku a kurkuku daga 1999 zuwa 2002. , a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, shafin yanar gizon Smoking Gun ya kalubalanci da'awarsa tare da bayanan kotu da tambayoyi tare da masu bincike da ke da hannu a shari'ar Akon, yana kammala cewa ba a yanke masa hukunci da wani laifi ba kuma bai yi aiki a kurkuku ba. Akon amsa rahoton ta hanyar cewa bai taba yin shekaru 3 a kurkuku ba, amma yana da gajerun hukunci da yawa waɗanda suka kai shekaru uku. <ref>Ramnarine, Kristy. </ref><ref>Telesford, Nigel. </ref> watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, Akon ya jawo zargi game da wani mataki wanda ya hada da jima'i da Danah Alleyne - yarinya mai shekaru 15 a lokacin wacce ita ce 'yar fasto kuma 'yar'uwar mai karɓar bakuncin Crime Watch Ian Alleyne-a Zen Nightclub a Port of Spain, [[Trinidad da Tobago]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na gasa ta karya, duk da sanarwar kulob din don samun shekaru 21 da sama da shekaru. Ma'aikatan Akon ne suka yi fim din lamarin kuma daga baya aka ɗora shi a Intanet. A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2007, kafofin watsa labarai na gida, tashar CCN TV6, sun watsa shirin bidiyo a fili. A cikin zargi a rediyo, talabijin, da kuma daga blogosphere, Verizon Wireless ya cire sautin da ke nuna waƙoƙin Akon. Verizon kuma <ref>Leeds, Jeff. </ref> yanke shawarar kada ta dauki nauyin The Sweet Escape Tour inda Akon zai zama aikin buɗewa ga Gwen Stefani. Koyaya, Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Universal ba ta ɗauki mataki a kan Akon ba, amma kawai ta ba da umarnin cire bidiyon bidiyo daga shafin raba bidiyo na YouTube saboda [[Keta Haƙƙin Mallaka|keta haƙƙin mallaka]]. Mai sharhi mai <ref>Bozell, L. Brent III. </ref>'ayin mazan jiya kuma wanda ya kafa Majalisar Talabijin ta Iyaye Brent Bozell ya kira wannan "rashin alhakin kamfanoni". Masu sharhi kan siyasa na dama Michelle Malkin, Laura Ingraham, da Bill O'Reilly sun soki Akon saboda "ƙazantar da mata". <ref>Malkin, Michelle. </ref> Malkin <ref>Malkin, Michelle. </ref> ɗora sharhi game da Akon zuwa [[YouTube]], ta amfani da hotuna daga bidiyon kiɗa da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Trinidad, kuma Universal Music Group sannan ya tilasta cire shi ta hanyar bayar da sanarwa ta DMCA. Gidauniyar Electronic Frontier ta shiga cikin Malkin wajen kalubalantar cirewa a matsayin rashin amfani da dokar haƙƙin mallaka, yana mai ambaton amfani mai kyau. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007, UMG ta soke da'awarta ga bidiyon, kuma bidiyon ya koma YouTube. On June 3, 2007, at WSPK's KFEST concert at the Dutchess Stadium in Fishkill, New York, a concert attendee threw an object towards Akon on stage. Akon asked the crowd to identify who threw the object and that he be brought on stage. Security staff grabbed the teen and took him up to the stage. Akon then pulled him up from the crowd and hoisted him across his shoulders. The singer then tossed the attendee back into the crowd from his shoulders. Video of the incident was reviewed by Fishkill police. Akon has said that the incident was staged and that he in fact used the act to set up for the next record.{{Dead link|date=May 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="&amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged May 2021">dead link</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</span></sup>  Charges of endangering the welfare of a minor, a misdemeanor, and second-degree harassment, a violation, were filed, according to police Chief Donald F. Williams, and Akon was arraigned on the two charges on December 3, 2007, in the town of Fishkill Court.<ref>[http://www.pojonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071130/NEWS05/711300344 Akon Faces Charges], ''Poughkeepsie Journal'', November 30, 2007. {{Dead link|date=May 2021}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, kungiyoyin Buddha a Sri Lanka sun nuna rashin amincewa da wani kide-kide da Akon ya shirya, suna cewa bidiyon kiɗansa tare da Guetta don "Sexy Chick" ya zagi [[Buddha|Addinin Buddha]] saboda siffar Buddha da za'a iya gani sau da yawa a bango. yake la'akari da zargin da ake yi wa Akon, [[Sri Lanka]] Government">Gwamnatin Sri Lanka ta yanke shawarar kada ta ba shi visa don shiga Sri Lanka. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == == Bayanan da aka yi == [[File:Logo_Akon.gif|thumb|Alamar tallace-tallace ta Akon, da aka yi amfani da ita daga 2003 zuwa 2007]] [[File:Akon_Logo.png|thumb|Akon's general marketing logo, used since 2008]] == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''[[Black November]]'' (2012) * ''American Heist'' (2014) * ''Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping'' (2016) * [[Dar es Salaam|Dar Es Salaam]], Tanzania One-off Concert (2006). * Konvicted Tour (July to September 2007, then additional dates in 2008) * The Sweet Escape Tour with Gwen Stefani (April to July 2007) * Good Girl Gone Bad Tour with [[Rihanna]] (Canadian-leg only, September – December 2008) * Konvict Muzik Tour with T-Pain (Australia only, October 26–27, 2009) * Summer Tour, (Brazil-leg only, January to February 2010) * OMG Tour with Usher (North America Second Leg, April – June 2011) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == External links == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Category:Maza]] [[Category:Mutanan Amerika]] [[Category:Mawaka]] c0qbte5kucmnt3g8t6nkgoojajnbl3c 0 74026 868887 800969 2026-06-26T20:28:15Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 868887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Mohammed Munir}} {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mohamed Mounir in Hammamet 2017.jpg|thumb|Mohamed mounir mawakine kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Cairo Steps ft. Mohamed Mounier at Cairo Opera House.jpg|thumb|mohamed mounir at Cairo ]] '''Mohamed Mounir''' (Arabic; an haife shi ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1954) [[Singing|mawaƙi]] ne kuma [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] na Masar, tare da aikin kiɗa wanda ya kai sama da shekaru arba'in. <ref>[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p43097/biography|pure_url=yes}} Biography at Allmusic]. Retrieved June 17, 2010.</ref> haɗa nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin kiɗansa, gami da kiɗa na Masar na gargajiya, kiɗa na Nubian, blues, jazz da reggae. lura da kalmominsa saboda abubuwan da ke cikin falsafarsu da kuma sharhin zamantakewa da siyasa. <ref name="cu5" /> [2] Magoya bayansa sun san shi "El King" dangane da kundin sa da kuma buga ''"El Malek Howwa El Malek"'' (''"Sarkin"'' shine Sarki [1]). Iyalin Mounir sun fito ne daga Nubia, Kudancin Aswan, Misira. A watan Afrilu na 2021, ya bayyana a cikin jerin kiɗa na buɗewa a matsayin [[Singing|mawaƙi]] na Farfesa na Zinariya a kan jirgin jana'izar Masar a kan tafkin a gaban Gidan Tarihi na Masar. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a cikin iyalin Nubian a Aswan, Mounir ya shafe mafi yawan lokacin yarinta a ƙauyen Manshyat Al Nubia, <ref name="official" /> inda ya raba sha'awar mahaifinsa a cikin kiɗa da siyasa. yake matashi, an tilasta shi da iyalinsa su koma [[Kairo|Alkahira]] lokacin da ƙauyensa ya ɓace a cikin ambaliyar da ta biyo bayan gina madatsar ruwan Aswan . A nan ne ya yi karatun daukar hoto a Faculty of Applied Arts a Jami'ar Helwan . <ref name="cu5" /> A wannan lokacin, yakan yi waka ga abokai da dangi a taron jama'a. Mawallafin Abdel-Rehim Mansour ya lura da muryarsa ta waka, wanda zai ci gaba da gabatar da Mounir ga sanannen mawaƙin gargajiya Ahmed Mounib . <ref name="cu5" /> == Ayyukan kiɗa == Bayan kammala karatunsa na jami'a, an kira shi zuwa aikin soja a cikin 1974, a lokacin da ya ci gaba da aikinsa na kiɗa ta hanyar yin kide-kide daban-daban. Ya yi irin wannan kida na farko a shekarar 1975. Duk da cewa tun da farko jama'a sun yi ta sukar Mounir kan yadda ya yi a cikin kayan sawa a lokacin da ake sa ran mawakan Masar da dama za su sanya kwat da wando, amma a karshe sun ji dadin kallonsa. <ref name="cu5" /> Bayan kammala aikin soja, Mounir ya fitar da kundin solo na farko na 1977 ''Alemony Eneeki'' akan lakabin rikodin Sonar. Mounir ya ci gaba da fitar da wasu kundi guda biyar a jere kuma an fito da su akan kundi na sauti guda ɗaya a ƙarƙashin alamar Sonar. Har zuwa yau, Mounir ya fitar da jimillar kundi na hukuma guda 22 kuma an fito da su a kan kundi na sauti guda shida a ƙarƙashin wasu lambobin rikodin daban-daban. <ref name="official" /> "Maddad" na Mounir daga wannan kundin ya haifar da gardama, saboda ana iya fassara kalmominsa a matsayin kira ga ceto daga annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Daga cikin Musulmai, akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da ko annabi zai iya ba da ceto tsakanin Allah da masu bi. Wannan haifar da dakatar da bidiyon kiɗa daga gidan talabijin na Masar na ɗan lokaci. Mounir <ref name="HVG" /> amsa ta hanyar cewa "Wannan gwagwarmaya ce da tunani mai tsauri wanda ke haifar da wani abu daga gare ku". [[Fayil:Mohamed Mounir, a.jpg|thumb|Mohammed Munir]] A cikin kundi na 2003 mai suna "Ahmar Shafayef" (Red Lipstick), ya koma ga salon da ya fi sani da shi na yawancin kalmomin duniya. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2003, bayan fitowar wannan kundin, Mounir ya zagaya [[Austriya|Austria]], Jamus da [[Switzerland]] tare da mawaƙin mawaƙa na Austrian Hubert von Goisern, kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar mawaƙa biyu sun yi a kide-kide a Asyut . == Aiki sana'a == Kazalika da aikinsa a matsayin sanannen mawaƙi, Mounir kuma yana da aikin wasan kwaikwayo. fito a fina-finai 12, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin 4 da wasan kwaikwayo 3. Ayyukan fim dinsa sun fara ne a shekarar 1982, lokacin da ya yi aiki a fim din Youssef Chahine 'Hadouta ' Masreia(Labarin Masar), wanda kuma aka nuna shi a cikin kundin sauti. shekara ta 1997 ya taka rawar jarumi a wani fim din Youssef Chahine, wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Faransa da Masar Al Maseer (Destiny), Barda aka nuna daga gasar a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 1997. [[Fayil:Monib and Mounir.jpg|thumb|Mohammed Munir]] Mounir taka rawar farfesa na waƙoƙin makaho "Bashir" a cikin fim din mai rikitarwa na 2005 ''Dunia'', wanda ke ke kewaye da halin da ake ciki Dunia, mai rawa da mawaki da 'yar wasan Masar Hanan Tork ta buga. aka nuna fim din a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Alkahira na shekara ta 2005, ya bar masu sauraro sun rabu tsakanin wadanda ke goyon bayan kiran fim din don haƙƙin mata da sakonsa game da [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|'Yancin mata]], da wadanda ba su yarda da ko dai sha'awar halin da ake ciki na bayyana kanta ta hanyar rawa, ko kuma abubuwan da aka harbe a cikin unguwanni na Alkahina, an yi hukunci a matsayin lalata hoton Masar na duniya. === Fina-finai === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- |1982 |''Hadouta Masreia'' (Labari na Masar) |Mahdi | |- |1986 |''Al Yawm Al Sades'' (Ranar shida) |Mai Jirgin Ruwa | |- |1987 |''Al Tokk Wa Eswera'' (Ring da Bracelet) |Mista Mohamed | |- |1988 |''Youm Mor We Youm Helw'' (Ranar Ruwa Mai Rashin Ruwa & Ranar Ruwa) |Gidan sarauta | |- |1990 |''Shabab Ala Kaf Afreet'' (Matasa a kan hannun fatalwa) | | |- |1991 |''Istuba'' (Suspicion) |Medhat | |- |1991 |''Leih Ya Haram'' (Me ya sa Pyramid) |Ahmed Shafek | |- |1992 |''Hekayat Al Ghareb'' (Baƙon Labari) |Saed | |- |1994 |''Al Bahth An Tut Ankh Amun'' (Binciken Tutankhamen) |Gad | |- |1997 |''[[Destiny (1997 fim)|Al Maseer]]'' (Destiny) |Marwan (The Bard) | |- |2005 |''[[Kiss Me Not on the Eyes|Kiss Me Ba a Ido Ba]]'' |Dokta Bashir | |- |2006 |''Mafesh Gher Keda'' (Babu komai sai wannan) |Shi da kansa | |} === Talabijin === * ''Bakkar'' * ''Ali Elewa'' * ''Gomhoreyat Zefta'' (Jamhuriyar Zefta) * ''Al Moghani'' (Mawakin) === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === * ''El Malek;'' El Malek * ''Al Shahateen'' * ''Masa' Al Kheer Ya Masr'' === Kyaututtuka === * Ya sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya daga [[CNN]] don kundin sa na Earth Peace * Ya sami lambar yabo ta Diamond daga "Bama Awards" * Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Mafi Kyawun Mawallafi a gasar MEMA ta Yuli 2008. * Gudanar da bikin fina-finai na [[Alexandria]] ne ya girmama shi a lokacin bude zamansa na 30 * Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Platinum don mafi kyawun mawaƙin Masar da Larabawa don waƙar "Yasmina", inda mawaƙin duniya Adel Al-Taweel ya shiga tare da ƙungiyar "Ich und Ich", mafi kyawun ƙungiyar duniya a halin yanzu, kuma ya cancanci lambar yabo ta Duniya, bayan ya rarraba faifan da ya haɗa da waƙar "Taht Al-Yasmina" 700,000, ya sami mafi girman rarraba a Jamus. Mounir kuma ya lashe, a cikin wannan shekarar kuma don wannan waƙa, a cikin Larabci da Ingilishi, matsayi na uku a cikin raba gardama na jama'a da tashar "Proseven" ta shirya don gasar don mafi kyawun waƙa a Jamus. * Waƙar "El-leila Samra" ta lashe zaben BBC na waƙoƙin Afirka 50 mafi kyau na karni na ashirin. * [[Fayil:The Secretary General, MoFA, Morocco, Mr. Mohammed Ali Lazreg accompanied by the Director, Asia Division in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Cooperation, Morocco, Mr. Munir Balayachi and the Ambassador of Morocco to India (1).jpg|thumb|Mohammed Munir a cikin mutane]]Ya kuma lashe lambar yabo ta girmamawa a shekara ta 2005 don fim din "Dunya". == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] onvcp5zxxpj8wr1rd6nj1yvv8th4l0l 0 75361 869311 750303 2026-06-27T11:02:58Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 869311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Jessie K. Liu official photo.jpg|thumb|Jessie Liu]] '''Jessie Kong Liu''' (An haife ta ranar 2 ga watan [[Janairu]] shekarar alif 1973) lauyan Amurka ne wanda ya kasance Lauyan [[Amurka]] na Gundumar Columbia. Ta taba yin aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar babban lauya a Baitulmalin [[Amurka]] kuma ta yi aiki a Sashen Shari'a. <ref name="whitehouse">{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2017 |title=President Donald J. Trump Announces United States Attorney Candidate Nominations |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/06/12/president-donald-j-trump-announces-united-states-attorney-candidate |access-date=21 June 2017 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarar alif 2020, ta shiga kamfanin lauyoyi Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher &amp;amp; Flom a matsayin abokin tarayya. <ref name="nlj">{{Cite web |date=1 September 2020 |title=Jessie Liu, Former Top Federal Prosecutor in DC, Joins Skadden Arps |url=https://www.law.com/nationallawjournal/2020/08/31/jessie-liu-former-top-federal-prosecutor-in-dc-joins-skadden-arps/?mc_cid=1a16c54d6d&mc_eid=aaa8ee9c4b&slreturn=20200801132020 |access-date=1 September 2020 |publisher=law.com}}</ref> == Ilimi da aikin shari'a == An haifi Liu a Kingsville, Texas, na dangin baƙi na Taiwan . <ref name="senate">{{Cite web |date=August 2017 |title=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary: Questionnaire for Non-Judicial Nominees |url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Liu%20SJQ.pdf |access-date=September 15, 2017 |publisher=United States Senate}}</ref> Ta sami Bachelor of Arts, summa cum laude, daga Jami'ar Harvard a shekarar alif 1995, tare da manyan a fannin adabi, kuma ta kammala JD dinta a Makarantar Yale Law a shekarar alif 1998. <ref name="senate" /> Ta yi wa Carolyn Dineen Sarki na Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Amurka takarda daga shekarar alif dubu 1998 zuwa shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa’in da tara 1999. <ref name="whitehouse">{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2017 |title=President Donald J. Trump Announces United States Attorney Candidate Nominations |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/06/12/president-donald-j-trump-announces-united-states-attorney-candidate |access-date=21 June 2017 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/06/12/president-donald-j-trump-announces-united-states-attorney-candidate "President Donald J. Trump Announces United States Attorney Candidate Nominations"]. ''[[whitehouse.gov]]''. June 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2017</span> &#x2013; via [[NARA|National Archives]].</cite></ref> Liu ya yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya a Jenner & Block daga shekarar alif dubu daya da tara da casa’in da tara 1999 zuwa shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002, a matsayin abokin tarayya a wannan kamfani daga 2009 zuwa 2016, kuma a matsayin abokin tarayya a Morrison & Foerster daga 2016 zuwa 2017. Liu ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Lauyan [[Amurka]] a Gundumar Columbia daga 2002 zuwa 2006. <ref name="senate">{{Cite web |date=August 2017 |title=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary: Questionnaire for Non-Judicial Nominees |url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Liu%20SJQ.pdf |access-date=September 15, 2017 |publisher=United States Senate}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Liu%20SJQ.pdf "United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary: Questionnaire for Non-Judicial Nominees"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Senate. August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ta yi aiki a ma'aikatar shari'a ta Amurka a lokacin gwamnatin shugaba [[George W. Bush]] daga shekarata 2006 zuwa shekarar 2009. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da mataimakin shugaban ma'aikata a sashin tsaro na kasa, lauya ga mataimakin babban lauya, da mataimakin mataimakin babban lauya a sashin kare hakkin jama'a. Liu ya yi aiki da tawagar mika mulki na zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasar [[Donald Trump]], kuma a shekarar 2017 ya zama mataimakin babban lauya a ma'aikatar baitulmali ta [[Amurka]]. A watan yunin shekarar 2017, [[Donald Trump|Shugaba Trump]] ya zabi Liu ya zama babban lauyan Amurka na Gundumar Columbia, babban ofishin lauyoyin Amurka na kasar, tare da masu gabatar da kara sama da dari uku. <ref name="post" /> Majalisar dattijai ta tabbatar da Liu ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a watan Satumba na shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2017 |title=PN613 — Jessie K. Liu — Department of Justice |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/115th-congress/613 |access-date=September 15, 2017 |website=congress.gov |publisher=United States Congress}}</ref> Yayin da take aiki a matsayin Lauyan Amurka na Gundumar Columbia, Liu ta sami suka daga mazauna yankin da kuma 'yan majalisar dokokin yankin saboda rikodinta na rashin gabatar da laifukan ƙiyayya . Wani bincike da ''jaridar Washington Post'' ta gudanar ya gano cewa a karkashin jagorancinta, gurfanar da laifukan kiyayya da yanke hukunci a DC sun kasance mafi karanci a cikin akalla shekaru goma. Bayan matsin lamba da jama'a suka yi, ofishinta ya kara gabatar da ƙara kan laifukan kiyayya a shekarar 2019 fiye da yadda aka yi a duk shekarar 2018 da shekarata 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Delgadillo |first=Natalie |date=January 24, 2020 |title=Following Criticism, The U.S. Attorney For D.C. Announces Increase In Hate Crime Prosecutions |url=https://dcist.com/story/20/01/24/following-criticism-the-u-s-attorney-for-d-c-announces-increase-in-hate-crime-prosecutions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213190718/https://dcist.com/story/20/01/24/following-criticism-the-u-s-attorney-for-d-c-announces-increase-in-hate-crime-prosecutions/ |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |access-date=February 13, 2020 |website=[[DCist]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2019, Shugaba [[Donald Trump]] ya ce zai nada Liu ta zama mataimakiyar babban mai shari'a ta Amurka, amma ta janye sunanta daga cikin wannan watan saboda kwamitin shari'a na majalisar dattijai da ke karkashin jam'iyyar Republican ya ki amincewa da nadin nata. A ranar 10 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2019, [[Donald Trump|Shugaba Trump]] ya bayyana aniyarsa ta naɗa Liu a matsayin mataimakiyar sakataren ta'addanci da laifukan kudi a Sashen Baitulmali. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2019 |title=President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate and Appoint Individuals to Key Administration Posts |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/president-donald-j-trump-announces-intent-nominate-appoint-individuals-key-administration-posts-25/ |access-date=December 10, 2019 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |language=en |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref> An gabatar da nadin ga Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu,shekarata 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2020 |title=PN1330 — Jessie K. Liu — Department of the Treasury |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/116th-congress/1330 |access-date=January 8, 2020 |website=congress.gov |publisher=United States Congress |language=en}}</ref> Wasu 'yan jam'iyyar Republican sun yi shakku kan matsayinta na mazan jiya da kuma amincinta ga Trump. A matsayin lauyan Amurka, Liu ya sa ido kan wasu ƙararrakin da binciken Mueller ya gabatar ciki har da gurfanar da abokin Trump da ya dade ana tuhumarsa da Roger Stone, da kuma karar da aka tuhume shi da laifin siyasa da ya shafi tsohon mataimakin darektan FBI Andrew McCabe, wanda ake yawan kaiwa Trump hari. A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2020 ta yanke shawarar cewa babu isassun shaidun da za su tuhumi McCabe. Daga nan sai aka tura ta zuwa Ma’aikatar Baitulmali don jiran tabbacin ta, yayin da Barr ya maye gurbinta da mai ba shi shawara Timothy Shea. A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarata 2020, Trump ya janye takararta, kwanaki biyu kafin a fara sauraron karar tabbatar da ita. CNN ta ruwaito cewa an janye nadin Liu ne saboda ana ganin ba ta da hannu a shari'ar Stone da McCabe. Liu ya yi murabus daga gwamnati a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarata 2020. Kwanaki bayan haka an ba da rahoton cewa kafin a janye nadin Liu, an gabatar wa Trump wata doguwar takarda da ke bayyana hanyoyi daban-daban da ake ganin Liu ba ya da aminci, musamman ta hanyar kin gurfanar da mutanen da Trump bai so ba. == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == ''Liu ya samu kyaututtuka da dama. An ba ta suna a White Collar Trailblazer ta National Law Journal a cikin shekarar 2015, an nada ta a cikin Mafi kyawun Lauyoyi A ƙarƙashin 40 ta Ƙungiyar Bar Associationungiyar Bayar da Bayar da Bayar da Baƙin Amurka ta Amurka a shekarar 2011, ta sami lambar yabo ta Rising Star daga Associationungiyar Bar Associationungiyar Baran Amurka ta Asiya ta Pacific na Washington, DC., a cikin 2011, kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Sabis daga Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Mata ta Ƙasa a shekarar 2005.''.<ref name="senate">{{Cite web |date=August 2017 |title=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary: Questionnaire for Non-Judicial Nominees |url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Liu%20SJQ.pdf |access-date=September 15, 2017 |publisher=United States Senate}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Liu%20SJQ.pdf "United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary: Questionnaire for Non-Judicial Nominees"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Senate. August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta auri Michael Abramowicz, lauya wanda kuma ya halarci Makarantar Yale Law. == Duba kuma == * Michael Flynn * Rick Gates (mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa) * Lokaci na bincike kan Trump da Rasha (2019-2020) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.justice.gov/usao/biographies/Liu Tarihin Rayuwa a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka] [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mutanan Anurka]] [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Laouyoyi]] i393kful5aoysakoemyc7lv1s7pgloh 0 76976 868902 451997 2026-06-26T21:00:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdesselem Ben Mohammed''' (an haife shi ranar 15 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1926 - 1965) ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Ya taka leda a [[Wydad AC|Wydad]] a Maroko inda ya lashe gasar zakarun cikin gida da yawa, kafin ya taka leda a Faransa tare da Bordeaux da Nîmes . An haife shi a Maroko, Ben Mohammed ya wakilci tawagar kasar Faransa . == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An haifi Ben Mohammed a yankin Karewar Faransa a Maroko . Ya wakilci tawagar kasar Faransa a 1-0 1954 na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA akan Ireland a ranar ashirin da biyar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1953. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Match - France - République d'Irlande - FFF |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/1/france-a/matchs/751/1953-11-25/france-republique-d-039-irlande |website=www.fff.fr |access-date=2024-04-04 |archive-date=2019-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020070648/https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/1/france-a/matchs/751/1953-11-25/france-republique-d-039-irlande |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Girmamawa == '''[[Wydad AC|Wydad]]''' * Botola : 1947-48, 1948-49, 1949-50, 1950-51 * Gasar Arewacin Afirka : 1947-48, 1948-49, 1949-50 * Kofin Afirka ta Arewa : 1948-49 '''Nimes''' * Coupe Charles Drago : 1955-56 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/133-wd Bayanan Bayani na FFF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714104225/https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/133-wd |date=2019-07-14 }} * Abdesselem Ben Mohammed * {{NFT player|22759/Abdesselem_Ben_Mohammed}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1965]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1926]] qwvrczbqwwshwmt2upxk1044l8pepzf 0 79268 869123 864566 2026-06-27T06:17:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337572041|Penile discharge]]" 869123 wikitext text/x-wiki Rashin Penile ruwa ne wanda ya fito daga urethra a ƙarshen [[Al'aurar Namiji|azzakari]] wanda ba [[fitsari]] ba ne, pre-ejaculate ko maniyyi.<ref name="Queen2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Penis Discharge |url=http://conditions.health.qld.gov.au/HealthCondition/condition/16/166/111/penis-discharge |access-date=27 December 2020 |website=conditions.health.qld.gov.au |publisher=Queensland Government |language=en}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun haɗa da kamuwa da cuta saboda gonorrhea, chlamydia, ko trichomoniasis.[1] A cikin gonorrhea fitarwa na iya zama fari, rawaya, ko kore.[2][3] Sau da yawa ana yin swab na fitarwa. Magani ya dogara da dalilin. Ana rage yaduwar kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar [[Binciken hulɗa|kula da jima'i]].<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da kasancewa maza masu yin jima'i a ƙarƙashin shekaru 25, suna da sabon abokin jima'i na baya-bayan nan, ko kuma suna da jima'i mara kariya.[1] == Ma'anar da siffofin asibiti == [[Fayil:Sample_gonorrhea.ogv|right|thumb|Wannan namiji ya gabatar da fitarwa wanda aka saba samu a farkon matakin gonorrhea. Wannan yana daya daga cikin alamun da za a iya gani a cikin kashi 90% na maza da ke fama da gonorrhea, yawanci a cikin kwanaki 2 zuwa 5 <ref name="CDC">{{Cite web |title=Gonorrhea - CDC Fact Sheet |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea.htm |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref>]] Fitar da Penile ruwa ne daga urethra a ƙarshen azzakari wanda ba fitsari ba ne ko maniyyi.<ref name="Queen2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Penis Discharge |url=http://conditions.health.qld.gov.au/HealthCondition/condition/16/166/111/penis-discharge |access-date=27 December 2020 |website=conditions.health.qld.gov.au |publisher=Queensland Government |language=en}}</ref> Rashin ruwa mai haske (pre-ejaculate) lokacin da jima'i ya zama na al'ada.<ref name="Queen2017" /> Akwai ciwo ko ƙonewa yayin wucewar fitsari, ciwo a cikin azzakari ko jin daɗin wucewar fitsarin akai-akai.<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun haɗa da kamuwa da cuta saboda [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]], [[chlamydia]], ko trichomoniasis. Sauran dalilai sun hada da: * Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta<ref name="Queen2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Penis Discharge |url=http://conditions.health.qld.gov.au/HealthCondition/condition/16/166/111/penis-discharge |access-date=27 December 2020 |website=conditions.health.qld.gov.au |publisher=Queensland Government |language=en}}</ref> * [[Ciwon prostatitis mai tsanani]]<ref name="Queen2017" /> * Cutar da ke ƙarƙashin fata<ref name="Queen2017" /> * Warts a buɗewar urethra<ref name="Queen2017" /> * Ciwon Kwayar cutar Herpes simplex a buɗewar urethra <ref name="Queen2017" /> * Abu ne a cikin urethra <ref name="Queen2017" /> ko tsarin tiyata na baya-bayan nan. * Rashin jini na iya zama alamar Ciwon daji na urethral.<ref name="Kahan" /> == Bincike == Sau da yawa ana yin swab na fitarwa. Sauran bincike na iya haɗawa da gwaje-gwaje don cutar kanjamau, hepatitis da syphilis.<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> Maza da ke yin jima'i da maza na iya buƙatar samun sutura na makogwaro da na baya.<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> == Magani == Magani ya dogara da dalilin kuma duk wani maganin rigakafi da aka tsara ya dogara da wane kamuwa da cuta aka samu.<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> Ana rage yaduwar kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar [[Binciken hulɗa|sanar da abokan jima'i]] don a iya kula da su, kuma ba su da jima'i (ciki har da baki ko hanci) har sai an kammala gwaje-gwaje kuma kwana bakwai sun wuce bayan magani.<ref name="PatientInfo" /> == Yaduwar cututtuka == Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da kasancewa maza masu yin jima'i a ƙarƙashin shekaru 25, samun sabon abokin jima'i na baya-bayan nan, jima'i mara kariya (ba tare da kwaroron roba ba), ko kuma kasancewa da duk wani kamuwa da cutar da aka kamu da ita ta hanyar jima'i.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3rgk89czr7krgr9cr7cfs378yy9u3aj 869124 869123 2026-06-27T06:18:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 869124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rashin Penile ruwa ne wanda ya fito daga urethra a ƙarshen [[Al'aurar Namiji|azzakari]] wanda ba [[fitsari]] ba ne, pre-ejaculate ko maniyyi.<ref name="Queen2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Penis Discharge |url=http://conditions.health.qld.gov.au/HealthCondition/condition/16/166/111/penis-discharge |access-date=27 December 2020 |website=conditions.health.qld.gov.au |publisher=Queensland Government |language=en}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun haɗa da kamuwa da cuta saboda gonorrhea, chlamydia, ko trichomoniasis.[1] A cikin gonorrhea fitarwa na iya zama fari, rawaya, ko kore.[2][3] Sau da yawa ana yin swab na fitarwa. Magani ya dogara da dalilin. Ana rage yaduwar kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar [[Binciken hulɗa|kula da jima'i]].<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da kasancewa maza masu yin jima'i a ƙarƙashin shekaru 25, suna da sabon abokin jima'i na baya-bayan nan, ko kuma suna da jima'i mara kariya.[1] == Ma'anar da siffofin asibiti == [[Fayil:Sample_gonorrhea.ogv|right|thumb|Wannan namiji ya gabatar da fitarwa wanda aka saba samu a farkon matakin gonorrhea. Wannan yana daya daga cikin alamun da za a iya gani a cikin kashi 90% na maza da ke fama da gonorrhea, yawanci a cikin kwanaki 2 zuwa 5 <ref name="CDC">{{Cite web |title=Gonorrhea - CDC Fact Sheet |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea.htm |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref>]] Fitar da Penile ruwa ne daga urethra a ƙarshen azzakari wanda ba fitsari ba ne ko maniyyi.<ref name="Queen2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Penis Discharge |url=http://conditions.health.qld.gov.au/HealthCondition/condition/16/166/111/penis-discharge |access-date=27 December 2020 |website=conditions.health.qld.gov.au |publisher=Queensland Government |language=en}}</ref> Rashin ruwa mai haske (pre-ejaculate) lokacin da jima'i ya zama na al'ada.<ref name="Queen2017" /> Akwai ciwo ko ƙonewa yayin wucewar fitsari, ciwo a cikin azzakari ko jin daɗin wucewar fitsarin akai-akai.<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun haɗa da kamuwa da cuta saboda [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]], [[chlamydia]], ko trichomoniasis. Sauran dalilai sun hada da: * Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta<ref name="Queen2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Penis Discharge |url=http://conditions.health.qld.gov.au/HealthCondition/condition/16/166/111/penis-discharge |access-date=27 December 2020 |website=conditions.health.qld.gov.au |publisher=Queensland Government |language=en}}</ref> * [[Ciwon prostatitis mai tsanani]]<ref name="Queen2017" /> * Cutar da ke ƙarƙashin fata<ref name="Queen2017" /> * Warts a buɗewar urethra<ref name="Queen2017" /> * Ciwon Kwayar cutar Herpes simplex a buɗewar urethra <ref name="Queen2017" /> * Abu ne a cikin urethra <ref name="Queen2017" /> ko tsarin tiyata na baya-bayan nan. * Rashin jini na iya zama alamar Ciwon daji na urethral.<ref name="Kahan" /> == Bincike == Sau da yawa ana yin swab na fitarwa. Sauran bincike na iya haɗawa da gwaje-gwaje don cutar kanjamau, hepatitis da syphilis.<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> Maza da ke yin jima'i da maza na iya buƙatar samun sutura na makogwaro da na baya.<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> == Magani == Magani ya dogara da dalilin kuma duk wani maganin rigakafi da aka tsara ya dogara da wane kamuwa da cuta aka samu.<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> Ana rage yaduwar kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar [[Binciken hulɗa|sanar da abokan jima'i]] don a iya kula da su, kuma ba su da jima'i (ciki har da baki ko hanci) har sai an kammala gwaje-gwaje kuma kwana bakwai sun wuce bayan magani.<ref name="PatientInfo" /> == Yaduwar cututtuka == Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da kasancewa maza masu yin jima'i a ƙarƙashin shekaru 25, samun sabon abokin jima'i na baya-bayan nan, jima'i mara kariya (ba tare da kwaroron roba ba), ko kuma kasancewa da duk wani kamuwa da cutar da aka kamu da ita ta hanyar jima'i.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 102ervn1210czalqpklqtlncf4yqrgm 869142 869124 2026-06-27T06:48:06Z Arabiyu 28508 869142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rashin ruwa ne wanda ya fito daga urethra a ƙarshen [[Al'aurar Namiji|azzakari]] wanda ba [[fitsari]] ba ne, pre-ejaculate ko maniyyi.<ref name="Queen2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Penis Discharge |url=http://conditions.health.qld.gov.au/HealthCondition/condition/16/166/111/penis-discharge |access-date=27 December 2020 |website=conditions.health.qld.gov.au |publisher=Queensland Government |language=en}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun haɗa da kamuwa da cuta saboda gonorrhea, chlamydia, ko trichomoniasis.[1] A cikin gonorrhea fitarwa na iya zama fari, rawaya, ko kore.[2][3] Sau da yawa ana yin swab na fitarwa. Magani ya dogara da dalilin. Ana rage yaduwar kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar [[Binciken hulɗa|kula da jima'i]].<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da kasancewa maza masu yin jima'i a ƙarƙashin shekaru 25, suna da sabon abokin jima'i na baya-bayan nan, ko kuma suna da jima'i mara kariya.[1] == Ma'anar da siffofin asibiti == [[Fayil:Sample_gonorrhea.ogv|right|thumb|Wannan namiji ya gabatar da fitarwa wanda aka saba samu a farkon matakin gonorrhea. Wannan yana daya daga cikin alamun da za a iya gani a cikin kashi 90% na maza da ke fama da gonorrhea, yawanci a cikin kwanaki 2 zuwa 5 <ref name="CDC">{{Cite web |title=Gonorrhea - CDC Fact Sheet |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea.htm |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref>]] Fitar da Penile ruwa ne daga urethra a ƙarshen azzakari wanda ba fitsari ba ne ko maniyyi.<ref name="Queen2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Penis Discharge |url=http://conditions.health.qld.gov.au/HealthCondition/condition/16/166/111/penis-discharge |access-date=27 December 2020 |website=conditions.health.qld.gov.au |publisher=Queensland Government |language=en}}</ref> Rashin ruwa mai haske (pre-ejaculate) lokacin da jima'i ya zama na al'ada.<ref name="Queen2017" /> Akwai ciwo ko ƙonewa yayin wucewar fitsari, ciwo a cikin azzakari ko jin daɗin wucewar fitsarin akai-akai.<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun haɗa da kamuwa da cuta saboda [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]], [[chlamydia]], ko trichomoniasis. Sauran dalilai sun hada da: * Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta<ref name="Queen2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Penis Discharge |url=http://conditions.health.qld.gov.au/HealthCondition/condition/16/166/111/penis-discharge |access-date=27 December 2020 |website=conditions.health.qld.gov.au |publisher=Queensland Government |language=en}}</ref> * [[Ciwon prostatitis mai tsanani]]<ref name="Queen2017" /> * Cutar da ke ƙarƙashin fata<ref name="Queen2017" /> * Warts a buɗewar urethra<ref name="Queen2017" /> * Ciwon Kwayar cutar Herpes simplex a buɗewar urethra <ref name="Queen2017" /> * Abu ne a cikin urethra <ref name="Queen2017" /> ko tsarin tiyata na baya-bayan nan. * Rashin jini na iya zama alamar Ciwon daji na urethral.<ref name="Kahan" /> == Bincike == Sau da yawa ana yin swab na fitarwa. Sauran bincike na iya haɗawa da gwaje-gwaje don cutar kanjamau, hepatitis da syphilis.<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> Maza da ke yin jima'i da maza na iya buƙatar samun sutura na makogwaro da na baya.<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> == Magani == Magani ya dogara da dalilin kuma duk wani maganin rigakafi da aka tsara ya dogara da wane kamuwa da cuta aka samu.<ref name="PatientInfo">{{Cite web |title=Urethritis and Urethral Discharge in Men |url=http://patient.info/health/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=patient.info}}</ref> Ana rage yaduwar kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar [[Binciken hulɗa|sanar da abokan jima'i]] don a iya kula da su, kuma ba su da jima'i (ciki har da baki ko hanci) har sai an kammala gwaje-gwaje kuma kwana bakwai sun wuce bayan magani.<ref name="PatientInfo" /> == Yaduwar cututtuka == Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da kasancewa maza masu yin jima'i a ƙarƙashin shekaru 25, samun sabon abokin jima'i na baya-bayan nan, jima'i mara kariya (ba tare da kwaroron roba ba), ko kuma kasancewa da duk wani kamuwa da cutar da aka kamu da ita ta hanyar jima'i.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t2pvmpzln8mbflihqfu3w34h55qcqrh 0 79644 869304 671369 2026-06-27T10:59:54Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 869304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mohammed Marwana''' Dan kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] ne. A watan [[Aguata|Agustan]] Shekara ta 2013, ya yi ikirarin cewa ya karbi jagorancin kungiyar daga hannun [[Abubakar Shekau]], wanda hakan ya saba wa rahotannin da shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, [[Liman|Imam]] [[Liman Ibrahim|Liman Ibrahim ya bayar]] na cewa an kashe Shekau tare da nada [[Abu Zamira]] a matsayin shugaban kungiyar ta mayakan. Ya yi ikirarin cewa shi ne ke da alhakin fara tattaunawar sulhu tsakanin [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|gwamnatin Najeriya]] da kungiyar Boko Haram. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamza Suleiman |date=5 August 2013 |title=Boko Leadership Hustle: New Bloodthirsty Marwana Declares Tutelage, Says Shekau Out but Not Dead |url=http://newsrescue.com/boko-leadership-tussle-new-bloodthirsty-marwana-declares-tutelage-says-shekau-out-but-not-dead/#axzz4CYSEtCzA |access-date=26 June 2016 |website=NewsRescue |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918015126/http://newsrescue.com/boko-leadership-tussle-new-bloodthirsty-marwana-declares-tutelage-says-shekau-out-but-not-dead/#axzz4CYSEtCzA |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Harin Kano == Mohammed Marwana ya bayar da misali da harin bam da aka kai Kano a watan [[Aguata|Agustan]] 2013 a matsayin shaida cewa shi ne ke da iko da kungiyar [[Boko Haram]]. Ya bayyana cewa, “Ni da kaina na ba da umarnin harin da aka kai Kano domin in tabbatar wa duniya cewa, ni ne ainihin jagoran Boko Haram, domin an samu dakaru masu ja da baya kan batun tattaunawa, wadanda suka yi ta shakku kan shugabancina a kungiyar, na gaya musu. gaba da cewa za a kai hari, kuma ya faru gargadi ne, kuma muna bukatar mu sake cewa mun kai hare-hare a Kano. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2013 |title=Nigeria - New Boko Haram Leader Mohammed Marwana Emerges, Claims Responsibility For Kano Bombings |url=http://www.africaeagle.com/2013/08/nigeria-new-boko-haram-leader-mohammed.html |access-date=26 June 2016 |website=Africa Eagle}}</ref> == Abubakar Shekau == Duk da rahotannin da shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, Imam Liman Ibrahim ya bayar, da kuma sanarwar Abu Zamira na cewa an kashe Abubakar Shekau, Marwana ya bayyana cewa an sauke Shekau ne kawai. Marwana ya tabbatar a watan Agustan 2013 cewa "Shekau yana raye sabanin hasashe, sai dai ya rasa shugabancin kungiyar. Ba zan gaya muku inda yake ba, amma yana raye... sai dai idan ya mutu ina magana." <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2013 |title=Mohamed Marwana, New Boko Haram Leader Claims Responsibility For Recent Kano Bombings |url=http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/headline/308501-mohamed-marwana-new-boko-haram-leader-claims-responsibility-for-recent-kano-bombings.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807222740/http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/headline/308501-mohamed-marwana-new-boko-haram-leader-claims-responsibility-for-recent-kano-bombings.html |archive-date=7 August 2016 |access-date=26 June 2016 |website=OnlineNigeria News}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Musulunci * Jihadism * [[Rikicin Boko Haram|Rikicin Islama a Najeriya]] * Sharia a Najeriya * Bauta a Musulunci na karni na 21 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 44hn53w6q886h7e66dwy9pkuiabb3li 0 79765 868685 445890 2026-06-26T12:00:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Afirka''' ( '''AAU''' ) ( {{Lang-ar|اتحاد الجامعات الأفريقية}}, {{Lang-fr|Association des universités africaines}} ) ƙungiyar jami'a ce ta jami'o'in Afirka da ke [[Accra]], [[Ghana]] . Tare da cibiyoyin membobin a duk faɗin Afirka, AAU tana ba da dandalin haɗin gwiwa da musayar bayanai kan manyan tsare-tsare da manufofin bincike. == Tarihi == An kafa AAU a [[Rabat]], Morocco a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1967, biyo bayan shawarwarin da aka yi a wani taron da aka shirya a baya wanda Hukumar Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) ta shirya a [[Antananarivo]], [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] a watan Satumbar 1962. Taron Antananarivo ya yi kira ga mahalarta da su kafa kungiyar hadin kai. Kwamitin shirye-shiryen shugabannin cibiyoyin ilimi na Afirka ne ya ɗauki shawarwarin Antananarivo, wanda ya haɗu a Khartoum a watan Satumbar 1963 kuma ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar. Tare da mambobi na farko na 34, ƙungiyar yanzu tana da mambobi sama da 373 daga ƙasashe 46, suna yankewa a cikin harshe da sauran rarrabuwa.<ref>[http://www.aau.org/membership/ AAU Member Universities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217175011/http://www.aau.org/membership/ |date=2016-12-17 }} (accessed 1 March 2024)</ref> Kungiyar ta samar da dandamali don bincike, tunani, shawarwari, muhawara, hadin kai da haɗin gwiwa kan batutuwan da suka shafi ilimi mafi girma. Ya ba da sabis da yawa ga membobinta kuma ya yi aiki da ilimi mafi girma na Afirka ta hanyoyi da yawa. Ya kafa kuma ya kara rawar da yake takawa a cikin yankuna biyar na Afirka kuma saboda haka yana iya, a sanarwa mai ma'ana, don tara ƙungiyoyin masana a fannoni masu dacewa daga yankuna. Kungiyar tana da ikon musamman don kiran shugabannin cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma da masu tsara manufofi daga dukkan sassan nahiyar da kuma manyan batutuwa da suka shafi ilimi da ci gaban Afirka, kamar yadda aka nuna a taron WTO / GATS da aka gudanar a Ghana a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2004. Bugu da kari, ƙungiyar tana ba da jagoranci wajen gano batutuwan da ke tasowa da tallafi don muhawara da su da sauƙaƙe aikin bin diddigin da ya dace ta membobinta, abokan tarayya da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. == Mambobi == * Jami'ar Ardhi * [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]] * [[Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane]] * [[Jami'ar Musulunci a Uganda]] * [[Jami'ar Makerere]] * [[Jami'ar Musulmi ta Morogoro]] * [[Jami'ar Mzumbe]] * [[Open Jami'ar Tanzania]] * [[Jami'ar St. Augustine ta Tanzania]] * [[Sokoine University of Agriculture|Jami'ar Aikin Gona ta Sokoine]] * [[Jami'ar shahidan Uganda]] * [[Jami'ar Zuciya Mai Tsarki Gulu]] * [[Jami'ar Zanzibar]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == 7epxykvu1pac5e2nv8n28x5zpqmj0ce 0 80518 868731 865300 2026-06-26T15:28:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868731 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:UCLG_address_to_the_Human_Rights_Council_(2015).jpg|thumb|387x387px| A cikin 2015, Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta amince da rahoton A/HRC/30/49 "Gudunwar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam". A cikin hoton, Patrick Braouezec ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin UCLG game da Haɗin Kan Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam.]] '''Birnin Human Rights City''' birni ne da ke aiki da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Akwai wasu ma'anoni na birnin [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uganda|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] da ake da su waɗanda suka fi ƙayyadaddun bayanai kuma suna kallon birnin na haƙƙin ɗan adam ta wani ƙusurwa. Wani yace City Rights birni ne da ke magana a kai a kai ga [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] da sauran ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ko a cikin manufofinsu, maganganunsu, da shirye-shiryensu. Wata ma'anar ita ce birnin kare haƙƙin bil'adama 'birni ne wanda aka tsara bisa ka'idoji da ƙa'idojin ƴancin ɗan adam'.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Grigolo|first=Michele|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315628530|title=The Human Rights City|date=2019-04-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-62853-0|location=1 Edition. {{!}} New York : Routledge, 2019. {{!}} Series: Routledge advances in sociology|pages=5|doi=10.4324/9781315628530|s2cid=159156185}}</ref> Wannan ma'anar zamantakewa tana jaddada birnin 'yancin ɗan adam a matsayin tsari wanda wakilai daban-daban suna ba da gudummawar zuwa mataki daban-daban: daga masu fafutuka, masana da malamai zuwa ƙungiyoyin duniya, gwamnatocin jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi da jami'ai. Har ila yau, wannan ma'anar ba ta cancanci haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin kasa da kasa ba, bisa ga gaskiyar cewa wasu lokuta garuruwa suna bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin sharuɗɗan nasu ta hanyoyin da ba su da wani tsari na yau da kullun ko kuma nan da nan a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma suna iya tsammanin rabon su daga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da haɗawa cikin su. dokokin kasa da kasa. Marubucin ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ma'anar ta fi ɗaukar mafi kyawun hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda biranen ke hulɗa da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma shiga cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam, ba kawai a matsayin masu karɓa ba har ma da wakilan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Masu sharhi sun lura da karuwar adadin irin waɗannan biranen tun 2000. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grigolo |first=Michele |year=2011 |title=Incorporating Cities into the Eu Anti-Discrimination Policy: Between Race Discrimination and Migrant Rights |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1751–69 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2010.538422 |s2cid=143622759}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Towards a Decentralization of Human Rights: The Rise of Human Rights Cities |url=https://www.amnesty.nl/content/uploads/2016/12/the_future_of_human_rights_in_an_urban_world_0.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}} </ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=About this Work Area {{!}} CISDP |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/en/work-areas/human-rights/about-work-area |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=uclg-cisdp.org}}</ref> Garuruwan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ba koyaushe suke bayyana kansu a matsayin haka ba amma galibi ana kiransu garuruwan Hakkokin Dan Adam bisa la'akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam. A faɗin gaskiya, garuruwan kare hakkin ɗan adam sun fito a ƙarshen 1990s daga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da kuma ƙungiyoyin gundumomi. Suna nuna ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka da jami'an ƙananan hukumomi don inganta mutunta ƙa'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam a matakin ƙaramar hukuma ko al'umma. Saboda mayar da hankalinsu kan yanayin gida, Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam suna jaddada [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu]] yayin da suke shafar rayuwar mazauna garuruwa da sauran al'ummomi da kuma damar su na more [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|yancin ɗan adam na farar hula da na siyasa]] . Har ila yau, ra'ayin 'yancin ɗan adam yana haɗe da wasu sabbin abubuwa a cikin ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda aka taso a matakin gida, kamar Haƙƙin Birni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About this Work Area {{!}} CISDP |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/en/work-areas/right-city-and-participatory-democracy/about-work-area |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=uclg-cisdp.org}}</ref> Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam sun bayyana birnin Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a matsayin “Wanda mazaunansa da hukumomin gida, ta hanyar koyo game da dacewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun (wanda kwamitin gudanarwa), ya shiga cikin ci gaba da koyo, tattaunawa, nazari na tsari da tunani mai zurfi a matakin al'umma, don bin tsarin musayar ra'ayi da kuma tsara tsarin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa don tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, siyasa, farar hula da al'adu." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Learning and Human Rights Cities. Achievements Report |url=http://www.pdhre.org/achievements-HR-cities-mar-07.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> An bayyana biranen 'yancin ɗan adam a 2011, World Human Rights Cities Forum of Gwangju ( [[Koriya ta Kudu]] ) a matsayin "dukkan jama'ar gari da tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin mahallin gida inda 'yancin ɗan adam ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin mahimman dabi'u da jagoranci. ka'idoji." <ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 World Human Rights Cities Forum |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/Gwangju%20Declaration%20on%20Human%20Rights%20Cities%20%282011%29.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama a cikin Birni <ref>{{Cite web |last=UCLG-CSIPDHR |title=European Charter for the Safeguarding of Human Rights in the City |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/documents/files/2021-06/CISDP%20Carta%20Europea%20Sencera_baixa_3.pdf}}</ref> da Tsarin Yarjejeniya ta Duniya don yancin ɗan adam a cikin birni <ref>{{Cite web |last=UCLG-CSIPDHR |date=2011 |title=Global Charter-Agenda for Human Rights in the City |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/documents/files/2021-06/CISDP%20Carta-Agenda_ENG_0.pdf}}</ref> kuma sun ba da tsarin da ya dace don ayyuka daban-daban da suka jagoranci birane daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya. == Tarihin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama. == Shirin City Rights City sakamako ne na dogon lokaci na ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen ƙungiyoyin jama'a don kare da haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam, don haka yana wakiltar wani bangare na gwagwarmayar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya . Ana kuma iya ganin hakan a sakamakon karuwar matakan raba kan al'umma da 'yancin cin gashin kai na gida a fadin duniya, wanda ya haifar da karuwar wayar da kan jama'a da yunkurin siyasa a tsakanin kananan hukumomi. === Asalin: Daga Haƙƙin Birni zuwa Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Koyan Haƙƙin Dan Adam. === Shirye-shiryen haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani ya girma kai tsaye daga tsarawa da farko game da da'awar haƙƙin a cikin birane. Yaɗuwar yanayin matsalolin birane da ke shafar rayuwar yau da kullun da rayuwar mutane ya haifar da irin martani iri ɗaya a wurare a duniya, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar lokaci guda tare da haɓaka da'awar sanannen ' yancin birni . " <ref> name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Margit |date=2009 |title=The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements |journal=City |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=362–74 |bibcode=2009City...13..362M |doi=10.1080/13604810902982755 |s2cid=73628732}}</ref> A cewar David Harvey, " don kiran haƙƙin birni yana nufin 'da'awar wani nau'i na ikon tsara tsarin tafiyar da birane, a kan hanyoyin da aka yi da kuma sake gina garuruwanmu da kuma yin haka a cikin mahimmanci kuma hanyar radical." Ra'ayoyin da ke ƙarfafa wannan motsi sun fara bayyana a cikin 1970s, tare da rinjaye da yawa daga littafin Henri Lefebvre na 1968, ''Le Droit à la ville'' . Yunkurin ya fadada kuma ya sami ci gaba a duniya tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Margit |date=2009 |title=The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements |journal=City |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=362–74 |bibcode=2009City...13..362M |doi=10.1080/13604810902982755 |s2cid=73628732}}</ref> Yaɗuwar rikice-rikicen kuɗi na duniya, daɗaɗɗen birane, da lalacewar muhalli sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar yawan biranen duniya waɗanda ke magana dalla-dalla ga haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya a cikin manufofinsu, maganganunsu, da shirye-shiryensu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Austerity Urbanism: The Neoliberal Crisis of American Cities|last=Peck|first=Jamie|publisher=Rosa Luxemburg Foundation|year=2015|url=http://www.rosalux-nyc.org/austerity-urbanism/}}</ref> Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta People's Movement for Human Rights Learning (PDHRE) ce ta kaddamar da shirin da aka yi wa lakabi da "Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam", wanda a da aka fi sani da shekaru goma na jama'a don Ilimin 'Yancin Dan Adam, a sakamakon [[Taron Duniya kan Hakkokin Dan Adam|taron 1993 na duniya kan 'yancin dan Adam]] a Vienna, Austria. Yunkurin yana da nufin tara mutane a cikin al'ummomi don "biyan tattaunawa a tsakanin al'umma da kaddamar da ayyuka don inganta rayuwa da tsaro na mata, maza da yara bisa ka'idoji da ka'idoji na 'yancin ɗan adam."<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Human Rights Cities: Civic Engagement for Societal Development|last1=Marks|first1=Stephen P.|publisher=People’s Movement for Human Rights Learning & UN Habitat|year=2008|last2=Modrowski|last3=Lichem|first2=Kathleen A.|first3=Walther|url=http://www.pdhre.org/Human_Rights_Cities_Book.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306184553/http://www.pdhre.org/Human_Rights_Cities_Book.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 6, 2009}}</ref> Wannan hanya ta bambanta da hanyar gargajiya ta yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma amfani da shi saboda ba da fifiko ga shaharar ilimi, haɗa kai, da al'adu a matsayin abin da ya dace da aiwatar da gwamnati. Garuruwan Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam sun girma a wani bangare saboda yunƙurin da hukumomin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar UN Habitat ke yi na haɗa tsarin shari'a na ƙasa da ƙasa da shirye-shiryen birni. Sakamakon ci gaban tattalin arzikin duniya, biranen duniya suna fuskantar matsaloli iri ɗaya na birane, da suka haɗa da rashin gidaje masu araha, cunkoson ababen hawa da kuma rashin isassun hidimomin jama'a.<ref name=":22" /> Biranen sun kalli taron kasa da kasa kamar taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsugunan Dan Adam da Kungiyoyin Birane da Hukumomin Kananan Hukumomi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by WACLAC at the International Conference on Financing for Development; Monterrey, Mexico; 18 March 2002 |url=https://www.un.org/ffd/statements/waclacE.htm |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.un.org}}</ref> don taimakawa wajen magance wadannan matsalolin. Shulamith Koenig, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shulamith Koenig |url=http://www.pdhre.org/people/shulabio.html |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.pdhre.org}}</ref> wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Koyon Haƙƙin Dan Adam (PDHRE), ya yi aiki kafaɗa da kafaɗa da masu shirya 'yancin ɗan adam a wasu garuruwan 'yancin ɗan adam na farko da aka keɓe, ciki har da Rosario Argentina, wanda ya zama birni na farko na 'yancin ɗan adam a duniya. a cikin 1997 <ref>{{Cite web |title=PDHRE: Human Rights Communities |url=http://pdhre.org/projects/development.html |access-date=2016-02-24 |website=pdhre.org}}</ref> da Birnin Washington, DC na farko da ke tushen Amurka.<ref name=":22" /> === Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam Haɗin Kan Duniya. === [[Fayil:Korea-Gwangju_5392-06.JPG|thumb|336x336px| Birnin Gwangju ya kasance majagaba wajen aiwatar da tsarin biranen kare hakkin bil'adama a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da Asiya, kuma tun a shekarar 2011 ne aka shirya taron dandalin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya.]] 1998, zai yi tsammanin samun ci gaba ga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam duka ta fuskar ƙarfafa hukumomi da kuma isar da sako na duniya. A matakin Turai, babban taron birnin Barcelona na kare hakkin bil adama ya tara hukumomin kananan hukumomi fiye da 400, tare da yin kira da a kara tabbatar da siyasa a matsayin masu taka rawa wajen kare hakkin dan Adam. <ref>{{Cite web |title=European Charter for the Safeguarding of Human Rights in the City |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/right-to-the-city/european-charter |access-date=13 June 2018 |website=UCLG Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights}}</ref> Wannan tsari zai ƙare bayan shekaru 2, a birnin Saint Denis na Faransa ta hanyar amincewa da Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin Birni (2000). A lokaci guda kuma, motsi na biranen kare hakkin bil'adama yana ci gaba da karuwa a Asiya, yayin da kungiyoyin fararen hula na yanki ke shirin kaddamar da Yarjejeniya ta Hakkokin Dan Adam na Asiya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Human Rights Charter |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/Asian%20Human%20Rights%20Charter%20%281998%29.pdf |access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> ( Gwangju, 1998). Dukkan yarjejeniyoyin biyu za su ba da haske game da rawar da 'yan wasan gida ke takawa wajen inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin wata hanya ta ƙarfafa dimokraɗiyya na cikin gida da kuma matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin birni a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan duniya. Bayan kafuwar Rosario a matsayin birni na farko na Haƙƙin Dan Adam a shekara ta 1997, wasu ƙananan hukumomi a Kudancin Amirka sun rungumi tsarin da ya danganci haƙƙin ɗan adam yadda ya kamata ta hanyar ba da fifiko na musamman kan alakar ta tare da ra'ayin ' yancin birnin . A shekara ta 2001, mutum-mutumi na birnin Brazil ya ba da wani sabon tsari don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ayyukan zamantakewa na birni a matakin ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-09 |title=The City Statute of Brazil: A Commentary {{!}} Cities Alliance |url=http://www.citiesalliance.org/node/1947 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306210206/http://www.citiesalliance.org/node/1947 |archive-date=2014-03-06 |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.citiesalliance.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]] kuma yana daga cikin majagaba wajen bunkasa ra'ayin biranen 'yancin ɗan adam: a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ta inganta Yarjejeniya ta Birnin Mexico don Haƙƙin Birni, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexico City Charter for the Right to the City |url=http://www.hic-gs.org/content/Mexico_Charter_R2C_2010.pdf |website=UCLG Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015458/http://www.hic-gs.org/content/Mexico_Charter_R2C_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin sa ido kan 'yancin ɗan adam a matakin gida ya amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki musamman bisa tsarin kare hakkin dan Adam. Har ila yau, birnin [[Bogotá]] ya kasance a sahun gaba wajen aiwatar da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam, tare da aiwatar da manufar Bogotá Humana (2013-2016) wanda ya ɗauki wani muhimmin mahimmanci game da hakkin mutane marasa gida, mata da tsofaffi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-27 |title=El adiós de Gustavo Petro y la Bogotá Humana |url=https://www.elespectador.com/opinion/opinion/el-adios-de-gustavo-petro-y-la-bogota-humana-columna-607861 |access-date=2018-06-13 |work=ELESPECTADOR.COM |language=es-CO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-04 |title=Estos son los colegios de la Bogota Humana, Una política educativa que es hito mundial. |url=https://gustavopetroblog.wordpress.com/2016/07/04/estos-son-los-colegios-de-la-bogota-humana-una-politica-educativa-que-es-hito-mundial/comment-page-1/ |access-date=2018-06-13 |work=Gustavo Petro Blog |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rights Approach through the "Bogotá Humana" Development Plan {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/reports/rights-approach-through-bogot%C3%A1-humana-development-plan |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184227/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/reports/rights-approach-through-bogot%C3%A1-humana-development-plan |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, misalai da dama a duniya sun nuna zurfafa kan tunani da kuma abubuwan da biranen kare hakkin bil'adama ke yi. A Koriya ta Kudu, Gwangju ya fara aikin kafa tsarin kula da hakkin ɗan adam (2009) <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=세계인권도시포럼 |title=세계인권도시포럼 |url=http://www.whrcf.org/E_index.php |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.whrcf.org |language=ko |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613190142/http://www.whrcf.org/E_index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda birane kamar [[Seoul]] (2012) <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=In Seoul, a municipal government division works to mainstream the rights approach in local public action {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/latest-news/seoul-municipal-government-division-works-mainstream-rights-approach-local-public |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184328/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/latest-news/seoul-municipal-government-division-works-mainstream-rights-approach-local-public |url-status=dead }}</ref> da [[Busan]] suka bi da sauri. Gwangju ya kuma kasance babban mai shirya taron kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya wanda ya tara daruruwan garuruwan kare hakkin bil'adama a duk shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Human Rights Cities Forum (WHRCF) of Gwangju, South Korea {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/activities/human-rights-cities/international-meetings/World-Human-Rights-Cities-Forum-of-Gwangju |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184700/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/activities/human-rights-cities/international-meetings/World-Human-Rights-Cities-Forum-of-Gwangju |url-status=dead }}</ref> A duk faɗin Turai, birane irin su Barcelona, [[Madrid]], [[Graz]] ko Utrecht sun kafa hanyoyin tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma lura da alhakinsu ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Misalai na musamman game da wannan ana iya samun su a matakan ƙananan hukumomi kamar shirin "City of Rights" na Barcelona (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mesura de govern "Barcelona Ciutat de Drets" |url=http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |website=City Council of Barcelona |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2024-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005084104/https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ko Madrid's "Strategic Plan for Human Rights Cities" (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plan Estratégico de Derechos Humanos de Madrid |url=https://diario.madrid.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/PlanDDHH_PDF.pdf |website=City Council of Madrid}}</ref> === Garuruwan kare hakkin Dan Adam a Arewacin Amurka. === A Arewacin Amurka, [[Montréal|Montreal]] ta kasance majagaba na yanki tare da kafa Yarjejeniya ta Hakki da Hakki na Montreal na gida (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Montreal City Charter of Rights and Responsibilities |url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/page/charte_mtl_fr/media/documents/charte_montrealaise_english.pdf |website=City of Monreal}}</ref> [[San Francisco]] ta aiwatar da manufofin fassara da aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin gida na gida kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata tun 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Implementing the UN convention on women's rights locally {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/implementing-un-convention-women%E2%80%99s-rights-locally |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184216/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/implementing-un-convention-women%E2%80%99s-rights-locally |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu shirya haƙƙin ɗan adam a Amurka duk da haka sun fuskanci ƙalubale na musamman saboda rawar da Amurka take takawa a duniya da kuma rashin amincewa da yawancin manyan yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya . Koyaya, a cikin 2000s, ƙarin masu fafutuka na Amurka suna aiki don wayar da kan duniya game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam na Amurka, gami da wariyar launin fata a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka, take [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|haƙƙin ɗan adam na tattalin arziki]], da [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|haƙƙin yara]] . A cikin 2014, mazauna Detroit waɗanda suka rasa samun ruwa mai tsafta sun kawo ƙararsu ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wacce ta aika da Wakilin Musamman <ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/WaterAndSanitation/SRWater/Pages/SRWaterIndex.aspx |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> zuwa birnin kuma ta ba da sanarwar yin Allah wadai da ayyukan da suka hana mazauna ' [[Hakkin Dan'adam Na Ruwa Da Tsafta|yancin samun ruwa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=22 October 2014 |title=Detroit and the Evaporating Right to Running Water |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/10/detroit-and-the-evaporating-right-to-running-water/381731/ |access-date=2016-02-24 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan fitowar da wasu sun ƙarfafa ƙarin biranen Amurka, gami da Baltimore Maryland, Mountain View California, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noack |first=Mark |date=20 July 2015 |title=Dispute over human rights measure in Mountain View |url=https://www.mv-voice.com/news/2015/07/19/dispute-over-human-rights-measure-in-mountain-view |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=www.mv-voice.com |language=en}}</ref> Columbia South Carolina, don yin la'akari da ƙirar birni na haƙƙin ɗan adam. '''''Atlanta's Human Rights City Initiatives''''' A [[Atlanta|Atlanta, masu fafutuka da kungiyoyi na gida na Georgia]] sun yi kira ga birnin da ya ayyana kansa a hukumance a matsayin "Birnin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam" a matsayin wani bangare na kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa. A cikin Afrilu 2019, Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta gudanar [https://ushrnetwork.org/news/106/105/Atlanta-Human-Rights-Cities-Convening-Summary-and-Outcomes da wani taro] a Atlanta mai da hankali kan adalcin tattalin arziki, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a, da batutuwan ƙaura da motsin ɗan adam. Sama da mahalarta 50, daga Atlanta da sauran sassa na ƙasar sun tattauna dabarun tushen tsarin yancin ɗan adam da yadda za su zama birni na kare hakkin ɗan adam a garuruwansu daban-daban. Taron na 2019, ya kuma ƙaddamar da [https://wiki.humanrightscities.mayfirst.org/index.php?title=UPR_Cities_Project "Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Cities Project"] wanda ke ba da kayan aiki don taimakawa birane su shiga cikin tattaunawa game da yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam na gida. Wannan yunƙurin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin [https://wiki.humanrightscities.mayfirst.org/index.php?title=Main_Page Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Ƙasar Amurka], ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi cibiyar sadarwar shugabannin al'umma da masu ba da shawara a duk faɗin Amurka. Wannan hanyar sadarwar tana ba da taimako da albarkatu ga sauran gundumomi masu burin samun matsayin Garuruwan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da bin [http://wiki.pghrights.mayfirst.org/images/6/6a/Human_Rights_City_Principles_October_2017.pdf ƙa'idodin City Rights] . Aikin yana da nufin ba da gudummawa ga "rahoton inuwa" na ƙasa don tsarin [https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/upr/upr-home bita na lokaci-lokaci na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UPR)] wanda ke nazarin tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Amurka. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida (NGOs) a Atlanta kamar [https://www.schr.org/who-we-are/ Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kudancin] sun ba da shawarar yin gyare-gyaren aikata laifuka ta hanyar yunkurin majalisa da kuma adawa da shirye-shirye kamar shirin horar da 'yan sanda na " Cop City " a Atlanta. Matakan adalci na tattalin arziki kamar [https://afsc.org/newsroom/atlantas-home-defenders Shirin Tsaro na Gida] don magance korar jama'a yayin bala'in A cikin Disamba 2022, Majalisar Birnin Atlanta ta zartar da wani kuduri na ayyana Atlanta a matsayin "Birnin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam" tare da yin kira ga manufofi don kare hakkin dan adam ( [https://atlantacityga.iqm2.com/Citizens/Detail_LegiFile.aspx?Frame=None&MeetingID=3671&MediaPosition=&ID=31546&CssClass= 22-R-4708] ). Duk da haka, masu suka da masu fafutuka suna jayayya cewa har yanzu birnin ya gaza a fannoni kamar rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki, aikin 'yan sanda na nuna wariya, da kuma kare 'yancin walwala ga al'ummomin da aka ware ko da bayan kudurin hukuma. Ci gaba, masu ba da shawara da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar Cibiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kudancin sun jaddada mahimmancin ƙarin haɗin gwiwar al'umma, samar da isassun kudade don shirye-shirye, yunƙurin samar da mafi girman lissafin 'yan sanda da sa ido, da ba da fifiko ga samun dama da juriya a cikin tsare-tsaren birane da kayayyakin more rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Southern Center for Human Rights |date= |title=Southern Center for Human Rights Resources |url=https://www.schr.org/resources/ |access-date=2024-05-17}}</ref> '''''Dayton Human Rights City Movement.''''' Dayton, Ohio ta yi fama da ƙalubalen rashin adalci na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da aikata laifuka. A cikin birnin Dayton, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam mai suna Uniting Dayton for Human Rights ta fara a cikin 2022.<ref name=":6" /> Ƙungiyar Uniting Dayton don Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam sune Mary Tyler shugabar Mary E. Tyler Consulting, LLC. da kuma tsohon babban darektan [https://nccjgreaterdayton.org/ taron kasa don Al'umma & Adalci Greater Dayton] tare da haɗin gwiwar [https://daytonhrc.org/ Majalisar Hulɗa da Jama'a] da [https://udayton.edu/artssciences/ctr/hrc/index.php Jami'ar Dayton Human Rights Center.] Makasudin wannan yunkuri shi ne ya zama birni na kare hakkin bil'adama na hukuma wanda ke goyon bayan ka'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam bisa ga [https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya], ta hanyar amincewa da kiyaye haƙƙoƙi na asali ga duk mutanen da ke zaune a Dayton. == Birane da dokokin duniya. == Duk [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|dokokin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa]] sun dogara ne a cikin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya]], wadda aka amince da ita a cikin 1948. Wannan daftarin aiki ya zayyana yancin ɗan adam waɗanda ba za a iya raba su ba waɗanda ke da kariya ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, launin fata, aji, yanayin jima'i, addini, ko wani abu na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa ba. Abubuwan da ke cikin UDHR ba su da alaƙa da doka, amma an san su a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na al'ada, kuma suna ba da izinin haɓaka yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa masu ɗaure, waɗanda ƙasashe za su zaɓi su rattaba hannu da tabbatarwa. Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa da tsarin sa ido, duk da haka, tana ba gwamnatocin ƙasa dama kuma suna iyakance rawar da jami'an gida ke takawa, waɗanda haɗin gwiwarsu wajen aiwatar da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa yana da mahimmanci. Ayyukan yau da kullun na aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam sau da yawa yana kan wuyan hukumomi na gida da na yanki. Su ma wadannan yarjejeniyoyin sun daure su. Hukumomin gida da na yanki galibi suna da alhakin ayyukan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, ilimi, gidaje, samar da ruwa, muhalli, aikin sanda da kuma, a yawancin lokuta, haraji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Margit |year=2009 |title=The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements |journal=City |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=362–74 |bibcode=2009City...13..362M |doi=10.1080/13604810902982755 |s2cid=73628732}}</ref><ref> Mayer, Margit. 2012. "The 'Right to the City' in Urban Social Movements." pp.&nbsp;63–85 in ''Cities for People Not for Profit: Critical Urban Theory and the Right to the City'', edited by N. Brenner, P. Marcuse and M. Mayer. New York: Routledge. </ref> Yadda birane ke aiwatar da manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bambanta daga birni zuwa birni. Wannan yana ba kowane birni damar haɓaka tsarin da ya keɓanta da ƙarfinsa, buƙatunsa, matsalolinsa, da damuwarsa. “Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam” da aka keɓe a hukumance suna ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar jagoranci da ta ƙunshi masu fafutukar al'umma, mazauna, da jami'an jama'a (ko waɗanda aka nada) suna aiki tare. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Karen |first=Dolan |date=March 2009 |title=Human Rights City Toolkit |url=http://www.ips-dc.org/human_rights_city_toolkit/ |access-date=2016-02-23 |website=Institute for Policy Studies}}</ref> Wasu garuruwa na iya ɗaukar yaren haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙa'idodi ba tare da ɗaukar sunan City Rights City a hukumance ba. Misali, Barcelona babbar birni ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai, kuma ta ƙirƙiri Ofishin Ban Wariya don aiwatar da manufar nuna wariyar launin fata ta EU a cikin iyakokinta a zaman wani ɓangare na zama birni na yancin ɗan adam. <ref name=":3" /> San Francisco wani irin misalin ne, tun lokacin da 1998, ta amince da dokar birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities for CEDAW {{!}} Department on the Status of Women |url=http://sfgov.org/dosw/cities-cedaw |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=sfgov.org |archive-date=2016-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308133118/http://sfgov.org/dosw/cities-cedaw |url-status=dead }}</ref> tana nuna ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniyar Kawar da duk wani nau'i na Wariya ga Mata . Misalin San Francisco ya taimaka wajen tsara aikin da masu fafutuka suka shirya wani kamfen na "Cities for CEDAW" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities for CEDAW |url=http://citiesforcedaw.org/ |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=citiesforcedaw.org |language=en-US}}</ref> don shawo kan biranen Amurka don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar CEDAW duk da gazawar gwamnatin kasa don amincewa da yarjejeniyar. === Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam akan "rawar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakin bil'adama" === A cikin shekaru da suka gabata, an tantance ci gaban ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama ta hanyar kudurori da maganganun ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ko Majalisar Turai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Respecting and fulfilling human rights at the local level |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/local-and-regional-authorities-speeches/-/asset_publisher/igylP6fCBzxu/content/respecting-and-fulfilling-human-rights-at-the-local-level?inheritRedirect=false&desktop=true |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=Commissioner for Human Rights |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wani ci gaba a wannan fanni shi ne amincewa da Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara A/HRC/30/49 kan "Gudunwar da Kananan Hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakin dan Adam".<ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} AdvisoryCommittee Local government and human rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/AdvisoryCommittee/Pages/LocalGovernmentAndHR.aspx |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahoton ya yi la'akari da nauyin da ke wuyan kananan hukumomi bisa dokokin kasa da kasa na kare hakkin bil'adama, amma mafi mahimmanci, ya jaddada damar da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama suka bayar wajen inganta da kare hakkin bil'adama saboda alaka ta kut da kut da bukatu da buri na mazauna birnin. Rahoton ya karfafa gwiwar kananan hukumomi wajen tsara dabarun kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa, ya kuma yi kira da su tabbatar da ikon da ake bukata da albarkatun kudi domin kananan hukumomi su sami damar yin aiki da hakkin dan adam. An tsara shi a matsayin mafi kyawun ayyuka na shirye-shiryen kananan hukumomi daban-daban da kuma inganta sadarwar yanar gizo a matsayin hanyar da za ta ciyar da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, ciki har da wasu misalai da ayyuka mafi kyau irin su dandalin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya na Gwangju ko Yarjejeniya ta Duniya don 'Yancin Dan Adam. a cikin Garin. Rahoton na 2015, ya samu gagarumin bibiyar mazabar Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da sauran kungiyoyi na kasa da kasa da na kananan hukumomi da ke aiki don ci gaban kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama. A matsayinsa na wakilin duniya na kananan hukumomi da na yanki, kwamitin UCLG kan Haɗin Kan Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam misali ya gabatar da bayanai daban-daban ga Majalisar tare da raba shawarwarin Rahoton a tsakanin mazabar ta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=United Nations Agenda on Local Governments and Human Rights: From Recognition to Partnership |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/united-nations-agenda-local-governments-and-human-rights-recognition-partnership |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta amince da wani kuduri (A/HRC/RES/33/8) "Gane da rawar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam" da kuma "ba da kusanci ga mutane da kasancewa a ciyawa. -matakin tushen, daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan kananan hukumomi shi ne samar da ayyuka na jama'a wadanda suka dace da bukatun gida da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da su dangane da tabbatar da hakkin dan adam a matakin kananan hukumomi". <ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR - Session 33: Resolutions, decisions and President's statements |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session33/Pages/ResDecStat.aspx |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2017, wannan Majalisar ta shirya taron tattaunawa kan Rahoton da kuma ci gaban da aka samu na aiwatar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR - HRC: Panel discussion on role of local government, 4 September 2017 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/PanelRoleLocalGovernment.aspx |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwar ƙananan hukumomi na ƙasa da ƙasa kan haƙƙin ɗan adam. == [[Fayil:Meeting_of_cities_for_human_rights_and_the_right_to_the_city_(Madrid).jpg|thumb|334x334px| A cikin 2017 ne birnin Madrid ya gudanar da taron kasa da kasa na biranen kare hakkin dan adam da hakkin mallakar birnin]] Ayyukan masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa da masu tsara manufofi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya taimaka wajen yada ra'ayoyi game da yadda gwamnatocin birni zasu inganta aiwatar da hakkin dan adam. A shekara ta 2004, UNESCO ta taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coalition of Cities against Racism {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/fight-against-discrimination/coalition-of-cities/ |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.unesco.org}}</ref> don taimakawa shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi musayar ra'ayi da inganta manufofin yaki da [[wariyar launin fata]], [[Wariya|wariyar launin fata]], [[Kyamar Baki|kyamar baki]] da kuma wariya . Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Turai (ECCAR) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ECCAR |url=http://www.eccar.info/ |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=ECCAR}}</ref> ta girma daga wannan ƙoƙarin, kuma a yanzu tana da fiye da gundumomi 104, a cikin membobinta kuma ta ɗauki tsarin aiki mai maki goma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Points Action Plan |url=http://www.eccar.info/10-point-plan-action |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304170449/http://www.eccar.info/10-point-plan-action |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=ECCAR |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2005, Kwamitin UCLG akan Haɗin Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |title=CISDP {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org}}</ref> an ƙirƙira shi a cikin tsarin ƙungiyar mafi girma da wakilin duniya na ƙananan hukumomi: Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa da Ƙananan Hukumomi . Kwamitin yana wakilta da sauƙaƙe musayar tsakanin hukumomin gida na duniya waɗanda ke da ƙaƙƙarfan ajanda kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ( [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico City]] da Gwangju misali biyu daga cikin kujerun sa a cikin 2018). A matsayin sakamakon da ya dace na fiye da shekaru 10, na aiki don inganta ra'ayi da kuma amincewa da biranen 'yancin ɗan adam, kwamitin ya kasance mai kula da bin tsarin Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin birni kuma ya ƙirƙira da haɓakawa. Ajandar Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya don Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin Birni. Har ila yau, ta gudanar da shawarwarin siyasa mai karfi a matakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, don amincewa da kananan hukumomi a matsayin manyan masu ruwa da tsaki wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam, tare da shirya taron kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya duk shekara. Wani misali mai dacewa dangane da ƙaƙƙarfan haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka ajandar biranen haƙƙin ɗan adam shine abin da ake kira "cibiyoyin bincike-aiki". A wannan yanayin, cibiyar bincike na gida gabaɗaya ita ce kan gaba wajen zaburar da ƙananan hukumomi don aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matakin ƙananan hukumomi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights cities: Motivations, mechanisms and implications |url=http://kks.verdus.nl/upload/documents/HRC-Book.pdf |website=Kennis voor Krachtige Steden (KKS) |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2018-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223012115/http://kks.verdus.nl/upload/documents/HRC-Book.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-15 |title=Pittsburgh Human Rights City Alliance Website |url=https://www.ushrnetwork.org/resources-media/pittsburgh-human-rights-city-alliance-website |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=US Human Rights Network |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614122145/https://www.ushrnetwork.org/resources-media/pittsburgh-human-rights-city-alliance-website |url-status=dead }}</ref> Misalai masu dacewa game da wannan ana iya samun su a matakan Turai<ref>{{Cite web |title=York: Human Rights City - York Human Rights City |url=https://www.yorkhumanrights.org/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=York Human Rights City |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2016 |title=Lund Can Become Sweden's First Human Rights City |url=http://rwi.lu.se/2016/09/lund-can-become-swedens-first-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=rwi.lu.se |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ETC Graz: Human Rights City of Graz |url=http://www.etc-graz.at/typo3/index.php?id=1011 |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.etc-graz.at}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-03 |title=Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM) |url=https://www.uu.nl/en/research/netherlands-institute-of-human-rights-sim |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=Utrecht University |language=en}}</ref> da Arewacin Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan da suka fi dacewa kan yadda cibiyar bincike ta gida za ta iya haɓakawa da kuma zama dan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya a cikin inganta tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama shine Cibiyar Raoul Wallenberg . Ko da yake tana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Lund tun 1984, duk da haka, wayar da kan Cibiyar ta wuce matakin gida ko ma na ƙasa, saboda a yanzu tana aiwatar da ayyuka a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights |url=http://rwi.lu.se/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=rwi.lu.se |language=en-US}}</ref> == Garuruwan 'yancin ɗan adam na yanzu. == Garuruwa masu zuwa an sanya su a matsayin Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam: === Afirka. === * Wales, Ghana. * Korogocho, Kenya. * Ta, Senegal. * [[Timbuktu]], Mali. * Musha, Rwanda. * Mogale, Afirka ta Kudu. === Asiya. === * Gwangju, Koriya ta Kudu (2003) <ref name=":4"/> * [[Seoul]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] <ref name=":5"/> * Bucuy Municipality, Philippines. * [[Nagpur|Nagpur, India]] * [[Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung, Taiwan]] * Wonosobo District, Indonesia. * Gundumar Bojonegoro, Indonesia. * [[Bandung|Bandung, Indonesia]] (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of Bandung Human Rights City |url=http://fihrrst.org/declaration-of-bandung-human-rights-city |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=fihrrst.org}}</ref> === Turai. === * [[Nuremberg]], [[Jamus]] (2001) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leitbild der Stadt Nürnberg |url=http://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/menschenrechte/dokumente/menschenrechte/leitbild_stadt_nuernberg.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> * [[Graz|Graz, Ostiriya]] (2001) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Willkommen in Graz! |url=http://www.graz.at/cms/ziel/6202485/EN |access-date=2020-11-02 |archive-date=2017-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821033731/http://www.graz.at/cms/ziel/6202485/EN/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Barcelona]], [[Katalunya|CA]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona Ciutat de Drets |url=http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |website=City Council of Barcelona |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2024-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005084104/https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona, ciutat de drets {{!}} Drets de Ciutadania i Diversitat {{!}} Ajuntament de Barcelona |url=http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/dretsidiversitat/ca/barcelona-ciutat-de-drets |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=ajuntament.barcelona.cat |language=ca}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Jordi |title=Barcelona es vol situar com a referent de la defensa dels drets humans amb 10 accions |url=http://beteve.cat/10-accions-drets-humans-referent-internacional-no-discriminacio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428051919/http://beteve.cat/10-accions-drets-humans-referent-internacional-no-discriminacio/ |archive-date=2017-04-28 |access-date=2018-06-14 |language=es-ES}}</ref> * [[Madrid]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plan Estratégico de Derechos Humanos del Ayuntamiento de Madrid - Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/El-Ayuntamiento/Plan-Estrategico-de-Derechos-Humanos-del-Ayuntamiento-de-Madrid?vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=bbffd3936f14a510VgnVCM2000001f4a900aRCRD |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.madrid.es |language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Un Plan de Derechos Humanos a través de un proceso de consulta y participación - Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Actualidad/Noticias/Un-Plan-de-Derechos-Humanos-a-traves-de-un-proceso-de-consulta-y-participacion/?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=27093a90f9781510VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=a12149fa40ec9410VgnVCM100000171f5a0aRCRD |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.madrid.es |language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-10 |title=Madrid, ciudad comprometida con los derechos humanos |url=http://blogs.publico.es/dominiopublico/18737/madrid-ciudad-comprometida-con-los-derechos-humanos/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=Dominio público |language=es-ES}}</ref> * Terrassa, [[Katalunya|CA]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoció dels Drets Humans - Ajuntament de Terrassa |url=http://www.terrassa.cat/promocio-dels-drets |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.terrassa.cat |language=ca-ES |archive-date=2018-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121453/http://www.terrassa.cat/promocio-dels-drets |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Bihac, Bosnia * [[Vienna|Vienna, Austria]] (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vienna as a Human Rights City |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/social/integration/project-work/human-rights-city.html |website=City Council of Vienna |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2016-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927231836/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/social/integration/project-work/human-rights-city.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Utrecht, Netherlands (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Human Rights in Utrecht |url=http://humanrightsutrecht.blogspot.be/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=humanrightsutrecht.blogspot.be |language=nl}}</ref> * York, UK (2017).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Human Rights City Declaration - York Human Rights City |url=http://www.yorkhumanrights.org/human-rights-city-declaration/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |work=York Human Rights City (Pending removal for human rights breaches by council) |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Lund, Sweden (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2018 |title=Lund Becomes Sweden's First Human Rights City |url=https://rwi.lu.se/2018/09/lund-becomes-swedens-first-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2018-11-11 |publisher=Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law}}</ref> === Amirka ta Arewa. === * [[Atlanta|Atlanta, GA, Amurika]] (2022). * [[Austin|Austin, TX, Amurika]] * [[Boston|Boston, MA, Amurika]] (2011). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-27 |title=Boston: Human Rights City |url=http://sparechangenews.net/2012/07/boston-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=Spare Change News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419023046/http://sparechangenews.net/2012/07/boston-human-rights-city/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Carrboro, NC, Amurka (2009).<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/Oct9162015|title=BearPaw Newswire (October 9 - 16, 2015)|last=BearPaw Legal Education & Resource Centre|date=2015-10-16|language=en}}</ref> * Chapel Hill, NC, Amurka (2009). * Dallas County, TX, Amurika. * Dayton, Ohio, Amurika. * Edina, MN, Amurka (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Edina |url=http://www.ci.edina.mn.us/index.php?section=pressroom_pressreleases&prrid=1231 |access-date=2020-11-02 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918234853/http://www.ci.edina.mn.us/index.php?section=pressroom_pressreleases&prrid=1231 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Eugene, OR, Amurka (2011). * [[Edmonton|Edmonton, AB, Kanada]] (2003). * Greenville, NX, Amurika. * Jackson, MS, Amurka (2014). * Mountain View, CA, Amurka (2016). <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHILE TECH LEADERS MEET WITH TRUMP, CITY COUNCIL APPROVES HUMAN RIGHTS CITY RESOLUTION IN SILICON VALLEY |url=http://law.scu.edu/wp-content/uploads/161214-MV-HRC-press-release.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Pittsburgh, PA, Amurka (2011). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-18 |title=City of Pittsburgh Human Rights Proclamation |url=https://www.afsc.org/document/city-pittsburgh-human-rights-proclamation |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=American Friends Service Committee |language=en |archive-date=2019-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709073935/https://www.afsc.org/document/city-pittsburgh-human-rights-proclamation |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Portage, MI, Amurika. * Port Townsend, WA, Amurika (2023). * Richmond, CA, Amurka (2009). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-01 |title=Richmond becomes 'Human Rights City' |url=https://richmondconfidential.org/2009/12/01/richmond-becomes-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=Richmond Confidential |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[San Francisco|San Francisco, CA, Amurika]] * [[Seattle|Seattle, WA, Amurika]] (2012). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.seattleweekly.com/ |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=Seattle Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC, Amurka]] (2008). * [[Winnipeg|Winnipeg, MB, Kanada]] (2003) An buɗe gidan adana kayan tarihi na Kanada don yancin ɗan adam a wannan birni a ranar 19, ga Satumba, 2014. === Kudancin Amurka. === * Rosario, Argentina (1997). * [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Montevideo reaffirms its commitment to turn the Right to the City into a guiding principle of its urban agenda {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/latest-news/montevideo-reaffirms-its-commitment-turn-right-city-guiding-principle-its-urban |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en}}</ref> * Santa Cruz, Bolivia. * Porto Alegre, Brazil. * Temuco, Chile. == Duba kuma. == == Manazarta. == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hr30agxhws4kx6026stez7caecilzia 0 80707 868734 722629 2026-06-26T15:42:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} ''''Yancin Dan Adam a [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]]''' (UAE) an hana su sosai. Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ba ta da cibiyoyin da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya kuma 'yan ƙasa ba su da damar canza gwamnatinsu ko kafa jam'iyyun siyasa. Masu fafutuka da malamai da ke sukar gwamnati ana tsare su kuma ana ɗaure su, kuma galibi ana cin zarafin iyalansu ta hanyar kayan tsaro na jihar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2021 |title=Dubai princess' 'hostage' video shines light on rights record |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/princess-latifa-hostage-videos-shine-light-united-arab-emirates-rights-n1258088 |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Akwai rahotanni game da bacewar tilasta wa 'yan kasashen waje da' yan ƙasar Emirati, waɗanda aka sace, aka tsare su kuma aka azabtar da su a wuraren da ba a bayyana ba, kuma an hana su damar yin saurin shari'a da samun damar samun shawara yayin binciken da gwamnatin UAE ta yi.<ref name="aohr">{{Cite web |date=November 2014 |title=Forced Disappearances and Torture in the United Arab Emirates |url=http://aohr.org.uk/images/releases/forced-disappearance-torture-in-UAE.pdf |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Arab Organisation for Human Rights |archive-date=15 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115030038/http://aohr.org.uk/images/releases/forced-disappearance-torture-in-UAE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="hrw">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2012 |title=UAE: Enforced Disappearance and Torture |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/09/14/uae-enforced-disappearance-and-torture |access-date=27 October 2015 |publisher=Hrw.org}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com"/><ref name="hrw.org">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-13 |title=UAE: Investigate Allegations of Torture of Foreign Nationals |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/10/13/uae-investigate-allegations-torture-foreign-nationals |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta bayyana cewa dokokin Emirati suna kula da hukuncin kisa kuma suna nuna bambanci ga mata, baƙi da mutane LGBT.<ref name=":0" /> Gwamnati ta takaita [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] da' yancin yada labarai, kuma ana tantance kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida don hana zargi da gwamnati, jami'an gwamnati ko iyalan sarauta. A sakamakon haka, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta kasance kusa da kasa na matakan kasa da kasa da yawa don haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yancin' yan jarida. Duk da cewa an zabe ta a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da haƙƙin aiki na kasa da kasa ba, gami da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa, Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu, da Yarjejeniya kan Kare Hakkin Duk Ma'aikatan Mutanen Daularsu. A watan Nuwamba 2020, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta sake fasalin tsarin shari'arta ga canje-canjen da suka hada da rage ƙuntatawa kan shan barasa, ba da izinin [[Ƙwarƙwaranci|zama tare]], kawar da ƙananan hukunci don kisan kai, da kuma cire hukuncin jiki a matsayin hanyar shari'a ta azabtarwa a cikin tsarin hukunci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2020 |title=UAE announces relaxing of Islamic laws for personal freedoms |url=https://apnews.com/article/dubai-united-arab-emirates-honor-killings-travel-islam-bce74c423897dc77c7beb72e4f51a23a |website=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=":73">{{Cite web |title=Federal Decree Law No. (15) of 2020 |url=https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531203636/https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Ministry of Justice |at=Pages 1, Article 1 "The provisions of the Islamic Shari’a shall apply to the retribution and blood money crimes. Other crimes and their respective punishments shall be provided for in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other applicable penal codes". |publication-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> == Hukuncin kisa == Kodayake an ba da izini, ba a amfani da hukuncin kisa a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa kamar yadda doka ta buƙaci cewa kwamitin alƙalai uku su yarda da yanke shawara na hukuncin kisa, wanda za'a iya sauya shi idan dangin wanda aka azabtar ya gafarta wa wanda aka yanke masa hukunci ko karɓar diyya ta kuɗi don laifin. Lokacin da iyali ta yarda da diyya ta kudi, kotun na iya ɗaure wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin aƙalla shekaru uku da matsakaicin shekaru bakwai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNITED ARAB EMIRATES |url=http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/asia-middle-east-australia-and-oceania/united-arab-emirates-18000454 |access-date=2020-08-03 |publisher=handsoffcain}}</ref> Ana aiwatar da kisa a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta hanyar ƙungiyar harbi.<ref name="urlTimeline of executions in UAE">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2017 |title=Timeline of executions in UAE |url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/society/timeline-of-executions-in-uae-1.2129533 |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=Gulf News}}</ref> Kafin 2020, dokar ta haɗa da dutse a matsayin wani nau'i na azabtarwa saboda dokar Shari'a da aka sanya a cikin dokar hukunci; babu rahotanni game da hukuncin da aka taɓa amfani da shi.<ref name=":73"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=No death-by stoning in UAE |url=https://www.nchro.org/index.php/2006/06/19/no-death-by-stoning-in-uae/ |access-date=2020-08-03 |publisher=National Confederation of Human Rights Organisations |archive-date=2020-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014033052/https://www.nchro.org/index.php/2006/06/19/no-death-by-stoning-in-uae/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="urlUAE: Death by stoning/ flogging | Amnesty International">{{Cite web |title=Document |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=MDE25%2f005%2f2006&language=en |website=www.amnesty.org}}</ref><ref name="urlWoman Sentenced To Death By Stoning In Abu Dhabi – Emirates Woman">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2014 |title=Woman Sentenced To Death By Stoning In Abu Dhabi |url=https://emirateswoman.com/woman-sentenced-death-stoning-abu-dhabi/}}</ref> == Dokar Shari'a == Dokar Shari'a ita ce babbar tushen doka ga dokar iyali ta Musulmi. Kotunan shari'a suna da iko na musamman don jin rikice-rikice na iyali, gami da batutuwan da suka shafi [[saki]], [[Gado a Musulunci|gado]], Kula da yara, cin zarafin yara da kula da Musulmai a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nowais |first=Shireena Al |date=2023-02-01 |title=New family law for non-Muslim residents comes into effect today |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2023/02/01/new-family-law-for-non-muslim-expats-comes-into-effect-today/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> Duk sauran dokoki sun dogara ne akan dokar farar hula.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Federal Decree Law No. (15) of 2020 |url=https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531203636/https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Ministry of Justice |at=Pages 1, Article 1 "The provisions of the Islamic Shari’a shall apply to the retribution and blood money crimes. Other crimes and their respective punishments shall be provided for in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other applicable penal codes". |publication-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> An sabunta dokar azabtarwa ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a cikin 2020 don cire duk nau'ikan hukunci na doka da aka bayyana a cikin dokar Shari'a, ban da biyan kuɗin jini; waɗannan azabtarwa sun haɗa da bulala da dutse.<ref name="Article 28">{{Cite web |title=Federal Decree Law No. (15) of 2020 |url=https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531203636/https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=Ministry of Justice |at=Pages 1, Article 28 "A felony is the crime that is punished by any of the following punishments: 1. Any of retribution punishments. 2. Capital punishment. 3. Life imprisonment. 4. Temporary imprisonment." |publication-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> Sabuntawar ta yi gyare-gyare a Mataki na 1 don bayyana cewa "Tsarin Shari'a na Musulunci zai shafi fansa da laifukan kudi na jini. Sauran laifuka da hukunce-hukuncen su za a samar da su daidai da tanadin wannan Dokar da sauran ka'idojin hukunci masu amfani". <ref name=":7"/> Dukkanin sanannun hukunce-hukuncen da suka hada da bulala an bayar da su kafin 2016, hukunce-hincen sun kasance ne don tuhume-tuhumen da ake zargi da yawa, gami da cin zarafin baki, cin zarafin jiki, cin zarafi na Musulmai; da kuma jima'i na waje; hukuncin ya kasance daga bulala 40-200.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2010 |title=Dh500,000 expat verbal abuse case to be retried |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/courts/dh500-000-expat-verbal-abuse-case-to-be-retried |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=The National |quote=In the UAE, only verbal abuse pertaining to the sexual honour of a person would be tried under Sharia. For guilt to be proven, the attack must have been made in public and one reliable witness must testify. If convicted, a person would be sentenced to 80 lashes and would never be accepted as a valid witness in a Sharia-based case.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teenager to be lashed for adultery |url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=281982 |website=Gulf Daily News |access-date=2024-07-05 |archive-date=2015-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714193225/http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=281982 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2015 |title=2 men to be lashed for hitting woman in Fujairah |url=http://www.emirates247.com/crime/local/2-men-to-be-lashed-for-hitting-woman-in-fujairah-2015-03-26-1.585455 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Emirates 247}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2014 |title=Drunk worker rapes 2-year-old girl in Abu Dhabi |url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/drunk-worker-rapes-2-year-old-girl-in-abu-dhabi-2014-01-22-1.535691 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Emirates247.com |archive-date=2016-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115030037/http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/drunk-worker-rapes-2-year-old-girl-in-abu-dhabi-2014-01-22-1.535691 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2012 |title=Emirati man to be lashed, executed, for murder and drinking alcohol |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/crime/emirati-man-to-be-lashed-executed-for-murder-and-drinking-alcohol-1.1028979 |website=Gulf News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2013 |title=Court jails pregnant Filipina in Fujairah |url=http://www.emirates247.com/crime/local/court-jails-pregnant-filipina-in-fujairah-2013-10-09-1.524021 |website=Emirates 247 |quote=A Filipina housemaid will be lashed 100 times on charges of stealing her employer in Fujairah after he discovered her pregnancy from an illegitimate relationship. |access-date=2024-07-05 |archive-date=2016-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115030037/http://www.emirates247.com/crime/local/court-jails-pregnant-filipina-in-fujairah-2013-10-09-1.524021 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2009 |title=Woman denies affair after hearing she faces stoning |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/woman-denies-affair-after-hearing-she-faces-stoning |access-date=27 October 2015 |quote=Under the same law, premarital sex is punishable by 100 lashes.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Al Jandaly |first=Bassma |date=16 April 2006 |title=Estonian soldier to be lashed |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/estonian-soldier-to-be-lashed-1.233170 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025134/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/estonian-soldier-to-be-lashed-1.233170 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=25 December 2014 |website=Gulf News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE: Judicial corporal punishment by flogging |url=http://www.corpun.com/counaej.htm |website=World Corporal Punishment Research}}</ref> Hukuncin dutse na ƙarshe da aka sani ya fito ne daga 2014; duk shari'o'in sun kasance don zina, kodayake ba a taɓa amfani da su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2014 |title=Woman Sentenced to Death by Stoning in UAE |url=http://emirateswoman.com/2014/05/05/woman-sentenced-death-stoning-abu-dhabi |access-date=2015-10-27 |publisher=Emirateswoman.com |archive-date=2015-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930135248/http://emirateswoman.com/2014/05/05/woman-sentenced-death-stoning-abu-dhabi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2007 |title=Man faces stoning in UAE for incest |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-man-faces-stoning-in-uae-for-incest-1090813 |access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2009 |title=Woman denies affair after hearing she faces stoning |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/woman-denies-affair-after-hearing-she-faces-stoning |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}</ref> === ridda === ridda wani laifi ne wanda za'a iya azabtar da shi ta hanyar mutuwa a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, amma babu sanannun shari'o'in ridda da ake gurfanar da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The International Briefing: Persecution of Atheists and Apostates |url=http://beaveronline.co.uk/the-international-briefing-persecution-of-atheists-and-apostates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905230505/http://beaveronline.co.uk/the-international-briefing-persecution-of-atheists-and-apostates/ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> === Dokar Iyali === Dokar Shari'a ta mutum ta tsara al'amuran kamar aure, kisan aure da kula da yara. Kotunan shari'a suna da iko na musamman don sauraron rikice-rikice na iyali, gami da batutuwan da suka shafi kisan aure, gado, kula da yara, cin zarafin yara da kula da yara.<ref name="uae-court">{{Cite web |title=The UAE Court System |url=http://dubai.usconsulate.gov/emergency_uae_court.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022020506/http://dubai.usconsulate.gov/emergency_uae_court.html |archive-date=22 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2014 |publisher=Consulate General of the United States Dubai, UAE}}</ref> Yin auren mata da yawa doka ce ga maza, kuma dole ne mata Musulmai su sami izini daga mai kula da namiji don yin aure da sake yin aure, kuma ba a yarda su auri wadanda ba Musulmai ba.<ref name="maleguardian2">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2014 |title=Divorcees, widows concerned about receiving 'permission' before remarrying |url=http://www.thenational.ae/uae/courts/divorcees-widows-concerned-about-receiving-permission-before-remarrying#ixzz3F1sb6IYa |access-date=27 October 2015 |publisher=Thenational.ae}}</ref> Kafin 2020, ana amfani da dokar Shari'a a wasu lokuta ga al'amuran matsayin mutum wadanda ba Musulmai ba, amma an canza dokar ta tarayya don amfani da dokar iyali ta farar hula ga wadanda ba Musulmi ba, a wannan lokacin an halatta zama tare kuma an yi tsarin shari'a ga yara da aka haifa a waje da aure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Husain |first=Zainab |date=2022-12-27 |title=New UAE law for non-Muslims – 5 criteria for civil marriage |url=https://gulfnews.com/living-in-uae/ask-us/new-uae-law-for-non-muslims--5-criteria-for-civil-marriage-1.1672143291028 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdulla |first=Nasreen |title=New UAE law: Dubai residents can now get marriage licences in 24 hours |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/new-uae-law-dubai-residents-can-now-get-marriage-licences-in-24-hours |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> == Laifukan da za a hukunta su == Rashin mutunci na dukkan addinai ba bisa ka'ida ba ne tun 2015, tare da azabtarwa na shekaru 5 a kurkuku, tarar dirhams dubu ɗari biyar zuwa miliyan 2, ko duka biyun; 'yan gudun hijira da ke da hannu a zagi Islama suna da alhakin korar su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-09 |title=UAE Public Prosecution warns residents against acts of blasphemy, religious intolerance |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/crime/uae-public-prosecution-warns-residents-against-acts-of-blasphemy-religious-intolerance-1.83542947 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2015 |title=UAE to deport expats abusing religions |url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-to-deport-expats-abusing-religions-2015-07-22-1.597619 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Emirates 247 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525072642/http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-to-deport-expats-abusing-religions-2015-07-22-1.597619 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dokar tarayya a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta haramta yin rantsuwa a cikin [[WhatsApp]] kuma ta hukunta yin rantsuwa da tarar $ 68,061 da ɗaurin kurkuku; baƙi ana hukunta su ta hanyar korarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2015 |title=UAE Imposes over $68,000 Fine, Jail Term for Swearing on Whatsapp; Expatriates Face Deportation |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/uae-imposes-over-68000-fine-jail-term-swearing-whatsapp-expatriates-face-deportation-636045 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2015 |title=Man to face trial in UAE for swearing in WhatsApp message |url=http://7days.ae/man-to-face-trial-in-uae-for-swearing-in-whatsapp-message |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923094431/http://7days.ae/man-to-face-trial-in-uae-for-swearing-in-whatsapp-message |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=7days.ae}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2015 |title=British Expats Face Being Deported From UAE For Swearing on WhatsApp |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/british-expats-face-being-deported-from-uae-for-swearing-on-whatsapp-161318056.html#GTeWLi4 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Yahoo News}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2015, an fitar da wani dan kasar Australia saboda rantsuwa a Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Australian woman deported from Abu Dhabi over Facebook post |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/crime/australian-woman-deported-from-abu-dhabi-over-a-facebook-post |website=Khaleej Times |access-date=5 July 2024 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910064235/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/crime/australian-woman-deported-from-abu-dhabi-over-a-facebook-post |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Australian jailed over Facebook post deported from Abu Dhabi |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/australia/70241468/australian-jailed-over-facebook-post-deported-from-abu-dhabi |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Stuff.co.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Expat deported after posting abusive message about parking on Facebook |url=http://7days.ae/expat-deported-after-posting-abusive-message-about-parking-on-facebook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923100012/http://7days.ae/expat-deported-after-posting-abusive-message-about-parking-on-facebook |archive-date=23 September 2015 |website=7days.ae}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Australian expat deported following Facebook post |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/crime/australian-expat-deported-following-facebook-post-1.1550807 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Gulf News}}</ref> === Jima'i da jima'i na waje === Tun daga shekarar 2020, luwadi da jima'i na waje ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma ana iya hukunta su da akalla watanni 6 a kurkuku, amma ba a gurfanar da su "sai dai bisa ga korafi daga miji ko mai kula da doka", amma ana iya dakatar da hukuncin idan an dakatar da korafin.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-05 |title=UAE: Sweeping Legal 'Reforms' Deepen Repression |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/05/uae-sweeping-legal-reforms-deepen-repression |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en |quote="Under the 2021 law, if men and women have sex outside of marriage, the act carries a penalty of no less than six months imprisonment. Sodomy with an adult male is also criminalized under the law. In both cases, the offenses can only be prosecuted on the basis of a complaint by a husband or male guardian."}}</ref> Kafin wannan lokacin dokar Shari'a ta nuna cewa sodomy na iya zama laifi na kisa, amma babu wani shari'ar da aka rubuta da ta shafi hukuncin kisa. Babu sanannun kamawa ko gurfanar da aka sani don yin jima'i na jinsi ɗaya a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa tun aƙalla 2015. <ref>[[US Department of State]] Country reports on Human Rights Practices: United Arab Emirates; reports for years 2015–2020, prepared by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor: </ref> == Rashin da aka tilasta da azabtarwa == A lokuta da yawa, gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta azabtar da mutanen da ke tsare (musamman baƙi da masu adawa da siyasa).<ref name="aljazeera.com"/><ref name="hrw.org"/>An san hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da yin amfani da azabtarwa a matsayin hanyar da za a tilasta musu ikirarin laifi.Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta tsere daga Arab Spring; duk da haka, an daure masu gwagwarmayar Emirati sama da 100 kuma an [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da su saboda suna neman sauye-sauye.<ref name="amnesty.org">{{Cite web |title=United Arab Emirates: "There is no freedom here": Silencing dissent in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE25/018/2014/en |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref name="amnesty">{{Cite web |title=Silencing dissent in the UAE |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/reports/there-is-no-freedom-here-silencing-dissent-in-the-united-arab-emirates/ |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE: Ruthless crackdown on dissent exposes 'ugly reality' beneath façade of glitz and glamour |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/uae-ruthless-crackdown-dissent-exposes-ugly-reality-beneath-fa-ade-glitz-and-glamour-2014-11-18 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2011, gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta ci gaba da aiwatar da bacewar tilasta.<ref name="aohr" /><ref name="hrw"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-27 |title=UAE: Torture and Forced Disappearances |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/27/uae-torture-and-forced-disappearances |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE: Enforced Disappearances Continue |url=http://www.ic4jhr.net/en/activites/statements/19-uae-enforced-disappearances-continue.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126101711/http://www.ic4jhr.net/en/activites/statements/19-uae-enforced-disappearances-continue.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=2015-10-27 |publisher=Ic4jhr.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2014 |title=Emirati victim of enforced disappearance seen in state security prison |url=http://www.echr.org.uk/?p=1214 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121158/http://www.echr.org.uk/?p=1214 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=[[Emirates Centre for Human Rights]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE must reveal whereabouts of 'disappeared' Libyans and Emiratis |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uae-must-reveal-whereabouts-disappeared-libyans-and-emiratis-human-rights-watch-788745470 |access-date=2015-10-27 |publisher=Middleeasteye.net}}</ref> Yawancin 'yan kasashen waje da' yan ƙasar Emirati an kama su kuma gwamnati ta sace su, gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta musanta cewa ana tsare waɗannan mutane (don ɓoye inda suke), ta sanya waɗannan mutane a waje da kariya ta doka.<ref name="aohr"/><ref name="amnesty" /><ref name="forced"/> A cewar Human Rights Watch, rahotanni na tilasta bacewar da azabtarwa a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa suna da matukar damuwa.<ref name="hrw" /> Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Larabawa ta sami shaidu daga masu tuhuma da yawa, saboda rahotonta game da " bacewar tilasta da azabtarwa a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa", wadanda suka ba da rahoton cewa an sace su, an azabtar da su kuma an yi musu fyade a cibiyoyin tsare-tsare.<ref name="aohr"/><ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web |title=Survivors call for action to stop UAE torture |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/170704223048914.html |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref name="forced"/> Rahoton ya haɗa da hanyoyi daban-daban 16 na azabtarwa ciki har da mummunan duka, barazanar wutan lantarki da ƙin samun damar samun kulawa. <ref name="aohr" /> <ref name="forced" /> A cikin 2013, an tsare masu gwagwarmayar Emirati 94 a cibiyoyin tsare-tsare na sirri kuma an gurfanar da su a gaban shari'a saboda zargin yunkurin hambarar da gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hearst |first=David |year=2013 |title=The UAE's bizarre, political trial of 94 activists |url=https://www.adaal.ae/ar/%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%af%d8%a8%d9%8a/ |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2024-07-05 |archive-date=2022-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811201210/https://www.adaal.ae/ar/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi magana game da sirrin shari'ar. An kama wani dan kasar Emirati, wanda mahaifinsa yana daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma, saboda yin amfani da shi a shafin yanar gizo game da shari'ar. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, an yanke masa hukuncin watanni 10 a kurkuku. An kuma yi amfani da matakai masu tsauri a kan wadanda ba 'yan Emirates ba don tabbatar da ikirarin gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa cewa akwai "maƙarƙashiya ta kasa da kasa" inda' yan ƙasar Hadaddiyar Larabawa da baƙi ke aiki tare don lalata ƙasar. An kuma yi wa 'yan kasashen waje kamfen na korar su.<ref name="forced">{{Cite web |title=UAE's crackdown on democracy short-sighted |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/15084-uaes-crackdown-on-democracy-short-sighted |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126114449/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/15084-uaes-crackdown-on-democracy-short-sighted |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=27 October 2015 |publisher=Middleeastmonitor.com}}</ref> Akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa na Masarawa da sauran 'yan kasashen waje waɗanda suka yi shekaru suna aiki a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ana ba su 'yan kwanaki kawai don barin ƙasar.<ref name="forced" /> 'Yan kasashen waje da aka tilasta su bace sun hada da 'Yan Libya biyu <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2014 |title=UAE: Reveal Whereabouts of 'Disappeared' Libyans |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/05/uae-reveal-whereabouts-disappeared-libyans |access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> da Qatar biyu. <ref name="forced"/><ref name="qta">{{Cite web |title=Urgent Action: Enforced Disappearance of Qatari Nationals |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa25614.pdf |website=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=2024-07-05 |archive-date=2014-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225122354/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa25614.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amnesty ta ba da rahoton cewa gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta sace mutanen Qatari wanda ya hana bayanai game da makomar maza daga iyalansu.<ref name="forced" /><ref name="qta" /> Daga cikin 'yan kasashen waje da aka tsare, aka ɗaure kuma aka kore su shine Iyad El-Baghdadi, sanannen mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo kuma mutum na [[Twitter]].<ref name="forced" /> Hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kama shi, suka tsare shi, suka daure sannan suka kore shi daga kasar. Duk da zama na rayuwarsa a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Palasdinawa, El-Baghdadi ba shi da wata hanyar da za ta yi hamayya da wannan umarni.<ref name="forced" /> Ba za a iya dawo da shi zuwa Yankunan Palasdinawa ba, saboda haka an kore shi zuwa Malaysia.<ref name="forced" /> A cikin shekara ta 2012, 'yan sanda na Dubai sun yi wa' yan Burtaniya uku duka da girgizar lantarki bayan sun kama su kan zargin miyagun ƙwayoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2013 |title=Dubai drugs trial: Mother tells of 'torture horror' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22324220 |access-date=2 April 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Firayim Ministan Burtaniya, [[David Cameron]], ya nuna "damuwa" game da lamarin kuma ya tayar da shi tare da Shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai Birtaniya a shekarar 2013. An gafarta wa maza uku kuma an sake su a watan Yulin 2013. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, an fitar da faifan bidiyo na [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] daga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ya nuna Sheikh Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan yana azabtar da wani mutum tare da bulala, kayan shanu na lantarki, da allunan katako tare da ƙusa masu tsayi, kuma yana gudu da shi akai-akai tare da mota.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2009 |title=ABC News Exclusive: Torture Tape Implicates UAE Royal Sheikh |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=7402099 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=Abcnews.go.com}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, Issa ya bayyana a kotu kuma ya bayyana rashin laifi. Shari'ar ta ƙare a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, lokacin da aka wanke Issa daga azabtar da Mohammed Shah Poor. Human Rights Watch ta soki shari'ar kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don bincika zarge-zargen cin zarafin da ma'aikatan tsaro na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da sauran mutane masu iko suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2010 |title=Rights group questions UAE trial |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/01/2010110164651985697.html |access-date=11 January 2010 |website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta nuna damuwa game da hukuncin kuma ta ce duk mambobin al'ummar Emirati "dole ne su tsaya daidai a gaban doka" kuma sun yi kira da a sake dubawa game da shawarar don tabbatar da cewa an cika bukatun adalci a wannan shari'ar. A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na Human Rights Watch na 2016, hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular sun ɓace kuma sun tsare mutanen da suka soki gwamnati ko abokanta. A watan Fabrairun 2015, Human Rights Watch ta rubuta wani lamari inda 'yan'uwa mata uku na Emirati, Asma, Mariam, da Al Yazzyah al-Suweidi, hukumomin Emirates suka ɓace da karfi. Sun sake su ba tare da caji ba bayan sun kwashe watanni uku a tsare-tsare. An kama 'yan'uwa mata uku bayan sun sanya maganganun da ke sukar gwamnati saboda kama ɗan'uwansu Dr. Issa al-Suweidi. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, an kama masanin kimiyya na Emirati Nasser bin Ghaith bayan ya sanya wasu maganganu a kan kafofin sada zumunta inda ya soki Kisan kiyashi na masu zanga-zangar Rab'a a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a shekarar 2013. Har yanzu ba a san makomar Bin Ghaith ba a lokacin rubuce-rubuce. A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na [[Amnesty International]] (2016) kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, an yi amfani da bacewar da aka tilasta wa' yan ƙasa da 'yan kasashen waje a Hadaddijin Larabawa. Kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ta ce gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta yi watsi da mutane da yawa na tsawon watanni a asirce kuma ba a san su ba don yin tambayoyi. A cewar rahoton, Abdulrahman Bin Sobeih ya fuskanci tilasta bacewar watanni uku daga hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Bugu da kari, Dokta Nasser Bin Ghaith, masanin kimiyya da tattalin arziki, hukumomi sun ɓace da karfi fiye da watanni 10. Bin Ghaith ya fuskanci azabtarwa da rashin kulawa yayin da yake fuskantar tuhume-tuhume da suka shafi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.<ref name="amnestyMENA">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2016 |title=UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 2016/2017 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/united-arab-emirates/report-united-arab-emirates/ |access-date=2017-11-04}}</ref> Nuwamba 2017, jami'an tsaro na Abu Dhabi sun kama 'yan jarida biyu da ke rufe bude gidan kayan gargajiya na Louvre Abu Dhabi ga mai watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a na Switzerland. An tsare 'yan jarida sama da awanni 50, ba tare da ikon sadarwa da duniya ba. A cewar RTS, an yi wa 'yan jarida tambayoyi har zuwa sa'o'i tara a lokaci guda, kuma an rufe su idanu yayin da aka tura su tsakanin wurare daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, an kwace kyamarar su, kwamfutoci, rumbun kwamfutarka da sauran kayan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2017 |title=dailystar |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2017/Nov-12/426102-swiss-broadcaster-says-two-journalists-arrested-in-abu-dhabi.ashx/ |access-date=2017-11-13 |archive-date=2020-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223111140/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2017/Nov-12/426102-swiss-broadcaster-says-two-journalists-arrested-in-abu-dhabi.ashx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, wani yarima na Emirati Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum II, 'yar [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum]], kwamandoji ne suka kwace ta daga jirgin ruwa daga bakin [[tekun Indiya]], bayan ta tsere daga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Wani shirin BBC ya ba da rahoton yadda yarima ta shirya tserewa daga fadarta. A cikin bidiyon da Latifa ta rubuta kafin tserewa, ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a baya. Koyaya, an kama ta a kan iyaka kuma an ɗaure ta na tsawon shekaru uku; an yi mata duka kuma an azabtar da ita. A watan Disamba, wata sanarwa da iyalinta suka fitar ta nuna cewa yarima tana da "tsaro" a gidanta. Tun daga farkon watan Maris, ba a san inda yarima take ba. A ranar 5 ga watan Maris na 2020, hukuncin kotun iyali ta Burtaniya mai shafi 34 ya tabbatar da cewa Sheikha Shamsa bint Mohammed al-Maktoum da Sheikha Latifa bint Mohammed al'Maktoum an sace su kuma an tsare su da karfi da mahaifin su da mai mulkin Dubai, [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2020 |title=UAE: Free Dubai Ruler's Captive Daughters |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/06/uae-free-dubai-rulers-captive-daughters |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> An tuhumi wasu 'yan sarauta na UAEs da cin zarafi da rashin kula da ma'aikata a kasashen waje. A cikin 2019, wata mace mai shekaru 42 ta Emirati, wacce hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa suka kama a shekarar 2015, ta ja hankalin kafofin watsa labarai saboda rashin kulawa da ta samu yayin da take kurkuku a Hadaddiyar da Larabawa. Yayinda yake tara kudade ga 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya, an kama Alia Abdel Nour bisa zargin tallafawa ta'addanci. An tsare ta a kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 10, an azabtar da ita sosai kuma an tsare ta kadai, ba tare da samun damar samun iska ba, bayan gida, matattara, bargo, abinci da magani. Duk da cewa an gano ta da ciwon daji - jim kadan bayan kama ta - ba ta sami wani magani ba. Hukumomin Emirati sun yi iƙirarin cewa Nour kanta ta ki amincewa da maganin, yayin da iyalinta suka yi iƙirin cewa an tilasta mata ta sanya hannu kan takardun da suka hana ta samun magani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title=UAE: Cancer-Stricken Prisoner Ill-Treated |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/26/uae-cancer-stricken-prisoner-ill-treated |access-date=26 February 2019 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title=UN experts demand release of Alia Abdel Nour |url=http://icfuae.org.uk/news/un-experts-demand-release-alia-abdel-nour |access-date=26 February 2019 |archive-date=7 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307035342/http://icfuae.org.uk/news/un-experts-demand-release-alia-abdel-nour |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Mayu 2019, Alia Abdel Nour ta mutu a kurkukun Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa bayan da aka yi mata mummunar kulawa da kuma hanawa daga kulawar lafiya daga hukumomin Hadaddiyar Larabawa. Tun lokacin da aka kama ta, an ɗaure hannayenta da ƙafafunta a kan gadonta na asibiti na dogon lokaci. Hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun yi watsi da buƙatun da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya, 'yan majalisa na Turai, da masana Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka yi don su sake ta saboda rashin lafiyarta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2019 |title=UAE: Cancer-Stricken Female Prisoner Dies |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/06/uae-cancer-stricken-female-prisoner-dies |access-date=6 May 2019 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2019, 'yan sanda na [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] sun tsare Ali Issa Ahmad mai shekaru 26 saboda zargin yana sanye da T-shirt tare da tutar Qatar a ciki bayan wasan Qatar da Iraqi AFC Asian Cup a [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]]. Ahmad ya koka cewa [[FIFA]] "ta kasa kare" haƙƙin ɗan adam. Hotuna na alamomi a jikin Ahmad daga azabtarwa da aka samu a lokacin tsare su BBC ta fitar da su. Wanda aka azabtar ya koka game da nuna bambancin launin fata da kuma soke shi da kuma hana shi abinci da ruwa yayin da yake cikin kurkuku. An yi rajistar korafe-korafe game da FIFA da kuma aikawa ga hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta hanyar Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth (FCO) da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cewar hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, 'yan sanda sun kai Ahmed asibiti don a bincika shi don alamun cin zarafi, wanda ya koka wa' yan sanda - kamar yadda ya saba a lokuta na hari a Hadaddiyar da Larabawa. Wani rahoto na likita ya bayyana cewa raunin da ya samu bai dace da labarin abubuwan da ya faru da ya ba 'yan sanda ba, kuma raunin da aka yi masa ya faru da kansa. Ofishin jakadancin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a Burtaniya ya musanta zargin da ake yi masa na cewa an kama shi ne saboda sanya rigar Qatar, yana mai cewa "Ba a kama shi ba saboda sanya rigarsa ta kwallon kafa ta Qatar". An tuhumi Ahmed da ɓata lokacin 'yan sanda da kuma gabatar da rahoton karya, wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. A lokacin gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC, an ga magoya baya suna sanye da rigar kwallon kafa ta Qatar kuma suna ɗaga tutar Qatar ba tare da wani misali na kamawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2019 |title=British football fan arrested for misleading UAE police |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/british-football-fan-arrested-for-misleading-uae-police-1.822499 |access-date=2020-10-26 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2020, an ruwaito cewa Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta kama ma'aikacin agaji na Turkiyya Mehmet Ali Ozturk, tun 2018. An ruwaito cewa, an tsare Ali Ozturk a kan dalilan da ba su da amfani kuma an azabtar da shi a cikin kurkukun Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. An kama shi a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], inda shi, tare da matarsa Emine Ozturk, ke shiga cikin bikin abinci na Dubai. "Ya rasa 25kg bayan azabtar da suka yi masa, daga denailing zuwa strappado. Za su yi waɗannan abubuwa lokacin da ya ki shiga cikin bidiyon da ke zargin Erdogan da wasu laifuka, "matarsa ta nakalto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The UAE detains and tortures a Turkish citizen for helping Syrian refugees |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/the-uae-detains-and-tortures-a-turkish-citizen-for-helping-syrian-refugees-36879 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=TRT World}}</ref> A cikin 2017, wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Yemen Huda Al-Sarari ya fallasa wani asibitin tsare sirri na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a Yemen inda aka tsare dubban 'yan Masar kuma aka azabtar da su. An tilasta wa Al-Sarari zuwa gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huda Al-Sarari exposes UAE secret detention in Yemen |url=https://twitter.com/fact_mirrorr/status/1477167669895962624}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin 2020, rahotanni sun yi iƙirarin cewa hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun ki amincewa da buƙatun kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam don samar da bayanai game da mutumin Oman, Abdullah al-Shaamsi, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a watan Mayu 2020 a kan shari'ar rashin adalci. An kama Al-Shaamsi a shekarar 2018 yana da shekaru 19, yayin da yake halartar makarantar sakandare a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Sojojin tsaro sun sanya shi cikin wani lokaci mai tsawo na tsare-tsare ba tare da sadarwa ba, tsare-tsaren kaɗaici da azabtarwa, ya bar shi da ciwon daji na koda da baƙin ciki. Duk da yanayin lafiyarsa, ana tsare shi a cikin kurkuku mai cike da mutane da ke da alaƙa da yanayin rashin tsabta da rashin samun isasshen kiwon lafiya, a lokacin rikicin [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2020 |title=UAE: Omani Sentenced to Life in Tainted Trial |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/09/uae-omani-sentenced-life-tainted-trial |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Tun daga watan Oktoba 2020, hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa bisa tushen addini sun ɓace da karfi aƙalla maza huɗu na Pakistan kuma sun fitar da akalla wasu shida. Rahotanni na hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da ke da niyya ga mazaunan Shia, ko 'yan Lebanon, Iraqi, Afghan, Pakistan, ko kuma in ba haka ba, galibi suna fitowa a lokutan karuwar tashin hankali na yanki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=UAE: Arbitrary Targeting of Pakistani Shia Residents |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/22/uae-arbitrary-targeting-pakistani-shia-residents |access-date=22 June 2021 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2021, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar da rahoto game da ayyukan kare hakkin dan adam a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Ya nuna cewa yayin da ba a bayar da rahoton shari'o'in bacewar da kisan gillar ba bisa ka'ida ba ga kafofin watsa labarai a cikin 2020, akwai shari'o-kashen azabtarwa, tsare-tsare, cin zarafi, barazanar fyade, da duka. Ma'aikatar ta ba da rahoton yanayin kurkuku na Emirati, wanda ya kasance cike da mutane, yana da yanayin tsabta mara kyau kuma bai ba da sauƙin samun kulawa ba, a lokacin annobar COVID-19. An bayyana kurkukun Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a matsayin masu azabtarwa sosai, inda aka nuna wariya ga fursunoni kuma aka yi musu cin zarafi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wadanda aka tsare a mafi yawan lokuta ba a ba su cikakkun bayanai game da shari'arsu ba har tsawon watanni, yayin da mutane da yawa ke karɓar cajin da aka rubuta a Larabci ba tare da fassara ba kuma an tilasta su sanya hannu kan irin waɗannan takardu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Section 1'' - 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/united-arab-emirates/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2021, wata wasika ta sirri da sanannen mai kare hakkin dan adam Ahmed Mansoor ya rubuta, wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da mummunar yadda aka yi masa a tsare da kuma shari'ar rashin adalci, wani shafin yanar gizon labarai na Larabci da ke London ya buga shi. Duk da cewa sun tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa da Sauran zalunci, Rashin Mutum ko Rashin Girma ko azabtarwa a cikin 2012, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta keta wajibai na aikin ta hanyar riƙe Mansoor a ware na akalla shekaru hudu, wanda ya kai ga azabtarwa ta jiki da ta hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2021 |title=UAE: Prominent Jailed Activist in Danger |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/19/uae-prominent-jailed-activist-danger |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2021, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta yanke wa wani mai fafutuka daga [[Siriya]], Abdul Rahman Al-Nahhas, hukuncin shekaru goma a kurkuku. Wanda ya kafa kungiyar Insan Watch, mai gabatar da kara na jama'a ya zargi dan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam da aikata ta'addanci saboda zarginsa da kasancewa memba a kungiyar ta'addancin yayin da yake da alaƙa da Kungiyar Al-Karama ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Switzerland. An kuma tuhumi Al-Nahhas da cin mutuncin jihar ta hanyar kusantar ofishin jakadancin Faransa da ke neman mafaka ta siyasa. An kama shi a ƙarshen 2019 kuma hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun ɓace shi da karfi har zuwa farkon shari'arsa a watan Janairun 2021. A lokacin da aka tsare shi, an yi wa Al-Nahhas barazana, an azabtar da shi, kuma ba a yarda ya tuntubi iyalinsa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2021 |title=UAE jails Syria rights activist for 'insulting the prestige of the state' |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210909-uae-jails-syria-rights-activist-for-insulting-the-prestige-of-the-state/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=Middle East Monitor}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2021, lauyoyi sun gabatar da korafi ga mai gabatar da kara na Faransa a birnin [[Faris|Paris]] a kan Manjo Janar Ahmed Naser Al-Raisi saboda tsare-tsare da azabtar da maza biyu na Burtaniya, Matthew Hedges da Ali Issa Ahmad. Al-Raisi ya kasance dan takara mai rikitarwa don shugabancin hukumar 'yan sanda ta kasa da kasa ta [[Interpol]]. An shigar da korafin da aka yi masa ne a karkashin ka'idar ikon duniya, wanda ya ba hukumomin [[Faransa]] damar bincika da kuma kama 'yan kasashen waje saboda wasu laifuka koda kuwa sun faru a waje da Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Torture Complaint Filed Against U.A.E. Candidate For Interpol Chief |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2021/10/01/torture-complaint-filed-against-uae-candidate-for-interpol-chief/?sh=644e63653345 |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=Forbes}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Ahmed Naser, babban dan sanda na UAE ya zama shugaban Interpol. An yi zargin cewa ya azabtar da mutane da yawa a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a baya. A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2022, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin Emirati sun hukunta mai kare hakkin dan adam Ahmed Mansoor bayan ya wallafa wata wasika a kurkuku da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda aka wulakanta shi a tsare a watan Yulin 2021. Hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun tsare Mansoor ba tare da sadarwa ba kuma sun hana shi samun damar samun kulawa mai mahimmanci. Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta keta haƙƙin Mansoor na shekaru da yawa tare da kamawa da tsare-tsare, barazanar mutuwa, hari na jiki, sa ido na gwamnati, da kuma rashin mutunci a tsare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2022 |title=UAE: State Security Retaliates Against Ahmed Mansoor |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/07/uae-state-security-retaliates-against-ahmed-mansoor |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Wani dan kasuwa na Burtaniya, Ryan Cornelius yana riƙe da kansa ta hanyar da hukumomi a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa tun 2008. An kama shi daga filin jirgin saman Dubai kuma an tsare shi bayan wasu rikitarwa na kasuwanci tare da manyan 'yan Emiratis. A shekara ta 2010, an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 10 a kurkuku bayan tuhumar zamba. Hukumomin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun yanke masa hukuncin karin shekaru 20, watanni biyu kafin ranar da aka sake shi a shekarar 2018. Cornelius ya kamu da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] a tsare. An yi masa cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam, gami da tambayoyi masu tsanani ba tare da wakilin shari'a ba da kuma ɗaurin zaman kansa na dogon lokaci. A watan Yunin 2022, jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun haskaka batun kuma sun yi kira ga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da ta saki Cornelius nan da nan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2022 |title=UN calls on UAE to release British man imprisoned in Dubai since 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/17/un-calls-on-uae-to-release-british-man-ryan-cornelius-imprisoned-in-dubai-since-2008 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> An kafa Hukumar Tsaro ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (SSA) a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1947. Yana da iko na sama na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa kan batutuwan tsaro na jihar, wanda yafi shiga cikin murkushe rashin amincewar jama'a a Hadaddiyar daular Larabawa. SSA ta ci gaba da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da ɓacewar tilas, azabtarwa da tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba. A ranar cika shekaru 50 na SSA; Kungiyar Kare Hakkin MENA, Cibiyar Advocacy ta Emirates, da Human Rights Watch sun yi Allah wadai da take hakkin SSA, kuma sun yi kira ga Emirates da ta dakatar da mummunar cin zarafin bil'adama da kuma zalunci kan rashin amincewa da zaman lafiya ta hanyar zargin ta'addanci na ƙarya. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi kira ga hukumomin Emirati da su daidaita tsarin shari'a da ayyukan SSA tare da ka'idojin kare hakkin dan Adam na duniya. Sun kuma bukaci Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da ta dauki alhakin masu aikata laifin da kuma samar da magunguna ga wadanda abin ya shafa. ==Manazarta== {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6cl5105xzsmtsiyoks0tx9ys6g6t4ug 0 87755 869054 709668 2026-06-27T00:37:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869054 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Eating_Asida.JPG|right|thumb|''Asida'' na Libya an yi amfani da shi tare da shafawa da [[ghee]] na tumaki; hanyar gargajiya don cin ''Asida'' na Libya ita ce yin hakan ta amfani da alamar da yatsun tsakiya na hannun dama.]] [[Fayil:LocationLibya.svg|thumb|Yanayin [[Libya]]]] '''Abinci na [[Libya]]''' ya haɗu da abincin Berber, Larabawa da Bahar Rum tare da tasirin Ottoman da Italiyanci. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abincin Libya shine ''bazin'', gurasar da ba a dafa da yisti ba tare da [[sha'ir]], ruwa da gishiri. Ana shirya ''Bazin'' ta hanyar tafasa gari a cikin ruwa sannan a doke shi don ƙirƙirar gurasar ta amfani da ''magraf'', wanda shine sanda na musamman da aka tsara don wannan dalili. A [[Tripoli]], babban birnin Libya, abincin yana da tasiri musamman daga abincin Italiya. [[Pasta]] ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, kuma ana samun abinci da yawa na teku. Kudancin Libya abinci ya fi na Larabawa da Berber. 'Ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ɓaure, datti, orange, apricots da zaitun. An haramta cin naman alade ga Musulmai a Libya, daidai da [[Shari'a]], dokar Musulunci. An kuma haramta amfani da abin sha ga Musulmai na Libya. == Abinci da jita-jita na yau da kullun == [[Fayil:Bazin.jpg|thumb|''Bazin'' (tsakiya) da aka yi amfani da shi tare da stew da ƙwai da aka dafa da wuya]] [[Fayil:Shakshoka.jpg|right|thumb|''shakshouka'' na kwai]] [[Fayil:Mebakbaka.jpg|right|thumb|Mbakbaka]] [[Fayil:عصبان_تونسي.JPG|right|thumb|Usban]] Bazin abinci ne na yau da kullun na Libya da aka yi da garin sha'ir da karamin gari, wanda aka tafasa a cikin ruwan gishiri don yin gurasar mai wuya, sannan aka kafa shi a cikin zagaye, mai santsi wanda aka sanya a tsakiyar tasa. Ana yin sauce a kusa da gurasar ta hanyar dafa albasa da aka yanka tare da nama na ɗan rago, turmeric, gishiri, cayenne pepper, baƙar fata pepper, fenugreek, paprika mai zaki, da kuma tumatir paste. Hakanan za'a iya ƙara Dankali. A ƙarshe, ana shirya kwai da aka dafa a kusa da dome. Ana ba da abincin tare da lemun tsami da sabo ko sili, wanda aka sani da amsyar. Batata mubattana (cikin dankali) wani sanannen abinci ne wanda ya kunshi dankali da aka dafa cike da nama mai ɗanɗano kuma an rufe shi da kwai da burodi. Ƙarin abinci da jita-jita na yau da kullun sun haɗa da: * ''Asida'' abinci ne da aka yi da gurasar alkama da aka dafa, wani lokacin tare da kara man shanu, zuma ko shafawa. * Bazin * Rishta. * [[Gurasa|Gurasar]], gami da gurasa mai laushi * ''Bureek'', masu juyawajuyin juya hali * [[Couscous]], abincin Arewacin Afirka na semolina * Filfel chuma ko maseer, mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana, lemun tsami, mai ɗan ƙarami da tafarnuwa. * ''Ghreyba'', kukis na man shanu * ''Harissa'' sauce ne mai zafi wanda ake yawan cinyewa a Gabashin Maghreb. Babban sinadaran sun haɗa da albasa, kamar albasa na Baklouti na yau da kullun da aka shigo da su daga Al-Andalus, ko albasa na ido na tsuntsaye da albasa na Serrano, da kayan yaji kamar tafarnuwa, Coriander, ja chili foda, caraway da Man zaitun. * ''Hassaa'', nau'in soya * ''Magrood'', kukis cike da kwanan wata * ''Mhalbiya'', nau'in shinkafa * Mutton, nama na tumaki mai girma * mai launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu, mai ɗanɗano sosai wanda aka cire daga kwanakin ko carob wanda ake amfani dashi sosai a Libya, yawanci tare da ''Asida''. * Ana shirya ''Shakshouka'' ta amfani da dattijo ragon ko ragon ragon a matsayin tushen nama na abinci, kuma ana ɗaukarsa abincin karin kumallo na gargajiya. * ''Shorba'', ɗan rago da kayan lambu tare da mint da tumatir paste * ''I''Mbakbaka'''' ko Mbakbaka, wani nau'in stew tare da pasta da nama <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2021 |title=Libyan Imbakbaka |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210116-libyan-imbakbaka/}}</ref> * ''Usban'', abinci na gargajiya na Libya da aka yi da guts da aka cika da gabobin da ganye. * Kifta, * Gideed wata tsohuwar hanyar Libya ce ta adanawa da nama mai bushewa ta amfani da kitse da man zaitun. * Rishta Cescas * Imgata (wanda aka fi sani da Rishta Bourma) abinci ne na Libya wanda aka yi da sabon pasta na gida wanda aka dafa a cikin sauce na tumatir, sau da yawa ana shirya shi tare da Gideon. * Usban Zeer * Boourdeem, Nama da aka dafa a karkashin kasa ta amfani da hanyoyin farko === Abincin cin abinci da abin sha === * ''Makroudh'' * ''[[Qurabiya|Ghoriba]]'' * ''Asida'' * ''Mathroda'' * ''Drua'' - (na Libya da aka yi da [[Gero|millet]]) * ''Mafruka'' * ''Kunafa'' * ''[[Zumeeta]]'' * shayi na Libya, shayi na Libya babban abin sha ne da ake ba da shi a cikin ƙaramin gilashi, sau da yawa tare da peanuts. Ana samun kofi na Amurka / Burtaniya na yau da kullun a Libya, kuma an san shi da "Nescafé" (sunan kuskure). Ana kuma cinye Abin sha mai laushi da ruwan kwalba.<ref name="foodspring" /> [[Maghrebi mint shayi]] kuma sanannen abin sha ne. An haramta duk abin sha mai barasa a Libya tun 1969, daidai da [[Shari'a]], dokokin addini na Islama. Koyaya, ana samun barasa da aka shigo da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a kasuwar baƙar fata, tare da ruhun gida da ake kira Bokha. Sau da yawa ana cinye Bokha tare da abin sha mai laushi a matsayin masu gauraya.<ref name="Bokha">{{Cite web |last=Olivesi |first=Marine |title=Libyans risk poisoning for a sip of illegal hooch in their dry nation |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-03-19/libyans-risk-poisoning-sip-illegal-hooch-their-dry-nation |access-date=30 January 2020 |website=Public Radio International |archive-date=2020-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716190635/https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-03-19/libyans-risk-poisoning-sip-illegal-hooch-their-dry-nation |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   * Al'adun Libya * Al'adun Larabawa * Abincin Larabawa * Abincin Berber * [[Abzinawa|Al'adun Berber]] * [[Jerin abincin Afirka]] == Manazarta == ebtam843bfo5iy7s1k1ybpo4kryee5z 0 89188 868848 560732 2026-06-26T18:35:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lokacin 2022 – 23 New York Knicks''' shine lokacin 77th na ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani a cikin Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Ƙasa (NBA). A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2023, Knicks sun sami damar buga wasan bayan sun rasa wasannin da suka gabata a kakar wasan da ta gabata . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Jeffrey |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Knicks clinch playoff berth with 118-109 win over Wizards |url=https://apnews.com/article/knicks-playoff-berth-wizards-11d6adf03b6a0a587c7ab06529e420d7 |access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=AP News}}</ref> A zagaye na farko na wasannin NBA na 2023, sun fuskanci Cleveland Cavaliers, suna cin nasara a cikin wasanni biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2023 |title=Knicks advance to second round, down Cavs 106-95 in Game 5 |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/recap/_/gameId/401541249 |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=ESPN}}</ref> An kawar da Knicks daga wasan da za a yi a wasan kusa da na karshe ta Miami Heat a wasanni shida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2023 |title=Heat back to the NBA's final four, top Knicks 96-92 for 4-2 series win |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/recap/_/gameId/401544978 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=ESPN}}</ref> == Daftarin aiki == {| class="wikitable" |+2022 NBA daftarin zaɓe ! scope="col" style="| Zagaye ! scope="col" style=" | Zaɓi ! scope="col" style=" | Mai kunnawa ! scope="col" style=" | Matsayi ! scope="col" style=" | Dan kasa ! scope="col" style=" | Makaranta/kulob |- | style="text-align:center;" | 1 ! scope="row" | 11 | Ousmane Dieng | style="text-align:center;" | SF | | New Zealand Breakers |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2 ! scope="row" | 42 | Trevor Keels | style="text-align:center;" | SG |{{Flag|United States}}{{Flag|United States}} | Duke |} Knicks sun shiga daftarin suna rike da zagaye na farko da zagaye na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=2022 NBA Draft Order |url=https://www.nba.com/news/2022-nba-draft-order |access-date=June 1, 2022 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Knicks sun yi amfani da zaɓi na 11 na gaba ɗaya don zaɓar Ousmane Dieng wanda aka yi ciniki da shi zuwa Oklahoma City Thunder, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Knicks trade No. 11 pick to Thunder for multiple 1st-round picks |url=https://www.nba.com/news/knicks-trade-11th-pick-thunder |access-date=July 4, 2022 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruhl |first=Dean |date=June 23, 2022 |title=NBA Draft 2022: New York Knicks select Ousmane Dieng at No. 11, trade to OKC Thunder |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/nba-draft-york-knicks-select-013308522.html |access-date=July 4, 2022 |website=sports.yahoo.com |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191538/https://sports.yahoo.com/nba-draft-york-knicks-select-013308522.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> yayin da aka yi amfani da zaɓi na 42 na gaba ɗaya don zaɓar Trevor Keels . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Braziller |first=Zach |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Knicks select Duke's Trevor Keels in 2022 NBA Draft second round |url=https://nypost.com/2022/06/23/knicks-select-trevor-keels-in-2022-nba-draft-second-round/ |access-date=July 4, 2022 |website=New York Post}}</ref> == Matsayi == == Ma'amaloli == === Cinikai === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |Yuni 23, 2022 <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=NY_KnicksPR|number=1540179633743831041|date=June 23, 2022|title=Knicks Draft Day Trades|access-date=June 30, 2022}}</ref> | style="vertical-align:top;" | Ku '''New York Knicks''' ---- Zaben zagayen farko na 2023<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Zaben zagayen farko na 2023<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Zaben zagayen farko na 2023 | style="vertical-align:top;" | Zuwa '''Oklahoma City Thunder''' ---- Hakkokin daftarin aiki ga Ousmane Dieng |- | rowspan="2" | Yuli 6, 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=Knicks Acquire Future First Round Draft Pick |url=https://www.nba.com/knicks/news/knicks-acquire-future-first-round-draft-pick |access-date=July 6, 2022 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2022 |title=Knicks trade Kemba Walker to Pistons in 3-team deal |url=https://www.nba.com/news/knicks-trade-kemba-walker-to-pistons-in-3-team-trade |access-date=July 7, 2022 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> | style="vertical-align:top;" | Ku '''New York Knicks''' ---- 2025 zaben zagayen farko | style="vertical-align:top;" | Ku '''Charlotte Hornets''' ---- Zaben zagayen farko na 2023<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2023 zaben zagaye na biyu<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2023 zaben zagaye na biyu<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2023 zaben zagaye na biyu<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2024 zaben zagaye na biyu |- | colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;" | Zuwa '''Detroit Pistons''' ---- Kemba Walker<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Hakkokin daftarin aiki ga Jalen Duren |- style="background:#eee;" | Yuli 11, 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2022 |title=Knicks Trade Alec Burks and Nerlens Noel to Detroit |url=https://www.nba.com/knicks/news/knicks-trade-alec-burks-and-nerlens-noel-to-detroit |access-date=July 11, 2022 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2022 |title=Detroit Pistons acquire Alec Burks, Nerlens Noel, draft picks and cash considerations |url=https://www.nba.com/pistons/news/detroit-pistons-acquire-alec-burks-nerlens-noel-draft-picks-and-cash-considerations |access-date=July 11, 2022 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> | style="vertical-align:top;" | Ku '''New York Knicks''' ---- Hakkokin daftarin aiki ga Nikola Radičević<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> An kare 2025 zaɓen zagaye na biyu | style="vertical-align:top;" | Zuwa '''Detroit Pistons''' ---- Alec Burks<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Nerlens Noel ne<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2023 zaben zagaye na biyu<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2026 zaben zagaye na biyu<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> La'akari tsabar kudi |- | rowspan="2" | Fabrairu 9, 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2023 |title=New York Knicks Acquire Josh Hart |url=https://www.nba.com/knicks/news/new-york-knicks-acquire-josh-hart |access-date=February 10, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2023 |title=Jalen McDaniels Acquired from Charlotte in Four-Team Trade |url=https://www.nba.com/sixers/news/jalen-mcdaniels-acquired-at-trade-deadline |access-date=February 10, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2023 |title=Sixers add Jalen McDaniels, trade Matisse Thybulle to Blazers in 4-team deal |url=https://www.nba.com/news/blazers-76ers-hornets-trade-thybulle-mcdaniels |access-date=February 10, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> | style="vertical-align:top;" | Ku '''New York Knicks''' ---- Josh Hart<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Hakkokin daftarin aiki ga Dani Díez<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Hakkokin daftarin aiki zuwa Bojan Dubljević | style="vertical-align:top;" | Ku '''Charlotte Hornets''' ---- Sviatoslav Mykhailiuk<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2023 zaben zagaye na biyu<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2027 zaben zagaye na biyu |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | Ku '''Philadelphia 76ers''' ---- Jalen McDaniels<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2024 zaben zagaye na biyu<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2029 zaben zagaye na biyu | style="vertical-align:top;" | Zuwa '''Portland Trail Blazers''' ---- Ryan Arcidiacono<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Cam Reddish<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Matisse Thybulle<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> An kare 2023 zaɓen zagayen farko<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Hakkokin daftarin aiki zuwa Ante Tomić |}   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4u0jn8cw3qi7pd2brjsehkp4hiiewzl 0 89958 869114 865255 2026-06-27T06:06:05Z ~2026-36365-87 46272 869114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Ana dafa '''ƙafar kaji''' ana ci a ƙasashe da yawa. Bayan an cire wani nau'in fata mai wuyar gaske, yawancin nau'in nama da ake ci akan ƙafafu sun ƙunshi fata da tendons, ba tare da tsoka ba . Wannan yana ba ƙafafu nau'in nau'in gelatinous daban-daban da sauran nau'in naman kaza . == A duk faɗin duniya == === China === [[Fayil:2015_0410_Chicken_feet_dim_sum.jpg|left|thumb| Kafaffen kaji daga gidan cin abinci ''dim sum'' a Netherlands]] Ana amfani da ƙafar kaji a cikin abinci na yankin Sinawa da dama; kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman abun ciye-ciye na giya, kwanon sanyi, miya ko babban abinci. Ana kiran su ''Fèng zhǎo'' (鳯爪, claws phoenix), ''Jī zhǎo'' (鷄爪, kajin kaji), da ''Jī jiǎo'' (雞脚, ƙafar kaza). A cikin Guangdong da [[Hong Kong]], <ref name="cnn">{{Cite web |last=Christopher DeWolf |last2=Izzy Ozawa |last3=Tiffany Lam |last4=Virginia Lau |last5=Zoe Li |date=13 July 2010 |title=40 Hong Kong foods we can't live without |url=http://www.cnngo.com/hong-kong/none/40-things-eat-hong-kong-coronary-arrest-820489 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105093220/http://www.cnngo.com/hong-kong/none/40-things-eat-hong-kong-coronary-arrest-820489 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=13 August (2012) |website=CNN Go}}</ref> yawanci ana soya su sosai kuma a fara dafa su don yin kumbura kafin a dafa su kuma a dafa su a cikin miya mai ɗanɗano da ɗanɗanon [[wake]] da baƙar fata, man wake, da sukari; ko a cikin miya na abalone. [[Fayil:Chicken_feet_packaged.jpg|thumb| Ana sayar da ƙafar kajin da aka gasa gishiri a China, cike da ruwa kuma an shirya ci.]] A babban yankin kasar Sin, shahararren mashahuran ciye-ciye da suka kware wajen sarrafa abinci irin su ''Yabozi'' (wuyan agwagwa) kuma suna sayar da ''lu ji zhua'' (鹵雞爪, kafar kaza mai marinated), waɗanda aka dafa su da soya miya, barkono Sichuanese, clove, tafarnuwa, star anise, kirfa, da barkono barkono. A yau, ana sayar da kafar kajin da aka ɗora a mafi yawan shaguna da manyan kantuna a kasar China a matsayin abincin ciye-ciye, sau da yawa ana shayar da su da vinegar da shinkafa. Wani sanannen girke-girke shine ''bai yun feng zhao'' ({{Lang|zh|白雲鳯爪}}</link>), wanda aka sarrafa a cikin miya na shinkafa vinegar, shinkafa ruwan inabi mai dandano da sukari, gishiri, da nikakken ginger na wani lokaci mai tsawo kuma yayi hidima azaman tasa mai sanyi. A kudancin kasar Sin, suna kuma dafa ƙafar kaji da danyen gyada don yin miya mai dandano. Bukatar da ake da ita a kasar Sin ta kara tsadar farashin kafafun kaji, wadanda galibi ake amfani da su a matsayin abinci a wasu kasashe. Tun daga watan Yuni 2011, 1&nbsp;kilogiram na danyen ƙafar kaji yana kashe kusan yuan 12 zuwa 16 a China, idan aka kwatanta da yuan 11-12 akan 1.&nbsp;kilogiram na nono mai daskararre. A shekara ta 2000, Hong Kong, wacce ta kasance babbar ''‘yar kasuwa'' mafi girma na jigilar kaji daga kasashe sama da 30, ta yi cinikin jimillar ton 420,000 na kafafun kajin kan darajar dalar Amurka miliyan 230. Shekaru biyu bayan shiga kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya|WTO]] a shekara ta 2001, kasar Sin ta amince da shigar da kafafun kajin Amurka kai tsaye daga kasashen waje, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin kasar Sin ta kasance babbar cibiyar da kafar kajin ta ke bi a duniya. <ref name="chinareview" /> Baya ga ƙafar kaji, ƙafafu na [[agwagwa]] kuma suna shahara. Duck ƙafa tare da mustard, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sau da yawa tare da vinegar, sabo ne [[Barkono|koren barkono]], da tafarnuwa da aka niƙa, sanannen salatin / appetizer . === Gabashin Turai === [[Fayil:Racitura_Meat_Jelly_Moldavian_Cuisine.JPG|thumb| Moldovan kaji ''racitura'' . A cikin wannan hidima, an cire kafafun kaji bayan tafasa.]] A cikin Rasha, [[Ukrainian cuisine|Ukraine]] ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2018}}</link>[[Romainiya|​]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2018}}</link> da Moldova ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2018}}</link>Ana wanke ƙafar kaji, a tafasa, sau da yawa tare da kayan lambu, sannan a sanyaya, don yin aspic da ake kira kholodets a cikin Rashanci da Ukrainian, da piftie ko ''răcitură'' a cikin Romanian. Ba kullum ana cin kafafu ba, duk da haka, ana dafa kaza tare da kafafu, saboda suna dauke da babban adadin gelatin . === Indonesia === A cikin abinci na Indonesiya, ana kiran ƙafar kaji da ''ceker'', kuma abinci ne na yau da kullum a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], musamman a [[Abincin Javanese|Java]] . Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita don hidimar ƙafar kaji a Indonesia ita ce a cikin miya na gargajiya mai yaji da ake kira ''soto'', duk da haka, ana samun nau'in ƙafar kaji na kasar Sin a wasu gidajen cin abinci na kasar Sin a Indonesia. ''Soto ceker'' <ref name="resepsoto">{{Cite web |title=aneka resep soto |url=http://www.resepsotoayam.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026185624/http://www.resepsotoayam.com/ |archive-date=26 October 2016 |access-date=3 Nov 2016 |publisher=resep soto ayam |language=id}}</ref> an yi amfani da ƙafar kaza a cikin ''miya'' mai laushi mai launin rawaya mai laushi, wanda ke amfani da kayan yaji ciki har da ƙasa shallot, tafarnuwa, galangal, ginger, candlenut, bruised lemongrass, ''daun salam'' (Indonesian bay leaf) da kuma turmeric wanda ke ƙara launin rawaya., wanda aka yi amfani da shi da kabeji, seleri, noodles shinkafa, da kuma ado don dandana tare da ''sambal'', lemun tsami da soya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2015 |title=Soto Ceker Kuta Is a Local Legend |url=http://www.qraved.com/journal/restaurants/soto-ceker-kuta-local-legend/ |website=Qraved}}</ref> [[Fayil:Soto_Ceker_1.jpg|left|thumb| ''Soto ceker'', Indonesiya kajin ƙafa miya.]] ''Soto ceker'' yana daya daga cikin shahararrun abincin titi a Jakarta, Bali, Surabaya, Bandung, da kuma mafi yawan manyan biranen Indonesiya. A cikin ''warung'' na gefen titi ko gidajen cin abinci na ƙasƙanci, ana bayar da ''soto ceker'' azaman bambancin mashahurin ''soto ayam'' ( soto kaza ), wanda ke amfani da tushe iri ɗaya tare da soto kaza. Shahararriyar rumfar ''soto ceker'' kamar Soto Ceker Pak Ali da ke titin Gandaria, Jakarta ta Kudu, na iya amfani da ƙafar ƙafar kaji har zuwa kilogiram 40 a kowace rana, kodayake rumfar tana buɗewa ne kawai daga karfe 4 na yamma zuwa 11 na yamma, kuma tana iya girbi Rp miliyan 5. US $ 360) a cikin tallace-tallace kowace rana. Wata hanyar da aka fi sani da shirya ƙafar kaji ita ce yin amfani da shi a cikin miya mai sauƙi ( ''sop'' or ''sup'' ) da ake kira ''sop ceker'', wanda ya ƙunshi broth kaza, ƙafar kaza, kayan lambu, musamman dankalin turawa da karas, shallot, tafarnuwa, da barkono baƙar fata. Ƙafafun kajin da aka soyayye mai zurfi, waɗanda aka rabu da ƙasusuwansu, ana iya amfani da su azaman abun ciye-ciye kamar ''kripik ceker'' (ƙwaƙwalwar ƙafar kaji). [[Fayil:Chicken_feet_snack.jpg|right|thumb| Kafar kajin ''kripik'' (cracker).]] A Indonesiya, ƙafar kajin da ba su da laushin da ba su da ƙasusuwa sun kasance sanannen zaɓi don abincin jarirai - ana ba jarirai tsakanin watanni 6 zuwa 12. Sau da yawa ana yin amfani da ita azaman ''nasi tim'' : shinkafa mai tururi tare da ƙafar kaza mara ƙashi, hanta da aka dusashe, da ruwan kayan lambu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition Formative Research in Sidoarjo, May 2013, Summary of Findings |url=http://www.gainhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Maternal-Infant-and-Young-Child-Nutrition-research-in-Sidaorjo-Indonesia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126164351/http://www.gainhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Maternal-Infant-and-Young-Child-Nutrition-research-in-Sidaorjo-Indonesia.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2016 |access-date=19 January 2016 |website=Gain and Ministry of Health Indonesia |page=4}}</ref> Ƙafafun kaji waɗanda suka ƙunshi tendons, fata, da guringuntsi, suna da wadata a cikin gelatinous collagen, kuma a al'adance suna da amfani ga fata jarirai, kusoshi, haɗin gwiwa, da haɓaka kashi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2015 |title=10 Manfaat Ceker Ayam Bagi Kesehatan |url=http://manfaat.co.id/manfaat-ceker-ayam |language=id}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manfaat Ceker Ayam Sebagai Makanan Bayi |url=http://ibudanmama.com/pola-asuh/0-12-bulan/manfaat-ceker-ayam-sebagai-makanan-bayi/ |website=Ibu dan Mama |language=id |access-date=2024-12-29 |archive-date=2022-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630075220/https://ibudanmama.com/pola-asuh/0-12-bulan/manfaat-ceker-ayam-sebagai-makanan-bayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Jamaica === A cikin abincin Jamaica, ana amfani da ƙafar kaza sosai don yin miya ta ƙafar kaza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamaican Soup Food Catalogue |url=http://jamaicandinners.com/jamaican-food/recipes/jamaican-soups.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219121557/http://www.jamaicandinners.com/jamaican-food/recipes/jamaican-soups.html |archive-date=19 December 2016 |access-date=30 May 2017 |website=jamaicandinners.com}}</ref> Miyar tana dauke da [[Doya|dawa]], dankali, koren ayaba, dumplings, da kayan yaji na musamman ban da kafafun kajin, kuma ana dafa shi a hankali na akalla sa'o'i biyu. Ana kuma dafa ƙafar kaji ko kuma ana dafawa kuma ana yin hidima a matsayin babban ɓangaren abinci. === Kenya === A cikin abincin Kenya, ana san ƙafar kaji da Virenjee kuma abinci ne na yau da kullun a Kenya. Ana nutsar da ƙafafu a cikin ruwan zafi don haka za'a iya cire fata ta waje ta hanyar barewa. Sa'an nan kuma an rufe kafafu da kayan yaji kuma a gasa su === Koriya === [[Fayil:Dakbal-bokkeum.jpg|thumb| ''Dakbal-bokkeum'' (soyayyen kaji ƙafa)]] A Koriya, ana san ƙafar kaji ''dakbal'' ( {{Lang|ko|닭발}}</link> ), da gasassu ko soyayye da miya mai zafi. Akwai hanyoyin dafa abinci iri-iri da suka hada da mara kashi, dafa shi da miya da sauransu. Ana yawan cin su a matsayin ''anju'' (abincin da aka yi da barasa). === Kosher === Ana yawan amfani da ƙafar kaji azaman babban abu ko kari a cikin miyan kajin kosher . === Malaysia === Ana kuma san ƙafar kaji da ''ceker'' a cikin [[Maleshiya|Malesiya]] kuma sun shahara a al'adance galibi a tsakanin Malayyar Javanese, Sinawa, da zuriyar Siamese . Yawancin gidajen cin abinci na Malay na gargajiya a cikin jihar Johor suna ba da ƙafar kaji waɗanda aka dafa tare da curry irin na Malay kuma ana ci tare da [[Paratha|roti canai]] . A cikin jihar Selangor, ko dai ana tafasa ƙafar kajin a cikin miya har sai ƙashi ya yi laushi da kayan lambu da kayan yaji ko kuma a soya shi da [[Manja|man dabino]] . Har ila yau, Sinawa 'yan Malaysia suna cin ƙafar kaji a salon girkin gargajiya na Sinawa . === Mexico === Ƙafafun kaza (wanda aka fi sani da "patitas") sanannen sinadari ne a duk faɗin Mexico, musamman a cikin stews da miya. Sau da yawa ana shayar da su don zama wani ɓangare na babban abinci tare da shinkafa, kayan lambu, da kuma wataƙila wani ɓangare na kaza, kamar nono ko cinya. Ana iya dandana ƙafafu da miya ta tawadar Allah . Wani lokaci, ana soya su kuma ana soya su. Mutane da yawa kuma za su ɗauki ƙafar kajin a hannu a matsayin abun ciye-ciye kuma su tauna fata mai laushi, yayin da tsarin kashi na ciki ya kasance ba a ci ba. Wani irin wannan sanannen abun ciye-ciye shine wuyan kaza (wanda aka fi sani da "pescuezos") wanda yawanci masu sayar da titi suna sayar da su tare da salsa Valentina (zafi miya) . === Myanmar === A Myanmar an fi cin ƙafar kajin a cikin salati da miya. === Philippines === [[Fayil:Chicken_feet1.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Abincin titi a Banaue Avenue, Quezon City [[Sabuwar Shekarar Sinawa]] 2024]] A cikin [[Filipin|Filipinas]], ana dafa ƙafar kajin a cikin cakuda calamansi, kayan yaji, da launin ruwan kasa kafin a gasa su. Shahararrun madaidaicin abinci a titin Philippine, ƙafar kaji an fi sani da "adidas" (mai suna bayan alamar takalman wasan motsa jiki [[Adidas]] ). Kafafin kaza kuma wani sinadari ne a Philippine adobo . === Portugal === A [[Portugal]], ƙafafun kaji suna shahara a cikin Azores . Kullum ana dafa shi a cikin soyayyen shinkafa tare da kayan yaji da man zaitun ko tare da gefen shinkafa. Ana iya dafa shi da wake ko kuma a yi shi azaman tukunyar tukunya ɗaya. Ana ƙara cilantro a cikin ƙasar Portugal don ƙarin dandano. === Afirka ta Kudu === A Afirka ta Kudu, an fi cin ƙafar ƙafar kaji a cikin garuruwan da ke cikin dukkanin larduna tara, inda ake kiran su da "tallafi" (tare da kai, hanji, zuciya da ƙugiya), "gudu"," kura kaji" da "Amanqina" (a cikin isiXhosa) Ana nutsar da ƙafafu a cikin ruwan zafi, don haka za'a iya cire murfin fata ta waje ta hanyar barewa, sannan a rufe shi da kayan yaji. gasasshen . Sunan "ƙurar kaji" ya samo asali ne daga ƙurar da kaji ke haifarwa yayin da suke taƙasa ƙasa da ƙafafu. Sau da yawa ana cinye su azaman abun ciye-ciye. === Tailandia === [[Fayil:Khanom_chin_kaeng_kiao_wan_kai.jpg|thumb| ''Khanom chin kaeng khiao wan kai'' shine curry kaji koren Thai wanda aka yi amfani da shi akan noodles na shinkafa. An yi wannan sigar musamman da ƙafar kaza.]] A cikin abinci na Thai, ana yin amfani da ƙafar kajin a cikin jita-jita iri-iri, kamar a cikin nau'in curry kore mai kaza. === Trinidad === A [[Trinidad]], ana tsabtace ƙafar kajin, an ɗora su, an dafa shi a cikin ruwa mai ɗorewa, kuma a bar shi tare da cucumbers, albasa, barkono da kayan yaji na kore har sai sanyi. Ana ci ne a matsayin abincin biki mai suna miyan ƙafar kaza. [[Fayil:Taiwanese_Chicken_feet_galantine.jpg|thumb| Ƙafafun kaza marasa ƙashi a kan rumfar kasuwar Taiwan]] == Duba kuma == * Jerin jita-jita kaji == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5hpdirpsjdd6ca9w5rwt7ur67ckyfo7 0 90048 869023 596541 2026-06-26T23:18:40Z Arcdanumma047 38699 869023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rail transport''' (wanda akafi sani da '''train transport''') hanya ce ta sufuri da ake amfani da motoci masu tafiya a cikin waƙoƙi, wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi guda biyu a layi daya [[Karfe|steel]] rails.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History, Invention, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/railroad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001133227/https://www.britannica.com/technology/railroad |archive-date=2023-10-01 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref>Jirgin kasa na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin safarar kasa guda biyu, kusa da road transport. Ana amfani da shi kusan kashi 8% na jigilar fasinja da jigilar kaya a duniya, [1] godiya ga ta I, energy efficiency<ref name=":0" /> kuma mai yiwuwa a high speed. .Motocin da ke jujjuyawa a kan layin dogo galibi suna fuskantar ƙarancin juriyar gogayya fiye da motocin hanya masu tayoyin roba, wanda ke ba da damar haɗa motocin jirgin ƙasa zuwa jiragen ƙasa masu tsayi. Yawanci ana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da jiragen ƙasa masu amfani da dizal ko na lantarki. Duk da cewa jigilar jiragen ƙasa tana da amfani mai yawa kuma ba ta da sassauƙa fiye da jigilar hanya, tana iya ɗaukar manyan fasinjoji da kaya tare da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi da aminci.{{Efn|According to [{{cite report |url=http://www.railwatch.org.uk/backtrack/rw94/rw094p06.pdf |title=Face the facts on transport safety |author=Norman Bradbury |work=Railwatch |date=November 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011093930/http://www.railwatch.org.uk/backtrack/rw94/rw094p06.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2010}}], railways are the safest on both a per-mile and per-hour basis, whereas [[Aviation|air transport]] is safe only on a per-mile basis.}} ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tglszmvvsho9cd1l2awsvybvf7bkvqk 869024 869023 2026-06-26T23:20:11Z Arcdanumma047 38699 869024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rail transport''' (wanda akafi sani da '''train transport''') hanya ce ta [[sufuri]] da ake amfani da motoci masu tafiya a cikin waƙoƙi, wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi guda biyu a layi daya [[Karfe|steel]] rails.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History, Invention, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/railroad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001133227/https://www.britannica.com/technology/railroad |archive-date=2023-10-01 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref>Jirgin kasa na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin safarar kasa guda biyu, kusa da road transport. Ana amfani da shi kusan kashi 8% na jigilar fasinja da jigilar kaya a duniya, [1] godiya ga ta I, energy efficiency<ref name=":0" /> kuma mai yiwuwa a high speed. .Motocin da ke jujjuyawa a kan layin dogo galibi suna fuskantar ƙarancin juriyar gogayya fiye da motocin hanya masu tayoyin roba, wanda ke ba da damar haɗa motocin jirgin ƙasa zuwa jiragen ƙasa masu tsayi. Yawanci ana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da jiragen ƙasa masu amfani da dizal ko na lantarki. Duk da cewa jigilar jiragen ƙasa tana da amfani mai yawa kuma ba ta da sassauƙa fiye da jigilar hanya, tana iya ɗaukar manyan fasinjoji da kaya tare da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi da aminci.{{Efn|According to [{{cite report |url=http://www.railwatch.org.uk/backtrack/rw94/rw094p06.pdf |title=Face the facts on transport safety |author=Norman Bradbury |work=Railwatch |date=November 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011093930/http://www.railwatch.org.uk/backtrack/rw94/rw094p06.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2010}}], railways are the safest on both a per-mile and per-hour basis, whereas [[Aviation|air transport]] is safe only on a per-mile basis.}} ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bd7xmim796559x9le3xzwpt5dehxvea 0 90758 869060 567334 2026-06-27T00:47:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abiodun Olasupo''' ɗan siyasar [[Najeriya]] ne. Ya kasance ɗan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai wakiltar mazaɓar [[Iseyin (birni)|Iseyin]], [[Itesiwaju]], [[Kajola]] da kuma [[Iwajowa]] na tarayya na [[Oyo (jiha)|jihar Oyo]] a [[Majalisar Najeriya|majalisar tarayya]] ta 8. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibadan |first=Segun Showunmi |date=2023-11-09 |title=Ex-Oyo lawmaker Olasupo backs Diri's re-election bid |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-oyo-lawmaker-olasupo-backs-diris-re-election-bid/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odunsi |first=Wale |date=2018-08-09 |title=Why we dumped APC for ADC - Rep Olasupo |url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/08/09/dumped-apc-adc-rep-olasupo/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-27 |title=PDP Returns Olasupo As Bayelsa State Congress Chairman |url=https://www.thechroniclernewspaper.com/pdp-returns-olasupo-as-bayelsa-state-congress-chairman/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Chronicler Newspaper |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jw6fujnqq32058y8mjjjmvoo85t64ir 0 92446 868891 840374 2026-06-26T20:36:28Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Janet Ellen Morgan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma malama ce da aka sani da shimfidar wurare da kuma kirkirar alloli 150 na asali.[1][2][3] Ayyukanta sun haɗa da ilimin muhalli da fasahar jama'a.[4] Ita ce kuma marubuciya kuma mai zane-zane na littattafan yara.[5][6] == Ilimi == Janet Morgan ta sami BFA daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Janet Ellen Morgan 'y[5][6]Minneapolis da MFA daga Jami'ar [[Wisconsin]] a Madison . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Janet Ellen Morgan - Biography |url=https://www.askart.com/artist/Janet_Ellen_Morgan/11296538/Janet_Ellen_Morgan.aspx |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=www.askart.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Yankunan da ke da tsarki === === Jerin ''Allah da Allahntaka'' === Morgan's God and Goddess jerin, wanda ya fara a watan Janairun 1988, ya ƙunshi manyan hotuna masu launi na ruwa waɗanda ke murna da fannoni na allahntaka da ɗan adam, suna ba da hanyar ga mai kallo ya ga kansu a matsayin masu tsarki. Jerin ya ƙunshi alloli iri-iri, daga manyan mutane kamar The God of War zuwa wadanda ba su da daraja kamar The Goddess of the Joys of Petty Thievery, har ma da na zamani kamar The Godof Safe Sex ko The Bee Goddess . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Getting Creative with Janet Morgan {{!}} Education at the Rubin |url=http://education.rma2.org/getting-creative-with-janet-morgan |access-date=2024-08-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623072828/http://education.rma2.org/getting-creative-with-janet-morgan |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Fasahar Jama'a === A cikin shekara ta 2010, Morgan ta kirkiro aikin zane-zane na jama'a don cibiyar yara a Queens, New York, wanda makarantun jama'a na [[New York (birni)|New York City]] suka ba da izini. Wannan aikin, wanda aka tallafawa tare da kasafin kuɗi na $ 50,000, ya ƙunshi ƙirar wasan motsa jiki guda uku. Wadannan kayayyaki an canza su zuwa manyan tiles kuma an shigar da su a cikin stanchions na shinge na makarantar, suna sauyawa tsakanin gefen dama da kuma daidaitawa. Mai tsara wannan aikin shine [[Andrzej Dudziński]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Janet Morgan |url=http://www.nycsca.org/Community/Public-Art-for-Public-Schools/Collection/ID/369 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=NYCSCA Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Art Archive - Make Public Art More Public |url=https://publicartarchive.org:443/art/The-Circus-Comes-to-Town |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=publicartarchive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Circus, PS 273 - CODAworx |url=https://www.codaworx.com/projects/the-circus-ps-new-york-city-department-of-education/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=www.codaworx.com}}</ref> === Gidajen === Morgan ta yi ayyukan fasaha da koyarwa da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TELEPHONE |url=https://phonebook.gallery/artists/janet-morgan |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=phonebook.gallery |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> Daga cikin mazaunan akwai Death Valley National Park,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Japenga |first=Ann |date=2011-07-04 |title=Death Valley Children's Book Animates the Arroyos |url=https://www.californiadesertart.com/death-valley-childrens-book-animates-the-arroyos/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=California Desert Art by Ann Japenga |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Japenga |first=Ann |date=2011-10-26 |title=Janet Morgan: Secrets of the Energetic Landscape |url=https://www.californiadesertart.com/janet-morgan-secrets-of-the-energetic-landscape/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=California Desert Art |language=en-US}}</ref> Weir Farm National Historic Site, <ref>{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=3s&v=JfgS89eIISA |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Babayan Cultural Center a Cappadocia, Turkiyya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Willemijn |first=Bouman |date=2012 |title=2nd Babayan Culture House AiR artists video 2010-2012 |url=https://vimeo.com/62059274 |website=Vimeo |page=minute 20:33}}</ref> Hanksville Elementary School a Utah, da kuma Luminous Bodies Residency [[Toronto]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janet Morgan – Luminous Bodies |url=https://www.luminousbodies.com/2017/10/15/janet-morgan/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Morgan memba ne na yanzu na New York Artists Circle (NYAC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Janet Morgan |url=https://nyartistscircle.com/artists/janet-morgan |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=nyartistscircle.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == Janet Morgan ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta littattafan yara biyu, Maraba da Mutuwa Valley! <ref>{{Cite web |last=Japenga |first=Ann |date=2011-07-04 |title=Death Valley Children's Book Animates the Arroyos |url=https://www.californiadesertart.com/death-valley-childrens-book-animates-the-arroyos/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=California Desert Art by Ann Japenga |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Japenga |first=Ann |date=2011-06-15 |title=Janet Morgan and Gregory Frux: Bringing Back Expedition Art |url=https://www.californiadesertart.com/janet-morgan-and-gregory-frux-bringing-back-expedition-art/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=California Desert Art by Ann Japenga |language=en-US}}</ref> (2012) da kuma lambar yabo ta Coney Island Awakes (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-11 |title=Coney Island Book Reading and Signing with Susanna Plotnick, Janet Morgan and Dana Humphrey |url=https://www.bwac.org/events/coney-island-book-reading-and-signing-with-susanna-plotnick-janet-morgan-and-dana-humphrey |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Brooklyn Waterfront Artists Coalition |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=OpenLibrary.org |title=Coney Island Awakes by Janet Morgan {{!}} Open Library |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL26118506W/Coney_Island_Awakes?edition=#overview |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Open Library |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 20 Book Covers – Childrens Book Cover Award |url=https://childrensbookcoveraward.com/top20bookcovers/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827022537/https://childrensbookcoveraward.com/top20bookcovers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma kwatanta littattafai sama da goma sha huɗu, ciki har da The Sea & Ourselves a Cape Ann na Lawrence Ferlinghetti (1979) da ''Metamorphoses'' na Sheryl St. Germain (2020). Ta kuma kirkiro kundin nune-nunen don nune-nun da yawa ciki har da Quintessence Three Visions don Cibiyar Omega a Rhinebeck, New York. A cikin gabatarwa ga wannan kundin, marubucin Kim Stanley Robinson ya yaba da aikin Morgan, yana mai cewa: == Teaching == Morgan ta koyar a kungiyar Art Students League of New York, Rubin Museum of Art, <ref name=":6"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapping Into Inner Deities with Janet Morgan – Rubin Museum of Art |url=https://rubinmuseum.org/tapping-into-inner-deities-with-janet-morgan/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=rubinmuseum.org |language=english }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da kuma Cibiyar Omega da Death Valley National Park. <ref name=":0"/> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Expressive Arts Therapist tare da marasa lafiya na ciwon daji a Memorial Sloan Kettering na tsawon shekaru 18. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=What Art Can Do: A Conversation with Janet Morgan |url=https://majesticwisdompublishing.com/what-art-can-do-a-conversation-with-janet-morgan/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Majestic Wisdom Publishing |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] l3ebv2pdlxizre03199hau89pdca5ca 0 94740 869227 735951 2026-06-27T09:58:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Aisling Clíodhnadh O'Sullivan (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1984), wacce aka fi sani da Aisling Bea (/ˈæʃlɪŋ ˈbiː/ ASH-ling BEE), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Irish, ƴar wasan kwaikwayon kuma marubuciya. Ta kirkiro, ta rubuta kuma ta fito a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na This Way Up a Channel 4. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marine |first=Brooke |date=July 9, 2021 |title=This Way Up: Aisling Bea's Bittersweet, Life-affirming Tragicomedy |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/this-way-up-aisling-bea-tv-interview#:~:text=If%20you%20enjoy%20Catastrophe%20(Sharon,by%20and%20starring%20Aisling%20Bea. |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=www.wmagazine.com |publisher=[[W (magazine)|W]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2020 |title=Aisling Bea - Breakthrough Talent |url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/breakthrough-talent |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=[[bafta.org|British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412044105/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/breakthrough-talent |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayinta na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, ta lashe kyautar So You Think You're Funny a Edinburgh Festival Fringe a shekarar ta 2012, kasancewar ita ce mace ta biyu da ta lashe kyautar a tarihin shekaru 25 na lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2012 |title=Aisling Bea wins So You Think You're Funny? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-19366992 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Ta kuma bayyana a kai a kai a kan wasan kwaikwayo na nishaɗi mai sauƙi kamar ''QI'' da 8 Out of 10 Cats. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bea Aisling Cliodhnadh O'Sullivan a Kildare, Ireland <ref name="ideastap">{{Cite web |title=Five Essentials: Actor |url=http://www.ideastap.com/ideasmag/all-articles/Aisling-Bea-five-essentials |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713024127/http://www.ideastap.com/ideasmag/all-articles/Aisling-Bea-five-essentials |archive-date=13 July 2012 |access-date=27 July 2012 |website=IdeasMag}}</ref> Mahaifinta, Brian, Likitan dabbobi ne wanda ya mutu ta hanyar [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]] lokacin da Bea ke da shekaru uku; ba a gaya mata yadda ya mutu ba har sai da ta kai shekara 13. Ta karɓi sunan mahaifiyar "Bea" a matsayin haraji ga mahaifinta, ta ɗauke shi daga ɗan gajeren sunansa na farko.Bea da ƙanwarta, Sinéad, mahaifiyarsu, Helen (née Moloney), malamar makarantar sakandare ce wacce a baya ta horar da 'yan wasa a Kwalejin Racing da Cibiyar Ilimi kuma ita kanta ƙwararren mai wasan motsa jiki ce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-15 |title=Aisling Bea |url=http://www.edfestmag.com/20120815aislingbea/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012303/http://www.edfestmag.com/20120815aislingbea/ |archive-date=2018-04-16 |publisher=Edinburgh Festivals Magazine}}</ref> Iyalinta sun kasance "masu damuwa" da dawakai da tarurrukan tseren. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Bea ta yi aiki a matsayin jagorar yawon shakatawa a Irish National Stud . Koyaya, ta san tun tana ƙarama cewa ba ta da sha'awar masana'antar tseren dawakai; a maimakon haka, tana da sha'awa ga yin wasan kwaikwayo. Kakanta ita ce marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Siobhán Ní Shúilleabháin, kuma mawaƙi Liam O'Flynn aboki ne na iyali. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=WeeMissBea|title=Aisling Bea}}</ref> Bea ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Presentation, Kildare Town, Makarantar Katolika, kuma ta yi karatun Faransanci da [[Falsafa|falsafar]] a Kwalejin Trinity Dublin. <ref name="OfficialSite1">{{Cite web |title=Aisling Bea Official Site |url=https://www.aislingbea.com/biography/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201093436/http://www.aislingbea.com/biography/ |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=AislingBea.com}}</ref> Yayinda take can, ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ɗalibai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interviews - Development & Alumni |url=https://www.tcd.ie/alumni/alumni/interviews/aisling-bea.php |access-date=15 April 2018 |publisher=Trinity College Dublin}}</ref> Daga nan ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Kiɗa da Fasaha ta London (LAMDA). == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar wasan kwaikwayo, Bea ta shafe shekaru biyu tana ƙoƙarin samun aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Aisling Bea (Humour Me Comedy Podcast) |url=https://soundcloud.com/uclsound/humour-me-aisling-bea |access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref> Maimakon haka, an jefa ta galibi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin masu ban dariya ciki har da Cardinal Burns da Dead Boss (duka 2012). Yayinda yake yin fim din Dead Boss a cikin 2011, Bea ta yanke shawarar gwada wasan kwaikwayo.<ref> name="Biography">{{Cite web |title=Biography.... Who Is This Broad? |url=http://www.aislingbea.com/biography/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404095851/http://www.aislingbea.com/biography/ |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=AislingBea.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, ta lashe kyautar Gilded Balloon So You Think You're Funny a Edinburgh Festival Fringe kuma, a shekara ta 2013, an zabi ta don Kyautattun Sabon a Edinburgh Comedy Awards don wasan kwaikwayonta C'est La Bea . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Claire |title=Aisling Bea is nominated for Edinburgh Fringe Best Newcomer Award |url=http://entertainment.ie/comedy/feature/Aisling-Bea-is-nominated-for-Edinburgh-Fringe-Best-Newcomer-Award/209/4708.htm |access-date=15 January 2014 |website=Entertainment.ie}}</ref> Bayyanawar da waɗannan kyaututtuka da bayyanar bikin suka kawo alama ce ta "canji" a cikin aikin Bea kuma ta fara bayyana a matsayin baƙo na yau da kullun a kan shirye-shiryen panel ciki har da ''QI'' da Insert Name Here . Bea da Yasmine Akram sun rubuta tare kuma sun dauki bakuncin jerin labaran labaran BBC Radio 4 Micks and Legends (2012, 2015); an zabi shi don Kyautar Chortle a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Irish Micks And Legends |url=http://www.radiolistings.co.uk/programmes/i/ir/irish_micks_and_legends.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302134154/http://www.radiolistings.co.uk/programmes/i/ir/irish_micks_and_legends.html |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=RadioListings.co.uk}}</ref> Bea ta lashe lambar yabo ta Comedy ta Burtaniya ta 2014 don Mafi kyawun Female TV Comic kuma ta koma Edinburgh a 2015 tare da wasan kwaikwayo na kai tsaye Plan Bea. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-17 |title=Aisling crowned Queen Bea at British Comedy Awards |url=https://www.herald.ie/entertainment/tv-radio/aisling-crowned-queen-bea-at-british-comedy-awards-30844057.html |access-date=2019-04-04 |publisher=Herald.ie |archive-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404105818/https://www.herald.ie/entertainment/tv-radio/aisling-crowned-queen-bea-at-british-comedy-awards-30844057.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, ta zama kyaftin din tawagar a kan 8 Out of 10 Cats kuma ta kasance memba a kan Taskmaster a shekara ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=8 Out Of 10 Cats returns to E4 |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/news/5235/8_out_of_10_cats_2019/ |access-date=8 March 2019 |publisher=British Comedy Guide}}</ref> Bea ta ci gaba da yin aiki a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin ciki har da ''Trollied'' (2014-2015), The Delivery Man (2015), da kuma jerin shirye-shirye na talabijin na Irish na Amy Huberman Finding Joy (2018). Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka The ''Fallen'' (2016) da Hard Sun (2018). A cikin 2018, ita da Sara Pascoe sun fara shirya shirye-shiryen tattaunawar BBC Radio 2 What's Normal? <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2018 |title=Sara Pascoe and Aisling Bea pilot Radio 2 chat show |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/3037/sara_and_aisling_whats_normal/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=British Comedy Guide}}</ref> Ta yi rikodin minti 15 na musamman wanda aka saki a kan [[Netflix]] a ƙarshen 2018. Ta fito ne a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Netflix]] Living with Yourself (2019), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=August 10, 2018 |title=Paul Rudd To Topline Netflix Comedy Series 'Living With Yourself' From Timothy Greenberg |url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/paul-rudd-netflix-comedy-series-living-with-yourself-timothy-greenberg-1202443531/ |access-date=October 19, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=August 28, 2018 |title=Aisling Bea Joins Netflix's 'Living With Yourself' Opposite Paul Rudd |url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/aisling-bea-cast-living-with-yourself-netflix-paul-rudd-1202453643/ |access-date=October 18, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> kuma ita ce tauraruwa kuma babban marubucin jerin wasan kwaikwayo ta Channel 4 This Way Up (2019-yanzu).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Samantha |date=October 18, 2019 |title=Netflix's Living With Yourself fuses sitcom humor with high-tech anxiety |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/18/20921269/netflix-living-with-yourself-tv-review-season-1-sitcom-paul-rudd-aisling-bea-clone |access-date=October 19, 2019 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> Ta kuma bayyana a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ITV Quiz (2020). Don aikinta a kan This Way Up, Bea ta lashe lambar yabo ta BAFTA 2020 British Academy Television Craft Award for Breakthrough Talent . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=Aisling Bea – Breakthrough Talent |url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/breakthrough-talent |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=BAFTA |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802123833/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/breakthrough-talent |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bryant |first=Aoibhin |date=18 July 2020 |title=Aisling Bea dedicates BAFT to win to late father in hilarious acceptance speed speech |url=https://extra.ie/2020/07/18/entertainment/movies-tv/aisling-bea-bafta-this-way-up |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=Extra.ie}}</ref> Ta bayyana a matsayin Saratu a cikin Doctor Who New Year na musamman na 2022 "Eve of the Daleks".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Stephen |date=1 January 2022 |title=Doctor Who, Eve of the Daleks, BBC1, review: Back at its best, with a sensational performance from Aisling Bea |url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/television/doctor-who-eve-of-the-daleks-festive-special-yaz-jodie-whittaker-crush-bbc1-review-1376440 |website=i}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 10 a cikin Amazon Prime Video's LOL: Last One Laughing Ireland . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cast for Graham Norton's Prime series LOL: Last One Laughing Ireland announced |url=http://www.iftn.ie/news/Markets%20News/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=4294949&tpl=archnews&force=1 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=The Irish Film & Television Network}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A watan Yunin 2024, Bea ta sanar da cewa tana tsammanin ɗanta na farko, tare da abokin aikinta Jack Freeman . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Comedian Aisling Bea expecting first child - and announces with help from Paul Rudd and Travis Kelce |url=https://news.sky.com/story/comedian-aisling-bea-expecting-first-child-and-announces-with-help-from-paul-rudd-and-travis-kelce-13147673 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> An haifi 'yarsu a ƙarshen watan Agusta na shekara ta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barter |first=Pavel |date=2025-01-05 |title=Aisling Bea: I’ve had a baby, now I’m getting lots of ‘mom’ parts |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/ireland-world/article/aisling-bea-ive-had-a-baby-now-im-getting-lots-of-mom-parts-ht38qdlzx |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref> Bea tana da ADHD. == Yunkurin fafutuka == Bea ta kasance mai goyon bayan murya na Repeal the 8th a cikin nasarar raba gardama na Irish na 2018 don gabatar da zubar da ciki na doka a Jamhuriyar Ireland; ta ba da gudummawa ga Una Mullally's Repeal a 8th wata kafin zabe. A baya ta yi kamfen don dokar auren jinsi guda a cikin nasarar raba gardama ta Irish ta 2015. Bea ta raba sakonni akai-akai game da halin jin kai a [[State of Palestine|Falasdinu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/weemissbea/p/C0exMKho2xb/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/weemissbea/p/C4fcvLZIz9z/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Bea ta shiga cikin cinikin Cinema for Gaza, kuma ta kasance mai sanya hannu da ke kira ga kawo karshen sayar da makamai ga Isra'ila. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Newsdesk |first=The Hot Press |title=Aisling Bea and Alison Oliver among stars involved in Cinema For Gaza auction |url=https://www.hotpress.com/film-tv/aisling-bea-and-alison-oliver-among-stars-involved-in-cinema-for-gaza-auction-23016022 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Hotpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Leading Artists to Keir Starmer: Commit to Stopping Arms Sales to Israel |url=https://artistsforpalestine.org.uk/2024/06/02/leading-artists-to-keir-starmer-commit-to-stopping-arms-sales-to-israel/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Artists for Palestine UK |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Yin wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- | rowspan="4" |2009 |''Birni Mai Kyau'' |Cliodhna Norris |Abubuwa 3 |- |''Muna da Klang'' |Sufeto |1 fitowar |- |''Bayanan Roy'' |Yarinyar tikiti (murya) |Fim: "Gaskiya da Ƙarya" |- |''Kasancewa da Laura'' |Leanne Thompson |Fim din talabijin |- |2009–2014 |''Ido mai banƙyama'' |Biyu da Biyu |Abubuwa 4 |- | rowspan="4" |2010 |''Abokan Gida'' |Elf |Jirgin Sama |- |''L.O.L.'' |Biyu da Biyu |Mawallafin Jirgin Sama<br /> |- |''<nowiki/>'Yanci' yanci'' |Keɓewa |Jirgin Sama |- |''Ka zo Ka tashi tare da Ni'' |Mary O'Mara |1 fitowar |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |''Lewis'' |Mai karɓar bakuncin otal |1 fitowar |- |''Birnin Holby'' |Amelia Warner |1 fitowar |- | rowspan="6" |2012 |''Kadanal Burns'' |Sally |Abubuwa 5 |- |''Matattu Shugaba'' |Laura Stephens |Abubuwa 6 |- |''A cikin Flynns'' |Naimah |1 fitowar |- |''Birnin'' |Carly |Abubuwa 3 |- |''Abubuwan da ba su da muhimmanci'' |Ruut |Abubuwa 6 |- |''Ka'idar Mai Kashewa III'' |Emily Burke (murya) |Wasan bidiyo |- | rowspan="5" |2013 |''Ya dace'' |Biyu da Biyu |Abubuwa 13 |- |''Hadaya ta Rai'' |Similia (murya) |Wasan bidiyo |- |''Yankewa da sauri'' |Abokin ciniki |1 fitowar |- |''Tattoo'' |Hauwa'u |Gajeren fim |- |''Kifi kaɗan ne'' |Gráinne |Gajeren fim |- |- | rowspan="5" |2014 |''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo'' |Matar jariri |1 fitowar |- |''Masu Gine-gine'' |Hayley (murya) |BBC Radio 4 episodes<br /> |- |''Abubuwan da ke tattare da su'' |Kara Jensen |1 fitowar |- |''Jaridu na Vodka'' |Nic |Jirgin Sama |- |''Sunny'' |Emma |Jirgin Sama |- |- |2014–2015 |''Trollied'' |Charlie |Abubuwa 13 |- |- | rowspan="4" |2015 |''Valentines masu ban dariya'' |Saratu |Abubuwa 2 |- |''Mutumin Bayarwa'' |Lisa |Abubuwa 6 |- |''Tarkon'' |Maryamu | |- |''Kirsimeti na Nish Kumar'' |Wakilin |Gajeren fim |- |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Harsashi zuwa Zuciya'' |Jane |Marubucin gajeren fim<br /> |- |''An la'anta su'' |Anne-Marie |1 fitowar |- |''Fallen'' |Kiera Sheridan |Abubuwa 4 |- |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |''Tarihin maye'' |Guinevere |1 fitowar |- |''Shekarar Gap'' |Kendra |Abubuwa 2 |- |''Mai Gudanar da Ayyuka'' |Mai fafatawa na jerin 5 |Abubuwa 8 |- |- | rowspan="4" |2018 |''Rana Mai Ƙarfi'' |Mari Butler |Abubuwa 5 |- |''Taron da aka yi'' |Minerva |1 fitowar |- |''Ina jin Rashin Jima'' |Simone |1 fitowar |- |''Samun Farin Ciki'' |Amelia |Abubuwa 6 |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Yanayin Tarayyar'' |Anna |Fim: "Masu ba da labari" |- |''Rayuwa da Kai'' |Kate Elliot |Abubuwa 8 |- |2019–2021 |''Wannan Hanyar'' |Aine |Abubuwa 12 Mawallafi, babban furodusa<br /> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Soyayya Bikin Aure Ya Maima'' |Rebecca | |- |''Tambaya'' |Claudia Rosencrantz |Abubuwa 3 |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''Gida Mai Kyau Gida Kai kaɗai'' |Carol Mercer | |- |''Riverdance: Labarin Labari'' |Margot (murya) |Fim din motsa jiki |- |2021–2022 |''Amphibia'' |Kyaftin Beatrix (murya) |Abubuwa 3 |- |2022 |''Dokta Wanene'' |Saratu |Fim: "Haɗuwa daga cikin Daleks" |- |2023 |''Kwanaki Mafi Girma'' |Rahila |- |2023–2024 |''Gujewa'' |Megan |Lokaci na 2 |- | rowspan="3" |2024 |''Alice da Jack'' |Lynn |Ministoci <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravindra |first=Manori |date=August 9, 2023 |title=Andrea Riseborough, Domhnall Gleeson Lead Offbeat Channel 4 Romance 'Alice & Jack,' Directed by 'Compartment Number 6' Helmer (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/global/andrea-riseborough-domhnall-gleeson-alice-jack-1235690717/ |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- |''Caroline ta Sweden'' |Louise | |- |''Kuma Mrs.'' |Gemma <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tabbara |first=Mona |date=10 July 2024 |title=Edinburgh 2024 world premieres include 'Lollipop', 'The Radleys' and AI doll documentary 'Smiles And Kisses You' |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/edinburgh-2024-world-premieres-include-lollipop-the-radleys-and-ai-doll-documentary-smiles-and-kisses-you/5195362.article |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=Screen Daily}}</ref> | |- |2024 |''Ka Fita Ko Ka Svalta'' |Susan |An sake shi a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntim |first=Zac |date=November 6, 2023 |title='Svalta:' XYZ & Wayward Wrap Production On Horror Pic With Nick Frost And Aisling Bea |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/lena-headey-svalta-xyz-wayward-nick-frost-aisling-bea-1235594089/ |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> |} === Wasan kwaikwayo na tsaye === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Tashar ! class="unsortable" |Wurin da ake ciki |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''Sabotage'' |BBC Radio 4 Extra |Rayuwa a Hoxton Hall |- |''Sabon Daga Ƙarƙashin'' |BBC Radio 4 |Bikin Edinburgh Fringe |- |- | rowspan="3" |2013 |''Seann Walsh's Late Night Comedy Spectacular'' |BBC Uku |Bikin Edinburgh Fringe |- |''Labarin Russell Howard mai kyau'' |BBC Uku |Riverside Studios |- |''Jerin saiti'' |Tashar Nerdist | |- |- |2014 |''Rayuwa a Apollo'' |BBC One |Hammersmith Apollo |- |- |2014–2016 |''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Channel 4'' |Tashar 4 |O2 Arena |- |- |2018 |''Netflix Comedy Lineup'' |Netflix | |- |} === Bayyanar nuni === Since 2016, Bea has been a team captain on ''8 Out of 10 Cats'', having previously been a guest on the show in 2013 and 2014. Her guest appearances on other panel shows include{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}: {{Columns-list|* ''[[Have You Been Paying Attention?]]'' (2024) * ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race UK]]'' ([[RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 4)|Series 4]] in 2022, [[RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 5)|Series 5]] in 2023) * ''I Literally Just Told You'' (2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/jimmy-carrs-i-literally-just-told-you/on-demand/71161-003|title=I Literally Just Told You|website=channel4.com|access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> * ''[[Sunday Brunch]]'' (2021) * ''[[Have I Got News for You]]'' (2021) * ''[[QI]]'' (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021) * ''[[Richard Osman's House of Games]]'' (2020) * ''[[Insert Name Here]]'' (2016, 2018) * ''[[Taskmaster (TV series)|Taskmaster]]'' (2017) * ''[[The Big Fat Quiz of the Year]]'' (2016, 2017) * ''[[@midnight]]'' (2016, 2017) * ''[[The Last Leg]]'' (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2023) * ''Word of the Year 2017'' (2017) * ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown]]'' (2014, 2015, 2016, 2019) * ''[[A League of Their Own (UK game show)|A League of Their Own]]'' (2015, 2016) * ''[[Room 101 (British TV series)|Room 101]]'' (2016) * ''[[The Unbelievable Truth (radio show)|The Unbelievable Truth]]'' (2016) * ''[[It's Not What You Know (radio series)|It's Not What You Know]]'' (2016) * ''[[Very British Problems]]'' (2015, 2016) * ''[[Duck Quacks Don't Echo]]'' (2015) * ''Jack Dee's HelpDesk'' (2015) * ''[[Alan Davies: As Yet Untitled]]'' (2015) * ''Listomania'' (2015) * ''[[Would I Lie to You? (British game show)|Would I Lie to You?]]'' (2015) * ''Channel 4's Alternative Election Night'' (2015) * ''[[Celebrity Squares]]'' (2014, 2015) * ''[[This Week (BBC TV series)|This Week]]'' (2014) * ''Don't Make Me Laugh'' (2014) * ''[[Virtually Famous]]'' (2014) * ''[[Never Mind the Buzzcocks]]'' (2014) * ''Don't Sit In The Front Row'' (2013) * ''The Guessing Game'' (2013) * ''Bad Language'' (2013) * ''[[Sweat the Small Stuff]]'' (2013)|colwidth=21em}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mrn73g8ddax8ocgnmkdoeohlig2euhi 0 95291 868898 595446 2026-06-26T20:45:50Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Helen L. Smits''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1937) ta kasance mai tasiri ga Manufofin kiwon lafiya kuma mai ba da shawara a Amurka, kuma ta ba da muryarta ga shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da yawa a kasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Helen L. Smits |url=https://www.cwhf.org/inductees/helen-l-smits |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=CT Women’s Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> Mafi mahimmanci, ta kasance mai karɓar tallafin Fulbright kuma ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin Carter da Clinton. Ta kuma rike mukamai a kungiyoyin gwamnati ciki har da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (NIH) da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya. == Yarinta da ilimi == Dokta Helen L. Smits an haife ta ne ga Ted Smits, wanda ya kasance marubucin wasanni mai zaman kansa kuma edita, da Anna Mary Wells, wanda ya zama farfesa a Turanci, a cikin 1937 a Long Beach, California. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare, Smits ya ci gaba da samun digiri na farko na Arts daga Kwalejin Swarthmore a [[Pennsylvania]]. Daga nan sai ta halarci Jami'ar Yale, inda ta sami Master's of Art tare da jaddadawa a Turanci, kuma daga ƙarshe ta dawo don kammala Digirin Likita a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yale . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Helen L. Smits |url=https://www.cwhf.org/inductees/helen-l-smits |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}</ref> Smits na ɗaya daga cikin mata takwas kawai a cikin aji na kammala karatun.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Helen L. Smits|url=https://www.cwhf.org/inductees/helen-l-smits|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}</ref> Smits was one of only eight women in her graduating class.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=Helen L. Smits Tribute Film| date=7 January 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GR0KOvDwyIA|language=en|access-date=2021-03-29}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunta na makarantar likita, Helen L. Smits ta fara zama a asibiti a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, daga ƙarshe ta zama babban mazaunin a shekarar 1971. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an yi mata aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar mai gudanarwa a wannan asibiti da kuma memba na malamai a Makarantar Wharton . <ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1977, a karkashin gwamnatin [[Jimmy Carter|Shugaba Jimmy Carter]], an zabi Smits a matsayin Darakta na Ka'idojin Kiwon Lafiya da Ofishin Inganci a Hukumar Kula da Lafiya (wanda yanzu ake kira Cibiyoyin Medicare & Medicaid Services). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Helen L. Smits |url=https://www.cwhf.org/inductees/helen-l-smits |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}</ref> A cikin 1981, Smits da iyalinta suka koma Connecticut. Ta kasance memba a makarantar Yale School of Public Health kafin ta zama Darakta na Asibitin John Dempsey a Jami'ar Connecticut na tsawon shekaru bakwai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Helen L. Smits |url=https://www.cwhf.org/inductees/helen-l-smits |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Bugu da ƙari, daga 1991 zuwa 1993 ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Regents na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Amurka, da Kwamitin Kwamishinoni na Kwamitin hadin gwiwa kan Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Medical Care Development - Helen L. Smits, MD, MACP - Member of the Board |url=https://www.mcd.org/smits |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=www.mcd.org}}</ref> Daga baya a cikin 1993, [[Bill Clinton|Shugaba Bill Clinton]] ya ba da izini ga Smits ya zama Mataimakin Mai Gudanarwa da Babban Jami'in Kiwon Lafiya na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da kula da sake dubawa na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya a Cibiyar Lafiya ta Kasa (NIH). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Helen L. Smits |url=https://www.cwhf.org/inductees/helen-l-smits |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Smits yana aiki tare da [[Hillary Clinton]] don sake fasalin manufofin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan sake dubawa a NIH, an nada Smits a Kwamitin Gwamnonin Cibiyar Kula da Asibiti, kuma a shekarar 1997, an zabe ta zuwa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 2002, Smits ya sami Fulbright Fellowship, kuma ya koma [[Maputo]], Mozambique don koyarwa a Sashen Kiwon Lafiya na Al'umma a [[Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Helen L. Smits |url=https://www.cwhf.org/inductees/helen-l-smits |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Smits ta fara bincike da ci gaban rigakafin HIV / AIDS tare da Gidauniyar Shugaban kasa ta William J. Clinton da Ma'aikatar Lafiya. <ref name=":0" /> A cikin shekara mai zuwa, Smits ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Shirin Gaggawa na Shugaban kasa don Taimako na [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] (PEPFAR). <ref name=":0" /> Yayinda take aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban, Majalisa ta Amurka ta zartar da "Dokar Jagorancin Amurka akan HIV / AIDS, Tuberculosis, da Malaria" wanda ya kara rarraba maganin antiretroviral da ci gaban binciken HIV / AIDS da gwaji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- PERSPECTIVES ON THE NEXT PHASE OF THE GLOBAL FIGHT AGAINST AIDS, TUBERCULOSIS, AND MALARIA |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-110shrg43704/html/CHRG-110shrg43704.htm |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=www.govinfo.gov}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Smits yanzu ta yi ritaya kuma tana zaune a Old Saybrook, Connecticut tare da mijinta, amma har yanzu babban mai ba da shawara ne ga Gidauniyar Kula da Lafiya ta Afirka ta Doris Duke. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Helen L. Smits |url=https://www.cwhf.org/inductees/helen-l-smits |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}</ref> == Bincike == Ta yi tunanin aikinta, Smits ta rubuta kuma ta ba da gudummawar hankalinta ga takardun ilimi sama da goma sha biyu game da kiwon lafiya da magani. A shekara ta 1967, Smits ta buga bincikenta na farko a cikin The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine game da nazarin tsarin ultrastructure na huhu na zomo, ta sami digiri na likita a wannan shekarar. Smits ya ci gaba da buga wata takarda a cikin 1981 yana kwatanta ayyukan sabbin likitoci da aka kafa. Binciken da ta yi ya kammala cewa ƙwararrun likitoci sun fi karɓar magani da medicaid dangane da sabbin takwarorinsu. A gefe guda, sabbin likitoci sun biya kudi kuma wani lokacin suna cajin farashi mafi girma don kulawa da hanyoyin. A shekara ta 1984, Smits ya rubuta takarda a cikin Medicare da Medicaid Research Review gargadi game da tsarin biyan kuɗi na rukuni. Smits ya ambaci raunana da yawa ciki har da biyan kuɗi na likita mara kyau kuma tsarin ya ci gaba da ra'ayin ƙarya cewa karuwar rashin lafiya koyaushe yana da alaƙa da farashi mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smits |first=Helen L. |last2=Fetter |first2=Robert B. |last3=McMahon |first3=Laurence F. |date=November 1984 |title=Variation in resource use within diagnosis-related groups: The severity issue |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=1984 |issue=Suppl |pages=71–78 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195103 |pmid=10311078}}</ref> Smits kuma ya shafe lokaci mai yawa yana rubutu a kan batutuwan da ke cikin maganin tsofaffi ciki har da Medicaid, gidajen tsofaffi, da manufofin kiwon lafiya da ke shafar tsofaffi. A cikin littafinta na ƙarshe da aka sani a 1995, Commentary on Hospitals & Nursing Homes . ''Bayani game da Asibitoci da Gidajen Nursing. ''Sabuwar fahimta a cikin Matsalar 'Dual Eligibles' tana roƙon waɗanda ke cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya da masana'antar gidajen jinya su "san yadda zai yiwu game da ainihin masu amfani da gidajen tsofaffi kuma muna buƙatar duba hanyoyin da za su ba su kulawa da ke da tsada da inganci mai kyau". Ta kuma gargadi cewa yayin da wasu na iya saurin son aiwatar da sabon manufofin cewa "canja tsarin a hanyar da ba daidai ba zai haifar da kulawa mafi muni da haɓaka farashi". == Ayyuka da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 2009, an shigar da Helen L. Smits cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Connecticut . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Helen L. Smits |url=https://www.cwhf.org/inductees/helen-l-smits |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qw40x556x7l8x9jzfu7yrm4iebk8701 0 96599 869037 831965 2026-06-26T23:38:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Elisabeth Finant''' (9 Nuwamba 1954 - 28 Satumba 1994), wanda aka sani da sana'a da '''Abeti Fina-Masikini''' ko kuma kawai '''Abeti Masikini''', mawaƙiyar Kwango ce, mawakiya, ɗan sanda, kuma mai taimakon jama'a. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lokale |first=Prisca |date=28 December 2021 |title=RDC: Yolanda, la fille aînée de Abeti Masikini a été enterrée ce mardi |trans-title=DRC: Yolanda, the eldest daughter of Abeti Masikini was buried this Tuesday |url=https://actualite.cd/2021/12/28/rdc-yolanda-la-fille-ainee-de-abeti-masikini-ete-enterree-ce-mardi |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Tare da aikin kusan shekaru uku na tsawon shekaru, ta kasance babbar jigo a cikin ƙarni na 20 na Kongo da shahararriyar kiɗan Afirka . Sau da yawa ana kiranta da " '''Sarauniyar Soukous''' ", ana lura da ita don ba da shawarar [[Daidaiton jinsi|daidaito tsakanin jinsi]], sabunta kiɗan Kongo, da ƙarfafa tsararrun mawaƙa. Ƙungiyarta, Les Redoutables, ta kasance kushin ƙaddamarwa ga yawancin mata masu fasaha. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Balde |first=Assanatou |date=8 May 2016 |title=Paris rend hommage à la grande diva congolaise Abéti Masikini |trans-title=Paris pays tribute to the great Congolese diva Abéti Masikini |url=https://www.afrik.com/paris-rend-hommage-a-la-grande-diva-congolaise-abeti-masikini |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Afrik |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Matanda |first=Alvin |date=12 September 2023 |title=Découvrez l'histoire captivante d'Abeti Masikini: une légende inoubliable |trans-title=Discover the captivating story of Abeti Masikini: an unforgettable legend |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/decouvrez-lhistoire-captivante-dabeti-masikini-une-legende-inoubliable |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=Music In Africa |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Kayumba |first=Arthur |date=28 September 2019 |title=Musique: Abeti Masikini demeure la "tigresse aux griffes d'or" forever |trans-title=Music: Abeti Masikini remains the "tigress with the golden claws" forever |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/publireportage-reportage-57145_abeti_masikini_demeure_la_tigresse_aux_griffes_d_or_forever.html |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Mediacongo.net |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2014 |title=Musique: les 20 ans de la mort d'Abeti Masikini seront commémorés au Grand Hôtel Kinshasa |trans-title=Music: 20 years since the death of Abeti Masikini will be commemorated at the Grand Hôtel Kinshasa |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2014/11/21/musique-les-20-ans-de-la-mort-dabeti-masikini-seront-commemores-au-grand-hotel-kinshasa |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2021 |title=Noëlla Ndaya dénonce les harcèlements et toutes formes de violences faites contre les femmes en milieux professionnels dans sa chanson "promotion canapé" |trans-title=Noëlla Ndaya denounces harassment and all forms of violence against women in the workplace in her song "promotion canapé" |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2021/04/24/actualite/culture/noella-ndaya-denonce-les-harcelements-et-toutes-formes-de-violences |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> An haife ta a [[Kisangani]], a lokacin tana cikin ƙasar Belgian Kongo kuma a yanzu [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], Masikini ta fara fitowa a bainar jama'a a shekara ta 1971 bayan da wani furodusa [[Togo|Ɗan ƙasar Togo]] Gérard Akueson ya gano, bayan da ta taka rawar gani a cikin kiɗan ''Découverte des Jeunes Talents'' da mawaki Gérard Madiata ya shirya. <ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title=musicMe: Biographie de Abeti Maskini |url=https://www.musicme.com/Abeti-Masikini/biographie/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=musicMe |language=Fr |publication-place=Paris, France}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2012 |title=Abeti Masikini Finant Elisabeth 1954 -1994 |url=https://www.universrumbacongolaise.com/artistes/abeti-masikini/ |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=Universrumbacongolaise.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Kundin nata na farko, ''Pierre Cardin Présente: Abeti'', wanda aka saki a cikin shekarar 1973, ya motsa ta a cikin hasashe, ya sami shaharar talabijin da kuma sayar da wurare masu yawa kamar Hallia Olympia na Paris da kuma Hall Carnegie na New York. A cikin shekaru uku na aikinta, Masikini ya rubuta kundin ɗakunan studio sama da ashirin don nau'ikan lakabin rikodin da suka haɗa da Les Dissques Pierre Cardin, Pathé Records, Aziza, RCA Records, Polygram Records, da sauransu. <ref name=":2" /> Mai bin diddigin [[Mata A Afrika|mata na Afirka]] a cikin kiɗa, Masikini ita ce mace ta farko ɗan Kongo da ta jagoranci ƙungiyarta kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a manyan wuraren duniya kamar Carnegie Hall, Hall of Royal Albert Hall, Wembley Arena, da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Apollo . <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":24"/> Ta mutu daga [[Ciwon daji na Mahaifa|ciwon daji na mahaifa]] a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1994, a Villejuif, [[Faris|Paris]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Matanda |first=Alvin |date=2023-09-12 |title=Découvrez l'histoire captivante d'Abeti Masikini : une légende inoubliable |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/decouvrez-lhistoire-captivante-dabeti-masikini-une-legende-inoubliable |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Music In Africa |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":24" /> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Abeti Masikini a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1954, a cikin dangin Finant, dangin Kongo mai matsakaicin matsakaiciyar yara takwas a [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]] (yanzu [[Kisangani]] ), Kongo Belgian . Mahaifinta, Jean-Pierre Finant, ya zama gwamnan Kongo na farko a lardin Orientale a jamhuriyar Kongo a lokacin. Mahaifiyar Abeti Masikini, Marie Masikini, wata mawaƙa ce ta coci - jagorar mawaƙi a ''Collège du Sacré-Coeur'' (yanzu ''Institut Maele'' ). Abeti Masikini ta fara waƙa a matsayin mawaƙa a cocin mahaifiyarta tun tana ƙarama. <ref name=":0" /> A cikin 1961, an kashe mahaifin Masikini, dan jam'iyyar Lumumbist, a [[Mbuji-Mayi|Bakwanga]] (yanzu [[Mbuji-Mayi]] ). Iyalin sun tafi gudun hijira a Kinshasa, inda Masikini ya yi karatu a [[:fr:Lycée Bosangani|Lycée Sacré-Cœur]] (yanzu [[:fr:Lycée Bosangani|Lycée Bosangani]] ). Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare a ofishin ministan al'adu, Pierre Mushete. <ref name=":24"/> Yayin da take aiki a matsayin sakatariya, sadaukarwarta ga kiɗa ya kumbura. A cikin 1971, ta canza ranar haifuwarta da gangan, tana mai da'awar cewa tana da shekaru 20, don shiga gasar kiɗa ta ''Découverte des Jeunes Talents'' wanda Gérard Madiata ya shirya a Parc de la Révolution (yanzu Kinshasa Botanical Garden ), inda ta sami matsayi na uku. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":5"/> A ƙarshen 1971, manajan [[Togo]] kuma furodusa Gérard Akueson, sa'an nan mai kula da mawaƙa Bella Bellow, ya hango ta yayin wasan kwaikwayo a Kinshasa kuma ya zama manajanta. A tsakiyar 1972, 'yan'uwa da yawa sun buoye ta, ta kafa ƙungiyarta, Les Ecureuils, wanda ya haɗa da ƙanenta, Jean Abumba Masikini, a matsayin jagorar mawaƙa kuma ta yi wasa a wuraren kulab. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":5" /> === 1972–1974: ''Pierre Cardin Présenter: Abeti'', Olympia Hall, Carnegie Hall, da Zaire 74 === Bisa ga koyarwar ''Ingantacciyar koyarwa'' da Shugaba Mobutu Sese Seko ya yi, Masikini ta koma [[Afirka ta Yamma]] don ci gaba da faifan albam dinta mai zuwa, ta fara rangadi a [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Senegal]], [[Burkina Faso]], Togo, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Ghana]], da [[Najeriya]] . A lokacin da ta ke Najeriya, ta ketare hanya tare da [[Fela Kuti]] tare da hada kai da shi a dakin daukar faifai guda. <ref name=":24"/> <ref name=":5"/> Bayan ta koma Zaire, a hankali ta dushe daga shaharar ta, saboda babu bayanai a kasuwar Zaire. <ref name=":24" /> A lokacin wani karatu a Kinshasa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Palladuim, Masikini ya sanar da cewa kundin sa na farko, ''Pierre Cardin Présente: Abeti'', yana gab da fitowa. <ref name=":24"/> An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 1973, Les Dissques Pierre Cardin ne ya samar da kundin, lakabin sanannen mai ƙirar Faransa Pierre Cardin . Ya haɗa da waƙoƙin da ba a taɓa gani ba kamar "Mutoto Wangu", "Bibile", "Aziza", "Fulani", "Miwela", "Safari", da "Papa Yaka". <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":7"/> <ref name=":6"/> Jagoran guda ɗaya, "Bibilé," ya ba da labari game da kogin da miyagu ruhohi ke gadinsa wanda sai an faranta masa rai kafin mutane su haye shi su shiga cikin daji don farauta. “Fulani” ta ba da labarin da ya fi zama a cikin birni, na wasu ‘yan mata guda biyu suna tsegumi game da mazajen aure. Kundin ya kasance hadewar blues, rai, da waƙoƙin jama'a amma tun farko bai sami yabo mai mahimmanci daga jama'ar Kinshasa ba, <ref name=":24" /> kamar yadda muryar [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ta Masikini da kuma tasirin kiɗan kiɗan ya mayar da ita matsayin "mawaƙin waje". <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":24" /> Duk da shakkun da aka yi, kundin ya sami kulawa sosai ta hanyar fitowar talabijin, tare da sabuwar ƙungiyar ta da aka sake masa suna Les Redoutables. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":8" /> An goyi bayan Abumba da Les Redoutables, Abeti ya rubuta waƙoƙin sannan ya shiga Antoinette Etisomba Lokindji don kide kide da wake-wake a Brussels a wani taro kan Zairean ''Authenticé'' . <ref name=":14" /> Kafin bikin raye-rayen da ta shirya a dakin taron Olympia na Paris a ranar 19 ga Fabrairun 1973, Masikini ta fara nunin "Soleil à Dakar" a Senegal, inda ta yi atisaye da Les Redoutables kuma ta samu halartar shugaba Léopold Sédar Senghor . <ref name=":24"/> <ref name=":5"/> Daga baya ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a zauren Olympia tare da Mireille Mathieu da Hugues Aufray, ta zama ɗan wasan Afirka na farko da ya yi haka tun Tabu Ley Rochereau a 1970. Duk da haka, a cewar masanin kiɗa na Birtaniya Gary Stewart, ba ta da lafiya a lokacin wasan kuma ta taka cikin basira. An sadaukar da kudaden da aka samu a wurin kade-kaden ne ga asusun agaji don yaki da fari. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":5" /> Bayan zamanta a birnin Paris, Masikini ta yi hayar gida a Shelburne-Murray Hill Apartment Hotel a shirye-shiryen bikin da za ta yi a New York. A watan da ya biyo baya, a ranar 11 ga Maris 1974, ta burge masu sauraro a zauren Carnegie tare da Les Redoutables, tare da gitar lantarki da bass da kuma [[Conga|ganguna]] na zamani. <ref name=":2" /> Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin "'yan mata 'yan Afirka" da suka yi wasa a Amurka, bayan Miriam Makeba da abokinta, Letta Mbulu . <ref name=":2" /> A cikin wata hira da ''[[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]]'', Masikini ta bayyana cewa ainihin salon wakokinta na Afirka ne kuma matasan Afirka suna "juyayin wakokinsu". <ref name=":2" /> Bayan wasan kwaikwayon nata, an shirya shirye-shirye don rangadin ƙasa baki ɗaya a fadin Amurka. <ref name=":2" /> A watan Satumba na 1974, ta halarci [[Zaire 74]], bikin tallata kade-kade don wasan damben damben ajin nauyi tsakanin [[Muhammad Ali]] da George Foreman, wanda aka yi masa lakabi da Rumble in the Jungle . Masikini ya raba matakin tare da [[James Brown]], Miriam Makeba, Franco Luambo & OK Jazz, Zaïko Langa Langa, Tabu Ley Rochereau, Bill Withers, [[B.B. King|BB King]], Spinners, da sauransu. <ref name=":24"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Afropop Worldwide {{!}} Zaire 74: The African Artists |url=https://afropop.org/articles/zaire-74-the-african-artists |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Afropop Worldwide |language=en}}</ref> === 1975–1979: Juyin Kida === ==== ''Abeti Masikini'' and ''Abeti à Paris'' ==== Masikini ta saki albam dinta na biyu mai suna ''Abeti Masikini'' a shekarar 1975, wanda mawaka takwas "Likayabo", "Ngele Ngele", "Ngoyaye Bella Bellow", "Kiliki Bamba", "Yamba Yamba", "Naliku Penda", "Sungula", da "Acha Maivuno". <ref name=":24"/> <ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=1975 |title=Abeti Masikini – Abeti Masikini |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abeti_Masikini&action=edit&wvprov=sticky-header |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Discogs.com |publication-place=Beaverton, Oregon, United States}}</ref> Pathé Records, wani reshen Pathé Marconi EMI ne ya shirya, an rarraba kundin a ƙasashe daban-daban kamar Faransa da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . <ref name=":15" /> Ya mamaye rugujewar al'ummar Zairean, abinci, abubuwan ban sha'awa, tashin hankalin jima'i, da 'yantar da mata. Waƙar "Ngoyale Bella Bellow" ta nuna girmamawa ga Bella Bellow, yayin da "Kiliki Bamba" ya soki Mobutu's ''Authenticité'' yayin da yake gwagwarmayar 'yan mata matasa a kan masu lalata . "Likayabo" ya yaba da abincin kifi mai gishiri, kayan lambu, da kayan yanki na Zairean, yayin da "Yamba Yamba" ya koka da yaudarar maza da ke tattare da soyayya mai dorewa. <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":8" /> Kundin ya kawo yabo Masikini a Afirka ta Yamma kuma ya jagoranci gayyata ta Bruno Coquatrix don yin wasan kwaikwayo a dandalin Olympia Hall na kwanaki biyu a jere a cikin Afrilu 1975. <ref name=":5"/> An yi mata lakabi da "tigress with the gold claws" saboda yawancin zoben da ke ƙawata yatsun hannunta, kuma an yi ta a Stade de Lomé daga baya a waccan shekarar. <ref name=":24" /> A cikin 1976, Masikini ta fitar da kundi na uku na studio, ''Abeti à Paris'', wanda ya haɗa da ainihin sigar waƙarta, "Mwana Muke Wa Miso." Pathé ne ya yi rikodin kuma ya samar da kundi ɗin a cikin Paris kuma ya ɗauki tafiye-tafiyen kiɗan Masikini da alaƙarta da birni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Grooves: Abeti Masikini |url=https://africangrooves.fr/tag/abeti-masikini/#:~:text=She%20recorded%20her%20first%20album%20in%201973%20and%20around%2020%20others%20and%20dozens%20of%20singles%20after,song%20presented |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Africangrooves.fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1976 |title=Abeti – Abeti à Paris |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/4325975-Abeti-Abeti-%C3%A0-Paris |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Discogs.com |publication-place=Beaverton, Oregon, United States}}</ref> <ref name=":8" /> Daga baya ta dauki mataki a [[Amsterdam]] a cikin 1977 kuma ta yi wasa a Cinéma Vog a [[Brazzaville]] a wannan shekarar. ==== Kalubalen sana'a da ''Abeti'' ==== A tsakiyar 1970s, Masikini ya fuskanci kalubale a cikin tashin abokin hamayyarsa M'Pongo Love, wanda buga "Pas Possible Mati" ya mamaye taswirar Kinshasa da iska. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 October 2021 |title=Abeti Masikini et Pongo Love, victimes de la politique congolaise |trans-title=Abeti Masikini and Pongo Love, victims of Congolese politics |url=https://personnages.cd/souvenirs/abeti-masikini-et-pongo-love-victimes-de-la-politique-congolaise |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=Personnages.cd |language=fr}}</ref> Salon al'adun gargajiya na Afirka, wanda a baya aka karbe shi da kyau, ya jawo suka daga wasu fandom dinta. <ref name=":24"/> Wasu masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa wasan kwaikwayon nata, wanda aka kera don masu sauraron [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], ya gaza yin magana da mafi yawan al'ummar Kongo, waɗanda suka fi son rera waƙa a Lingala . <ref name=":24" /> Duk da haka, wannan wasan kwaikwayo ya sa ta kai ga nasara fiye da kasar. Gérard Akueson ya gargade ta da ta yi wasa tare da M'Pongo Love a Palladium Cinema a kan Boulevard Du 30 Juin, wani shiri mai mahimmanci don sake tabbatar da matsayinta a cikin kida na Kinshasa. <ref name=":242">{{Cite web |title=musicMe: Biographie de Abeti Maskini |url=https://www.musicme.com/Abeti-Masikini/biographie/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=musicMe |language=Fr |publication-place=Paris, France}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Alex |date=1 March 2022 |title=Voces para el recuerdo: M'Pongo Love |trans-title=Voices to remember: M'Pongo Love |url=https://abcblogs.abc.es/toques-surenos/otros-temas/voces-para-el-recuerdo-mpongo-love.html |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=ABC |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Babunga |first=Benjamin |date=26 August 2017 |title=Le 27 août 1956, naissance de M'pongo Love |trans-title=August 27, 1956, birth of M'pongo Love |url=https://www.babunga.alobi.cd/2017/08/26/le-27-aout-1956-naissance-de-mpongo-love/ |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=Babunga.alobi.cd |language=fr |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830174129/https://www.babunga.alobi.cd/2017/08/26/le-27-aout-1956-naissance-de-mpongo-love/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A mayar da martani ga sukar, ta fitar da album dinta mai suna na hudu mai suna ''Abeti,'' wanda ya hada da fitattun wakoki da aka tsara ta salo daban-daban kamar su "Bilanda-Landa", "Kizungu-Zungu" (wanda aka rubuta tare da Zenge-Zenge), "Inquiétude" (wanda aka rubuta tare da Ray Lema ), "Banana", "Biso-Nasi" (Biso-Nasily) da "Folie-D'Amour" (wanda aka rubuta tare da Jean Abumba Masikini). <ref name=":24"/> An samar da shi a ƙarƙashin lakabin Faransanci Capriccio kuma an rarraba ta Music Control SARL, <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":18" /> kundin ya nuna jerin jerin gwanon kayan aiki, ciki har da Soki Mikanda ( alto saxophone ), Zenge-Zenge (bass), Wawanko Joë ( [[Conga|congas]] ), Boffi Banengola (ganguna), Bikouta Sebatun), Gooma (Gitar), Rayme Lepiaz (Rayme Leo), Guitar (Gitar) (gitar rhythm), Akunda ( tenor saxophone ), da N'Sambu M'Vula a matsayin injiniyan sauti . <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":18" /> "Kizungu-Zungu" ya samu gagarumar nasara, inda ya samu matsayi a cikin jerin mawakan 10 na Kongo. <ref name=":24" /> Duk da sukar wakokinta na manya a Kinshasa, fandom dinta ya ƙunshi yara waɗanda akai-akai suna halartar wasan kwaikwayon nata na Super Abeti a Palladium Cinema kuma suna kiranta da suna "auntie". <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Clerfeuille |first=Sylvie |date=2 August 2007 |title=Elisabeth Finant Abeti Masikini |url=https://www.afrisson.com/abeti-5204/ |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=Afrisson |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Magoya bayan manya da suka yarda da madadinta na rhythms sun yi maraba da ita, wanda ya kai ga kafa kungiyar fan ''Les Amis d'Abeti'', karkashin jagorancin Antho Alves. <ref name=":24" /> ==== ''Visages'', ''Kupepe Suka'' da ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da OK Jazz ==== Yayin da take aiki a kan kundi mai zuwa, ''Visages'', Masikini ta fitar da waƙar tallan kundi na "Motema Pasi" (a madadin mai suna "Bilanda-Landa"). <ref name=":10"/> A cikin 1978, ta je Paris don samar da kundin kuma ta haɗu tare da Slim Pezin a matsayin mai tsarawa kuma mai shiryawa, tare da faren albam a kasuwannin Paris a wannan shekarar. <ref name=":24"/> Pezin ne ya samar da alamar rikodin Faransa BBZ Productions, RCA Records ya rarraba ''Visages'' . <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":24" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1978 |title=Abeti Masikini – Visages |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/2498491-Abeti-Visages |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Discogs.com |publication-place=Beaverton, Oregon, United States}}</ref> Kundin ya fice daga ayyukanta na baya yayin da ya haɗa wasan kwaikwayo amma ya kiyaye kaɗe-kaɗe na Kongo tare da wasu zaɓaɓɓun waƙoƙi waɗanda aka rera gaba ɗaya cikin Swahili, Lingala, da Faransanci. <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":24" /> Duk da sukar da aka yi don kaucewa daga sauti na gargajiya na Kongo, ''Visages'' ya sami karɓuwa a Afirka ta Yamma, Turai, da Caribbean, inda ya kai dukkanin Afro-Caribbean hits na lokacin. <ref name=":24" /> A yayin ziyarar talla a yammacin Afirka, Masikini ya dauki hankalin Rediyon Netherlands kuma ya yi fim din ''Abeti en Holland,'' wanda ya nuna wakoki daga ''Visages'' a 1978. <ref name=":16" /> <ref name=":24" /> Bayan ta koma Kinshasa, an ƙaddamar da babban kamfen ɗin talla don tallafawa ''Visages'' . <ref name=":16" /> <ref name=":24" /> A ƙarshen 1978, ta saki kundi na studio na biyar, ''Kupepe Suka'' . Slim Pezin ya sake tsara kundin kuma ya samar da shi ta hanyar BBZ Productions. Masikini ta mika godiyarta ga masoyanta a cikin wakar "Ngblimbo" tare da girmama garinsu Kisangani tare da wakar "Singa Mwambé". <ref name=":24"/> Kundin waƙar jagora mai suna "Kupekusa", ya zama waƙar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta DR Congo|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Zairean]] . <ref name=":10"/> Ta yi wasa a Estádio da Cidadela a cikin 1978 kuma daga baya ta ɗauki mataki a zauren Royal Albert da ke Landan a cikin 1979. <ref name=":7"/> <ref name=":24" /> Ta yi amfani da nasarar albam dinta guda biyu da suka gabata, Masikini ta nemi, bayan komawarta Kinshasa, don faɗaɗa masu sauraronta. Haɗin kai a karon farko tare da fitattun mawakan kiɗa na Kinshasa, OK Jazz, Masikini ya ba da gudummawar guda biyu: "Na Pesi Yo Mboté" da "Bifamuri", <ref name=":24"/> wanda ke nuna shirye-shiryen kiɗan Kongo. "Na Pesi Yo Mboté" ta samu nasara sosai a Kinshasa da Brazzaville, wanda ya ba ta damar nuna fushinta a manyan biranen tagwayen. <ref name=":24" /> === 1980–1985: ''Mokomboso'', ''Dixième anniversaire'', da ''Abeti'' === [[Fayil:A_l'anniversaire_de_mes_30_ans_(ici_avec_Abéti_Masikini)..jpg|thumb|333x333px| Abeti Masikini in 1989]] A cikin 1980, Masikini ta fito da kundi na studio na shida, ''Mokomboso'', wani haɗe-haɗe na disco, pop, da waƙoƙin Afirka. <ref name=":24"/> An samar da shi a Faransa ta alamar Guadeloupean Eddy'Son, wanda Eddy Gustave ke gudanarwa, wanda ya tsara rikodin kuma ya buga alto saxophone, ''Mokomboso'' ya sami goyon baya da waƙoƙi guda biyar: "Mokomboso", "Tchaku-Tchaku", "Mawazo", "Falanga", da "Sinahamu". <ref name=":24" /> A watan Maris na shekarar 1980, yayin ziyarar aiki da shugaba Mobutu ya kai [[Sin|kasar Sin]], mawaƙin {{Interlanguage link|Zhu Mingying|zh|朱明瑛}} na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta kasar Sin ta kwaikwayi salon Masikini ta hanyar yin wasu waƙoƙin da ta gabata daga ''Visages'' : "Bisuivra Suivra" da "Motema Pasi", suna kwatanta shi da "sabon Abeti na Sinawa". <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":10"/> A cikin 1981, don tunawa da aikinta na shekaru goma, Masikini ta fito da kundi na studio na sha ɗaya, ''Dixième anniversaire'', wanda Sammy Massamba ya shirya kuma Dragon Phénix ya sake shi. Kunshi waƙoƙi shida, ''Dixième anniversaire'' ya sami buoye daga rumba na Kongo da yawa: "Baruwa Kwa Mupenzi", "Chéri Badé", "Père Bouche", "Ndolindo", "Bilonda", da "Zaire Oye". <ref name=":24"/> <ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Mafina |first=Frederic |date=19 March 2020 |title=Les immortelles chansons d'Afrique: "Chéri Badé" d'Abéti Massikini |trans-title=The immortal songs of Africa: "Chéri Badé" by Abéti Massikini |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/les-immortelles-chansons-dafrique-cheri-bade-dabeti-massikini-114377 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=Adiac-congo.com |language=fr |publication-place=Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}</ref> "Chéri Badé" da aka yi watsi da ita ta sami karɓuwa sosai a ƙasa kuma ta kafa tarihi na makonni goma a jere a saman ginshiƙi na OZRT ( ''Office Zaïrois de Radio-Télévision'' ). <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":19" /> Rumba na Kongo zai zama abin da ta fi so na shekaru masu zuwa. Duk da haka, waƙarta ta fara rasa wasu abubuwan ban mamaki waɗanda a baya suka bambanta ta da sauran masu fasaha a Zaire. <ref name=":24" /> A 1982, Masikini ya yi a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] . A cikin 1984, ta zauna a [[Lomé]] tare da Les Redoutables har zuwa Janairu 1986. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":8" /> A lokacin da take a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], an fitar da album dinta mai suna ''Abeti'' a cikin 1985 a ƙarƙashin lakabin rikodin [[Gabon]] Production IRIS, tare da rarraba ta Zika Production. <ref name=":24" /> Yana nuna waƙoƙi guda huɗu kuma Jacky Arconte ya shirya, waƙoƙin "Jalousie", "I Love You" (a madadin mai suna "Mwasi Ya Bolingo"), "Boyokani", da sigar "Na Pesi Yo Mboté" ne ke tallafawa. <ref name=":24" /> Waƙar waƙar album ɗin "Ina son ku", wanda aka yi a farkon 1982 kuma yana jin daɗin shahararsa, daga ƙarshe ya zama mai barci a cikin 1985. ''Abeti'' ta samu kambun zinare, inda ta sayar da kwafi sama da 300,000 a Afirka. <ref name=":24" /> === 1986–1989: ''Je suis fachée'' da ''En colère'' === A cikin bazara 1986, Masikini ya ƙaura zuwa Paris kuma ya ƙaddamar da albam ''Je suis fachée'' a Faransa ta hanyar alamar Parisian Bade Stars Music. Mawaƙin Kamaru Georges Seba ne ya rubuta, ya tsara shi, kuma ya shirya shi, tare da "Lolo" wanda Nyboma ya tsara. <ref name=":24"/> Ya sami karbuwa a cikin Caribbean a lokacin da ƙungiyar Kassav ta Yamma ta Indiya ta mamaye fagen kiɗan Afro-Caribbean. ''Je suis fachée'' ya sami takardar shaidar zinare. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":8" /> Masikini daga baya ya yi wasa a filin wasa na Wembley kuma ya halarci bikin Mama Africa a Utrecht . A cikin 1987, Masikini ta fitar da kundi nata ''En colère'', wanda Gérard Akueson ya samar kuma Bade Stars Music ya rarraba. <ref name=":24"/> Ta yi aiki tare da Lokassa Ya M'Bongo da Georges Seba a kan tsarin, tare da goyon baya daga Ballou Canta, Dada Hekimian, Georges Seba, da Marylou Seba. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":17" /> <ref name=":8" /> Denis Hekimian da Boffi Banengola ne suka yi amfani da ganguna, tare da kahon [[:fr:Éric_Giausserand|Eric Giausserand]], [[:fr:Jacques_Bolognesi|Jacques Bolognesi]], da Alain Hatot, bass na Michel Alibo, synthesizer na Philippe Guez, da bugun ta Sam Ateba da Komba Bellow. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":17" /> Nasarar da ''En colère'' ta samu ya sa ta sami lambar yabo ta "Soukous Parfumé", tare da waƙar "Scandale De jalousie" ta zama abin faɗuwa a yammacin Afirka da yammacin Indies . <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":17" /> <ref name=":8" /> Masikini ya inganta kundin a filin wasa na Ouagadougou kuma ya bayyana a wasan kwaikwayon Champs alizes a Martinique, inda ta karbi Maracas d'Or na ''En colère'' . <ref name=":24" />   A cikin 1988, tare da goyon bayan ƙungiyar magoya bayanta na duniya karkashin jagorancin [[:fr:Berthrand Nguyen Matoko|Berthrand Nguyen Matoko]], Masikini ya yi wasa a Zénith de Paris a gaban mutane 5,000 a ranar 24 ga Satumba. <ref name=":24"/> Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayon sun ƙunshi masu fasaha da yawa, ciki har da Bernard Lavilliers, Manu Dibango, [[:fr:Nzongo_Soul|Nzongo Soul]], [[Pépé Kallé|Pépé Kalé]], Seba, Aurlus Mabélé, da [[:fr:François Lougah|François Lougah]], kuma an watsa shi kai tsaye a [[Radio France Internationale]] . <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":10"/> Nasarar wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya haifar da kwangila tare da kamfanin rikodi na kasa da kasa Polygram . <ref name=":24" /> A shekarar 1989, Masikini ya zagaya kasar Sin, inda ya kai gala 17 tare da {{Interlanguage link|Zhu Mingying|zh|朱明瑛}} a cikin manyan biranen kasar. Daga baya ta yi wasa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Apollo a Harlem. <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":24" /> === 1990-1993: ''La Reine du Soukous'' === Masikini yayi a Kinshasa a Palais du Peuple a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1990.<ref name=":10" /> A shekara ta gaba, ta fito da kundi na karshe, La Reine du Soukous <ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQ4AQAAIAAJ&q=La%20Reine%20du%20Soukous |title=The World of African Music, Volume 1 |date=1992 |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-0-948390-03-6 |editor-last=Graham |editor-first=Ronnie |location=London, England, United Kingdom |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref> Jimmy International Production ne ya samar a Faransa kuma Polygram ya shirya, yawancin waƙoƙin Masikini ne kawai ya rubuta, ban da "Ousmane", wanda aka rubuta tare da Mayaula Mayoni, da "Ma Lu", wanda aka haɗa tare da Georges Seba.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":24" /> Georges Seba da Lokassa Ya M'Bongo ne suka shirya faifan, tare da muryoyin goyon baya daga Dada Hekimian, Fédé Lawu, Georges Seba, Marylou Seba, Richard Lebrun, da Solo Sita.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":24" /> La Reine du Soukous ya sami goyan bayan fitattun ƴan wasa: "Mupenzi", "Ousmane", "Bebe Matoko", "Ma Lu", da "Je Suis Occupée," da murfin "Mwana Muke Wa Miss".<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":24" /> A cikin 1993, ta ɗauki mataki a zauren LSC a La Plaine Saint-Denis akan Sabuwar Shekara.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":4" /> == Rashin lafiya da mutuwa == An gano Masikini da ciwon daji na mahaifa a lokacin da take aiki a kan kundinta na ƙarshe, wanda a ƙarshe ya ci gaba a lokacin da take a Paris. Rashin lafiyar ya sa ta nesanta ta daga jama'a a cikin watannin da suka biyo baya, wanda ya sa ta dauki ɗan gajeren hutu daga kiɗa.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":24" /> Masikini ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1994, a Villejuif, Faransa, saboda ci gaban ciwon daji na mahaifa.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Biyogue-Bi-Ntougou |first1=Jean Delors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTQoAQAAIAAJ&q=Abeti%20Masikini%20septembre%201994 |title=La sécurité des personnes dans le système africain de recherche sécuritaire |last2=Batumike |first2=Cikuru |date=2009 |publisher=Éditions L'Harmattan |isbn=978-2-296-07779-9 |location=Paris, France |pages=45 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lAEAQAAIAAJ&q=Abeti%20Masikini%20septembre%201994 |title=L'autre Afrique, Issues 85-95 |publisher=Continental News |year=1999 |location=Paris, France |pages=57 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5" /> An dawo da gawarta zuwa Kinshasa a ranar 9 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar. Bayan rasuwa an karrama ta da lambar yabo ta National Order of the Leopard kuma an yi jana'izar ta a ranar 10 ga Oktoba a makabartar Gombe . Bikin jana'izar ya samu halartar mutane da dama, da 'yan uwanta, da masoya masu kishin kasa. <ref name=":11" /><ref name=":24" /> == Legacy == Masikini yana daya daga cikin fitattun mutane a wakokin Afirka na zamani. Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan fasaha mata na Kongo waɗanda suka sassaƙa ƙwararrun ƙwararru a fagen kiɗan da maza suka mamaye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukuna |first=Kazadi Wa |date=2014-12-06 |title=Legends of Congolese music |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/legends-congolese-music |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":5"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyanchama |first=Venic |date=2022-07-03 |title=Top 10 female rhumba artists of all time: Who ranks at the top? |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/music-singers/442877-top-10-female-rhumba-artists-time-who-ranks-top/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news. |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Skander |date=2023-07-28 |title=Beyond Mainstream: Spotlighting Female Musicians of DR Congo {{!}} kitokongo |url=https://kitokongo.art/female-musicians-of-dr-congo/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=Le 26ème anniversaire de la disparition d'Abeti Masikini vécu dans la méditation |trans-title=The 26th anniversary of the disappearance of Abeti Masikini lived in meditation |url=https://acp.cd/culture/le-26eme-anniversaire-de-la-disparition-dabeti-masikini-vecu-dans-la-meditation/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=ACP |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Congolese Culture |url=https://friendsofthecongo.org/congolese-culture/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Friends of the Congo |language=en-US}}</ref> Ƙungiyarta Les Redoutables ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin "makarantar kiɗa" mafi girma kamar yadda yawancin masu fasaha masu fasaha suka wuce ta ciki, ciki har da M'bilia Bel, Lokua Kanza, Abby Surya, Malage De Lugendo, Tshala Muana, Yondo Sister, Lambio Lambio, Komba Bellow, Richard Shomari, da kuma Joëlle (Joëlle) da sauransu. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2014 |title=Musique: 20 ans après... pourquoi pas Abeti Masikini ? |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-5576_20_ans_apres_pourquoi_pas_abeti_masikini.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Mediacongo.net |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Salon [[Kwalliya|kayan shafa]], [[Kitso|salon gyaran gashi]], da [[Tufafi|suturarta]] sun yi tasiri sosai ga [[Mata A Afrika|matan Afirka]] da dama . <ref name=":12"/> A Afirka ta Yamma, madaidaiciyar siket mai tsaga ana kiranta da "Abeti skirt", kuma an sanya wa wata masana'anta sunan kakin zuma sunan wakar ta mai suna "Scandale De Jalousie". <ref name=":12" /> A cikin 2014, an fitar da wani shirin fim mai suna ''[[Abeti Masikini: Le Combat d'Une Femme]]'', wanda ke nuna rayuwar Abeti Masikini da tafiyar fasaha. [[Laura Kutika|Laura Kutila]] da Ne Kunda Nla suka shirya fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Films {{!}} Africultures : Abeti Masikini, Le Combat d'une Femme |url=https://africultures.com/films/?no=16648 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Africultures |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kianimi |first=Patrick |date=January 22, 2014 |title=7e art : un documentaire sur la vie d'Abeti Masikini en préparation |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/7e-art-un-documentaire-sur-la-vie-dabeti-masikini-en-preparation |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.adiac-congo.com}}</ref> == Waƙoƙi == === Albums === * 1973: ''Pierre Cardin Présente: Abeti'' (Les Disques Pierre Cardin/Sonafric) Ref: SAF 93501 * 1975: ''Abeti Masikini'' (Pathé Marconi/EMI) Ref: 2C O64 15741 * 1976: ''Abeti à Paris'' (Pathé Marconi/EMI) Ref: 2C06215.772 * 1977: ''Abeti'' (Capriccio) Ref: 37014 * 1977: ''Visages'' (BBZ productions/RCA) Ref: BZL 7014 * 1978: ''Abeti: Kupepe Suka'' (BBZ productions/RCA) Ref: BZL 7019, RCA – BZL 7019 * 1979: ''Na Pesi Yo Mboté'' (45 rpm) * 1979: ''Bifamuri'' (45 rpm) * 1979: ''Mbanda Na Ngai'' (45 rpm) * 1980: ''Mokomboso'' (Eddy'son/ Sonics Records) Ref: 79398 / 79398 * 1981: ''Dixième anniversaire'' (Dragon Phoenix) Ref: DPX 829 * 1982: ''Abeti'' (Iris production) Ref: IRS 001 * 1983: Abeti: ''Naleli'' (Zika Production) * 1984: ''Amour Ya Sens Unique'' (IAD/African Record Industry) Ref:IAD/S 0015 * 1984: Abeti & Eyenga Moseka: ''The Duo Of The Century'' (IAD/ African Record Industry) Ref: IAD/S 0016 * 1985: ''Ba Mauvais Copiste'' (Win Records/Africa New Sound/Tabansi) Ref: WNL 403, ANS 8402 * 1985: ''Samoura'' (Bade Stars Music) Ref: AM 030 * 1986: ''Je suis fachée'' (Bade Stars Music) Ref: AM 033 * 1987: ''En colère'' (Bade Stars Music) Ref: AM 035 * 1988: ''Scandale de jalousie'' ( maxi 45 rpm ) (Polygram/ LAB) Ref: LAB 101 * 1990: ''La Reine du soukous'' (AMG/Polygram) === Sake fitowa === * 2013: ''Le Tube Chéri Bade'' (Biobionava/G.Akueson). Sake fitar da kundin ''cika shekaru goma'' . == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 02q7nsogux7nwpeawyolnkwson3t5ps 0 96795 868882 836476 2026-06-26T20:17:52Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Marika Cifor 'yar asalin Amurka ce kuma malamin mata da aka sani da aikinta a kimiyyar ajiya, kimiyyar ɗakin karatu, da nazarin dijital. Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan Tarihin al'umma, HIV / AIDS, ka'idar tasiri, da kuma hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da su wajen adana bayanai da suka samo asali daga Adalci na zamantakewa. Ita farfesa ce a Jami'ar Washington Information School . Har ila yau, tana da alƙawari a sashen Nazarin Jima'i, Mata da Jima'a na UW. == Ayyuka == Cifor ya kamMA BA a [[Tarihi]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a Kwalejin Mills, MA biyu a tarihi da MLIS daga Jami'ar Simmons, da kuma PhD a cikin nazarin bayanai tare da takaddun shaida na digiri a cikin Nazarin jinsi da ilimin ɗan adam na dijital a Jami'ar California, [[Los Angeles]] . <ref> name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Marika Cifor |url=https://ischool.uw.edu/people/faculty/profile/mcifor |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=Information School |publisher=University of Washington}}</ref> Yayinda take dalibar digiri, Cifor ta kasance memba na UCLA Community Archives Lab wanda [[Michelle Caswell]] ta jagoranta, wacce ita ce mai ba da shawara kan digiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team |url=https://communityarchiveslab.ucla.edu/research-team/ |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=UCLA Community Archives Lab}}</ref> Bayan karatunta na PhD, an nada Cifor a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Bambancin Ma'auni tare da Shirin Nazarin Jima'i, Jima'a, da Mata a Kwalejin Bowdoin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jurasek |first=Mitchel |date=December 1, 2017 |title=College Commemorates World AIDS Day |url=https://bowdoinorient.com/2017/12/01/college-commemorates-world-aids-day/ |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=The Bowdoin Orient}}</ref> A cikin fall 2018, an hayar ta a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Sashen Bayanai da Kimiyya na Laburaren a Jami'ar [[Indiana]] Bloomington . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Sarah |date=April 17, 2020 |title=New iSchool Staff Highlight Series: How the things came to be here—Marika Cifor at UW |url=https://saauw.wordpress.com/2020/04/17/new-ischool-staff-highlight-series-how-the-things-came-to-be-here-marika-cifor-at-uw/ |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=SAA-UW}}</ref> A cikin fall 2019, ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar Washington Information School . Cifor tana koyar da darussan da suka shafi ka'idar ajiya da aiki da jinsi, kabilanci, da fasaha tare da mai da hankali kan Adalci na zamantakewa da Tarihin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyke |first=Mary Lynn |date=August 1, 2019 |title=Marika Cifor Adds Archiving, Activism to Faculty |url=https://ischool.uw.edu/news/2019/07/marika-cifor-adds-archiving-activism-faculty |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=Information School {{!}} University of Washington}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa kuma memba na babban bangare na makarantar AfterLab kuma tana da alaƙa da Kungiyar Fasaha da Canjin Jama'a da DataLab .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parry |first=Doug |date=November 8, 2021 |title=New iSchool lab focuses on the aftermath of crises |url=https://ischool.uw.edu/news/2021/11/new-ischool-lab-focuses-aftermath-crises |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=Information School {{!}} University of Washington}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Marika Cifor |url=https://ischool.uw.edu/people/faculty/profile/mcifor |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=Information School |publisher=University of Washington}}</ref>Bugu da kari, Cifor tana aiki a kan allon edita na <nowiki><i id="mwSg">Nazarin Mata na Australiya</i></nowiki> da kuma Homosaurus Linked Data Vocabulary . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://homosaurus.org/about |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=Homosaurus Vocabulary Site}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn about Australian Feminist Studies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=editorialBoard&journalCode=cafs20 |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=Taylor & Francis Online}}</ref> Littafin Cifor na 2022 Viral Cultures: Activist Archiving in the Age of AIDS ya bincika tarihin da kuma gadon gwagwarmayar HIV / AIDS. <ref name="Viral Cultures">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2020 |title=Viral Cultures: Activist Archiving in the Age of AIDS |url=https://artsandculturalstudies.ku.dk/research/focus/uncertainarchives/activities/viral-cultures---activist-archives-at-the-end-of-aids2/ |access-date=January 11, 2022 |website=Department of Arts and Cultural Studies |publisher=University of Copenhagen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2022 |title=Activist archiving in the age of AIDS |url=https://share.transistor.fm/s/95fe97c6 |access-date=June 2, 2022 |website=University of Minnesota Press |publisher=Transistor}}</ref> An kira Viral Cultures daya daga cikin littattafai tara da za a iya fahimtar lafiya, rashin lafiya, da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wata kasida ta Yuni 2022 a cikin The Atlantic ta Joseph Osmundson . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Osmundson |first=Joseph |date=June 8, 2022 |title=The Thin Line Between Sickness and Health |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/books/archive/2022/06/coronavirus-hiv-illness-books-virology/661198/ |access-date=June 8, 2022 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an ba ta lambar yabo ta SAA's Fellows' Ernst Posner Award tare da marubuta [[Michelle Caswell]] da Mario H. Ramirez don labarinsu "To Sudly Discover Yourself Existing: Uncovering the Impact of Community Archives".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellows' Ernst Posner Award |url=https://www2.archivists.org/book/export/html/8077 |access-date=January 11, 2021 |website=Society of American Archivists |language=en}}</ref> Cifor ya hada da wani fitowar musamman na <nowiki><i id="mwbQ">Litinin na farko</i></nowiki> kan [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] a cikin 2020 tare da Cait McKinney, na ''Kimiyya ta Tarihi'' a kan tasiri a cikin 2016 tare da Anne J. Gilliland, da kuma Journal of Critical Library and Information Studies on Neoliberalism a cikin 2019 tare da Jamie A. Lee. Yayinda take a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, ta kirkiro aikin haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam na dijital a kan Fim din tseren "Fim din Afirka na Farko: sake gina Tarihin Filin Shiru, 1909-1930", wanda ya sami ambaton girmamawa ga Kyautar Garfinkel ta 2016 a cikin Digital Humanities daga Ƙungiyar Nazarin Amirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASA Digital Humanities Caucus Prizes |url=https://www.theasa.net/communities/caucuses/digital-humanities-caucus/asa-digital-humanities-caucus-prizes |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=ASA |archive-date=March 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318050435/https://www.theasa.net/communities/caucuses/digital-humanities-caucus/asa-digital-humanities-caucus-prizes |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelley |first=Megan |date=2016 |title=The History of 300 Silent Films that Hollywood Shunned and Why They Matter |url=https://www.upworthy.com/the-history-of-300-silent-films-that-hollywood-shunned-and-why-they-matter |access-date=June 1, 2022 |publisher=Upworthy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vernali |first=Cameron |date=November 8, 2016 |title=UCLA students create database for African-American silent films |url=https://dailybruin.com/2016/11/08/ucla-students-create-database-for-african-american-silent-films |access-date=June 1, 2022 |website=Daily Bruin |publisher=}}</ref> == Zaɓuɓɓukan wallafe-wallafen == *   * {{Cite journal |last=Cifor |first=Marika |date=2016 |title=Affecting relations: introducing affect theory to archival discourse |journal=Archival Science |volume=16 |pages=7–31 |doi=10.1007/s10502-015-9261-5 |s2cid=254265173}} * {{Cite journal |last=Caswell |first=Michelle |last2=Cifor |first2=Marika |last3=Ramirez |first3=Mario H. |date=June 1, 2016 |title="To Suddenly Discover Yourself Existing": Uncovering the Impact of Community Archives |journal=The American Archivist |language=en |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=56–81 |doi=10.17723/0360-9081.79.1.56 |issn=0360-9081 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Caswell |first=Michelle |last2=Cifor |first2=Marika |date=2016 |title=From Human Rights to Feminist Ethics: Radical Empathy in the Archives |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/687705/ |journal=Archivaria |volume=81 |issue=Spring 2016 |pages=23–43}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sp9o7bile2jroognjmq9a9pizyjrk82 0 97298 868900 865557 2026-06-26T20:51:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdelouahed Mountassir''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1956 a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], Morocco) masanin gine-gine ne kuma Mai tsara birane na Morocco. An fi saninsa da zane-zanensa na National Library of the Kingdom of Morocco (2008), don asibitin Jami'ar Ibn Sina na gaba a Rabat da kuma ayyukan ci gaban birane a Rabat le Casablanca. == Rayuwa da aiki == Mountassir ya yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar [[Lille]], Faransa, kuma ya kammala karatu a matsayin masanin gine-gine tare da difloma na gwamnati (DPLG) a shekarar 1983. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, ya ambaci masanin gine-ginen Cuban Ricardo Porro, wanda ya sadu da shi a makarantar gine-gine a Lille, a matsayin muhimmiyar wahayi don fahimtar gine-ginin zamani. Kafin ya zama masanin gine-gine, Mountassir ya kasance mai aiki a matsayin mai zane kuma ya shiga cikin nune-nunen da yawa a Maroko da kasashen waje. Komawa a Maroko, ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan da malami a cibiyar horar da sana'o'in fasaha na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida. [[Fayil:Bibliothèque_Nationale_du_Royaume_du_Maroc.jpg|thumb|250x250px|National Library of Morocco, wanda Abdelouahed Mountassir da Rachid Andaloussi suka tsara]] A shekara ta 1983, ya kafa aikin gine-gine na farko AWM a Casablanca, wanda tun daga lokacin ya tsara kuma ya gina gine-gine masu zaman kansu da na jama'a da yawa a biranen Maroko daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shi ne National Library of the Kingdom of Morocco a Rabat-Agdal, wanda aka tsara tare da masanin gine-ginen Morocco Rachid Andaloussi . Sarki Mohammed VI ne ya kaddamar da shi a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Nationale du Royaume du Maroc - Historique de la BNRM |url=http://www.bnrm.ma/bnrm/bibliotheque/a-propos-de-la-bnrm/historique-de-la-bnrm.html?format=html&lang=fr |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=www.bnrm.ma |language=fr-fr}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Mountassir ya bambanta a matsayin "Architect of the Year" wato gwarzon gine-gine na shekara ta National Order of Architects of Morocco, kuma daga 2014 zuwa 2017, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban wannan kungiya mai sana'a. An haɗa shi a cikin 2001 a cikin aikin ɗan adam ArchNet ta Aga Khan Trust for Culture tare da aikinsa na gidaje na zamantakewa ''Nassim'' a Casablanca <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archnet - Nassim Zone D, Casablanca |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/4671 |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=www.archnet.org |archive-date=2022-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203224313/https://www.archnet.org/sites/4671 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ya haɗa kai a cikin ayyukan tare da sanannun gine-gine na duniya kamar Norman Forster <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Marina Morocco – MAGESPRO Africa |url=https://magespro.ma/web/portfolio/la-marina-morocco/ |access-date=2022-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> da Jean Nouvel. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdelouahed Mountassir |url=https://zakworldoffacades.com/speaker/abdelouahed-mountassir/ |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=Zak World of Façades |language=en-US}}</ref> Baya ga ayyukan jama'a da masu zaman kansu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projets et Réalisations |url=https://www.awmountassir.com/projettype.php?urlsend=6rvsqzy68hawg793k4box5d0fimej21cpntu |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=www.awmountassir.com}}</ref> Mountassir ya tsara gine-gine don otal-otal, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projets et Réalisations |url=https://www.awmountassir.com/projettype.php?urlsend=3jwlyxouhvs2b6ma34gd57er18ti9nzckqp0 |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=www.awmountassir.com}}</ref> tashoshin jirgin ƙasa da cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban daga makarantar sakandare zuwa makarantun firamare da sakandare da kuma cibiyar horar da kwararru. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projets et Réalisations |url=https://www.awmountassir.com/projettype.php?urlsend=1du5bhrsotl93afk64megcz807nxpvw2yji1 |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=www.awmountassir.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=EFI-Casablanca |title=EFI Casablanca - École Française Internationale de Casablanca |url=http://www.eficasablanca.org/ |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=www.eficasablanca.org |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Mayu 2022, Sarkin Maroko ya kaddamar da gina sabon gine-gine na zamani da sassan kiwon lafiya don Asibitin Jami'ar [[Ibn Sina]] a Rabat. Wannan hadaddun gaba na gadaje 1000 kuma tare da kasafin kuɗi na kimanin. DH biliyan 6 (c. € 537 miliyan) ana sa ran zai ɗauki shekaru huɗu na gini da haɓaka birane, gami da shigarwa don dorewar muhalli. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na AWMountassir yana kula da zane da tsarawa gaba ɗaya, yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Faransa AIA Life Designers, wanda ya ƙware a cikin tsara birane don shigarwar kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-25 |title=Nouveau CHU de Rabat, par AIA Life Designers |url=https://chroniques-architecture.com/nouveau-chu-de-rabat-par-aia-life-designers/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Chroniques d‘architecture |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-08 |title=Architecture. La conception du nouveau CHU Ibn Sina expliquée par Abdelouahed Mountassir |url=https://medias24.com/2022/05/08/architecture-la-conception-du-nouveau-chu-ibn-sina-expliquee-par-abdelouahed-mountassir/ |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Médias24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Jami'ar Internationale de Rabat (UIR) ta ba da sanarwar gina gine-gine don sabon Faculty of Medicine, Faculty na Kiwon Lafiya da Makarantar Injiniyan Kiwon Lafiyar da asibiti mai alaƙa. Amma ga sabon asibitin Jami'ar Ibn Sina, an nada ɗakin karatu na AWMountassir da AIA Life Designers don ƙira da tsarawa. Dukkanin asibitocin asibitoci an tsara su don haɗawa da fasahar kiwon lafiya, gine-gine da muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=UIR : le premier coup de pioche de l'hôpital universitaire et des facultés de la santé prévu en juillet |url=https://medias24.com/2022/05/13/uir-le-premier-coup-de-pioche-de-lhopital-universitaire-et-des-facultes-de-la-sante-prevu-en-juillet/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Médias24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ayyukan ɗakin karatu na Mountassir don Tsarin birane a matsayin wani ɓangare na Groupement Confluences <ref>{{Cite web |title=Groupement Confluences |url=https://next.archnet.org/authorities/1913 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=next.archnet.org |archive-date=2022-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301222624/https://next.archnet.org/authorities/1913 |url-status=dead }}</ref> sun haɗa da ci gaban ''Bab Al Bahr'' tare da Saphira ''Marina'' a matsayin wani bangare na aikin Bou Regreg Valley Development <ref>{{Cite web |title=Description Du Projet: PAG Vallée du Bouregreg |url=https://www.awmountassir.com/projetdetail.php?sendingverif=60 |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=www.awmountassir.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agency for the Development of the Bouregreg Valley |url=http://www.bouregreg.com/?lang=en |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=www.bouregreg.com |language=en-US}}</ref> a Salé, da kuma ayyukan gine-gine na ''Casablanca Marina''. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alillouch |first=Rachid |last2=Mansour |first2=Majid |last3=Radoine |first3=Hassan |date=2019-12-24 |title=Le Projet d'aménagement de la Vallée du Bouregreg. Contexte et modalités de conception et de mise en œuvre d'un projet urbain pour un site vulnérable |url=https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/AMJAU/article/view/18885 |journal=African and Mediterranean Journal of Architecture and Urbanism |language=fr |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=60–78 |doi=10.48399/IMIST.PRSM/amjau-v1i2.18885 |issn=2665-7953}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barthel |first=Pierre-Arnaud |title=Casablanca-Marina: un nouvel urbanisme marocain des grands projets |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-autrepart-2010-3-page-71.htm |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=www.cairn.info |language=fr}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ya ba da tambayoyi kuma ya buga shi game da tarihin gine-gine a Maroko.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=M. Abdelouahed Mountassir : «Faraoui a marqué l'ouverture de l'architecture marocaine sur le monde |url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2004/M--Abdelouahed-Mountassir--Faraoui-a-marque-l-ouverture-de-l-architecture-marocaine-sur-le-monde/42781.html |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=Le Matin |language=fr}}</ref> Baya ga ayyukansa a matsayin mai zane da kuma gine-gine, Mountassir ya buga kundin waƙoƙi guda biyu a Larabci da Faransanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=العلام |first=عبد الرحيم |title=حين يكتب المهندس المعماري |url=https://diffah.alaraby.co.uk/diffah//books/2022/9/21/حين-يكتب-المهندس-المعماري |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=ضفة ثالثة |language=ar}}</ref> Saboda dangantakarsa ta kusa da Jamus, an zabi shi a matsayin mai ba da izini na girmamawa na Jamus a Casablanca a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Addam |first=Rida |title=Abdelouahed Mountassir, nouveau consul honoraire d'Allemagne à Casablanca : "Il faut créer une plateforme d'échanges, de savoir-faire et de compétences dans les différents secteurs d'activité" |url=https://www.libe.ma/Abdelouahed-Mountassir-nouveau-consul-honoraire-d-Allemagne-a-Casablanca-Il-faut-creer-une-plateforme-d-echanges-de_a16099.html |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=Libération |language=fr |archive-date=2022-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228232449/https://www.libe.ma/Abdelouahed-Mountassir-nouveau-consul-honoraire-d-Allemagne-a-Casablanca-Il-faut-creer-une-plateforme-d-echanges-de_a16099.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Zaɓuɓɓukan ayyukan gine-gine === * Cibiyar Tertiaire Intermodal (CTI) [[Tanger-Med|Tanger Med]]), tare da Groupement Confluences da ɗakin karatu na Jean Nouvel, 2006 * [Hasiya] * Bab Al Bahr ci gaban birane na aikin Bou Regreg Valley Development, 2007 * [[Royal Air Maroc]] Academy, Casablanca, 2008 * Hedikwatar Jam'iyyar Istiqlal, Rabat, 2010 * Cibiyar watsa labarai ta Khouribga, 2012 * Sabbin tashoshin jirgin kasa a [[Ameknas|Meknes]], 2013 da Oujda, 2018 * Sabon zane don tashar jirgin kasa ta Rabat ta tsakiya, 2015 * Asibitin Jami'ar gaba Ibn Sina, Rabat, a cikin gini * Kwalejin Magunguna da Lafiya ta Jama'a don Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Rabat == Dubi kuma == * Gine-gine na Maroko == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   *   *   *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.awmountassir.com/index.php Shafin hukuma na Abdelouahed Mountassir studio] * Tattaunawar rediyo game da rawar da ɗakunan karatu na ƙasa a Faransa da sauran ƙasashe tare da Abdelouahed Mountassir a matsayin baƙo, ta FranceCulture (a Faransanci) * Hoton masanin gine-gine [[YouTube]].com/watch?v=_aX-8nNuPBU" id="mwAaY" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Abdelouahed Mountassir (a Faransanci) a YouTube [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] i7lzt2tcfvhe7bdtc9plfh8u83qe8xy 0 101814 868711 630470 2026-06-26T13:54:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kundin tsarin mulkin Namibia wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1990, ya samu karbuwa da kuma kiyaye '''[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan Adam]] a [[Namibiya]]''' a halin yanzu, ta wata majalissar wakilai 72. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Legal Assistance Centre |title=Overview of the Namibian Constitution |url=http://www.lac.org.na/projects/grap/Pdf/Gov1_Overview_of_Namibian_Constitution.pdf |access-date=2025-06-06 |archive-date=2025-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013121113/https://www.lac.org.na/projects/grap/Pdf/Gov1_Overview_of_Namibian_Constitution.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majalisar ta kunshi jam’iyyun siyasa daban-daban. Bayan daftarin kundin tsarin mulkin ya samu amincewar dukkan mambobin jam’iyyun siyasa bakwai da abin ya shafa. <ref name=":0" /> Ranar 21 ga Maris 1990 ita ce ranar farko da Namibiya ta fara aiki a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki sannan kuma ke nuna amincewa da Namibiya a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Babi na 3 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar mai taken 'Yancin 'Yancin Dan Adam da 'Yanci, wanda kuma ake kira da Bill of Rights, ya zayyana 'yancin dan Adam na dukkan 'yan kasar Namibiya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of The Republic of Namibia |url=http://www.gov.na/documents/10181/14134/Namibia_Constitution.pdf/37b70b76-c15c-45d4-9095-b25d8b8aa0fb |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-date=2017-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716100710/http://www.gov.na/documents/10181/14134/Namibia_Constitution.pdf/37b70b76-c15c-45d4-9095-b25d8b8aa0fb |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayanin Dokar Hakki == Babi na uku a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ya amince da yancin ɗan adam da dama. Mataki na 5, na farko a babin, ya nuna cewa dole ne a kiyaye duk wani hakki da tsarin mulki ya zayyana ta kowane bangare na gwamnatin Namibiya . Labari na gaba a babi, 6-25, sun faɗi waɗannan haƙƙoƙin kuma an zayyana su a ƙasa. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":0"/> talifofin farko sun bayyana cewa kowa yana da ’yancin samun ’yanci, girmamawa, da mutunci kuma babu wanda zai fuskanci azabtarwa ko kuma muhallansu na rashin mutuntaka a kowane lokaci a rayuwarsu. Wannan ya haɗa da kawar da bauta da aikin tilastawa. Tare da wannan, kundin tsarin mulkin ya tanadi cewa za a dauki dukkan 'yan Namibia daidai kuma ba za su fuskanci rashin daidaito ta hanyar abubuwa kamar jinsi, launin fata, launi da kabilanci, imani na addini da matsayi a cikin al'umma ba. Kundin tsarin mulkin ya kuma kare ’yan kasa daga wasu ayyuka masu inganci kamar kamawa ba tare da wani dalili ba. Har ila yau yana da mahimmanci idan an kama shi a sanya sadarwa ta gaskiya da kan lokaci a matsayin mafi mahimmanci kuma an ba da ita a cikin harshen da aka fi so. Bayan kama 'yan kasar Namibiya suna da hakkin yin shari'a ta gaskiya da kotun da ke da hurumin gudanar da shari'a a cikin zaman jama'a duk da haka, an kebe karar yara. Namibiya al'umma ce ta dimokuradiyya kuma don haka kundin tsarin mulki ya fayyace hakkokin 'yan Namibiya da ke karkashin wannan. Ana mutunta sirri da iyali kuma auren mace da namiji kyauta ne kuma an yarda. 'Yan Namibiya na da 'yancin shiga jam'iyyun siyasa cikin 'yanci, shiga harkokin siyasar da suka dace da zabe. An kuma fayyace muhimman yancin da ke tattare da magana, al'adu, tunani da ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'ummar dimokuradiyya. Duk wani gazawa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki ba zai tauye hakkin mutum ba. Duk da yake an keɓe yara daga abubuwan da suka gabata a cikin kundin tsarin mulki, sashe na 15 ya amince da ’yancin yara ta hanyar bayyana ‘yancinsu na suna da ƙasa da kuma bukatar iyaye su kula da su. Ilimi kuma wajibi ne ga yara har zuwa shekaru 16. <ref name=":1"/> Kundin tsarin mulki ba wai yana mai da hankali kan daidaito da wariya kadai ba, har ma ya amince da hakkokin mutane na mallaka da kuma zubar da dukiyoyin da za a iya ba wa wasu a kowane mataki. <ref name=":1"/> Wani abin sha'awa shi ne, an kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kuma babu wata doka da majalisar za ta kafa da za ta soke waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ko tauye su. Duk hukumomin gudanarwa da jami'ai dole ne su bi kuma su bi ka'idoji da ayyukan hukuma cikin hankali. <ref name=":0"/> == Ofishin Ombudsman == Ofishin Ombudsman muhimmiyar rawa ce wajen kiyaye haƙƙoƙin da aka zayyana a cikin lissafin. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Horn |first=Nico |date=2009 |title=The Process of Human Rights in Namibia |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=5 |pages=99–116}}</ref> Dokar Ombudsman ta 1990 tana cikin kundin tsarin mulki. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da Ombudsmen da ofishin suka mayar da hankali shi ne tabbatar da 'yanci da 'yancin jama'a a Namibiya. Wa'adin ya ce duk wani cin zarafi na 'yancin ɗan adam dole ne ofishin ya gane shi kuma mai kula da jama'a dole ne ya kare mutane daga cin zarafi. <ref>''[https://www.ombudsman.org.na/the-ombudsman-act-of-1990/ The Ombudsman Act of 1990] {{Webarchive}}'' [Namibia], 6 June 1990.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The protection and promotion of human rights in Namibia: The constitutional mandate of the Ombudsman |url=http://www.gov.na/documents/10181/14134/Namibia_Constitution.pdf/37b70b76-c15c-45d4-9095-b25d8b8aa0fb |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-date=2017-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716100710/http://www.gov.na/documents/10181/14134/Namibia_Constitution.pdf/37b70b76-c15c-45d4-9095-b25d8b8aa0fb |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sanarwar manufa ta ofishin mai shigar da kara ta ce kamar haka:<blockquote>"… yana ƙoƙari don haɓakawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, gudanar da gaskiya da inganci, yaƙi da ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa… na Namibiya ta hanyar bincike mai zaman kansa da rashin son kai da warware korafe-korafe da kuma wayar da kan jama'a." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2008 {{!}} Office of the Ombudsman |url=https://www.ombudsman.org.na/sdm_downloads/annual-report-2008/ |access-date=2020-11-11 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>An gudanar da bincike daban-daban na take haƙƙin ɗan adam tun shekara ta 2005. Wani sanannen bincike na ofishin shine duba yanayin dakunan kurkukun. <ref name=":2"/> Har ila yau, ofishin yana sauƙaƙe korafe-korafe daga al'umma dangane da take haƙƙin ɗan adam daga hukumomin gwamnati. A shekarar 2016 kadai, ofishin ya samu korafe-korafe 301 na kare hakkin dan Adam. Bincike ya nuna cewa ‘yan sanda ne babban batun koke-koke. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2016 {{!}} Office of the Ombudsman |url=https://www.ombudsman.org.na/sdm_downloads/annual-report-2016/ |access-date=2020-11-11 |language=en}}</ref> Ba duk korafe-korafen da ake gudanarwa ta ofishin ba ne ke da alaƙa da yancin ɗan adam wasu batutuwan da za su iya ƙunsa: muhalli, rashin gudanar da mulki, da cin hanci da rashawa. == Hakkokin jama'a da na siyasa == === Hakkokin mata === Kundin tsarin mulkin Namibiya ya tanadi cewa duk mutane ba tare da la'akari da kasancewarsu namiji ko mace ba ana daukar su daidai a cikin doka. <ref name=":1"/> Namibiya tana matsayi na 115 a duniya lokacin da ake nazarin ma'aunin rashin daidaiton jinsi na 0.472. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Gender Inequality Index |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/GII |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=hdr.undp.org}}</ref> Ba tare da la'akari da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi da kuma amincewa da index ɗin ba, matan Namibiya har yanzu suna fuskantar cin zarafi da nuna wariya a cikin ma'aikata kuma suna iya fuskantar matsalolin samun ilimi da kiwon lafiya. Ko tun lokacin da aka gabatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar a shekarar 1990 har yanzu mata na fuskantar cin zarafi da fyade. A shekara ta 2000 an ƙaddamar da dokar yaƙi da fyade da ke kare maza da mata. Duk da haka, bayan shekaru har yanzu mata suna fuskantar yawancin laifukan fyade. A cikin Nuwamba 2018, an ba da rahoton cewa 1 cikin 3 mata masu shekaru 15-49 sun fuskanci tashin hankali daga matansu kuma kashi 29.5% na maza sun yi imanin cin zarafi ga matansu abin yarda ne. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alweendo, Andreas, Rafla |first=N, R, D |date=November 2018 |title=Landscaping Gender Based Violence in Namibia |url=https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/gbv_web.pdf |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=Democracy Report}}</ref> Matan Namibiya da ke fama da rauni, tabin hankali' da kuma juna biyu daga fyade suna fuskantar ƙarin kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya da rage samun kuɗin shiga yayin da suke ɗaukar lokaci don murmurewa. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=3 August 2015 |title=Support for survivors of violence |url=https://www.unicef.org/namibia/Violence_HIS_print.pdf |website=A Namibia Fit for Children}}</ref> Namibiya ta fahimci rashin daidaito ga mata kuma ta himmatu wajen kawo canji. Mataimakin Firayim Minista na 2015 ya yi magana a taron shugabannin duniya na 2015 kuma ya yi alkawarin cewa Namibiya ta himmatu wajen rungumar muhimmiyar rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=UN Women |title=Namibia aims for equal access to services, roles for women as agents of peace |url=http://www.unwomen.org/en/get-involved/step-it-up/commitments/namibia |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=UN Women |language=en}}</ref> === Hukuncin kisa === Hukuncin hukuncin kisa tauye hakkin dan Adam ne a Namibiya a karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1990. Kisa na ƙarshe da aka sani shine a cikin 1988 kuma ya faru lokacin da ƙasar ke ƙarƙashin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu . == Hakkokin yara == [[Fayil:Namibia_Child_1.jpg|left|thumb|134x134px| Yaran Namibiya na fuskantar matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke shafar lafiyarsu da amincinsu]] An amince da hakkokin yara a Namibiya a cikin sashe na 15 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar kuma sun yi daidai da sharudu 54 na [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara|Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (CRC). Kasar ta yi aiki a karkashin CRC tun 28 ga Satumba 1990. Ƙimar Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Yara na yanzu shine 7.39/10. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Children of Namibia |url=https://www.humanium.org/en/namibia/ |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=Humanium |language=en-GB}}</ref> Yayin da ake amincewa da yancin yara a Namibiya akwai cin zarafi a cikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNICEF Namibia - Child Protection and Social Protection - Violence Against Children |url=https://www.unicef.org/namibia/protection_13675.html |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=www.unicef.org}}</ref> A karkashin CRC da Bill of Rights Mataki na ashirin da 15, kowane yaro yana da hakkin a gane shi kuma ya sami ɗan ƙasa. A halin yanzu, 1 cikin 3 na haihuwa ba a gane shi ba don haka waɗannan yaran suna fuskantar matsalar rashin samun walwala da ilimi mai aminci. <ref name=":3"/> Cin zarafin yara, kamar yadda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta gane, yana nan a Namibiya kuma an yi imanin cewa al'umma ta yarda da ita a matsayin al'ada na yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child Protection Policy "Keeping Namibian Children Safe" |url=https://www.lifelinechildline.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Child-Protection-Policy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204230347/https://www.lifelinechildline.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Child-Protection-Policy.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-04 |access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref> Yin aikin yara da cin zarafi a cikin ma'aikata na ɗaya daga cikin manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ko da yake Namibiya ta gabatar da Dokar Ma'aikata ta 2007 wadda ta haramta yin aiki da yara, masana'antu irin su aikin jima'i da noma sun saba wa waɗannan dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eresources provided by The University of Sydney Library |url=https://login.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au/login?qurl=http://link.galegroup.com |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=login.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au}}</ref> Rahoton na 2009 'Bincike kan Mafi Muni na Ayyukan Aikin Yara' da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta gudanar ga Namibiya, ya bayyana batutuwa kamar cin zarafin yara ta jiki da ta hanyar lalata da ma'aikatansu ke yi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Namibian |first=The |title=Child labour in Namibia at its worst |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=74323 |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> Rahoton ya kuma yi nuni da cewa kashi 91.4% na aikin yara na cikin harkar noma. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta fitar da wani rahoto na 2017 wanda ya sake gano jima'i da cin gajiyar noma a matsayin mafi muni na aikin yara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-30 |title=Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Namibia |url=https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/namibia |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=United States Department of Labor |language=en}}</ref> Wani batu da ya shafi yara a duk fadin kasar Namibiya shi ne yadda suke samun kulawar lafiya da rashin lafiyarsu da ke take hakkokinsu. Yaran kasar na fuskantar matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki da kuma cutar kanjamau. A cikin 2017, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da rahoton cewa 80% na duk yaran da aka shigar da su asibitoci, sun gano rashin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=UNICEF |date=2017 |title=UNICEL Annual Report 2017 Namibia |url=https://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/Namibia_2017_COAR.pdf.pdf |website=Namibia}}</ref> Rashin abinci mai gina jiki yana haifar da mutuwar yara 6000 kowace shekara. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=SOS Children's Village International |title=General Information on Namibia |url=https://www.sos-childrensvillages.org/where-we-help/africa/namibia |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=SOS Children Villages international}}</ref> A cikin 2012 UNICEF ta bayyana cewa yara 18 000 suna dauke da cutar kanjamau, tare da yada uwa zuwa yaro da laifi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=UNICEF |title=Namibia Statistics |url=https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/namibia_statistics.html |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Annobar cutar kanjamau ta yi kamari a Namibiya ta yadda kusan kashi 50% na yaran marayu ba sa iya samun isasshen kulawa daga iyayensu saboda mutuwa ko rashin lafiya daga cutar kanjamau. <ref name=":5"/> == Maganin kungiyoyin tsiraru == === Hakkin LGBT === A halin yanzu, Namibiya ba ta amince da haƙƙin waɗanda suka bayyana a matsayin 'yan madigo, 'yan luwaɗi, bisexual ko transgender (LGBT) . Yayin da tsarin mulki ya ba 'yan Namibiya kariya don kada su fuskanci azabtarwa sakamakon azabtarwa ko nuna wariya, mutanen LGBT suna fuskantar tashin hankali daga kowane bangare na al'umma, musamman jami'an 'yan sanda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia's Compliance with the U.N. Convention Against Torture: LGBTI Rights |url=https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/namibia_cat_lgbti_shadow_report_with_sign_ons_oct_2016.pdf |access-date=2020-11-24}}</ref> A cikin 2009 kashi 55% na al'ummar ƙasar sun gamsu da samun mutumin LGBT a matsayin maƙwabcinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-09 |title=Africa's most and least homophobic countries |url=https://76crimes.com/2016/03/09/africas-most-and-least-homophobic-countries/ |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=Erasing 76 Crimes |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu an haramta luwadi. Duk da haka, saduwa tsakanin mata ya halatta. Namibiya tana duban sauyi ga kundin tsarin mulkinta wanda ke tabbatar da cewa ba a nuna wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i ba, saboda dokokin da ake da su yanzu ba su haɗa da wannan ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-26 |title=Wade Schaerer – No shame about living with HIV |url=https://www.mambaonline.com/2019/03/26/wade-schaerer-no-shame-about-living-with-hiv/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726155009/https://www.mambaonline.com/2019/03/26/wade-schaerer-no-shame-about-living-with-hiv/ |archive-date=2019-07-26 |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online |language=en-US}}</ref> OutRight Namibia, ita ce babbar ƙungiyar LGBT mai zaman kanta a Namibiya kuma tana fafutukar kare haƙƙin al'ummar LGBT a matsayin murya da shirya abubuwan wayar da kan jama'a kamar faretin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia |url=https://www.outrightinternational.org/region/namibia |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=Global LGBT Human Rights Organization {{!}} OutRight}}</ref> === Mutanen asali === Kundin tsarin mulkin Namibiya ya dauki 'yancin duk mutanen Namibiya ba tare da la'akari da asalin kabila da kabila ba, amma bai yi la'akari da 'yancin ɗan adam na kowane ɗayan 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia |url=https://www.iwgia.org/en/namibia |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=www.iwgia.org}}</ref> Ya zuwa yanzu, ƙungiyoyi na musamman suna fuskantar matsananciyar gwagwarmaya dangane da haƙƙin mallakar ƙasar gargajiya. Ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar Namibiya suna da kashi 8% na yawan jama'a tare da manyan ƙungiyoyin San, Nama, Ovahimba, Ovazemba, Ovatjimba da Ovatwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=IWGIA |date=12 September 2011 |title=Indigenous peoples in Namibia - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs |url=https://www.iwgia.org/en/namibia/719-indigenous-peoples-in-namibia |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=www.iwgia.org}}</ref> A cikin rahoton 2016 na Kwamitin Harkokin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, an ba da rahoton cewa al'ummomin 'yan asalin sun rabu da su kuma suna fama da samun dama ga abubuwa masu mahimmanci irin su ilimi da kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan al'ummomin sun dogara da ƙasarsu da al'adarsu. Duk da haka, da yawa a yanzu an hana su samun filayen gargajiya. A cikin 2012, Ovahimba da Ovazemba sun fuskanci kusan lalata ƙasarsu don manufar gina dam ba tare da sanarwa ba. Samun isasshen ilimi da kiwon lafiya wani ƙalubale ne da ƴan asalin ƙasar Namibiya ke fuskanta. Tun da kundin tsarin mulki a cikin 1990, ƙimar kiwon lafiya ga kabilu irin su San sun ragu. Yawan karatunsu ya kai kashi 23% wanda ya yi kasa da na sauran al'ummar kasar da ke da matsakaicin kashi 66%. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Cultural Survival |date=22 February 2016 |title=The State of Indigenous Human Rights in Namibia |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/sites/default/files/media/namibiacescr2016.pdf |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=Cultural Survival}}</ref> Wannan yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ƙarancin adadin shiga makarantun sakandare wanda a halin yanzu ya kai 1%. <ref name=":6" /> == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da hukumomi == === NamRights === An kafa [[Namrights|NamRights]] a cikin 1989 ta mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam Phil Ya Nangolo . Kungiyar da aka fi sani da National Society for Human Rights a baya, kungiyar ta damu da yadda al’umma da Jiha ke bin hakkin dan Adam kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulki ya bayyana. Ta fahimci cewa gwamnati ta amince da yancin ɗan adam duk da haka, ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta ta yi imanin cewa jihar ta gaza kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da cin zarafi akai-akai. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun su ya haɗa da azabtarwa da kuma kula da waɗanda ake tsare da su a cikin ɗakunan kurkuku. NamRights yana da ƙarfi a cikin al'umma kuma galibi yana fuskantar binciken gwamnati. A cikin fatanta na neman hakkin bil'adama kungiyar ta bayyana ra'ayoyinsu dangane da rashin kariyar gwamnati da kula da hakokin. Don haka suke fafutukar samun tallafin kudi daga gwamnati saboda wannan rikici. === Cibiyar Taimakon Shari'a (LAC) === An kafa [[Legal Assistance Centre|Cibiyar Taimakon Shari'a]] (LAC) a cikin 1988 da nufin tallafawa waɗanda ke fama da wahala a lokacin wariyar launin fata inda yawancin 'yan Namibiya ke da 'yancin ɗan adam kaɗan. <ref name=":2"/> LAC ta bayyana kanta a matsayin kamfanin lauyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Tun lokacin da aka buɗe ofishin Windhoek a cikin 1998, ƙungiyar ta haɓaka kuma a yanzu tana mai da hankali kan ilimin yancin ɗan adam da horarwa, sanarwa da ba da shawarwari ga jama'a, bincike da shawarwari da ƙararraki. Don tabbatar da matsayinsu na kamfanin lauyoyi na jama'a, LAC za ta goyi bayan shari'o'i ne kawai lokacin da ya fi tasiri ga al'umma. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Legal Assistance Centre-Namibia |url=http://www.lac.org.na/about/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129205732/http://www.lac.org.na/about/history.html |archive-date=2020-01-29 |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=www.lac.org.na}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, ƙungiyar ta fuskanci bincike, duk da haka, yayin da 'yancin ɗan adam a Namibiya ke daɗa kafawa LAC tana ƙara samun yabo. <ref name=":7" /> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan bude su a cikin 1998, gwamnati, a lokacin a ƙarƙashin ikon Afirka ta Kudu ta yi ƙoƙarin rufe kamfanin. Koyaya, a yau kamfanin ya sami karbuwa sosai tare da kyaututtuka kamar Kyautar Kyauta ta Musamman na 'Yancin Magana da Kyautar JP Karuaihe don Matsayin Jama'a da aka baiwa kamfanin. <ref name=":7"/> A cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata kungiyar ta tallafa wa yawancin ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama da shirye-shirye kamar shirin Marayu da Marasa galihu. <ref name=":7" /> == Magana == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] pdpa3nh707svq9kgnhimynm9606e00r 0 101909 868726 644539 2026-06-26T14:28:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Daga 1969 zuwa 2011, tarihin Libya ya kasance alama ce ta Jamahiriya Larabawa Libya (inda ''jamahiriya'' ke nufin "jihar talakawa"), " dimokuradiyya kai tsaye " tsarin siyasa wanda [[Muammar Gaddafi]] ya kafa, wanda ya sauka daga mulki a 1977, amma ya kasance "Shugaba 'yan uwa" wanda ba na hukuma ba har zuwa 2011. Yawan karatu na kasar ya karu zuwa kashi 90%, kuma an bullo da tsarin jin dadin jama'a da ke ba da damar samun ilimi kyauta da kiwon lafiya kyauta . A cikin 2008, Majalisar Jama'ar Jama'a ta ayyana Babbar Yarjejeniya Ta Hakkokin Dan Adam na Zamanin Jamahiriyya. An kuma gina babban kogin Manmade don ba da damar samun ruwan sha kyauta a manyan sassan ƙasar. <ref name="dailynews">{{Cite web |last=Azad |first=Sher |date=22 October 2011 |title=Gaddafi and the media |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/10/22/fea02.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025194842/http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/10/22/fea02.asp |archive-date=25 October 2011 |access-date=22 October 2011 |website=Daily News}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta Libya a shekarar 2010 ta kasance mafi girma a [[Afirka]] kuma ta fi na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] . <ref name="dailynews" /> A tsawon mulkin Gaddafi, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa sun bayyana halin da ake ciki na hakkin dan Adam a kasar Libya a matsayin matalauta, inda suka yi nuni da cin zarafi na tsare-tsare kamar danniya ta siyasa, tauye 'yancin siyasa da yancin jama'a, da kuma dauri ba bisa ka'ida ba; Gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da tallafin rahoton Freedom House na shekara-shekara na Freedom in the World, a koyaushe tana ba ta matsayi na "Ba 'Yanci ba" kuma ta ba Libya mafi ƙarancin yuwuwar ƙimar "7" a cikin kimanta 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin siyasa daga 1989 zuwa 2010. Kazalika, Gaddafi ya fito fili ya yi alfahari da aikewa da dakaru domin kashe ‘yan adawa da ke gudun hijira, kuma kafafen yada labaran gwamnatin Libya sun fito fili sun ba da sanarwar tuhume-tuhume kan shugabannin ‘yan adawar siyasa. An yi ta kashe fararen hula a bainar jama'a ta hanyar rataya saboda kawai sun nuna rashin amincewa da gwamnatin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Althaibani |first=Raja |date=2011-08-31 |title=Execution Footage Found in Libya Offers Glimpse of Gaddafi's Abuses; Could Be Used for Justice |url=https://blog.witness.org/2011/08/execution-footage-found-in-libya-offers-glimpse-of-gaddafis-abuses-could-be-used-for-justice/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=WITNESS Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodward |first=Bob |date=22 April 1984 |title=Hangings in Tripoli Focus Attention on Libyan Dissent |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/04/23/hangings-in-tripoli-focus-attention-on-libyan-dissent/9c2481e3-1b2d-4b74-8d69-4304afe24ed1/ |website=WashingtonPost}}</ref> Daga 1977 zuwa 1984, bikin shekara-shekara da Gaddafi ya kirkiro zai rataye fararen hula a bainar jama'a kowace shekara a ranar 7 ga Afrilu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libya: One Year Later {{!}} Opinion {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/11/15/gaddafi-trial-libya/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNHCR Web Archive |url=https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230529164411/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4dc238.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=webarchive.archive.unhcr.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libya: April Victims of Gaddafi Madness |url=https://sijill.tripod.com/victims/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=sijill.tripod.com |archive-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302201546/https://sijill.tripod.com/victims/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma zargi gwamnatin Gaddafi da kisan gillar da aka yi a gidan yarin Abu Salim a shekarar 1996 . A cikin 2010, [[Amnesty International]] ta buga wani rahoto mai mahimmanci game da Libya, wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da shari'o'in bacewar da aka yi da kuma wasu laifukan keta hakkin bil'adama da ba a warware ba, da kuma cewa mambobin Hukumar Tsaron Cikin Gida da ke da hannu a wannan cin zarafi na ci gaba da aiki ba tare da wani hukunci ba. A cikin Janairun 2011, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta buga wani rahoto da ke nazarin tarihin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|yancin dan Adam]] na Larabawa Larabawa Jamahiriya na Libya tare da bayanai daga kasashe mambobi, yawancinsu (ciki har da yawancin kasashen Turai da Asiya da Afirka da Kudancin Amurka [[Gallazawa|)]] gaba daya sun yaba da kokarin kasar na ci gaba da kare hakkin dan Adam, ko da yake wasu (musamman Australia, Faransa, Isra'ila, Switzerland, da Amurka) sun nuna damuwa da damuwa game da cin zarafin bil'adama kyauta da kuma cin zarafin bil'adama kyauta. ƙungiya; Libya ta amince da gudanar da bincike kan bacewar da azabtarwa, da kuma soke duk wata doka da ta haramta bayyana ra'ayin siyasa ko tauye 'yan jarida mai 'yanci, ta kuma tabbatar da cewa tana da bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa. <ref name="ohchr">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2011 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-15.pdf |access-date=26 October 2011 |website=[[Universal Periodic Review]] |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]], [[United Nations General Assembly]]}}</ref> == Libya karkashin Gaddafi == === Kwamitocin juyin juya hali === A farkon shekarun 1970, Gaddafi ya kirkiro kwamitocin juyin juya hali a matsayin hanyoyin wayar da kan siyasa, da nufin shiga harkokin siyasa kai tsaye daga dukkan mutanen Libya. A cikin 1979, duk da haka, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kwamitocin sun rikide zuwa naɗa kansu, wani lokaci kuma masu himma, masu tilasta tsarin koyarwar juyin juya hali. A farkon shekarun 1980, waɗannan kwamitocin suna da iko mai yawa kuma sun zama tushen tashin hankali a cikin Jamahiriya, ta yadda wani lokaci Gaddafi ya soki tasirinsu da zalunci mai yawa, har sai da aka taƙaita ikon kwamitocin juyin juya hali a ƙarshen 1980s. Kwamitocin juyin juya hali sun kasance suna kama da irin wannan tsarin a cikin kasashe masu kama-karya ; An bayar da rahoton cewa, kashi 10 zuwa 20 cikin 100 na 'yan kasar ta Libya sun yi aikin sa ido ga wadannan kwamitocin, tare da sanya ido a cikin gwamnati, a masana'antu, da kuma bangaren ilimi. <ref name="Mohamed Eljhami" /> Sun kuma sanya tukuicin kashe masu sukar Libyan da ake zargi da cin amanar kasa a kasashen waje. <ref name="Mohamed Eljhami" /> Wani lokaci ana kashe masu fafutuka a bainar jama'a sannan kuma an sake yada hukuncin kisa a gidajen talabijin na jama'a . <ref name="Mohamed Eljhami">{{Cite journal |last=Eljahmi |first=Mohamed |date=Winter 2006 |title=Libya and the U.S.: Qadhafi Unrepentant |url=http://www.meforum.org/878/libya-and-the-us-qadhafi-unrepentant |url-status=live |journal=[[Middle East Quarterly]] |volume=XIII |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318231858/https://www.meforum.org/878/libya-and-the-us-qadhafi-unrepentant |archive-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> A shekara ta 1988, Gaddafi ya soki matakan wuce gona da iri da majalisar juyin juya halin Musulunci ta dauka, yana mai cewa "sun karkata, sun cutar da su, sun azabtar da su" da kuma cewa "mai juyin juya halin gaskiya ba ya aiwatar da danniya." A waccan shekarar, Jamahiriya Larabawa ta Libya ta ba da ''Babban Koren Takaddun Haƙƙin Dan Adam'', wanda a cikin sashe na 5 ya kafa dokoki waɗanda ke ba da damar ƙarin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] . Mataki na 8 na kundin tsarin inganta 'yanci ya bayyana cewa "kowane ɗan ƙasa yana da 'yancin bayyana ra'ayinsa da ra'ayinsa a fili a cikin Majalisar Jama'a da kuma a duk [[Kafofin yada labarai|kafofin watsa labaru]] ." <ref name="ohchr"/> An kuma sanya takunkumi da yawa akan ikon kwamitocin juyin juya hali, wanda ya haifar da sake farfadowa a cikin farin jinin kasar Libya a farkon shekarun 1990s. A cikin 2004, duk da haka, Libya ta sanya $1&nbsp;Ladan miliyan daya ga dan jarida Ashur Shamis, bisa zarginsa da alaka da [[Al-Qaeda|kungiyar Al-Qaeda]] da Abu Qatada wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci. Har zuwa 1998, harsunan waje ba sa cikin tsarin karatun makaranta. Wani mai zanga-zangar a shekarar 2011 ya bayyana halin da ake ciki da cewa: "Babu daya daga cikinmu da zai iya magana [[Turanci|da Ingilishi]] ko [[Faransanci]] . Ya sanya mu jahilci da rufe ido". Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta yi iƙirarin cewa ƙabilanci, masu tsatstsauran ra'ayin Islama da 'yan tsiraru na fama da wariya, kuma jihar na ci gaba da tauye [[Hakkokin Ma'aikata|haƙƙin ƙwadago]] na ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |date=6 March 2007 |title=Libya |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78858.htm |access-date=5 March 2010 |publisher=[[United States Department of State|US State Department]]}}</ref> A cikin 1998, CERD ta nuna damuwa game da zargin "ayyukan nuna wariya ga ma'aikatan bakin haure a kan asalin kasa ko kabila", wanda Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ita ma ta nuna damuwa a cikin 2010. Human Rights Watch a cikin Satumba 2006 ya rubuta yadda ma'aikatan ƙaura da sauran baƙi suka fuskanci cin zarafi na 'yancin ɗan adam, wanda ya karu sosai a kan baƙar fata na Afirka a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Rikon kwarya ta ƙasa bayan yakin basasar Libya . === Sukar zargin === Kungiyar Jamahiriya ta kasar Libya ta yi watsi da zargin da ake yi wa kasar. Sun yi nuni da yadda kasarsu ta kafu bisa tsarin dimokuradiyyar mutane kai tsaye wanda ya ba da tabbacin yin amfani da iko kai tsaye daga dukkan 'yan kasa ta hanyar taron jama'a. 'Yan kasar sun iya bayyana ra'ayoyin 'yan majalisa kan batutuwan da suka shafi siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu. Bugu da kari, akwai dandali na yada labarai kamar jaridu da tashoshi na TV domin mutane su bayyana ra'ayoyinsu ta hanyar. Hukumomin kasar Libya sun kuma bayar da hujjar cewa, babu wani daga cikin Jamahiriya Larabawa na Libya da ke fama da matsananciyar talauci da yunwa, kuma gwamnati ta ba da tabbacin karancin abinci da bukatu masu karamin karfi ga mutanen da ke da karancin kudin shiga. A cikin 2006, an ƙaddamar da wani shiri don samar wa mutanen da ke da ƙananan jarin jari wanda ya kai dala 30,000 don ajiya a bankuna da kamfanoni. === Gwajin HIV === Shari'ar HIV a Libya (ko al'amuran ma'aikatan jinya na Bulgaria) ya shafi gwaji, daukaka kara da sakin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya shida na kasashen waje da ake zargi da hada baki da gangan don cutar da yara sama da 400 da jini mai dauke da kwayar cutar HIV a 1998, wanda ya haifar da annoba a Asibitin Yara na El-Fatih a [[Benghazi]] . <ref name="Doctors face murder charges in Libya"> {{Cite journal |last=Kovac |first=Carl |last2=Khandjiev |first2=Radko |date=2001-02-03 |title=Doctors face murder charges in Libya |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=322 |issue=7281 |page=260 |doi=10.1136/bmj.322.7281.260/b |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1119524 |pmid=11157524}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Mayu 2004, wata kotu a Libya ta yanke wa ma'aikatan hukuncin kisa. Daga karshe dai an tsare su a gidan yarin Bulgaria a shekara ta 2007, daga baya kuma aka yi musu afuwa. Gwamnatin Libya ta shigar da kara kan lamarin ga kungiyar kasashen Larabawa kafin hambarar da gwamnatin kasar a shekara ta 2011. === Kisan gillar gidan yarin Abu Salim === A cikin 2006, [[Amnesty International]] ta yi kira da a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan mutuwar da ba a tabbatar ba da ta faru a gidan yarin Abu Salim a lokacin tarzomar 1996. <ref name="amnesty 346">{{Cite web |title=Investigation Needed into Prison Deaths |url=https://www.amnesty.org.au/news/comments/346 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706124043/http://www.amnesty.org.au/news/comments/346 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=31 August 2017 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> A cikin 2009, [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta yi imanin cewa an kashe fursunoni 1,270. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Site news Bilal bin Rabah (the city of Al Bayda, Libya), a meeting with the Libyan Minister of Justice |url=http://www.binrabah.com/h/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=337:2010-12-26-00-24-18&catid=39:e&Itemid=27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203154053/http://www.binrabah.com/h/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=337:2010-12-26-00-24-18&catid=39:e&Itemid=27 |archive-date=3 February 2011 |access-date=25 February 2011 |publisher=Binrabah.com}}</ref> <ref name="Human Rights Watch 1270">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2009 |title=Libya: Free All Unjustly Detained Prisoners |url=https://www.hrw.org/es/news/2009/10/16/libya-free-all-unjustly-detained-prisoners |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=7 June 2025 |archive-date=20 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120153346/http://www.hrw.org/es/news/2009/10/16/libya-free-all-unjustly-detained-prisoners |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sai dai kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ce ba ta iya tantance zargin da kanta ba. Ikirarin da kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta fitar, ta dogara ne kan shaidar wani tsohon fursuna Hussein Al Shafa'i, wanda ya bayyana cewa bai ga yadda ake kashe wani fursuna ba: "Ban iya ganin fursunonin da suka mutu da aka harbe ba..." Al Shafa'i ne ya kai adadin mutane 1200 da aka kashe bisa zargin kididdige adadin abincin da ya shirya a lokacin da yake aiki a kicin na gidan yarin. A lokaci guda kuma, Al Shafa'i ya ce "Ma'aikatan gidan yarin sun bukaci da in wanke agogon da aka dauko daga gawar fursunonin da suka mutu..." Al Shafa'i yana zaune a Amurka, inda ya nemi mafaka, Hussein al-Shafa'i ya ce ya shiga Abu Salim ne daga 1988 zuwa 2000 a kan zargin siyasa. Gwamnatin Libya ta yi watsi da zargin Abu Salim. A cikin watan Mayun 2005, shugaban Hukumar Tsaron Cikin Gida na Babban Gurguzu ta Libya Arab Jamahiriya ya shaida wa Human Rights Watch cewa fursunonin sun kama wasu masu gadi tare da sace makamai daga ajiyar gidan yarin. Fursunonin da masu gadin sun mutu ne yayin da jami’an tsaro ke kokarin dawo da zaman lafiya, kuma gwamnati ta bude bincike bisa umarnin Ministan Shari’a. Jami'in na Libya ya bayyana cewa fiye da fursunoni 400 ne suka tsere daga Abu Salim a fashe-fashe daban-daban guda hudu kafin faruwar lamarin da kuma bayan faruwar lamarin: a watan Yuli 1995, Disamba 1995, Yuni 1996 da Yuli 2001. Daga cikin wadanda suka tsere har da mutanen da suka yi yaki da kungiyoyin masu kaifin kishin Islama a kasashen Afghanistan da Iran da Iraki. A shekara ta 2009, gwamnatin Libya ta bayyana cewa, an kashe mutanen ne a daidai lokacin da ake gwabzawa tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan tawaye daga kungiyar gwagwarmayar Islama ta Libya, kuma an kashe wasu masu gadi 200. A watan Agustan 2009, gwamnati ta yi wa da yawa afuwa. Wadanda aka saki sun hada da ‘yan kungiyar gwagwarmayar Islama ta Libya (LIFG) su 45, wadanda akasarinsu suna gidan yari tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990 bayan da aka yanke musu hukumci na rashin adalci kan yunkurin hambarar da shugaban jamhuriyar jamaa na lokacin Muammar Gaddafi. Sakin ya zo ne bayan kungiyar ta yi watsi da tashin hankalin a watan Agustan 2009. Hukumomin gidan yarin na Abu Salim sun kuma saki “mambobin sauran kungiyoyin jihadi 43,” in ji sanarwar da aka fitar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-16 |title=Libya: Free All Unjustly Detained Prisoners |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/10/16/libya-free-all-unjustly-detained-prisoners |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> A cikin watan Janairun 2011, kungiyar Jamahiriya Larabawa ta Libya ta tabbatar da cewa tana gudanar da bincike kan lamarin tare da masu bincike na kasa da kasa. <ref name="ohchr"/> ‘Yan tawayen Libya sun yi ikirarin cewa an binne mutane 1270 a wani kabari da ake zaton sun gano. Duk da haka, masu bincike daga CNN da wasu kungiyoyi sun gano kawai abin da ya zama ƙasusuwan dabbobi a wurin. ==Yaƙin basasa== Kasashe daban-daban da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa sun soki amfani da soja da 'yan haya a kan fararen hula na Libya yayin Yaƙin Basasa na Libya na 2011, zargin da Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya musanta.<ref>{{cite news|last=Walker|first=Portia|title=Gaddafi's son denies ordering use of lethal force against civilians|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/gaddafis-son-denies-ordering-use-of-lethal-force-against-civilians-2305477.html|work=The Independent|access-date=22 October 2011|date=1 July 2011|location=London}}</ref> Bayan wani taron gaggawa a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, Kungiyar Larabawa ta dakatar da Libya daga halartar tarurrukan majalisar, inda Moussa ya fitar da wata sanarwa yana sukar "laifukan da ake aikatawa akan zanga-zangar lumana da ake yi a garuruwa daban-daban na Libya."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/libya-arabs-moussa-idUSLDE71K1W520110221 |title=Arab League Deeply Concerned by Libya Violence |publisher= Reuters |access-date=22 February 2011 |date=21 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-22/arab-league-bars-libya-from-meetings-citing-forces-crimes-.html|title=Arab League Bars Libya From Meetings, Citing Forces' 'Crimes'|date= 22 February 2011|publisher= Bloomberg |access-date=22 February 2011|first=Ola|last=Galal}}</ref> Libya ta samu dakatarwa daga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hanyar kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 65/265, wanda aka amince da shi bisa yarda daya da ya ambaci amfani da tashin hankali da gwamnatin Gaddafi ta yi akan masu zanga-zanga.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311115112/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201131202637185959.html|archive-date=2011-03-11|url-status=dead|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201131202637185959.html |title=Libya Suspended from Rights Body |date= 1 March 2011 |publisher= Al Jazeera English}}</ref> Gwamnatoci da dama ciki har da Birtaniya, Kanada, Switzerland, Amurka, Jamus da Ostiraliya sun dauki matakin toshe kadarorin Gaddafi da na abokan aikinsa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/2011228105035282376.html |title=Gaddafi Sees Global Assets Frozen |date= 28 February 2011 |publisher= Al Jazeera English}}</ref> Wannan mataki ya fuskanci suka da cewa yana da son kai duba da yadda aka yi watsi da irin wannan cin zarafi a Bahrain, Yemen da wasu wurare.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Luis Moreno Ocampo, babban mai shigar da kara na Kotun Duniya ta Laifuka, ya kiyasta cewa daga 500 zuwa 700 ne aka kashe a watan Fabrairu 2011 ta hannun jami'an tsaron Gaddafi, kafin 'yan tawayen su fara daukar makami. "Harbin masu zanga-zanga ya kasance da tsarin da aka tsara," in ji Moreno-Ocampo, yana bayani kan martanin gwamnatin Libya akan zanga-zangar neman dimokuradiyya.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/world/africa/05nations.html|title=Libyan Officials' Arrests Sought by Court in Hague|last1=Simons|first1=Marlise|date=4 May 2011|work=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510023627/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/world/africa/05nations.html|archive-date=10 May 2011|url-status=live|last2=MacFarquhar|first2=Neil}}</ref> Moreno-Ocampo ya kara da cewa yayin da yaƙin basasar ke ci gaba, "ana aikata laifukan yaƙi bisa ga wata manufa" ta hannun dakarun Gaddafi.<ref name="NYT"/> Wannan yana samun goyon baya daga rahoton Human Rights Watch, wanda ya bayyana cewa 'yan banga na gwamnati sun kashe masu zanga-zanga 10 a Bani Walid a watan Mayu, duk da cewa sun amince su ajiye makami.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/08/18/libya-10-protesters-apparently-executed/ | publisher = Human Rights Watch | title=Libya: 10 Protesters apparently executed | date= 18 August 2011}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2011, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kada kuri'a da baki daya akan kudurin da ya sanya takunkumi kan gwamnatin Gaddafi, ciki har da hana tafiye-tafiye da kuma kai karar Gaddafi da wasu daga cikin gwamnati zuwa Kotun Duniya don bincike akan laifuka da ake zarginsu da aikatawa kan fararen hula, wanda zai iya zama laifin cin zarafin bil'adama bisa doka ta kasa da kasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41785849 |title=U.N. Security Council Slaps Sanctions on Libya |date=26 February 2011 |access-date=27 February 2011 | publisher = NBC News}}</ref> Akwai rahotanni da dama cewa an karya wadannan takunkuman a inda ake goyon bayan masu adawa da gwamnatin Libya.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Dakarun 'yan tawaye sun fuskanci suka akan cin zarafin hakkin dan Adam, da zargin azabtarwa da kashe 'yan haya daga Afrika wadanda ake zargi da kai hari akan fararen hula a Misrata, Benghazi, da Zawiyah.<ref name="guardian_milne">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/26/libya-war-saving-lives-catastrophic-failure|title=If the Libyan war was about saving lives, it was a catastrophic failure|last=Milne|first=Seumas|date=26 October 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424002333/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/26/libya-war-saving-lives-catastrophic-failure|archive-date=24 April 2019|url-status=live|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=African migrants targeted |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/2/28/african-migrants-targeted-in-libya |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> A cewar binciken da Amnesty ta gudanar, an yi karyar yawan wadanda aka kashe, kuma "wasu daga cikin masu zanga-zangar na iya dauke da makami," "babu hujjar kisan gilla da ya kai irin wanda aka gani a Syria ko Yemen," kuma "babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa jirage ko manyan makaman yaƙi sun yi amfani da su akan taron jama'a." Amnesty ta kuma nuna shakku akan ikirarin kafafen yada labarai cewa motsin masu zanga-zangar "lumana ne kwata-kwata" kuma "ba su kawo barazana ga tsaro ba."<ref name="amnesty_investigation">{{cite news| author = Cockburn, Patrick|title=Amnesty Questions Claim That Gaddafi Ordered Rape as Weapon of War|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/amnesty-questions-claim-that-gaddafi-ordered-rape-as-weapon-of-war-2302037.html| work = The Independent | access-date=3 July 2011|date=24 June 2011| location=London}}</ref> Sai dai, a wani rahoto daga Amnesty International daga baya, an gano cewa "dakarun al-Gaddafi sun aikata manyan laifuka na tauye dokokin yaki na kasa da kasa, ciki har da laifukan yaki da kuma take hakkin bil'adama, wanda ke nuna aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. Sun kashe da raunata fararen hula da gangan; sun yi garkuwa da wadanda ake zargi da adawa da su tare da azabtarwa da sauran cin zarafi; sun kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba. Sun kai hare-haren bam-bam a unguwannin fararen hula. Sun yi amfani da makamai da ba su tantance abokan gaba ba kamar nakiyoyi da bom din clustar har a unguwannin da mutane ke zaune."<ref>Amnesty International, The Battle for Libya: Killings, Disappearances and Torture, 13 September 2011, MDE 19/025/2011</ref> A watan Yuli 2011, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya yi wata hira da Russia Today, inda ya musanta zargin da Kotun Duniya ke yi masa da mahaifinsa Muammar Gaddafi na bayar da umarnin kashe masu zanga-zanga. Ya bayyana cewa ba shi da mukamin gwamnati ko soja, don haka ba shi da ikon bayar da irin wannan umarni. A cewarsa, ya yi kira da Janar Abdul Fatah Younis, wanda daga baya ya sauya sheka zuwa 'yan tawaye, da kada su yi amfani da karfi akan masu zanga-zanga, inda Fatah ya ce suna kai hari ne a wata cibiyar soja, inda jami’an tsaro suka harba don kare kansu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=David|title=Gaddafi's son claims Nato wants deal with Libya|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/01/gaddafi-son-nato-libya-deal|access-date=29 October 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 July 2011|location=London}}</ref> A watan Agusta 2011, Physicians for Human Rights ta fitar da rahoto da ke bayyana munanan laifuka da aka aikata a Misrata, wanda ya nuna alamun laifukan yaki da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama.<ref>Physicians for Human Rights. "Witness to War Crimes: Evidence from Misrata, Libya." {{cite web|url=http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/reports/witness-to-war-crimes.html |title=Physicians for Human Rights - Witness to War Crimes: Evidence from Misrata, Libya |access-date=2012-02-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015110248/http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/reports/witness-to-war-crimes.html |archive-date=15 October 2016}}</ref> A watan Disamba 2011, PHR ta sake fitar da wani rahoto da ke bayyana harin kisan gilla da aka kai a wani rumbun a Tripoli, inda sojojin Khamis Qaddafi daga rundunar 32nd suka kama mutane, suka yi musu fyade, suka azabtar da su sannan suka kashe akalla mutane 53 ba tare da hukunci ba. == 'Yancin Mata == Kamar yadda ake gani a yawancin juyin juya halin zamani, mata sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin juya halin Libya na shekarar 2011. Bayan juyin juya halin, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam sun bayyana damuwa kan yunkurin ware mata daga harkokin siyasa da tattalin arziki a Libya, da kuma rashin kariya mai karfi ga 'yancin mata a sabon kundin tsarin mulki.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/libya0513_brochure_LOWRES_0.pdf "Revolution for All: Women’s Rights in the New Libya"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307043040/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/libya0513_brochure_LOWRES_0.pdf |date=7 March 2016 }}, Human Rights Watch, 19 May 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.</ref> Masu adawa da GNC sun ce tana marawa matakan 'yan Islama baya wadanda ke cin zarafin mata. Sadiq Ghariani, babban limamin Libya, ana kallon sa da kusanci da jam’iyyun addini. Ya fitar da fatawowi da ke umartar Musulmai su bi GNC,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/02/07/grand-mufti-supports-congress-remaining-in-office-forbids-action-against-it/#axzz3BEEmEefL|title=Grand Mufti supports Congress remaining in office, forbids action against it.|work=Libya Herald|date=7 February 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref> da kuma fatawowi da ke umartar Musulmai su yaki dakarun Haftar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2014/06/12/feature-01|title=Mufti call for violence angers Libyans|work=Magharebia|access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref> Daga baya a shekarar 2013, lauya Hamida al-Hadi al-Asfar, mai kare hakkin mata, an sace ta, an yi mata duka kuma aka kashe ta. Ana zargin an kai mata harin ne saboda suka da tayi kan bayyanar Grand Mufti da fatawarsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vivalibya.wordpress.com/2014/01/07/lawyer-who-supported-the-rights-of-women-found-dead/|title=Lawyer Who Supported the Rights of Women in Libya, Found Dead &#124; Viva Libya !|publisher=Vivalibya.wordpress.com|date=7 January 2014|access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> Ba a yi wani kamun kowa ba. A watan Yuni na 2013, ‘yan siyasa biyu, Ali Tekbali da Fathi Sager, sun bayyana a kotu bisa zargin “cin zarafin addini” saboda buga hoto mai tallata 'yancin mata.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/libya-must-drop-charges-against-politicians-over-women-s-rights-cartoon-2013-06-14 |title=Libya must drop charges against politicians over women's rights cartoon &#124; Amnesty International |publisher=Amnesty.org |access-date=16 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326023115/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/libya-must-drop-charges-against-politicians-over-women-s-rights-cartoon-2013-06-14 |archive-date=26 March 2014 }}</ref> Bisa doka ta shari’a, suna fuskantar hukuncin kisa. Wannan al’amarin ya haifar da damuwa a kasar, kodayake daga bisani an wanke su a watan Maris na 2014. GNC ta amince da bukatar shirya sabon zabe, inda mutane 124 daga cikin 133 suka kada kuri'ar amincewa da Sabon Dokar Zabe a ranar 30 Maris 2014.<ref name="20140330_ElectoralLaw">{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2014/03/30/congress-votes-to-replace-itself-with-new-house-of-representatives/|title=Congress votes to replace itself with new House of Representatives|last1=Ahmed|first1=Elumami|date=30 March 2014|work=Libya Herald|access-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522153535/http://www.opemam.org/node/3486|archive-date=22 May 2019|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A zaben ranar 25 Yuni 2014, Ali Tekbali ya samu nasarar zama dan majalisar wakilai a kujerar Tripoli Central, inda ya samu kuri'u 4777.<ref name="LHerald_2014election">{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2014/07/21/elections-2014-final-results-for-house-of-representative-elections-announced/|title=ELECTIONS 2014: Final results for House of Representative elections announced|last1=Paton|first1=Callum|date=22 July 2014|newspaper=Libya Herald|access-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522153733/http://www.opemam.org/node/5948|archive-date=22 May 2019|url-status=live|last2=Seraj|first2=Essul|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Daga cikin kujeru 200, Sashe na 16 na Dokar Zabe ya ware kujeru 30 domin mata.<ref name="20140330_ElectoralLaw" /> [[File:Libyans protest GNC extension (II).jpg|thumb|Masu zanga-zanga suna gudanar da babban taro a Shahat domin adawa da tsawaita wa'adin GNC.<ref name="Magharebia Shahat">{{cite web|url=http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2014/02/04/feature-01|title=Shahat slams GNC|publisher=Magharebia|date=4 February 2014|access-date=20 August 2014|author=al-Gattani, Ali}}</ref>]] A lokacin shugabancin Nouri Abusahmain na GNC da kuma bayan hukuncin GNC na tilasta dokar shari’a a watan Disamba na 2013, an fara tilasta rabuwar jinsi da sanya hijabi dole a jami’o’in Libya daga farkon shekarar 2014, wanda hakan ya jawo suka daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Captain Katie Higgins|last=Schmidt Dis|first=Benjamin|publisher=LuLu Com|year=2019|pages=61}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuli 2020, Amnesty International ta bukaci Libyan National Army da ta bayyana inda Siham Sergiwa, ‘yar siyasa kuma mai kare hakkin mata ta Libya, take bayan shekara guda da sace ta daga gidanta cikin tashin hankali.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/07/libya-abducted-politicians-fate-remains-unknown-a-year-on-amid-ongoing-disappearances/ |title= Libya: Abducted politician's fate remains unknown a year on, amid ongoing disappearances|access-date=17 July 2020|website=Amnesty International|date= 17 July 2020}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5yyiderhg1dextegep82bqhcvxh965r 0 101930 869063 630950 2026-06-27T03:01:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Acheing_Oneko_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Samun Oneko.]] '''Ramogi Achieng Oneko''' (1920–2007) ɗan gwagwarmayar ƴancin ƙasar Kenya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin gwarzo na ƙasa a Kenya. An haife shi a ƙauyen Tieng'a a yankin Uyoma a gundumar Bondo a cikin shekarar 1920 <ref>Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC), 9 June 2007: ''[http://www.kbc.co.ke/story.asp?ID=43059 Achieng Onekos's struggle] {{Webarchive}}''</ref> kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Maseno. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maseno Old Boys |url=http://www.masenoschool.sc.ke/content.php?pid=35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306055647/http://www.masenoschool.sc.ke/content.php?pid=35 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |access-date=2011-08-04 |publisher=Maseno School}}</ref> == Tsarewa == Oneko na ɗaya daga cikin masu fafutukar 'yanci guda shida da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta kama a Kapenguria a shekarar 1952. Sauran mambobin kungiyar da aka fi sani da "Kapenguria Six" sun haɗa da [[Jomo Kenyatta]], [[Paul Ngei]], Bildad Kaggia, Kungu Karumba da kuma Fred Kubai. An kama su ne bisa zargin suna da alaka da ƙungiyar [[Tawayen Mau Mau|tawaye ta Mau Mau]]. <ref name="fare">The Standard: 16 June 2007:{{Cite web |title=''Fare thee well Achieng' Oneko'' |url=http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143970012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007114739/http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143970012 |archive-date=7 October 2007 |access-date=2007-06-16}}</ref> An tuhumi Oneko a matsayin "Wanda ake tuhuma mai lamba 3." Bayan an same su da laifi, dukkansu shida sun ɗaukaka ƙara kan hukuncin. Alkalan ɗaukaka ƙara sun gano cewa Oneko an yanke masa hukunci ne a kan nauyin wani taro na KAU da ya halarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Criminal Appeal 276, 277, 278, 279, 280 & 281 of 1953 – Kenya Law |url=http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/86188/ |access-date=2018-12-16 |website=kenyalaw.org |archive-date=2018-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216120738/http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/86188/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kalaman da aka yi a taron sun kasance a Kikuyu, waɗanda bai gane su ba a lokacin. Ko da yake alkalai sun wanke shi daga tuhumar da ake masa a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1954, har yanzu ana tsare da shi tare da sauran Kapenguria Five.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An sake su bayan shekaru tara, wato a shekarar 1961, shekaru biyu kafin Kenya ta samu 'yancin kai.<ref name="dishonour">[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard]], 16 August 2004:{{cite web |title=''A colourful career ends in dishonour'' |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/august/mon16082004/headlines/news15080401.htm |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040821095134/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/august/mon16082004/headlines/news15080401.htm |archivedate=21 August 2004 |accessdate=2007-06-16}}</ref> == Siyasa == An gudanar da zaɓen ‘yan majalisa na farko kan ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1963 kuma Achieng Oneko ya lashe zaɓen mazaɓar garin Nakuru.<ref name="cmd">Center for Multiparty Democracy: [http://www.cmd.or.ke/images/Politics%20and%20Paliamenterians%20in%20Kenya.pdf Politics and Parliamentarians in Kenya 1944–2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028212845/http://www.cmd.or.ke/images/Politics%20and%20Paliamenterians%20in%20Kenya.pdf |date=28 October 2008 }}</ref> Jomo Kenyatta ya zama shugaban Kenya na farko kuma nan da nan ya naɗa Achieng Oneko ministan yaɗa labarai, yada labarai da yawon buɗe ido. Duk da haka, a cikin shekarar 1966 Oneko ya yi murabus daga gwamnati kuma ya shiga sabuwar ƙungiyar jama'ar Kenya da aka kafa, jam'iyyar gurguzu ƙarƙashin jagorancin abokinsa [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga|Oginga Odinga]]. <ref name="fare"/> A cikin shekarar 1969 tsohon abokinsa Kenyatta ya kama shi bayan wani abin da ya faru a [[Kisumu]] yayin ziyarar Kenyatta a garin kuma aka sake shi a cikin shekarar 1975. <ref name="fare"/> Oneko ya koma siyasa a shekarar 1992 lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisa a zaɓen farko na jam'iyyu da yawa a Kenya. Ya wakilci jam'iyyar Ford-Kenya, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Oginga Odinga. Duk da haka, ya rasa kujerarsa na mazaɓar Rarieda a zaɓe mai zuwa da aka yi a shekarar 1997. <ref name="fare"/> == Martaba == Achieng Oneko ya mutu ne sakamakon bugun zuciya a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni 2007 yana da shekaru 87, a gidansa da ke ƙauyen Kunya, Rarieda, gundumar Bondo. <ref name="aged87">Daily Nation, 10 June 2007: ''[http://www.nationmedia.com/dailynation/nmgcontententry.asp?category_id=1&newsid=100004 Achieng Oneko dies, aged 87]{{Dead link|date=October 2018|fix-attempted=yes}}''</ref> Ya bar wata bazawara mai suna Loice Anyango. Babbar matarsa Jedida, ta rasu a shekara ta 1992. <ref name="fare"/> Yana da ‘ya’ya 11, maza bakwai da mata huɗu. <ref name="aged87"/> Babban ɗansa shine Dr Ongonga Achieng.<ref>The Standard, 26 November 2009: [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/news/InsidePage.php?id=1144029083&cid=159& RARIEDA: Oneko celebrated tomorrow]</ref> A lokacin mutuwarsa, Oneko shine kaɗai ɗaya daga cikin "Kapenguria shida" har yanzu yana raye. Ranar Mashujaa (wanda aka fi sani da Kenyatta Day har zuwa lokacin fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Kenya a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2010) biki ne na ƙasa a Kenya wanda ke tunawa da tsare Kapenguria Six a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba 1952. <ref>Kenya Times, 23 October 2005:{{Cite web |title=''Kenyatta Day a sad reminder of Kenya's distorted history'' |url=http://www.timesnews.co.ke/23oct05/nwsstory/opinion2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519042817/http://www.timesnews.co.ke/23oct05/nwsstory/opinion2.html |archive-date=19 May 2006 |access-date=2007-06-16}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Mutanen Luo na Kenya da Tanzaniya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] osifgkq3gx7z38e8twh0hmcfywa2sg8 0 102227 869031 635449 2026-06-26T23:28:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abel Kingué''' (1924 – 16 ga Afrilu 1964) jagoran siyasa ne a gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai na [[Kamaru]] daga Faransa. {{Sfn|Cameroon: Remember... 2010}} == Shekarun farko == An haifi Abel Kegne (sunan haihuwarsa) a Fokoué, kusa da [[Bamendou]] a sashen [[MENOUA]] na Lardin Yamma, Kamaru a cikin shekarar 1924. {{Efn|According to some sources, he was born in 1912.{{sfn|Cameroon: Remember... 2010}}}} Ya fito daga asalin Bamiléké. {{Sfn|Bouopda|2008}} Ya bar gida da wuri kuma ya tafi Dschang don ya zauna tare da Mathieu Yamdjeu, abokin mahaifinsa. Ya zama ɗan ball a gidan wasan [[tennis]], kuma an lura da shi a can kuma ya shiga makaranta. Ya yi karatu a Dschang, Bafang, Nkongsamba sannan kuma a Makarantar koyon aikin jinya da ke Ayos. {{Sfn|Cameroon: Remember... 2010}} == Mayakan UPC a Kamaru == A shekarar 1947 Abel Kingué yana aiki a wani babban shago a [[Douala]], inda ya haɗu da [[Robert Ekwalla]]. Dukansu sun zama masu fafutuka a cikin [[Union des Syndicats Confédérés du Cameroun|Union des Syndicats Confedérés du Cameroun]] (USCC). A cikin watan Afrilu 1950 ya bar kantin sayar da ya shiga cikin ma'aikatan Tarayyar Jama'ar Kamaru (UPC) a babban taronta na farko a Dschang. A cikin shekarar 1951 a Nkongsamba ya fito fili ya yi tir da makircin siyasa na yarima Ndoumbe Douala Manga Bell. Ya nuna cewa yana da kwarewa sosai a matsayinsa na mai magana, da ƙwaƙƙwaran akida da kuma babban ƙarfin aiki da tsari. An sake zaɓen shi mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar UPC a watan Satumba na shekarar 1952 a babban taronta na biyu a Eséka. Ya kuma kasance editan kungiyar ''Muryar Kamaru ta'' UPC. {{Sfn|Cameroon: Remember... 2010}} Abel Kingué ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Matasan Dimokuraɗiyya na Kamaru ( ''Jeunesse Démocratique du Cameroun - JDC'' ). A cikin watan Disamba 1953 ya wakilci JDC a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Da ya dawo, a lokacin rangadin da ya yi don bayar da rahoto kan tafiyarsa, an kai masa hari a Mbourukou kusa da Melong, an ji masa rauni mai tsanani kuma ya mutu. Ya murmure, kuma a cikin watan Afrilu 1954 ya tsaya takara a matsayin ɗan takarar Majalisar Yankin Kamaru (''Assemblée Territoriale du Cameroun - ATCAM''). Duk da irin farin jinin da ya yi, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta bayyana cewa an ci shi. {{Sfn|Cameroon: Remember... 2010}} A watan Afrilu da watan Mayu 1955 jam'iyyar UPC ta gudanar da tarurrukan fusata da tarurrukan baje koli da yajin aiki. {{Sfn|Bouopda|2008}} A ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu 1955 gidan Kingué, da na shugabannin UPC [[Ruben Um Nyobè|, Ruben Um Nyobé]] da [[Jacques Ngom]], an watse tare da kona su. {{Sfn|Cameroon: Remember... 2010}} A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 1955 'yan sanda sun buɗe wuta kan masu zanga-zangar a Loum, [[Douala]], [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], Ngambé da sauran wurare. Washegari da daddare ‘yan sanda suka kori tare da kona hedkwatar UPC da ke unguwar New Bell ta Douala. Wataƙila akwai mutane 5,000 da rikicin ya rutsa da su a ƙarshen watan Mayu. {{Sfn|Chatain|Epanya|Moutoudou|2011}} A ranar 13 ga watan Yuli 1955 gwamnatin Faransa ta rushe UPC ta hanyar doka. Yawancin shugabannin jam'iyyar UPC sun koma Kumba da ke [[Kudancin Kamaru|yankin Kudancin Kamaru]] da ke ƙarƙashin 'yan mulkin Birtaniya don gudun kada Turawan mulkin mallaka su ɗaure su. {{Sfn|Bouopda|2008}} == hijira da mutuwa == A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 1956 jam'iyyar UPC ta gabatar da matsayinta a cikin wata sanarwa ga manema labarai na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda Félix-Roland Moumié (shugaban kasa), [[Ruben Um Nyobè|Ruben Um Nyobé]] (Sakataren Janar) da mataimakin shugaban ƙasa biyu, [[Ernest Ouandié]] da Abel Kingué suka sanya wa hannu. Sun yi kira da a sake haɗe yankunan Faransa da Birtaniya a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. {{Sfn|Chatain|Epanya|Moutoudou|2011}} Abel Kingué ya jagoranci wani babban taro na JDC a ranar 8/9 ga watan Nuwamba 1956 a Kumba. Komandojin Faransa da ke kokarin kashe shugabannin jam’iyyar UPC ne suka kai masa hari suka bar shi ya mutu. {{Sfn|Cameroon: Remember... 2010}} A watan Yulin 1957, sakamakon matsin lamba daga Faransa, hukumomin Birtaniya a Kudancin Kamaru sun kori shugabannin jam'iyyar UPC zuwa Khartoum, Sudan. Sun koma Alkahira, Masar, zuwa [[Conakry]], Guinea, daga karshe kuma zuwa Accra, Ghana. {{Sfn|Nkwebo|2010}} Da yake fama da hawan jini, Kingué ya yi rayuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali sa’ad da yake gudun hijira. {{Sfn|Gifford|1998}} A ranar 6 ga watan Satumban 1962 shugabannin UPC na gudun hijira sun yi taro a Accra a gidan Ndumazah, inda suka yanke shawarar cire "laifi na Woungly" daga sakatariyar gudanarwa. {{Sfn|Gaillard|1989}} Da yamma goma da yamma, lokacin da mahalarta taron ke shirin tashi, bam ya tashi ba tare da ya yi rauni ba. Hukumomin Ghana ba su yi nisa ba, sun jefa dukkan shugabannin UPC a gidan yari. A watan Oktoba sun saki Massaga, Tchaptchet da Ntumazah, amma sun tsare Abel Kingué a kurkuku. {{Sfn|Gaillard|1989}} A ranar 13 ga watan Satumban 1962 jam'iyyar UPC ta shirya ''babban taronta'' na farko a Mungo, inda aka sanya sunan kwamitin juyin juya hali. [[Ernest Ouandié]] ne ya jagoranci kwamitin. Sauran membobin sun haɗa da Abel Kingué, [[Michel Ndoh]], [[Ndongo Diyé]], Osendé Afana, [[Nicanor Njiawe]] da [[Woungly-Massaga]]. {{Sfn|Chatain|Epanya|Moutoudou|2011}} Jagoranci mai kawuna biyu ya kasance bisa ka'ida, tare da Abel Kingué ya jagoranci 'yan gudun hijira daga Ghana da Ernest Ouandié a cikin maquis. Kungiyar ta yi rashin aiki sosai saboda matsalolin sadarwa da kuma rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Sino-Soviet. A shekara ta gaba ta rabu, tare da Abel Kingué da Osendé Afana sun haɗa kai da Ntumazah kuma suna adawa da sauran shugabannin. {{Sfn|Chatain|Epanya|Moutoudou|2011}} Abel Kingué ya kasance a kurkuku a [[Accra]] har zuwa watan Yuli 1963. Bayan an sake shi, yanayin lafiyarsa ya ci gaba da taɓarɓarewar, tare da rikice-rikicen da suka haɗa da rashin halaye. Yayin da yake tafiya Algiers yanayinsa ya tsananta kwatsam. [[Ahmed Ben Bella]], shugaban ƙasar Aljeriya, ya shirya kai shi birnin Alkahira domin jinya, inda ya rasu a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu 1964. {{Sfn|Cameroon: Remember... 2010}} Shi ne kawai shugaban UPC wanda bai mutu a tashin hankali ba. {{Sfn|Bakary|1993}} == Sources ==   {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Bakary|first=Djibo|title="Silence ! On décolonise": Itinéraire politique et syndical d'un militant africain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVmeuqa0nt0C&pg=PA63|date=January 1993|publisher=Harmattan|isbn=978-2-296-26319-2}} * {{cite book |language=French |last=Bouopda|first=Pierre Kamé|title=Cameroun du protectorat vers la démocratie: 1884–1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBKG9NNUuKsC&pg=PA93|date=April 2008|publisher=Harmattan|isbn=978-2-296-19604-9}} * {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Cameroon: Remember... 2010}} |url=http://www.camer.be/index1.php?art=9740&rub=6:1 |title=Cameroon: Remember Kingue Abel, 16 April 1964 – 16 APRIL 2010 |language=French |work=Camer.be |date=16 April 2010 |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418064938/http://www.camer.be/index1.php?art=9740&rub=6:1 |archive-date=18 April 2010 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |language=French |last1=Chatain|first1=Jean|last2=Epanya|first2=Augusta|last3=Moutoudou|first3=Albert |title=Kamerun, l'indépendance piégée: De la lutte de libération à la lutte contre le néocolonialisme |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVdsArl5XG4C&pg=PA150|year=2011|publisher=L'Harmattan|isbn=978-2-296-55523-5}} * {{cite book |last=Gaillard|first=Philippe|title=Le Cameroun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzDYgpxgW5AC&pg=PA56|year=1989|publisher=L'Harmattan|isbn=978-2-7384-0510-4}} * {{cite book |last=Gifford|first=Paul|title=African Christianity: its public role |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KStVAAAAYAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-33417-6}} * {{cite web |language=French |url=http://www.quotidienlejour.com/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1101:ernest-ouandie-le-lmaquisardr-promu-heros-national&catid=84:pointe-du-jour-&Itemid=801 |work=Quotidien Le jour – Cameroun |title=Ernest Ouandié : Le "maquisard" promu héros national |date=17 February 2010 |last=Nkwebo |first=Denis |access-date=27 July 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Refend}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] <references /> 9asdjles9zqko1uij0pk9ed355gm9oy 0 102658 869298 641651 2026-06-27T10:52:11Z Bikhrah 15061 869298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakin Mbwila''' (kuma '''Yakin Ambuila''', '''Yakin Mbuila''', ko '''Yakin Ulanga''') ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoban 1665, inda sojojin Portugal suka fatattaki sojojin [[Masarautar Kongo]] suka kuma yanke kan sarki António I na Kongo, wanda kuma ake kira Nvita a Nkanga.<ref>{{cite book |first=Adrian |last=Hastings |authorlink=Adrian Hastings |title=The Church in Africa, 1450–1950 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1994 |page=103 |isbn=0-19-826399-6 }}</ref> == Asalin yakin == Ko da yake Kongo da Portugal sun kasance abokan ciniki kuma sun shiga cikin musayar al'adu a ƙarni na sha shida, kafin kafa [[Portuguese Angola|mulkin mallaka na Portugal a Angola]] a shekara ta 1575, ya matsa lamba ga wannan dangantaka. Da farko Kongo ta taimaka wa Portugal a Angola, inda ta aika da sojoji don ceto gwamnan Portugal Paulo Dias de Novais lokacin da yakinsa da masarautar Ndongo na Afirka da ke kusa ya ci tura a shekara ta 1579. Amma daga baya yayin da Portugal ta yi karfi sai ta fara matsawa sosai, kuma a cikin shekarar 1622. ta yanke ko da dangantakar abokantaka ta taka tsantsan na lokacin farko lokacin da manyan sojojin Portugal suka mamaye kudancin Kongo suka fatattaki sojojin gida a [[Yaƙin Mbumbi|yakin Mbumbi]]. Pedro II, Sarkin Kongo a lokacin, ya mayar da martani ta hanyar jagorantar runduna a [[Yaƙin Mbanda Kasi|yakin Mbanda]] da ke murkushe mamayar. Daga nan sai ya rubuta wa Janar Estates na Netherland, yana ba da shawarar yin kawance da Dutch don fitar da Portuguese daga Angola gaba ɗaya. Wannan ƙawance dai ba ta kai ga cimma nasara ba sai a shekara ta 1641. lokacin da sojojin Holland suka kama Luanda suka haɗa da sojojin Kongo, wanda ya tilasta wa 'yan Portugal janyewa zuwa cikin gida. Duk da haka, ba su iya kammala Portuguese ba, kuma a sakamakon haka Portuguese ta tilasta wa Dutch fita a shekarar 1648. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thornton |first=John K. |year=2016 |title=The Kingdom of Kongo and the Thirty Years' War |journal=Journal of World History |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=189–213 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2016.0100}}</ref> A cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan janyewar Netherlands, gwamnonin Angola sun nemi ɗaukar fansa a kan Kongo da kuma tallafa wa cinikin bayi da wata manufa mai tsanani. Cikin wannan manufar har da hare-haren da aka kai a yankin ƙananan hukumomi masu cin gashin kai da ake kira Dembos da ya raba Angola da Kongo. Kongo da Angola duk sun yi iƙirarin ikon Dembos. Sarki António I, wani sarki mai tsaurin ra'ayi a kansa, yana tattaunawa da Spain don sabunta kawancen adawa da Portugal, sannan kuma ya aika jakadu zuwa yankunan Dembos don shawo kansu su shiga Kongo don adawa da Portuguese, yana yin alkawarin taimakon Spain. A shekara ta 1665, ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ƙananan masarautu, Mbwila, ta yi gwagwarmayar maye gurbinsa kuma ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun yi kira ga Kongo da Angola don taimako. Ɓangarorin biyu sun mayar da martani da sojoji.<ref name="mbwila">{{cite book |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |title=Chronology of World History: A Calendar of Principal Events from 3000 BC to AD 1973 |year=1975 |location=London |publisher=Collings |page=1744 |isbn=0-901720-67-4 }}</ref> == Yaƙi == Tushen sojojin Fotigal, wanda Luís Lopes de Sequeira ya umarta, ya kasance 450 musketeers da manyan [[Artillery|bindigogi]] masu haske guda biyu. Akwai sojoji daga ƙasar Brazil da Portugal ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, ciki har da wasu 'yan asalin Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurkawa, da kuma Imbagala da sauran sojojin Afirka da adadinsu ya kai 15,000. Sojojin Kongo sun haɗa da ɗimbin maharba manoma, wataƙila kusan 15,000, wasu mayaƙan sojoji 5,000 sanye da garkuwa da takuba, da kuma rundunonin musket na mutane 380, 29 daga cikinsu Portuguese ne wanda Pedro Dias de Cabral ya jagoranta.<ref name="mbwila">{{cite book |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |title=Chronology of World History: A Calendar of Principal Events from 3000 BC to AD 1973 |year=1975 |location=London |publisher=Collings |page=1744 |isbn=0-901720-67-4 }}</ref> Dakarun biyun dai na gudanar da ayyukansu ne a wani tazara daga manyan sansanonin nasu. Sun yi tafiya na kwanaki don isa fagen fama, tare da kwarin kogin Ulanga da ke kudu da babban birnin Mbwila. Tsaunuka masu tsayi da kogin sun ayyana gefen gabas na fagen fama, da ƙananan tudu zuwa yamma. Dakarun Portugal sun ɗauki matsayi a tsakanin su biyun, inda aka jibge sojojinsu na Afirka a gefe, kuma mayakan muskete suka samar da wani nau'in lu'u-lu'u a tsakiya, wanda ke daure da makaminsu. An tsare sojojin Imbagala a ajiye. Sojojin António sun ci gaba zuwa cikin tsarin Portuguese tare da masu gadi, sai kuma ƙungiyoyi uku na manyan sojojinsa da maharba a kan gefuna. Duke na Bengo ya umarci ajiyar. A cikin matakan farko na yaƙin, maharba Kongolese sun share yawancin maharban Afirka na sojojin Portugal daga fagen daga sannan suka kaddamar da hare-hare kan muskete na Portugal, tare da goyon bayan nasu maharba da maharba. Duk da faɗace-faɗacen da aka yi, Kongolese sun ƙasa karya tsarin Portuguese kuma an kashe António a ƙoƙari na ƙarshe. Yawancin dakarun Kongo sun karya bayan mutuwar sarkin. Waɗanda suka tsira sun sami damar janyewa ne kawai saboda ƙwararrun Duke na Bengo da masu ajiyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thornton |first=John K. |author-link=John Thornton (historian) |year=1988 |title=The Art of War in Angola, 1575–1680 |journal=[[Comparative Studies in Society and History]] |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=360–378 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500015231}}</ref> Sama da 400 daga cikin manyan sojojin Kongo ne aka kashe a arangamar da maharba da dama. Tare da waɗannan asara akwai limamin sarki, limamin tseren Capuchin Francisco de São Salvador (Manuel Robrerdo a rayuwar duniya). An kama ƙaramin ɗan Sarki António ɗan shekara bakwai. Bayan yakin, an binne shugaban sarki ko Manikongo tare da biki da Portuguese a cikin ɗakin sujada na Uwargidanmu na Nazarat da ke kan [[Bay of Luanda|Bay na Luanda]], kuma an aika kambi da sandan Kongo zuwa [[Lisbon]] a matsayin kofuna. == Bayan haka == Portugal ta sami wani aiki na ɓarna daga D. Isabel, mai mulkin Mbwila, amma ba ta iya yin amfani da wani iko na gaske kan yankin da zarar dakarunsu sun janye. A cikin shekarar 1693, dole ne su dawo don ƙoƙarin sake mamaye yankin. Sakamakon farko da aka samu a Kongo shi ne rashin samun magaji na gaggawa ya jefa kasar cikin yakin basasa. Wannan yakin basasa, wanda ya shafe tsawon rabin ƙarni, ya haifar da mulkin Kongo da sauye-sauye na asali, wanda ya kai ga masana tarihi na Kongo, har ma a cikin shekarar 1700, game da yakin a matsayin wani muhimmin sauyi a tarihin ƙasarsu. Bayan yaƙin, an kama mutane da yawa, ciki har da manyan mutane da na gidan sarauta. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan an bautar da su kuma sun ketare teku zuwa ƙasar Portugal ta Brazil da kuma watakila wasu wurare a cikin Amurka. Ba a san abin da ya faru da mafi yawansu ba. Amma a wani lokaci kafin 1670, 'ya'yan gimbiya Aqualtune (wanda ya jagoranci bataliyar a lokacin yakin), Ganga Zumba, ɗan'uwansa Ganga Zona, da 'yar'uwarsu Sabina sun bayyana a matsayin bayi a cikin ''engenho'' (rasar sukari) a cikin Kyaftin na Pernambuco a arewa maso gabashin Brazil. Sun jagoranci tawaye a engenho, sun tsere, kuma daga baya suka kafa mulkinsu na Quilombo dos Palmares, al'ummar [[Maroons|Maroon]] da ke iko da yankuna masu yawa na arewa maso gabashin Brazil a lokacin yakin Dutch-Portuguese. Sabina ta haifi ɗa Zumbi wanda bayan an kama shi, ya tashi a coci sannan ya tsere. Zumbi ya gaji kawunsa kuma ya zama sarkin Palmares kuma jagoran tawaye har zuwa lokacin da Bandeirantes suka kashe shi a shekara ta 1695, bayan haka aka lalata masarautun. Ɗansa Camuanga ya gaje shi a jagorancin tawayen, amma bayan wannan ba a san abin da ya faru da su ko kuma danginsu ba. Zumbi a yau ana ɗaukar gwarzon ƙasa a [[Brazil]]. == Duba kuma == * Tsarin soja na Afirka zuwa 1800 * Tsarin soja na Afirka bayan 1800 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == *{{cite book |last=Sousa Dias |first=Gastäo |title=A Batalha de Ambuíla |year=1942 |location=Luanda |publisher=Museu de Angola |language=pt }} *{{cite book |last=Thornton |first=John K. |title=Warfare in Atlantic Africa |year=1998 |location=London |publisher=University College of London Press |isbn=1-85728-393-7 }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n111sac3fdeusewjb7np3r9118plmqw 0 103330 869069 648898 2026-06-27T04:02:18Z Trey314159 7254 fix homoglyphs: convert Cyrillic characters in sch[ё]tnaya to Latin 869069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''BESM-6''' (Rashanci: БЭСМ-6, gajere don БольSHAYA эlektronno-schëtnaya mashina, watau 'Large Electronic Calculating Machine') kwamfuta ce ta Soviet lantarki ta jerin BESM. == Dubawa == BESM-6 shine samfurin da aka fi sani kuma mai tasiri na jerin da aka tsara a Cibiyar Ingantattun Makanikai da Injiniyan Kwamfuta. An kammala zane a cikin 1965. An fara samarwa a cikin 1968 kuma ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru 19 masu zuwa.<ref>Дубова, Наталия. "БЭСМ-6" [BESM-6]. Очерки по истории советской вычислительной техники и школ программирования [Essays on the history of Soviet computer technology and programming schools] (in Russian). Издательство "Открытые Системы". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30.</ref> Kamar magabata na BESM-3 da BESM-4, asalin BESM-6 ya dogara ne akan transistor (duk da haka, sigar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin 1980s a matsayin ɓangaren babbar kwamfuta ta Elbrus an gina shi tare da haɗaɗɗun da'irori). Mai sarrafa na'ura mai nauyin 48-bit na injin yana aiki da saurin agogo 10 MHz kuma ya ƙunshi bututun koyarwa guda biyu, daban don sarrafawa da raka'o'in lissafi, da cache na bayanai na kalmomi 48-bit goma sha shida. Tsarin ya sami aikin 1 MIPS. CDC 6600, babban na'urar kwamfuta ta Yamma gama gari lokacin da aka saki BESM-6, ta cimma kusan MIPS 2. Ƙwaƙwalwar tsarin ta kasance mai iya magana da kalma ta amfani da adiresoshin 15-bit. Matsakaicin sararin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da za a iya magana da shi ya kasance haka 32K kalmomi (192K bytes). Tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ƙyalli ya ba da izinin faɗaɗa wannan har zuwa kalmomi 128K (768K bytes). An yi amfani da BESM-6 sosai a cikin USSR a cikin 1970s don ayyuka daban-daban na lissafi da sarrafawa. A lokacin Aikin Gwajin Apollo-Soyuz na 1975 sarrafa bayanan isar da saƙon sararin samaniya ya sami cim ma sabon hadadden kwamfuta wanda ya dogara akan BESM-6. Aikin sarrafa bayanan aikin Apollo-Soyuz na masana kimiyyar Soviet ya ƙare rabin sa'a kafin abokan aikinsu na Amurka daga NASA.<ref>Malinovsky, Boris (2010). "Pioneers of Soviet Computing" (PDF). p. 100. The 1975 Apollo-Soyuz space mission was controlled from a new computer complex that included a BESM-6 and other domestic high-speed computers developed by Lebedev's students. Prior to this, the space mission telemetry data processing would have taken approximately thirty minutes. Using the new computer complex, the work was performed in one minute. Soviet scientists completed all of the Apollo-Soyuz mission's data processing one half-hour earlier than their American colleagues. This marked Lebedev's real triumph: his school and his students developed a first-class computer that was capable of competing with the best machines in the world. For their work on BESM-6, Lebedev and his team won the State Prize</ref> An gina jimlar 355 na waɗannan injuna. Production ya ƙare a 1987. A matsayin kwamfutar Soviet ta farko da aka shigar da tushe wanda yake da girma na lokacin, BESM-6 ta tattara al'umma mai sadaukarwa. A cikin shekaru da yawa tsarin aiki [7] da compilers na shirye-shirye harsuna kamar Fortran, ALGOL da Pascal aka ɓullo da.<ref>Иванников, В.П.; Королев, Л.Н.; Любимский, Э.З.; Томилин, А.Н. "Разработки Московской Школы Операционных Систем Эвм" [Developments of the Moscow School of Computer Operating Systems] (in Russian).</ref> Gyaran BESM-6 dangane da haɗaɗɗun da'irori, tare da mafi girma sau 2-3 fiye da na'ura ta asali, an samar da ita a cikin 1980s a ƙarƙashin sunan Elbrus-1K2 a matsayin ɓangaren Elbrus supercomputer. A cikin 1992, ɗayan injunan BESM-6 na ƙarshe ya sayi kayan tarihin Kimiyya a London, Ingila.<ref>Swade, Doron (1996). "Back in the USSR". Inc</ref> == Manazarta == hj6jrlpv2yzvaoal96dgkfhqdl2u95c 0 104453 869129 747039 2026-06-27T06:21:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} AfriForum kungiya ce mai zaman kanta [[Al'ummar Afrikaner|'Yan Afirka]] ta Kudu wacce galibi tana mai da hankali kan bukatun Afrikaners, wani rukuni na fararen mutanen ƙasar. An bayyana AfriForum a matsayin "farar fata mai kishin kasa, alt-right, da kuma Afrikaner nationalist group", kodayake wannan bayanin ya ki amincewa da jagorancin kungiyar. An kafa shi a shekara ta 2006 don ƙarfafa sake shiga Afrikaners a cikin jama'a, yana da alaƙa da Kungiyar kwadago ta Solidarity, kuma ya jawo hankalin babbar gardama saboda wata sanarwa ta shugabansu, Kallie Kriel, cewa wariyar launin fata ba laifi ba ne ga bil'adama. Heidi Beirich na Cibiyar Shari'ar Talauci ta Kudu ta kira AfriForum "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin 'kai da taye'". <ref>{{Cite web |title=They're prepping for a race war. And they see Trump as their 'ray of hope' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2018/11/africa/south-africa-suidlanders-intl/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> AfriForum ya ki amincewa da wannan halayyar yana mai cewa "sun musanta cewa su masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ne". == Tarihi == An kafa AfriForum a shekara ta 2006 biyo bayan shawarwarin jama'a game da sashin sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2006 |title=Media |url=http://www.afriforum.co.za/mediaverklarings.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928180326/http://www.afriforum.co.za/mediaverklarings.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2006 |website=AfriForum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2006 |title=Dokumente |url=http://www.afriforum.co.za/dokumente.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928180249/http://www.afriforum.co.za/dokumente.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2006 |website=AfriForum}}</ref> A cikin gabatarwar yarjejeniyar, AfriForum tana nufin kanta a matsayin "yancin ɗan ƙasa wanda ƙungiyar kwadago ta Solidarity ta kafa".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-28 |title= |url=http://www.afriforum.co.za/dokumente/09%202006%20voorwoord%20-%20burgerregte-manifes.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928180945/http://www.afriforum.co.za/dokumente/09%202006%20voorwoord%20-%20burgerregte-manifes.doc |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2023-04-19}}</ref> Ya zuwa Janairu 2022, AfriForum yana da mambobi 295,000 masu ba da gudummawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AfriForum requests meeting with Health Minister regarding NHI - POLITICS {{!}} Politicsweb |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/meeting-with-health-minister-requested-regarding-n |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=www.politicsweb.co.za}}</ref> Shugabansu, Kallie Kriel, a baya ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative, da kuma shugaban reshen matasa na Freedom Front Plus (FF +), kuma yawancin shugabannin zartarwa sun kasance suna da alaƙa da Freedom Front Plus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godinho |first=Thorne |date=8 January 2014 |title=AfriForum and the rise of the new right |url=https://thoughtleader.co.za/thornegodinho/2014/01/08/afriforum-and-the-rise-of-the-new-right/ |website=[[Thought Leader]] |publisher=[[Mail & Guardian]] |access-date=5 July 2025 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929050338/https://thoughtleader.co.za/thornegodinho/2014/01/08/afriforum-and-the-rise-of-the-new-right/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kamfen, manufofi da ayyukan == [[Fayil:AfriForum_-_Standerton-betoging.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Mambobin da magoya bayan AfriForum, karkashin jagorancin Kallie Kriel, sun yi zanga-zanga a waje da Babban Kotun Pretoria a 2008]] === Laifi da cin hanci da rashawa === ==== Hare-haren gona ==== AfriForum ya kasANC mai sukar murya game da martani na ANC ga hare-haren gona na Afirka ta Kudu, yana mai da'awar cewa jam'iyyar siyasa tana da alhakin "yi shiru" game da tashin hankali, da kuma gabatar da korafi ga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu]] game da Ministan 'yan sanda saboda rashin yin isasshen don kare manoma. [ing] Kungiyar ta ƙaddamar da littafin Kill the Boer wanda [[Ernst Roets]], tsohon mataimakin Shugaba na kungiyar ya rubuta. ==== Shari'a ta sirri ==== Kungiyar ta kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, karkashin jagorancin sanannen tsohon mai gabatar da kara na jihar Gerrie Nel, a cikin zargin cewa Hukumar Shari'a ta Kasa (NPA) ta zaɓi a cikin gurfanar, kuma tana da son zuciya a siyasa. === Ilimi, harshe da al'adu === AfriForum ta yi tsayayya da shawarar sake sunan babban birnin Afirka ta Kudu daga [[Pretoria]] zuwa Tshwane, da kuma sake sunan tituna a Pretoria. Kungiyar ta yi kamfen don inganta amfani da Afrikaans a ilimi da kuma ci gaba da addini a makarantu. === Ƙasa === {{further|Land reform in South Africa}} AfriForum tana da hannu a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi sake fasalin ƙasa, tana zargin "cin hanci da rashawa" da "rashin iyawa" na Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Karkara da Gyaran Kasa don jinkirin sake fasalin ƙasar. AfriForum ta taimaka wa masu mallakar baƙar fata waɗanda suka sha wahala daga masu satar gida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Appel |first=Michael |date=5 April 2012 |title=Eviction order for land invaders given go-ahead |url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/mobi/Detail.aspx?NewsID=47994&CatID=1009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821041728/http://www.thenewage.co.za/mobi/Detail.aspx?NewsID=47994&CatID=1009 |archive-date=21 August 2014 |website=thenewage.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department to hand over title deeds to Wallmansthal and Berlin mission claimants &#124; South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/department-hand-over-title-deeds-wallmansthal-and-berlin-mission-claimants |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Kungiyar ta bayyana a gaban kwamitin majalisa don adawa da gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki da aka gabatar don ba da izinin kwace dukiya ba tare da diyya ba, <ref>{{Cite web |title=You are drunk on the ideology of the NDR - Ernst Roets - DOCUMENTS {{!}} Politicsweb |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/you-are-drunk-on-the-ideology-of-the-ndr--ernst-ro |access-date=26 September 2018 |website=www.politicsweb.co.za |language=en}}</ref> kuma, a watan Agustan 2018, AfriForum ta wallafa jerin gonaki da aka ce gwamnati ta yi niyya don kwace dukiyar ba tare da biyan diyya ba wanda kungiyar ta samu daga wani tushe ba. Kodayake kungiyar ta sami karbuwa daga wasu kungiyoyi da jam'iyyun siyasa game da halattaccen jerin, Cibiyar Kula da Dangantaka ta Afirka ta Kudu ta tabbatar da halattar jerin. AfriForum ta samu nasarar kokawa game da wani shafi da aka buga a News24 da ɗan jarida Pieter du Toit game da shaidarsa a gaban kwamitin majalisa da ke tattauna sauya kundin tsarin mulki don ba da izinin kwace ba tare da diyya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AfriForum vs. News24 |url=http://www.presscouncil.org.za/Ruling/View/afriforum-vs-news24-4356 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115215150/http://www.presscouncil.org.za/Ruling/View/afriforum-vs-news24-4356 |archive-date=2018-11-15 |publisher=Press Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2018 |title=Apology to AfriForum for 'no solutions' claim in land column |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/apology-to-afriforum-for-no-solutions-claim-in-land-column-20181116 |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |language=en}}</ref> === Yunkurin wariyar launin fata da wariyar launinariya === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, AfriForum ta bude karar farar hula a kan [[Julius Malema]], a Kotun Daidaitawa bayan ya raira kalmomin "dubul" ibhunu", wanda ke fassara zuwa "[[Dubul' ibhunu|harba, ko kashe Boer]]", a taron kungiyar matasa ta ANC. An yanke hukuncin cewa waƙar ta zama maganganun ƙiyayya wanda ya lalata mutuncin Afrikaners saboda kalmomin ta suna nuna bambanci da lahani. A cikin 2012, AfriForum da ANC sun cimma matsaya kafin a yi jayayya da karar a Kotun Koli (SCA) a [[Bloemfontein]]. AfriForum ta sanya tuhumar aikata laifuka a kan wasu 'yan siyasa, da masu amfani da kafofin sada zumunta waɗanda ta ɗauka suna haifar da tashin hankali da wariyar launin fata, A watan Yunin wannan shekarar, AfriForum ya ce suna shirin sanya tuhumar laifi a kan masu amfani da hanyoyin sada zumunta 100 don tayar da tashin hankali. kuma ya kirkiro wata ƙungiya game da wariyar launin fata da maganganun ƙiyayya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=AfriForum stig teenrassisme-eenheid |url=https://www.afriforum.co.za/afriforum-stig-teenrassisme-eenheid-2/ |website=AfriForum |access-date=5 July 2025 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406214613/https://afriforum.co.za/afriforum-stig-teenrassisme-eenheid-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, ya magance abubuwan da suka faru na wariyar launin fata da suka shafi mutane da yawa, Dan Roodt, da kuma Kommandokorps na sojoji kuma ya bayyana cewa yana la'akari da amfani da 'k-kalma' kaffir a matsayin "babban keta haƙƙin ɗan adam". A watan Yunin 2022, AfriForum ta bude shari'ar jawabin ƙiyayya a kan jam'iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) a lokuta shida tsakanin 2016 da 2019 don raira waƙa "harbe Boer" a abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban. A ƙarshen watan Agusta Babban Kotun Johannesburg ta watsar da karar tare da farashi. Ernst Roets ya ba da shaida a matsayin gwani tare da alƙalin yana cewa ya kasa cika ka'idodin da ake buƙata. AfriForum ya bayyana cewa zai daukaka kara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wicks |first=Bernadette |title=AfriForum's hate speech case against EFF dismissed |url=https://ewn.co.za/2022/08/25/afriforum-s-hate-speech-case-against-eff-dismissed |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=ewn.co.za |language=en}}</ref> === Hakkin 'yan tsiraru === AfriForum ta shiga cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan al'amuran da suka shafi haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru kuma an amince da ita a hukumance a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta (NGO) tare da matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maphanga |first=Canny |title=AfriForum now registered with the UN as an NGO |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/afriforum-now-registered-with-the-un-as-an-ngo-20201007 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar ta soki gwamnatin African National Congress (ANC) saboda abin da ta gani a matsayin kin amincewa da 'yancin' yan tsiraru a cikin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The persecution of minority communities in SA - AfriForum - DOCUMENTS {{!}} Politicsweb |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/the-persecution-of-minority-communities-in-sa--afr |access-date=2021-02-03 |website=www.politicsweb.co.za}}</ref> Koyaya, ɗan jaridar City Press Adriaan Basson ya zargi kungiyar da yin martani ga halin da ake ciki game da haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru. Basson ya bayyana a cikin wata wasika ga Shugaba na AfriForum, Kallie Kriel, cewa tushen kamfen ɗin AfriForum yana daya daga cikin wadanda aka azabtar. === Ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa === Afriforum ya yi ikirarin yabo don ɗaukar wani ɗan jaridar Australiya a kan yawon shakatawa na Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma "dubu" labarai da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da hare-haren tashin hankali a gonaki waɗanda daga baya suka bayyana a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Australiya . AfriForum kuma ta gudanar da rangadin Amurka wanda ya hada da tarurruka tare da John R. Bolton, ma'aikatan Sanata Ted Cruz, da kuma hira a kan Fox News . AfriForum ya zagaya Australia a watan Oktoba na 2018 don wayar da kan jama'a game da hare-haren gona. Ian Cameron daga AfriForum an yi hira da shi a shirin Sky News Australia na Outsiders da Ross Cameron da Rowan Dean. AfriForum kuma ta sadu da dan majalisa na Australiya Andrew Hastie kuma ta gabatar da gabatarwa a gaban Majalisar dokokin Yammacin Australia. ==== Zimbabwe ==== Kungiyar ta kalubalanci kasancewar [[Robert Mugabe]] a lokacin rantsar da Jacob Zuma a shekarar 2009. Har ila yau, ta shiga cikin yunkurin hana isar da jirage masu saukar ungulu na Alouette III ga Sojojin Zimbabwe. A shekara ta 2010 wata kungiya ta shari'a ta AfriForum da ke wakiltar manoma a [[Zimbabwe]] ta lashe kotun da za ta kai karar gwamnatin Zimbabwe kan "mummunan" da kuma "ramako" na gonakin mallakar Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta 2008 kotun yankin ta SADC ta yanke hukuncin cewa sake fasalin ƙasar Zimbabwe ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma yana da wariyar launin fata, kuma waɗanda suka sha wahala ta hanyar kwace gonakin su suna da damar biyan diyya. === Karamar hukuma === AfriForum yana ƙarfafa al'ummomi su zama masu wadatar kansu. Ayyukan da aka gudanar sun haɗa da kamfen ɗin gyaran rami. A cewar kungiyar, irin wadannan shirye-shiryen suna daga cikin dabarun ta don riƙe gwamnati da alhakin isar da sabis, kuma wani lokacin ana tallafawa ta kananan hukumomi. Don cimma wannan burin, AfriForum yayi ƙoƙari ya kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da kananan hukumomi. An yi zargin cewa kungiyar tana gabatar da jerin abubuwan da ake so ga kananan hukumomi, kuma kananan hukumomi suna canza shi zuwa shirye-shiryen aiki don magance batutuwan. AfriForum ya ce idan kananan hukumomi ba su ba da hadin kai wajen inganta isar da sabis ga mazauna, kungiyar ta kusanci kotuna don ba da umarni ga kananan hukumomi su tilasta isar da hidima.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfriForum |date=22 February 2013 |title=AfriForum: Statement by AfriForum, minority civil organisation, brings application to retain electricity supply to Klerksdorp and Jouberton |url=http://www.polity.org.za/article/afriforum-statement-by-afriforum-minority-civil-organisation-brings-application-to-retain-electricity-supply-to-klerksdorp-and-jouberton-22022013-2013-02-22 |website=Polity.org.za}}</ref> Misali na shiga tsakani ta AfriForum a wannan batun shine umarni na gaggawa da aka ba kungiyar a kan Gundumar Gundumar Vhembe ta Babban Kotun da ke [[Pretoria]], wanda ya tilasta wa karamar hukumar samar da ruwa ga mazaunan Makhado. A cikin irin wannan shari'ar a cikin 2013, Babban Kotun Arewacin Gauteng a Pretoria ta ba AfriForum umarnin dakatar da Karamar Hukumar Madibeng daga yanke wutar lantarki ga Hartbeespoort. A watan Yunin 2025, a cikin wata shari'ar da Afriforum ta gabatar, Babban Kotun Jihar Free ta ba da umarnin rushe Karamar Hukumar Ngwathe saboda gazawar da ta yi na dogon lokaci don cika ayyukanta ga mazauna, wanda ya tilasta gwamnatin lardin Free State ta shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ludidi |first=Velani |title=Court orders dissolution of Ngwathe Municipality amid service delivery collapse |url=https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/court-orders-dissolution-of-ngwathe-municipality-amid-service-delivery-collapse-20250621-0905 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> An bayyana sa hannun kananan hukumomin AfriForum da kyau, har ma da masu sukar ta. ===Wani Kamfe da Matsayi=== AfriForum ta ki amincewa da hakar mai ta hanyar fashewa a yankin Karoo<ref name="tkag">{{Cite web |last=Hweshe |first=Francis |date=13 December 2012 |title=TKAG, Afriforum become anti-fracking force |url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/73896-1021-53-TKAG_Afriforum_become_antifracking_force |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116072223/http://www.thenewage.co.za/73896-1021-53-TKAG_Afriforum_become_antifracking_force |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=14 January 2014 |publisher=The New Age Online}}</ref> da kuma farautar dabbobi ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Du Preez |first=Yolande |date=5 April 2012 |title=Fury as poaching charges dropped |work=Independent Online (South Africa) |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/fury-as-poaching-charges-dropped-1.1270893}}</ref> Hakanan ta gudanar da kamfe kan hana amfani da biyan kuɗin tituna na lantarki a Gauteng.<ref name="etollsnao">{{Cite web |title=E-toll notification unlawful: AfriForum |url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id=71296&cat_id=1099 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116072520/http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id=71296&cat_id=1099 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=14 January 2014 |publisher=The New Age Online}}</ref> AfriForum an amince da ita a matsayin amicus curae (aboki na kotu) a cikin shari’o’i da dama. Daga cikin shari’o’in da AfriForum ta taka rawa a matsayin amicus curae sun hada da batun ba da damar 'yan kasa da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje su kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓukan Afirka ta Kudu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=J |first=O'Regan |date=April 8, 2017 |title=Richter v Minister of Home Affairs and Others (Democratic Alliance and Others Intervening; Afriforum and Another as Ami |url=https://collections.concourt.org.za/handle/20.500.12144/3574 |via=collections.concourt.org.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Richter v The Minister for Home Affairs and Others (with the Democratic Alliance and Others Intervening, and with Afriforum and Another as Amici Curiae) (CCT03/09, CCT 09/09) [2009] ZACC 3; 2009 (3) SA 615 (CC) ; 2009 (5) BCLR 448 (CC) (12 March 2009) |url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2009/3.html |website=www.saflii.org}}</ref> kare haƙƙin ma'adinai daga karɓe su ba tare da diyya ba,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister for Minerals and Energy |url=https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/AgiSA-v-Minister-for-Minerals-and-Energy-CC.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agri South Africa v Minister for Minerals and Energy |url=http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2013/9media.pdf}}</ref> da kuma ba da damar makarantun gwamnati su ci gaba da bin addini ɗaya tilo ko mafi rinjaye yayin ayyukan su na addini.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govender |first=Prega |date=18 April 2017 |title=NGO seeks order declaring adherence to one religion at schools as unconstitutional |work=Mail & Guardian |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-04-18-00-ngo-seeks-order-declaring-adherence-to-one-religion-as-unconstitutional/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karim |first=Safura Abdool |date=June 29, 2017 |title=Understanding the OGOD judgment |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/understanding-ogod-judgment/ |website=GroundUp News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mabuza |first=Ernest |date=29 June 2017 |title=Ye of little faith: Court rules against single-religion schools |work=TimesLIVE |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2017-06-29-ye-of-little-faith-court-rules-against-single-religion-schools/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mogotsi |first=Moeketsi |date=January 12, 2017 |title=AfriForum ready for legal battle to retain religion in schools |work=Bloemfontein Courant |url=https://www.bloemfonteincourant.co.za/afriforum-ready-legal-battle-retain-religion-schools/}}</ref> Hakanan AfriForum ta shiga cikin wani shari’a a 2017 (daga baya ta zama mai kara tare) a kotun ƙwadago da ke adawa da yawan adadin launin fata a cikin zaɓin tawagar ƙasa ta kwallon kwando bayan an gano cewa tsarin ya shafi bambancin launin fata.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tshwaku |first=Khanyiso |date=6 March 2019 |title=Judgement reserved in the emotive Labour Court case over sports quotas |work=The Sowetan |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sport/2019-03-06-judgement-reserved-in-the-emotive-labour-court-case-over-sports-quotas/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 May 2017 |title=Solidarity challenge quotas in sport before Labour Court |work=Sport24 |url=https://www.sport24.co.za/OtherSport/South-Africa/solidarity-challenge-quotas-in-sport-before-labour-court-20170502 |via=News24 (website)}}</ref> ==AfriForum Jeug (reshen matasa)== Reshen matasa na AfriForum ana kiransa ''AfriForum Jeug''.<ref name="mgHETNslams">{{Cite news |last=Nkosi |first=Bongani |date=30 September 2013 |title=HETN slams AfriForum's student race request |work=Mail & Guardian |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-09-30-hten-slams-afriforums-student-race-request}}</ref> Yana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar ɗalibai tare da rassan a jami’o’in Afrika ta Kudu. AfriForum Jeug yana mai da hankali kan batutuwan ilimi, ciki har da koyarwa da harshen uwa, tsoma bakin siyasa cikin harkokin ɗalibai, da kuma tsarin fifikon kwadago a jami'o'i. Babban burin AfriForum Jeug shine a keɓe matasa daga tsarin fifikon kwadago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - AfriForum Jeug |url=http://www.afriforumyouth.co.za/?page_id=13 |website=AfriForum Jeug }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=September 2019}} Ayyukan ƙungiyar da ba na jami'a ba sun haɗa da shirya sansanonin kasada ga ɗaliban makaranta da tara kuɗi don gidajen marayu. Reshen matasan na cewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan burinsu shine inganta "tsarin dimokuraɗiyyar Kirista".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oor ons |url=http://afriforumjeug.co.za/oor-ons/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122100/http://afriforumjeug.co.za/oor-ons/ |archive-date=2015-12-22 |access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=September 2019}} AfriForum Jeug na cewa suna fi maida hankali kan muradun "Afirkaans" maimakon na "Afrikaner".{{clarify|date=September 2019}} A shekarar 2010, an kama mambobi uku na AfriForum Jeug bayan karya dokar tallan titi domin nuna adawa da shirin sauya sunan Pretoria.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2010 |title=3 held for violating ad by-law |work=News24 |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/3-held-for-violating-ad-by-law-20100709 |url-status=dead |access-date=29 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829142238/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/3-held-for-violating-ad-by-law-20100709 |archive-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> A cikin 2012, wani kamfen da ya yi adawa da tsarin kason kabilanci a jami’o’i ya sa mambobin AfriForum Jeug sun fenti jikinsu da baƙar fata domin nuna adawa da rashin amincewa da ɗalibai 30 a Jami’ar Pretoria.<ref name="dmblp">{{Cite news |last=Hlongwane |first=Sipho |date=30 January 2012 |title=Analysis: AfriForum Youth's absurd black paint protest |work=Daily Maverick |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-01-30-analysis-afriforum-youths-absurd-black-paint-protest/#.UtVCefYfvMg |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> A watan Fabrairu 2012, AfriForum Jeug sun haɗa gwiwa da South African Progressive Civic Organisation (Sapco), wata al’umma ta Khoisan, wajen zanga-zangar kare haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa na mutanen asali, inda duka ƙungiyoyin biyu suka bayyana rashin wakilci a cikin gwamnatin yanzu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nicolson |first=Greg |date=22 February 2012 |title=AfriForum joins Khoisan in land rights fight |work=Daily Maverick |url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-02-22-afriforum-joins-khoisan-in-land-rights-fight}}</ref> A watan Fabrairu 2013, AfriForum Jeug sun kai ƙarar batanci ga Jason Mfusi, shugaban ƙungiyar ɗaliban South Africa, wanda a shafin sada zumunta ya rubuta: "Kakannina suna cewa 'n goeie boer is 'n dooie boer'" ("manomi nagari matacce ne"). An warware lamarin ta hanyar sasanci, kamar yadda hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta buƙata, inda Mfusi ya rubuta takardar neman gafara ga al’ummar manoma.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Monama |first=Tebogo |date=7 February 2013 |title=NWU student in trouble over Facebook posting |work=The Sowetan |url=http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2013/02/07/nwu-student-in-trouble-over-facebook-posting |access-date=5 July 2025 |archive-date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006152638/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2013/02/07/nwu-student-in-trouble-over-facebook-posting |url-status=dead }}</ref> A Afrilu 2013, wani kamfen da ke adawa da tsarin kason kabilanci ya haɗa da siyar da kofi ga ɗalibai da farashi daban-daban bisa la’akari da launin fata: fararen fata R5, bakake R1, kuma masu launin ruwan kasa da Indiyawa R3.<ref name="affcoffee">{{Cite news |date=25 April 2013 |title=Afriforum Youth to offer blacks cheaper coffee |work=TimesLIVE |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2013/04/25/afriforum-youth-to-offer-blacks-cheaper-coffee |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> A 2014, AfriForum Jeug sun buƙaci jami’ar North-West University da ta ƙi amincewa da rahoton da ya shafi al’adun shigar sabbin ɗalibai da ake dangantawa da Nazism, a harabar Potchefstroom, inda suka ce rahoton na nuna wariyar launin fata ne ga Afrikaners.<ref name="2014CityPressNaziReport">{{Cite news |date=18 June 2014 |title=Nazi report: AfriForum Youth threatens varsity council with Equality Act |work=City Press |url=https://www.news24.com/Archives/City-Press/Nazi-report-AfriForum-Youth-threatens-varsity-council-with-Equality-Act-20150429 |via=News24}}</ref> Rahoton an shirya shi ne da umarnin Ministan Ilimi da Horarwa na Koli Blade Nzimande domin binciken "al’adun kaddamarwa da ayyukan Fassizim da Nazism da ake zargi suna faruwa a cikin jami'ar".<ref>{{Cite web |title=NWU: Puk remains fundamentally an apartheid institution - Blade Nzimande - DOCUMENTS &#124; Politicsweb |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/nwu-puk-remains-fundamentally-an-apartheid-insti-3 |website=www.politicsweb.co.za}}</ref> ==Sukace-sukace da Rikice-rikice== Ana yawan zargin AfriForum da inganta ka'idar makirci na kisan kiyashin farar fata saboda ikirarin kungiyar da ba a tabbatar da shi ba cewa ana kai hari na musamman ga fararen fatar Afirka ta Kudu a hare-haren gonaki. Akwai rahotannin labarai da suka ambaci wannan zargin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chothia |first=Farouk |date=1 September 2018 |title=The groups playing on the fears of a 'white genocide' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45336840 |access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref> Kungiyar ta musanta hakan kuma ta shigar da kara mai nasara a Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Jarida ta Afirka ta Kudu game da wani labarin da Mail & Guardian suka buga wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa tana inganta ra'ayin kisan kiyashin farar fata. Mai gabatar da shirin Breakfast Show, Bongani Bingwa, shi ma ya nemi afuwa bayan ya yi ikirarin cewa AfriForum ta yi amfani da kalmar "kisan kiyashin farar fata", inda ya ce "Ernst Roets, ina binka bashi, AfriForum bai taba amfani da kalmar kisan kiyashin farar fata ba."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2018 |title=[UPDATE] 'We have never ever said there is a white genocide happening in SA' |url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/316863/we-have-never-ever-said-there-is-a-white-genocide-happening-in-sa |access-date=23 August 2019 |website=702 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AfriForum vs. Mail & Guardian |url=https://presscouncil.org.za/Ruling/View/afriforum-vs-mail--guardian-4366 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302005952/https://presscouncil.org.za/Ruling/View/afriforum-vs-mail--guardian-4366 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |publisher=Press Council}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2010, game da martanin AfriForum ga Absa Bank kan sassaucin matsayi kan kaso a wasan rugby, Ferial Haffajee ta rubuta a wata shafi a City Press cewa "yayin da AfriForum kungiya ce mai inganci tare da dabarun gudanarwa, ya kamata ta yi hankali kada tsattsauran ra'ayinta ya haifar da rokon wariyar launin fata – wani matsayi ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Laager mentality is a load of bull |work=City Press |url=http://www.citypress.co.za/Columnists/Laager-mentality-is-a-load-of-bull-20101002/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119232400/http://www.citypress.co.za/Columnists/Laager-mentality-is-a-load-of-bull-20101002 |archive-date=19 November 2012}}</ref> A watan Yuni na 2012, kungiyar Matasan African National Congress ta bayyana cewa AfriForum "mai kare hakkin farar fata ne",<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2012 |title=Afriforum 'defender of white privilege': ANCYL |work=Independent Online (South Africa) |agency=SAPA |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/afriforum-defender-of-white-priviledge-ancyl-1.1313072}}</ref> bayan da AfriForum ta shigar da karar zargin kalaman kiyayya ga 'yan sanda da Kotun Daidaito a kan mataimakin shugaban ANCYL saboda kalaman da suka shafi filaye da manoma fararen fata suka mallaka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2012 |title=Unions to lay hate speech charges against Lamola |work=Mail & Guardian |agency=SAPA |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-06-lamola-hate-speech/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grootes |first=Stephen |title=Lamola hate speech case opened |url=https://ewn.co.za/2012/06/06/Hate-speech-case-opened-against-Lamola |website=ewn.co.za}}</ref> A wata shafi a watan Yuli na 2012, Farfesa Pierre de Vos na Jami'ar Cape Town ya soki "kakkausan hari" na Ministan Ilimi Mai Girma Blade Nzimande "a kan ra'ayin 'yanci na kungiyoyin farar hula", kuma ya bayyana cewa hanyar da ta dace don "yin mu'amala da kungiyoyi irin su AfriForum ba wai a yi magana a ɓoye game da yadda suke ƙoƙarin karɓe ikon ƙasar ta hanyar yin girman kai wajen inganta ra'ayoyinsu ba" amma a "soki ra'ayoyinsu da ayyukan da suke yi da kuma bayar da hujjoji kan dalilin da ya sa ra'ayoyinka suka fi kyau."<ref>{{Cite web |title=How not to engage in a battle of ideas |url=http://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/how-not-to-engage-in-a-battle-of-ideas/ |website=constitutionallyspeaking.co.za|date=13 July 2012 }}</ref> Kungiyar masu rayuwa ta Kommandokorps ta soki AfriForum a watan Fabrairu na 2012, tana mai cewa AfriForum "bai yi wani abu mai yawa ba don hana kisan gilla a gonaki." Wannan ya kasance martani ga sukar AfriForum game da Kommandokorps inda Shugaban Kamfanin AfriForum, Kallie Kriel, ya ce yadda Kommandokorps ke bi da matasa a sansanonin horo "haramun ne kuma ba za a gafarta masa ba."<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2012 |title=Kommandokorps denies racism |work=News24 (website) |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Kommandokorps-denies-racism-20120227 |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> A watan Fabrairu na 2014, Flip Buys daga kungiyar kwadago ta Solidarity (wadda ke da alaƙa da AfriForum) ya yi kira da a kauracewa jaridar Afrikaans Beeld wadda ta ruwaito cewa wata kungiyar ɗalibai ta Potchefstroom ta yi gaisuwar Nazi a lokacin shigar su.<ref name="news24DuPreez2016Hijacking" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2014 |title=Solidariteit: Bloedneus vir Beeld en Basson |url=https://maroelamedia.co.za/nuus/sa-nuus/solidariteit-bloedneus-vir-beeld-en-basson/ |website=Maroela Media}}</ref> A karshen shekarar 2014, Hukumar Ingantawa da Kare Hakkin Al'adu, Addini da Harsuna, ta soki kamfen din AfriForum na "Ajiye Makarantun Afrikaans" a cikin sanarwar manema labarai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Redirecting old link |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=24488&tid=53893 |website=info.gov.za }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140822084520/http://www.gov.za/main/redirect.htm?p=speech%2FDynamicAction%3Fpageid%3D461&sid=24488&tid=53893 Archive] 12 August 2014</ref> Kamfen din ya biyo bayan shawarar Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Gauteng ta tilasta wa makarantun Afrikaans uku a Fochville su bar matsayinsu na makarantun Afrikaans-medium a farkon shekarar karatu ta 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CRLRC meant to support not oppose minority rights - AfriForum - DOCUMENTS | Politicsweb |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/crlrc-meant-to-support-not-oppose-minority-rights- |website=www.politicsweb.co.za}}</ref> A watan Yuni na 2015, Matasan AfriForum sun ce zargin wariyar launin fata a kan Curro Foundation School su kansu wariyar launin fata ne. A cikin wata sanarwa da shugaban kungiyar ya fitar, an ce "Nuna aji na Afrikaans da ake jigilar su a matsayin kungiyar aji a matsayin rarrabuwar launin fata, ya fi ban mamaki."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Curro: Race activists should stop abusing innocent children - AfriForum Youth - DOCUMENTS | Politicsweb |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/curro-race-activists-should-stop-abusing-innocent- |website=www.politicsweb.co.za}}</ref> A watan Yuli na 2016, Afriforum sun nemi Kotun Koli ta Western Cape da ta cire rubuce-rubuce a kafofin sada zumunta da suka ce magoya bayan AfriForum sun "yi barazanar yin fyade ga mata" kuma sun "yi amfani da fyade don tsoratar da wanda ya tsira daga fyade", bisa dalilin cewa irin waɗannan ikirarin bata suna ne kuma ikirarin karya ne. Duk da haka, alkali ya yanke hukunci cewa masu zanga-zangar AfriForum sun aikata "cin zarafi, tashin hankali na jima'i, cin zarafin jima'i da tsoratarwa" ga masu zanga-zangar adawa da al'adar fyade. Alkali ya lura cewa yayin da wasu daga cikin kalaman game da barazanar fyade ba gaskiya ba ne a zahiri, mai wallafa a kafofin sada zumunta "yana da damar yin wani ɗan taƙaitaccen bayani game da fuskantarwa" saboda tsananin motsin rai da lamarin ya haifar.<ref name="news24DuPreez2016Hijacking" /><ref>High Court of South Africa</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2016 |title=AfriForum disagrees with damning court judgment over Facebook posts |language=en |work=News24 (website) |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/afriforum-rejects-damning-court-judgment-over-facebook-posts-20160710 |access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2016, an dakatar da ɗalibai takwas da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar matasa ta AfriForum daga zaɓen Majalisar Wakilan Daliban Jami'ar Stellenbosch (SRC) bayan zargin magudi a kamfen. Masu ƙarar guda uku sun kuma ɗauki wasu daga cikin hotunan zaɓen AfriForum a matsayin masu rikitarwa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2016 |title=8 AfriForum students suspended from Stellenbosch SRC elections |work=News24 (website) |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/8-afriforum-students-suspended-from-stellenbosch-src-elections-20160802}}</ref> AfriForum ta nemi Kotun Koli da ta soke dakatarwar, kuma an warware shari'ar daga baya a waje da kotu.<ref>Universiteit Stellenbosch en die onverkwiklike taalstryd, Johan C Moll, Sun Press 2018, page 303</ref> Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta jami'ar ta soke dakatarwar bayan wata ɗaya, tana mai cewa kotun ɗaliban ta yi aiki a waje da ikonta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2016 |title=AfriForum Jeug VSR-kandidatuur regmatig herstel |url=http://afriforumjeug.co.za/afriforum-jeug-vsr-kandidatuur-regmatig-herstel/}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2018, bayan sukar AfriForum da Farfesa Elmien du Plessis na Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma ya yi,<ref name="afriforumStatsDuPlessis">{{Cite news |last=du Plessis |first=Elmien |date=7 May 2018 |title=AfriForum's own farm murder stats don't support their claims |work=News24 (website) |url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/GuestColumn/afriforums-own-farm-murder-stats-dont-support-their-claims-20180507}}</ref> tsohon mataimakin shugaban kamfanin AfriForum, Ernst Roets, ya wallafa wani faifan bidiyo a YouTube inda ya faɗi kalaman Victor Klemperer, yana mai cewa "idan an juye teburin bayan Holocaust da ya rataye dukkan masu hankali, kuma farfesoshi su zama ƙafa uku sama da sauran; za a bar su a rataye a kan ginshiƙan fitilu muddin yana dacewa da tsafta."<ref name="huffPoHevyWeightAttack">{{Cite news |last=Du Toit |first=Pieter |date=6 May 2018 |title=AfriForum Heavyweight Launches Attack On Academic Over Criticism About US Tour |work=Huffington Post South Africa |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2018/05/06/afriforum-heavyweight-launches-attack-on-academic-over-criticism-about-us-tour_a_23428355/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308203417/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2018/05/06/afriforum-heavyweight-launches-attack-on-academic-over-criticism-about-us-tour_a_23428355/?ncid=other_saredirect_m2afnz7mbfm |archive-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Bayan wallafa bidiyon, du Plessis da danginta sun sami barazanar tashin hankali.<ref name="huffPoProfThreatened">{{Cite web |last=Du Toit |first=Pieter |date=8 May 2018 |title=Professor Threatened After AfriForum Criticism: 'Don't Get Too Comfortable, You're Next' |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2018/05/07/professor-threatened-after-afriforum-criticism-dont-get-too-comfortable-youre-next_a_23429098/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308102849/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2018/05/07/professor-threatened-after-afriforum-criticism-dont-get-too-comfortable-youre-next_a_23429098/?ncid=other_saredirect_m2afnz7mbfm |archive-date=8 March 2021 |website=Huffington Post South Africa}}</ref><ref name="news24ThreatsViolenceHanging">{{Cite news |date=7 May 2018 |title=Varsity prof on AfriForum's 'angry' Roets: 'Threat of violence, hanging not acceptable' |work=News24 (website) |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/varsity-prof-on-afriforums-angry-roets-threat-of-violence-hanging-not-acceptable-20180507}}</ref><ref name="habibHitsOutAfriforum">{{Cite news |date=10 May 2018 |title=Academic Adam Habib hits out at 'disgusting' AfriForum leaders |work=News24 (website) |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/p2-academic-adam-habib-hits-out-at-disgusting-afriforum-leaders-20180510}}</ref> Daga baya an rarraba takardar koke da ke yin Allah wadai da barazanar da ake yi wa malamai.<ref name="huffPocademicPetitionCirculated">{{Cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=Petition Against AfriForum Over Threat To Academics |work=Huffington Post South Africa |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2018/05/14/petition-against-afriforum-over-threat-to-academics_a_23434037/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051227/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2018/05/14/petition-against-afriforum-over-threat-to-academics_a_23434037/ |archive-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> Kungiyar ta jawo cece-kuce sosai a watan Mayu na 2018,<ref name="timesLiveUproarApartheid" /><ref name="bdlive-vanonselen-13032019" /><ref name="news24-apartheid-irr-13032019" /> lokacin da aka tambayi Shugaban Kamfanin AfriForum, Kallie Kriel, a karshen wata hira ta rediyo ko ya yi imani cewa wariyar launin fata laifi ne ga bil'adama, wanda ya amsa da cewa "Ban yi tunanin cewa wariyar launin fata laifi ne ga bil'adama ba, amma ina tunanin ya yi kuskure."<ref name="mgMay2018KrielApartheidCrime">{{Cite news |last=Kekana |first=Mashadi |date=14 May 2018 |title=I don't think apartheid was a crime against humanity – Afriforum's Kriel |work=Mail & Guardian |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-05-14-i-dont-think-apartheid-was-a-crime-against-humanity-afriforums-kallie-kriel}}</ref><ref name="citizenKrielApartheidCrime">{{Cite news |last=Nqola |first=Robinson |date=14 May 2018 |title=Apartheid was not a crime – AfriForum |publisher=The Citizen |url=https://citizen.co.za/news/news-cns/1926171/apartheid-was-not-a-crime-afriforum/}}</ref><ref name="timesLiveUproarApartheid">{{Cite news |last1=Modjadji |first1=Ngwako |last2=Goba |first2=Neo |date=15 May 2018 |title='Apartheid was not a crime against humanity': AfriForum CEO's remark sparks outrage |work=TimesLIVE |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-05-15-uproar-over-remark-that-apartheid-was-not-a-crime-against-humanity-by-afriforum-ceo/}}</ref><ref name="timesLiveWhoIsKriel">{{Cite news |last1=Modjadji |first1=Ngwako |last2=Goba |first2=Neo |date=15 May 2018 |title=Who is AfriForum CEO Kallie Kriel? |work=TimesLIVE |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-05-15-who-is-afriforum-ceo-kallie-kriel/}}</ref><ref name="iolKrielTryingToRevise">{{Cite news |date=16 May 2018 |title=Kriel trying to revise history |work=Independent Online (South Africa) |url=https://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/kriel-trying-to-revise-history-14998001}}</ref> Kungiyar ta taɓa bayyana wariyar launin fata a matsayin "abin da ake kira rashin adalci na tarihi"<ref name="huffPoFerialMorake">{{Cite news |last=Haffajee |first=Ferial |date=20 September 2017 |title=Ferial Haffajee: Tumi Morake, Solidarity And 21st Century Baasskap |work=Huffington Post |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/ferial-haffajee/ferial-haffajee-tumi-morake-solidarity-and-21st-century-baasskap_a_23216514/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922121614/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/ferial-haffajee/ferial-haffajee-tumi-morake-solidarity-and-21st-century-baasskap_a_23216514/ |archive-date=22 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="news24DuPreez2016Hijacking" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Modjadji |first1=Ngwako |last2=Goba |first2=Neo |date=15 May 2018 |title=Apartheid not a crime against humanity – AfriForum CEO |work=The Sowetan |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-05-15-apartheid-not-a-crime-against-humanity--afriforum-ceo/}}</ref><ref name="businessDayApartheidCrime">{{Cite news |last1=Modjadji |first1=Ngwako |last2=Goba |first2=Neo |date=15 May 2018 |title=Apartheid not a crime against humanity, says AfriForum CEO Kallie Kriel |work=Business Day (South Africa) |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-05-15-apartheid-not-a-crime-against-humanity--says-afriforum-ceo-kallie-kriel/}}</ref> kuma mataimakinta Ernst Roets ya bayyana wariyar launin fata a matsayin "ra'ayi mai ruɗani."<ref name="huffPoParallelState" /> A wata shafi a watan Mayu na 2018, Max du Preez ya bayyana matsayin AfriForum a matsayin "siyasar asalin gargajiya." Ya ce AfriForum "yanzu sun mamaye tattaunawar zamantakewa da siyasa a tsakanin fararen Afirkaner" kuma an "amince da su ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce masu taushi da shafuka daga manyan mambobin Afrikaans." Ya yi ikirarin cewa wasu Afirkaner da suka soki AfriForum an "yi musu mummunan nuni, cin zarafi, wulakanci har ma da barazana."<ref name="duPreezAfriForumDaProblem">{{Cite news |date=2018-05-15 |title=The problem AfriForum is causing the DA |work=News24 (website) |url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/the-problem-afriforum-is-causing-the-da-20180515 |url-status=dead |access-date=2018-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707134613/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/the-problem-afriforum-is-causing-the-da-20180515 |archive-date=7 July 2019}}</ref> A wata hira ta rediyo a watan Mayu na 2018, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Witwatersrand, Adam Habib, ya soki AfriForum saboda "haɗuwa da 'yan jari-hujja" kamar National Front na Faransa, Five Star Movement na Italiya, AfD na Jamus da kuma mai ba da shawara kan tsaron ƙasa na shugaban Amurka Donald Trump, John Bolton, wanda Habib ya ambata a yayin hirar a matsayin "wani sanannen ɗan jari-hujja," a lokacin ziyarar duniya ta Kriel da Roets a 2018.<ref name="iolKrielTryingToRevise" /> A watan Maris na 2019, AfriForum ta fitar da wani shirin gaskiya mai suna ''Disrupted Land'', game da sake fasalin filaye da kwace filaye a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Du Toit |first=Pieter |date=March 13, 2019 |title=South Africa: 'Verwoerd' Documentary Must be Retracted, Urges IRR, AfriForum Says 'Nee Wat' |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201903130571.html |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> A wani faifan bidiyo, wani mai hira ya kare manufofin HF Verwoerd. Wannan ya sa Cibiyar Harkokin Race ta zargi Afriforum da "tsarkake manufofin wariyar launin fata da kuma ta'addancin ayyukanta" da kuma "la'antar muguntar wariyar launin fata."<ref name="news24-apartheid-irr-13032019">{{Cite news |date=13 March 2019 |title='Verwoerd' documentary must be retracted, urges IRR, AfriForum says 'nee wat' |work=News24 (website) |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/verwoerd-documentary-must-retracted-urges-irr-afriforum-says-neewat-20190313}}</ref><ref name="bdlive-vanonselen-13032019">{{Cite news |last=van Onselen |first=Gareth |date=13 March 2019 |title=Gareth van Onselen: AfriForum's disgraceful and immoral documentary |work=Business Day (South Africa) |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/columnists/2019-03-13-gareth-van-onselen-afriforums-disgraceful-and-immoral-documentary/}}</ref> A watan Yuli na 2018, ''HuffPost South Africa'' ta wallafa wata jarida mai ikirari da yawa game da AfriForum. Binciken mai kula da harkokin jarida ya nuna cewa editan ya yi kuskure sosai ta hanyar zaton cewa AfriForum da Solidarity kungiya daya ce, kuma ikirari da ayyukan da aka danganta wa AfriForum sun shafi Solidarity gaba daya. Mai kula da harkokin jarida ya yi watsi da dalilin editan ''HuffPost'' cewa AfriForum da Solidarity kungiya daya ce saboda, a tsakanin sauran dalilai, duka biyun suna cikin "Solidarity Movement" kuma saboda ofisoshinsu na babban birni suna a gini daya. Mai kula da harkokin jarida ya yanke hukunci cewa kuskuren ''HuffPost'' "babban take hakki" ne na dokokin jarida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AfriForum vs. Huffington Post SA |url=https://presscouncil.org.za/Ruling/View/afriforum-vs-huffington-post-sa-4205 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111524/https://presscouncil.org.za/Ruling/View/afriforum-vs-huffington-post-sa-4205 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=3 March 2019 |publisher=Press Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=du Toit |first=Pieter |date=13 September 2017 |title=Tumi Morake: A Victim Of South Africa's 'Bell Pottinger' |language=en |work=Huffington Post South Africa |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/pieter-du-toit/tumi-morake-a-victim-of-south-africas-bell-pottinger_a_23207253/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913163426/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/pieter-du-toit/tumi-morake-a-victim-of-south-africas-bell-pottinger_a_23207253/ |archive-date=13 September 2017}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2022, AfriForum ta nemi a soke haramcin 2019 na nuna tsohuwar tutar Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{cite web | website=iAfrica | title=AfriForum To Appeal Judgment Banning Apartheid Flag | date=11 May 2022 | url=https://iafrica.com/afriforum-to-appeal-judgment-banning-apartheid-flag/ | access-date=2025-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.artikels.afriforum.co.za/en/judgment-reserved-in-flag-case/ | title=Judgment reserved in flag case | date=11 May 2022 | access-date=2025-02-04}}</ref> An tabbatar da hukuncin a watan Afrilu na 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZASCA/2023/58.html | title=Afriforum NPC v Nelson Mandela Foundation Trust and Others (371/2020) [2023] }}</ref> Gidauniyar Nelson Mandela ta taƙaita hukuncin: "Nunin banza na 'tsohuwar tutar wariyar launin fata' a zahiri yana nuna kalaman ƙiyayya."<ref>{{cite web | website=Nelson Mandela Foundation | url=https://www.nelsonmandela.org/news/entry/media-statement-apartheid-flag-sca-judgement | title=Media Statement: Apartheid Flag SCA Judgement | date=2023-04-21 | access-date=2025-02-04}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, sashin matasa na AfriForum sun manna takardu masu rubutun “Babu Farar Fata da Aka Bada Izinin Shiga” a fadin harabar Jami'ar Pretoria a matsayin zanga-zanga. Jami'ar ta mayar da martani ga lamarin da cewa: “Za mu ɗauki matakin ladabtarwa nan take a kan waɗanda ke da alhakin lalata dukiyar jami’ar, da kuma inganta wariyar launin fata a cibiyar ilimi mai zurfi da aka sadaukar domin ilimantarwa da sauya Afirka ta Kudu.”<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Wie is ons? |url=https://afriforum.co.za/oor-ons/ |work=Afriforum |trans-title=Who we are? |quote=AfriForum is ’n burgerregteorganisasie wat Afrikaners, Afrikaanssprekendes en ander minderheidsgroepe in Suid-Afrika mobiliseer en hul regte beskerm. [AfriForum kungiya ce ta kare hakkin farar hula da ke tattara Afirkaner, masu magana da Afrikaans da sauran kabilu a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma kare hakkinsu.]}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2025, Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump ya sanya hannu kan wata dokar zartarwa da ta dakatar da agajin kuɗi ga Afirka ta Kudu, yana mai ambaton damuwa game da manufofin kwace filaye da kuma karar kisan kiyashi da Afirka ta Kudu ta shigar a kan Isra'ila a Kotun Shari'ar Duniya.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Mackintosh | first = Thomas | title = Trump signs order freezing aid to South Africa over land law | work = BBC News | date = 2025-02-09 | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clykenglv32o | access-date = 2025-02-17 }}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2025, jam'iyyar uMkhonto weSizwe ta shigar da karar cin amanar kasa a kan AfriForum, tana mai cewa AfriForum ta yi tasiri a kan shawarar Trump ta hanyar zargin cewa ta yi lobbi don takunkumin, kuma ta zargi cewa sun lalata ikon ƙasa ta hanyar ba da bayanan karya. AfriForum ta musanta zarge-zargen.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Roelf | first = Wendell | title = South African party accuses white group of treason over Trump attack | work = Reuters | date = 2025-02-10 | url = https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-african-party-accuses-white-group-treason-over-trump-attack-2025-02-10 | access-date = 2025-02-17 }}</ref> Masana shari'a sun nuna cewa karar cin amanar kasa na iya zama da wuya a tabbatar da ita, saboda dole ne a tabbatar da niyyar lalata ikon ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Nyathi | first = Mandisa | title = MK party's treason case against AfriForum 'legally unfounded' | work = Mail & Guardian | date = 2025-02-13 | url = https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-02-13-mk-partys-treason-case-against-afriforum-legally-unfounded/ | access-date = 2025-02-17 }}</ref> Trump ya kuma ba da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira ga fararen manoma na Afirka ta Kudu, yana mai ambaton damuwa game da tsanantawa, amma AfriForum ta ƙi, tana mai tabbatar da alƙawarin su na ci gaba da zama a kasar.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Imray | first = Gerald | title = Trump says some white South Africans are oppressed and could be resettled in the US. They say no thanks | work = Associated Press | date = 2025-02-08 | url = https://apnews.com/article/trump-south-africa-afrikaners-0120efec17122b47e3371e0e39fe1db8 | access-date = 2025-02-17 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 893u5hnlvw1g1oanr2n71r8ryhsmd9m 0 105732 869362 660726 2026-06-27T11:52:20Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 869362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Schiaparelli's excavations - Theban region, Deir el-Medina, TT8, tomb and chapel of Kha and Merit, 1906, photo 21 of 46 - Archivio fotografico Museo Egizio, Turin C02045.jpg|thumb|'''Kabarin Kha da Merit''',]] '''Kabarin Kha da Merit''', wanda kuma aka sani da lambar kabarinsa Theban Tomb 8 ko TT8, shine wurin jana'izar da kuma binne tsohon shugaban Masar Kha da matarsa Merit, a cikin makabartar arewacin ƙauyen Deir el-Medina na ma'aikata. Kha ya kula da ma'aikatan da suka gina kaburburan sarki a lokacin mulkin fir'auna Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV da Amenhotep III (r. 1425 - 1353 BC) a tsakiyar daular sha takwas na farkon sabuwar Masarautar Masar. Ba a san asalinsa ba, wataƙila ya tashi zuwa matsayinsa ta hanyar fasaha kuma aƙalla sarki ɗaya ya ba shi lada. Shi da matarsa Merit sun haifi 'ya'ya uku da aka sani. Kha ya mutu a cikin shekarunsa 60, yayin da Merit ya mutu a gabansa, da alama ba zato ba tsammani, a cikin 20s ko 30s. An san ɗakin ma'aurata mai siffar dala tun aƙalla 1818 lokacin da Bernardino Drovetti ya sayi ɗaya daga cikin gidan jana'izarsu. An fara kwafin al'amuran ɗakin sujada a ƙarni na 19 ta masanan Masarautar farko da suka haɗa da John Gardiner Wilkinson da Karl Lepsius. Hotunan sun nuna Kha da Merit suna karɓar kyauta daga 'ya'yansu kuma suna bayyana a gaban Osiris, allahn matattu. An lalata kayan ado a cikin shekarun millennia, yana tabarbarewa saboda lalata tsarin da ayyukan ɗan adam. An datse kabarin Kha da Merit a gindin duwatsun daura da dakin ibadarsu. Wannan matsayi ya ba da damar binne shi cikin sauri ta hanyar tarkace da zaftarewar ƙasa ta ajiye da kuma gina kabari, inda aka ɓoye wurin da ’yan fashi na dā suka yi. An gano kabarin da bai damu ba a cikin watan Fabrairun 1906 a cikin tona asirin da Masanin ilimin Masar Ernesto Schiaparelli ya jagoranta a madadin Ofishin Jakadancin Italiyanci na Archaeological. Gidan jana'izar ya ƙunshi abubuwa sama da 400 da suka haɗa da tarkace da gadaje da aka tsara a hankali, akwatunan adana kaya masu kyau, tufafi da kayan aiki, tebura mai cike da abinci irin su burodi, nama da 'ya'yan itace, da kuma manyan sarcophagi na katako guda biyu na ma'auratan da ke ɗauke da mummies ɗin gawarsu. An saka jikin Merit da abin rufe fuska na jana'iza; An ba Kha ɗaya daga cikin sanannun kwafin Littafin Matattu. Mummyn su basu ta6a kwance ba. Rayukan X-ray, CT scan da kuma nazarin sinadarai sun bayyana cewa ba a yi amfani da su kamar yadda aka saba ba amma duka jikin biyu suna da kyau. Dukansu suna sanye da kayan adon ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin bandejinsu, kodayake Kha ce kaɗai ke da layukan jana'iza. Kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin kabarin an bayar da su ne ga ma'aikatan hakar ma'adanai kuma an tura su Italiya jim kadan bayan gano hakan. An nuna su a cikin Museo Egizio a Turin tun zuwan su, kuma an sadaukar da su duka. An sake fasalin wannan sau da yawa. == Aikin Kha da iyali == wani jami'i a ƙauyen ma'aikata da aka sani a yau da sunan Deir el-Medina a lokacin tsakiyar daular sha takwas ta Sabuwar Mulki.<ref>Ranke 1935, p. 263; Binder 2008, p. 240.</ref> Sau da yawa ana magana da shi a matsayin mai zane-zane ko mai tsarawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen zamani, ya jagoranci ma'aikatan da suka yanke da kuma yi ado da kaburburan sarauta a cikin kwarin Sarakuna ("Babban Wuri"<ref>Reeves & Wilkinson 2010, p. 18</ref>) a cikin mulkin Fir'auna guda uku masu zuwa: Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV, da Amenhotep III (r. 1425 - 1153 BC). Ba a san asalin Kha ba. Iyayensa daya tilo da aka shaida shi ne mahaifinsa, Iuy, wanda ba shi da lakabi kuma ba a san komai game da shi ba. Don haka ana kyautata zaton Kha ya samu matsayinsa ne ta hanyar fasaha.<ref>Vassilika 2010, p. 7.</ref> Kha yana da dangantaka ta kud da kud da wani jami'i mai suna Neferhebef, ya ba da shawarar ya zama mai ba shi shawara ko malami, wanda ya jagoranci gina kabarin Amenhotep II. An nuna Neferhebef tare da matarsa a wani wurin girmamawa a dakin jana'izar Kha, kuma sunansa ya bayyana a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin kabarin Kha.<ref>Russo 2012, pp. 15, 22, 73, 77</ref> Wataƙila Kha ya fara aikinsa a zamanin Amenhotep II, [19] mai yiwuwa yana aiki akan kabarin sarauta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Neferhebef. an ba shi lakabin “mai kula da ayyuka a cikin Babban Wuri” (imy-r kꜣ (w) t m st Ꜥꜣ (t)). Ya kuma sami lakabin "mai kula da ayyukan gwamnatin tsakiya" (imy-r kꜣ(w)t pr-Ꜥꜣ) da "marubuci sarki" (sš nswt).<ref>Russo suggests Kha entered the bureaucracy at the end of his career based on these two titles.[25] Eleni Vassilika suggests "royal scribe" was an early position he held,[17] while Russo considers it was late in his career based on the style and intricacy of the two staffs the title appears on.[26] The Egyptologist Dimitri Laboury [fr] doubts the title referred to Kha at all as the texts in both the chapel and tomb have many grammatical errors. He posits the sticks were gifts from a colleague who bore the title.[27]</ref> == Manazarta == 83jq8e98pt7rjgub1h3b1lo0gmmuvdo 0 105850 868904 795025 2026-06-26T21:15:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Abdou Traoré|image=Abdou Traoré 3.jpg|caption=Traoré training with [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] in 2015|fullname=Abdoulaye Traoré|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1988|01|17|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Bamako]], Mali|height=1.79 m|position=[[Midfielder]]|currentclub=|clubnumber=|youthyears1=2003–2005|youthclubs1=[[Cercle Olympique de Bamako|CO Bamako]]|youthyears2=2006–2008|youthclubs2=[[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Bordeaux]]|years1=2005–2006|clubs1=[[Cercle Olympique de Bamako|CO Bamako]]|caps1=47|goals1=14|years2=2008–2017|clubs2=[[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Bordeaux]]|caps2=91|goals2=2|years3=2010–2011|clubs3=→ [[OGC Nice|Nice]] (loan)|caps3=23|goals3=1|years4=2012–2017|clubs4=[[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Bordeaux B]]|caps4=26|goals4=1|years5=2018|clubs5=[[Al-Nahda Club (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Nahda]]|caps5=13|goals5=0|nationalyears1=2009–|nationalteam1=[[Mali national football team|Mali]]|nationalcaps1=38|nationalgoals1=3|club-update=18:46, 20 December 2020 (UTC)|nationalteam-update=18:46, 20 December 2020 (UTC)}} '''Abdoulaye Traoré''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1988)' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Mali ' wanda kwanan nan ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na Al-Nahda a 2018 da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Mali. == Ayyukan kulob din == An haife shi a [[Bamako]], Traoré ya fara aikinsa ' tare da Cercle Olympique de Bamako, inda ya buga wasan farko na sana'a a cikin ' Malien Premiere Division. Bayan shekara guda a cikin Malien Premiere Division ' ya sanya hannu a FC Girondins na Bordeaux a watan Yulin 2006. Ya ' buga wasanni 43 a cikin shekaru biyu ga ƙungiyar ajiyar Bordeaux, ya zira kwallaye uku, ' kafin a ci gaba da shi zuwa ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] a watan Yulin 2008.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017, an sanar da cewa Traoré zai bar Bordeaux a karshen kakar 2016-17 bayan ya kwashe shekaru 11 a kulob din. A lokacin da ' yake Girondins ya buga wasanni 91 na Ligue 1, 6 ne kawai suka zo ' a kakar wasa ta karshe a can. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Traoré ' tsohon memba ne na kungiyoyin matasa na Mali ' kuma ya fara fitowa a tawagar kasar Mali a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2009 a ' kan Angola.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Manufofin kasa da kasa === : ''Scores da sakamakon lissafin burin Mali na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Traoré.''<ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Traoré, Abdou |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/29888/Abdou_Traore.html |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=National-football-teams.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Abdou Traoré ya zira ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar |- | align="center" |1 |9 ga Oktoba 2010 |Filin wasa na Modibo Keïta, [[Bamako]], Mali |{{Fb|LBR}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |cancantar gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2012 |- | align="center" |2 |17 ga Nuwamba 2010 |[[Stade Roger Rochard|Filin wasa na Roger Rochard]], Évreux, Faransa |{{Fb|COD}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |3–1 |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |3 |24 Maris 2013 |Filin wasa na Amahoro, [[Kigali]], Rwanda |{{Fb|RWA}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–1 |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2014 |} == Daraja == '''Bordeaux''' * [[Ligue 1|Lig 1]]: 2008-09 * Kofin League: 2008-09 * Kofin Faransa: 2012-13 '''Mali''' * [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka]] tagulla: 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali name final 2012 Afcon squad |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/815/2013-africa-cup-of-nations/2012/01/12/2843550/mali-coach-alain-giresse-names-final-2012-africa-cup-of |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=Goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Africa Cup of Nations matches |url=https://africanfootball.com/tournament-matches/25/2012-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/ |website=Africanfootball.com |access-date=2025-07-15 |archive-date=2022-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126114426/https://africanfootball.com/tournament-matches/25/2012-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{LFP|traore-abdou}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] c84zyb4ibtg398z5w4zu2bs5uwdyksj 0 106054 868710 799413 2026-06-26T13:50:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Matsayin ƴancin addini a Afirka ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. [[Jaha|Jihohi]] na iya bambanta bisa ga ko suna ba da tabbacin [[Daidaito a Fuskar Doka|daidaito a karkashin doka]] ga mabiyan addinai daban-daban, ko sun kafa [[Addinin ƙasa|addinin jihar]] (da kuma tasirin doka da wannan ke da shi ga masu aiki da wadanda ba masu aiki ba), yadda kungiyoyin addinai da ke aiki a cikin ƙasar ke da 'yan sanda, da kuma yadda ake amfani da Dokar addini a matsayin tushen tsarin shari'ar ƙasar. Akwai ƙarin bambance-bambance tsakanin wasu ƙasashe da suka yi ikirarin kansu na 'yancin addini a cikin doka da kuma ainihin aikin hukumomin iko a cikin waɗancan ƙasashe: kafawar ƙasa na daidaito na addini a cikin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|kundin tsarin mulki]] ko [[Doka|dokoki]] ba lallai ba ne ya fassara zuwa' yancin aiki ga mazaunan ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, irin waɗannan ayyuka (kamar samun 'yan ƙasa su gano abin da suka fi so na addini ga gwamnati ko a kan katunan tantancewa) na iya samun sakamako daban-daban dangane da wasu yanayin zamantakewar siyasa na musamman ga ƙasashen da ake magana a kai. <onlyinclude>Yawancin ƙasashe a [[Afirka]] sun kafa doka cewa 'yancin addini haƙƙin da aka ba wa dukkan mutane. Har zuwa inda ake aiwatar da wannan a aikace ya bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Kasashe da yawa suna da dokokin adawa da nuna bambanci waɗanda ke hana nuna bambanci na addini. Kasashe da yawa, musamman a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] da [[Kudancin Afirka]], suna da babban matakin haƙuri na addini, kamar yadda gwamnati ta tilasta, kuma kamar yadda halayen al'umma suka nuna.<ref name=":55">{{Cite web |title=US State Dept 2017 report on Togo |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/togo/}}</ref><ref name=":59">{{Cite web |title=US State Dept 2017 report on Zimbabwe |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zimbabwe/}}</ref> Sauran, duk da haka, suna da matakai masu mahimmanci na nuna bambanci na addini, ko dai ana yin su ta hanyar kayan aikin gwamnati ko kuma ta jama'a gaba ɗaya. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Comoros |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/comoros |access-date=25 May 2016 |website=US State Department Report on Religious Freedom 2013}}</ref> Kungiyoyin da ke fuskantar manyan matakan nuna bambanci na doka a Afirka sun hada da Musulmai (a cikin mafi yawan ƙasashen Kirista), Kiristoci (a cikin yawancin ƙasashen Musulmai), masu bin addinin Bahá'í, Musulmai Ahmadiyya (a cikin ƙasashen Musulmi), da Rastafarians.<ref name="state.gov2">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/swaziland |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref><ref name="us_dos_egypt">{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of State |date=2004-09-15 |title=Egypt: International Religious Freedom Report |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/egypt |access-date=2006-10-20 |publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor}}</ref><ref name=":40">{{Cite web |title=US State Dept 2017 report on Malawi |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/malawi/}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wasu ƙasashe suna da matakai masu mahimmanci na ƙiyayya da [[Mulhidanci|masu musun wanzuwar Allah]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Winston |first=Kimberly |date=4 January 2018 |title=Egyptian Parliament considers outlawing atheism |url=https://wwrn.org/articles/47402/ |access-date=26 March 2018 |publisher=World-Wide Religions News (WWRN)}}</ref> Wasu ƙasashe sun haramta maita.Kasashe da yawa sun kafa Islama a matsayin addinin jihar, kuma wasu ƙasashe masu yawan Musulmai suna da muhimmiyar kulawa ta gwamnati game da ayyukan Islama a kasar, har zuwa ciki har da kafa kotunan addinin Islama, waɗanda aka fi amfani da su don Dokar iyali.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Comoros's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2009 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Comoros_2009.pdf |access-date=25 May 2016 |website=Constitute Project}}</ref><ref name="US St Report 2012">{{Cite web |title=Djibouti |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2012-report-on-international-religious-freedom/djibouti |access-date=25 May 2016 |website=US State Department Religious Freedom Report 2012}}</ref><ref name=":56">{{Cite web |title=US State Dept 2017 report on Tunisia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/tunisia/}}</ref><ref name=":46">{{Cite web |title=US State Dept 2017 report on Niger |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/niger/}}</ref> Wadannan kotuna yawanci suna nan ban da kotuna na duniya, kuma yawanci suna da matsayi na ƙasa, kodayake wannan ba koyaushe ba ne.<ref name="SJS">{{Cite web |last=Dr Andre Le Sage |date=1 June 2005 |title=Stateless Justice in Somalia |url=http://www.hdcentre.org/files/Somalia%20report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118151830/http://www.hdcentre.org/files/Somalia%20report.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=2009-06-26 |publisher=Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue}}</ref> Kasashe da yawa suna buƙatar ƙungiyoyin addini su yi rajista tare da gwamnati, <ref name="UGA2022">{{Cite web |title=US State Dept 2022 report on Uganda |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uganda/}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Emma |date=2013-10-30 |title=When Governments Go After Witches - Ryan Jacobs |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/10/when-governments-go-after-witches/280856/ |access-date=2014-04-19 |publisher=The Atlantic}}</ref> kuma wasu sun hana kafa jam'iyyun siyasa na addini. <ref name="Constitution">{{Cite web |title=Djibouti's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Djibouti_2010.pdf?lang=en |access-date=25 May 2016 |website=Constitute Project}}</ref> Kasashe da yawa suna ba da kuɗi ga cibiyoyin addini da / ko aikin hajji.<ref name="CdIReport">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-02 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/cote-divoire/ |website=state.gov |publisher=[[US Department of State]]}}</ref> Rikicin addini yana nan a wasu ƙasashe, musamman waɗanda ke da babban matakin rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa ko tashin hankali.<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |title=US State Dept 2017 report on Somalia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/somalia/}}</ref> == Aljeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Aljeriya ne ya tsara 'yancin yin addini a kasar Aljeriya, wanda ya ayyana Musulunci a matsayin addini na kasa (Mataki na 2) amma kuma ya bayyana cewa "'yancin akida da ra'ayi ba shi da iyaka" (Mataki na 36); ta haramta wariya, Mataki na ashirin da tara ya ce "Dukkan 'yan kasa suna daidai a gaban doka. Ba za a iya nuna bambanci ba saboda haihuwa, launin fata, jima'i, ra'ayi ko wani yanayi na mutum ko zamantakewa ko yanayi". A aikace, gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan, tare da wasu keɓantacce. == Angola == Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Angola ya bayyana jihar a matsayin mai zaman kanta; yana ba da 'yancin lamiri, addini, da ibada, ya haramta nuna bambanci na addini, kuma yana buƙatar jihar ta kare majami'u da kungiyoyin addini muddin sun bi doka. [[Kiristanci]] shine addinin mafi yawan jama'a, tare da kusan 40% na bin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] da 40% na bin ƙungiyar Furotesta; 10% ba su da alaƙa da addini. Har ila yau, akwai ƙaramin al'ummar [[Musulmi]], an kiyasta a cikin mabiya 80-90,000.<ref name="ANG" /> Gwamnati ta haramta kungiyoyin addinai 17 a Cabinda kan tuhume-tuhumen yin mummunar al'adun fitar da aljanu a kan manya da yara da ake zargi da "maƙaryaci," ba bisa ka'ida ba suna gudanar da ayyukan addini a gidaje, kuma ba a yi rajista ba. Kodayake doka ba ta yarda da wanzuwar maita ba, ayyukan zamba da aka aikata yayin yin addini ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. Ba a tsananta wa mambobin wadannan kungiyoyi ba, amma an yanke wa shugabannin biyu hukunci a shekara ta 2006 na cin zarafin yara kuma an yanke musu hukuncin shekaru 8 a kurkuku. == Benin == {{Main|Freedom of religion in Benin}} Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Benin ya kafa wata jiha ta duniya kuma ya ba da 'yancin tunani na addini, faɗar albarkacin baki, da aiki. Ana ba da izinin ƙungiyoyin addini a [[Benin]] su kafa makarantu masu zaman kansu, amma makarantun gwamnati ba na addini ba ne kuma dole ne ba su koyar da addini ba. == Botswana == Dokar Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Botswana tana ba da 'yancin addini, kuma gwamnati tana aiwatar da wannan a kowane mataki.<ref name=":20">United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. [https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/botswana/ Botswana: International Religious Freedom Report 2022].</ref> Ilimin addini wani bangare ne na manhaja a makarantu na gwamnati; yana mai da hankali kan Kiristanci (addinin kusan kashi 70% na al'ummar kasa<ref name="pew">[http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/botswana/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=20100 Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Botswana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190527/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/botswana/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=20100 |date=2013-12-16 }}. Pew Research Center. 2010.</ref>) amma yana kuma ambato sauran kungiyoyin addini a cikin kasar. Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi cewa kowace al’umma na addini na iya kafa wuraren koyar da addini a bisa kudin al’umma. Kundin tsarin mulki ya hana tilasta koyar da addini, shiga bukukuwan addini da tilasta rantsuwa da ke sabawa imanin mutum.<ref name=":20" /> == Burkina Faso == Sashe na 31 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Burkina Faso ya bayyana cewa Burkina Faso kasa ce mai bin tsarin sekula.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Burkina_Faso_2012.pdf?lang=en|title= Constitute Report website, 2012 report on Burkina Faso|website=Constitute Project|access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref> Makarantun gwamnati ba sa bayar da koyarwar addini. Kungiyoyin Musulmi, Katolika da Protestant na gudanar da makarantu na firamare da na sakandare. Duk da cewa jami’an makarantu suna gabatar da sunayen daraktocin su ga gwamnati don rijista, gwamnati ba ta nada ko tantance wadannan jami’an ba.<ref name=":23">US State Dept [https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/burkina-faso/ Burkina Faso: International Religious Freedom Report 2022].</ref> A shekarar 2022, fiye da kashi 20% na makarantu sun rufe sakamakon hare-haren 'yan ta'adda.<ref name=":23" /> == Burundi == Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Burundi ya bayyana kasar a matsayin mai bin tsarin sekula; yana kuma tanadar da 'yancin kai da addini da hana wariyar addini. Doka na bukatar kungiyoyin addini su yi rijista da Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida kafin su fara aiki.<ref>US State Dept [https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/burundi Burundi: International Religious Freedom Report 2022].</ref> == Cameroon == Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Cameroon yana ba da damar 'yancin addini da bautawa; babu wani addini da aka bayyana a matsayin na kasa. Kungiyoyin mishan suna aiki ba tare da wani tangarda ba.<ref name=":24a">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/cameroon/ US State Dept, 2022 report on Cameroon]</ref> Wasu kungiyoyin addini suna gudanar da makarantu na firamare da sakandare; yayin da makarantu na gwamnati ba sa koyar da addini, makarantu masu zaman kansu na iya yin hakan.<ref name=":24a" /> == Cape Verde == Kundin tsarin mulki yana ba da 'yancin addini da bautawa, kuma yana kare 'yancin mutum na zabar, aikata, bayyana, da sauya addininsa.<ref name=Cabo>[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/cabo-verde/ US State Dept 2021 report on Cabo Verde]</ref> Cocin Katolika tana da matsayin musamman a rayuwar kasa; misali, a baya gwamnati ta ba Cocin Katolika damar watsa shirye-shiryen addini kyauta a talabijin (kimanin kashi 85% na al’ummar Cape Verde Katolika ne).<ref>United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2007/90087.htm Cape Verde: International Religious Freedom Report 2007].</ref> A shekarar 2021, ba a samu rahoton wani muhimmin abu da ya shafi 'yancin addini daga cikin al'umma ba.<ref name=Cabo /> == Central African Republic == Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya ayyana kasar a matsayin mai bin tsarin sekula. Hakanan yana ba da damar 'yancin addini da kariya daidai a karkashin doka.<ref name=":25">US State Dept [https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/central-african-republic/ Central African Republic: International Religious Freedom Report 2021].</ref> Dalibai ba sa tilastawa shiga darussan addini, suna da 'yancin halartar kowanne shiri na addini da suka zaba. Ko da yake gwamnati ba ta hana koyar da addini a makarantu na gwamnati kai tsaye, irin wannan koyarwar ba ta cikin tsarin manhajar makarantu gaba daya kuma ba kasafai ake samunta ba.<ref name=":25" /> A baya, sihiri ya kasance laifi a karkashin dokar hukunta laifuka, inda ake yanke hukunci na kisa, ko da yawanci hukuncin yakan kasance shekaru 1 zuwa 5 a kurkuku ko tara har zuwa dala $1,500 (817,836 CFA francs); an fi cafke wadanda ake zargi da sihiri tare da wasu laifuka kamar kisa.<ref name=":25a">United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. [https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/central-african-republic Central African Republic: International Religious Freedom Report 2007].</ref> Kungiyoyin addini da gwamnati ta dauka a matsayin “masu tayar da hankali”, wani kalma da ba a fayyace ta ba, na fuskantar hukunci daga Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida. Lokacin da za a dauki matakin hukunci, ma’aikatar za ta iya kin rijista, dakatar da aiki, ko haramta kowace kungiya da ta ga tana cin karo da tarbiyya ko mai tayar da hankali. Ma’aikatar kuma na iya shiga cikin harkokin kungiyoyin addini don warware matsalolin cikin gida da suka shafi kadarori, kudi, ko shugabanci.<ref name=":5"/> == Chad == Sashe na 1 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Chadi yana ayyana kasar a matsayin kasa mai bin tsarin sekula kuma “yana tabbatar da rarrabuwar addini da gwamnati”.<ref name="Constitute Project">{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2005.pdf?lang=en|title=2005 report on Chad|website=Constitute Project|access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref> Sai dai wasu manufofi na fifita Musulunci a aikace. Misali, wani kwamiti da ke kunshe da membobin Majalisar Addinin Musulunci ta Chadi da Daraktan Harkokin Addini a Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida ne ke shirya tafiyar Hajj da Umra. A baya, Kungiyar Cocin Evangelical ta Chadi ta soki tafiyar Hajj da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta da cewa tana dusar da matsayin sekula na kasa.<ref name=":26">{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/10/chad.pdf|title=Chad: International Religious Freedom Report 2007|date=2007|publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US State Department|access-date=2025-07-16|archive-date=2022-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411090330/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/10/chad.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Gwamnati na kula da ayyukan Musulmi ta hannun Majalisar Addinin Musulunci mai goyon bayan gwamnati. Wannan Majalisar tare da hadin gwiwar shugaban kasa suna da alhakin nada babban limamin kasa – wanda ke jagorantar manyan limamai a yankuna kuma ke zama shugaban majalisar. A ka’ida, babban limami na da ikon dakile yada addini daga wasu kungiyoyin Musulunci, daidaita abun da ake fadi a cikin huduba a masallatai, da kuma kula da ayyukan kungiyoyin agaji na Musulmi. Kungiyoyin Al Mountada al Islami da World Association for Muslim Youth an hana su aiki saboda suna bayyana tashin hankali a matsayin bangare na addini. Gwamnati ta kuma haramta kungiyar Sufi ta Al Faid al-Djaria saboda yin wasu al’adun da suka saba wa Musulunci kamar waka da rawa a cikin ibada.<ref name=":26" /> Shugabannin addini na da hannu wajen kula da dukiyar kasa. Wakili daga bangaren addini yana zaune a Kwalejin Gudanar da Kudaden Shiga, wadda ke kula da rabon kudaden mai. Wannan kujera na yawo tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi da na Kirista duk bayan shekaru 4.<ref name=":26" /> Makarantun gwamnati na koyar da darussa a Faransanci, yayin da makarantun biyu harshe ke koyarwa da Faransanci da Larabci. Gwamnati ta hana koyar da addini a makarantu na gwamnati, amma tana ba dukkan kungiyoyin addini damar kafa makarantun kansu ba tare da matsala ba. Rashin ingancin tsarin ilimi a Chadi ya sa iyalai da dama na Musulmi ke juyowa zuwa makarantun Musulunci don ba 'ya'yansu damar samun ilimi da ba za su iya samu ba. Kusan dukkan manyan garuruwa na da akalla daya ko fiye da hakan daga cikin makarantun Musulunci masu zaman kansu. Ko da yake gwamnati ba ta fitar da takamaiman bayanan kudin makarantu ba, ana fahimta cewa yawancin makarantun Musulunci na samun kudin tallafi daga masu bayar da taimako daga kasashen Larabawa kamar Saudi Arabia, Egypt, da Libya.<ref name=":26" /> == Comoros == Dokar kundin tsarin mulkin Comoros ta tanadi 'yancin addini, amma gwamnati na takura wannan 'yanci a aikace. A shekara ta 2009, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulki kwaskwarima da ta tabbatar da addinin Musulunci a matsayin addinin kasa.<ref name="auto" /> Baƙi da aka kama suna wa'azin wani addini banda Musulunci na fuskantar korar ƙasa. Ƴan ƙasa da suka sauya daga Musulunci sukan fuskanci ƙin yarda daga al'umma.<ref name="auto1a">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/Comoros/ US State Dept 2022 rahoto kan Comoros]</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin ya bayyana cewa Babban Mufti na Comoros ana naɗa shi ta shugaban ƙasa, kuma zai jagoranci Babban Hukumar Kasa Mai Kula da Al'amuran Addini. Zai kuma ba gwamnati shawara kan aiwatar da dokokin Musulunci.<ref name="auto1a" /> Ana koyar da ƙa'idodin Musulunci tare da harshen Larabci a makarantu na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, da kuma a makarantun yara.<ref name="auto1a" /> Akwai bambanci da nuna wariya ga 'yan ƙasa marasa addinin Musulunci a wasu sassa na al'umma.<ref name="auto1a" /> == Jamhuriyar Dimokraɗiyyar Congo == Kundin tsarin mulki na bayar da 'yancin addini kuma yana haramta wariyar addini.<ref name="report3">[https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/240282-CONGO-DEM-REP-2020-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf Rahoto kan 'Yancin Addini 2020: Jamhuriyar Dimokraɗiyyar Congo]. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor ''Wannan labarin yana ɗauke da rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda ke cikin domain na jama'a.''</ref> Sai dai rikici tsakanin Musulmai da sauran ƙungiyoyin addini, musamman Kiristocin Congo, ya faru tun daga shekara ta 2014 a North Kivu dangane da tawagar ‘yan tawaye na Allied Democratic Forces da suka fara a Uganda.<ref name=":6"/> Ana zargin tawagar Allied Democratic Forces da ke da ra'ayin siyasa na Islamism da aikata kisan gillar Beni a watan Agusta 2016. Dokar ta tanadi kafa da gudanar da cibiyoyin addini kuma tana bukatar ƙungiyoyin addini masu aiki da gaske su yi rijista da gwamnati; bukatun rijistar sun kasance masu sauki kuma ba a nuna wariya wajen aiwatar da su. A aikace, ƙungiyoyin addini da ba su yi rijista ba suna gudanar da ayyukansu ba tare da hanawa ba.<ref name="report3" /> == Djibouti == Sashe na farko na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Djibouti ya tabbatar da Musulunci a matsayin addinin kasa kadai, yayin da Sashe na 11 ya tanadi daidaito ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da addininsu ba da kuma 'yancin yin ibada. Sauran sashe-sashe na kundin mulki suna maimaita wannan daidaito akai-akai.<ref name="Constitution"/><ref name="constitution2">{{cite web|url=http://www.adi.dj/constitut/constitut_dj.htm|title=Constitution de la République de Djibouti|publisher=Agence Djiboutienne d'Information|language=fr|access-date=30 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125063016/http://www.adi.dj/constitut/constitut_dj.htm|archive-date=25 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin ya kuma haramta jam'iyyun siyasa da suka dogara da addini a Sashe na 6.<ref name="Constitution" /> A cewar rahoton International Religious Freedom 2014, duk da cewa Musulmin Djibouti suna da haƙƙin sauya addini ko yin aure da wanda ba Musulmi ba, sukan fuskanci rashin yarda daga dangi da ƙabilarsu, ko kuma daga al’umma gabaɗaya, kuma sukan fuskanci matsin lamba don komawa Musulunci.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4b20f03523.html|title=Djibouti: Hali da yadda ake mu’amala da Kirista, da halin da masu sauya addini ke fuskanta (2000–2009)|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|date=5 August 2009|publisher=Unhcr.org|access-date=2010-06-20}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an kafa wata doka da ta bai wa Ma’aikatar Harkokin Addini ikon sa ido da tsari a masallatai na Djibouti, har da saƙonnin da ake isarwa lokacin sallar Juma'a. Daga 2022, Ma’aikatar Harkokin Addini na duba hudubobin sallar Juma’a gaba ɗaya.<ref name=US2022>[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/djibouti/ US State Dept 2022 rahoto kan Djibouti]</ref> A shekarar 2014, gwamnati ta fitar da wata doka da ta canza matsayin limamai zuwa ma’aikatan gwamnati karkashin Ma’aikatar Harkokin Addini da kuma mallakar masallatai da dukiyoyinsu ga gwamnati. Sakataren Ma’aikatar Harkokin Addini ya bayyana cewa wannan doka na da nufin kawar da harkokin siyasa daga masallatai da kuma ƙara sa ido kan kadarorin da ayyukan masallatai. Jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana cewa dokar tana da nufin dakile tasirin ƙasashen waje a masallatai.<ref name=":27">"[https://www.state.gov/reports/2015-report-on-international-religious-freedom/djibouti Djibouti 2015 Rahoton 'Yancin Addini"]. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved October 15, 2016.</ref> A cewar Sashe na 23 na Dokar Iyali, namiji wanda ba Musulmi ba na iya auren Musulma ne kawai bayan ya musulunta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/djibouti|title=Djibouti|website=US State Department Rahoton 'Yancin Addini|access-date=17 May 2016}}</ref> Gwamnati ba ta amince da auratayya da ba ta da tushe na Musulunci ba; tana amince da auren da aka gudanar ne ta hanyar Ma’aikatar Harkokin Addini ko kuma Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida.<ref name=":27" /> Makarantun gwamnati ba na addini ba ne, sai dai Ma’aikatar Harkokin Addini na bukatar a koyar da darasin tarbiyya da ɗabi’a (mai ɗauke da ka'idojin Musulunci); dole ne makarantun masu zaman kansu su koyar da wannan darasi ma.<ref name=US2022 /> == Masar == A cikin kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 2014, 'yancin imani yana da "cikakken iko" kuma an tabbatar da aiwatar da ibada a Masar, duk da haka gwamnati ta dade tana zaluntar ƙananan ƙabilar Koptik da addinai da ba a amince da su ba.<ref>Sashe na 64 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 2014</ref> Musulunci ne addinin kasa, kuma Shari’a ita ce tushen dokoki na zamani.<ref>Sashe na 2 na kundin tsarin mulki na Masar</ref> Yawancin al’umar Masar sun fi zama Sunni Musulmai. Shi’a Musulmai ba su da yawa – ƙasa da kashi 1 cikin ɗari na yawan jama’a.<ref name="Washington Institute2">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2386|title=The Copts and Their Political Implications in Egypt|date=October 25, 2005|publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy}}</ref> Hasashen kashi na Kiristoci na tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 20 cikin ɗari.<ref name="Washington Institute2" /> === Mu'amala da Kiristocin Koptik === Kiristocin Koptik, ƙabila kuma addini guda da suka samo asali a Masar, suna fuskantar wariya daga matakan gwamnati da dama, daga ƙarancin wakilci a ma'aikatun gwamnati, zuwa dokoki da ke takaita gina ko gyaran coci. Suna da ƙarancin wakilci a harkar tsaro, 'yan sanda, da ma'aikatan gwamnati kuma ana nuna musu bambanci a wuraren aiki bisa addininsu. A shekarar 2009, Pew Forum ya sanya Masar a cikin ƙasashe 12 mafi muni dangane da tashin hankali kan ƙananan addinai da kuma matsin lamba ga Kiristoci.<ref name=":2" /> === Mu'amala da Musulman Ahmadiyya === Harakar Ahmadiyya a Masar na da mabiya har 50,000.<ref name=":3"/> An kafa harakar a shekarar 1922<ref>Yohanan Friedmann. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8EAAAACAAJ] Oxford University Press, 2003 p.24</ref> amma ta fuskanci ƙarin tsanani da zalunci daga gwamnati a ƙarni na 21. Jami'ar Al-Azhar ta ƙi amincewa da 'yan Ahmadiyya,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84wAAwAAQBAJ|title=Women Under Islam: Gender Justice and the Politics of Islamic Law|last1=Jones-Pauly|first1=Christina|last2=Tuqan|first2=Abir Dajani|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84511-386-5|page=416}}</ref> kuma an yi musu dirar mikiya daga 'yan sanda tare da wasu kungiyoyin Musulmai da gwamnati ta ke ganin masu sabawa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/insult-laws-elusive-and-longstanding/|title=Insult laws: Elusive and longstanding|author=Sarah Carr|date=19 November 2012|work=Egypt Independent|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref> === Magani ga Baháʼí === Katin shaidar dan kasa da gwamnati ke bayarwa a Masar a baya suna bayyana addinin mai rike da katin, amma gwamnati tana daukar addinai guda uku kacal a matsayin halal: Musulunci, Kiristanci, da Yahudanci. A matsayinsu na wata kungiya ta addini da gwamnati ba ta amince da ita ba kuma wadda ta sha wahala da tsangwama daga gwamnati cikin yawancin karni na 20, mabiya addinin Baháʼí a Masar (kimanin mutane 2,000<ref name="irinnews_suspension2">{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=26887|title=EGYPT: Court suspends ruling recognising Bahai (sic) rights|author=IRIN|date=2006-05-16|publisher=Reuters|access-date=2008-03-28}}</ref>) sun dogara da wasu ma’aikatan gwamnati masu tausayi don su samu katin ID da aka rubuta alamar '-’ ko 'sauran' ko kuma 'Baháʼí'.<ref name="us_dos_egypt"/> Bayan da Masar ta fara amfani da tsarin katin ID na lantarki a shekarun 1990s, an kulle tsarin ne don kar ya yarda da addinin da ba a rubuta ba, ko wani addini banda Musulunci, Kiristanci ko Yahudanci. Saboda haka, wadanda ke da wata akida daban (ko babu) ba su samun damar samun takardun shaidar gwamnati kamar katin dan kasa, takardar haihuwa, takardar mutuwa, takardar aure ko saki, ko fasfo - wadanda ake bukata domin amfani da hakkinsu a cikin kasar, sai dai su yi karya game da addininsu. Baháʼí sun zama kamar ba 'yan kasa ba ne, ba su da damar samun aiki, ilimi, da duk wasu ayyukan gwamnati, har da kula da lafiya a asibiti.<ref name="middle_east_times">{{cite web|url=http://www.metimes.com/storyview.php?StoryID=20061220-033209-2100r|title=Egypt's Bahais (sic) denied citizenship rights |last=Mayton |first=Joseph |date=2006-12-19 |publisher=Middle East Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406052350/http://www.metimes.com/ |archive-date=2009-04-06 |url-status=dead |access-date=2006-12-28}}</ref> A cikin jerin karar kotu daga 2006 zuwa 2008, alkalai sun yanke hukunci cewa ya kamata gwamnati ta bayar da katin ID da aka rubuta alamar '-’ a maimakon rubuta addini ga mabiya Baháʼí.<ref name="bns-cardissued2">{{cite web|url=http://news.bahai.org/story/726|title=First identification cards issued to Egyptian Baha'is (sic) using a "dash" instead of religion |date=2009-08-14 |publisher=Baháʼí News Service |access-date=2009-08-16}}</ref> Ana ganin cewa an warware wannan batu tun daga shekarar 2009.<ref name="bns-cardissued2" /> === Magani ga wadanda ba su da addini === Akwai 'yan Masar da ke bayyana kansu a matsayin marasa addini ko masu shakku da addinai. Amma yana da wahala a tantance yawan su saboda matsin lamba da ake yi wa wadanda ba su da addini wanda ke hana su bayyana ra'ayoyinsu a fili.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2013/05/28/Who-is-afraid-of-Egyptian-atheists-.html|title=Who is afraid of Egyptian atheists?|publisher=Al Arabiya|access-date=2013-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/02/02/192028.html|title=Controversial Egyptian film 'The Atheist' gets go ahead by censors|access-date=2012-07-10|publisher=Al Arabiya}}</ref> Bugu da kari, duk wata magana a fili da za a iya dauka a matsayin suka ga Musulunci ko Kiristanci na iya fuskantar hukunci a karkashin dokar sabo ta kasar. Wadanda ke da ra'ayin rashin addini irin su Alber Saber sun taba yanke musu hukunci a karkashin wannan doka. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa yawan wadanda ba su da addini yana karuwa musamman a tsakanin matasan kasar, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu suna hulda da juna ta hanyar intanet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/01/24/leaving-islam-in-the-age-of-islamism/|title=Leaving Islam in the age of Islamism|date=2013-01-24|work=Daily News|access-date=2014-03-31}}</ref><ref name="note62">{{cite news|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/513/eg7.htm|title=Limits to expression|last=Halawi|first=Jailan|date=December 27, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226194856/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/513/eg7.htm|archive-date=December 26, 2004|url-status=dead|publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2013, wani jaridar Masar ta ruwaito cewa mutum miliyan uku daga cikin miliyan 84 da ke kasar ba su da addini.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-24992270|title=Egypt: Are there really three million atheists?|date=2013-11-19|access-date=2014-11-15|work=BBC News}}</ref> Duk da cewa gwamnati ta gane wannan ci gaban, tana daukar sa a matsayin wata matsala da ake bukatar yakar ta, tana kwatanta ta da tsattsauran ra’ayi na addini.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madamasr.com/en/2014/06/19/news/u/govt-announces-campaign-to-save-youth-from-atheism/|title=Govt announces campaign to save youth from atheism|publisher=Mada Masr|access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref> Duk da kin jinin da ake yi musu, masu ra’ayin rashin addini a Masar sun kara bayyana ra’ayoyinsu a dandamalin intanet kamar YouTube da Facebook tun bayan juyin juya halin Masar na 2011, inda wasu daga cikin bidiyoyin da ke magana a kan rashin addini ke samun miliyoyin masu kallo.{{fact|date=January 2020}} A wani binciken Pew Research na 2011 da aka gudanar kan Musulmai 1,798 a Masar, kashi 63% sun bayyana goyon bayansu ga hukuncin kisa ga wanda ya bar addinin Musulunci.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2013/04/worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-full-report.pdf|title=The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society|date=30 April 2013|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130909200653/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2013/04/worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-full-report.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-09|url-status=dead|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Duk da haka, babu irin wannan hukunci a dokokin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/egypt|title=US State Dept, Egypt 2022 International Religious Freedom Report}}</ref> A watan Janairu 2018, shugaban kwamitin addini na majalisar dokokin kasar, Amr Hamroush, ya ba da shawarar wata doka da za ta haramta rashin addini, yana cewa "ya kamata a dauke shi a matsayin saba wa addini saboda wadanda ba su da addini ba su da wata akida kuma suna yunkurin cin zarafin addinan Ibrahimiyya." == Equatorial Guinea == Kundin tsarin mulkin Equatorial Guinea yana ba da damar 'yancin addini, kuma yana haramta kafa jam’iyyun siyasa bisa tushen addini. Dokar ba ta kafa wani addini a matsayin addinin kasa ba, amma gwamnati na nuna fifiko ga Cocin Katolika da Cocin Reformed na Equatorial Guinea, wadanda su ne kadai kungiyoyin addini da ba sa bukatar yin rajista da ayyukansu a Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Harkokin Addini, da Hukumomin Gyaran Hali (MJRAPI).<ref name=":28a">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/Equatorial-Guinea/ US State Dept 2022 report on Equatorial Guinea]</ref> Gwamnati na bayar da kudade ga Cocin Katolika da makarantunta domin shirye-shiryen ilimi. Ana kuma hada taron cocin Katolika a cikin bukukuwan gwamnati na musamman.<ref name=":28a" /> Maballin addini daga kasashen waje na iya yin aiki a kasar, kodayake ana bukatar lasisi kafin su yi wa'azi daga gida zuwa gida.<ref name=":28a" /> == Eritrea == Eritrea na amincewa da cocin Orthodox, Katolika da Lutheran da kuma Musuluncin Sunni kawai. Wadanda ke bin wasu addinai da ba a amince da su ba na fuskantar daurin kurkuku. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam kamar Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch sun rubuta munanan take-taken tauye hakkin 'yancin addini. Sun ruwaito hana ibada a cikin gida, kama jama'a da yawa a bukukuwan aure na addini, taron addu'a da sauran taruka.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR6481612018ENGLISH.PDF Shadow Report to the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights], Amnesty International. 2018</ref> == Eswatini == Kundin tsarin mulki da dokoki na kare 'yancin addini a Eswatini. A da, "kungiyoyin addini na kankane na samun kariya kadan a karkashin dokokin gargajiya da al’adu, ciki har da kotunan gargajiya da ikon kusan sarakuna 360".<ref name="state.gov2"/> Sabbin majami'u dole su mika bukatarsu ta hannun daya daga cikin kungiyoyin kasa guda uku: League of Churches, Swaziland Conference of Churches, ko Council of Swaziland Churches. Kungiyoyin addini dole su nemi izinin sarakuna kafin su gina wuraren ibada. Dole ne a koyar da darussan Kiristanci a dukkan makarantu na gwamnati, amma makarantun masu zaman kansu na da 'yancin tsara nasu tsari.<ref>[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/Eswatini/ US State Dept 2022 report on Eswatini]</ref> == Ethiopia == Kundin tsarin mulkin Habasha ya tanadi rabuwar addini da gwamnati, ya tabbatar da 'yancin zabar addini, haramta wariyar addini, kuma ya fayyace cewa gwamnati ba za ta tsoma baki a cikin aiwatar da addini ba.<ref name="us 2021 ethiopia">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/ethiopia/|title=2022 Freedom of Religion Report: Ethiopia|work=US State Dept|access-date=October 25, 2023}}</ref> Kungiyoyin addini dole su yi rajista da gwamnati don samun halaccin aiki, wanda ke ba su damar yin taro a fili da kuma neman fili daga gwamnati domin gina wuraren ibada da makabartu.<ref name="us 2021 ethiopia" /> Ba a yarda a koyar da darussan addini a makarantun gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu ba. Duk da haka, akwai rukunin makarantu na addini da aka yarda su koyar da darussan addini.<ref name="us 2021 ethiopia" /> An sami wasu lokuta na rikici tsakanin kungiyoyin addini.<ref name="us 2021 ethiopia" /> Ba a yarda a kafa jam’iyyu na siyasa bisa addini ba.<ref name="us 2021 ethiopia" /> == Gabon == Kundin tsarin mulkin Gabon yana haramta wariyar addini kuma yana tabbatar da 'yancin addini da daidaito ga kowa ba tare da la’akari da addininsa ba. Yana ba kungiyoyin addini 'yanci da ikon koyar da addininsu.<ref name=":29a">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/gabon/ US State Dept 2022 Report on Gabon]</ref> Makarantun gwamnati ba na addini ba ne, don haka ba sa koyar da darussan addini. Amma kungiyoyin Musulmi, Katolika, da Kiristoci suna gudanar da makarantun firamare da sakandare, inda wakilan kungiyoyin addini ke koyar da darussan addini. Wadannan makarantu dole su yi rajista da Ma’aikatar Ilimi ta Gabon, wadda ke tabbatar da cewa suna bi daidaitattun ka’idoji kamar na makarantu na gwamnati.<ref name=":29a" /> == Gambiya == Kundin tsarin mulkin Gambiya yana tabbatar da kuma kare 'yancin addini a cikin sashe na 17, 25, 32, 33 da 212.<ref name="Constitution2">{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Gambia_2004.pdf?lang=en|title=Gambia's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2004|website=Constitute Project|access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref> Sashe na 60 na kundin tsarin mulkin ya haramta kafa jam’iyyun siyasa bisa tushen addini.<ref name="Constitution2" /> Majalisar Addinin Musulunci ta Koli ita ce wata hukuma mai zaman kanta da ke ba gwamnati shawara kan batutuwan addini. Ko da yake ba gwamnati ke da wakilci a majalisar ba, amma tana ba su babban tallafi na kudi. A baya, shugaban kasa na kasar ya taba rike matsayin ministan harkokin addini kuma yana da alaka ta hukuma da majalisar.<ref name="report4">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2007-report-on-international-religious-freedom/the-gambia International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Gambia]. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (September 14, 2007).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessgambia.com/extra/supreme-islamic-council.html|title=Gambia Supreme Islamic Council|website=Gambia Information Site|access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin ya kafa kotunan Qadi, inda alkalai Musulmai da suka samu horo a tsarin shari’ar Musulunci ke gudanar da shari’o’i da suka shafi aure, saki, kulawar yara, da gado ga Musulmi. Ana samun kotun Qadi a kowanne daga cikin yankuna bakwai na kasar.<ref name="NYU Global">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Gambia.html|title=Guide to Gambian Legal Information|website=NYU Global Law and Justice}}</ref> Dokar Musulunci tana aiki a kan ma’aurata masu addinai daban-daban idan daya daga cikin su Musulmi ne. Kotunan gunduma da ba na Qadi ba kuma suna amfani da shari’ar Musulunci idan ta dace yayin da suke yanke hukunci ga Musulmi. Wata kwamitin Qadi mai mutane biyar na da hurumin sauraron korafe-korafen da suka shafi shari’ar Musulunci daga kotunan Qadi da na gunduma.<ref name="US State Report">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/the-gambia|title=US State Dept 2017 Report on The Gambia|website=US State Department Religious Freedom Report}}</ref> Kungiyoyin wa'azin addini daga kasashen waje suna gudanar da aiki a kasar.<ref name="report4" /> Gwamnati ba ta bukatar kungiyoyin addini su yi rajista. Amma kungiyoyin agaji na addini dole su cika dukkan sharuddan rajista da lasisi kamar sauran kungiyoyin agaji.<ref name="report4" /> == Ghana == Kundin tsarin mulkin Ghana ya haramta wariyar addini kuma ya tabbatar da 'yancin kowane mutum ya bayyana da kuma aiwatar da addininsa.<ref name=":30a" /> Dole ne kungiyoyin addini su yi rajista don samun halaccin aiki a hukumance.<ref name=":30a">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/ghana/ US State Dept 2022 Report on Ghana]</ref> Al’ummar Ghana suna da karfin hakuri da bambancin addini.<ref name="rs">Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Religion and Society".</ref> Amma a baya, an tilasta wa mata sa hijabi a wasu makarantu na Kiristoci da na Musulmi da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinsu, duk da wata umarni daga Ma’aikatar Ilimi da ke haramta irin wannan.<ref name=":30">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/ghana United States International Religious Freedom Report for 2017], US State Department Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor</ref> == Guinea == Kundin tsarin mulkin Guinea ya ayyana kasar a matsayin kasa marar addini inda kowa ke da daidaito a gaban doka ba tare da la’akari da addini ba.<ref name="Constitute Project2">{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Guinea_2010.pdf?lang=en|title=Guinea's Constitution of 2010|website=Constitute Project}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin yana ba kowane mutum 'yancin zabar, sauya da kuma aiwatar da addinin da ya zaba.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2012-report-on-international-religious-freedom/guinea|title="Guinea 2012 International Religious Freedom Report", US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.}}</ref> Bayan juyin mulki a watan Satumba 2021, Kwamitin Kasa na Sulhu da Ci gaba (CNRD) ya dakatar da kundin tsarin mulki. Suka kafa wata dokar sauyi da ta ayyana kasar a matsayin kasa marar addini,<ref name=US2022GUI>[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/Guinea/ US State Dept 2022 report on Guinea]</ref> kuma ta ba da 'yancin yin addini. Kungiyoyin addini ba su da 'yancin mallakar tashoshin rediyo ko talabijin.<ref name=US2022GUI /> Manhajar makarantar firamare ba ta kunshi koyar da addini ba.<ref name=US2022GUI /><ref name=":31">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/guinea International Religious Freedom Report for 2017 Guinea], US Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.</ref> === Kafin 2021 === Limamai da ma’aikatan manyan masallatai na birnin Conakry da sauran biranen manyan yankuna hudu na kasar su ma’aikatan gwamnati ne. Wadannan masallatai suna karkashin ikon kai tsaye na gwamnati.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Sakatariyar Harkokin Addini na Guinea na kokarin inganta dangantaka tsakanin addinai da rage tashin hankali tsakanin kabilu. Sakataren harkokin addini yana nada daraktoci guda shida da ke jagorantar sassa na harkokin Kirista, Musulunci, aikin hajji, wuraren ibada, harkokin kudi da kuma kula da kadarori da bincike.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> A wasu sassan Guinea, akwai matsin lamba daga iyali, al’umma, al’ada, da tattalin arziki da ke hana sauya addini daga Musulunci.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> An ruwaito cewa a garin Dinguiraye, wanda ke da alfarma ga Musulmin Afirka, ba a yarda da bikin bukukuwa na addinai marasa Musulunci a fili. Hukumomin garin Dinguiraye sun kuma hana gina coci a cikin garin.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mabiya addinin Baháʼí sun bayyana cewa ana nuna musu wariya kuma iyalansu na kyamatar su saboda ra’ayin addininsu.<ref name=":31" /> A cikin watan Yuli 2013, an samu rikicin kabilanci da na addini na tsawon kwanaki uku a birnin Nzerekore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guinea-violence-idUSBRE96G00820130717|title="Guinea's Conde appeals for calm after 11 killed in ethnic clashes", Reuters, July 16, 2013.|website=Reuters }}</ref><ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23335719|title=Guinean troops deployed after deadly ethnic clashes|date=July 17, 2013|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> Rikicin ya faru ne tsakanin kabilar Kpelle, wadanda Kiristoci ko masu bautar gumaka ne, da kabilar Konianke, wadanda Musulmi ne kuma dangin kabilar Malinke. Rikicin ya kashe akalla mutane 54.<ref name="bbc.com" /> Rikicin ya tsaya ne bayan dakarun sojin Guinea sun kafa dokar hana fita, sannan Shugaba Condé ya gabatar da jawabi ta talabijin yana kira da zaman lafiya.<ref name="bbc.com" /> == Guinea-Bissau == Dokar tsarin mulki ta Guinea-Bissau ta kafa bambanci tsakanin addini da gwamnati, da kuma nauyin gwamnati na girmamawa da kare kungiyoyin addini da aka gane ta hanyar doka.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/Guinea-Bissau/|title=US State Dept 2022 report on Guinea-Bissau}}</ref> A cewar tsarin mulki, ba a koyar da darussan addini a makarantun gwamnati; akwai wasu makarantu masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin addini ke gudanarwa.<ref name=":33" /> == Ivory Coast == Dokar tsarin mulki ta Ivory Coast ta bayyana kasa mai zaman kanta daga addini, kodayake ba a fassara hakan a matsayin rarrabewa kai tsaye tsakanin coci da gwamnati. Jami’an gwamnati na halartar tarukan addini a matsayin wakilan gwamnati, kuma wasu makarantu na mishan suna samun tallafin gwamnati. Ana maraba da masu wa’azi a fadin kasar.<ref name="EDS-MICS">{{cite book|url=http://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR272/FR272.pdf|title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples: 2011-2012|date=2013|location=Cote d'Ivoire}}</ref> Tsarin mulkin kuma yana hana wariyar addini wajen samun aiki, kuma yana mai da daidaito da juriya ga addinai a matsayin ginshikin hadin kan kasa ta Ivory Coast.<ref name="CdIReport"/> Gwamnati na kula da kuma daukar nauyin aikin hajji ga Musulmai (zuwa Mecca don yin Hajj) da kuma aikin ziyarar addini ga Kiristoci (zuwa France, Israel, da wuraren ibada na coci-cocin Kiristoci na Afirka), ko da yake an dakatar da wasu saboda Covid.<ref name="CdIReport" /> == Kenya == === Tsarin Doka === Kundin tsarin mulkin Kenya da sauran dokoki da manufofi suna haramta wariyar addini kuma suna kare 'yancin addini, ciki har da 'yancin bin kowanne addini ko ra'ayin addini.<ref name=35a>[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/kenya/ Rahoton Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka 2022]</ref> A wasu shari’o’in farar hula kamar aure, saki, da gado, idan dukkan wadanda abin ya shafa Musulmai ne, kundin tsarin mulkin yana bayar da damar kafa kotunan ''qadi'' domin yin shari’a bisa dokar Musulunci;<ref name=35a /> babban kotun ƙasar mai tsarin rashin addini tana da ikon sauraron shari'o'in farar hula da na laifi, har da na kotun ''qadi'', kuma tana karɓar daukaka kara daga kowacce hukuncin kotun ''qadi''. Dukkan makarantun gwamnati suna da darussan koyar da addini da malamai da gwamnati ke biyansu. Manhajar kasa ta wajabta koyar da darussan addini, kuma dalibai ba sa da damar kin halarta. Wasu makarantun gwamnati suna bayar da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban na darasin addini, galibi darasin Kiristanci ko Musulunci, amma babu tilas a ba da duka biyun.<ref name=35a /> === Mu’amala da Musulmi === Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam da na addinin Musulunci sun bayyana cewa wasu al’ummomin Musulmai, musamman wadanda suka fito daga kabilar Somaliya, sun kasance cikin hadarin kashe su ba bisa ka’ida ba, bacewa da gangan, azabtarwa, da kuma kama su da tsare su ba tare da dalili ba daga bangaren jami’an gwamnati. A rahoton watan Disamba 2016 daga wata kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama dake Mombasa, an rubuta rahoton kashe mutane 81 da bacewar wasu Musulmai daga yankin gabar teku cikin shekaru biyar. Gwamnati ta musanta cewa ita ce ke da alhakin wadannan ayyuka. Al’ummomin Musulmai musamman kabilar Somaliya sun shaida wahalar samun takardun shaida daga gwamnati, suna cewa an kara musu sharudda saboda kasancewarsu Musulmai.<ref name=":35" /> === Ra’ayoyin Jama’a === Ana kallon rashin addini da tsana sosai a Kenya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-173994/atheism-not-against-kenyas-constitution|title=Rashin Addini Ba Laifi Ba Ne a Tsarin Mulkin Kenya|access-date=2013-08-24|work=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://mobile.nation.co.ke/blogs/Atheism-greatly-misunderstood-in-Kenya/-/1949942/2326304/-/format/xhtml/-/11ftuurz/-/index.html|title=Rashin Addini Ana Fahimta da Ba daidai ba a Kenya|access-date=2013-08-24|publisher=Daily Nation|archive-date=2014-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113357/http://mobile.nation.co.ke/blogs/Atheism-greatly-misunderstood-in-Kenya/-/1949942/2326304/-/format/xhtml/-/11ftuurz/-/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kananan kungiyoyin Musulmai, musamman wadanda suka fito daga kabilar Somaliya, sun ci gaba da fuskantar tsangwama daga wadanda ba Musulmai ba. An samu rahotannin barazana da rashin jituwa da suka shafi addini a cikin al’umma, kamar yadda wasu al’ummomin Musulmai ke barazanar wadanda suka sauya daga Musulunci zuwa Kiristanci. === Abubuwan da Suka Faru === A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2017, hukumomi a birnin gabar teku na Malindi dake cikin gundumar Kilifi sun gurfanar da mai wa’azin Kirista Paul Makenzi da matarsa bisa zargin yin wa’azi ga yara da nufin sauya musu tunani.<ref name=":35" /> A wannan shekarar, a cewar shugabannin addini, wasu matasan Musulmai sun mayar da martani ga zargin cin zarafi daga wasu jami’an ‘yan sanda da ba Musulmai ba ta hanyar lalata kadarorin Kiristoci na yankin.<ref name=":35" /> A shekarar 2017, kungiyar ‘yan ta’adda ta Al-Shabaab dake Somaliya ta kai hare-hare a gundumomin Mandera, Wajir, Garissa da Lamu, tana cewa ta kai harin ne kan wadanda ba Musulmai ba saboda addininsu.<ref name=":35" /> == Lesotho == Kundin tsarin mulkin Lesotho yana haramta wariyar addini kuma yana bayar da 'yancin tunani, hankali da addini, ciki har da 'yancin sauya addini ko akida da bayyana da yada addininka.<ref name=":36">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/lesotho/|title=Rahoton Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2022 game da Lesotho}}</ref> Gwamnati tana bayar da goyon baya sosai ga makarantu da kungiyoyin addini ke tafiyarwa, ciki har da biyan albashi da tantance malamai.<ref name=":36" /> == Liberia == Kundin tsarin mulkin Liberia yana bayar da raba addini da gwamnati, kuma yana tabbatar da cewa kowa na da 'yancin tunani, hankali, da addini, sai dai in dokar kasa ta tanadi akasin haka domin kare lafiyar jama'a, oda, lafiya ko dabi'u, ko kuma kare haƙƙin wasu. Haka kuma dokar tana bayar da kariya iri daya a gaban doka.<ref name=":37">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/liberia/|title=Rahoton Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2017 game da Liberia}}</ref> Tun daga 2015, akwai yunkurin siyasa na sauya kundin tsarin mulki domin ayyana Liberia a matsayin "ƙasa Kirista".<ref name=":37" /> Wannan yunkuri yana samun goyon bayan jam’iyyar United People's Party, wacce a yanzu jam’iyyar adawa ce a gwamnati.<ref name=":37" /> Dokar kasuwanci tana bukatar a rufe shaguna a ranakun Lahadi domin tsaftace titunan gari, wanda Musulmi ke ganin hakan wata dabara ce domin tilasta musu bin ranar hutun Kiristoci.<ref name=":37" /> Ana bukatar a mayar da Eid al-Fitr da Eid al-Adha a matsayin hutu na kasa tun daga 1995, amma ba a aiwatar da hakan ba.<ref name=":37" /> Musulmi suna wakiltar kusan kashi 12 cikin 100 na yawan al’ummar Liberia.<ref name=":37" /> Mata Musulmi sun fuskanci kalubale wajen yin rijistar kada kuri’a, inda jami’an zabe suka ki daukar hoton masu sanya hijabi.<ref name=":37" /> Kungiyar Liberia Muslim Women Network ta ce wannan matsala ta ci gaba da faruwa duk da cewa ana amincewa da sauran nau’in rufe kai, har da na gargajiya da na ‘yan uwansu mabiya addinin Katolika.<ref name=":37" /> == Libya == ===[File:Libyan_Civil_War.svg|thumb|<div style="text-align: left;"> Halin da ake ciki a yakin basasa na Libya a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2018<br /> {{legend|#ebc0b3|Yankunan da gwamnatin Tobruk da dakarun LNA ke iko da su}} {{legend|#cae7c4|Yankunan da gwamnatin hadaka ta kasa da kawayenta ke iko da su}} {{legend|#86c286|Yankunan da gwamnatin National Salvation ke iko da su}} {{legend|#afc6e9|Yankunan da dakarun gida ke iko da su}} (Domin cikakken taswira, duba: Template:Libyan Civil War detailed map)</div>]]=== Dokar rikon mulki ta wucin gadi ta Libya ta shekarar 2011 ta bayyana cewa addinin Musulunci ne addinin kasa, kuma Shari’a ita ce tushen doka mafi girma. Dokar ta ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa 'yancin yin ibada kuma tana haramta wariyar addini.<ref name=":38">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/libya/|title=Rahoton Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2022 game da Libya}}</ref> Gwamnatin hadaka ta kasa da kasa (GNA) ba ta da iko a wasu yankuna na kasar, kuma ba ta da karfin tilastawa doka a can. Libya na da matsananciyar rayuwa ta zamantakewa, ciki har da yunkurin hana mata fita su kadai daga kasar. Rundunar RADA ta hana laifi wacce ke da alaka da GNA tana kama mutane bisa zargin saba doka ta Musulunci. A Tripoli, wasu kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga suna tilasta mata sanya kaya na musamman da hana motsi, kuma suna hukunta maza saboda halayen da suka ce ba na Musulunci ba ne. Rundunar RADA ta kuma fuskanci zargin rusa wuraren ibada na Sufaye yayin fafatawa da makamai, ko da yake sun musanta hakan. === Gwamnatin Tobruk === An samu rahotannin cewa kwamandan soja da ke tare da gwamnatin Tobruk da rundunar LNA ya kara takura mata da hana su motsi ba tare da rakiyar maza ba. === Kungiyoyin 'Yan Bindiga Masu Tsattsauran Ra'ayi === Tun daga Mayu 2016, kungiyar ISIL ta rasa kusan duka yankunan da take iko da su a Libya.<ref name="OffensiveSeized">{{cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/05/16/misratans-report-they-have-recaptured-abu-grein-from-is/|title=Rahoton Misratans kan sake kwato Abu Grain daga IS|date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 July 2025|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102211708/https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/05/16/misratans-report-they-have-recaptured-abu-grein-from-is/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An gano kaburburan gungun mutane mabiya addinin Kirista Coptic da aka kashe a yankunan da IS ta taba rike. Tun daga lokacin, ana samun hare-hare lokaci-lokaci daga kungiyoyin tsattsauran ra’ayi kan Kiristoci da Sufaye, ko da yake ba a san wadanda ke da alhakin hakan ba a wasu lokuta. == Madagascar == Tsarin mulkin Madagascar ya tanadi 'yancin tunani da bayyana addini kuma ya haramta nuna bambancin addini a wurin aiki. Wasu dokoki suna kare 'yancin addini na mutum daga cin zarafi da gwamnati ko kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke yi.<ref name=MAD>https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/madagascar/ US State Dept 2021 report on Madagascar</ref> A shekarar 2021, shugaban wata kungiyar Musulmi ya soki gwamnati a bainar jama'a bayan da sabbin ranakun jarrabawar makaranta suka zo dai-dai da ranar Idi al-Adha; <ref name=MAD /> shugabannin al'ummar Musulmi sun kuma soki tsarin zama dan kasa na Madagascar a matsayin wanda ke hana Musulmai samun dan kasa. Rashin aiwatar da dokokin aiki na gwamnati, musamman tanadin cewa ma'aikata suna da hakkin samun hutun sa'o'i 24 a kalla sau daya a mako, ya sa wasu lokuta ma'aikata ke tilastawa su rasa hidimar addini.<ref name=MAD /> A watan Afrilu na 2017 ministan ilimi ya yi barazanar rufe makarantun Musulunci guda 16 da ya rarraba a matsayin “Qur’aniko,” yana mai cewa makarantun na daga cikin makarantu masu zaman kansu 190 da aka gano ba su cika bukatun gudanarwa daban-daban ba;<ref name=":39">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/madagascar/|title=US State Dept 2017 report on Madagascar}}</ref> wakilan al'ummar Musulmi sun soki wannan bayanin a matsayin Islamophobia. == Malawi == Tsarin mulkin Malawi ya hana nuna bambanci bisa addini kuma ya tanadi 'yancin lamiri, addini, imani, da tunani;<ref name=":40" /> ya kuma bayyana cewa kawar da rashin jituwar addini wata manufa ce ta ilimi a Malawi.<ref name=MAL>https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/malawi/ US State Dept 2021 report on Malawi</ref> A baya, al'ummar Malawi sun rungumi bambancin addini, kuma mambobin addinan Kirista, Musulmi, da Hindu suna gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da kuma al'amuran farar hula tare.<ref name=":40" /> Koyarwar addini wajibi ce a makarantun firamare na gwamnati, ba tare da tanadin fita ba, kuma ana samun ta a matsayin zaɓi a makarantun sakandare na gwamnati. A wasu makarantu, manhajar addini wani kwas ne mai taken “ilimin Littafi Mai Tsarki” wanda ya maida hankali kan Kiristanci, yayin da a wasu kuma kwas ne na “ilimin ɗabi'a da addini” wanda ya haɗa da addinan Kirista, Musulunci, Hindu, da Baháʼí. Bisa ga doka, kwamitocin gudanarwar makarantar, waɗanda aka zaɓa a tarurrukan ƙungiyoyin iyaye da malamai, suna yanke shawara kan wace manhajar addini za a yi amfani da ita. Makarantun Kirista da Musulunci masu zaman kansu suna ba da koyarwar addini a addinan nasu. Makarantun “tallafi” na haɗin gwiwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ke gudanar da su, galibi na addini, amma gwamnati ce ke biyan albashin malamansu. Don musayar wannan tallafin kuɗi, gwamnati tana zaɓar wani yanki mai yawa na ɗaliban da ke halarta. A makarantun da ke samun tallafi, kwamitin da masu gudanar da makarantar suka naɗa ne ke yanke shawara ko za a yi amfani da manhajar “ilimin Littafi Mai Tsarki” ko kuma “ilimin ɗabi'a da addini”.<ref name=":40" /> Yara Rastafarian suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen samun ilimi, saboda yara makaranta a Malawi gabaɗaya ana buƙatar su aske kawunansu, kuma al'adar addini ta Rastafarian tana buƙatar su sa gashin nan. Wannan ya haifar da hana yara Rastafarian da yawa shiga makarantun gwamnati, kodayake mafi yawansu sun yarda da aske kawunansu da kuma bin ka'idojin makarantar. A shekarar 2020, Babbar Kotun Malawi ta bayar da umarnin tilastawa Ma'aikatar Ilimi yin rajistar dukkan yara Rastafarian a makaranta; an kammala wannan a ƙarshen 2021.<ref name=MAL /> == Mauritania == 'Yancin addini a Mauritania gwamnati ta iyakance shi. Tsarin mulki ya sanya kasar a matsayin jamhuriyar Musulunci kuma ya yanke shawara cewa Musulunci shine addinin 'yan kasarta da kuma Jaha. A watan Afrilu na 2018, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta zartar da wata doka da ta sanya hukuncin kisa wajibi ga "zagin addini" da ridda; duk da haka a ƙarshen 2021, ba a yi amfani da wannan hukuncin ba.<ref name=MAUR /> Ba-Musulmai mazauna kasashen waje da kuma 'yan kasar da ba Musulmai ba suna yin addininsu a fili tare da wasu iyakancewa kan wa'azi ga Musulmai da kuma yada kayan addini. Kusan dukkan al'ummar suna bin addinin Musulunci na Sunna, kodayake akwai 'yan tsiraru da ba Musulmai ba. An kafa Ikilisiyoyin Roman Katolika da na Kirista marasa mazhaba a Nouakchott, Atar, Zouerate, Nouadhibou, da Rosso. Wasu 'yan kasashen waje suna bin addinin Yahudanci amma babu majami'u. Wata sabuwar doka a shekarar 2021 ta sauƙaƙa wa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu alaƙa da addini yin rajista da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida; duk da haka, dole ne su yarda su guji wa'azi.<ref name=MAUR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mauritanai/|title=US State Dept 2021 report on Mauritania}}</ref> == Mauritius == Tsarin mulkin Mauritius ya hana nuna bambanci bisa addini kuma ya tanadi 'yancin yin addini ko canza addini. Gwamnati tana ba da kuɗi ga Cocin Roman Katolika, Cocin Ingila, Cocin Presbyterian na Mauritius, Seventh-day Adventists, Hindus, da Musulmai gwargwadon adadinsu a ƙidayar jama'a baya ga matsayin ba tare da haraji ba. Sauran ƙungiyoyin addini za su iya yin rajista kuma su kasance ba tare da haraji ba amma ba sa samun tallafi.<ref name=MAURITIUS>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mauritius/|title=Mauritius International Religious Freedom Report for 2021|website=United States State Department|access-date=2023-10-25}}</ref> An ba da izinin koyar da addini a makarantun gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, a matakin firamare da na sakandare. An ba wa ɗalibai izinin fita, kuma ana ba da azuzuwan ilimin ɗan ƙasa ga ɗaliban da ba Katolika ba waɗanda ke halartar makarantun Katolika.<ref name=MAURITIUS /> Waɗanda ba Hindu ba sun sha bayyana cewa ba a wakilta su sosai a gwamnati ba.<ref name=MAURITIUS /> Babu ingantattun ƙididdiga game da adadin mambobin ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban da ke wakilta a ma'aikatar gwamnati; duk da haka, Hukumar Gaskiya da Adalci ta bayyana a cikin rahotonta na baya-bayan nan a shekarar 2011 cewa aikin yi a ma'aikatar gwamnati bai wakilci bambancin kabilanci da addini na ƙasa ba.<ref name=":41">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mauritius/|title=US State Dept 2017 report on Mauritius}}</ref> Akwai tashin hankali tsakanin Hindu da Musulmai a Mauritius.<ref name=MAURITIUS /> A baya, binciken 'yan sanda ya nuna cewa wasu zargin shari'o'in tashin hankali tsakanin addinai a zahiri shari'o'i ne na ramuwar gayya da suka samo asali daga matsalolin gida ko na sirri.<ref name=":41" /> == Morocco== '''Yancin addini a Morocco''' yana nufin iyakar da mutane a Morocco ke iya yin addininsu cikin 'yanci, la'akari da manufofin gwamnati da halayen al'umma game da kungiyoyin addini. Tsarin mulki ya bayyana cewa Musulunci shi ne addinin jihar, inda jihar ke ba da tabbacin 'yancin tunani, faɗar albarkacin baki, da taro.<ref name=MOR2022 /> Addinin jihar Morocco shine Musulunci. Gwamnati tana taka rawa sosai wajen tantancewa da kuma kula da al'amuran addini ga Musulmai, kuma rashin mutunta Musulunci a bainar jama'a na iya jawo hukunci a cikin nau'in tara da dauri. Musulunci Ahlussunna da Yahudanci sune addinai kaɗai da kundin tsarin mulkin Morocco ya amince da su<ref name=MOR2022>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/morocco/|title=US State Dept 2022 report on Morocco}}</ref> a matsayin na asali ga ƙasar, tare da sauran addinai da ake ɗauka a matsayin "baƙi". Yayin da baƙi gabaɗaya za su iya yin addininsu cikin kwanciyar hankali, 'yan ƙasa da ke yin "addinan baƙi" suna fuskantar matsaloli daga gwamnati da matsin lamba na zamantakewa. Musamman ma, Musulman Shi'a da mambobin Addinin Baháʼí da kuma masu mika wuya ga Allah Kaɗai ko mambobin United Submitters International suna fuskantar nuna bambanci daga gwamnati, haka ma wasu kungiyoyin Kirista. A shekarar 2022 babu masallatan Shi'a a kasar ko kuma masallatan masu mika wuya da aka keɓe ga Allah Kaɗai.<ref name=MOR2022 /> A tarihi, Morocco ta yi gwagwarmaya tsakanin lokutan haƙurin addini da rashin haƙuri. Daga cin nasarar Musulunci na Maghreb a shekara ta 698 har zuwa mulkin daular Almoravid a ƙarni na 11 da 12, yankin ya fuskanci wani lokaci na gagarumin haƙurin addini; Yahudawa da Kiristoci an buƙaci su biya haraji na musamman, amma in ba haka ba an basu izinin yin addininsu cikin kwanciyar hankali, wanda ya ba da damar bunƙasa zamanin zinariya na Yahudawa. Khalifancin Almohad na gaba ya kafa tsarin mulki mai tsauri, kuma ya tilasta wa duk waɗanda ba Musulmai ba su musulunta ko a kashe su. Daga baya dauloli sun sake kafa manufofin haƙurin addini, wanda ya ba Yahudawa da Kiristoci damar komawa ƙasar, kodayake waɗannan dauloli na baya-bayan nan kuma wani lokaci an yi musu alama da tsanantawa ga 'yan tsiraru na addini, ko dai ta gwamnati ko kuma ta ƙungiyoyin masu tashin hankali. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Morocco ta faɗi ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Vichy da Nazi ke marawa baya, wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin korar al'ummar Yahudawa zuwa sansanonin tattara fursunoni. Mohammed V na Morocco ya hana wannan yunƙurin, kodayake an yi nasarar zartar da wasu dokokin yaƙi da Yahudawa. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1956, Morocco ta kafa kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya sake kafa Musulunci a matsayin addinin jihar, kuma a zahiri ya tanadi 'yancin addini, kodayake kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, nuna bambanci ga wasu ƙungiyoyin tsiraru ya ci gaba har zuwa yau. == Mozambique == == Namibia == Tsarin mulkin Namibia ya hana nuna bambancin addini kuma ya tanadi 'yancin imani da kuma 'yancin yin, bayyana, da kuma inganta kowane addini. Kungiyoyin addini sun yi tsokaci kan wasu matsaloli wajen samun takardun izinin aiki ga ma'aikatan addini na kasashen waje; duk da haka, sun kuma lura cewa duk kungiyoyi suna fuskantar tsauraran aiwatar da takardar izinin shiga kuma wannan manufar ba ta nufin kungiyoyin addini musamman ba.<ref name=NAM>https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/namibia/ US State Dept 2021 report on Namibia</ref> A shekarun baya, Majalisar Shari'ar Musulunci ta Namibia ta ruwaito cewa an yi wa Musulmai hari don korarsu saboda aiki ba tare da takardar izinin shiga mai inganci ba.<ref name=":45">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/namibia/|title=US State Dept 2017 report on Namibia}}</ref> An ba wa kungiyoyin addini izinin kafa makarantu masu zaman kansu muddin ba a hana wani dalibi shiga ba bisa imani ba. Tsarin karatun makarantun gwamnati ya kunshi wani sashi na "ilimin addini da dabi'u" wanda ya hada da ilimi kan ka'idojin dabi'a da hakkokin dan Adam kuma yana gabatar da dalibai ga nau'o'in al'adun Afirka da addinai daban-daban, da kuma addinan duniya kamar Yahudanci, Kiristanci, Musulunci, Buddha, Hindu, Addinin Baháʼí, da Rastafari.<ref name=NAM /> == Niger == Gabaɗaya ana mutunta 'yancin addini ga daidaikun mutane a Niger, inda gwamnati ke ba da kulawa ga al'ummar Musulmi. Kundin tsarin mulkin Niger ya hana nuna bambancin addini kuma ya tanadi 'yancin addini da ibada daidai da tsarin jama'a, zaman lafiya, da haɗin kan ƙasa. Ya tanadi rabuwar jiha da addini kuma ya hana jam'iyyun siyasa masu alaƙa da addini.<ref name=NIGER>https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/niger/ US State Dept 2021 report on Niger</ref> Gwamnati ta haramta sanya cikakken mayafi a yankin Diffa a ƙarƙashin tanadin dokar ta baci don hana boye bama-bamai da makamai. Gwamnati kuma ta haramta taron wa'azin addini a fili saboda dalilai na tsaro da aka bayyana.<ref name=NIGER /> A shekarar 2017 gwamnati ta kafa dandalin Musulunci na kungiyoyin Musulunci sama da 50, da nufin daidaita ayyukan Musulunci a Niger da kuma hana amfani da cibiyoyin Musulunci wajen yada tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama.<ref name=NIGER /> Kafa kowace makarantar mai zaman kanta ta hanyar kungiyar addini dole ne hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban su amince da ita. Madrasas masu zaman kansu, da aka kafa kawai don koyar da Alkur'ani ba tare da ba da wani ilimi ba, ba a tsara su ba. Makarantun gwamnati na yau da kullun ba su haɗa da ilimin addini ba. Gwamnati tana ba da kuɗi ga ƴan makarantun firamare na musamman (da ake kira "Makarantun Faransanci da Larabci") waɗanda suka haɗa da karatun addinin Musulunci a matsayin wani ɓangare na manhajar karatu.<ref name=NIGER /> Al'ummomin Musulmi da Kirista a Niger gabaɗaya suna da kyakkyawar dangantaka, kodayake ƴan tsiraru na mutane suna kin ra'ayin dangantaka ta kusa.<ref name=NIGER /> == Nigeria == Nigeria kusan daidai take tsakanin Kiristanci da Musulunci, ko da yake ainihin adadin ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Akwai kuma karuwar al'ummar Najeriya marasa addini waɗanda suka kasance sauran kashi 5. Yawancin Musulman Najeriya mabiya Sunna ne kuma suna zaune a yankin arewacin ƙasar, yayin da Kiristoci suka fi yawa a kudu. Nigeria tana ba da 'yancin addini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm|title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999|publisher=nigeria-law.org|chapter=Chapter IV &mdash; Fundamental Rights|access-date=2008-04-23|chapter-url=http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Chapter_4|archive-date=2018-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115010604/http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm|url-status=dead}} (Mataki na 38)</ref> Musulunci da Kiristanci sune manyan addinan biyu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/|title=World Factbook:Nigeria|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2008-04-23|archive-date=2021-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jihohi 12 a Najeriya suna amfani da tsarin hukunci na Sharia, wanda zai iya haɗawa da hukunci ga ridda. Cin zarafi na addini galibi ana aiwatar da shi ne ta kungiyoyin da ba su da alaƙa da gwamnatin Najeriya, kamar Boko Haram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/50068bbf2.html|title=Refworld &#124; Nigeria: Recent reports regarding the treatment of persons who convert from Islam to Christianity. Recent reports on Sharia law in relation to religious conversion.|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|last=Refugees|website=Refworld}}</ref> Akwai babban zargi da aka danganta da kasancewa wanda bai yarda da Allah ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/938276-know-pain-atheist-nigeria-unbelievers-cry.html|title=Shin kun san zafin kasancewa wanda bai yarda da Allah ba a Najeriya? - Marasa imani sun koka|last=Buari|first=Jasmine|date=23 August 2016|access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/762881/atheism-in-nigeria-challenges-and-opportunities.html|title=Atheism a Najeriya: Kalubale da Dama - Modern Ghana|last=Igwe|first=Leo|access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> == Jamhuriyar Kongo == Tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Kongo ya bayyana cewa Jamhuriyar Kongo kasa ce ta tsakiya, kuma ta haramta nuna bambancin addini, ta samar da 'yancin addini, ta hana amfani da addini don manufofin siyasa, kuma ta tanadi cewa duk wani takurawa ga 'yancin lamiri da ya samo asali daga “kafin addini” za a hukunta shi da doka.<ref name=":47">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/nigeria/|title=US State Dept 2017 report on Nigeria}}</ref> Wani dokar gwamnati ta hana mutane sanya cikakken mayafin Musulunci a bainar jama'a. Wannan doka, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2015, ta samu goyon baya mai yawa daga shugabannin addini da jama'a gaba daya, ciki har da Musulmai.<ref name=":47" /> Dokar ta hana koyarwar addini a makarantun gwamnati. Makarantu masu zaman kansu na iya ba da koyarwar addini. Dokar ta bukaci dukkan makarantun gwamnati da masu zaman kansu su mutunta dukkan koyarwar falsafa da addini. Tsarin mulki yana kare 'yancin kafa makarantu masu zaman kansu.<ref name=":47" /> == Rwanda == Tsarin mulkin Rwanda da sauran dokoki sun hana nuna bambancin addini kuma sun samar da 'yancin addini da ibada, kazalika da hana jam'iyyun siyasa da suka dogara kan alaƙar addini. Rwanda.<ref name=":48a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/rwanda//|title=US State Dept 2021 report on Rwanda}}</ref> Sabbin ma'aikatan gwamnati doka ta buƙaci su yi rantsuwar mubaya'a "da sunan Allah madaukakin sarki" kuma su taɓa tutar yayin da suke karatun rantsuwar. Waɗanda ba su cika wannan buƙatar ba za su rasa matsayinsu. Dokar ba ta yi tanadi ga tsirarun addinai waɗanda imaninsu ba ya ba su damar bin wannan buƙatar ba. Shaidun Jehovah sun fuskanci matsaloli lokaci-lokaci na rashin iya shiga Kungiyar Barista saboda buƙatar rantsuwar, da kuma neman su shiga ayyukan soja.<ref name=":48a" /> Gwamnati tana tallafa wa wasu makarantu masu alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban. Umurnin shugaban ƙasa ya ba da tabbacin cewa ɗaliban da ke halartar kowace makarantar da gwamnati ke tallafawa suna da haƙƙin yin ibada bisa ga imaninsu a lokacin ranar makaranta, muddin ƙungiyoyin addininsu sun yi rajista a ƙasar kuma ayyukan ibada na ɗalibai ba su tsoma baki cikin ayyukan koyo da koyarwa ba. Ɗalibai a makarantar firamare ta gwamnati da kuma shekaru uku na farko na makarantar sakandare dole ne su koyi darasi kan addinan duniya, ɗabi'a, da zama ɗan ƙasa.<ref name=":48a" /> A shekarar 2017, an ba da rahoton hare-hare biyu kan mambobin Cocin Pentecostal a gundumar Huye ta lardin Kudu, Rwanda. Kwana guda bayan an kai hari ga mambobin coci shida kuma an doke su sosai (inda aka bar ɗaya cikin suma sakamakon haka), wata ƙungiyar masu dauke da makamai ta kai hari cocin da daddare, inda ta ji rauni ga mambobin coci 25.<ref name=":48">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/rwanda/|title=US State Dept 2017 report on Rwanda}}</ref> A shekarar 2016 an sami rahotannin cewa Musulmai da shugabannin al'ummar Musulmi an yi musu hari ko an kama su.<ref name=":48" /> == São Tomé and Príncipe == Tsarin mulkin São Tomé and Príncipe ya tanadi 'yancin addini da ibada da daidaito ga kowa, ba tare da la'akari da imani na addini ba. Yana ba ƙungiyoyin addini damar cin gashin kai da haƙƙin koyar da addininsu;<ref name=":49">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/441219-SAO-TOME-AND-PRINCIPE-2022-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf|title=US State Dept 2022 report on Sao Tome and Principe}}</ref> kodayake dole ne ƙungiyoyin addini su yi rajista da gwamnati. Za a iya ba da ilimin addini a makarantun gwamnati, amma yawanci ba a koyar da shi a can. Akwai makarantu biyu da ƙungiyoyin Kirista ke gudanarwa, kuma azuzuwan addininsu suna buɗe ga kowa.<ref name=":49" /> == Senegal == Tsarin mulkin Senegal ya tanadi 'yancin yin addini da kuma cin gashin kai na ƙungiyoyin addini a Senegal ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati ba.<ref name=SEN>https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/senegal/ US State Dept 2021 report on Senegal</ref> A bisa doka duk ƙungiyoyin da suka dogara ga imani dole ne su yi rajista da gwamnati don samun matsayin shari'a a matsayin ƙungiya, kuma gwamnati tana sa ido kan ƙungiyoyi don tabbatar da cewa suna aiki a cikin sharuddan rajistar su, musamman lokacin da suke aiki a fannonin kare yara da ci gaban zamantakewa.<ref name=SEN /> A baya, gwamnati ta ci gaba da shirye-shirye don taimakawa ƙungiyoyin addini wajen kula da wuraren ibada, don ba da kuɗi da sauƙaƙe shiga aikin Hajji, da kuma ba da kuɗi ga makarantun da ƙungiyoyin addini ke gudanarwa.<ref name=":50" /> Musulmai na iya zaɓar ko dai dokar iyali ta farar hula ko Sharia don warware rikice-rikice na iyali, kamar auren aure da rikice-rikice na gado. Alkalai na kotun farar hula suna jagorantar shari'o'in shari'a na farar hula da na al'ada, amma shugabannin addini suna warware rigingimu da yawa tsakanin Musulmai ba tare da an bayyana su ba, musamman a yankunan karkara.<ref name=SEN /> A bisa doka za a iya ba da shawarar ilimin addini a makarantun gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, kuma iyaye suna da zaɓi na shigar da 'ya'yansu a cikin shirin Kirista ko Musulunci, ko kuma babu ilimin addini.<ref name=SEN /> == Seychelles == Dokar kundin tsarin mulkin Seychelles ta haramta duk wani nau'in wariya kuma tana tabbatar da 'yancin addini. An haramta kungiyoyin addini mallakar tashoshin rediyo ko talabijin, amma manyan kungiyoyin addini suna samun lokaci a tashar rediyon gwamnati.<ref name=SEY>[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/seychelles/ US State Dept 2021 report on the Seychelles]</ref> Wannan kundin tsarin mulki ya hana koyar da darasin addini dole a makarantu. Duk da haka, daliban da ba Kiristoci ba a makarantar Katolika ba sa samun wani zaɓi daban yayin darasin addini.<ref name=SEY /> A baya, gwamnati ta bayar da tallafin kuɗi ga kungiyoyin addini domin gyaran gine-ginen addini.<ref name=":51">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/seychelles/|title=US State Dept 2017 report on Seychelles}}</ref> == Sierra Leone == Kundin tsarin mulkin Sierra Leone yana tabbatar da 'yancin ɗabi'a da kuma 'yancin addini. Dokoki a Sierra Leone suna hana wariyar addini, kuma suna kare 'yancin canza addini ga 'yan ƙasa.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/sierra-leone/|title=US State Dept 2022 report on Sierra Leone}}</ref> Al'ummar Rastafari a Sierra Leone sun fuskanci matsaloli daga 'yan sanda da gwamnati, saboda Cannabis, wanda ke da muhimmiyar rawa a ibadar Rastafari, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Sierra Leone.<ref name=":52" /> === Ra'ayin Jama'a === Aure tsakanin mabambantan addinai ya zama ruwan dare a Sierra Leone, kuma iyalai da dama suna da mambobi masu bin addinai daban-daban.<ref name=":52" /> A baya, shugabannin addini sun nuna damuwa game da wa'azi da ya ƙetare haddi daga ƙungiyoyin Kiristoci da Musulmai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin tasiri daga ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/sierra-leone/|title=US State Dept 2017 report on Sierra Leone}}</ref> == Somali == [[File:Somali Civil War Map on the 5th October 2024.svg|thumb|Kula da siyasa da soja a halin yanzu (Disamba 2024) a yakin basasar Somaliya (2009–yanzu)]] Saboda [[yakin basasar Somaliya]], aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi addini daga gwamnatocin da ke cin gashin kansu a yankin ba ta da daidaito.<ref name="SomaliTalk">{{Cite web|url=http://somalitalk.com/dastuur/1960.html|title=Dastuurkii Soomaaliya EE 1960 - The Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Somalia|website=somalitalk.com|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> [[Sunnah Musulunci]] addini ne na kasa a Somaliya. Gabaɗaya, shari'a a yawancin yankuna tana dogara ne akan [[xeer]] (dokar gargajiya da ta al'ada), [[shari'a]], da kuma kundin laifuka. A yankuna da yawa, ayyukan kungiyoyin [[Salafi jihadism|Salafi]] sun kara takaita 'yancin addini, saboda mutane suna tsoron ramuwar gayya.<ref name="SomaliTalk" /> Musulunci ya kasance babban bangare na ainihin Somaliya a tsawon tarihin zamani. Kundin tsarin mulki na 1961 ya tabbatar da Musulunci a matsayin addinin kasa, kuma gwamnatocin baya sun ci gaba da wannan manufar.<ref name="SomaliTalk" /> [[Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Somaliya]], wacce ta wanzu daga 1969 zuwa 1991, ta yada akida da ke hada abubuwan Musulunci da Markisanci.<ref name="Pjdlfw">de la Fosse Wiles, Peter John (1982) [https://books.google.com/books?id=lgMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279 ''The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy''], Taylor & Francis, p. 279 {{ISBN|0-7099-2709-6}}.</ref> Bayan rugujewar wannan gwamnatin, Somaliya ta fuskanci dogon yakin basasa wanda ya ci gaba daga lokaci zuwa lokaci tun daga shekarun 1990. Gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta kasa ta ci gaba da tabbatar da Musulunci a matsayin addinin kasa, kuma ta kara tabbatar da cewa kundin dokokin Somaliya ya dogara ne akan ka'idojin shari'ar Musulunci.<ref name="SJS" /> Yankin [[Somaliland]], wanda ya balle a farkon yakin basasa kuma ya ci gaba da zama mai cin gashin kansa amma ba a amince da shi a duniya ba, ya kafa kundin tsarin mulkinsa wanda ya dogara akan irin waɗannan ka'idojin addini.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Somaliland_Constitution/body_somaliland_constitution.htm#Chapter1|title=Somaliland Constitution|website=www.somalilandlaw.com|access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref> Ayyukan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye masu tsaurin ra'ayi daban-daban sun kara takaita 'yancin addini, yayin da ake hari ga mutanen da ba su bi ka'idojin waɗannan kungiyoyin ba na shari'ar Musulunci don ramuwar gayya.<ref name=":53" /><ref name="SomaliTalk" /> === Al-Shabaab === [[Al-Shabaab (kungiyar mayaka)|Al-Shabaab]], kungiyar mayaka mai alaƙa da [[al-Qaeda]] a Somaliya, sun kashe, sun raunata, ko kuma sun yi wa mutanen da ake zargi da sauya addini daga Musulunci ko waɗanda suka kasa bin umarnin addini na kungiyar. Tsoron ramuwar gayya daga al-Shabaab galibi yana hana kungiyoyin addini yin aiki cikin 'yanci. A baya an ruwaito cewa al-Shabaab ta yi barazanar rufe masallatai a yankunan da take iko da su idan koyarwar masallatan ba ta yi daidai da fassarar addinin Musulunci na kungiyar ba.<ref name=":53" /> === Halayen al'umma === Akwai matsin lamba mai karfi na al'umma don bin al'adun [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]. Sauya addini daga Musulunci zuwa wani addini ba abin karba ba ne a cikin dukkan yankunan Somaliya kuma haramun ne a wasu sassan kasar.<ref name=SOM2022 /> Wadanda ake zargi da sauya addini suna fuskantar cin zarafi daga membobin al'ummarsu.<ref name=":53" /> A cewar ma'aikatar addini ta tarayya [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Somalia)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]], fiye da kashi 99 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a Musulmai ne na Sunni. Membobin sauran kungiyoyin addini gaba daya sun kai kasa da kashi 1 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a kuma sun haɗa da karamar al'ummar Kirista, karamar al'ummar [[Sufism|Sufi]] Musulmi, da kuma adadin [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Musulmai da ba a sani ba.<ref name=SOM2022 /> Baƙi da ma'aikatan kasashen waje, waɗanda galibi daga kasashen [[East Africa|Gabashin Afirka]] suke, galibi suna cikin sauran kungiyoyin addini.<ref name=":53" /> A farkon shekarun 2020, wurin da kawai waɗanda ba Musulmai ba za su iya yin ibada a bainar jama'a shine a harabar filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa.<ref name=SOM2022>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/somalia/|title=US State Dept 2022 report on Somalia}}</ref> == Afirka ta Kudu == [[Afirka ta Kudu]] dimokradiyya ce mai cin gashin kanta tare da 'yancin addini wanda kundin tsarin mulkinta ya tabbatar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons9.htm|title=Chapter 9 – State institutions supporting constitutional democracy|publisher=info.gov.za|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904091638/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons9.htm|archive-date=4 September 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> Bisa ga sashe na 9 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, Dokar Daidaitawa ta 2000 ta hana nuna bambanci mara adalci akan dalilai daban-daban ciki har da addini.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2000-004.pdf|title=Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000|publisher=DOJ&CD|access-date=30 March 2013|archive-date=3 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603050532/http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2000-004.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/EQCact/eqc_briefingdoc.html|title=Briefing Document: Equality Act and equality courts|publisher=DOJ&CD|access-date=1 April 2013|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131182552/https://www.justice.gov.za/EQCact/eqc_briefingdoc.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dokar Daidaitawa ba ta shafi nuna bambanci mara adalci a wurin aiki ba, wanda dokar Employment Equity Act ke rufe.<ref name="LodgingComplaint">{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/services/discrimination.html|title=Lodging a complaint in the Equality Court: Equality/Discrimination|publisher=DOJ&CD|access-date=30 March 2013|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812130110/http://www.justice.gov.za/services/discrimination.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dokar Hana Sihiri ta 1957 wacce ta dogara akan dokokin sihiri na mulkin mallaka tana aikata laifi kan ikirarin sanin sihiri, gudanar da wasu ayyuka da ke da alaƙa da sihiri ciki har da amfani da laya da duba, da zargin wasu da yin sihiri.<ref name="WSA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/1957-003.pdf |title=Witchcraft Suppression Act 3 of 1957 |access-date=2019-03-17 |archive-date=2014-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021192934/http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/1957-003.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2007 South African Law Reform Commission Hukumar Gyara Dokoki ta Afirka ta Kudu ta sami buƙatun daga South African Pagan Rights Alliance da Traditional Healers Organisation suna neman binciken tsarin mulki na dokar kuma a ranar 23 ga Maris 2010 Ministan Shari'a da Ci gaban Tsarin Mulki ya amince da wani aikin Hukumar Gyara Dokoki ta Afirka ta Kudu don sake nazarin dokokin sihiri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vuya.net/node/2677|title=Sapra Appeal for legislative reform|date=10 July 2007|publisher=vuya.net|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220043355/http://www.vuya.net/node/2677|archive-date=20 December 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=2 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/salrc/progress.htm|title=Current Investigations: Progress Report; Project 135: Review of witchcraft legislation|last=Department of Justice and Constitutional Development|publisher=justice.gov.za|access-date=2 November 2012|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114030442/https://www.justice.gov.za/salrc/progress.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sudan ta Kudu == Dokar rikon kwarya ta kasa tana ba da damar rabuwar addini da gwamnati da kuma 'yancin bautawa da taruwa; dole ne dukkan kungiyoyin addini su yi rajista da gwamnati.<ref name=SS2022 /> Rahoton 2020 na Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project ya kiyasta cewa mutanen da suka fito daga bangaren Kirista sun kai kashi 60.5% na kasar, yayin da mabiyan addinan gargajiya (animist) suka kai kashi 32.9%; kashi 6.2% Musulmi ne, yayin da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da Baha’i, Buddhists, Hindu da Yahudawa. Duk da haka, rashin tabbas na yawan jama'a da rayuwar makiyaya ya sanya da wuya a tabbatar da adadin sahihi.<ref name=SS2022>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-sudan/|title=US State Dept 2022 report on South Sudan}}</ref> == Sudan == Dokar rikon kwarya ta Sudan ta 2019 tana tabbatar da 'yancin addini kuma ta cire ambato na Shari'a a matsayin tushen doka, sabanin dokar 2005 ta tsohon shugaban Sudan Omar al-Bashir wanda gwamnatinsa ta haramta ficewa daga Musulunci da kalaman batanci ga Musulunci. Gwamnatin Bashir ta kuma yi wa Musulmin Shi’a da masu yada addini wanda ba na Musulunci ba gaba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sudan 2019 International Religious Freedom Report|url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/SUDAN-2019-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf|work=US Department of State}}</ref> Kiristoci suma sun fuskanci takunkumi a harkar 'yancin addini.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 December 2019|title=Sudan Declares Christmas Public Holiday|url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/africa_sudan-declares-christmas-public-holiday/6181583.html|work=Voice of America}}</ref> Ficewa daga Musulunci an cire masa laifi a watan Yuli 2020, alhalin a baya, wanda aka kama da wannan laifi na iya fuskantar hukuncin kisa.<ref>{{cite web|date=12 July 2020|title=Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733|work=BBC News}}</ref> Duk da haka, a shekara ta 2022, ana ci gaba da tsare 'yan ƙasa saboda sauya asalin addininsu.<ref name=SUD2022>{{cite web|title=Sudan 2022 International Religious Freedom Report|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/sudan/|work=US Department of State}}</ref> A watan Satumba 2020, gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta kafa rabuwar addini da gwamnati.<ref name=":0a">{{Cite news|last=Alamin|first=Mohammed|date=4 September 2020|title=Sudan Ends 30 Years of Islamic Law by Separating Religion, State|language=en|work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-04/sudan-ends-30-years-of-islamic-law-by-separating-religion-state|access-date=2020-09-05}}</ref> == Tanzaniya == ''''Yancin addini a Tanzania''' yana nufin yawan ikon da mutane a Tanzania ke da shi wajen gudanar da ibadarsu cikin 'yanci, ta la'akari da manufofin gwamnati da ra'ayoyin al'umma game da kungiyoyin addini. <onlyinclude>Gwamnatin Tanzania da gwamnatin raba iko ta Zanzibar duka suna amincewa da 'yancin addini a matsayin ka'ida kuma suna kokari wajen kare wannan 'yanci. Gwamnatin Zanzibar na nada jami'an addinin Musulunci a Zanzibar. Babban tsarin dokoki a Tanzania da Zanzibar ba na addini ba ne, amma Musulmi suna da zaɓin amfani da kotunan addini don shari'o'in da suka shafi iyali. Akwai rahotanni na tashin hankali da aka yi wa Kiristoci da Musulmi bisa dalilan addini.<ref name=":54">''[https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/tanzania Rahoton 'Yancin Addini na Duniya na 2017 Tanzania]'', Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Amurka, Sashen Dimokiradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam, da Ƙwadago. {{PD-notice}}</ref> Akwai rahotanni cewa an dauki samari a Zanzibar don shiga kungiyoyi kamar su al-Shabaab da ISIS-M.<ref name=":59a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/tanzania|title=Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje na Amurka na 2022 game da Tanzania}}</ref> Manufofi da akidar Ujamaa da gwamnatin farko ta Tanzania ta dauka bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya a shekarun 1960 sun fi mayar da hankali kan hadin kai na kasa fiye da bambance-bambancen addini ko kabila,<ref name="Cranford">{{cite journal|last=Pratt|first=Cranford|year=1999|title=Julius Nyerere: Tunanin Gadon Zamunsa na Socialist|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|volume=33|issue=1|pages=137–52|doi=10.2307/486390|jstor=486390|doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma hakan na bayyana cikin kakkausar magana kan rashin nuna bambanci da ke cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Tanzania wanda har yanzu yana aiki tun daga 2019. Duk da cewa an dakatar da Ujamaa a matsayin shirin gwamnati tun 1985, kuma rikici na addini ya karu kadan tun daga lokacin,<ref name="Perspectives" /> masana da kungiyoyin NGO sun yabawa Ujamaa da taimakawa wajen samar da yanayi mai kyau na 'yancin addini da daidaito cikin zamantakewar al'umma a Tanzania.<ref name="Perspectives">{{Cite journal|last=Bakari|first=Mohammed A.|date=2012|title=Addini, Rashin Addini, da Muhawara ta Siyasa a Tanzania: Ra'ayoyi Masu Gasa daga Kungiyoyin Addini|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|volume=8|pages=4–13}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/06/18/treat-us-human-beings/discrimination-against-sex-workers-sexual-and-gender|title="Ku Duba Mu a Matsayin Mutane" {{!}} Tsangwama da ake yi wa Ma'aikatan Jima'i, Ƙananan Kungiyoyi na Jinsi da Ƙwayoyin Daya Amfani da Su a Tanzania|last=Ghoshal|first=Neela|date=2013-06-18|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref></onlyinclude> == Togo == Kundin tsarin mulkin Togo ya bayyana cewa kasa ce maras addini kuma tana kare haƙƙin dukkan ƴan ƙasar Togo na gudanar da addininsu, daidai da dokokin ƙasar. Ƙungiyoyin addini ban da Roman Katolika, Furotesta, da Musulmai dole ne su yi rajista da gwamnati; duk da haka gwamnati ba ta karɓi sabbin aikace-aikace ba tun 2013.<ref name=TOGO2022>[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/togo/ US State Dept 2022 report on Togo]</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya hana kafa jam'iyyun siyasa bisa addini. Doka ta hana gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu masu addini daga watsa shirye-shiryen siyasa.<ref name=TOGO2022 /> Tsarin karatun makarantun gwamnati bai haɗa da darussan addini ba. Akwai makarantun Katolika, Furotesta, da Musulunci da yawa, waɗanda gwamnati ke sanya ma'aikatanta masu biyan albashi a matsayin ƙarin malamai da ma'aikata. Sauran ƙungiyoyin addini masu rajista suna da haƙƙin kafa makarantu muddin sun cika ka'idojin amincewa.<ref name=TOGO2022 /> === Hangen al'umma === Akwai babban matakin haƙurin addini a cikin al'ummar Togo. Membobin ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban suna gayyatar juna a kai a kai zuwa bukukuwansu. Auren tsakanin mutane na ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban ya ci gaba da zama ruwan dare gama gari.<ref name=TOGO2022 /> A cewar Daraktan Harkokin Addini a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Yanki, rigingimu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokacin da sababbin coci-coci suka kafa kansu a unguwanni, musamman waɗanda shugabannin addini daga Najeriya ke jagoranta. Mazaunan yankin sun ci gaba da cewa wasu daga cikin waɗannan ikilisiyoyin suna yin ibada da ƙarfi kuma sau da yawa da daddare, ta amfani da ganguna. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Yanki ta karɓi korafe-korafe 40 a cikin 2017, kusan dukkanin su game da hayaniya, kuma ma'aikatar ta bayyana cewa tana neman warware su. Waɗannan korafe-korafe an bayar da rahoton cewa sau da yawa suna mai da hankali kan ikilisiyoyin Furotesta na evangelical waɗanda ayyukansu sukan yi amfani da kayan kida da addu'a mai ƙarfi.<ref name=":55" /> Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa 2022 lokacin da gwamnati ta ba da shawarar matakin hayaniya na ƙasa da decibel 55.<ref name=TOGO2022 /> == Tunisia == Kundin tsarin mulkin Tunisiya na Yuli 2022 ya buƙaci gwamnati ta goyi bayan manufofin Musulunci da haɓaka su, kuma ya bayyana cewa “Tunisiya wani yanki ne na Ummah ta Musulunci”; ya kuma buƙaci shugaban ƙasa ya kasance Musulmi.<ref name=TUN2022>[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/tunisia US State Dept 2022 report on Tunisia]</ref> === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Baya === Kundin tsarin mulkin da ya gabata ya tanadi ƴancin yin imani, lamiri, da kuma aikin addini, kuma ya hana inganta nuna bambanci, ƙiyayya, ko tashin hankali bisa addini.<ref name=":56" /> Gwamnati tana ba da tallafi ga masallatai da majami'u, tana naɗa limamai, kuma tana biyan su albashi, kuma tana biyan albashin babban rabbi. Shugaban ƙasa ne ke zaɓen Babban Mufti. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Addini tana ba da shawarar jigogi don hudubar Juma'a, amma ba ta da ikon sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikinsu. Gwamnati na iya fara matakan gudanarwa da na shari'a don cire limamai waɗanda hukumomi suka gano suna wa'azin akidar "rarrabuwar kai".<ref name=":56" /> Wajibi ne ga ɗalibai a makarantun gwamnati su halarci darussan Musulunci kusan awa ɗaya a kowane mako. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun ɗaliban makarantun sakandare ya haɗa da bayani game da tarihin Yahudanci da Kiristanci. Ƙungiyoyin addini na iya gudanar da makarantu masu zaman kansu.<ref name=":56" /> Tanade-tanaden doka da ke magana kan aure, saki, da sauran batutuwan halin mutum sun dogara ne akan ƙa'idojin dokokin farar hula, haɗe da abubuwan shari'a. Dokokin gado sun dogara ne akan buƙatun shari'a, amma akwai wasu tanade-tanade da ke ba da damar keɓancewa kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar Matsayin Mutum.<ref name=":56" /> 'Yan sanda a Tunisiya sun yi niyya ga Salafiyawa da sauran waɗanda aka gano a matsayin 'yan ta'adda tare da kama su, binciken gidaje, da sauran takunkumi. Wata kotu a Tunis ta dakatar da jam'iyyar siyasa ta Hizb ut-Tahrir na tsawon wata guda saboda keta dokokin da ke hana tunzura ƙiyayya ta addini da kuma yin kira ga kafa Khalifanci.<ref name=":56" /> Mata masu sanya niqab kuma wani lokaci 'yan sanda suna gallazawa su.<ref name=":56" /> Membobin Baháʼí Faith ma sun fuskanci gallazawa daga jami'an gwamnati, kuma gwamnati ba ta amince da addinin ba, kodayake an ba su damar yin addininsu a sirri.<ref name=":56" /> An ba Yahudawa da Kiristoci damar yin addininsu a gidajen ibada da aka ba izini.<ref name=":56" /> A watan Satumba na 2017, gwamnati ta soke wata doka da ta haramta wa matan Musulmi auren maza marasa Musulmi.<ref name=":56" /> === Hangen Al'umma === Kiristoci da suka tuba daga Musulunci da waɗanda ba su yarda da Allah ba sun ba da rahoton barazanar tashin hankali da matsin lamba na al'umma don ɓoye imaninsu.<ref name=":56" /><ref name=TUN2022 /> === Abubuwan da suka faru === A watan Yuni na 2017, a lokacin Ramadan, 'yan sanda sun kama mutane biyar a Bizerte, waɗanda aka yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin wata ɗaya a kurkuku saboda rashin ɗabi'a a bainar jama'a saboda cin abinci ko shan taba a bainar jama'a da rana. An biyo bayan kamawar da zanga-zanga da ke kira ga sakin mutanen. Gwamnan Tunis da ministan harkokin cikin gida ma sun yi tir da kamawar.<ref name=":56" /> A watan Oktoba na 2017, gwamnati ta amince da kafa ƙungiyar da ba ta yarda da Allah ba, Majalisar Tunisiya ta Secularism.<ref name=":56" /> == Uganda == Kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda ya bayyana cewa babu addinin kasa kuma ya haramta kafa jam'iyyun siyasa bisa addini. Yana ba da damar 'yancin yin imani kuma ya hana nuna bambanci na addini. Gwamnati na buƙatar ƙungiyoyin addini su yi rajista.<ref name=UGA2022/> A baya gwamnati ta taƙaita ayyukan ƙungiyoyin addini waɗanda ta ayyana a matsayin "ƙungiyoyin asiri", kuma ta kama wasu mutane da suka ƙi shiga cikin shirye-shiryen rigakafi saboda dalilai na addini.<ref name=":57">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uganda/|title=US State Dept 2017 report on Uganda}}</ref> A cewar Majalisar Koli ta Musulmi ta Uganda, gwamnati ta nuna bambanci ga Musulmi wajen ɗaukar ma'aikatan gwamnati,<ref name=":57" /> da kuma naɗa malamai Kiristoci don jagorantar makarantun gwamnati na Musulmi.<ref name=UGA2022 /> Makarantun firamare dole ne su koyar da ko dai Kiristanci, Musulunci, ko duka biyun, yayin da ilimin addini a makarantun sakandare na gwamnati ba tilas ba ne;<ref name=UGA2022 /> yawancin ɗalibai a Uganda suna halartar makarantun da ƙungiyoyin addini ke gudanarwa. === Abubuwan da suka faru === A watan Disamba na 2016, Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Uganda ta kai farmaki kan masallatan Salafiyya biyu a Kampala kuma ta kama mutane goma sha huɗu da ake zargi da hannu a kisan Sheikh Mohammed Kigundu, wani malamin addinin Musulunci a watan Nuwamba na 2016. An saki waɗanda ake zargin a watan Janairu na 2017, kuma rundunar 'yan sandan ta nemi afuwa ga al'ummar Musulmi, tana mai cewa ta yi aiki ne bisa bayanan sirri na ƙarya.<ref name=":57" /> == Zambia == Dokar kundin tsarin mulki na Zambia ta kafa Zambia a matsayin kasa Kirista, amma tana kuma ba da yancin addini da yancin lamiri; haka kuma tana hana wariyar addini.<ref name=ZAM2022>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/|title=US State Dept 2022 report on Zambia}}</ref> A baya, wasu kungiyoyin addini a cikin Zambia sun soki gwamnatin tsohon Shugaba Edgar Lungu saboda "gurbata iyaka tsakanin coci da gwamnati" da nuna fifiko ga Kiristoci.<ref name=":58">{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/|title=US State Dept 2017 report on Zambia}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2017, sabbin dokokin rajistar kungiyoyin addini sun samu suka saboda tsauraran dokoki, wanda ya haifar da wahala ga ƙananan kungiyoyin addini, inda akalla aka hana shigar mutum ɗaya da kuma korar wani;<ref name=":58" /> har zuwa 2022 akwai dakatarwar shekaru uku kan rajista.<ref name=ZAM2022 /> Ana baiwa kungiyoyin addini dama su kafa makarantu masu zaman kansu da kuma bayar da darussan addini ga mambobinsu. Gwamnati tana bukatar koyar da darasin addini a duk makarantu daga aji na ɗaya zuwa na tara. Dalibai na iya neman koyar da addinin su kuma za su iya ƙin halartar darasin addini idan makarantar ba ta da ikon cika bukatarsu. Bayan aji na tara, darasin addini ba lallai bane, kuma ba dukkan makarantu ke bayar da shi ba. Manhajar addinin ta fi karkata ga koyarwar Kiristanci amma tana kuma ɗauke da kwatanta addinin Musulunci, Hindu da al’adun gargajiya.<ref name=ZAM2022 /> === Ra’ayoyin Jama’a === An samu hare-haren jama'a masu tarzoma kan wadanda ake zargi da sihiri a shekarun 2017 da 2022. Wanda ake zargi galibi tsofaffi ne, kuma abin yakan kai ga mutuwar su ta hanyar tashin hankali.<ref name=":58" /><ref name=ZAM2022 /> A baya, wasu shugabannin addini daga al’ummomin da ba Kiristoci ba, irin su Baháʼí da Yahudawan Messianic, sun bayyana damuwa cewa shugabannin cocin Kirista sun fi maida hankali wajen soke addininsu da kuma zargin su da zama "Shaitani".<ref name=":58" /> == Zimbabwe == Dokar kundin tsarin mulki na Zimbabwe tana hana wariyar addini kuma tana tabbatar da yancin addini da aiwatarwa a Zimbabwe.<ref name=ZIM2022>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zimbabwe/|title=US State Dept 2022 report on Zimbabwe}}</ref> Gwamnati ba ta tilasta rajistar kungiyoyin addini ba; sai dai, kungiyoyin addini da ke gudanar da makarantu ko asibitoci dole su yi rajistar wadancan cibiyoyi da ma’aikatar da ta dace. Kungiyoyin addini da kuma makarantu da asibitoci da suke karkashin su na iya samun matsayin rashin biyan haraji.<ref name=ZIM2022 /> Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta sha kama shugabannin addini da katsewa ko hana tarurrukan addini da ake gani kamar su masu suka ga gwamnati a shekarar 2017.<ref name=":59" /> Kama da tara kudade sun ci gaba har zuwa 2022.<ref name=ZIM2022 /> Ma’aikatar Ilimin Firamare da Sakandare (MPSE) ce ke tsara manhajar makarantu na gwamnati. Yawancin makarantu na gwamnati na firamare suna bukatar darasin addini wanda ya fi karkata ga Kiristanci amma yana kuma ɗauke da wasu addinai, yana jaddada juriya ga addinai daban-daban. Ba a bayar da damar ƙin halartar darasin addini a matakin firamare ba. Dalibai za su iya ƙin halartar darasin addini daga matakin sakandare tun da suke da shekara 14, lokacin da suke fara zaɓin darussan su. Gwamnati ba ta da ikon tsara darasin addini a makarantu masu zaman kansu amma dole ne ta amince da daukar shugabanni da malamai a waɗancan makarantu.<ref name=ZIM2022 /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} m4gbalfvg2u6gdmsomjka51yvuph55j 0 107330 868732 867045 2026-06-26T15:36:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868732 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a [[Cuba|Cuban]]''' suna karkashin binciken kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, wadanda ke zargin gwamnatin Cuba da aikata laifuka na cin zarafin' yancin dan adam a kan mutanen Cuba, gami da ɗaurin kurkuku da shari'o'i marasa adalci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-06 |title=World Report 2020: Rights Trends in Cuba |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/cuba |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything you need to know about human rights in Cuba |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/cuba/report-cuba/ |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa kamar su [[Amnesty International]] da [[Hakkin ɗan'adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Human Rights]] Watch sun ja hankalin ayyukan ƙungiyar kare [[Hakkin Dan Adam a Slovakia|hakkin dan Adam]] da kuma sanya mambobinta a matsayin fursunonin lamiri, kamar su Óscar Elías Biscet . Bugu da kari, an kirkiro Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Dimokuradiyya a Cuba karkashin jagorancin tsoffin 'yan siyasa Václav Havel na [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], [[José María Aznar]] na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da Patricio Aylwin na [[Chile]] don tallafawa ƙungiyar masu adawa da Cuba.<ref>The experts are: Alena Douhan, Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of the unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights; George Katrougalos, Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order; Attiya Waris, Independent Expert on foreign debt, other international financial obligations and human rights; Reem Alsalem, Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls, its causes and consequences. {{cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=United States: Experts dismayed by decision to reinstate Cuba as State Sponsor of Terrorism, call for lifting of unilateral coercive measure |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/02/united-states-experts-dismayed-decision-reinstate-cuba-state-sponsor |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights. United Nations}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == An bayyana damuwa game da yadda ake tafiyar da tsarin da ya dace. A cewar Human Rights Watch, ko da yake Cuba, a hukumance ba ta yarda da Allah ba har zuwa 1992, yanzu "ya ba da damar mafi girma don bayyana addini fiye da yadda aka yi a shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ta yarda da dama kungiyoyin agaji na addini suyi aiki, gwamnati har yanzu tana kula da cibiyoyi na addini, ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa, da kuma daidaikun masu bi".<ref name="hrw1999">{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=Cuba's repressive machinery |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-01.htm#P348_12349 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Censorship a Cuba ya kasance a tsakiyar korafe-korafe.<ref name="RWB-Index2008">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Press Freedom Index 2008 |url=http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221403/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-03 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref name="cubaonline">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance |url=http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221407/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-03 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> A cewar rahoton Human Rights Watch daga shekara ta 2017 gwamnati ta ci gaba da dogaro da tsare-tsare na wucin gadi don tayar da masu sukar, masu gwagwarmaya masu zaman kansu, abokan adawar siyasa, da sauransu. Wannan rahoto ya kara da cewa Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam da Sakamako ta Kasa ta Cuba, kungiya mai zaman kanta mai 'yancin dan adam wacce ba ta da izinin hukuma kuma saboda haka gwamnati ta dauke ta ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta sami rahotanni sama da 7,900 na tsare-tsare daga Janairu zuwa Agusta 2016. Wannan yana wakiltar matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata na tsare-tsare a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata.<ref name="Cuba Events of 2016">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2017 |title=World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Cuba |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/cuba |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Rahoton shekara-shekara na Amnesty International na 2017-2018 ya kuma bayyana karin tsare-tsaren da ake yi ba bisa ka'ida ba, korar jami'an gwamnati na nuna wariya da cin zarafi a cikin sana'o'in dogaro da kai da nufin sanya su shiru suna suka. Dangane da duk wani ci gaba da aka samu a fannin ilimi, Amnesty International ta ruwaito cewa ci gaban ilimi ya lalace ta hanyar satar bayanai ta yanar gizo da kuma ta layi. Cuba ta kasance galibi a rufe ga masu sa ido na kare hakkin dan adam masu zaman kansu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cuba 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/cuba/report-cuba/ |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Cuba jagora ce ta yanki a batutuwan kare hakkin mata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-06 |title=Cuban women cite gender challenges as they push to open businesses |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/cuban-women-cite-gender-challenges-push-open-businesses-rcna11186 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Fact Sheet {{!}} UN Women Data Hub |url=https://data.unwomen.org/country/cuba |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=data.unwomen.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == A lokacin [[Daular Sipaniya|Mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya]], limamin Bartolomé de las Casas ya ba da labarin zalunci ga 'yan asalin ƙasar. Jirgin da ya biyo baya na bayi na Afirka zuwa tsibirin, wanda ya dauki sama da shekaru 300, ya haifar da shiga tsakani na sojojin [[Birtaniya]] da kuma ƙuduri "don dakatar da waɗannan cin zarafin".<ref>"Report from the British commissionary judge, Havana, to the Foreign secretary (Lord Stanley)." September 30, 1866. Thomas, Hugh. ''Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom''. p.1050.</ref> Tun lokacin da Cuba ta sami 'yancin kai a 1902, kungiyoyi daban-daban, a cikin Cuba da kuma duniya, sun soki gwamnatocin Cuba da suka biyo baya saboda cin zarafin' yancin dan adam a tsibirin. A ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya a Cuba, haƙƙin ɗan adam a tsibirin ya zama damuwa ta duniya. Bayan ziyarar da ya kai yankin a shekara ta 1898, Sanata Redfield Proctor na Amurka ya kiyasta cewa har zuwa 200,000 Cubans sun mutu daga yunwa da cututtuka a cikin "masu tsananin Mutanen Espanya", ainihin sansanonin taro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Rhetorical Society |url=http://hcs.harvard.edu/~rhetoric/proctor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807060847/http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~rhetoric/proctor.htm |archive-date=2011-08-07 |access-date=2006-08-27}}</ref> Damuwa ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa wajen samun goyon baya ga Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka a Amurka. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, da kuma bin dogon lokaci na rashin zaman lafiya, gwamnatin jari-hujja ta 1924-33 ta Gerardo Machado ta zama mai mulki. Machado ya tsawaita mulkinsa har sai da Fulgencio Batista ya jagoranci wani bore da ake kira Revolt of Sergeants, a matsayin wani bangare na juyin mulkin da ya hambarar da Machado a shekara ta 1933. Batista kuma ya zama mai karfi bayan wasu shugabannin 'yan tsana har sai da aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a 1940. A cewar Hugh Thomas, lokacin bayan Machado ya kasance alama ce ta cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa. gansterismo a ko'ina cikin tsibirin.<ref>[[Hugh Thomas (writer)|Hugh Thomas]]. ''Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom''. p.388</ref> Daga 1940, Cuba tana da tsarin zaɓe na jam'iyyu da yawa har sai Fulgencio Batista (Shugaba daga 1940 zuwa 1944) ya yi juyin mulki tare da goyon bayan soja a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1952.<ref name="CIA, 1963 P. 1">CIA (1963). Political Murders in Cuba -- Batista Era Compared with Castro Regime</ref><ref name="Bethell-Cuba">{{cite book|title=Cuba|first=Leslie|last=Bethell}}</ref><ref name="Sweig-Inside">{{cite book|title=Inside the Cuban Revolution|first=Julia E.|last=Sweig|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01612-5|url=https://archive.org/details/insidecubanrevol00juli}}</ref><ref name="Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. 1990 P. 63">Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. (1990). Exploring Revolution: Essays on Latin American Insurgency and Revolutionary Theory. Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe. P. 63 "Estimates of hundreds or perhaps about a thousand deaths due to Batista's terror are also supported by comments made by Fidel Castro and other Batista critics during the war itself."</ref><ref name="Guerra, Lillian 2012 p. 42">Guerra, Lillian (2012). Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959–1971. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 42 "The likely total was probably closer to three to four thousand."</ref><ref>''Conflict, Order, and Peace in the Americas'', by the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, 1978, p. 121. "The US-supported Batista regime killed 20,000 Cubans"</ref> Don kwantar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin jama'a - wanda aka nuna daga baya ta hanyar tarzomar ɗalibai da zanga-zangar -Batista ya kafa tsauraran ra'ayi na kafofin watsa labarai, yayin da kuma yana amfani da Ofishin sa na Tattalin Arziki na Kwaminisanci don aiwatar da manyan tarzoma, azabtarwa da kisa ga jama'a. Wadannan kashe-kashen sun hauhawa a cikin 1957, yayin da ra'ayoyin gurguzu suka zama mafi tasiri. An kashe mutane da yawa, tare da kiyasin da aka kashe daga ɗaruruwa zuwa kusan mutane 20,000.<ref name="Invisible">''Invisible Latin America'', by Samuel Shapiro, Ayer Publishing, 1963, {{ISBN|0-8369-2521-1}}, pg 77. "All told, Batista's second dictatorship cost the Cuban people some 20,000 dead"</ref><ref name="WGuide">''The World Guide 1997/98: A View from the South'', by University of Texas, 1997, {{ISBN|1-869847-43-1}}, pg 209. "Batista engineered yet another coup, establishing a dictatorial regime, which was responsible for the death of 20,000 Cubans."</ref><ref name="ThirdW">''The Third World in Perspective'', by H.A. Reitsma & J.M.G. Kleinpenning, {{ISBN|0-8476-7450-9}}, pg 344. "Under Batista at least 20,000 people were put to death."</ref> A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1960, Sanata John F. Kennedy, a tsakiyar yakin neman zabensa na shugabancin Amurka, ya soki dangantakar Batista da gwamnatin Amurka kuma ya soki gwamnatin Eisenhower don tallafa masa:<blockquote>Fulgencio Batista ya kashe 'yan Cuba 20,000 a cikin shekaru bakwai ... kuma ya mai da Demokradiyyar Cuba cikakkiyar 'yan sanda - yana lalata kowane 'yanci. Duk da haka taimakonmu ga gwamnatinsa, da rashin daidaiton manufofinmu, sun ba Batista damar kiran sunan Amurka don tallafawa mulkinsa na ta'addanci. Masu magana da yawun gwamnatin sun yaba wa Batista a bainar jama’a—suna yaba shi a matsayin babban abokin tarayya kuma abokin kirki—a lokacin da Batista ke kashe dubbai, yana lalata ’yancin kai na ƙarshe, da kuma sace ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli daga mutanen Cuba, kuma mun kasa matsa lamba don a yi zaɓe cikin ‘yanci.<ref name="JFK1960">[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25660 Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 6, 1960] from the ''[[John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library]]''.</ref></blockquote>A cewar mujallar Time, "Yajin aikin ya kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci: "Tare da babba, Batista ya zagaya cikin gari da gaba gaɗi yayin da 'yan sandansa suka ci gaba da yin cikakken ikonsu. Sa’ad da wata motar sintiri ta yi ta rediyo cewa ta yi artabu da ’yan tawaye kuma tana da ‘mataccen mutum da fursuna’, ma’aikacin ya ba da umurni cewa: ‘Ku harbe shi.’ Da tsakar rana, 'yan sanda suka kutsa cikin wani gidan kwana, suka kama wasu samari uku wadanda su ne shugabanin kungiyar Action Catholic Action ta Cuba, wadanda ke tausayawa Castro. Bayan sa'o'i biyu aka mika gawarwakinsu da aka yi musu, azabtarwa da harsashi da aka yi wa 'yan uwa. Adadin wadanda suka mutu: 43. "<ref name=":4">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810279,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815000127/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810279,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 15, 2009|magazine=Time|title=CUBA: Strongman's Round|date=April 21, 1958|access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> A shekara ta 1959, Fidel Castro da dakarunsa sun yi nasarar korar Batista daga mulki. A lokacin an sami sauye-sauye na asali a cikin tsarin shari'a da na siyasa. A cikin wannan lokacin riƙon ƙwarya an sami wasu damuwa game da tsarin da ya dace.<ref>The Day After — Cuba: His Brother's Keeper Foreign Policy archive.</ref><ref>[http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf/castro_year1/castroyr1.ruleoflaw.html The End of the Rule of Law March 1959] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142726/http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf/castro_year1/castroyr1.ruleoflaw.html|date=March 12, 2013}} Fidel Castro, by Robert E. Quirk 1993</ref> Kungiyar "Cuban National Reconciliation Movement", wata kungiya mai tushe a Amurka wacce ke da'awar yin aiki a matsayin dandalin tattaunawa kan al'ummar Cuban, ta yi cikakken bayani kan abin da ta yi imani da cewa suna da sarkakiya yayin nazarin 'yancin dan adam nan da nan bayan juyin juya hali. A cikin shekarun 1960, munanan tashe-tashen hankula da aka fi sani da Tawayen Escambray tsakanin gwamnatin Cuba da 'yan adawa masu dauke da makamai na ci gaba da gudana, amma a farkon shekarun 1970 sun yi kasa a gwiwa. Kungiyar ta bayyana cewa a lokacin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa suka bunkasa a shekarun 1970, lokaci mafi muni na danniya ya kare, wanda hakan ya sa tantancewar baya-bayan nan ba tare da wani bangare ba na lokacin. Har ila yau, yunkurin sulhun ya ba da misali da matsalolin da ake fuskanta wajen tantance asusun cin zarafi da aka saba raba kan bangaranci. A cewar kungiyar, 'yan gudun hijirar Cuba wadanda galibi su ne suka fara yin Allah wadai da gwamnatin Cuba, galibi suna da akidar kyamar gurguzu da kuma keta hakkin da wasu gwamnatocin suka aikata, yayin da da yawa daga cikin masu lura da al'amura, ba su yi la'akari da ikirari na mutanen Cuban da abin ya shafa ba.<ref>[http://memoria.fiu.edu/memoria/documents/Book_English.pdf <i>Cuban National Reconciliation movement</i>] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719193424/http://memoria.fiu.edu/memoria/documents/Book_English.pdf |date=2011-07-19 }} Task force report 2003</ref> Bayan hawan mulki a shekara ta 1959, gwamnatin Fidel Castro ta gina ingantacciyar injuna na danniya, a cewar Human Rights Watch.<ref name="hrw19992">{{cite web |year=1999 |title=Cuba's repressive machinery |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-01.htm#P348_12349 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Tun a farkon watan Satumbar 1959,<ref>British Foreign Office. Chancery American Department, Foreign Office, London September 2, 1959 (2181/59) to British Embassy Havana classified as restricted Released 2000 by among British Foreign Office papers FOREIGN OFFICES FILES FOR CUBA Part 1: Revolution in Cuba "in our letter 1011/59 May 6 we mentioned that a Russian workers' delegation had been invited to participate in the May Day celebrations here, but had been delayed. The interpreter with the party, which arrived later and stayed in Cuba a few days, was called Vadim Kotchergin although he was at the time using what he subsequently claimed was his mother's name of Liston (?). He remained in the background, and did not attract any attention.."</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 7, 2005 |title=El campo de entrenamiento "Punto Cero" donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales |url=http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031149/http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm |archive-date=October 30, 2007 |access-date=2008-01-08 |publisher=[[Cuban American National Foundation]]}} (English title: The training camp "Point Zero" where the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) trained national and international terrorists) "... Los coroneles soviéticos de la KGB Vadim Kochergin y Victor Simonov (ascendido a general en 1970) fueron entrenadores en "Punto Cero" desde finales de los años 60 del siglo pasado. Uno de los" graduados" por Simonov en este campo de entrenamiento es Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, más conocido como "Carlos El Chacal". Otro "alumno" de esta instalación del terror es el mexicano Rafael Sebastián Guillén, alias "subcomandante Marcos", quien se "graduó" en "Punto Cero" a principio de los años 80."</ref> an ga Vadim Kotchergin (ko Kochergin), wakilin KGB, a Cuba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2005 |title=El campo de entrenamiento "Punto Cero" donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales |url=http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031149/http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm |archive-date=October 30, 2007 |access-date=2008-01-08 |publisher=[[Cuban American National Foundation]]}} (English title: The training camp "Point Zero" where the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) trained national and international terrorists)<br /><br /> "... Los coroneles soviéticos de la KGB Vadim Kochergin y Victor Simonov (ascendido a general en 1970) fueron entrenadores en "Punto Cero" desde finales de los años 60 del siglo pasado. Uno de los" graduados" por Simonov en este campo de entrenamiento es Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, más conocido como "Carlos El Chacal". Otro "alumno" de esta instalación del terror es el mexicano Rafael Sebastián Guillén, alias "subcomandante Marcos", quien se "graduó" en "Punto Cero" a principio de los años 80."</ref> Jorge Luis Vasquez, dan kasar Cuban wanda aka daure shi a Gabashin Jamus, ya bayyana cewa 'yan sanda na sirri na Gabashin Jamus Stasi sun horar da ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Cuba (MININT).<ref>{{cite news |last=Levitin |first=Michael |date=November 4, 2007 |title=La Stasi entrenó a la Seguridad cubana |url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/209/story/112259.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928223044/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/209/story/112259.html |archive-date=September 28, 2008 |publisher=Nuevo Herald}}</ref> === Kashe-kashen siyasa === An yi kimantawa daban-daban don tabbatar da yawan kisan gillar siyasa da aka gudanar a madadin gwamnatin Cuban tun bayan juyin juya halin. A cikin watanni biyu na farko na 1959, gwamnatin Castro ta kashe sama da jami'an Batista 300,<ref name="APfeb59">{{cite news |last1=Berrellez |first1=Robert |date=23 February 1959 |title=True Picture Of Batista Regime's Atrocities In Cuba Begins To Emerge |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19590223&id=NP1XAAAAIBAJ&pg=2501,4729775 |access-date=19 March 2017 |work=[[Spokane Daily Chronicle]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> tare da masanin tarihin Latin Amurka Thomas E. Skidmore ya ce an kashe mutane 550 a cikin watanni shida na farko na 1959. <ref name="Atlas">{{Cite web |title=Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls |url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm#Cuba59 |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=users.erols.com}}</ref> A cikin wani labarin UPI na Afrilu 1961, hukumar ta bayyana cewa kimanin "700 sun mutu kafin 'yan wasan Castro' tsakanin 1959 da 1961.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 April 1961 |title=Seven including ex-Castroite executed |url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1961/04/20/Seven-including-ex-Castroite-executed/1205884581438/ |access-date=19 March 2017 |work=[[United Press International|UPI]] |language=en}}</ref> The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators ya tabbatar da cewa an yi kisa na siyasa 2,113 tsakanin shekarun 1958-67, yayin da masanin tarihin Burtaniya Hugh Thomas, ya bayyana a cikin bincikensa ''Cuba ko neman 'yanci'' <ref name="Atlas" /> cewa "watakila" kashe-kashen 5,000 ya faru a shekarar 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom Hugh Thomas |url=http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/p/7230/mcms.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607162823/http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/p/7230/mcms.html |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=longitudebooks.com}}</ref><ref name="Atlas" /> Yawancin wadanda aka kashe kai tsaye bayan juyin juya halin 1959 'yan sanda ne,' yan siyasa da masu ba da labari ga mulkin Batista waɗanda aka zarge su da laifuka kamar azabtarwa da kisan kai, kuma shari'arsu ta jama'a da kisa sun sami goyon baya sosai tsakanin jama'ar Cuba. Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa wadanda aka kashe sun kasance masu laifi kamar yadda ake tuhuma, amma shari'arsu ba ta bi tsari da ya dace ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Resurrection of Che Guevara |url=http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/farber25.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129121500/http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/farber25.htm |archive-date=2011-11-29 |access-date=2017-02-04 |website=nova.wpunj.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Resurrection of Che Guevara |url=http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/farber25.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129121500/http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/farber25.htm |archive-date=2011-11-29 |access-date=2017-02-04 |website=nova.wpunj.edu}}</ref> Gwamnatin Cuban ta tabbatar da irin wadannan matakan a kan dalilan cewa a Cuba, yin amfani da hukuncin kisa ga masu aikata laifukan yaki da sauransu sun bi irin wannan hanyar da Allies suka bi a baya a lokacin gwajin Nuremberg. Wasu malaman Cuban sun ci gaba da cewa idan gwamnati ba ta sanya dokoki masu tsanani a kan masu azabtarwa, [[Ta'addanci|'yan ta'adda]], da sauran masu laifi da gwamnatin Batista ta yi amfani da su ba, mutane da kansu za su dauki adalci a hannunsu.<ref>Raul Gomez Treto, "Thirty Years of Cuban Revolutionary Penal Law", <i>Latin American Perspectives</i>, Vol. 18, No. 2, Spring, 1991, pp. 114–125</ref> === An zargi sansanin tilasta aiki da cin zarafin fursunoni === A shekara ta 1987, an gudanar da wani "Tribunal on Cuba" a birnin Paris domin gabatar da shaidar tsoffin fursunoni na tsarin hukunta laifukan Cuba ga kafafen yada labarai na duniya. Wata kungiyar yaki da gurguzu da Amurka ke daukar nauyin wannan taro mai suna Resistance International da "Coalition of Committees for the Rights of Man in Cuba". Shaidu da aka gabatar a kotun, a gaban wani komitin kasa da kasa, sun yi zargin cewa ana fuskantar azabtarwa a gidajen yarin Cuba da kuma “sansanoni masu wahala”. Azabawar ta kunshi duka, gwaje-gwajen halittu wadanda suka hada da hana abinci, tambayoyi na tashin hankali da yanayin rayuwa mara tsafta.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070610074457/http://polarch.sas.ac.uk/pdf_documents/TropicalGulag.pdf Tribunal on Cuba] Paris April 1986</ref> Alkalin kotun ya amince da zargin kama shi ba bisa ka'ida ba; yanke hukunci ta hanyar kotun soja ba tare da jama'a ko mai kare shi ba; lokacin da fursunoni suka shafe a sansanonin aiki masu wahala ba tare da isasshen abinci, sutura ko kulawar likita ba; da kuma kame yaran da suka haura shekara tara. === Cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin hauka === Kodayake Cuba tana da alaƙa da siyasa da Tarayyar Soviet tun lokacin da Amurka ta yanke dangantaka da Cuba jim kadan bayan Firayim Minista Fidel Castro ya hau mulki a shekarar 1959, ƙananan zarge-zarge game da cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin kwakwalwa a wannan ƙasar sun fito kafin ƙarshen shekarun 1980. : 74 Americas Watch da [[Amnesty International]] sun buga rahotanni waɗanda suka yi nuni da shari'o'in yiwuwar asibiti ba tare da izini ba da kuma kula da fursunonin siyasa.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 Wadannan rahotanni sun shafi asibitin Gustavo Machin a Santiago na Cuba a kudu maso gabashin kasar da kuma babban asibitin mahaukaci a [[Havana]].<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 A shekara ta 1977, an buga wani rahoto game da zargin cin zarafin ilimin kwakwalwa a Cuba a Amurka kuma ya gabatar da shari'o'in rashin kulawa a asibitocin kwakwalwa na Cuba wanda ya samo asali ne daga farkon shekarun 1970.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 Yana gabatar da zarge-zarge masu tsanani waɗanda ke da'awar cewa fursunoni waɗanda suka ƙare a cikin unguwanni na asibitocin mahaukaci a Santiago de Cuba da Havana suna fuskantar hanyoyin rashin lafiya waɗanda suka haɗa da maganin lantarki ba tare da amfani da kayan kwantar da hankali ba ko anesthesia.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 Aikace-aikacen da aka ruwaito na ECT a cikin unguwanni na shari'a yana da alama, aƙalla a yawancin shari'o'in da aka ambata, ba isasshen magani na asibiti ba ne don yanayin da aka gano fursunoni - a wasu lokuta ba a gano fursunonin ba.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : An bayyana yanayi 75 a cikin unguwanni na shari'a a cikin maganganu masu banƙyama kuma a bayyane suke da bambanci sosai da yanayin da ke cikin sauran sassan asibitocin mahaukaci waɗanda aka ce suna da kyau kuma na zamani.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 {{Rp|75}} A watan Agustan 1981, an kama masanin tarihin Marxist Ariel Hidalgo kuma an zarge shi da "ta da tsarin zamantakewa, hadin kan kasa da kasa da kuma Jihar Socialist" kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru takwas a kurkuku. : 75 A watan Satumbar 1981, an kai shi daga hedikwatar tsaron jihar zuwa unguwar Carbó-Serviá (forensic) na asibitin Havana Psychiatric kuma ya zauna a can na makonni da yawa.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 76 {{Rp|76}} == Cuba ta zamani == === Matsalar siyasa === Wani rahoto na 2009 na Human Rights Watch ya kammala cewa "Raúl Castro ya ci gaba da bindigar Cuba a wuri... tun lokacin da ɗan'uwansa Fidel Castro ya ba shi iko. " <ref name="HRW 2009">{{Cite web |date=2009-11-18 |title=New Castro, Same Cuba: Political Prisoners in the Post-Fidel Era |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/11/18/cuba-ra-l-castro-imprisons-critics-crushes-dissent |access-date=2012-02-17 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Rahoton ya gano cewa "[yawan fursunonin siyasa da aka kama a ƙarƙashin Fidel suna ci gaba da lalacewa a kurkuku, kuma Raúl ya yi amfani da dokoki masu tsanani da gwaji na karya don ɗaure yawancin waɗanda suka yi ƙarfin hali don yin amfani da hakkinsu na asali. "[s] Gidan Freedom House da [[gwamnati]] Amurka ke tallafawa ya rarraba Cuba a matsayin "Ba Free ba", <ref name="FH Cuba1">{{Cite web |title=Cuba |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/country/cuba |access-date=2012-02-17 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> kuma ya lura cewa "Cuba ita ce kadai ƙasa a cikin Amurka da ke yin jerin Freedom House na Mafi Girma: Ƙungiyoyin Mafi Girma a Duniya don yaduwar cin zarafin [[Ƴancin siyasa|'yanci]] siyasa da' yanci na jama'a". <ref name="FH Cuba1" /> Rahoton Duniya na 2017 na Human Rights Watch ya rubuta cewa [[Ɗan jarida|'yan jarida]] masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ɗauka suna ƙarƙashin kamfen ɗin lalata da kuma kamawa na son rai, kamar yadda masu fasaha da masana kimiyya suke buƙatar mafi girma.<ref name="Cuba Events of 2016"/> [[Fayil:Press_conference,_Havana.jpg|right|thumb|Jorge Luis García Pérez ya kai farmaki ga narkewar Cuban a matsayin mika wuya ga mulkin Castro]] Wani rahoto na 1999 Human Rights Watch ya lura cewa babban alhakin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida shine saka idanu kan yawan mutanen Cuban don alamun rashin amincewa.<ref name="HRW-Cuba1999-VIII">{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=VIII. ROUTINE REPRESSION |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-08.htm#P1517_344135 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cikin 1991 sabbin hanyoyin biyu don sa ido da sarrafawa na ciki sun fito. Shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci sun shirya tsarin tsaro da kariya (Sistema Unico de Vigilancia y Protección, SUVP). Brigades na Rapid Action (Brigadas de Acción Rapida, wanda kuma ake kira Brigades na Saurin Amsa, ko Brigadas de Respuesta Rápida) suna lura da sarrafa masu adawa.<ref name="HRW-Cuba1999-VIII" /> Har ila yau, gwamnati "tana riƙe fayilolin ilimi da na aiki (expedientes escolares y laborales) ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, inda jami'ai ke yin rikodin ayyukan ko maganganun da za su iya ɗaukar aminci ga juyin juya halin. Kafin ci gaba zuwa sabuwar makaranta ko matsayi, dole ne a fara ɗaukar rikodin mutum a karɓa".<ref name="HRW-Cuba1999-VIII" /> Yunkurin adawa a Cuba tarin mutane ne da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, mafi yawansu suna aiki don girmama haƙƙin mutum a tsibirin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report 2004 {{!}} Cuba |url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/cub-summary-eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608152653/http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/cub-summary-eng |archive-date=June 8, 2007 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin sanannun 'yan adawar Cuban sun hada da Ladies in White (masu karɓar Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought), Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da shugaban al'ummar Cuban Jesús Permuy, Marta Beatriz Roque, da kuma wanda aka zaba don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya kuma wanda ya lashe Kyautar Sakharov Oswaldo Payá, da Óscar Elías Biscet, da Jorge Luis García Pérez "Antúnez". A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2019, Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Amurka ta sanar da cewa, Amurka za ta kakabawa Cuba sabbin takunkumai, sakamakon rashin kyawun bayanan da take da shi na kare hakkin dan Adam da kuma goyon bayan gwamnatin Venezuela. Musamman ma, ci gaba da tsare José Daniel Ferrer an bayyana shi a wata sanarwa ta daban wacce ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar. Ferrer wanda ke jagorantar kungiyar Patriotic Union of Cuba (UNPACU), gwamnatin Cuba na tsare a gidan yari kuma ba a bayyana inda yake ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2019 |title=US Levies New Sanctions on Cuba Over Human Rights, Venezuela |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/americas_us-levies-new-sanctions-cuba-over-human-rights-venezuela/6177839.html |access-date=18 October 2019 |website=Voice of America}}</ref> === Censorship === Cuba a hukumance ta amince da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa da aka lissafta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya a 1948. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idoji a cikin sanarwar ita ce dagewar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da ra'ayi. A cewar kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Cuba na shekarar 1992, an ba da damar fadin albarkacin baki "bisa manufofin al'ummar gurguzu" kuma an ba da izinin yin zane-zane "muddin abin da ke cikinsa bai saba wa juyin juya halin Musulunci ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992 |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/cuba-constitution.html |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=University of Minnesota Human Right Library}}</ref> Tsarin Mulki na Cuba na 2019 ya cire harshen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba's Constitution of 2019 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cuba_2019.pdf?lang=en#page=53&zoom=100,624,781 |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=constituteproject.org}}</ref> Matsayin Cuba ya kasance a kasan Index na 'yancin' yan jarida na 2008 wanda Reporters Without Borders (RWB) suka tattara. <ref name="RWB-Index2008"/> An kira Cuba daya daga cikin kasashe goma da aka fi tantancewa a duniya ta Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida.<ref name="CPJ-2006">{{Cite web |title=10 most censored countries |url=http://www.cpj.org/censored/censored_06.html |publisher=The Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref> A cewar Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida na Amurka, kafofin yada labarai a Cuba suna aiki ne a karkashin kulawar Sashen Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, wanda "ke haɓaka da daidaita dabarun farfaganda".<ref name="CPJ-2006"/> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa [waɗanda?] suka yi imanin cewa waɗannan labaran suna ba da ikon yin amfani da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ga jihar. Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tantance cewa: "A bayyane yake cewa yin amfani da' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a ƙarƙashin wannan labarin na Kundin Tsarin Mulki yana ƙarƙashin mahimman abubuwa guda biyu: a gefe guda, adanawa da ƙarfafa Jihar Kwaminisanci; a gefe guda kuma, buƙatar rufe duk wani zargi na ƙungiyar da ke mulki. " Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta [[Amnesty International]] ta tabbatar da cewa mallakar duniya ta kafofin watsa labarai tana nufin cewa an ƙuntata 'yancin faɗakar da' yanci. Don haka yin amfani da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki an ƙuntata shi ta hanyar rashin hanyoyin sadarwa na jama'a da ke fadowa daga waje da ikon jihar. Human Rights ta ce: "Rashin amincewa da sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin aikin da ya dace, gwamnati ta musanta matsayin doka ga ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa na cikin gida. Mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna fuskantar tsangwama ta tsari, tare da gwamnati ta sanya cikas don hana su yin rubuce-rubuce game da yanayin haƙƙin ɗan Adam Watch da Amnesty International sun hana su aikawa da manufofin binciken gaskiya zuwa Cuba. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kaɗan a duniya don hanawa da ke aiki ga ƙungiyoyin sadarwa na Red Cross na Cuba. Tallafin kudi da wakilcin shari'a ana bayar da su ne ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasashen waje a matsayin wani ɓangare na Cibiyar sadarwa ta Cuba ta EU . <ref name="People in Need">{{Cite web |title=Direct aid to the persecuted |url=https://www.clovekvtisni.cz/en/what-we-do/human-rights-support/cuba |website=People in Need}}</ref>  An fara yunkurin tsari da tsarin bayar da rahoto wanda gwamnati ba ta amince da shi ba a shekarar 1993. Ƙoƙarin neman kamfanin dillancin labarai mai zaman kansa, wanda ba a tantance shi ba, ya jagoranci jagorancin mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Cuba kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Christian Democratic Movement Jesús Permuy . <ref name="The Miami Herald" /> Ya fara ne a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar a matsayin membobin Civic Democratic Action, ƙungiyar laima ta kusan ƙungiyoyin adawa na Castro ashirin, sun kafa kawance tare da Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Cuban Mai Zaman Kanta. <ref name="The Miami Herald" /> Ƙoƙarin ya gaza. Rahoton Reporters Without Borders na Oktoba 2006 ya gano cewa amfani da Intanet yana da matukar ƙuntatawa kuma ana sa ido sosai. Samun dama yana yiwuwa ne kawai tare da izinin gwamnati kuma ana rarraba kayan aiki. Ana kula da imel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voeux |first=Claire |last2=Pain |first2=Julien |date=October 2006 |title=Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance |url=http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221407/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-03 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Ana korar 'yan jaridar kasashen waje bisa tsari daga Cuba, misali. An kori fitattun 'yan jaridar Gazeta Wyborcza, Anna Bikont da Seweryn Blumsztahn a shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-05-20 |title=CUBA |url=https://cpj.org/2005/05/cuba-3/ |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa "an hana [[Yancin taro|'yancin taro]] sosai a Cuba, kuma an haramta masu adawa da siyasa daga haɗuwa a cikin manyan kungiyoyi. " A shekara ta 2006, Amnesty ta bayyana cewa ""Dukkanin' yancin ɗan adam, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da ƙwararru da ƙungiyoyin da ke akwai a yau a Cuba a waje da hukuma na kayan aikin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin jama'a da gwamnati ke sarrafawa an hana su samun matsayin doka. Wannan sau da yawa yana sanya mutane da ke cikin haɗari ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin fuskantar tsangwama, tsoratar ko tuhumar laifi don ayyukan da ke nuna ikon yin amfani da ƙungiyoyi na asali na ƙungiyoyi na ƙa' yanci na ƙungiyoyi. Hukumomin Cuban sun amince da cibiyar ƙungiyar kwadago ta ƙasa guda ɗaya kawai, Central de Trabajadores de Cuba (CTC). Gwamnati a fili ta haramta kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu, ana cin zarafi da tsare masu fafutuka, sannan an daure shugabannin kungiyoyin da suka yi yunkurin cin gashin kansu. Ba a amince da ‘yancin yajin aiki a doka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Cuba |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/cuba/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=U.S. Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor}}</ref> === Jama'a === A cikin 2001 an yi ƙoƙari Oswaldo Payá Sardiñas da wasu daga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kirista, da ke aiki a matsayin Varela Project, don samun plebiscite na ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da tanadi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Cuba wanda ya ba da damar ɗan ƙasa.<ref name="HumanRightsWatch">[https://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/cuba12207.htm "Cuba"]. [[Human Rights Watch]]. Retrieved September 6, 2012.</ref> Idan gwamnati ta karbe ta kuma ta amince da kuri’ar jama’a, da gyare-gyaren za su kafa abubuwa kamar ‘yancin yin tarayya, ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ’yancin yada labarai, da kuma fara sana’o’i masu zaman kansu. Majalisar dokokin kasar ta ki amincewa da koken kuma a martanin da aka yi an gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama don nuna goyon bayan gurguzu ta zama wani tsari na din-din-din na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, wanda gwamnati ta yi ikirarin amincewa da kashi 99% na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250012006 Amnesty International report 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718170319/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250012006|date=2008-07-18}}</ref> Wani muhimmin aiki shi ne kafa Majalisar don Bunkasa Al'umma. Majalisar don inganta ƙungiyoyin jama'a a Cuba wani haɗin gwiwa ne na ƙungiyoyin fararen hula masu zaman kansu 365 tare da manufofin da aka bayyana na "samar da al'adun dimokuradiyya", "haɓaka motsin zamantakewa", ƙarfafa ƙungiyar Majalisar, sadarwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi don inganta ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ta yin amfani da duk hanyoyin da ake da su don yaƙar talauci da neman inganta yanayin rayuwar al'umma, haɓaka ilimi na gaskiya game da abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwar jama'a da tarihin zamantakewar Cuba, a duk tarihin tattalin arziki na Cuba, a cikin dukan ayyukan tattalin arziki na Cuba, da ci gaban tattalin arziki. kariya da kiyaye albarkatun kasa da muhallin halittu, da inganta al'adu na gaskiya kan 'yancin aiki. Majalisar ta yi taron farko a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Cuba |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/cuba/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=U.S. Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cubaverdad.net/workers_paradise.htm "Is Cuba a 'Workers Paradise'?."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115220420/http://www.cubaverdad.net/workers_paradise.htm|date=2008-01-15}} Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.cubaverdad.net/independent_trade_unions.htm "Independent Trade Unions In Cuba."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115220355/http://www.cubaverdad.net/independent_trade_unions.htm|date=2008-01-15}} Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.cubaverdad.net/violations_of_social_and_labor.htm "Violations of social and labor rights."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118040156/http://www.cubaverdad.net/violations_of_social_and_labor.htm|date=2008-01-18}} Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012.</ref> === Hukuncin kisa === Cuba ta sanya dokar hana yin amfani da hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 1999. Duk da haka, an yi bangaranci lokacin da, a shekara ta 2003, an kashe mutane uku daga cikin gungun mutane goma saboda fashin jirgin ruwa. Masu garkuwar dai na yunkurin isa Florida ne, amma man fetur ya kare daga rabin hanyar da suka nufa. Bayan tsayuwar kwanaki biyu, jirgin ruwan ya samu rakiyar kwale-kwalen da ke tsaron gabar tekun zuwa wata tashar ruwa ta Kuba, da alama don mai; a lokacin da masu garkuwa da mutane suka fara tsalle-tsalle a sassan jirgin, sai dai hukumomin kasar sun fatattaki maharan tare da samun galaba a kansu. An yanke wa wasu maza hudu hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai, kuma sauran mata ukun da abin ya shafa sun samu zaman gidan yari na shekaru 1-5.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 April 2003 |title=Cuba ferry hijackers executed |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2941041.stm |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === Ayyukan ƙin yarda === Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ciki har da Amnesty International sun daɗe suna sukar abin da hukumomin Cuba suka kira "Actos de repudiation" (actos de rebudio). Wadannan ayyukan suna faruwa ne lokacin da manyan kungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa suka yi amfani da maganganu, suka tsoratar da kuma wani lokacin da suka kai hari da kuma jefa duwatsu da sauran abubuwa a gidajen Cubans waɗanda ake la'akari da masu adawa da juyin juya hali. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam suna zargin cewa ana aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan ne tare da hadin gwiwa tare da jami'an tsaro kuma wani lokacin sun haɗa da Kwamitocin Tsaro na Juyin Juya Halin ko Brigades na Saurin Juya Hanyar. === Shahararrun fursunonin lamiri === * A shekara ta 1960, an yanke wa Armando Valladares hukunci kan zargin sanya bama-bamai a wuraren jama'a kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru talatin a kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=And when will Miami's terrorist nest be cleared out? |url=http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2009/junio/juev11/Miami.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304021436/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2009/junio/juev11/Miami.html |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=March 4, 2012 |website=Granma Internacional}}</ref> Shi da magoya bayansa sun yi jayayya cewa bai taɓa kasancewa cikin 'yan sanda na Batista ba kamar yadda magoya bayan Castro suka yi zargin, kuma cewa ɗaurinsa sakamakon adawa ne da gwamnatin Castro. Valladares ya yi iƙirarin cewa an azabtar da shi kuma an kunyata shi yayin da yake yajin aikin yunwa don nuna rashin amincewa da cin zarafin kurkuku; ya yi iccirarin cewa masu gadi sun hana shi ruwa har sai ya zama mai hauka, kuma sun ci gaba da yin fitsari a bakinsa da fuskarsa. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana buƙatar amfani da keken guragu bayan yajin aikin yunwa mafi tsawo. Gwamnatin Cuban ta musanta duka ikirarin, kuma ta ba da shaidar bidiyo ga Regis Debray na Valladares tsaye da tafiya. An saki Valladares daga kurkuku bayan ya yi shekaru ashirin da biyu na hukuncinsa, saboda wani bangare na ceto na Shugaban Faransa [[François Mitterrand]]. Marubucin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya David Horowitz tun daga lokacin ya kira Valladares "Jam'in 'Yancin Dan Adam". * A shekara ta 1973, an tura marubucin gay Reinaldo Arenas zuwa kurkuku bayan an tuhume shi kuma an yanke masa hukunci da 'rashin jituwa' da kuma bugawa a kasashen waje don kauce wa tantancewa a Cuba. Ya tsere daga kurkuku kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya bar Cuba ta hanyar jefa kansa daga bakin teku a kan bututun ciki na taya. Yunkurin ya gaza kuma an sake kama shi a kusa da Lenin Park kuma an ɗaure shi a kurkuku a sanannen El Morro Castle tare da masu kisan kai da masu fyade. Bayan ya tsere daga Cuba a cikin 1980 Mariel Boatlift, Arenas ya bayyana mummunan abin da ya jimre a karkashin gwamnatin Cuban a cikin tarihin kansa Antes que anochezca (1992), fassarar Turanci Before Night Falls (1993). * A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 1998, kotun Havana ta yanke wa [[Reynaldo Alfaro García]], memba na Jam'iyyar Democratic Solidarity, hukuncin shekaru uku a kurkuku saboda "yaduwar farfagandar abokan gaba" da kuma "rashin jita-jita". * Desi Mendoza, wani likitan Cuban, an daure shi saboda yin maganganun da ke sukar martani na Cuba ga annobar cutar dengue a Santiago na Cuba wanda ya yi zargin ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa. An kori Dokta Mendoza daga aikinsa a asibitin Cuban shekaru uku da suka gabata don kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. Daga baya aka sake shi saboda rashin lafiya, dangane da barin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEDICAL LETTER WRITING ACTION {{!}} Dr Desi MENDOZA Rivero {{!}} CUBA |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250281997?open%26of%3DENG-348 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415060951/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250281997?open&of=ENG-348 |archive-date=2006-04-15 |access-date=2005-09-26 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2013 |title=Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights & Law Program |url=https://www.aaas.org/program/scientific-responsibility-human-rights-law |website=AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society}}</ref> * Óscar Elías Biscet, likita, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 25 saboda rashin tashin hankali, amma adawa da Castro. * A farkon shekara ta 2003, an daure mutane da yawa, ciki har da 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, masu ɗakin karatu da sauran abokan adawar gwamnatin Castro bayan gajeren gwaji, tare da wasu hukuncin da ya wuce shekaru 20, a kan zargin karɓar kuɗi daga Amurka don aiwatar da ayyukan adawa da gwamnati. * Wani rahoto na [[Amnesty International]], CUBA: 'yanci na asali har yanzu ana kai musu hari, ya yi kira ga "kotu na Cuba da su saki duk fursunonin lamiri nan da nan kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba" da kuma "kaddamar da duk dokokin da ke hana' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, taro da tarayya, da kuma dakatar da duk ayyukan don tayar da masu adawa, 'yan jarida, da masu kare hakkin dan adam". * An ruwaito cewa an saki Jorge Luis García Pérez daga kurkuku a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007 bayan ya cika cikakken hukuncinsa na shekaru 17 da kwanaki 34 saboda, yana da shekaru 25, ya yi ihu da Fidel Castro. An yanke wa García Antúnez hukunci na sabotage bayan hukumomi sun zarge shi da ƙone gonakin sukari, sabotage, yada "farfagandar abokan gaba", da kasancewa cikin mallakar makami ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Insufficient medical care for Jorge Luis García Pérez |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engAMR250032001!Open |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112015238/http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engAMR250032001%21Open |archive-date=January 12, 2007 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> * Dokta Ariel Ruiz Urquiola, wanda Amnesty International ta ayyana "wani fursuna na lamiri" kuma ta bukaci a sake shi "nan da nan kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba". * A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2020, [[Mataki Na Sha Tara (19)|Mataki na 19]], Cibiyar Bayar da Bayani ta Yakin da Zaman Lafiya da [[Amnesty International]] ta bukaci gwamnatin Cuba da ta saki fursuna na lamiri da kuma ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, Roberto Quiñones Haces. Bayan shari'ar a watan Agustan 2019 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekara guda saboda juriya da rashin biyayya game da aikinsa a matsayin ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2020 |title=Cuba: Government must release journalist and prisoner of conscience Roberto Quiñones Haces |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/09/gobierno-cubano-debe-liberar-al-periodista-y-preso-de-conciencia-roberto-quinones-haces/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> === Tafiya da ƙaura === Ya zuwa ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, an soke duk takunkumin tafiye-tafiye da sarrafawa da gwamnatin Cuba ta sanya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2013 |title=Reforma migratoria también favorece a los militantes cubanos |url=http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/275273-reforma-migratoria-favorece-militantes-cubanos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118050741/http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/275273-reforma-migratoria-favorece-militantes-cubanos/ |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |access-date=January 16, 2017 |website=El Nuevo Diario}}</ref> Tun daga wannan ranar, kowane ɗan ƙasar Cuba, tare da fasfo mai inganci, na iya barin ƙasar ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa ta gudanarwa da gwamnati ta ɗora. Dalibai suna buƙatar izinin tafiya daga makarantarsu, ma'aikata daga ma'aikatansu. Dukansu suna karkashin ikon gwamnati. Bukatun biza ga 'yan ƙasar Cuban sun fi ƙuntatawa na shigarwa ta gudanarwa da hukumomin wasu jihohin da aka sanya wa' yan ƙasar Cuba sau da yawa suna haɗa (a keta haƙƙin ɗan adam) waɗannan buƙatun tabbatar da izini don tafiya (ƙasashen Schengen EU). Wasu daga cikin buƙatun ƙasashe na uku kamar isar kuɗi na kuɗi da alaƙar kuɗi da ƙasar (dukiya, samun kudin shiga) ba za su iya cika su Cubans ba saboda yanayin tattalin arzikin wurin. 'Yan Cuba kaɗan ne ke da (tabbatar) kuɗin shiga don nuna za su iya biyan kuɗin tafiya da zama. Yawancin suna buƙatar mai tallafawa. A cikin 2014, 'yan ƙasar Cuba suna da ba tare da biza ko biza ba a lokacin isowa ƙasashe da yankuna 61, wanda ke matsayin fasfo na Cuban na 69 a duniya. Mutanen da ke riƙe da ƴan ƙasar Spain biyu da na Cuba a yanzu an ba su izinin tafiya cikin walwala, ta yin amfani da fasfo ɗin su na Sipaniya a madadin biza ga ƙasashen da ke buƙatar bizar fasfo ɗin Cuban. Haka kuma, tun daga wannan ranar, gwamnatin Cuba ta tsawaita wa'adin lokacin da aka ba da izini a kasashen waje daga watanni 11 zuwa 24, wanda ya baiwa Cuban da suka dawo cikin wa'adin watanni 24 su ci gaba da rike matsayinsu da fa'idar "Mazaunin Cikin Gida na Cuba". Idan ɗan ƙasar ya kasance daga Cuba sama da watanni 24, to matsayinsa zai canza zuwa "Mazaunin Cuban na waje" kuma zai rasa gata a ciki. Ta wannan sauyi, babu wani abu kamar balaguron "ba bisa ka'ida" ko "mara izini" ba, don haka mutanen da suka bar Cuba ta hanyoyin da ba na al'ada ba (kwale-kwale da dai sauransu) ba sa keta dokar Cuban, don haka ba za a iya tsare su ko ɗaure su ba. Kafin Janairu 13, 2013, 'yan ƙasar Cuba ba za su iya tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje ba, barin ko komawa Cuba ba tare da samun izinin hukuma ba tare da neman fasfo da izinin tafiye-tafiye na gwamnati, wanda sau da yawa aka hana shi.<ref name="travel">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2005 |title=Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in Cuba |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/cuba12207.htm |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Balaguron balaguro ba tare da izini ba a wasu lokuta yakan haifar da tuhumar aikata laifuka. Ya zama ruwan dare, a wancan lokacin, cewa wasu ƴan ƙasar da aka ba izinin yin balaguro (musamman ma’aikatan lafiya da sauran ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga ƙasar) ba a ba su izinin ɗaukar yaransu zuwa ƙasashen waje ba. A yayin da likitocin Cuban suka sauya sheka zuwa Amurka idan aka tura su zuwa wani "aiki" daga Cuba zuwa kowace ƙasa, ba za a bari duk yaran da aka bari a baya su shiga cikin iyayensu da suka sauya sheka ba na tsawon shekaru goma, ko da sun sami takardar visa ta waje, kuma ko da kuwa shekarun su.<ref name="travel" /> An ba da izinin shugaban adawar Castro Oswaldo Payá ya yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje don karɓar Kyautar Sakharov, amma Ladies in White ba ta yi ba. Daga 1959 zuwa 1993, wasu Cubans miliyan 1.2 (kimanin 10% na yawan jama'a na yanzu) sun bar tsibirin zuwa Amurka, <ref name="census.gov">{{Cite web |title=Arquivo.pt |url=https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/000797.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090709154810/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/000797.html |archive-date=2009-07-09 |access-date=2013-07-19}}</ref> sau da yawa ta hanyar ruwa a cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa da rafts masu rauni. A cikin shekarun farko, da yawa daga cikin waɗanda za su iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya-Cuba na biyu sun tafi Spain. Bayan lokaci an ƙyale Yahudawan Cuba da dama su yi ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila bayan shawarwarin da ba su dace ba; akasarin Yahudawa 10,000 ko fiye da suka kasance a Cuba a 1959 sun fice. Tun bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet, 'yan Cuba da yawa a yanzu suna zama a ƙasashe dabam-dabam, wasu sun ƙare a ƙasashen Tarayyar Turai. Yawancin Cuban suna zaune a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] da [[Kanada]]. At times the exodus was tolerated by the Cuban government as a "release valve"; at other times the government has impeded it. Some Cubans left for economic reasons and some for political ones. Others emigrated by way of the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, which is blocked on the Cuban (land) side by barbed-wired fences and land mines.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 1995 gwamnatin Amurka ta kulla yarjejeniya da gwamnatin Cuba don warware rikicin ƙaura da ya haifar da Mariel Boatlift na 1980, lokacin da Castro ya buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ga duk wanda ke son tafiya. Sakamakon shawarwarin dai shi ne yarjejeniyar da a karkashinta aka bukaci Amurka ta ba da biza 20,000 a duk shekara ga bakin haure na Cuba. Ba a cika cika wannan adadin ba; Gwamnatin Bush ta ki amincewa da wannan doka, inda ta bayar da biza 505 ga Cuban a cikin watanni shida na farkon shekarar 2003. Ta kuma toshe wasu 'yan Cuban da ke da biza. Ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1994, Cubans 72 sun yi ƙoƙari su bar tsibirin a kan wani jirgin ruwa na yakin duniya na biyu mai suna 13 de Marzo. A wani yunƙurin da sojojin ruwan Cuba suka yi na dakatar da jirgin, an aike da jiragen sintiri domin su tare tug ɗin. Ma’aikatan jirgin da wadanda suka tsira da ransu sun ruwaito cewa, jiragen ruwan Cuban sun yi kaca-kaca da jirgin tare da fesa ma fasinjojin nasa da rowan wuta mai tsananin zafi, inda suka mamaye da yawa daga cikin jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amnesty International |date=June 30, 1997 |title=Cuba: The sinking of the "13 de Marzo" Tugboat on 13 July 1994 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr25/013/1997/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006044025/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr25/013/1997/en/ |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Jami'an tsaron gabar tekun Amurka sun ba da rahoton cewa, tsagaitawar da aka yi a manyan tekuna, an kwatanta ta da tashin hankali ne da hukumomi da kuma mutuwar bakin haure. A cewar hukumomin guda, an kai mutanen Cuban zuwa Amurka a cikin kwale-kwale masu sauri ta hanyar wasu masu aikata laifukan da suka kware a safarar mutane, tsoffin masu safarar muggan kwayoyi, da ke kudancin Florida, wadanda a yanzu ke ganin haramtattun mutane fiye da kwayoyi. Wadannan masu laifin suna karbar dala dubu 8 zuwa 12 ga kowane mutum, tare da cika kananan jiragen ruwa. Yawancin waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin ƙaura mutane ne da ke da dangi a Amurka, wasu waɗanda ba su cancanci a ɗauke su a matsayin baƙi na doka ba a Amurka, ko waɗanda ba sa son jiran lokacinsu a cikin adadin shekara-shekara, wanda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ƙaura don baƙi na doka. <ref name="Gomez"/> Since November 1966, the Cuban Tun daga Nuwamba 1966, Dokar Daidaita Kuba ta ba da izinin zama ta atomatik ga kusan duk Cuban da suka isa bisa doka ko ba bisa ka'ida ba bayan shekara ɗaya da kwana ɗaya a Amurka. Babu wani baƙo daga wata ƙasa da ke da wannan gata. Takaddama kan wannan manufa ta ta'allaka ne kan asarar masana kimiyar Cuba, kwararru, masu fasaha da sauran kwararrun mutane, amma kuma ta haifar da fargabar rikicin kaura.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshen shekara ta 2005 wanda ya ƙare a ranar 30 ga Satumba, Hukumar Tsaro ta Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa ta tsayar da Cubans 2,712 a teku, fiye da ninki biyu na 1,225 da aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2004 <ref name="Gomez"/> Adadin na 2005 shine na uku mafi girma na Cubans da aka tsayar a cikin Florida madaidaiciya a cikin shekaru 12 da suka gabata. An bayar da rahoton mafi girma a 1993 tare da 3,656 da 1994 lokacin da sama da 'yan Cuba 30,000 suka yi hijira ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda abin da ake kira rikicin ƙaura tsakanin ƙasashe biyu.<ref name="Gomez" /> Yarjejeniyar ƙaura ta 1994 da 1995 da aka sanya hannu tsakanin Havana da Washington, kuma wanda ya fito ne saboda rikicin a watan Agustan 1994, har yanzu yana aiki. Wadannan yarjejeniyoyi sun tilasta wa Amurka ta mayar da duk wadanda hukumomin Amurka suka tsayar a teku zuwa Cuba, ban da lokuta inda za'a iya tabbatar da tsanantawa ta siyasa don tabbatar da gudun hijira a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=8/28/00: Fact Sheet: Cuba-U.S. Migration Accord |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/regions/wha/cuba/fs_000828_migration_accord.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=1997-2001.state.gov}}</ref> The accords were designed to discourage those who would consider emigrating illegally by sea but the Bush administration has not complied with Washington's part of the agreements.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Although the Coast Guard says that only 2.5 percent of the Cubans intercepted are granted political asylum, the public understanding, the public perception in Cuba and among the Cuban community in Miami, is not the same. And since that is not the perception, more and more people continue to illegally leave the island by sea causing fatal consequences. According to studies carried out by Cuban experts on the island, it is estimated that at least 15 percent of those that attempt to cross the sea die before reaching the US.<ref name="Gomez">{{Cite web |date=February 2006 |title=Washington's Weapon to Create a Migratory Crisis |url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/CubaNews/message/46114 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210071227/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CubaNews/message/46114 |archive-date=February 10, 2013 |publisher=AIN{{Clarify|date=September 2024|reason=What is AIN?}}}}</ref> Koyaya, alkaluman waɗanda suka tsere daga wasu ƙasashen Latin Amurka ko Caribbean na asali sun kwatanta daidai da na Cuba. A cikin kasafin kudi na 2005, 3,612 Dominicans aka tsince a kan manyan tekuna yunƙurin zuwa Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba (900 fiye da Cuban da aka kama) kuma a cikin 2004, Haiti 3,229 kuma an karbo (2,000 fiye da 1,225 Cubans na shekarar kasafin kuɗi). Jaridar O Globo ta kasar Brazil ta buga labarin kan bakin haure ba bisa ka’ida ba a Amurka, inda ta nakalto majiyoyin hukuma, inda ta yi nuni da cewa, a zangon farko na shekarar 2005, an dakatar da ‘yan kasar Brazil 27,396 daga ketare iyakokin Amurka ba bisa ka’ida ba, matsakaita 4,556 a kowane wata da 152 a rana. A cikin 2004, jimlar baƙi 1,160,000, an dakatar da su lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin shiga Amurka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kashi 93 daga cikinsu (kusan 1,080,000) 'yan Mexico ne.<ref name="Gomez"/> === Ilimi === Ilimi a Cuba kyauta ne a kowane mataki kuma Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ke jagoranta. A cikin 1961 gwamnati ta ba da izini ga duk cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu kuma ta gabatar da tsarin ilimi na jihar. === Kula da lafiya === Gwamnatin Cuban tana aiki a kan tsarin kiwon lafiya na kasa kuma tana ɗaukar cikakken alhakin kasafin kuɗi da gudanarwa don kula da lafiyar 'yan ƙasa. Gwamnati ta haramta duk wani zaɓi mai zaman kansa ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na kasa. A shekara ta 1976, an tsara shirin kiwon lafiya na Cuba a cikin Mataki na 50 na kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ce, "Kowane mutum yana da '[[Ƴancin Lafiya|'yancin lafiya]] da kulawa". Kula da lafiya a Cuba ma kyauta ne, kodayake ƙalubalen sun haɗa da ƙananan albashi ga likitoci, wuraren da ba su da kyau, samar da kayan aiki mara kyau, da kuma yawan rashin magunguna masu mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2017 |title=Why an American went to Cuba for cancer care |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-39640165 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=The Committee Office, House of Commons |date=28 March 2001 |title=Cuban Health Care Systems and its implications for the NHS Plan |url=http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmhealth/30/30ap91.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821213607/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmhealth/30/30ap91.htm |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=19 July 2013 |publisher=Select Committee on Health}}</ref> Koyaya, babu haƙƙin sirri, ko yardar mai haƙuri, ko haƙƙin yin zanga-zanga ko gurfanar da likita ko asibiti saboda rashin aiki.<ref name="Hirschfeld">{{Cite journal |last=Hirschfeld |first=Katherine |date=July 2007 |title=Re-examining the Cuban Health Care System: Towards a Qualitative Critique |url=http://www.miscelaneasdecuba.net/media/pdf/Article-Hirschfeld-Press.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Cuban Affairs |volume=2 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317225912/http://www.miscelaneasdecuba.net/media/pdf/Article-Hirschfeld-Press.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-17 |access-date=2025-07-24}}</ref> Yawancin mutanen Cuba suna gunaguni game da siyasa a cikin maganin kiwon lafiya da yanke shawara na kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Hirschfeld" /> <ref name="Hirschfeld"/> Bayan shafe watanni tara a dakunan shan magani na Cuban, masanin ilimin ɗan adam Katherine Hirschfeld ya rubuta "Ƙara fahimtar da na yi game da aikata laifin Cuba na rashin amincewa ya haifar da wata tambaya mai tayar da hankali: har zuwa wane irin kyakkyawan yanayin kasa da kasa game da tsarin kula da lafiyar Cuban da al'adar jihar na murkushe 'yan adawa da kuma tsoratarwa a boye ko kuma daure shi zai zama masu suka?" Ana sa ran likitocin iyali su adana rikodin "haɗin siyasa" na marasa lafiya. Kula da annobar cututtuka ya zama tare da kula da siyasa.<ref name="Hirschfeld-since1898" /> === 'Yanci na addini === A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan Juyin Juya Halin Cuba, ayyukan [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] sun iyakance sosai kuma a cikin 1961 an kwace duk dukiyar da kungiyoyin addinai ke riƙe ba tare da diyya ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crahan |first=Margaret E. |date=1979 |title=Salvation through Christ or Marx: Religion in Revolutionary Cuba |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/165694 |journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=156–184 |doi=10.2307/165694 |issn=0022-1937 |jstor=165694 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An kori daruruwan malamai, ciki har da bishop, daga kasar har abada. Shugabannin Cuban sun kasance [[Mulhidanci|mai musun wanzuwar Allah]] har zuwa 1992 lokacin da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta amince da ba da damar mabiya addini su shiga jam'iyyar. A shekara ta 1998, [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] ya ziyarci tsibirin kuma an ba shi izinin gudanar da manyan taro na waje kuma an ba da Visa ga firistoci goma sha tara na kasashen waje da suka zauna a kasar. Bugu da kari, wasu kungiyoyin addinai a Cuba kamar al'ummar [[Yahudawa]] yanzu an ba su izinin gudanar da ayyukan jama'a da shigo da kayan addini da abinci na kosher don Idin Ƙetarewa, da kuma karɓar malamai da sauran baƙi na addini daga ƙasashen waje. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, Cuba ta yi bikin bude Cocin Orthodox na Rasha a Havana a wani bikin da Raúl Castro, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Esteban Lazo, Shugaban Majalisar Ricardo Alarcón, da sauran mutane suka halarta.<ref name="Orthodox Cathedral">"Raúl Castro Attends Dedication of Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Havana". 20 Oct. 2008. Retrieved 14 Apr. 2009. ''Cuban News Agency''. {{Cite web |title=Raúl Castro Attends Dedication of Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Havana |url=http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2008/1020asisteraul.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024082557/http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2008/1020asisteraul.htm |archive-date=2008-10-24 |access-date=2009-04-14}}</ref> Jaridar Cuban ta lura cewa babban cocin shine na farko a cikin Latin Amurka.<ref name="Orthodox Cathedral" /> A cikin 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Cuba a matsayin 3 daga 4, yana lura da cewa' yancin addini ya inganta a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Wani rahoto na 2023 ya gano cewa an tattara bayanan keta 'yancin addini fiye da ninki biyu daga 272 a 2021 zuwa 657 a 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba: Documented religious freedom violations more than double in 2022 |url=https://www.csw.org.uk/2023/02/06/press/5930/article.htm |website=www.csw.org.uk}}</ref> === 'Yancin mata === Cuba ta kasance mai tseren gaba a yankin a cikin 'yancin mata. Game da haƙƙin haihuwa, matan Cuban suna da izinin haihuwa har zuwa shekaru biyu da kuma samun damar zubar da ciki kyauta.<ref name=":3" /> Mata suna jagorantar kusan kashi 50% na gidaje a Cuba. Kashi sittin cikin dari na masu sana'a na Cuba mata ne.<ref name=":3" /> Mata na Cuban suma suna da babban wakilci a kasar, tare da mata da ke riƙe da kashi 48.9% na kujerun majalisa a Majalisar Dokokin Cuban. === Tortura === . == Dangantakar launin fata ==   Esteban Morales Dominguez ya yi nuni ga wariyar launin fata da aka kafa a cikin littafinsa Kalubale na Matsalar launin fata a Cuba (Fundación Fernando Ortiz). Siyasar kabilanci a Cuba bayan juyin-juya hali ta tattauna siyasar kabilanci da ta mamaye Cuban kwaminisanci. [[Enrique Patterson]], a rubuce a cikin ''Miami Herald'', ya bayyana tseren a matsayin "bom na zamantakewa" kuma ya ce, "Idan gwamnatin Cuba ta ba da izinin baƙar fata na Cuba su shirya da kuma tayar da matsalolinsu kafin [masu hukuma] ... mulkin kama karya zai faɗi". Carlos Moore, wanda ya rubuta da yawa game da batun, ya ce "Akwai barazanar da ba a bayyana ba, baƙi a Cuba sun san cewa duk lokacin da kuka tayar da tseren a Cuba, kuna zuwa kurkuku. Saboda haka, gwagwarmaya a Cuba ta bambanta. Ba za a iya samun yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama ba. " <ref name="barrier" /> Za ku sami baƙar fata 10,000 da suka mutu nan take. " Ya ce sabuwar tsara ta baƙar fata na Cuba suna kallon siyasa ta wata hanya.<ref name="barrier" />&nbsp; Jorge Luis García Pérez, sanannen ɗan adam na Afro-Cuban da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da dimokuradiyya wanda aka ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru 17, a cikin wata hira da aka yi da Directorio Democrático Cubano na Florida <ref name="directorio">{{Cite web |title=Cuban former political prisoner Jorge Luis García Perez Antúnez: I felt death was very close several times |url=http://www.directorio.org/mediacoverage/note.php?note_id=1546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429182538/http://www.directorio.org/mediacoverage/note.php?note_id=1546 |archive-date=2009-04-29}}</ref> ya ce "Hukumomin ƙasarmu ba su taɓa yarda da cewa baƙar fata ya yi adawa da juyin juya halin ba. A lokacin shari'ar, launi na fata ya kara tsananta halin da ake ciki. Daga baya lokacin da masu gadi suka wulakanta ni a kurkuku, koyaushe suna kirana da baƙar fata".<ref name="directorio" /> Duk da wadannan shingen duk da haka, ana yaba wa Cuba sau da yawa saboda ci gaban juyin juya halin Cuba a fannonin daidaiton launin fata. A lokacin jagorancinsa, Castro ya soke wariyar launin fata a cikin kasuwanci da wuraren jama'a yayin da yake gabatar da sauye-sauye na daidaito a fannoni kamar aiki, albashi, tsaro na zamantakewa, da ilimi. Adadin wadanda suka kammala karatun sakandare ya fi girma a tsakanin baƙi fiye da tsakanin fararen fata a Cuba, yayin da akasin haka gaskiya ne a duka Brazil da Amurka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A Lesson From Cuba on Race |url=https://globalhealth.washington.edu/sites/default/files/Fuente%20A%20Lesson%20From%20Cuba%20on%20Race%20-%20The%20New%20York%20Times131117.pdf |access-date=2021-03-07}}</ref> A fannin tsammanin rayuwa, tsammanin rayuwa na wadanda ba fararen fata na Cuba sun kasance shekara guda kawai fiye da na fararen fata; tsammanin rayuwa ya kasance daidai ga dukkan kabilun. Wani alama mai karfi na jin daɗin jama'a, wanda ke da alaƙa da samun damar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya (kamar yadda aka nuna, musamman, a cikin mutuwar jarirai), abinci mai gina jiki da ilimi, gibin tseren Cuban a cikin tsammanin rayuwa ya kasance ƙasa da waɗanda aka samu a cikin al'ummomin kabilanci masu wadata kamar Brazil (kimanin shekaru 6.7) da Amurka (kimani shekaru 6.3) a wannan lokacin.<ref name=":1" /> Saboda wadannan sauye-sauyen zamantakewa yawan mutanen Afro Cuban shine mafi yawan baƙar fata da ke rayuwa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fidel Castro's Legacy On Race Relations In Cuba And Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/12/03/504274605/fidel-castros-legacy-on-race-relations-in-cuba-and-abroad |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> A fannin jagorancin kasa har yanzu ana iya ganin abubuwan da suka faru kafin juyin juya halin lokacin da suka zo ga batun launi, tare da Afro Cubans har yanzu ba su cimma daidaito ba idan ya zo ga wakilci. Duk da haka, an gabatar da gyare-gyare tun a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da Castro "ya yi aiki don kara yawan wakilan siyasa na Afro-Cuban, tare da kashi na Black membobin Majalisar Jiha da ke fadada daga 12.9% a 1976 zuwa 25.8% ta 2003".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glassman |first=Naomi |date=2021-03-07 |title=Revolutionary Racism : Afro‑Cubans in an Era of Economic Change |url=https://www.cetri.be/Revolutionary-Racism-Afro‑Cubans |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=Centre tricontinental |language=en}}</ref> == Black Spring == A watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, gwamnatin Cuba ta kama mutane da yawa (ciki har da 'yan jarida da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam), kuma ta tuhume su da tayar da kayar baya saboda zargin hadin gwiwar da suka yi da James Cason, shugaban Sashen Harkokin Amurka a Havana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=San Martin |first=Nancy |date=20 March 2003 |title=35 Cuban dissidents arrested |url=http://www.hermanos.org/docs/tmh032103.html |website=The Miami Herald}}</ref> An yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma shari'a kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku daga shekaru 15 zuwa 28. A cikin duka, an ba mutane 75 dogon hukunci na matsakaicin shekaru 17 kowannensu. Daga cikin wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci sun hada da Raúl Rivero, Marta Beatriz Roque, da Oscar Elías Biscet . [[Amnesty International]] ta bayyana gwajin a matsayin "da sauri kuma a bayyane ba daidai ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Amnesty International USA's Online Action Center! |url=http://takeaction.amnestyusa.org/action/index.asp?step=2&item=10678 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040427121421/http://takeaction.amnestyusa.org/action/index.asp?step=2 |archive-date=2004-04-27 |access-date=2004-05-04 |website=Amnesty International USA}}</ref> Ministan harkokin wajen Cuba Felipe Pérez Roque ya musanta wadannan zarge-zargen, ya kuma mai da martani: "Cuba na da 'yancin kare kanta da kuma aiwatar da hukunci kamar yadda sauran kasashe ke yi, kamar yadda Amurka ke hukunta wadanda suka hada kai da wata kasar waje domin yi wa jama'arsu da yankunansu barna".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba Responds to Rough Lies on 75 Imprisoned Mercenaries |url=http://www.ain.cubaweb.cu/2004/marzo/25cmconferencia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050108055623/http://www.ain.cubaweb.cu/2004/marzo/25cmconferencia.htm |archive-date=2005-01-08 |access-date=2004-09-21}}</ref> A yayin shari'ar, an gabatar da shaidun da ke nuna cewa wadanda ake tuhuma sun karbi kudade daga Sashen Bukatun Amurka. Jami'an Cuban sun yi iƙirarin cewa manufar wannan tallafin ita ce zagon ƙasa ga ƙasar Cuba, da kawo cikas ga tsarin cikin gida, da kuma lalata tattalin arzikin Cuban. A nasa bangaren, Cason ya musanta bayar da kudade ga kowa a Cuba. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2004, gwamnatin Cuba ta saki uku daga cikin wadanda aka kama a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003: Oscar Espinosa Chepe, [[Marcelo López]], da [[Margarito Broche]] . Wannan aikin ya biyo bayan ganawa tsakanin jakadan Spain da ministan harkokin waje na Cuba. A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa an sake wasu masu adawa hudu: Raúl Rivero, [[Osvaldo Alfonso Valdés]], [[Edel José García]] da [[Jorge Olivera]] An sake wasu fursunoni bakwai a baya saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya. == Hakkin LGBT a Cuba == Hakkokin 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, maza biyu, da masu canza jinsi a Cuba sun sami bunkasuwa a tsawon lokaci, daga wariyar da ake nunawa a mafi yawan karni na 20 zuwa abin da yanzu ake la'akari da wasu manufofin LGBT masu ci gaba a Latin Amurka. === Nuna bambanci === Dubban masu luwadi, Shaidun Jehobah, masu ƙin yarda da lamiri, da masu adawa an tilasta su gudanar da aikin soja na tilas a cikin shekarun 1960 a sansanonin UMAP, inda suke ƙarƙashin "sake koyarwa" siyasa. Kwamandojin soja sun zalunta fursunoni. Carlos Alberto Montaner ya ce "An kafa sansanonin tilasta aiki tare da sauri don "gyara" irin wannan karkatarwa ... Magana da jiki, aske kawuna, aiki daga asuba zuwa faɗuwar rana, hammocks, datti, karancin abinci ... sansanonin sun kara cikawa yayin da hanyoyin kamawa suka zama masu dacewa. " <ref name="Hirschfeld-since1898" />&nbsp;&nbsp; A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda "tsarkakewar zamantakewar jama'a", gwamnatin Castro ta yi iƙirarin tsaftace fasahar "masu cin zarafin sodomitic" da kuma "masu rawa marasa lafiya". Bugu da ƙari, an kulle maza masu dogon gashi kuma an yanke gashin su.<ref name="Lumsden" /> An ruwaito Castro sau ɗaya ya tabbatar da cewa, "a cikin ƙasar, babu masu luwadi", kafin ya yi iƙirarin a 1992 cewa luwadi "halayyar ɗan adam ce ta halitta wacce dole ne a girmama ta kawai". Wani tushe ya ba da rahoton Castro kamar yadda ya yi tir da "maricones" ("Fagots") a matsayin " wakilai na mulkin mallaka". Castro ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa "kada a ba da izinin 'yan luwadi a cikin mukamai inda za su iya yin tasiri ga matasa". === Gyara na karni na 21 === Cuba ta yi gyare-gyare a karni na 21, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Israel |first=Esteban |date=2006-07-03 |title=Castro's niece fights for new revolution |url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000021/002197.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822022909/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000021/002197.htm |archive-date=2006-08-22 |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> musamman ta hanyar nasarar raba gardama ta Dokar Iyali ta 2022. A shekara ta 2003, Carlos Sanchez na Ƙungiyar Lesbian da Gay ta Duniya ya ba da rahoto game da matsayin 'yan luwadi a Cuba wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin Cuba ba ta sanya wani hukunci na doka ga' yan 'yan lu'u-lu'u masu lu'u a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Sanchez, ILGA LAC rep tells us about his cuban experience |url=http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID%3D1%26FileCategory%3D10%26ZoneID%3D5%26FileID%3D26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628192450/http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileCategory=10&ZoneID=5&FileID=26 |archive-date=2006-06-28 |access-date=2006-03-27}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2005 tiyata na sake fasalin jima'i ga masu canza launin fata kyauta ne a karkashin doka, kuma gwamnati ce ke biyan su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2008 |title=HEALTH-CUBA: Free Sex Change Operations Approved |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42693 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612094759/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42693 |archive-date=2010-06-12 |publisher=Inter Press Service}}</ref> Har ila yau, [[Havana]] yanzu tana da yanayin "mai rai da kuzari" gay da lesbian. A wata hira da ya yi da jaridar Mexico ta La Jornada a shekara ta 2010, Sakataren Farko na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Cuba, Fidel Castro, ya kira tsananta wa 'yan luwadi yayin da yake kan mulki "babban zalunci, rashin adalci!" Da yake ɗaukar alhakin tsanantawa, ya ce, "Idan kowa yana da alhakin, ni ne ... Muna da matsaloli masu yawa, matsalolin rayuwa ko mutuwa. A cikin waɗannan lokutan ban iya magance wannan al'amari [na 'yan luwadi ba]. Na sami kaina cikin nutsewa, musamman, a cikin Rikicin Oktoba, a cikin yakin, a cikin tambayoyin siyasa. " Castro da kansa ya yi amanna cewa mugunyar da ake yi wa 'yan luwadi a Cuba ya samo asali ne daga halin da kasar ta kasance kafin juyin juya hali game da luwadi".&nbsp; Mariela Castro, 'yar Sakatariyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta farko Raúl Castro, ta yi ta kokarin neman 'yancin 'yan madigo tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Cuban da ke kula da ilimin jima'i da ta ke jagoranta. Mariela ta ce mahaifinta ya goyi bayan shirin nata, yana mai cewa mahaifinta ya shawo kan kyamarsa ta farko don tallafa wa 'yarsa. Sashe na raba gardama na Dokar Iyali ta 2022 ya halatta auren jinsi guda da tallafi ta iyaye masu jinsi guda. Cuba yanzu tana da ɗaya daga cikin matsayi mafi ci gaba game da haƙƙin LGBT na tsakanin ƙasashen Latin Amurka.<ref name=":2" /> == Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya == <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Tun bayan juyin juya halin Cuban dai an sha tafka muhawara da muhawara a kan hakkin dan Adam na kasar Cuba a hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Zai zama abin walƙiya mai maimaitawa a bayan fage na duniya mai ƙarfi a lokacin yakin cacar baki da kuma cikin shekaru masu zuwa.</sup> Ƙoƙarin da aka shirya da kuma ci gaba da yunkurin kasa da kasa da manyan kungiyoyin 'yan adawa na Cuba suka ƙaddamar (misali Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Miami, <ref name="Verdeja">Sam Verdeja, Guillermo Martinez, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=k186e30BHmgC&pg=PT232 Cubans, an Epic Journey: The Struggle of Exiles for Truth and Freedom]'' (2012). p. 241, {{ISBN|1935806203}}.</ref> UNIDAD Cubana, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency intervention of world leaders urged in favor of Cuban political prisoners |url=http://www.cubdest.org/0312/c0307marthae.html |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=www.cubdest.org}}</ref> Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Kirista ta Cuba, da sauransu) da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (kamar Human Rights Watch) sun shiga UNHRC kuma za su zama ci gaba a [[Geneva]]. Wadannan kungiyoyi wani lokacin suna wakiltar nau'ikan abubuwan da suka shafi Cuban daban-daban, kamar 'yancin addini (misali ƙungiyoyin Kirista-Democrat, jam'iyyun, da kungiyoyi) <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 1995 |title=United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-First Session, E/CN.4/1995/INF.1 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/172070/files/E_CN.4_1995_INF.1-EN.pdf |access-date=June 26, 2019 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 1995 |title=United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-First Session, E/CN.4/1995/MISC.2 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/169318/files/E_CN.4_1995_Misc.2-ES.pdf |access-date=June 26, 2019 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> da ilimi (misali Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya), <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 12, 1996 |title=Commission begins consideration of rights of indigenous peoples; Press Release HR/CN/733 |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1996/19960412.hrcn733.html |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 1996 |title=Commission on Human Rights; Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Forty-Eighth Session, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/Misc.1 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/236707/files/E_CN.4_Sub.2_1996_Misc.1-ES.pdf |access-date=June 25, 2019}}</ref> waɗanda suka haɗu a kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wani karfi mai tasiri wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo tare da yin aiki da kuma jagorantar kokarin kare hakkin dan adam na Cuban na kasa da kasa, musamman a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ya kasance mai fafutuka kuma shugaban al'ummar Cuban Jesús Permuy . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamilton |first=Robert |date=2018-10-01 |title=Ros-Lehtinen, other community leaders salute Jesús Permuy |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/coral-gables-news/ros-lehtinen-other-community-leaders-salute-jesus-permuy/ |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=Miami's Community News |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayanan Miami Herald game da Cuban Christian Democrat Movement ya bayyana cewa Permuy ya jagoranci dabarun diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa don kiran cin zarafin bil'adama na gwamnatin Castro da aiki tare da wasu gwamnatocin Kirista-Democratic don hana goyon bayan kasa da kasa har sai an yi canje-canje na gwamnati don magance cin zarafin dan adam. Kodayake kokarin kare hakkin dan adam na hadin gwiwar da ke jagorantar kungiyar ta NGO ga Cuba da farko ya yi gwagwarmaya don samun karfin gwiwa a cikin UNHRC, tasirin su ya karu a hankali, musamman yayin da manyan kungiyoyi suka sami Matsayi na Ba da Shawara wanda ya fadada albarkatun su da fallasa su a can.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congressional Record House Articles |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2017/10/11/house-section/article/H7959-4 |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> Wani muhimmin canji a cikin wadannan kokarin ya zo ne a shekarar 1984 lokacin da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Permuy ta samu nasarar yin kira ga a cire wakilin diflomasiyyar Cuba, Luis Sola Vila, daga wani babban kwamiti na Hukumar Kare Hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma a maye gurbinsa da wakilin daga Ireland, abokin tarayya na Kirista-Democratic a adawar gwamnatin Castro. <ref name="Ducassi" /> Wani muhimmin lokaci ya zo ne a shekarar 1987 lokacin da Shugaban Amurka [[Ronald Reagan]] ya nada Armando Valladares, tsohon fursunonin siyasa na Cuban na shekaru 22, a matsayin jakadan Amurka a hukumar. A shekara ta 1992, an sami canji mai yawa a Geneva yayin da wakilan UNHRC suka sauya daga kin amincewa da farko, sannan rashin kulawa da kuma rungumar kokarin diflomasiyya na ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Castro. Tun daga shekara ta 1990, Amurka kanta ta gabatar da ƙuduri daban-daban ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekara-shekara da ke sukar rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Cuba. An bayyana shawarwarin da rashin jituwa na diflomasiyya a matsayin "kusan shekara-shekara". Yarjejeniya ta dogon lokaci tsakanin kasashe na Latin Amurka ba ta fito ba. An zartar da ƙudurin 1990-1997, amma an ƙi su a cikin 1998.<ref name="Herald" /> Ƙoƙarin da Amurka ta yi na gaba sun yi nasara ta hanyar ƙarancin ƙuri'a. A Amurka, wasu gwamnatoci suna goyon bayan zargi, wasu suna adawa da shi, suna ganin shi a matsayin magudi na mummunar batun kare hakkin dan adam don inganta ware tsibirin da kuma tabbatar da takunkumin da ya gabata.<ref name="coha-OAS-UNHRC" /> Kasashen Tarayyar Turai sun kada kuri'a a duniya a kan Cuba tun 1990, kodayake an nemi cewa ƙudurin ya kamata ya ƙunshi nassoshi game da mummunan tasirin takunkumin tattalin arziki. == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na Cuba == * Daraktan Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Cuba (Directorio) * Gidauniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Cuba * Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Dimokuradiyya a Cuba * Majalisar 'Yancin Cuba * Masu adawa da Cuba * Mata a Fararen == Dubi kuma == * Naƙasasshiyar a Cuba * sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay * Sebastian Arcos Bergnes * Darsi Ferrer Ramírez * 'Yan fursunonin siyasa na Cuba yajin aikin yunwa na 2010 == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5l7vtghm4shd01jpunk0oa5j2ko1958 0 108143 869299 674548 2026-06-27T10:53:28Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 869299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Ricky_Gervais_2010.jpg|right|thumb|Comedian Ricky Gervais an yi imanin cewa yana daya daga cikin mutanen da ke da hannu tare da Planet Relief .]] Planet Relief wani shirin talabijin ne na musamman na [[BBC]] wanda ke hulɗa da batun [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]], wanda aka shirya don watsawa a watan [[Janairu|Janairun]] 2008. Shirin, wanda ya kasance a cikin ci gaba na watanni 18, an yi niyyar zama kamar shirye-shiryen BBC na baya kamar Comic Relief da Sport Relief. Koyaya, An soke shi kafin a watsa shi, bisa zargin saboda BBC ta damu da cewa za a "yi amfani" da ita don inganta martani bisa ga yarda da kimiyyar [[Canjin yanayi]]. == Ra'ayi == Tunanin asali na Planet Relief shine don kara wayar da kan jama'a game da canjin yanayi. Nunin, ba kamar na musamman na BBC na baya ba kamar Comic Relief, ba a shirya shi don zama taron sadaka ba, amma don kara wayar da kan jama'a, kamar Live Earth. An fi yin wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar Live 8, tare da Planet Relief da aka gani a matsayin takwaransa na canjin yanayi. Shirin zai haɗa da rufe Tashar wutar lantarki na dare ɗaya, wanda [[BBC]] ta kwashe sama da shekara guda tana tattaunawa, <ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Richard |date=2007-09-05 |title=BBC switches off climate special |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6979596.stm |access-date=2007-09-05 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> tana roƙon masu kallo "don kashe duk fitilu marasa mahimmanci da na'urorin lantarki don maraice". == Kawar da shi == BBC ta soke ra'ayin don Planet Relief a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2007. <ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Richard |date=2007-09-05 |title=BBC switches off climate special |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6979596.stm |access-date=2007-09-05 |publisher=BBC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlack2007">Black, Richard (2007-09-05). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6979596.stm "BBC switches off climate special"]. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-05</span></span>.</cite></ref> Peter Barron, editan Newsnight ya ce, "Ba aikin BBC ba ne don ceton duniyar. " <ref name="BBC" /> Peter Horrocks, shugaban labarai na talabijin na BBC ya ce, "'Ba aikin BBC ne don jagorantar ra'ayi ko tuba a kan wannan ko wani batu ba. " <ref name="BBC" /> Akwai kuma damuwa cewa rufe tashar wutar lantarki "mai iya ɗaukar nauyin sassan cibiyar sadarwa ta [rarraba wutar lantarki] ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Haines |first=Lester |date=2007-09-05 |title=BBC cans Planet Relief special |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/05/climate_special_canned/ |access-date=2007-09-10 |website=The Register}}</ref> BBC ba ta yi, duk da haka, cewa an soke wasan kwaikwayon ne saboda son nuna cewa, don neman tsarin masu sauraro na duniya" Masu sharhi na dama sun yi adawa da ra'ayin Planet Relief . Har ila yau, korafe-korafe game da shirin sun fito ne daga masu musanta yanayin yanayi kamar Martin Durkin, wanda ya ce, "Abin da ya fi damun ni shi ne cewa BBC tana da irin wannan matsayi na Leviathan ... cewa idan ta yanke shawarar cewa za ta karɓi canjin yanayi a matsayin manufa ta ɗabi'a, ina da matsala da yawa tare da hakan. Ba na tsammanin rawar BBC ce ta kashe kuɗin ni a kan manufa ta halin kirki ba". A bangaren su, masu gwagwarmayar canjin yanayi sun kai hari ga BBC saboda soke shirin. Marubucin [[Mark Lynas]] ya ce, "Wannan yanke shawara ta nuna ainihin talauci na fahimta tsakanin manyan shugabannin BBC game da tsananin halin da muke fuskanta. Dalilin da ya sa wannan ya zama batun shi ne cewa akwai ƙaramin rukuni na '[[Ƙin canjin yanayi|masu shakka]]' na yanayi da ke yin amfani da su don haka BBC tana nuna hali kamar matsoraci kuma tana ƙin ɗaukar matsayi mafi daidaituwa<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Richard |date=2007-09-05 |title=BBC switches off climate special |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6979596.stm |access-date=2007-09-05 |publisher=BBC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlack2007">Black, Richard (2007-09-05). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6979596.stm "BBC switches off climate special"]. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-05</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wani mai sukar, Babban Darakta na [[Abokan Duniya]] Tony Juniper, ya ce, "Wannan yanke shawara ce mai matukar takaici idan aka yi la'akari da babbar damar BBC ta taimaka mana da sauri wajen sauya zuwa ga al'umma mai ƙarancin carbon. Kimiyya ta canjin yanayi a bayyane yake kuma idan aka kusanci ta hanyar da ta dace ɗaukar wannan muhimmiyar batun ba zai lalata rashin son kai na BBC ba. " == Dubi kuma == * [[Kafofin watsa labarai na sauyin yanayi|Bayanan kafofin watsa labarai game da canjin yanayi]] * Rashin jituwa na BBC * Rashin amincewa da BBC * Jerin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da aka soke kafin watsawa * Rashin son kai na kafofin watsa labarai * [[Denmark na shuka bishiyoyi|Denmark ta shuka itatuwa]] == Manazarta == 53iinhywhtn3dwcj6a59rbx24796ht5 0 110143 868693 788453 2026-06-26T12:29:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Matasan Choctaw''' ('''CYM''') ƙungiya ce ta ƙauyuka ta Choctaw da aka haifa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 don mayar da martani ga ƙoƙarin da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi na dakatar da Ƙasar Choctaw . An kafa shi, a wani bangare, a matsayin ƙungiya mai tsakiya don magance Pan-Indianism na wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar, kamar su American Indian Movement . Sabanin AIM, Ƙungiyar Matasan Choctaw ta yi aiki ba tare da rikici ba, gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya, kuma ta ba da shawarar sake farfado da al'adu da sake karɓar yaren kabilanci, da kuma alfahari da bambancin kasancewa Choctaw. Tsaron al'adun kabilanci da tarihi sun fi dacewa da kiyaye kawance tsakanin kabilun. == Tushen gwagwarmaya == Yunkurin ƙarshen shekarun 1960 ya biyo bayan sawun rabin ƙarni na 'yan gwagwarmayar' yan asalin Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin na farko, ƙungiyar da ta kafa Society of American Indians a 1911 a [[Columbus|Columbus, Ohio]] ta yi aiki kusan shekaru ashirin kafin ta rabu a cikin shekarun 1930. Sun yi kira ga kare haƙƙin shari'a da al'adu na Indiya da kuma rushe Ofishin Harkokin Indiya. A shekara ta 1944 wani rukuni na shugabannin 'yan asalin ƙasar ya zo [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]] don kafa wata kungiya don kare haƙƙin al'ummomin kabilanci. Kungiyar da suka kafa, National Congress of American Indians, ta ba da shawarar kabilun suyi aiki tare suna mai da hankali kan daidaito, ba bambancin kabilanci ba. Ɗaya daga cikin mambobin da suka kafa, [[Ben Dwight]], ya yi aiki a matsayin Lauyan Ƙabilar Choctaw Nation kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin jam'iyyun da suka tattauna farashin tallace-tallace na ƙarshe na kwal da ƙasashen asphalt. <ref name="Chickasaw Nation">{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Belvin and the Rise of Tribal Sovereignty, 1944-48 |url=https://www.chickasaw.net/Our-Nation/History/Historical-Articles/History/Indian-Territory/Jimmy-Belvin-and-the-Rise-of-Tribal-Sovereignty,-1.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213621/https://www.chickasaw.net/Our-Nation/History/Historical-Articles/History/Indian-Territory/Jimmy-Belvin-and-the-Rise-of-Tribal-Sovereignty%2C-1.aspx |archive-date=11 January 2015 |access-date=6 January 2015 |publisher=The Chickasaw Nation}}</ref> A cikin 1961 an gudanar da wani taro a [[Chicago|Birnin Chicago, Illinois]] tare da malamai da masanan ilimin ɗan adam, da kuma Indiyawa masu takaici daga 13-20 Yuni wanda ya samar da "Sanarwar Manufar Indiya: Muryar Indiyawan Amurka" - manufofin da Indiyawa suka kirkira. Sun gabatar da manufofin ga Shugaba [[John F. Kennedy]], amma sun ci gaba da kafa [[National Indian Youth Council|Majalisar Matasan Indiya ta Kasa]] (NIYC) a [[Gallup, New Mexico]] daga baya a wannan lokacin rani, don fassara kalmomi zuwa ayyuka. Wadanda suka kafa NIYC - [[Herbert Blatchford]], Navajo Nation; [[Gerald Brown (activist)|Gerald Brown]], Flathead Indian Reservation of Montana; Sam English, [[Ojibwe]]; <ref name="Shreve (2012)2">{{Cite book}}</ref> [[Viola Hatch]], Arapaho na Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribe of Oklahoma; <ref name="Fixico (2013)2" /> [[Joan Nobel]], [[Ute people|Ute]]; [[Clinton Rickard#Legacy|Karen Rickard]], [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]]; [[Melvin Thom]], <ref name="Shreve (2012)2">{{Cite book}}</ref> Walker River Paiute Tribe of the Walker River Reservation, Nevada; [[Clyde Warrior]], Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma; [[Della Warrior]], Oitttoe-Missoho Tribe Witthawk 3 daga Oklahoma. Kodayake NIYC ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana da daruruwan mambobi, babban rukuni na mutane goma zuwa goma sha biyar sun tsara kungiyar. Ba kamar kungiyoyin 'yan Afirka na Amurka ba ko fararen masu adawa, ya haɗa da mata a cikin jagorancinsa kuma ya mai da hankali kan girmama dattawan su, ba karya al'ada ba. A wasu kalmomi, "rashin tsara" ya wanzu, amma ba tare da baya ba, maimakon haka tare da gwamnatocin yanzu na masu daidaitawa. Wadannan yunkurin farko a gwagwarmayar 'yan asalin Amurka, tashin hankali na shekarun 1960, haihuwar Red Power Movement da American Indian Movement sun haɗu cikin farkawar matasa a farkon shekarun 1970 a Oklahoma. Ƙungiyar Matasan Choctaw ba ita ce kawai ƙungiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a Oklahoma a wannan lokacin ba, <ref name="Keeler (1996)">{{Cite web |last=Lowe |first=Marjorie |date=1996 |title="Let's Make It Happen" W. W. Keeler and Cherokee Renewal |url=http://fivetribes.tripod.com/wwkeeler.html |access-date=11 January 2015 |publisher=The Chronicles of Oklahoma |quote=Cherokee dissidents joined the American Indian Movement to impugn what they viewed as the “Cherokee Establishment.” Keeler was foremost among the targets of their animosity. |archive-date=11 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211163129/http://fivetribes.tripod.com/wwkeeler.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> amma gwagwarmayar Choctaw tana da tasiri mai dorewa a kan kabilar. == Haihuwar motsi == Kamar yadda shekarun 1960 suka fito, an haifi karuwar damuwa ga haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, wanda ya haifar da yanke shawara na Kotun Koli kamar Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi, Gideon v. Wainwright, Loving v. Virginia da kuma doka ciki har da Dokar 'Yancin Zabe ta 1957, Dokar' Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964, Dokar 'YanYancin Zaɓe ta 1965 da Dokar Gidauniyar Gaskiya idan 1968. A cikin wannan lokacin tashin hankali, wani yunkuri na Indiya ya bunkasa galibi tare da burin samun gwamnatin Amurka ta dawo da ƙasashe na asali, matsalolin zamantakewa masu kyau, da samar da kudade don ilimin al'adu. Red Power Movement da American Indian Movement duk an haife su ne daga wannan farkawar Indiya, wanda shine, aƙalla a farkon, wani abu ne na birane, wayar da kan jama'a game da "Indiya-ness" da kuma kamanceceniyar al'adun kabilanci. A cikin birane, an raba su daga kabilar, har yanzu mutum yana fuskantar abubuwan da ke ɗaure su da wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar saboda halayyar kabilanci da dangin al'ada. Bayan shekaru da yawa da aka gaya musu cewa komawa birane zai taimaka musu su shiga cikin al'umma mafi girma, kwarewar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ba ta yarda ba, warewa, da kuma iyaye, wanda ya kai su ga juna don jin haɗin kai. A cikin irin wannan yanayi, matasa masu gwagwarmayar Choctaw sun fara farkawa a Birnin Oklahoma, Oklahoma. A shekara ta 1969, shekara guda kafin gwamnatin Amurka ta aiwatar da manufar dakatar da Indiyawa ga Choctaw Nation (a hukumance 25 ga Agusta 1970), Jim Wade, dan shugaban 'yan sandan Talihina, ya gaya wa [[Charles E. Brown (Choctaw)|Charles E. Brown]], cewa gwamnati na rushe kabilar Choctaw . An firgita, da kuma gaskata cewa mafi yawan Choctaw ba su gane cewa lissafin Majalisa ya wuce 25 ga Agusta 1959, <ref name="Public Law 86-192">{{Cite web |title=Public Law 86-192 |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol6/html_files/v6p0882.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123135051/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol6/html_files/v6p0882.html |archive-date=23 January 2012 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=US Code}}</ref> wanda aka sani da "Dokar Belvin," lissafin ƙarewa ne maimakon lissafin biyan kuɗi na kowane mutum, Brown ya fara shirya sauran Choctaw na birni, da farko a cikin yankin Oklahoma City . Zuwa ƙofa zuwa ƙofa da kuma hanyoyin sadarwar dangi, matasa masu fafutuka na Choctaw sun ba da sanarwar cewa dokar dakatarwa tana buƙatar dakatar da ita kuma ta bukaci mutane su yi alfahari da al'adun Choctaw. A watan Oktoba, 1969, masu fafutuka sun sami goyon bayan [[Oklahomans for Indian Opportunity|Oklahomans don Damamar Indiya]] (OIO) kuma daga OIO sun koyi horar da jagoranci, yadda ake daukar ma'aikata, kuma an gabatar da su ga abokan hulɗa a cikin Red Power da AIM motsi. Brown ya kafa rukuni, tare da masu shirya shi na farko - Ed Anderson, Floyd Anderson, Robert Anderson, [[Alfeas Bond]], Darryl Brown, [[Bobbi Curnutt]], Dorothy D"Amato, Carol Gardner, [[V.W. “Buster” Jefferson|V.W. "Buster" Jefferson]], [[Vivian Postoak]] da Carrie Preston - wanda ake kira OKChoctaws, Inc., wanda da farko shine ga Choctaw da ke zaune a yankin metro na OKC. Ci gaban kungiyar ya kasance mai sauri, ba za su iya ci gaba da haduwa a gidajen juna ba kuma sun hayar sarari daga Creek Nation a kan 34th Street a Oklahoma City. A cikin shekaru biyu, abin da ya fara ne a matsayin shirin birni, ya ga canjin iko daga OKC zuwa ƙasashen Choctaw Nation yayin da matasa suka shiga kungiyoyin cikin gida da yawa kuma suka ɗauki matsayi na jagoranci. == Kokarin toshe ƙarshen == Masu fafutuka sun buga wata takarda da ake kira Hello Choctaws wanda ya sanya kansa a matsayin muryar "Matsakaicin Choctaw," kuma a kai a kai yana tambayar ayyukan Babban Cif Harry J. W. Belvin. "Fiye da shekaru 20 AVERAGE CHOCTAW bai san yawan ƙasar ƙabilarsa ba ko kuma yawan abin da aka sayar da ita. Gwamnati 'ta nada' mutane suna da ikon sayar da AVERAGE "S TRIBAL LANDS ba tare da AVERACE CHOCTEW ba ko da sanin cewa ana sayar da ƙasashensa ko kuma yawan kuɗin da ake sayar da su. " Sun fara aika Hello Choctaws ga dangi da dangi a California, [[Chicago]], [[Dallas]] da Amurka. Ba da daɗewa ba surori na OKChoctaws sun fara fitowa a cikin garuruwan gargajiya a cikin Choctaw Nation: Antlers, Atoka, Bethel, Broken Bow, Hugo, Idabel, McAlester, da Talihina, yayin da masu gwagwarmaya suka yi tafiya a can kuma suka yi magana da matasa. Masu fafutuka sun yi kira, sun aika da telegrams, kuma sun rubuta wasiƙun zanga-zanga. Sun yi kira ga Majalisa, suna rubutu ga kowane memba, sun sadu da wakilan majalisa na Oklahoma da ma'aikata a ofishin Ofishin Harkokin Indiya a Muskogee da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. An rarraba takardar neman izinin kawo karshen, tattara sa hannu ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar dangi. Lokacin da Sakataren Cikin Gida ya yi magana a Will Rogers Park a Birnin Oklahoma, daruruwan Choctaw sun halarci kuma sun sanar da shi cewa ba sa son a dakatar da kabilarsu. Sun kuma yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar su tare da OIO don tara kungiyoyin mutane don ayyukan al'umma, kamar shirya sayen ragi tare da masu sayarwa ta hanyar sayen kungiyoyi da tarurruka na ilimi don koyar da gwagwarmayar siyasa. Belvin, kodayake yana cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na OIO, ya kara ganin waɗannan ayyukan a matsayin "mai fafutuka" da ƙalubale kai tsaye ga ikon kabilanci. == Tasirin dogon lokaci == [[Fayil:Choctaw_flag.svg|right|thumb|200x200px|Fadar zamani ta Choctaw Nation, wacce kabilar ta karɓa bayan ƙaddamar da kai a cikin shekarun 1970.]] Yana da wahala a yi hukunci game da tasirin Choctaw Youth Movement a zahiri a soke dokar dakatarwar. A bayyane yake cewa masu fafutuka sun ji Belvin yana goyon bayan dakatarwar kuma ya kasance mai cin amana ga manufofin kabilanci. A bayyane yake cewa Belvin ya ji cewa masu gwagwarmaya suna kai masa hari da kansa kuma ya shirya tarurruka a duk faɗin Choctaw Nation don tabbatar da ayyukansa. Ra'ayi na jama'a yana canzawa tare da wucewar Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Indiya ta 1968, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a cikin Menominee Tribe v. Amurka har ma da Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson yana ba da shawara ga manufofin da "ya ƙare tsohuwar muhawara game da "ƙarewar" shirye-shiryen Indiya kuma yana jaddada [[Ƙaddamar da kai]]. <ref name="Menominee">{{Cite web |title=Menominee Tribe of Indians v. United States, 391 U.S. 404 (1968) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/391/404/case.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111204528/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/391/404/case.html |archive-date=11 January 2015 |access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Johnson (1968)">{{Cite web |date=March 6, 1968 |title=Special Message to the Congress on the Problems of the American Indian: "The Forgotten American." |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=28709 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213756/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=28709 |archive-date=11 January 2015 |access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> Belvin ya kasance yana magana a bainar jama'a kuma yana matsawa 'yan majalisa da su soke dokar dakatarwar akalla shekaru 2 kuma ya kasance mai goyon bayan kabilun da ke da ikon cin gashin kansu don zabar shugabancin kansu.<ref name="Kidwell (2002)">{{Cite journal |last=Kidwell |first=Clara Sue |title=The Resurgence of the Choctaws in the Twentieth Century |url=http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/5782/ins.v03.n1.3-18.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=Indigenous Nations Studies Journal |volume=. 3, No. 1 |issue=Spring 2002 |pages=10–12 |access-date=26 December 2014 |archive-date=26 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226015519/http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/5782/ins.v03.n1.3-18.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin waɗannan burin, shi da masu gwagwarmayar matasa ba su da nisa, saboda, bayan dakatar da dakatarwar, ɗayan manyan burin mai gwagwarmaya shine ikon zabar shugaban kabilansu. Masu fafutuka sun ga nadin BIA na shugabancinsu a matsayin keta asalin su a matsayin mutane masu iko. Inda Belvin da masu gwagwarmayar matasa suka bambanta shi ne cewa Belvin ya yi kama da ganin kabilar a matsayin kamfani mai sauƙi wanda aikinsa shine sarrafa kadarorin kabilanci. Masu fafutuka sun ga kabilar a matsayin ƙungiya mai fa'ida da yawa wanda ya haifar da ci gaban al'umma kuma ya inganta asalin Choctaw. Abin da motsi ya yi a cikin sharuddan da ba a yarda da shi ba shi ne haɓaka girman kai na kasancewa Choctaw kuma ya haifar da sake haihuwar kishin ƙasa na Choctaw. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bye9vpz062kv5d7p0cwz8ey1ajg246r 0 110249 868728 784478 2026-06-26T14:57:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Italiyanci na Amurkawa don Ranar 'yan asalin ƙasar kungiya ce mai ci gaba ta Italiyanci da ke zaune a Massachusetts wacce ke tallafawa maye gurbin Ranar Columbus da Ranar ƴan asalin ƙasar. == Tarihi == Danielle DeLuca, Heather Lavelle, da wasu 'yan asalin Italiyanci uku ne suka kafa ranar 'yan asalin ƙasar Italiyanci a shekarar 2016. DeLuca ya yi adawa da yin bikin Ranar Columbus da Ranar 'Yan asalin ƙasar a wannan rana, yana mai cewa bai dace ba a yi bikin "mai aikata kisan kare dangi da wadanda ke fama da kisan kare kare dangi a wannan rana".<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Columbus Day debate continues in Massachusetts |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2023/10/09/indigenous-people-allies-call-on-massachusetts-legislature-to-do-away-with-columbus-day/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |publisher=[[Boston Herald]]}}</ref> Lavelle ta bayyana cewa yayin da ta yarda da nuna bambanci da 'yan asalin Italiyanci suka fuskanta a tarihi, ta yi imanin cewa nuna bambanci ga Italiyanci ya ragu sosai har zuwa inda "al'adunmu ke murna" ta hanyar Amurka. Lavelle ya ce kwarewar Italiyanci-Amurka "ba ta musamman ba ce" ga baƙi zuwa Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2021 |title=Support mounts for nixing Columbus Day for Indigenous Peoples Day |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2021/09/28/support-mounts-for-nixing-columbus-day-for-indigenous-peoples-day/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |publisher=[[Boston Herald]]}}</ref> Lavelle ya yi kira da a yi bikin al'adun Italiyanci-Amurka a wata rana, yana mai cewa Italiyanci na Amurka "suna jin daɗin matsayi da karbuwa a cikin al'umma wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar ba sa kuma ya kamata mu ba da fifiko ga yadda suke ji a kan wannan".<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2021 |title=Why Columbus Day continues to lose ground in the US |url=https://english.elpais.com/usa/2021-10-12/why-columbus-day-continues-to-lose-ground-in-the-us.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |publisher=[[El País]]}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, 2021, [[Mayor of Boston|Magajin garin Boston]] [[Kim Janey]] ya sanya hannu kan umarnin zartarwa wanda ya amince da Ranar 'Yan asalin ƙasar. 'Yan asalin Italiyanci na Italiyanci sun yi bikin amincewar birnin kuma sun yi kira ga Babban Kotun Massachusetts da ta wuce H.3191/S.2027, 'Dokar da ke Kafa Ranar' yan asalin ƙasar', wanda zai amince da Ranar' Yan asalin ƙasar a duk fadin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAYOR JANEY ESTABLISHES INDIGENOUS PEOPLES DAY IN BOSTON |url=https://www.boston.gov/news/mayor-janey-establishes-indigenous-peoples-day-boston |access-date=2024-01-14 |publisher=[[Boston.gov]] |archive-date=2024-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114060118/https://www.boston.gov/news/mayor-janey-establishes-indigenous-peoples-day-boston |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2023, kungiyar ta halarci bikin Ranar 'yan asalin ƙasar a Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Boston.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MFA honors history and heritage for Indigenous Peoples' Day |url=https://thesuffolkjournal.com/40925/ac/artsinboston/mfa-honors-history-and-heritage-for-indigenous-peoples-day/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |publisher=[[The Suffolk Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Peoples' Day |url=https://www.mfa.org/event/open-house/indigenous-peoples-day |access-date=2024-01-14 |publisher=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Italiya]] 6fg9eq4vbx670dusv8bi250ro1xv1a2 0 111835 868694 795892 2026-06-26T12:32:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar Matasan Democrat ta Duniya ('''WFDY''') kungiya ce ta matasa ta duniya, kuma a tarihi ta nuna kanta a matsayin hagu da mai adawa da mulkin mallaka. An kafa WFDY a [[Landan]], United Kingdom, a cikin 1945 a matsayin babban yunkuri na matasa na duniya, wanda aka shirya a cikin yanayin ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] tare da manufar haɗa matasa daga Allies a bayan wani dandalin adawa da fascist wanda ya kasance mai goyon bayan zaman lafiya, yaƙin nukiliya, yana nuna abota tsakanin matasa na kasashe masu jari-hujja da masu zaman kansu. Hedikwatar WFDY tana cikin [[Budapest]], Hungary . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Charles Hongseok |date=2021 |title=Preferential Refugee Policies in Postwar Canada |url=https://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev/vol16/iss2/12 |journal=Undergraduate Review |publisher=Bridgewater State University |volume=16 |page=113}}</ref> Babban taron WFDY shine Bikin Duniya na Matasa da Dalibai. An gudanar da bikin na karshe a Sochi, Rasha, a watan Oktoba 2017. Yana daya daga cikin kungiyoyi na farko da aka ba da matsayin mai ba da shawara tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. == Tarihi == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1945, Taron Matasa na Duniya, wanda aka shirya a London, ya kafa Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Duniya ta Democrat. An shirya wannan taron na tarihi ne a kan shirin Majalisar Matasa ta Duniya wacce aka kafa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu don hada kungiyoyin matasa na kasashe masu haɗin gwiwa a gaban adawa da fascist. Taron ya samu halartar wakilai sama da 600 daga kasashe 63, a lokacin shine mafi girma kuma mafi yawan taron matasa na duniya. Taron ya amince da alkawarin zaman lafiya. WFDY ta kasance magaji ne na kai tsaye na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Duniya ta shekarun 1930, sanannen gaba na matasa na yawancin siyasa, daga addini zuwa na duniya, mai sassaucin ra'ayi, kwaminisanci, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya ba da shawarar shirin ci gaba da inganta zaman lafiya a duniya. Jim kadan bayan taron matasa na duniya a shekara ta 1945, tare da fara yakin cacar baki da kuma jawabin Winston Churchill na Iron Curtain, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta zargi kungiyar da kasancewa "gabashin Moscow". Yawancin ƙungiyoyin da suka kafa sun yi murabus, suna barin galibi matasa daga ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu, ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa, da matasan gurguzu[1]. Kamar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Duniya (IUS) da sauran kungiyoyi masu goyon bayan Soviet, WFDY ya zama wanda aka azabtar da CIA leƙen asiri da kuma wani ɓangare na matakan aiki da tsaro na Tarayyar Soviet ke gudanarwa.[2] [3][4] Babban Sakataren farko na WFDY, Alexander Shelepin, tsohon shugaban kungiyar Young Communist International ne wanda aka rushe a 1943. Shelepin ya kasance mayaƙin 'yan tawaye a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II (bayan aikinsa tare da WFDY, an nada shi shugaban Tsaro na Jihar Soviet). Dukkanin WFDY da IUS sun soki Shirin Marshall, sun goyi bayan Juyin mulkin Czechoslovak na 1948 da sabbin Jamhuriyoyin jama'a a gabashin Turai. Sun yi adawa da Yaƙin Koriya.<ref name="Western Europe 1960. p. 169" /> Babban taron WFDY ya zama Bikin Duniya na Matasa da Dalibai, babban bikin siyasa da al'adu wanda ke da niyyar inganta zaman lafiya da abota tsakanin matasa na duniya. Yawancin, amma ba duka ba, na bukukuwan farko an gudanar da su a cikin kasashe masu zaman kansu a Turai. A cikin shekarun 1960s, 1970s, da 1980s bukukuwan WFDY suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan wuraren da matasa daga rukunin yamma zasu iya saduwa da matasa da ke cikin yakin neman wariyar launin fata daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ko matasa masu tayar da kayar baya daga Vietnam, Falasdinu, Cuba da sauran ƙasashe. Shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci bukukuwan sun hada da [[Angela Davis]], [[Yuri Gagarin]], [[Yasser Arafat]], [[Fidel Castro]], [[Vladimir Putin]], Ruth First, [[Jan Myrdal]] da [[Nelson Mandela]] . Lokacin da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da Gabashin Gabas suka rushe, WFDY ta shiga rikici. Tare da rashin ikon da aka bari ta hanyar rushewar babbar ƙungiyar membobin, Soviet Komsomol, akwai ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa game da halin gaba na kungiyar. Wasu suna son tsarin da ya fi dacewa da siyasa, yayin da wasu suka fi son ƙungiyar hagu a bayyane. WFDY, duk da haka, ta tsira daga wannan rikicin, kuma a yau kungiya ce ta matasa ta duniya da ke gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullun. == Alkawari == {{Blockquote|We pledge that we shall remember this unity, forged in this month, November 1945 Not only today, not only this week, this year, but always Until we have built the world we have dreamed of and fought for We pledge ourselves to build the unity of youth of the world All races, all colors, all nationalities, all beliefs To eliminate all traces of fascism from the earth To build a deep and sincere international friendship among the peoples of the world To keep a just lasting peace To eliminate want, frustration and enforced idleness We have come to confirm the unity of all youth salute our comrades who have died-and pledge our word that skilful hands, keen brains and young enthusiasm shall never more be wasted in war|''Pledge of the World Federation of Democratic Youth''}} ==Taro== [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-M23075,_Budapest,_II._Weltfestspiele,_Eröffnungsrede,_Guy_de_Boisson.jpg|thumb|Guy de Boisson, Shugaban Ƙungiyar Matasan Democrat ta Duniya, yana magana a buɗe bikin Matasa da Dalibai na Duniya na 2 (Budapest, 1949).]] {{Notelist}} WFDY tana gudanar da Babban Taron kowane shekaru huɗu, na ƙarshe yana faruwa a [[Nicosia]] a cikin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=ΡΙΚ και υπόλοιπα κανάλια "δεν είδαν" την 20η Συνέλευση της ΠΟΔΝ |url=https://dialogos.com.cy/rik-kai-ta-ypoloipa-kanalia-den-eidan-tin-20i-syneleysi-tis-podn/ |website=Dialogos}}</ref> A lokacin Majalisar, ana zabar jagoranci da Babban Majalisar kuma an amince da sanarwar ƙungiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Approved Political Declaration Of the 19th Assembly of WFDY (1).pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NC648xKKjaVOt6yzl7ztz0gej3jmGX_B/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2020-02-11 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> == Kungiyoyin membobin == === Afirka === {| class="wikitable" !Kasar !Sunan !Bayani !{{Abbr|Ref|References}} |- |{{Flag|Angola}} |Matasa na Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta 'Yanci na Angola |Yankin matasa na [[MPLA]] |<ref name="members">{{Cite web |title=Members |url=http://www.wfdy.org/structure/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111170757/http://www.wfdy.org/structure/ |archive-date=11 November 2016 |website=wfdy.org}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Benin}} |Kungiyar Matasan Juyin Juya Halin (OJRB) | |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2015 |title=African Member Organizations |url=http://www.wfdy.org/african-member-organizations/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102233926/http://www.wfdy.org/african-member-organizations/?language=en |archive-date=2 January 2016 |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=World Federation of Democratic Youth}}</ref> |- |Kungiyar Matasan Socialist Mai Zaman Kanta (USJIB) | |<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Burundi}} |JRR Burundi | |<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Cape Verde}} |Matasa na PAICV |Yankin matasa na PAICV |<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Comoros}} |Front of Socialist Youth (FSY) | |<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Congo}} |UJS Congo | |<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Nowrap|{{flag|DRC|name=Congo, Dem. Rep.}}}} |Kungiyar Matasa ta PPRD |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Jama'a don sake ginawa da Dimokuradiyya |<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Eritrea}} |Ƙungiyar Matasa da Dalibai ta Eritrea | |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|Ethiopia}} |Kungiyar Matasan Habasha | |<ref name="members" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Ghana}} |Kungiyar Matasan Democrat ta Ghana | |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Kwamandan Matasan Afirka | |<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Guinea Bissau}} |Matasan Afirka Amílcar Cabral |Yankin matasa na [[Jam'iyyar Afirka don neman 'yancin kai na Guinea da Cape Verde|PAICG]] |<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Lesotho}} |LYF Lesotho | |<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Madagascar}} |KDTM Madagascar | |<ref name=":1" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Malawi}} |LYM Malawi | |<ref name=":1" /> |- |YASED Malawi | |<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Mozambique}} |Kungiyar Matasan Mozambik |Yankin matasa na [[FRELIMO]] |<ref name="members" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Namibia}} |Ƙungiyar Matasa ta SWAPO |Yankin matasa na [[SWAPO]] | |- |Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Namibia (NANSO) | | |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Nigeria}} |Majalisar Matasa ta Kasa ta Najeriya | |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Majalisar Matasa ta Kasa ta Mutanen Ogoni (NYCOP) | |<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Sao Tome}} |JML São Tomé da Príncipe | |<ref name=":1" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Senegal}} |Yunkurin Matasa na Dimokuradiyya |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat / Movement for the Labour Party |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Jam'iyyar Matasan Democrat Alboury Ndiaye |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Independence da Aiki |<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Sierra Leone}} |SFYO Saliyo | |<ref name=":1" /> |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|South Africa}} |Ƙungiyar Matasan Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Afirka |Yankin matasa na [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka]] |<ref name="members" /> |- |Taron Dalibai na Afirka ta Kudu | |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta KuduJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu | |- |{{Flag|Sudan}} |Kungiyar Matasan Sudan |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sudan |<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Umoja Wa Vijana |Yankin matasa na Chama Cha Mapinduzi |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|Zambia}} |Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Jam'iyyar Independence ta Ƙasa |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Independence ta United National |<ref name=":1" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Zimbabwe}} |ZANU-PF Youth League |Yankin matasa na [[ZANU-PF]] |<ref name="members" /> |- |Zimbabwe Congress of Students Union (ZICOSU) | | |} === Asiya da Pacific === [[Fayil:World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth.svg|thumb|500x500px|Taswirar ƙasashe waɗanda ke da ko suna da ƙungiyar matasa a cikin Ƙungiyar Matasan Democrat ta Duniya. Kasashen da ke da ƙungiyoyin membobin WFDY masu aiki ana nuna su a cikin kore mai duhu. Kasashen da ke da tsoffin kungiyoyin membobin WFDY an nuna su a cikin kore mai haske.]] {| class="wikitable" !Kasar !Sunan !Bayani !{{Abbr|Ref|References}} |- |{{Flag|Armenia}} |[[Young Communist League Armenia|Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Armenia]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Armenia |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=June 2015 |title=WFDY - CENA Member Organizations |url=http://www.wfdy.org/cena-member-organizations/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802065542/http://www.wfdy.org/cena-member-organizations/ |archive-date=2 August 2016 |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=World Federation of Democratic Youth}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Australia}} |Tsayayya: Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Socialist |Yankin matasa na Socialist AllianceƘungiyar Socialist Alliance | |- |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Young Communist League Azerbaijan|Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Azerbaijan]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta AzerbaijanJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Azerbaijan |<ref name=":0" /> |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Bangladesh}} |Jam'iyyar Socialist Students' Front |Yankin dalibai na Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Bangladesh | |- |Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Bangladesh |Kungiyar jama'a ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta BangladeshJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Bangladesh |<ref>{{Cite web |title=শৃঙ্খলা ভঙ্গের অভিযোগে ছাত্র ইউনিয়নের ১৭ নেতা-কর্মী বহিষ্কার {{!}} খবরের কাগজ |url=https://www.khaborerkagoj.com/politics/814865 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Khaborer Kagoj-খবরের কাগজ |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2015 |title=Asia & Pacific Member Organizations |url=http://www.wfdy.org/asia-pacific-member-organizations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102195459/http://www.wfdy.org/asia-pacific-member-organizations/?language=en |archive-date=2 January 2016 |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=World Federation of Democratic Youth}}</ref> |- |Ƙungiyar Matasan Bangladesh |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta BangladeshJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Bangladesh |<ref name="members"/> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Bhutan}} |[[Democratic Youth of Bhutan|Matasan Dimokuradiyya na Bhutan]] |Yankin matasa na [[Bhutan National Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Bhutan]] |<ref name=":3" /> |- |[[Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Bhutan]] | |<ref name=":3" /> |- |{{Flag|Cambodia}} |[[Youth Association of Cambodia|Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Cambodia]] | |<ref name=":3" /> |- |{{Flag|Georgia}} |[[Young Communist League of Georgia|Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Georgia]] | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | rowspan="5" |{{Flag|India}} |Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Indiya |Yankin dalibai na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta IndiyaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indiya |<ref name=":3" /> |- |Dukkanin Tarayyar Matasan Indiya |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta IndiyaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indiya |<ref name="members" /> |- |Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Indiya |Yankin ɗalibai na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Indiya (Marxist) Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indiya (Marxist) | |- |Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Demokradiyya ta Indiya |Yankin Matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Indiya (Marxist) Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indiya (Marxist) |<ref name=":3" /> |- |All India Youth League |Yankin matasa na All India Forward BlocDukkanin Indiya Forward Bloc |<ref name=":3" /> |- |{{Flag|Iran}} |Matasa na Tudeh |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Tudeh ta Iran | |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Japan}} |- |Ƙungiyar Matasan Socialist ta Japan | |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Interlanguage link|Korean Youth League in Japan (Chochong)|eja|在日本朝鮮青年同盟}}{{Efn|Not confused with {{illm|Korean Youth League in Japan (Hancheong)|ja|在日韓国青年同盟}}, the youth wing of the {{illm|Union for Korean Democratic Reunification in Japan|ja|在日韓国民主統一連合}}.}} |Yankin matasa na Chongryon |<ref name=":3" /> |- |{{Flag|North Korea}} |Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasar Socialist |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Koriya |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|South Korea}} |Hanchongryun na 7 | |<ref name=":3" /> |- |{{Flag|Laos}} |Kungiyar Matasan Juyin Juya Halin Jama'ar Lao |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Halin Jama'ar Lao |<ref name=":3" /> |- |{{Flag|Mongolia}} |[[Mongolian Youth Federation|Ƙungiyar Matasan Mongoliya]] | |<ref name=":3" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Myanmar}} |Dukkanin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Dalibai ta Burma | |<ref name=":3" /> |- |Kungiyar Dalibai ta Burma | |<ref name=":3" /> |- | rowspan="4" |{{Flag|Nepal}} |Dukkanin Ƙungiyar Dalibai Masu 'Yanci ta Nepal |Yankin dalibai na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) |<ref name=":3" /> |- |Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Nepal |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Nepal (Unified Socialist) Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Nepal (Unified Socialist) |<ref name="members"/> |- |[[Nepal National Federation of Students|Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa ta Nepal]] |Yankin dalibai na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Nepal (United) Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Nepal (United) |<ref name=":3" /> |- |[[Nepal National Youth Federation|Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa ta Nepal]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Nepal (United) Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Nepal (United) |<ref name=":3" /> |- |{{Flag|Pakistan}} |Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Demokradiyya |reshen dalibai na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta PakistanJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Pakistan | |- | rowspan="4" |{{Flag|Philippines}} |Anakbayan | |<ref name=":3" /> |- |[[Bukluran sa Ikauunlad ng Sosyalistang Isip at Gawa|Bukluran sa Ikau Ondang ng Sosyalistang Isip a Gawa]] (BISIG) | |<ref name=":3" /> |- |SIKAP Philippines | |<ref name=":3" /> |- |YDM Philippines | |<ref name=":3" /> |- | rowspan="5" |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} |[[Communist Youth Federation|Ƙungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sri LankaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Sri Lanka |<ref name=":3" /> |- |Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Sri Lanka |Yankin dalibai na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sri LankaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Sri Lanka | |- |[[Federation of All Lanka (Ceylon) Youth League|Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Duk Lanka (Ceylon)]] |Yankin matasa na Mahajana Eksath Peramuna | |- |Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Socialist |Yankin ɗalibai na Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna |<ref name="members" /> |- |[[Socialist Youth Union (Sri Lanka)|Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Socialist]] |Yankin matasa na Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna |<ref name=":3" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Vietnam}} |Ƙungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci ta Ho Chi Minh |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta VietnamJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Vietnam |<ref name="members" /> |- |[[Vietnam Youth Federation|Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Vietnam]] | |<ref name=":3" /> |} === Turai da Arewacin Amurka === {| class="wikitable" !Kasar !Sunan !Bayani !{{Abbr|Ref|References}} |- |{{Flag|Austria}} |Matasan Kwaminisanci na Austria | |<ref name=":0"/> |- |{{Flag|Belgium}} |Kasuwanci |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Belgium | |- |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |[[Bulgarian Socialist Youth Union|Kungiyar Matasan Socialist ta Bulgaria]] | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Flag|Canada}} |Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Kanada |Ya haɗa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta KanadaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Kanada | |- |{{Flag|Croatia}} |Matasan Socialists na Croatia |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Socialist Labour Party of CroatiaJam'iyyar Socialist Labour Party ta Croatia | |- |{{Flag|Czech Republic}} |Kungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci | |<ref name="members"/> |- |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |Ƙungiyar Matasan Demokradiyya ta United |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Progressive Party of Working People |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|Denmark}} |Matasan Kwaminisanci na Denmark | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=DKU's vedtægter |url=https://dku2021.org/dkus-vedtaegter/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=DKU - Danmarks Kommunistiske Ungdom |language=da-DK |archive-date=2023-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904181918/https://dku2021.org/dkus-vedtaegter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Finland}} |Kungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Flag|France}} |Yunkurin Matasan Kwaminisanci na Faransa | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Germany}} |Matasan Jamusanci na 'Yanci | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |Matasan Ma'aikatan Jamusanci |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta JamusJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Jamus |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|Greece}} |Matasan Kwaminisanci na Girka |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta GirkaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Girka |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|Hungary}} |Baloldali Front |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta HungaryJam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Hungary |<ref name=":0" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Ireland}} |Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Connolly | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |Matasan Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata |<ref name=":0" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Italy}} |Gabatarwa ta Matasan Kwaminisanci |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci |<ref name=":0" /> |- |Giovani Kwaminisanci da Kwaminisancin |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci | |- |{{Flag|Republic of Moldova}} |[[Young Communist League of the Republic of Moldova|Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Matasa ta Jamhuriyar Moldova]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Jamhuriyar MoldovaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Jamhuriyar Moldova | |- |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |Ƙungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci ta Netherlands |Yankin matasa na Sabon Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta NetherlandsSabuwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Netherlands |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2022 |title=The CJB is a member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth |url=https://www.voorwaarts.net/?lang=en |website=Website of the Communist Youth Movement of the Netherlands}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Norway}} |Matasan Kwaminisanci a Norway |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta NorwayJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Norway |<ref name=":0" /> |- |Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Norway | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Flag|Portugal}} |Matasan Kwaminisanci na Fotigal |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta PortugalJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Portugal |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|RO}} |[[Union of Socialist Youth Romania|Ƙungiyar Matasan Socialist]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Romania |<ref name=":0" /> |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Russia}} |Ƙungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci ta Leninist ta Tarayyar Rasha |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar RashaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Rasha |<ref name=":0" /> |- |Kungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci ta Juyin Juya Halin (b) |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Kwaminisanci ta Rasha na Jam'idar Kwaminisancin Tarayyar SovietJam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Kwaminisanci ta Rasha ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminisancin Tarayyar Soviet |<ref name=":0" /> |- |Ƙungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci ta Rasha | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Flag|Serbia}} |Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Yugoslavia |Yankin matasa na Sabon Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta YugoslaviaSabuwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Yugoslavia |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Flag|Slovakia}} |[[Socialistický Zväz Mladých]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta SlovakiaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Slovakia |<ref name=":0" /> |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Spain}} |Kungiyoyin Matasan Kwaminisanci |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ma'aikata ta SpainJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Ma'aikata ta Spain |<ref name=":0" /> |- |Kungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci ta Spain |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta SpainJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Spain |<ref name="members" /> |- |Matasan Kwaminisanci na Catalonia |Yankin matasa na Kwaminisanci na Catalonia |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Flag|Sweden}} |Matasan Kwaminisanci na Sweden |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta SwedenJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Sweden |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Flag|Switzerland}} |[[Communist Youth of Switzerland|Matasan Kwaminisanci na Switzerland]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwadago ta Switzerland | |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Matasa |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta BurtaniyaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Burtaniya |<ref name=":0" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United States}} |Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Matasa |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta AmurkaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Maicol David |date=4 December 2019 |title=CPUSA youth leader greets WFDY meeting in Cyprus |url=https://www.cpusa.org/article/cpusa-youth-leader-greets-world-federation-of-democratic-youth-meeting-in-cyprus/ |website=Communist Party USA}}</ref> |- |Matasan Socialists |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Socialist Workers Party (Amurka) | |} === Latin Amurka da Caribbean === {| class="wikitable" !Kasar !Sunan !Bayani !{{Abbr|Ref|References}} |- |{{Flag|Argentina}} |{{Interlanguage link|Federación Juvenil Comunista|es|Federación Juvenil Comunista (Argentina)}} |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta ArgentinaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Argentina |<ref name="members"/> |- |{{Flag|Barbados}} |[[League of Progressive Youth|Ƙungiyar Matasa Masu Ci gaba]] | | |- |{{Flag|Bolivia}} |[[Juventud Comunista de Bolivia|Matasan Kwaminisanci na Bolivia]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta BoliviaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Bolivia | |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Brazil}} |[[Juventude Comunista Avançando|Matasan Kwaminisanci suna ci gaba]] |Yankin matasa na Polo Comunista Luiz Carlos Prestes[[Polo Comunista Luiz Carlos Prestes|Kwaminisanci Luiz Carlos Prestes]] | |- |[[União da Juventude Comunista|Kungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta BrazilJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Brazil |<ref name="members" /> |- |Kungiyar Matasa ta Socialist |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta BrazilJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Brazil |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|Chile}} |Matasan Kwaminisanci na Chile |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta ChileJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Chile |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|Colombia}} |Matasan Kwaminisanci na Colombia |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta ColombiaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Colombia |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|Costa Rica}} |[[Juventud Frente Amplio|Matasa Frente Amplio]] |Yankin matasa na Broad Front (Costa Rica) |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|Cuba}} |Ƙungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta CubaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Cuba |<ref name="members" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Ecuador}} |Matasan Kwaminisanci na Ecuador |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta EcuadorJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Ecuador |<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2015 |title=Latin American & Caribbean Member Organizations |url=http://www.wfdy.org/latin-america-carribbean-member-organizations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230907/http://www.wfdy.org/latin-america-carribbean-member-organizations/?language=en |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=World Federation of Democratic Youth}}</ref> |- |Matasan Socialist na Ecuador |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Ecuador |<ref name=":4" /> |- |{{Flag|El Salvador}} |Matasan Farabundo Martí |Yankin matasa na Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front |<ref name=":4" /> |- |{{Flag|Guatemala}} |[[Juventud URNG|Matasa URNG]] |Yankin matasa na Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin GuatemalaƘungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasar Guatemala |<ref name=":4" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Guyana}} |[[Guyana Youth and Students Movement|Ƙungiyar Matasa da Dalibai ta Guyana]] | | |- |[[Walter Rodney Youth Movement|Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Walter Rodney]] | | |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Mexico}} |Ƙungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Mexico |<ref name=":4" /> |- |[[Juventud Popular Socialista|Matasan Jama'a na Socialist]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Socialist PopularJam'iyyar Socialist ta Jama'a |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|Nicaragua}} |Matasan Sandinista 19 ga Yuli |Yankin matasa na Frente Sandinista de Liberación NacionalSandinista Front of National Liberation | |- |{{Flag|Panama}} |JPR Panama | |<ref name=":4" /> |- |{{Flag|Paraguay}} |[[Casa de la Juventud del Paraguay|Gidan Matasa na Paraguay]] | | |- |{{Flag|Peru}} |[[Juventud Comunista Peruana|Matasan Kwaminisanci na Peru]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta PeruJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Peru |<ref name=":4" /> |- |{{Flag|Uruguay}} |[[Juventud del Movimiento 26 de Marzo|Matasa na Motsi 26 ga Maris]] |Yankin matasa na 26 Maris Movement26 Maris Motsi | |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Venezuela}} |[[Juventud Comunista de Venezuela|Matasan Kwaminisanci na Venezuela]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta VenezuelaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Venezuela |<ref name="members" /> |- |Jam'iyyar Socialist ta United ta Matasa ta Venezuela |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar United Socialist Party of VenezuelaJam'iyyar Socialist ta United ta Venezuela | |} === Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya === {| class="wikitable" !Kasar !Sunan !Bayani !{{Abbr|Ref|References}} |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Algeria}} |[[Union de la Jeunesse Algérienne|Ƙungiyar Matasan Aljeriya]] |Yankin matasa na National Liberation Front[[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa]] |<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2015 |title=Middle East Member Organizations |url=http://www.wfdy.org/middle-east-member-organizations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102040520/http://www.wfdy.org/middle-east-member-organizations/?language=en |archive-date=2 January 2016 |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=World Federation of Democratic Youth}}</ref> |- |[[National Union of Algerian Students|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Dalibai na Aljeriya]] |Dalibai na National Liberation Front[[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa]] |<ref name=":2" /> |- |{{Flag|Bahrain}} |Shabeeba Society na Bahrain |Yankin matasa na Progressive Democratic TribuneJam'iyyar Progressive Democratic Tribune |<ref name="members"/> |- |{{Flag|Egypt}} |[[Union of Progressive Youth of Egypt|Ƙungiyar Matasa Masu Ci gaba ta Masar]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar National Progressive Unionist Rally |<ref name="members" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Iraq}} |Ƙungiyar Matasan Demokradiyyar Iraqi |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Iraqi |<ref name="members" /> |- |[[General Union of Students in Iraqi Republic|Babban Kungiyar Dalibai a Jamhuriyar Iraki]] | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |{{Flag|Israel}} |Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Isra'ila |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Isra'ila, wanda ke da alaƙa da Hadash da Joint ListJerin hadin gwiwa |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|Jordan}} |Ƙungiyar Matasan Dimokuradiyya |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta JordanJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Jordan |<ref name=":2" /> |- |{{Flag|Kuwait}} |[[Democratic Youth Union|Kungiyar Matasa ta Dimokuradiyya]] |Yankin matasa na ƙungiyar ci gaba ta KuwaitƘungiyar Ci Gaban Kuwaiti | |- |{{Flag|Lebanon}} |Kungiyar Matasan Democrat na Lebanon |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Lebanon |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|Libya}} |[[National Youth Organization of Libya|Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Libya]] | |<ref name=":2" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Morocco}} |[[USFP Jeunesse Ittihadiya|USFP Matasa Ittihadiya]] |Yankin matasa na Socialist Union of Popular ForcesKungiyar Socialist ta Jama'a |<ref name=":2" /> |- |[[Jeunesse Socialiste|Matasan Socialist]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Progress da Socialism |<ref name=":2" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Palestine}} |Babban Tarayyar Dalibai na Falasdinu | |<ref name="members" /> |- |[[Palestinian Democratic Youth Union|Kungiyar Matasan Dimokuradiyya ta Falasdinawa]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat Front for the Liberation of Palestine |<ref name="members" /> |- |{{Flag|Sahrawi Republic}} |Ƙungiyar Matasan Sahrawi |Yankin matasa na [[Polisario Front]] |<ref name="members" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalicka-Mikołajczyk |first=Adrianna |date=23 February 2021 |title=The international legal status of Western Sahara |journal=Opole Studies in Administration and Law |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=44 |doi=10.25167/osap.3429 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Turkey}} |[[Communist Youth of Turkey|Matasan Kwaminisanci na Turkiyya]] |Yankin matasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta TurkiyyaJam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Turkiyya |<ref name="members" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Yemen}} |YAN YAN YAMI | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Yemen | |<ref name=":2" /> |} === Tsoffin mambobin === * {{Flag|Afghanistan|1980}} - [[Democratic Youth Organization of Afghanistan]] * {{Flag|People's Socialist Republic of Albania}} - [[Bashkimi i Rinisë së Punës së Shqipërisë]] * {{Flag|Argentina}} - [[Juventud Intrasigente Argentina]] * {{Flag|Argentina}} - [[Juventud Socialista Auténtica]] * {{Flag|Australia}} - [[Eureka Youth League]] * {{Flag|Belgium}} - [[Graffiti Jeugendsdienst]] * {{Flag|Belgium}} - [[Jeunesse Communiste de Belgique]] * {{Flag|Bolivia}} - [[Confederación Universitaria Boliviana]] * {{Flag|Brazil}} - [[Juventude do PCB]] * {{Flag|Bulgaria}} - [[Dimitrov Communist Youth Union]] * {{Flag|Byelorussian SSR}} - [[Leninist Communist Youth Union of Belarus]] * {{Flag|Cambodia}} - [[People's Revolutionary Youth Union of Kampuchea]] * {{Flag|Chile}} - [[Juventud de la Izquierda Cristiana de Chile]] * {{Flag|Chile}} - [[Juventud del MIR]] * {{Flag|Chile}} - [[Juventud Rebelde Miguel Enríquez]] * {{Flag|Chile}} - [[Unión de Jóvenes Socialistas]] * {{Flag|China}} - [[Communist Youth League of China]] * {{Flag|China}} - [[All-China Youth Federation]] * {{Flag|Colombia}} - [[Federación Juvenil Obrera]] * {{Flag|Colombia}} - [[Juventud de la Alianza Nacional Popular]] * {{Flag|Colombia}} - [[Juventud del Poder Popular]] * {{Flag|Colombia}} - [[Unión Nacional de los Estudiantes Secundarios]] * {{Flag|Colombia}} - [[Unión de Jóvenes Patriotas]] * {{Flag|Congo}} - [[Union de la jeunesse congolaise]], [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Republic of Congo]] * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} - [[Juventud del Pueblo Costarriquense]] * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} - [[Juventudes Patrióticas]] * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} - [[Juventud Vanguardista Costarriquense]] * {{Flag|Czechoslovakia}} - [[Union of Czech Youth]] * {{Flag|Czechoslovakia}} - [[Union of Slovak Youth]] * {{Flag|Czechoslovakia}} - [[Czechoslovak Youth Union]] * {{Flag|Czechoslovakia}} - [[Czechoslovak Socialist Youth Union]] * {{Flag|Dominican Republic}} - [[Juventud Revolucionaria Dominicana]] * {{Flag|Dominican Republic}} - [[Unión Democrática Orlando Martínez]] * {{Flag|Ecuador}} - [[Departamento Juvenil del Central de Trabajadores de Ecuador]] * {{Flag|Ecuador}} - [[Juventud Comunista de Ecuador]] * {{Flag|El Salvador}} - [[Asociación General de Estudiantes Universitarios de El Salvador]] * {{Flag|Faroe Islands}} - [[Faroese Socialists|Føroyskir Sosialistar]] * {{Flag|Finland}} - [[Democratic Youth League of Finland]] * {{Flag|Finland}} - [[Finnish Union of Democratic Pioneers]] * {{Flag|Germany}} - [[Socialist Youth League Karl Liebknecht]] * {{Flag|Greece}} - [[Greek Communist Youth (Internal)]] * {{Flag|Grenada}} - [[Maurice Bishop Youth Movement]] * {{Flag|Guadeloupe}} - [[Union de la Jeunesse Communiste Guadeloupe]] * {{Flag|France}} - [[Union nationale des étudiants de france]]-Solidarité Etudiante * {{Flag|Guatemala}} - [[Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo]] * {{Flag|Guyana}} - [[Young Socialist Movement]] * {{Flag|Haiti}} - [[Jeunesse Communiste de Haiti]] * {{Flag|Honduras}} - [[Federación de la Juventud Comunista]] * {{Flag|Iceland}} - [[Revolutionary Communist Youth League]] * {{Flag|Indonesia}} - [[People's Youth (Indonesia)]] * {{Flag|Italy}} - [[Italian Communist Youth Federation]] * {{Flag|Jamaica}} - [[Young Communist League of the Workers' Party]] ([[Workers Party of Jamaica]]) * {{Flag|Japan}} - [[Democratic Youth League of Japan]] * {{Flag|Luxembourg}} - [[Jeunesse Communiste Luxembourgoise]] * {{Flag|Martinique}} - [[Union de la Jeunesse Communiste Martinique]] * {{Flag|Mexico}} - [[Frente Juvenil Revolucionario]] * {{Flag|Mexico}} - [[Juventud Socialista de los Trabajadores]] * {{Flag|Mongolia}} - [[Revolutionary Youth League (REVSOMOL)]] * {{Flag|Morocco}} - [[Istiqlal Party Youth]] * {{Flag|Netherlands}} - [[Algemeen Nederlands Jeugd Verbond]] * {{Flag|Hungary}} - [[Kommunista Ifjúsági Szövetség]] * {{Flag|Panama}} - [[Juventud del PRD]] * {{Flag|Panama}} - [[Juventud Popular Revolucionaria]] * {{Flag|Paraguay}} - [[Federación Juvenil Comunista de Paraguay]] * {{Flag|Peru}} - [[CGTP Sección Juvenil]] * {{Flag|Peru}} - [[Juventud Aprista Peruana]] * {{Flag|Peru}} - [[Juventud Mariateguista]] * {{Flag|Poland}} - [[Związek Socjalistycznej Młodzieży Polskiej]] * {{Flag|Puerto Rico}} - [[Federación Universitaria para la Indpendencia]] * {{Flag|Puerto Rico}} - [[Juventud Comunista de Puerto Rico]] * {{Flag|Puerto Rico}} - [[Juventud Socialista de Puerto Rico]] * {{Flag|San Marino}} - [[Federazione Giovanile Comunista San Marino]] * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} - Union of Democratic Youth in Saudi<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matthiesen |first=Toby |date=August 2020 |title=The Cold War and the Communist Party of Saudi Arabia, 1975–1991 |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |publisher=MIT Press |volume=22 |issue=3 |page=42 |doi=10.1162/jcws_a_00950 |issn=1531-3298 |s2cid=221118100 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * {{Flag|Sri Lanka}} - [[Congress of Sama Samaja Youth Leagues]] * {{Flag|Sri Lanka}} - [[Federation of Communist and Progressive Youth]] * {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} - [[Vanguard Youth Organization]] * {{Flag|Surinam}} - [[National Youth Movement]] * {{Flag|Sweden}} - [[Ung Vänster]] (1975–1992) * {{Flag|Switzerland}} - [[Jeunesse Communiste Suisse]] * {{Flag|Ba'athist Syria}} - [[Revolutionary Youth Union]] * {{Flag|Ba'athist Syria}} - [[Union of Democratic Youth of Syria-Khaled Baghdash]] * {{Flag|Ba'athist Syria}} - [[Syrian Democratic Youth Union]] * {{Flag|Tunisia}} - [[Destourian Youth]] * {{Flag|Turkey}} - [[İlerici Gençler Derneği]] * {{Flag|Ukraine}} - [[Komsomol of Ukraine]] * {{Flag|United States}} - [[Young Socialist Alliance]] * {{Flag|Uruguay}} - [[Juventud Socialista del Uruguay]] * {{Flag|USSR}} - [[Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR]] * {{Flag|USSR}} - [[Komsomol|All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)]] * {{Flag|Venezuela}} - [[Juventud Socialista-MEP]] * {{Flag|Yugoslavia}} - [[League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia]] === Masu kallo === * [[Youth for Communist Rebirth In France|Matasa don sake haihuwar Kwaminisanci A Faransa]] (Matasa na Pole na sake haihuwar kwaminisanci a Faransa) * [[Communist Youth of Luxemburg|Matasan Kwaminisanci na]] [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] (Sake kafa kungiyar matasa ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminisancin Luxembourg), Luxembourg * [[Sweden]])" id="mwCL4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Revolutionary Communist Youth (Sweden)">Matasan Kwaminisanci na Juyin Juya Halin (Kungiyar Matasa ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminisansi), Sweden == Dubi kuma == * Taron Zaman Lafiya na Kirista * Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Duniya ta Democrat * Ƙungiyar Masu Yaki da Ƙasashen Duniya - Ƙungiyar Masu adawa da Fascists * Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Duniya * Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Duniya * Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Mata ta Duniya * Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Kimiyya ta Duniya * Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya * Majalisar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya * Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Duniya - shekarun 1930 da suka gabata ga WFDY ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi]] sc7zbejpaeuxt7r5nf0ljikp160k7t7 0 111991 868733 867141 2026-06-26T15:38:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:2014 Human Chain for Basque Country's Right to Decide 02.jpg|thumb|Hakkin dan adam a denmark]] '''Haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Masarautar Denmark''' ana kiyaye su ta Tsarin Mulkin Jiha (Danmarks Riges Grundlov); yin aiki daidai a Denmark, Greenland da Tsibirin Faroe, kuma ta hanyar amincewa da yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Denmark |url=https://www.humanrights.dk/research/human-rights-in-denmark |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725111022/https://humanrights.dk/research/human-rights-in-denmark |archive-date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2019-05-14 |website=The Danish Institute for Human Rights |publisher=The Danish Institute for Human Rights |language=en}}</ref> Denmark ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen karbar [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] da kuma kafa [[Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Turai]] (ECHR). A shekara ta 1987, Majalisar Dokokin Masarauta (Folketinget) ta kafa cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Denmark, yanzu Cibiyar Kare hakkin Dan Adam ta Danish.<ref name=":8" /> Duk da yake Denmark da sauran Kasashen Scandinavia a tarihi sun kasance "masu kare dokar kasa da kasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam", <ref name="Ersen 2011">{{Cite journal |last=Ersen |first=J |last2=Madsen |first2=M |date=2011 |title=The End of Virtue? Denmark and the Internationalisation of Human Rights |journal=Nordic Journal of International Law |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=257–277 |doi=10.1163/157181011X581164}}</ref> batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗanɗano har yanzu suna nan ko kuma sun fito a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, gami da tashin hankali ga mata, haƙƙin Mutanen LGBTI, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Amnesty International |date=2018 |title=Amnesty International Report 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1067002018ENGLISH.PDF |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> da kuma sa ido kan ƙungiyoyin da aka ware. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=Denmark: AI-powered welfare system fuels mass surveillance and risks discriminating against marginalized groups – report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/11/denmark-ai-powered-welfare-system-fuels-mass-surveillance-and-risks-discriminating-against-marginalized-groups-report/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> A cikin rahotonta na Freedom in the World na 2024, Freedom House ta kima kasar "yanci" da maki 97 (cikin 100).<ref name="FreedomintheWorld2024">[https://freedomhouse.org/country/denmark/freedom-world/2024 Denmark]</ref> {{Clear}} == Tarihi == === Dokar Tsarin Mulki na Masarautar Denmark === <div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=" width:20em; ; "><blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" id="390" style=" ">Yanci na mutum ba zai iya keta doka ba. Babu wani dan kasar Denmark da za a hana shi 'yancinsa saboda ra'ayinsa na siyasa ko na sojojin ko kuma saboda zuriyarsa. Sashe na 71</blockquote></div>Masarautar Denmark sarauta ce ta tsarin mulki. Dokar Tsarin Mulki ko (Grundloven), wacce aka karɓa a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1849, ta kafa tushen dimokuradiyya a cikin ƙungiyar Masarautar Denmark.<ref name="Constitutional Act of Denmark">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2017 |title=The Constitutional Act of Denmark |url=https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/en/democracy/the-constitutional-act-of-denmark |access-date=2019-05-14 |website=Folketinget: The Danish Parliament |language=en}}</ref> An yi wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki kwaskwarima sau uku tun lokacin da aka amince da shi a cikin 1849. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan gyare-gyaren ya faru ne a cikin 1953, wanda ya haifar da amfani da Kundin Tsarin Mulki a yau, yayin da ya ba da "babban ikon tsarin mulki don raba ikon mallakar Denmark tare da wasu ƙasashe".<ref name="Gylfason 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Gylfason |first=Thorvaldur |date=2017 |title=The Anatomy of Constitution Making: From Denmark in 1849 to Iceland in 2017 |url=https://notendur.hi.is/gylfason/Mexico%20Paper%20The%20Anatomy%20of%20Constitution%20Making%20Revised%20Black.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=CESifo Working Paper Series |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111011000/https://notendur.hi.is/gylfason/Mexico%20Paper%20The%20Anatomy%20of%20Constitution%20Making%20Revised%20Black.pdf |archive-date=2020-01-11 |access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref> Wannan yana da mahimmanci yayin da yake da niyyar shirya Denmark don yiwuwar zama memba a [[Tarayyar Turai]].<ref name="Gylfason 2017" /> Duk da yake rawar da Dokar Tsarin Mulki ke takawa ita ce ta ƙuntata ikon mulkin mallaka, kuma don tabbatar da cewa an tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da haƙƙin jama'a da na siyasa ga 'yan ƙasar Denmark.<ref name="Human rights in Danish law">{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Danish law |url=https://www.humanrights.dk/about-us/human-rights-in-denmark/human-rights-in-danish-law |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831171212/https://www.humanrights.dk/about-us/human-rights-in-denmark/human-rights-in-danish-law |archive-date=2019-08-31 |access-date=2019-05-14 |website=The Danish Institute for Human Rights |publisher=The Danish Institute for Human Rights |language=en}}</ref> Misalan waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙin [['yanci|'Yanci na Mutum]] (Sashe na 71), '[[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'Yanci na Magana]] (Sashe ta 77) da' Yancin Taron (Sashe ya 79). Bugu da ƙari, Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da tabbacin ’Yancin Addini (Sashe na 67), muddin waɗannan al’ummomin addini ba su yi barazana ga “dabi’a mai kyau ko zaman jama’a ba".<ref name="Denmark - Constitution">{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=Denmark - Constitution |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/da00000_.html |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=www.servat.unibe.ch}}</ref> Wadannan hakkoki, waɗanda aka tsarkake a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, suna jin daɗin "yanayin musamman". <ref name="Human rights in Danish law"/> Bugu da kari, kamar yadda aka tsara a Sashe na 88 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sune "mafi girman tushen Dokar Danish" <ref name="Human rights in Danish law" /> === Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam === Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (ECHR) yarjejeniya ce da kasashe mambobi 47 na Majalisar Turai suka tabbatar a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1953. <ref name="Amnesty What Is">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=What is the European Convention on Human Rights? |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/what-is-the-european-convention-on-human-rights |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=Human Rights in the UK |publisher=Amnesty International UK}}</ref> Manufar yarjejeniyar ita ce "kare mulkin doka" <ref name="Amnesty What Is" />da kuma amincewa da demokradiyya a Turai. Yarjejeniyar Turai ita ce yarjejeniya ta farko don samar da hanyoyin sa ido da kuma tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk faɗin Turai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ma |first=Yue |date=2000-05-01 |title=The European Court of Human Rights and the Protection of the Rights of Prisoners and Criminal Defendants Under the European Convention on Human Rights |journal=International Criminal Justice Review |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=54–80 |doi=10.1177/105756770001000104 |issn=1057-5677 |s2cid=144717382}}</ref> Don cimma wannan, yarjejeniyar ta kafa matakai biyu na tilasta aiki - Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai da Kotun Kare Hakkin dan Adam ta Turai. Kodayake an tabbatar da shi a 1953, ba a sanya taron a cikin dokar Danish ba har zuwa 29 ga Afrilu 1992. A sakamakon shigar da shi cikin Dokar cikin gida, kotunan Denmark suna da aikin tilasta yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Convention on Human Rights |url=https://www.humanrights.dk/about-us/menneskerettigheder-eu/european-convention-on-human-rights |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727000821/https://humanrights.dk/about-us/menneskerettigheder-eu/european-convention-on-human-rights |archive-date=2019-07-27 |access-date=2019-05-18 |website=The Danish Institute for Human Rights |publisher=The Danish Institute for Human Rights |language=en}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ita ce kawai yarjejeniya game da' yancin dan adam a cikin dokar Danish a halin yanzu.<ref name="Human rights in Danish law"/> Muhimman hakkoki na farar hula da na siyasa waɗanda Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tabbatar sun haɗa da haƙƙin 'yanci, haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau, [[Yancin Tunani|'yancin tunani]], 'yanci na lamiri da' [['Yancin addini|'yancin addini]] da' yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete list of the Council of Europe's Treaties |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list |access-date=2019-05-17 |website=Council of Europe |publisher=Council of Europe Treaty Office |language=en}}</ref> === Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Turai === Kotun Turai na yancin ɗan adam (ECtHR ko ECHR), wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1959 ta Yarjejeniyar Turai akan yancin ɗan adam, ita ce Kotun Dokokin Turai. Manufarta ita ce bincika tare da yanke hukunci kan korafe-korafen da ake zargin tauye haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the European Court of Human Rights? |url=https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/what-are-human-rights/how-are-your-rights-protected/what-european-court-human-rights |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725004249/https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/what-are-human-rights/how-are-your-rights-protected/what-european-court-human-rights |archive-date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2019-05-18 |publisher=Equality and Human Rights Commission}}</ref> A farkon matakai na kafuwar ECtHR, ƙasashen Scandinavian sun kasance wasu daga cikin na farko da suka yarda da sassan zaɓi akan ikonta, don haka karfafa halayenta na siyasa.<ref name="Ersen 2011"/> Bugu da kari, Denmark da sauran jihohin Nordic sun kasance fitattun mutane a cikin tsarin farko na tsarin ECtHR, da kuma kammala shi.<ref name="Ersen 2011" /> == Muhimman batutuwa a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki == [[Fayil:Grundloven-1849-forside.jpg|thumb|"Grundloven" - Tsarin Mulki na Masarautar Denmark 1849]] === 'Yancin jama'a da' yanci === ==== Sashe na 71: 'Yanci na Mutum ==== Sashi na 71 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya mayar da hankali ne kan haƙƙoƙin da ba za a iya tauyewa ba, da kuma tabbatar da tsaron ƴan ƙasa daga kamewa da bai dace ba da kuma tabbatar da ‘yancin yin shari’a ta gaskiya. Maganar kai tsaye da ke ƙasa tana bayyana gaskiyar cewa ba za a iya tsare ɗan ƙasar Danish ba saboda addininsu, launin fata ko ra'ayin siyasa:<ref name="Constitutional Act of Denmark"/> {{Blockquote|text='Yanci na mutum zai zama wanda ba za a iya tauyewa ba. Babu wani ɗan ƙasar Danish da zai kasance ta kowace hanya duk abin da za a hana shi 'yancinsa saboda siyasa ko addini ko saboda zuriyarsa.|author={{cite constitution | article = 71 | polity = Denmark | date = 1953 }}|source=}} ==== Sashe na 77: 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki ==== Sashi na 77 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da tabbacin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, da 'yancin 'yan jarida, dukansu an amince da su a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR). Yayin da gwamnati ta fi mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, hane-hane na shari'a ana yin su don zagi, sabo da wariyar launin fata. <ref name="Freedom House">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-10 |title=Denmark |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/denmark |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518053213/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/denmark |archive-date=2019-05-18 |access-date=2019-05-18 |website=Freedom House |publisher=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Maris 2015, an dakatar da tattaunawa game da cire takunkumin doka don yin sabo yayin da gwamnatin Denmark ta tabbatar da cewa dokar da ta haramta sabo za ta ci gaba da aiki.<ref name="Freedom House"/> ==== Sashe na 79: 'Yanci na taro ==== Sashi na 79 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasa ya kare hakkin ‘yan kasa na yin taro cikin lumana. An amince da wannan a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya kamar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam. Ana fahimtar 'yancin Majalisa a matsayin 'yancin yin zanga-zangar lumana, kuma ba tare da makamai ba. Sashe na 79 ya kuma ba da cewa idan taron ya zama barazana ga zaman lafiyar jama'a, 'yan sanda na iya rushe shi.<ref name="Denmark - Constitution"/> === 'Yanci na addini === ==== Sashe na 67: 'Yanci na addini ==== A cikin rahoton Freedom in the World na 2024, Freedom House ya ba da izinin kasar 4 daga 4 don 'yancin addini.<ref name="FreedomintheWorld2024" /> Ana ɗaukar 'yancin addini a matsayin babban haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar yadda aka zayyana a cikin Mataki na 18 na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya. Bugu da kari an kafa shi a sashe na 67 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Danish, wanda ya tanadi cewa 'yan ƙasa suna da damar kafa da shiga ikilisiyoyi ko al'ummomi na addini. Duk da haka, ya kuma bayyana cewa ƙungiyar addini ba za ta iya kawo barazana ga "dabi'a mai kyau ko zaman lafiyar jama'a ba".<ref name="Denmark - Constitution"/> Da karuwar tsatsauran ra'ayin addini, takunkumin gwamnati kan addini ya fara karuwa. Misalan sun haɗa da haramcin majalisar dokokin Masarautar kan sanya cikakken fuska, wanda aka kafa a watan Mayu 2018. <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="494" href="./Burqa" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Burqa">burqa-ban-comes-into-effect-amid-protests<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;title<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Protests in Denmark as 'burqa ban' comes into effect<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;agency<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Reuters in Copenhagen<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;2018-08-01<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Guardian<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;access-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;2019-06-07<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;language<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;en<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;issn<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;0261-3077<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwA2k\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt86\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"mwA2o\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/01/danish-burqa-ban-comes-into-effect-amid-protests\" id=\"mwA2s\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Protests in Denmark as 'burqa ban' comes into effect\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwA2w\">The Guardian</i></nowiki>. Reuters in Copenhagen. 2018-08-01. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"735\" href=\"./ISSN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwA20\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwA24\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077\" id=\"mwA28\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">0261-3077</a></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwA3A\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwA3E\">2019-06-07</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Human_rights_in_Denmark#cite_note-:2-16 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ana ganin wannan dokar a matsayin matsala saboda tana da niyya ga kasa da 0.1% na yawan mutanen Denmark - matan Musulmai waɗanda suka zaɓi sa niqab ko burqa.<ref name=":2" /> Bugu da kari, dokar da aka gabatar a cikin 2019 tana buƙatar mutum ya girgiza hannu tare da jami'ai a bikin zama 'yan ƙasa idan suna so su zama ɗan ƙasar Denmark. Wannan ya haifar da damuwa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam game da 'yancin addini kamar yadda ake jayayya cewa yana da niyya ga kungiyoyin Musulmai da Yahudawa waɗanda ke nuna "rashin daidaitawa".<ref name="NYT 2018-12-20" /> Gwamnatin Denmark, duk da haka, ta ci gaba da cewa an kafa wannan dokar ne kawai don ɗaga "al'adar zamantakewa zuwa darajar ƙasa".<ref name="NYT 2018-12-20" /> == Tushen haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa == === Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya === [[Fayil:Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg|thumb|Eleanor Roosevelt tare da sanarwar 'yancin dan adam ta duniya]] Bayan kisan gilla da aka yi a yakin duniya na biyu, kasashen duniya sun kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 1945. Domin inganta zaman lafiya da daidaito na kasa da kasa, sun samar da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa (UDHR), wadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1948. An kafa sanarwar a matsayin "ma'auni na nasara ga dukan al'ummomi da dukan al'ummomi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-06 |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=United Nations |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> UDHR ita ce ta farko a irin ta, saboda ita ce tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam ba tare da nuna bambanci ba kuma ta haɗa haƙƙoƙin da suka shafi duk fannoni na rayuwar ɗan adam da mutuntaka. Kodayake ba yarjejeniya ba ce sabili da haka ba doka ba ce, ana fatan zai zama abin koyi ga dokokin cikin gida da kuma yarjejeniyar da ta ɗaure daga baya.<ref name="Ferstman 2018" /> Bugu da kari, UDHR, wanda har yanzu ake amfani dashi a yau, yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar da za ta inganta dabi'u kamar "daidaitawar duniya da 'yanci, tallafawa mulkin mallaka, kyakkyawan shugabanci da gwagwarmaya da nuna bambanci".<ref name="Ferstman 2018" /> === Kasancewa cikin kamfen ɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya === A ranar 21 ga Afrilun 1967, aka hambarar da zababbiyar gwamnati a kasar Girka a wani juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin wasu gungun Kananan Hukumomin kasar Girka a watan Satumba na shekarar 1967, kasashen Nordic da suka hada da Denmark da Sweden da Norway da kuma Netherlands suka yi kira ga hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Turai da ta dorawa kasar Girka alhakin tauye hakkin dan Adam da suka yi a yarjejeniyar Turai kan hakkin dan Adam. A sakamakon haka, Majalisar Turai ta zartar da ƙuduri a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1970 wanda ya sanya Rahoton Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam kan Shari'ar Girka a fili.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Becket |first=James |date=August 1970 |title=The Greek Case Before the European Human Rights Commission |journal=Human Rights |publisher=American Bar Association |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=91–117 |jstor=27878926}}</ref> Wannan rahoto ya gano cewa, kamar yadda jihohin Nordic suka gabatar da farko, yawancin haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] gwamnatin Girka ta keta su.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Becket |first=James |date=August 1970 |title=The Greek Case Before the European Human Rights Commission |journal=Human Rights |publisher=American Bar Association |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=91–117 |jstor=27878926}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, daga shekarun 1970s jihohin Nordic sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo wadanda ba na gwamnati ba.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Vik |first=Hanne Hagtvedt |last2=Jensen |first2=Steven LB |last3=Lindkvist |first3=Linde |last4=Strang |first4=Johan |date=October 2018 |title=Histories of Human Rights in the Nordic Countries |journal=Nordic Journal of Human Rights |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=189–201 |doi=10.1080/18918131.2018.1522750 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misali, [[Sa-ido akan Helsinki|Helsinki Watch]], kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a Amurka kuma an kafa ta a 1978, tana da mahimmanci ga bayar da shawarwari game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a wannan lokacin. Helsinki Watch ta jagoranci kafa kungiyar Helsinki ta Duniya don 'Yancin Dan Adam (IHF) da aka kafa a shekarar 1982. <ref name=":6" /> Tun a farkon 1985, IHF tana da kwamitoci a kasashe da yawa na Turai ciki har da Denmark. Wannan goyon baya na farko ga 'yancin ɗan adam na duniya shine abin da ya tabbatar da sunansa a Denmark a matsayin "moto na canji mai ci gaba".<ref name=":7" /> == Matsalolin yanzu == === 'Yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka === [[Fayil:The_sculpture_"the_refugee_ship".jpg|thumb|"The Refugee Ship," wani mutum-mutumi na Jens Galschiot wanda aka nuna a Nyhavn a Denmark]] Wasu suna jayayya da Denmark cewa tana da wasu daga cikin "mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi na adawa da baƙi" a Turai.<ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5504331/denmark-migrants-lindholm-island/|title=An Island for 'Unwanted' Migrants Is Denmark's Latest Aggressive Anti-Immigrant Policy|last=Abend/Vordingborg|first=Lisa|date=2019-01-16|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=2019-06-07|archive-date=2020-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110220408/https://time.com/5504331/denmark-migrants-lindholm-island/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mutanen Denmark sun rabu da ra'ayoyinsu game da shige da fice - wasu suna karɓar shi kuma wasu da suka damu kuma don haka suna son manufofi masu hanawa a wurin.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin 2016, Danish ta soke yarjejeniyarta A shekarar 2016, kasar Denmark ta soke yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) da ta ce za ta karbi 'yan gudun hijira 500 a kowace shekara domin sake tsugunar da su.<ref name=":0"/> A cikin 2018, Denmark ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta sake dawo da 'yan gudun hijira a ƙarƙashin tsarin ƙididdigar Ƙasar ba, tare da shawarar karɓar' yan gudun hijira da gwamnati ke yi ba.<ref name=":0"/> Bugu da kari, a ƙarshen 2018 gwamnatin Denmark ta ba da sanarwar cewa kasafin kudin 2019 zai haɗa da kudade don wani makirci wanda zai ga masu aikata laifuka<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |last1=Vik |first1=Hanne Hagtvedt |last2=Jensen |first2=Steven LB |last3=Lindkvist |first3=Linde |last4=Strang |first4=Johan |date=October 2018 |title=Histories of Human Rights in the Nordic Countries |journal=Nordic Journal of Human Rights |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=189–201 |doi=10.1080/18918131.2018.1522750 |doi-access=free}}</ref> na kasashen waje waɗanda suka kammala hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku, amma ba za a iya fitar da su ba, don a tura su zuwa tsibirin Lindholm. Tsibirin Lindholm yana da nisan kilomita uku daga kudu maso gabashin Denmark, kuma a baya ya kasance dakin gwaje-gwaje ga dabbobi masu kamuwa da cututtuka masu yaduwa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Gargiulo |first=Susanne |last2=Guy |first2=Jack |date=2018-12-06 |title=Denmark plans to isolate 'unwanted' migrants on remote island |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/05/europe/denmark-immigrant-island-scli-intl/index.html |access-date=2019-06-08 |website=CNN}}</ref> An lakafta manufofin a matsayin "barbaric" da kuma "mai banƙyama sosai". <ref name=":4" /> A cikin Janairu 2021, Gidan Yanar Gizo na Turai akan Haɗin kai ya ba da rahoton cewa, "Denmark ba ta bin ƙa'idodin EU game da abin da ya shafi 'yan gudun hijira da shari'a kuma Denmark ta ƙi shiga cikin yarjejeniyar rarraba son rai tsakanin EU".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denmark: Lowest number of asylum seekers ever {{!}} European Website on Integration |url=https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/news/denmark-lowest-number-asylum-seekers-ever_en |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Maris 2021, gwamnatin Danish ta ba da sanarwar iyaka kan baƙi 'wadanda ba na yamma' ba, ta soke izinin zama na 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka. Har ila yau, wani babban bincike na cikin gida ya nuna cewa kashi uku na 'yan gudun hijirar ba su da kariya yadda ya kamata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Ivan |date=2022-01-28 |title=Why Denmark is complicit in the Abuse of Asylum Seekers and Refugees? |url=https://brusselsmorning.com/why-denmark-is-complicit-in-the-abuse-of-asylum-seekers-and-refugees/20657/ |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=Brussels Morning Newspaper |language=en-GB}}</ref> Haka kuma, a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2021, Denmark ta fuskanci hukunci daga 'yan majalisar EU, UNHCR, da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam saboda soke matsayin zama na 'yan gudun hijirar Syria. Duk da mawuyacin halin da ake ciki na tsaro a Siriya, Denmark ta yi iƙirarin cewa yanzu haka wasu sassan ƙasar sun sami kwanciyar hankali da za su iya komawa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-19 |title=Denmark asylum: The Syrian refugees no longer welcome to stay |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57156835 |access-date=2022-01-30 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan haka, a watan Afrilu na 2021, mai kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam na Yuro-Mediterranean ya yi kira ga Denmark da ta koma ga shawarar dawo da 'Yan gudun hijirar Siriya zuwa Siriya kuma ta yi la'akari da cewa sanya sunan Denmark na Siriya a matsayin 'mai aminci' yana da haɗari, rashin mutunci, kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monitor |first=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights |title=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor - Denmark's designation of Syria as 'safe' is dangerous, inhumane, and illegal |url=https://www.euromedmonitor.org/en/article/4303/Denmark%E2%80%99s-designation-of-Syria-as-%E2%80%98safe%E2%80%99-is-dangerous,-inhumane,-and-illegal |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref> === Cin zarafin mata === A cikin 2014, Denmark ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Istanbul]] (Kwamitin Majalisar Turai kan Rigakafi da Yaki da Rikicin Mata da Rikicin Cikin Gida). Ya rarraba "cinye-cinye da duk sauran Ayyukan da ba a yarda da su ba na jima'i" a matsayin laifuka masu laifi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2019 |title=Denmark: Pervasive "rape culture" and endemic impunity for rapists exposed |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/03/denmark-rape-culture-exposed/ |access-date=2019-06-07 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, ma'anar fyade a cikin dokar cikin gida ta Danish ba ta dogara ne akan ra'ayin yarda ba kuma a maimakon haka ta dogara ne da kasancewar " tashin hankali na jiki, barazanar ko tilasta" ko "idan an sami wanda aka azabtar ya kasa tsayayya".<ref name=":1" /> Ana ganin wannan yana da matsala yayin da tunanin cewa wanda aka azabtar ya ba da izinin yin jima'i idan ba su yi tsayayya da shi ba a jiki ya yi watsi da yiwuwar "paralysis na son rai" ko "daskarewa," don haka rashin iya jurewa.<ref name=":1"/> A cikin 2014 kuma, Hukumar Kare Hakki ta Tarayyar Turai ta ce, "Denmark tana da mafi girman yaduwar tashin hankali na jiki da na jima'i a kan mata a Turai. " <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Violence against women: an EU-wide survey. Main results report |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9992-2014010 |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9992-2014010 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-01-30}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, rahotanni da yawa sun ce Denmark tana da mafi yawan tashin hankali na jima'a a Turai. Har ila yau, [[Amnesty International]] ta nuna cewa Denmark tana da "yaduwar tashin hankali na jima'i" da matsalolin tsarin yadda take magance fyade. Dangane da binciken da aka gudanar, sun bayyana cewa kimanin mata 5,100 a kowace shekara ne wadanda aka yi wa fyade ko kuma aka yi musu yunkurin fyade. Wani rahoto da Amnesty International ta buga a watan Maris na shekara ta 2019 ya bayyana cewa mata a Denmark ba su bayar da rahoton fyade ba saboda "rashin amincewa da tsarin adalci" da kuma rashin kula da wadanda abin ya shafa a duk lokacin shari'a.<ref name=":1"/> Har ila yau, Denmark ta sami zargi mai tsanani saboda rashin isasshen dokoki game da cin zarafin jima'i. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, 'yan adawar Denmark sun ba da shawarar gabatar da "ma'anar fyade" kamar yadda aka tsara a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Istanbul.<ref name=":0"/> An yi watsi da hakan a majalisar. Bugu da kari, kungiyar kwararru ta Turai ta matsa wa gwamnatin Denmark lamba kan matakin da ya kamata a dauka kan cin zarafin mata da cin zarafin cikin gida (GREVIO) don daidaita dokokinta na cin zarafin jima'i tare da ra'ayin "ba da izini kyauta".<ref name=":0" /> === Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar === A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1996, Denmark ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da kabilanci ta duniya, 1989 (taron ILO 169)<ref>[https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11200:0::NO::P11200_COUNTRY_ID:102609 "Ratifications for Denmark"] ilo.org</ref> kuma ta kada kuri'a a kan amincewa da shawarar sanarwar kasa da kasa kan' yancin 'yan asalin a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2007.<ref name="BBC">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/6993776.stm Indigenous rights outlined by UN] BBC News, 13 September 2007.</ref> Denmark tana da ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar da aka amince da su a hukumance: Inuit - Greenlandic Inuit na Greenland da mutanen Greenland a Denmark (Inuit da ke zaune a Denmark). Duk da cewa akwai kusan mutane 70.000 da ke rayuwa kuma suna bayyana a matsayin ɗan Inuk, babu wani rajista na hukuma a hukumance da ke ayyana Inuit a matsayin 'yan asalin ƙasar ko kuma a matsayin wani yanki na musamman a cikin Masarautar Denmark. Greenlandic Inuit a matsayin ɗan ƙasa na Greenland, Jama'ar Mulkin Denmark, da kuma 'yan ƙasa na EU saboda alaƙar Greenland da Tarayyar Turai. Inuit 'yan asalin yankin Arctic ne kuma sun kasance a al'adar Greenland da arewacin Kanada da Alaska. Inuit dai sun shafe shekaru da dama suna fama da wariya da cin zarafi daga manyan ‘yan mulkin mallaka daga Turai, wadancan kasashen da ke ikirarin mallakar filayen Inuit. Inuit ba su taɓa zama al'umma ɗaya ba a cikin yanki ɗaya na Inuit.<ref>[https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/press-releases/four-countries-one-people-inuit-strengthen-arctic-co-operation/ The Inuit of the Arctic]</ref> Daga karni na 18 har zuwa 1970s, gwamnatin Danish (Dan-Norwegian har zuwa 1814) ta lokaci-lokaci ta yi ƙoƙarin daidaita Inuit na Greenland, yana ƙarfafa su su rungumi yare, al'adu da addini mafi rinjaye. Denmark ta sha suka sosai daga al'ummar Greenland saboda siyasar Danization (50's da 60's) da nuna wariya ga 'yan asalin ƙasar. An aiwatar da tsauraran matakan biyan ma'aikatan da ba 'yan Inuit albashi mafi girma fiye da mutanen yankin ba, da mayar da iyalai gaba daya daga yankunansu na gargajiya zuwa matsuguni, da raba yara da iyayensu tare da tura su Denmark don zuwa makaranta.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Hardt|first=Sofia Stærmose|date=2018|title="By Gifts One Makes Slaves": Long-term Effects of Denmark's Colonization of Greenland|type=Senior project|publisher=Bard College|url=https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1276&context=senproj_s2018}}</ref><ref>[https://saammaatta.gl//~/media/Forsoningskommission/Diverse/Endelig%20betænkning%20DK.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023132726/https://saammaatta.gl//~/media/Forsoningskommission/Diverse/Endelig%20bet%C3%A6nkning%20DK.pdf|date=2020-10-23}} Report published by the Greenland Reconciliation Commission</ref> A Denmark, Inuit na Greenlandic suna da hakkoki iri ɗaya kamar duk wanda ke da Dan kasar Denmark, amma mutanen da ke da asalin Inuit na Groenlandic suna fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa dangane da jin daɗin daidaito da dama kamar sauran ''<nowiki/>'Yan ƙasa na masarautar''.<ref>[https://www.humanrights.dk/publications/equal-treatment-greenlandic-persons-denmark Equal treatment of Greenlandic persons in Denmark conducted for the Danish Institute for Human Rights by the National Centre for Social Research], 15 May 2015.</ref> Gabaɗaya, ba a ɗaukar Greenlanders a matsayin ƙabilu na kabilanci ba, kodayake wasu suna fuskantar ƙalubalen harshe, al'adu da zamantakewa na musamman a cikin Al'ummar Danish daidai da 'yan ƙasa da ke da asalin ƙabilu. A cikin Greenland Inuit har yanzu suna kula da al'adun gargajiya na asali, kamar farauta da kamun kifi. Inuit ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Danish daga 1721 har zuwa karni na ashirin. A cikin 1953, Greenland ta zama wani yanki mai cikakken haɗin kai na Masarautar Denmark a matsayin gundumar Greenland yayin da Denmark ta aiwatar da tsauraran manufofin zamani ta hanyar haɓaka birane, ta ƙaura da Inuit daga ƙananan ƙananan al'ummominsu na rayuwa zuwa manyan biranen. A cikin 1979, Greenland ta sami nasarar neman yancin cin gashin kai daga Denmark kuma ta sami Mulkin Mulki na Gida, wanda aka faɗaɗa zuwa Mulkin Kai a cikin 2009. Dangantakar farko ta Denmark da ƴan asalin ƙasar ta nuna irin mulkin mallaka na Yammacin Turai. Har zuwa yau, tsarin mulkin Danish bai kare ikon cin gashin kansa na [[Greenland]] ba. Greenland har yanzu ƙasa ce mara ƙasa inda mutanenta ba su da nasu jihar,<ref name="auto">''Dictionary Of Public Administration'', U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.</ref> kuma ba su da mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasar da ke cikin mulkin Denmark.<ref name="auto1">{{citation|first1=Frank L.|last1=Kidner|first2=Maria|last2=Bucur|first3=Ralph|last3=Mathisen|first4=Sally|last4=McKee|first5=Theodore R.|last5=Weeks|title=Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume II: Since 1550|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXkWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA668|year=2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-285-50027-0|page=668}}</ref> Kalmar "marasa ƙasa" tana nuna cewa Greenland da mutanenta "ya kamata su sami" irin wannan jiha (ƙasa).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborne |first=Louise |last2=Russell |first2=Ruby |date=27 December 2015 |title=Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation |access-date=28 December 2018 |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref><ref name="Nimni">{{citation|last=Chouinard|first=Stéphanie|chapter=Stateless nations|editor-first1=Karl|editor-last1=Cordell|editor-first2=Stefan|editor-last2=Wolff|title=The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|pages=54–66|isbn=9781317518921}}</ref> Ya bambanta da idan Masarautar Denmark ta kasance ƙasa mai yawa wanda ya ƙunshi Denmark, Greenland da Tsibirin Faroe a matsayin ƙasashe ko jihohin daidai a cikin Masarautar a cikin tarayya, suna ba da ikon mallaka juna. Greenland ba memban kowace Jiha ba ce, Majalisar Jiha da Majalisar Ministocin Masarautar, amma sun cimma iyakacin sasantawa da 'yan majalisar Greenland suka yi a Majalisar Mulki (Folketinget). === Nuna wariyar launin fata === A ranar 7 ga 2022 wuraren, Euro-Med Monitor ya nuna cewa Denmark na da matakan wariyar launin fata a kan matakin da aka keɓe da "Ghetto." Yankunan ghetto sun haɗa da alamu 29 a duk faɗin Denmark, kuma suna wakiltar da matalauta da ciyarn jama'a, yawansu canza ƙabilun da ba na yamma ba ne da kuma cutar ba farar fata ba. A tsare tsare, Ghettos na matakan korarsu, da tsare su na tilas, da hukunta su sau biyu, da kuma matakan tsaro fiye da kima. Haka kuma, tsare tsare Danish game da 'yan tsiraru, misali ne bayyananne na fayil da rubutu damammaki, da kuma sabon da 'yan tsiraru a cikin abin kunya don tabbatar da gazawar warware matsalar. tsare-tsare sun yada talauci, rashin aikin yi, rashin tsaro da amana ga yaran tsirarun kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monitor |first=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights |title=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor - Denmark: Ghetto Package is discriminatory, unnecessarily punitive and counterproductive |url=https://www.euromedmonitor.org/en/article/4895/Denmark:-Ghetto-Package-is-discriminatory,-unnecessarily-punitive-and-counterproductive |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahoton na 2024 na Amnesty International, Rashin Adalci na Codeed: Sa ido da Wariya a cikin Jiha ta Danmark ta atomatik, ya soki hukumar jin daɗin Denmark, Udbetaling Danmark, don amfani da tsarin gano zamba na AI wanda ke haɗarin nuna wariya ga nakasassu, mutane masu karamin karfi, baƙi, da tsiraru. Rahoton ya nuna yadda amfani da algorithms har 60, gami da wadanda ke tantance "haɗin kan ƙasashen waje" da "sabon" yanayin rayuwa, yana ba da damar sa ido kan jama'a kuma yana iya haifar da hari mara kyau da kuma keta sirrin sirri. Amnesty ta yi jayayya cewa waɗannan tsarin na iya aiki azaman haramtacciyar “tsarin ƙididdige ƙima na zamantakewa” a ƙarƙashin Dokar EU AI kuma ta yi kira da a dakatar da su, ƙarin fayyace, da ƙarin kiyaye doka. Hukumomin Danish sun yi watsi da binciken na Amnesty amma ba su ba da cikakken haske game da ƙira ko amfani da bayanai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=Denmark: AI-powered welfare system fuels mass surveillance and risks discriminating against marginalized groups – report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/11/denmark-ai-powered-welfare-system-fuels-mass-surveillance-and-risks-discriminating-against-marginalized-groups-report/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> === Hakkin mutanen LGBTQ === [[Fayil:Copenhagen_Pride_2008_i.JPG|thumb|Girman Copenhagen, 2008]] Denmark ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ta amince da haɗin gwiwar rajista (Danish) tsakanin ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya, a cikin dokar da aka kafa a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1989. Wannan ya ba wa Al'ummar LGBTQ dama da yawa kamar ma'aurata masu jima'i; duk da haka bai ba su "yancin karɓar ko samun kulawar yaro ba".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rule |first=Sheila |date=1989-10-02 |title=Rights for Gay Couples in Denmark |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/02/world/rights-for-gay-couples-in-denmark.html |access-date=2019-06-05 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2012, Denmark ta zama kasa ta goma sha ɗaya a duniya da ta halatta [[aure]] jinsi guda, dokar da ke akwai ta maye gurbin dokar auren jinsi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-07 |title=Gay marriage legalised |url=http://cphpost.dk/news/national/gay-marriage-legalised.html |access-date=2019-06-07 |website=CPH Post Online}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2016, Majalisar dokokin Denmark ta aiwatar da wani kuduri wanda ya hana a rarraba transgender a matsayin Yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":0"/> A yin haka, Denmark ta saba wa ka'idodin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), wanda ya rarraba rikicewar jinsi a matsayin batun lafiyar kwakwalwa har zuwa Yuni 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Steve |date=2016-05-20 |title=Denmark to the WHO: Trans Identity Is Not a Mental Illness |url=https://www.care2.com/causes/denmark-to-the-who-trans-identity-is-not-a-mental-illness.html |access-date=2019-06-07 |website=Care2 Causes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simon |first=Caroline |date=2018-06-20 |title=Being transgender no longer classified as mental illness. Here's why |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/06/20/transgender-not-mental-illness-world-health-organization/717758002/ |access-date=2019-06-07 |website=USA TODAY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Geoffrey M. |last2=Drescher |first2=Jack |last3=Krueger |first3=Richard B. |last4=Atalla |first4=Elham |last5=Cochran |first5=Susan D. |last6=First |first6=Michael B. |last7=Cohen-Kettenis |first7=Peggy T. |last8=Arango-de Montis |first8=Iván |last9=Parish |first9=Sharon J. |last10=Cottler |first10=Sara |last11=Briken |first11=Peer |last12=Saxena |first12=Shekhar |date=October 2016 |title=Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1002/wps.20354 |pmc=5032510 |pmid=27717275}}</ref> Rahoton [[Amnesty International]] na 2017-2018 game da 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya' ya bayyana cewa ka'idojin tsarin Denmark da ke kewaye da samun damar maganin hormone na transgender da tiyata na tabbatar da jinsi "ba daidai ba ne ya tsawaita tsarin ganewar jinsi".<ref name=":0"/> Bugu da kari, Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa Hukumar Lafiya ta Denmark ba ta riga ta kafa jagororin kasa da ke bayyana yadda ya kamata likitoci su bi da yara masu bambancin halaye na jima'i.<ref name=":0" /> A sakamakon haka, ana iya gudanar da "tsarin kiwon lafiya marasa gaggawa da ba za a iya juyawa ba" a kan yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 10.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan kai tsaye ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara. === azabtarwa da Kurkuku === A watan Mayun 2025, Kotun Turai ta Turai ta yanke wa Denmark hukunci bisa laifin keta hakkin rai bayan Ekrem Sahin mai shekaru 23 ya mutu a 2011 a kurkukun Kolding. Jami’an gidan yarin da dama ne suka sanya wa fursunoni a kulle a kafa sannan kuma suka daure shi a cikinsa na kusan mintuna 20. Kotun ta gano cewa gidan yarin ba shi da takamaiman ka'idoji da horar da ma'aikatan da suka dace don amfani da wannan dabarar kamewa. Sahin ya rasa hayyacinsa ya rasu bayan kwana uku a suma. Mahaifiyarsa ce ta shigar da karar, inda ta yi misali da Labari na 2 da 3 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turai. Wannan dai shi ne karo na farko da kotun ta samu Denmark da laifin keta hakkin rayuwa. A baya dai kotunan cikin gida sun yi watsi da karar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-27 |title=Danmark dømt i sag om dødsfald efter benlås |url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/danmark-doemt-i-sag-om-doedsfald-efter-benlaas |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=DR |language=da-DK}}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2016, wani matashi a gidan yarin Vridsløselille ya fuskanci ɗaurin bel a ɗaurin kwana tara. Daga baya an mayar da mutumin zuwa kurkukun Herstedvester, inda ya mutu jim kadan bayan haka. Shari'ar, wadda Hukumar Kula da Fursunoni ta Danish ta kiyaye ta daga sanin jama'a sama da shekaru biyu, ta haifar da tsananin damuwa game da yiwuwar take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Masanin kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Jens Modvig ya ba da shawarar cewa tsawaita wa'adin na iya zama cin zarafi ko ma azabtarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ung mand lå fastspændt i 9 døgn i Vridsløselille - døde få dage efter |url=https://www.tv2kosmopol.dk/albertslund/ung-mand-la-fastspaendt-i-9-dogn-i-vridsloselille-dode-fa-dage-efter |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=TV 2 Kosmopol |language=da}}</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Danish ta lura da "damuwa ta gaba ɗaya game da yanayin da aka tsare 'yan kasashen waje [a Vridsløselille], gami da rashin bayanai, sadarwa da hulɗa da ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Status Report 2015-16 - Human rights in Denmark - a summary |url=https://www.humanrights.dk/publications/status-report-2015-16-human-rights-denmark-summary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004015345/https://www.humanrights.dk/publications/status-report-2015-16-human-rights-denmark-summary |archive-date=2021-10-04 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=The Danish Institute for Human Rights |page=12 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> A watan Mayun 2022, yayin zanga-zangar yanayi da 'yan tawaye suka shirya a Copenhagen, 'yan sanda sun ci zarafin masu zanga-zangar da yawa. An ba masu fafutuka 19 daga cikin 121 da daga baya suka kai karar 'yan sandan Copenhagen diyya, kamar yadda kotun birnin Copenhagen (Københavns Byret) ta gano tsawon lokacin da ake tsare da kuma tube masu fafutuka ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin sashe na 3 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, da kuma dokar 'yan sandan Denmark. Zanga-zangar, wacce ta hada da toshe hanyoyi da zanga-zanga a kusa da Slotsholmen da filin jirgin saman Copenhagen, da nufin sukar manufofin yanayi na Denmark.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Politiet gik for vidt: Demonstranter skulle afklæde sig helt, sætte sig på hug og hoste |url=https://politiken.dk/danmark/art10216284/Politiet-gik-for-vidt-Demonstranter-skulle-afkl%C3%A6de-sig-helt-s%C3%A6tte-sig-p%C3%A5-hug-og-hoste |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Politiken - Den levende avis |language=da-DK}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   * 'Yanci na' yan jarida a Denmark == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == ; Masarautar Denmark * [https://english.stm.dk/media/8874/the-constitutional-act-of-denmark.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225015250/https://english.stm.dk/media/8874/the-constitutional-act-of-denmark.pdf |date=2024-12-25 }} * [https://en.ombudsmanden.dk Mai ba da shawara game da Folketing] * [https://www.humanrights.dk/ Cibiyar Danish don 'Yancin Dan Adam] * [https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/ENACARegion/Pages/DKIndex.aspx 'Yancin Dan Adam a Denmark], Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan' Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR), Majalisar Dinkin Duniya * [https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11200:0::NO:11200:P11200_COUNTRY_ID:102609 Tabbatar da Denmark], Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO), Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ; Tsibirin Faroe * [https://www.government.fo/en/foreign-relations/constitutional-status/ Matsayin Tsarin Mulki na Tsibirin Faroe] - Gwamnatin Gida ta Tsibirin Faroes * [https://www.lum.fo/Default.aspx?ID=10211] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003015306/https://www.lum.fo/Default.aspx?ID=10211 |date=2022-10-03 }} * [https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11200:0::NO:11200:P11200_COUNTRY_ID:103698 Bayyanawa ga Tsibirin Faroe], Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya (ILO), Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ; Greenland * [https://naalakkersuisut.gl/en/Naalakkersuisut/Departments/Udenrigsanliggende/Naalakkersuisuts-udenrigspolitiske-kompetencer/De-juridiske-rammer Tsarin Shari'a] - Gwamnatin Kai ta Greenland * [https://www.ombudsmand.gl Mai ba da shawara na Inatsisartut] * [http://www.humanrights.gl Majalisar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Greenland] * [https://www.humanrights.dk/where-we-work/greenland Cibiyar Danish don 'Yancin Dan Adam] Greenland Entry * [https://inuit.org/en/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625200339/https://inuit.org/en/ |date=2022-06-25 }} An adana shi 2022-06-25 a * [https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11200:0::NO::P11200_COUNTRY_ID:103695 Bayyanawa ga Greenland], Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya (ILO), Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 'Yanci a cikin Duniya Score, Freedom House <ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the World Countries {{!}} Freedom House |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/countries-world-freedom-2019 |access-date=2019-06-08 |website=freedomhouse.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" !  ! colspan="3" |2015 ! colspan="3" |2016 ! colspan="3" |2017 ! colspan="3" |2018 ! colspan="4" |2019 |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" ! style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Kasar !'''PR''' !'''CL''' !'''<nowiki/>'Yanci'''' ! style="width:3em;" |PR ! style="width:3em;" |CL ! style="width:3em;" |'Yanci' ! style="width:3em;" |PR ! style="width:3em;" |CL ! style="width:3em;" |'Yanci' ! style="width:3em;" |PR ! style="width:3em;" |CL ! style="width:3em;" |'Yanci' ! style="width:3em;" |PR ! style="width:3em;" |CL ! style="width:3em;" |'Yanci' !'''Pts''' |- align="center" | align="left" |*{{DNK}} | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |{{Sort|1.0|Free}} | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |{{Sort|1.0|Free}} | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |{{Sort|1.0|Free}} | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |{{Sort|1.0|Free}} | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |{{Sort|1.0|Free}} |97 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7m8upqjydn3o25jr0xy1glxdf18y906 0 112850 868730 855181 2026-06-26T15:19:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868730 wikitext text/x-wiki Hakkin dan adam a Armenia ya fi na tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Soviet, tare da ingantaccen ci gaba a cikin haƙƙin tattalin arziki da yanayin rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Human Freedom Index |url=https://www.cato.org/human-freedom-index |access-date=2018-11-19 |work=Cato Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country profiles |url=https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/human-freedom-index-files/2017-hfi-country-profiles-2.pdf}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2023, Armenia ta tabbatar da Dokar Roma, inda Armenia za ta zama cikakken memba na [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title=The Armenian Parliament ratified the Rome Statute. What was it necessary for? |url=https://jam-news.net/armenia-ratified-the-rome-statute/}}</ref>   == Dimokuradiyya da 'yanci == An rarraba Armenia a matsayin "ɓangare kyauta" a cikin rahoton 2024 (tare da bayanai na 2023) ta Freedom House, wanda ya ba ta maki 54 cikin 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Armenia |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/armenia/freedom-world/2024 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=freedomhouse.org |language=en}}</ref> Armeniya ta sami ci gaba a cikin makinta na 'Yancin Dan Adam daga Cibiyar Cato. Dangane da rahoton 2021, Armeniya tana matsayi na 40 gabaɗaya. Yana matsayi na 48th don 'yancin kai da 15th don 'yancin tattalin arziki. Wannan babban ci gaba ne daga maki na 2017 wanda ya nuna Armeniya a matsayi na 54 a gaba ɗaya, sannan ta 29 don 'yancin tattalin arziki da na 76 don 'yancin kai.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vásquez|first1=Ian|last2=McMahon|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy|first3=Ryan|last4=Sutter Schneider|first4=Guillermina|title=the Human Freedom Index 2021|date=2021|publisher=Cato Institute|isbn=978-1-952223-50-1|url=https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/2022-03/human-freedom-index-2021-updated.pdf|access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki da 'Yancin Dan Adam == Cin hanci da rashawa ya kasance matsala har zuwa 2009, a cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka.<ref name="U.S. Department of State Report">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154731/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136018.htm U.S. Department of State 2009 Report] — see Section 4</ref> == 'Yanci na siyasa == Tun bayan hambarar da Levon Ter-Petrossian a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1998, 'yancin siyasa ya ga an samu ci gaba. Gwamnatin Ter-Petrossian ta ga sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da iko ga shugaban fiye da majalisar dokoki. Ya kuma haramtawa jam'iyyun siyasa tara (ciki har da, musamman kungiyar juyin juya halin Armeniya). Irin salon mulkin da Ter-Petrossian ya yi da kuma yadda ya bi sannu a hankali don warware rikicin Nagorno-Karabakh ya kai ga hambarar da shi tare da maye gurbin Robert Kocharyan a matsayin shugaban kasa.<ref name="Freedom House">{{Cite web |date=2012-01-12 |title=Armenia |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2005/armenia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626071350/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2005/armenia |archive-date=2019-06-26 |access-date=2019-06-26 |website=freedomhouse.org |language=en}}</ref> Serzh Sargsyan ne ya gaje Kocharyan a shekarar 2008. Armenia's former ex-presidents Serzh Sargsyan and Robert Kocharyan have accused Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan of pursuing a political vendetta against them.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-04 |title=Armenia's ex-president accused of embezzlement |url=https://apnews.com/7ca73dbab100474382407ae0b9b66616 |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=AP NEWS}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-13 |title=Ex-Armenia president goes on trial, rejects 'coup' charges |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190513-ex-armenia-president-goes-trial-rejects-coup-charges |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Such as after the transition of power, Armenia's ex-president Serzh Sargsyan,<ref name=":02" /> his close relatives (brother – Alexander Sargysyan,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Serzh Sargsyan's Brother Accused of Fraud Donated 19.6 Million USD to Defense Army of Artsakh |url=https://www.lragir.am/en/2019/02/27/71132 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220060920/https://www.lragir.am/en/2019/02/27/71132 |archive-date=2020-02-20 |access-date=2021-02-03 |website=}}</ref> another brother – Levon Sargsyan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court issues second arrest warrant for ex-president's brother Levon Sargsyan |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/987907.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=armenpress.am |language=en}}</ref> his son Narek{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2020}} and daughter Ani<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-02 |title=Ex–Armenian president's relatives under investigation for tax fraud |url=https://oc-media.org/ex-armenian-presidents-relatives-under-investigation-for-tax-fraud/ |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=[[OC Media]] |language=en-US}}</ref>), former cabinet members (Seyran Ohanyan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Head of Armenia's intelligence: We taking measures to prevent Seyran Ohanyan from leaving the country |url=https://news.am/eng/news/470475.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=news.am |language=en}}</ref> Sergo Karapetyan,<ref name="news.am">{{Cite web |title=Case regarding Armenia 3rd President and other ex-officials inscribed to Yerevan court judge |url=https://news.am/eng/news/557789.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=news.am |language=en}}</ref> Gevorg Harutyunyan,<ref name="news.am" /> Armen Gevorkyan<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIS seeks arrest of former Secretary of Security Council Armen Gevorgyan |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/957886.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=armenpress.am |language=en}}</ref> and others), former members of Parliament (Arsen Babayan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Արսեն Բաբայանը կալանավորվեց |url=https://www.azatutyun.am/a/30233906.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան |language=hy}}</ref> Grayr Tovmasyan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=What were daughters of Hrayr Tovmasyan asked about at Armenian NSS? |url=https://news.am/eng/news/539648.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=news.am |language=en}}</ref> Manvel Grigoryan), former judge- Samvel Uzumyan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia ex-judge declared wanted |url=https://news.am/eng/news/551203.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=news.am |language=en}}</ref> were charged with corruption, illegal income and tax evasion charges, some journalists (Gagik Shamshyan, Satik Seyranyan, Mher Yegiazaryan<ref>{{Cite web |last=LLC |first=Helix Consulting |title=Haynews.am news website responsible Mher Yeghiazaryan died of myocardial infarction - aysor.am - Hot news from Armenia |url=https://www.aysor.am/en/news/2019/01/26/causes-yegiazaryan/1518109 |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=aysor.am |language=en}}</ref> etc.) and political activists (Narek Malyan, Konstantin Ter-Nakalyan, &nbsp;Artur Danielyan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenian public-political club issues statement on apprehension of activists |url=https://novosti-armenia.com/eng/33/67017-armenian-public-political-club-issues-statement-on-apprehension-of-activists.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=Новости Армении |language=en}}</ref>) were detained, charged with the use of drug, illegal possession of gun, and released later. According to Associated Press, Sargsyan has rejected all accusations against him, his relatives and former members of cabinet as a politically motivated charges.<ref name=":02" /> An zargi wani tsohon shugaban kasar Armeniya, Robert Kocharyan da bayar da goyon bayan Sarkisian na zaben shugaban kasa, kuma yana fuskantar tuhume-tuhume da "kifar da tsarin mulki".<ref name=":0"/> Da yawa daga cikin magoya bayan Kocharyan sun yi zanga-zanga a watan Mayun 2019 a wajen kotun birnin Yerevan, suna rike da allunan da aka rubuta "Kocharyan fursuna ne na siyasa" da "Vendetta na siyasa".<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Coup or political vendetta?: Ex-Armenia president goes on trial, rejects 'coup' charges |url=https://today.rtl.lu/news/world/a/1347236.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=today.rtl.lu |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702150354/https://today.rtl.lu/news/world/a/1347236.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Robert Kocharyan mai shekaru 64 a duniya ya shaidawa kamfanin dilancin labaren AFP cewa an shigar da karar ne saboda sabon shugabancin da ya kori magajinsa a wani boren da al'ummar kasar suka yi a bara. "Abin da ke faruwa da ni ba komai bane illa rashin bin doka da oda," kamar yadda ya shaida wa AFP daga gidan yari.<ref name=":12" /> === zanga-zangar zaben shugaban kasa na Armenia na 2008 === An gudanar da jerin zanga-zanga a kasar Armeniya bayan zaben shugaban kasar Armeniya na ranar 19 ga Fabrairun 2008. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta tattara wasu mutane tara na wasu da ba a san ko su waye ba suna yi wa 'yan adawa, 'yan jarida da kuma masu sa ido hari a matsayin martani ga ikirarin magudin zabe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-02-20 |title=Armenia: Violence at Polling Stations Mars Elections |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/02/20/armenia-violence-polling-stations-mars-elections |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> An gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da zargin magudin zabe a Yerevan babban birnin kasar kuma magoya bayan dan takarar shugaban kasa da bai yi nasara ba kuma shugaban Armeniya na farko, Levon Ter-Petrosyan suka shirya. An fara zanga-zangar ne a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu, wadda ta dauki tsawon kwanaki 10 ana yi a dandalin 'yanci na Yerevan, kuma ta hada dubun-dubatar masu zanga-zangar da rana da kuma daruruwan mutane da suka yi zango cikin dare. Bayan shafe kwanaki tara ana zanga-zangar lumana a dandalin Opera, jami'an 'yan sanda da sojoji na kasar sun yi kokarin tarwatsa masu zanga-zangar a ranar 1 ga Maris. Bayanan da masu zanga-zangar suka yi sun nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da karfi fiye da kima wajen share sansanin mu da masu zanga-zangar suka kafa. A cewar bayanan sirri 'yan sandan sun kai hari ba tare da nuna damuwa ba inda daga bisani masu zanga-zangar suka mayar da martani da jifa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2009-02-25 |title=Democracy on Rocky Ground: Armenia's Disputed 2008 Presidential Election, Post-Election Violence, and the One-Sided Pursuit of Accountability |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/02/25/democracy-rocky-ground/armenias-disputed-2008-presidential-election-post-election |language=en}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, an kashe mutane 10. Duk da bukatar da gwamnati ta yi na dakatar da zanga-zangar, zanga-zangar ta ci gaba har zuwa ranar 1 ga Maris. A safiyar ranar 1 ga Maris, rundunar 'yan sanda da sojoji sun tarwatsa mutane 700-1,000 da suka rage cikin dare, inda suka lakada musu bindigu da na'urori masu girgiza wutar lantarki.<ref name="ArmNowMar1Noon">[http://www.armenianow.com "Protestor on scene tells of melee"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516144258/http://www.armenianow.com/|date=2008-05-16}}, ArmeniaNow.com, March 1, 2008</ref><ref name="HRW1">[https://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/02/armeni18189.htm "Armenia: Police Beat Peaceful Protesters in Yerevan"], [[Human Rights Watch]] (NY), March 2, 2008.</ref><ref name="ArmLibMar1a2">[http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP Ter-Petrosyan ‘Under House Arrest,’ Rally Broken Up], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], March 1, 2008. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123052730/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP|date=November 23, 2008}}</ref> Ya zuwa 4 ga Maris, masu zanga-zangar da yawa har yanzu sun ɓace.<ref name="ArmLibMar4b">[http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/D816B1BC-CAE4-47EF-9A5B-E55169ADE4BC.ASP "Human Rights Watch Demands Probe Into Armenian Crackdown"], Armenia Liberty ([[RFE/RL]]), March 4, 2008. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412005838/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/D816B1BC-CAE4-47EF-9A5B-E55169ADE4BC.ASP|date=April 12, 2009}}</ref> Tun daga 1 ga Maris, an sanya Ter-Petrosyan a karkashin kama-karya a gida.<ref name="COEReportMar20">[https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1265025&Site=CommDH&BackColorInternet=FEC65B&BackColorIntranet=FEC65B&BackColorLogged=FFC679 "Report by the Commissioner for Human Rights, Mr Thomas Hammarberg, on his special mission to Armenia, 12 – 15 march 2008"], Council of Europe, March 20, 2008.</ref><ref name="ArmLibMar1a">[http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP Ter-Petrosyan ‘Under House Arrest,’ Rally Broken Up], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], March 1, 2008. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123052730/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP|date=November 23, 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/armenia08/news/030108.shtml "Armenia: At Least 2 Dead in Yerevan Violence, as Kocharian Declares State of Emergency"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903224655/http://www.eurasianet.org/armenia08/news/030108.shtml|date=2008-09-03}}, Armenia: Vote 2008 (EurasiaNet.org), March 1, 2008.</ref> == 'Yan sanda da tilasta bin doka == {{External media|image1=[https://i1.wp.com/factsmaps.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/top-30-countries-prisoners.png Map of top 30 countries with highest and lowest imprisonment rates]}} A cikin 2018, duk ƙasashe makwabta na Armenia sun kasance a cikin jerin ƙasashe 30 tare da mafi girman adadin ɗaurin kurkuku, yayin da ƙimar a Armenia ta kasance ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 30 countries with highest and lowest imprisonment rates |url=https://i1.wp.com/factsmaps.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/top-30-countries-prisoners.png}}</ref> Bayan an tattara rahoton, gwamnati ta fara kuma ta gudanar da afuwa mai yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LLC |first=Helix Consulting |title=Armenian president signs amnesty bill into law |url=https://www.panorama.am/en/news/2018/11/03/amnesty-bill/2028371 |access-date=2018-11-19 |website=panorama.am |language=en}}</ref> An samu rahotannin cin zarafi da kama ‘yan sanda ba bisa ka’ida ba. Ana amfani da duka da azabtar da wadanda ake tsare da su kafin a yi shari’a don samun ikirari ko bayanai. An tarwatsa zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati da karfin tsiya, an kuma tsare shugabannin 'yan adawa. Ya zuwa 2006 cin zarafi ya zama ruwan dare a cikin sojoji kuma ana zarginsa a matsayin sanadin mutuwar mutane da yawa.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.htm?tbl=RSDCOI&page=research&id=43cfae9a20 Human Rights Watch World Report 2006]</ref> === Abubuwan da suka faru === A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2007 Levon Gulyan, wanda aka kira zuwa ga 'yan sanda a matsayin shaida kan wani lamari na kisan kai, ya mutu a babban sashin binciken manyan laifuka na 'yan sanda bayan da ake zargin Hovik Tamamyan, mataimakin shugaban farko na Babban Sashen binciken manyan laifuka na 'yan sanda ya yi masa dukan tsiya da jefa shi ta taga.<ref>[http://www.hra.am/eng/?page=issue&id=16952 ''Do they need to kill while investigating a murder case?'']{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Human Rights in Armenia, May 23, 2007.</ref> '‘Yan sanda sun ce Gulyan ya zame ya fadi a bene na farko a lokacin da yake kokarin tserewa daga hannun ‘yan sanda. Wani bincike na farko na likitanci da kwararrun kwararru daga kasashen Denmark da Jamus suka gudanar ya nuna cewa, mutuwar Gulyan ta faru ne sakamakon munanan raunuka da suka hada da karaya daga kokon kai, kashi, kashin baya da kuma hakarkarinsa. A cewar ArmeniaNow, "ba a bayyana kashe-kashen da aka yi a cikin 'yan sanda ba."<ref>[http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&IID=1134&AID=2212&lng=eng ''Escape or Torture?: Police under spotlight as death of witness raises questions''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222230/http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&IID=1134&AID=2212&lng=eng|date=2016-03-03}}, ArmeniaNow, May 18, 2007.</ref> A cikin wata wasika da aka aika wa shugaban 'yan sanda, Babban Darakta na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil'adama ta Helsinki ta Duniya (IHF) ya kawo tuhuma game da bayanin da 'yan sanda suka yi game da mutuwar Gulyan kuma ya ambata cewa azabtarwa da cin zarafi da 'yan sanda ke yi ya kasance matsala mai tsanani a Armeniya, kamar yadda kwamitin Turai don rigakafin azabtarwa ya bayyana. Wani bangare na jerin sunayen da ArmeniaNow ya tattara ya bayyana sunayen wasu mutane 11 da suka mutu bisa zargin sun mutu a hannun ‘yan sanda. == 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki da na kafofin watsa labarai == === Shekaru na 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010 === Yayin da kafofin watsa labaru ke da digiri na 'yancin kai, 'yancin aikin jarida a Armeniya yana da iyaka. Wasu tashoshi masu zaman kansu, irin su A1+, Noyan Tapan, da NTV na Rasha, gwamnati ta kwace mitocin su. An kai wa 'yan jaridun da ke buga zanga-zangar adawa da shugaba Robert Kocharyan hari lokacin da 'yan sanda suka shiga tsakani don tsare masu zanga-zangar.<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/arm-summary-eng Amnesty International Report 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905130331/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/arm-summary-eng|date=2006-09-05}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2011, Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jaridu - mai kula da harkokin yada labarai na kasa da kasa - ya soki gwamnatin Armeniya saboda ci gaba da rike kafafen yada labarai na kasar tare da zarge su da cin zarafin 'yan jaridun cikin gida da ke kalubalantarsu.<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-20112">[http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/2310358.html "Western Watchdog Deplores Government Control Of Armenian TV"], Armenia Liberty ([[RFE/RL]]), February 15, 2011.</ref> A cewar rahoton na CPJ, sabbin gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa dokar yada labarai ta Armeniya a shekarar 2010, ta sanya shugaba Sarkisian ya ci gaba da kula da gidajen talabijin da gidajen rediyon kasar, wadanda galibi mallakar 'yan siyasa ne da 'yan kasuwa masu goyon bayan gwamnati ne."<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-20112" /> Rahoton ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa jami’an ‘yan sandan Armeniya sun “ci zarafin ‘yan jarida, da cin zarafi, da kama ‘yan jarida a kai a kai a shekara ta 2010. “Masu gabatar da ƙara a kai a kai sun haɗa kai a cikin wannan aikin ta wajen kasa bincikar jami’an ‘yan sanda, har ma da shigar da ƙara a wasu lokatai a kan ’yan jarida da suka nuna adawa da cin zarafi, kamar yadda binciken CPJ ya nuna. "<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-20112" /> ==== Talabijin ====   Baya ga GALA da ke Gyumri, kusan dukkanin gidajen Talabijin na Armeniya, gami da cibiyoyin sadarwar ƙasa na Yerevan, gwamnati ce ke sarrafawa ko biyayya. Babban hanyar sadarwa mai zaman kansa daya tilo da ke yada sukar gwamnati akai-akai an tilasta masa barin iska a cikin 2002.<ref name="ArmLibMar19a">[http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/73EC02AE-DD93-458B-AD1C-10E76D08552C.ASP "Embattled TV Raising Money To Stay On Air"], Armenia Liberty ([[RFE/RL]]), March 19, 2008.</ref> A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Armeniya ta zartar da wasu gyare-gyaren da ke cike da cece-kuce ga dokar Armeniya kan watsa shirye-shiryen da ke baiwa hukumomin gwamnati damar ba da izini ko soke lasisi ba tare da wani bayani ba, da kuma sanya takunkumin shirye-shirye da zai sanya wasu tashoshin takaita jigogi kamar al'adu, ilimi, da wasanni. Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida ya ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan gyare-gyaren da farko suna da niyya don kiyaye gidan talabijin mai zaman kansa A1+ a iska. Hakanan ya nuna cewa GALA TV, wani mai watsa shirye-shirye mai zaman kansa da ke Gyumri, za a cire shi daga iska a cikin 2015 saboda gyare-gyaren.<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-20112" /> Dukansu A1+ da GALA TV sun kasa samun sabbin lasisi a cikin tayoyin da ake zargin hukumar kula da Talabijin da Rediyo ta kasa ta gudanar a karshen shekarar 2010.<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-20112" /> ==== Yanayin Gaggawa na 2008 ==== Bayan zanga-zangar zaben shugaban kasar Armeniya a shekara ta 2008, shugaba Kocharian cikin cece-kuce ya ayyana dokar ta-baci ta kwanaki 20 a ranar 1 ga Maris, kuma ya yi amfani da ita wajen hana duk wani taron jama'a da tantance duk kafofin watsa labarai (na Intanet da na bugawa) don hada bayanan da jihar ta dauki nauyinsa. Har ila yau, hukumomi sun rufe jaridun 'yan adawa da dama tare da gidajen yanar gizon su, ciki har da A1+ da Haykakan Zhamanak. Bugu da kari, gwamnati ta toshe hanyar shiga gidan yanar gizon YouTube wanda ke kunshe da bidiyoyin zanga-zangar ranar 1 ga Maris da kuma arangama da daddare da ‘yan sanda suka yi wanda ya nuna yadda jami’an tsaro na musamman ke harba makamai masu sarrafa kansu kai tsaye cikin taron. Hakanan an toshe shi shine watsa rediyo da shiga yanar gizo zuwa 'Yancin Armeniya, sabis na Radiyon Turai. ==== Hare-haren da aka kai wa 'yan jarida ==== Hare-hare akai-akai kan 'yan jarida na kafafen yada labarai da ba na gwamnati ba, babbar barazana ce ga 'yancin 'yan jaridun Armenia. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2009 Argishti Kiviryan, kodinetan kamfanin dillancin labarai na ARMENIA A Yau (wata takarda da aka fi sani da adawa), an yi masa mugun duka a kan hanyarsa ta komawa gida daga aiki a Yerevan. An bayar da rahoton cewa wasu mutane uku da ba a san ko su wanene ba sun kai hari tare da yi wa Kiviryan mummunar duka wanda ya yi sanadin jikkatar kansa da kuma fuskantar rauni. An ba da rahoton cewa ciwon nasa yana da “mummuna amma kwanciyar hankali” bayan an kai shi cibiyar kula da lafiya ta Erebuni.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grigoryan |first=Armine |date=1 May 2009 |title=Ambushed: Attack on journalist raises concerns over safety of profession in Armenia |url=http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=3698&CID=3565&IID=1233&lng=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906081403/http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=3698&CID=3565&IID=1233&lng=eng |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |access-date=1 May 2009 |work=Armenia Now}}</ref> Jami’in kare hakkin bil’adama na kasar Armeniya, Armen Harutyunyan, ya yi Allah wadai da wannan aika-aika, ya kuma bayyana cewa kusan dukkanin laifukan cin zarafin ‘yan jaridar da aka yi a baya ba a bayyana su ba, ya yi kira ga ‘yan sanda da su yi bincike tare da bayyana wadanda suka kai harin.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Violence against the journalist|url=http://ombuds.am/main/en/9/27/1985/|publisher=Human Rights Defender of Armenia|date=2009-04-30|access-date=2009-05-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717022925/http://ombuds.am/main/en/9/27/1985/|archive-date=2012-07-17}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2008 Edik Baghdasaryan, daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan jarida masu bincike a Armenia kuma editan Hetq, an kai masa hari da karfi tare da ji masa rauni a kai wanda dole ne a kwantar da shi a asibiti. Wataƙila an kai harin ne da rahotonsa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2018}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == 'Yanci na motsi == A baya jami'an tsaro sun hana zirga-zirgar ababen hawa daga garuruwan da ke kusa da Yerevan a duk lokacin da aka yi babban taron 'yan adawa a Yerevan. A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2011 zirga-zirgar jama'a tsakanin Yerevan da yankunan da ke kusa da su ta tsaya a wani yunƙuri na gwamnati na rage halartar babban taron da jam'iyyar adawa ta Armenia (HAK) za ta gudanar. Tashoshin motocin bas a kananan garuruwan da ke kusa da babban birnin kasar - ciki har da Etchmiadzin, Artashat, da Masis - sun tsaya cik da safe da kuma yammacin rana, lamarin da ya bar dimbin fasinjojin cikin gida sun makale. An kuma baza jami'an 'yan sanda a manyan titunan da ke zuwa Yerevan. Rahotanni sun ce ‘yan sandan sun ce wannan wani bangare ne na aikin ‘yan sanda na musamman da nufin zakulo motocin da aka sace, ko kuma ‘yan sanda na neman makamai. Jami'an tsaro da jami'an gwamnati sun musanta ikirarin 'yan adawa na cewa hukumomi na kokarin hana Armeniyawa da yawa shiga cikin masu zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati a Yerevan.<ref name="ArmLib-2011-03-01" /> == 'Yanci na addini == Cocin Manzanni na Armenia yana da iko sosai a Armenia, yana da haƙƙoƙi fiye da kowane addini da aka yi rajista. Sauran 'yan tsiraru na addini sun hada da Kiristoci na Orthodox na Rasha, Kiristoci na Syriac, Kiristoci na Orthodox na Girka, [[Yahudanci|Yahudawa]], [[Musulmi|Musulmai]], [[Yazidi|Yazidis]], da Shaidun Jehovah. Gabaɗaya, al'ummar Musulmi ta Armenia (wanda ya ƙunshi Azeris da Kurds) kusan babu su saboda musayar yawan jama'a tsakanin Armenia da Azerbaijan a lokacin Yaƙin Nagorno-Karabakh na farko. == Hakkin LGBT a Armenia == Kwaminisanci ya kasance doka a Armenia tun shekara ta 2003. Koyaya, duk da cewa an haramta shi, halin da ake ciki na 'yan mata, gay, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT) ba su canza sosai ba. Har yanzu ba a yi ikirarin 'yancin lesbian, gay, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT) a Armenia ba. Lallafi ya kasance batun haramtacce a wasu sassan al'ummar Armeniya yayin da al'ummar ke bin wasu ƙasashen Turai wajen inganta haƙƙin LGBT. Akwai, kuma, babu kariya ta doka ga mutanen LGBT waɗanda ake keta haƙƙin ɗan adam akai-akai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia's Animosity Towards Gays |url=http://hetq.am/en/society/gay/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710191302/http://hetq.am/en/society/gay/ |archive-date=2012-07-10 |access-date=2015-04-24}}</ref> Mutane da yawa suna tsoron tashin hankali a wurin aikinsu ko daga danginsu, sabili da haka, ba sa bayyana jima'i a bayyane ko kuma shigar da korafe-korafe game da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ko laifuka masu laifi. Armenia ta kasance a matsayi na 47 daga cikin kasashe 49 na Turai don haƙƙin LGBT a cikin 2013, tare da Rasha da Azerbaijan kawai sun fi muni da haƙƙin ɗan adam a wannan batun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717085454/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-17 |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref> Lilit Martirosyan wata mace ce da ta canza jinsi wadda ta yi jawabi ga Majalisar Armeniya na tsawon mintuna 3 a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2019. Ta shaida wa majalisar cewa kungiyar da ta kafa, Right Side NGO, ta rubuta kararraki 283 na take hakkin maza da mata. Nan da nan wasu 'yan majalisar suka nuna adawa, suna masu cewa Martirosian ya "...dagula batun sauraren karar da kuma rashin mutunta majalisar." Mambobin jama'a sun yi barazana da la'antar Martirosian da duk masu canza jinsi da ke zaune a Armeniya. masu canza jinsi da ke zaune a Armeniya.[1] Kakakin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Armenia Anna Naghdalyan, ta mayar da martani ga wata sanarwa daga tawagar Tarayyar Turai a Yerevan da ofisoshin jakadanci na Tarayyar Turai da suka yi Allah wadai da kalaman kiyayya da aka yi wa Martirosian, Right Side NGO, da kuma al'ummar LGBTQ: "Ya kamata abokan huldar mu na kasa da kasa su nuna girmamawa da kulawa ga al'ummar Armeniya kuma su guji shiga tsakani, ko da kuwa za su yi watsi da muhawarar jama'a. cewa ka'idar kyawawan dabi'un jama'a wani bangare ne na alkawurran kasa da kasa kan hakkin dan adam kuma ba za a iya yin watsi da su ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia roiled by transgender woman's speech in parliament |url=https://eurasianet.org/armenia-roiled-by-transgender-womans-speech-in-parliament |access-date=2019-04-28 |website=Eurasianet |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Armeniya tun 1991 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2022 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2022 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx |access-date=8 March 2022 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Tarihin tarihi |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:10em; text-align:left;" |Shekara | style="width:10em;" |'Yancin Siyasa | style="width:10em;" |'Yancin Jama'a | style="width:10em;" |Matsayi | style="width:10em;" |Shugaban kasa (1991-2) / Firayim Minista (2018-yanzu) 2 |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Levon Ter-Petrossian |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Robert Kocharyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2014 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2015 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2016 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2017 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2018 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Serzh Sargsyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2019 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Nikol Pashinyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2020 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Nikol Pashinyan |- align="center" | align="left" |2021 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Nikol Pashinyan |} |} == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam a Armenia == Akwai kungiyoyi da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama da ke aiki a Armeniya wadanda ke mai da hankali kan ciyar da hakkin dan Adam gaba. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: * Turai a cikin Kungiyar Shari'a * Taron 'yan ƙasa na Helsinki-Vanadzor * Kwamitin Helsinki na Armenia * Open Society Foundations-Armenia * PanEuropa Armenia * Pink Armenia * Kungiyar ba da agaji ta Hanyar Dama * Ƙungiyar 'Yan ƙasa Masu Bayani == Dubi kuma ==   * Armenia da Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya * Armenia a cikin Majalisar Turai * [[Hukuncin kisa a Armenia]] * [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai|'Yancin Dan Adam a Turai]] * Tsayar da Intanet a Armenia * Hakkin LGBT a Armenia * Batutuwan zamantakewa a Armenia * Kare zamantakewa a Armenia == Bayani == : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Ya zuwa 1 ga Janairu. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [http://hrw.org/doc/?t=europe&c=armeni Human Rights Watch: Armenia] * [http://hra.am Shafin yanar gizon 'Yancin Dan Adam a Armenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210123507/https://www.hra.am/ |date=2020-12-10 }} * [https://www.ombuds.am/ Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na Armenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808085720/https://ombuds.am/ |date=2025-08-08 }} * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/178/" id="mwBH0" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Armenia - IFEX bsk4v5zn8irfv8fehvzvkicagwmhw5z 0 113708 868729 854187 2026-06-26T15:18:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kundin tsarin mulki na [[Arewacin Cyprus]] yana kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Arewacin Cyprus.<ref name="const30">[http://www.mahkemeler.net/cgi-bin/anayasa/anayasa.doc The Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713224250/http://www.mahkemeler.net/cgi-bin/anayasa/anayasa.doc |date=2018-07-13 }}, Article 30, Retrieved 2011-05-05: "Yasa, insan haklarına, demokrasi, sosyal adalet ve hukukun üstünlüğü ilkelerine dayanan laik devletin, ulusal güvenliğin ve genel ahlakın korunması halleri dışındaki bir dene dayanarak, halkın bu araçlarla Haber almasını, düşünce ve kanaatlara ulaşmasını ve kamuoyunun serbestçe oluşumunu engelleyici kayıtlar koyamaz".</ref> Koyaya, an sami rahotanni game da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'yan tsiraru,' yancin dimokuradiyya,' yanci daga nuna bambanci,' yancen motsi,' yankan addini,' yanƙin magana, haƙƙin ilimi, haƙƙin rayuwa, haƙƙin dukiya, da haƙƙin mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref name="Scribd">European Commission of Human Rights, "Report of the Commission to Applications 6780/74 and 6950/75", Council of Europe, 1976, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/66250437/The-Council-of-Europe-s-SECRET-Report-1976-Cyprus-barbary pp. 160–163.], [https://web.archive.org/web/20111012225604/https://www.scribd.com/doc/66250437/The-Council-of-Europe-s-SECRET-Report-1976-Cyprus-barbary Link from Internet Archive]</ref><ref>European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, Case of Cyprus v. Turkey, Application no. 25781/94, Judgement (Just Satisfaction), May 12, 2014,[https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-144151/ Cyprus v. Turkey, Application No. 25781/94, Judgment (Just Satisfaction, Grand Chamber, 12/05/2014]</ref> Hakkin mutanen Girka da suka yi hijira ta hanyar mamayewar Turkiyya ta 1974 a Cyprus, musamman hakkinsu na dukiya da haƙƙin dawowa, yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan tattaunawa masu gudana don warware batun Cyprus.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}} A cewar rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2001, ana mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam gabaɗaya, kodayake ana samun matsaloli ta fuskar ayyukan 'yan sanda, da hana zirga-zirga.<ref name="UNHCR">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2002 |title=Cyprus: Population of Kurds in Turkish controlled Northern Cyprus; their treatment by the government of Turkey and its agents |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,CYP,,3df4be297,0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520030616/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CIRBC%2C%2CCYP%2C%2C3df4be297%2C0.html |archive-date=20 May 2011 |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada}}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2011, Rahoton Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da batun 'yancin ɗan adam a Cyprus ya lura cewa rabon da ake ci gaba da yi a Cyprus yana ci gaba da shafar 'yancin ɗan adam a duk tsibirin "... ciki har da 'yancin motsi, 'yancin ɗan adam da ya shafi batun mutanen da suka ɓace, wariya, 'yancin rayuwa, 'yancin yin addini, da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.<ref name="ohchr">[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of human rights in Cyprus] 16th Session, Human Rights Council, United Nations, 7 January 2011</ref> == 'Yanci == === 'Yanci na Dimokuradiyya === Freedom House ta rarraba matakin da aka fahimta na 'yancin dimokuradiyya da siyasa a Arewacin Cyprus a matsayin "yanci" tun daga shekara ta 2000 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World.<ref name="freeh">[https://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/fiw/FIW%202011%20Booklet_1_11_11.pdf Freedom in the World 2011 Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124031819/http://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/fiw/FIW%202011%20Booklet_1_11_11.pdf|date=2011-01-24}} Freedom House's Freedom in the World 2011 Report, page 29</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, Freedom House ta sake rarraba Arewacin Cyprus a matsayin "yanci" a cikin 'yancin siyasa da' yancin jama'a.<ref>''[https://freedomhouse.org/country/northern-cyprus/freedom-world/2024 Freedom in the World 2024]'', Freedom House, January 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya ta ba da rahoton cewa: "An haramta 'yan Cypriot na Girka da mazauna Maronite [na Arewacin Cyprus] daga shiga cikin zaben "na kasa" na Turkiyya Cypriots.<ref name="tchrf">[http://www.ktihv.org/Eng/content/view/43/13/ Overview of the Human Rights Situation in North Cyprus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727003221/http://www.ktihv.org/Eng/content/view/43/13/|date=2011-07-27}} Turkish Cypriot Human Rights Foundation</ref> Ma'aikatar Har ila yau ta rubuta cewa "An haramci 'yan C Cyprus da mazauna Mutanen Maronite daga shiga cikin zaɓen "na kasa";<ref name="2010report2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110414012944/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eur/154419.htm "2010 Human Rights Report: Cyprus"], US Department of State, Retrieved 24 April 2011.</ref> sun cancanci yin zabe a cikin 'yancin Cypriotes na Girka amma dole ne su tafiyar da aka ruwaitoci a yankin da ita don yin amfani da wannan dama ba da ita a cikin wannan dama na siyasa a cikin' yancin Cyprus ba.<ref name="2010report2" /> === 'Yanci daga azabtarwa === A watan Janairun 2009, Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya (TCHRF), ta amince da cewa: “‘Yan sanda na yawan kai rahoton azabtarwa da cin zarafin bil’adama, kuma lauyoyi da TCHRF suna matsawa hukumomi lamba don su bincikar su da gaske."<ref name="tchrf" /> === 'Yanci na addini === Tsarin mulki na Arewacin Cyprus yana kare 'yancin addini, kuma ya bayyana cewa Arewacin Cyprus ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta.<ref>[http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/main/polsyst/constitution/ The Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus], Articles 23 and 30, Retrieved 2011-04-24.</ref> Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2002 ya bayyana cewa doka ta kare 'yancin addini a Arewacin Cyprus kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama' yancin addini.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eur/8242.htm 2002 Report on Human Rights in Cyprus], US Department of State, retrieved on April 21, 2011.</ref> Rahoton 'yancin addini a cikin 2007 ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kuma bayyana cewa "Hukumomin Cyprus na Turkiyya gabaɗaya suna girmama wannan haƙƙin a aikace" kuma aikin addini gabaɗaya kyauta ne.<ref name="2007report">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90170.htm Cyprus International Religious Freedom Report 2007 - Cyprus], US Department of State, Retrieved 2011-04-24.</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2009, Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa na duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa "Hukumomin Cyprus na Turkiyya sun girmama' yancin addini gabaɗaya".<ref>[http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1873&tmpl=printpage Cyprus Overview], Minority Rights Group International, Retrieved April 21, 2011.</ref> A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2011, wakilai 68 a Majalisar Dokoki ta Majalisar Turai, a cikin rubutacciyar sanarwar no. 467, ya yi Allah wadai da: "Katse taron Kirsimeti a arewacin Cyprus da sojojin Turkiyya suka mamaye da kuma hana 'yancin yin addini da ibada. "<ref name="coe467">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110225181325/http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc11/EDOC12505.pdf Interruption of the Christmas mass in the northern occupied part of Cyprus by Turkish troops and restrictions to the right to freedom of religion and worship] Written Declaration No. 467, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Doc. 12505, 27 January 2011.</ref> Inda aka lura cewa sojojin Turkiyya sun tilasta wa limamin cocin da ke gudanar da hidimar a Agios Synesios, da ke Rizokarpaso ya cire rigunansa kuma ya umarci kowa da kowa ya bar cocin don haka ya keta [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]].<ref name="coe467" /><ref>[http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=ContentRecords.ViewDetail&ContentRecord_id=422&ContentType=S&ContentRecordType=S&CFID=48384850&CFTOKEN=37394154 Northern Cyprus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724165728/http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=ContentRecords.ViewDetail&ContentRecord_id=422&ContentType=S&ContentRecordType=S&CFID=48384850&CFTOKEN=37394154|date=2011-07-24}} Commission on Security & Cooperation in Europe, Senate, 25 January 2011.</ref> === 'Yanci na magana da na' yan jarida === A ranar 6 ga Yulin 1996, Kwamitin Kare ’Yan Jarida ya ba da rahoton cewa, an harbe Kutlu Adali, dan jaridan jaridar Yeni Duzen, har lahira a wajen gidansa. Ya soki manufofin gwamnati na shige da fice.<ref>[http://www.cpj.org/killed/europe/cyprus/ Kutlu Adali] Committee to Protect Journalists, 6 July 1996.</ref> Matar Adali ta garzaya kotu a kotun Turai sakamakon gazawar da hukumomin Arewacin Cyprus suka yi wajen gudanar da bincike kan kisan maigidanta.<ref>[http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/hof.nsf/e4ca7ef017f8c045c1256849004787f5/8dd7261e28baf503c1256fd30047a218?OpenDocument Adali v. Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807115634/http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/hof.nsf/e4ca7ef017f8c045c1256849004787f5/8dd7261e28baf503c1256fd30047a218?OpenDocument|date=2011-08-07}} Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, 31 March 2005.</ref> Rahoton Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2002 ya bayyana cewa ana mutunta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai gaba daya a Arewacin Cyprus kuma akwai jaridun ‘yan adawa wadanda galibi suna sukar gwamnati.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eur/8242.htm 2002 Report on Human Rights in Cyprus], US Department of State, Retrieved on April 21, 2011.</ref> World Press Freedom Index 2010 ya sanya Cyprus da Arewacin Cyprus 45 da 61 bi da bi.<ref>[http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010,1034.html World Press Freedom Index 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124050702/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010,1034.html|date=November 24, 2010}}, Reporters Without Borders.</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2010, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa an sake girmama 'yancin' yan jarida gabaɗaya, babu ƙuntatawa a intanet, kuma kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu suna aiki kuma suna nuna ra'ayoyi iri-iri ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Kasa da Kasa ta ba da rahoton cewa, Mutlu Esendemir, editan labarai na gidan talabijin na Turkiyya-Cypriot ''Kanal T'', da kuma mai ba da rahoto ga jaridar yaren Turkiyya ''Kıbrıs'', dukansu sun ji rauni a cikin bam din mota. Esendemir ya gamsu cewa harin yana da alaƙa da labaran da suka shafi batutuwan tsara gari a Kyrenia.<ref name="jmdjit2">[http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19967:car-bomb-injures-cypriot-journalist-ipi&catid=68:europe-central-asia-media-safety&Itemid=100522 Car bomb injures Cypriot journalist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310080105/http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19967:car-bomb-injures-cypriot-journalist-ipi&catid=68:europe-central-asia-media-safety&Itemid=100522|date=2012-03-10}} International News Safety Institute, 15 April 2011.</ref> Kemal Darbaz, shugaban Basin Sen, kungiyar 'yan jarida, ya lura cewa hare-haren da aka kai wa' yan jarida sun zama ruwan dare.<ref name="jmdjit2" /> == Hakki == === Hakkin ilimi === A cikin shekarar karatu ta 2004/5, an bude dakin motsa jiki, wanda ya kara da makarantar firamare ta Girka daya tilo da ke Arewacin Cyprus, domin al'ummar Cyprus ta Girka a Rizokarpaso, wannan ita ce makarantar sakandaren al'ummar Cyprus ta Girka ta farko da al'ummar ta samu tun bayan da Turkiyya ta mamaye Cyprus a 1974.<ref name="moec2008">[http://www.moec.gov.cy/etisia-ekthesi/pdf/annual_report_2008_en.pdf Annual Report 2008 of the Ministry of Education, p. 276] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053808/http://www.moec.gov.cy/etisia-ekthesi/pdf/annual_report_2008_en.pdf|date=2016-03-04}}, Republic of Cyprus Ministry of Education, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://archive.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_1_09/03/2005_53848 In the same school year a nursery school was also opened for the Greek Cypriot community Teaching tolerance, Northern Cyprus hosts first Greek-language schools in three decades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204822/http://www.eworx.gr/|date=2016-03-03}}, Kathimerini newspaper, 9 March 2005.</ref> A cikin 2008, jaridar Cypriot Financial Mirror ta rubuta cewa, gwamnatin Arewacin Cyprus ta hana malaman makaranta komawa makarantar firamare a Rizokarpaso. <ref>[http://www.financialmirror.com/News/Cyprus_and_World_News/11314 School year begins in Cyprus primary education]{{Dead link|date=November 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}, Financial Mirror, 4 September 2008.</ref> A cikin 2010, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa "ba a sami wasu lokuta da aka rubuta na nuna bambanci a hukumance ko al'umma ba bisa [...] damar samun ilimi".<ref name="2010report2" /> === Hakkin LGBT === Jima'i tsakanin mata masu girma sun yarda a Arewacin Cyprus.<ref name="ilga">[http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2010.pdf State-sponsored Homophobia, A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults, by Daniel Ottoson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122235101/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2010.pdf|date=2010-11-22}}, The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, May 2010.</ref> Har yanzu ana aikata laifuka a Arewacin Cyprus har zuwa Janairu 2014, yayin da aka soke dokar adawa da luwadi da ke aiki a Jamhuriyar Cyprus bayan hukuncin 1993 na Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai (''Modinos v. Cyprus''). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-14 |title=Overview of the Human Rights Situation in North Cyprus by the Turkish Cypriot Human Rights Foundation |url=http://www.ktihv.org/Eng/content/view/43/13/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727003221/http://www.ktihv.org/Eng/content/view/43/13/ |archive-date=2011-07-27 |access-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=ktihv.org}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Junairun shekarar 2014 ne 'yan majalisar dokokin Cyprus Turkiyya suka amince da wani gyare-gyare na soke dokar da aka kafa a zamanin mulkin mallaka da ta hukunta masu luwadi da madigo da daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari ta hanyar wani sabon kundin tsarin laifuka. Wannan shi ne yanki na ƙarshe a Turai da ya lalata alaƙar jima'i tsakanin masu yarda, manyan maza. A martanin da aka kada, Paulo Corte-Real daga kungiyar 'yan madigo ta kasa da kasa, 'yan luwadi, bisexual, Trans da Intersex Association, wata kungiyar masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama ta ce "Muna maraba da zaben na yau kuma a karshe za mu iya kiran Turai a matsayin nahiyar da ta kubuta daga dokokin da ke haramta luwadi da madigo".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-27 |title=Northern Cyprus becomes last European territory to decriminalize... |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-north-gay-idUKBREA0Q16R20140127 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115130809/http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-north-gay-idUKBREA0Q16R20140127 |archive-date=January 15, 2016 |access-date=2019-07-10 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> === 'Yancin' yan tsiraru === A cikin 2008, an buɗe majami'a a Kyrenia don ƙaramin al'ummar Yahudawa a Arewacin Cyprus wanda galibi ya ƙunshi 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ba mazauna ba. Ba a samu rahoton hare-haren Anti-Semitic ba.<ref name="2010report2" /> Ƙananan ƙananan al'ummomin Girka da Maronite suna rayuwa a cikin ƙauyuka kuma suna fama da lahani na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. An ba da rahoton cewa ƙananan Kurdawa na fuskantar wariya a aikin yi. Kungiyoyin biyu dai sun koka da yadda hukumomin Arewacin Cyprus suke sa ido.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Cyprus: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/northern-cyprus/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> === 'Yancin mata === Dokar Arewacin Cyprus ta haramta tashin hankali na cikin gida a karkashin wani hari / tashin hankali / batir a cikin dokar aikata laifuka,<ref name="2010report2" /> kodayake ba a riga an zartar da dokar tashin hankali ta cikin gida ba a Arewacin Cyprus.<ref>[http://www.hri.org/docs/USSD-Rights/95/Cyprus95.html#Section5 Cyprus Human Rights Practices, 1995: Discrimination Based on Race, Sex, Religion, Disability, Language, or Social Status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606044615/http://www.hri.org/docs/USSD-Rights/95/Cyprus95.html#Section5 |date=2020-06-06 }} Hellenic Resources network, U.S. Department of State, March 1996.</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, ''Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya'', ta lura cewa mata ba su da daidaito kamar maza, kuma ba sa rayuwa a cikin irin wannan yanayi kamar maza, musamman idan sun yi aure. Ana hana mata jin daɗin hakkinsu ta hanyar al'ummar da ke da iko. Wani rahoto na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a cikin 2010 ya nuna cewa kodayake hukumomi sun kula da shari'o'in fyade yadda ya kamata, tashin hankali a kan mata lamari ne kuma babu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da za su tallafa wa wadanda aka yi wa fyade.<ref name="2010report2" /> == Tarihi ==   === Batutuwan da suka shafi matsalar Cyprus === A shekara ta 2001, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ce ba a yi wa 'yan tsiraru na Girka na Cyprus da Maroniyawa yadda ya kamata.<ref name="UNHCR"/> Duk da haka, wani rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2002 ya ba da rahoton cewa gwamnatin Arewacin Cyprus ta sassauta takunkumin da aka yi wa tsiraru kuma tana mutunta haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙasashen waje da ƙaura. A watan Afrilun 1998, gamayyar kasa da kasa mai fafutukar yaki da fataucin bakin haure da ke da hedkwata a Birtaniya ta bayyana cewa sojojin Turkiyya sun aiwatar da manufar hijira ta tilas inda Kurdawa suka tilasta wa Arewacin Cyprus mulkin mallaka daga Jamhuriyar Turkiyya, kuma Hukumar Shige da Fice da Kasa ta Burtaniya a shekarar 1999 ta ce ba a nuna wa Kurdawan wariya kuma suna cin gajiyar wasu hakkokinsu na siyasa da addini.<ref name="UNHCR" /> Shari'ar Class Action, Girkanci Cypriots, et al. v. TRNC da HSBC Bank USA, wanda 'yan gudun hijirar Cyprus Girka suka fara daga mamayar Turkiyya a Cyprus a 1974, Sandra Kocinski, Pat Clarke da Suz Latchford sun hada da Sandra Kocinski, Pat Clarke da Suz Latchford wadanda suka biya amma ba a taba ba su takardar doka ba ga gidajen da suka saya a arewacin tsibirin.<ref>Stephanos Constantinides, «International Law, Human Rights and Realpolitik, the Case of Cyprus», (in cooperation with Thalia Tassou), in Etudes Helléniques/Hellenic Studies, vol. 10, No. 1, Spring 2002.</ref><ref>[http://www.northcyprusdaily.com/news/Life/Buyers-of-property-in-the-north-join-US-lawsuit-195451.asp Buyers of property in the north join US lawsuit], 17 January 2010, NorthCyprusDaily.com</ref> Hukumar Kula da Kaya ta Arewacin Cyprus ta ba da damar siyan kaddarorin mutanen da suka rasa matsugunan su kai tsaye idan an gabatar da bukatar hukumar amma ba ta yarda a mayar da mutanen da suka yi gudun hijira zuwa kadarorinsu ko filayensu ba.<ref name="2010report2" /> '''Kashe-kashen da ba su da dalili:''' A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1996, yayin zanga-zangar da aka yi a yankin Buffer Zone na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an harbe Solomos Solomou, 'yan gudun hijira Girka na Cyprus, kuma an kashe shi yayin da yake hawa tutar don cire tutar Turkiyya. Lamarin ya faru ne kawai 'yan kwanaki bayan jana'izar dan uwansa Tassos Isaac, wanda aka kashe 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata, da' 'Yan kasar Turkiyya na kungiyar Grey Wolves, a lokacin zanga-zangar da ta gabata.<ref>[http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/kygtpen/1996/96-11-22.kygtpen.html Arrest warrants issued for murder of Tassos Isaac] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224075330/http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/kygtpen/1996/96-11-22.kygtpen.html |date=2007-02-24 }} Republic of Cyprus Press & Information Office press release, 22 November 1996.</ref> A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2005, game da hukuncin da aka yanke wa Kakoulli v. Turkiyya a Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turai:<blockquote>"Kotu ta yanke hukunci, tare da haɗin kai, cewa akwai: · keta Mataki na 2 (dama ga rayuwa) na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam game da kisan dangi na' yan neman da wani sojan Turkiyya ya yi a yankin da ke tsakanin arewa da kudancin Cyprus; · keta Mataki na 2 game da rashin isasshen bincike game da mutuwarsa ... "<ref name="echr">[http://www.coe.int/T/D/Kommunikation_und_politische_Forschung/Presse_und_Online_Info/Presseinfos/2005/20051122-631-GH-KakoulliT%C3%BCrkei.asp Chamber Judgement Kakoulli v. Turkey], European Court of Human Rights, 22 November 2005.</ref></blockquote>Bugu da ƙari, a cikin Janairu 2011, Rahoton Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da batun yancin ɗan adam a Cyprus ya lura cewa:<blockquote>"Matsayin Andreou v. Turkiyya (45653/99) ya shafi kisan kai ba tare da dalili ba a yankin yankin mamayar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Panayi v. Turkiyaa (45388/99) a yankin shigarwa a yankin mamayar UN. "<ref name="ohchrp10">[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of human rights in Cyprus, p.10], 16th Session, Human Rights Council, United Nations, 7 January 2011.</ref></blockquote>'''Mutanen Girka da suka rasa muhallinsu:''' Kotun kare hakkin bil'adama ta Turai ta yanke hukunci kan shari'ar Loizidou da Turkiyya game da 'yancin da 'yar Cyprus ta Girka Titina Loizidou ke da shi na komawa gidanta, tun lokacin da Turkiyya ta mamaye Cyprus, sannan kuma ta nuna gazawar Jamhuriyar Turkiyya ta biya Loizidou Loizidou bayan yanke hukunci a wani taron kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Turai: "... cewa hukumomin Turkiyya sun ci gaba da hana ta samun damar samun wasu kadarori a arewacin Cyprus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 1999 |title=H54-1 - Loizidou against Turkey, Judgments of 18 December 1996 and 28 July 1998, Application of Article 54 of the ECHR |url=https://wcd.coe.int/wcd/ViewDoc.jsp?id=417773&Site=CM |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=Council of Europe, Human Rights Meeting}}</ref> A watan Mayu 2001, Kotun Turai ta ’Yancin ’Yan Adam (ECHR) ta yanke hukunci:<blockquote>"... cewa Turkiyya ce ke da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Cyprus wanda ya samo asali ne daga shigar da sojoji na Turkiyya ta 1974. Sakamakon korafin da Gwamnatin Cyprus ta yi, shawarar ta ki amincewa da gardamar Turkiyya cewa "TRNC" ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta kuma a maimakon haka ta yanke hukuncin cewa "karamar hukuma ce ta Turkiyya da ke aiki a arewacin Cyprus".</blockquote>'''The Enclaved:''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2001, Kotun Turai ta Turai (ECHR) ta nuna cewa Turkiyya ta yi watsi da hukunce-hukuncen da ta yanke na farko game da ’yancin ilimi.<ref name="edu">[http://www.right-to-education.org/node/676 Cyprus v Turkey Application no. 25781/94 European Court of Human Rights May 2001] RIGHTtoEDUCATION project.</ref> ECHR ta kuma bayyana, a cikin wasu laifuka, guda biyu masu zuwa waɗanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye ga haƙƙin ilimi, inda na biyu a taƙaice ya bayyana abin da aka yiwa malaman firamare na Rizokarpaso (da iyalansu):<blockquote>"... keta Mataki na 2 na Yarjejeniya No. 1 (dama ga ilimi) game da Girkanci Cypriots da ke zaune a arewacin Cyprus har zuwa lokacin da babu wuraren makarantar sakandare da suka dace da su; ... keta Mataki ya 3 cewa Girkanci C Cyprus da ke zaune da yankin Karpas na arewacin Cyprus sun kasance ƙarƙashin nuna bambanci wanda ya kai ga lalacewar kulawa;"<ref name="edu" /> </blockquote>Bugu da ƙari, ECHR ta lura da tauye littattafan makaranta da kuma hana karatun sakandare ga waɗanda ke kewaye. Hukumar ta ECHR ta yi kira ga mahukuntan Turkiyya da su daina tantance litattafan harshen Girka tare da sanar da su cewa rufe makarantun da ake amfani da su na yaren Girka tamkar tauye hakkin ilimi ne.<ref name="edu" /> A cikin 2003, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Al'adu ta Jamhuriyar Cyprus ta lura a cikin rahotonta cewa makarantar firamare a Rizokarpasso ita ce makarantar firamare ta Girka kawai a Arewacin Cyprus kuma tana da malamai uku da dalibai ashirin da biyar. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2003, a Majalisar Turai, a Strasbourg, a lokacin " jawabai na minti daya kan batutuwan da suka shafi siyasa ", 'yan majalisar Turai biyu sun nuna damuwarsu game da korar da hukumomin gida suka yi, na malaman makarantar firamare na Rizokarpaso biyu (Alexia da Grigoris Koukotsikas) tare da 'ya'yansu. An ba da haske game da hane-hane a cikin wani rahoto da ya gabata, na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya:<blockquote>"... Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin rahotonsa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1995 ya bayyana cewa Girka Cypriots da Maronites a cikin yankin da aka mamaye sun kasance "abin da ke da ƙuntatawa sosai wanda ya rage yin amfani da 'yanci da yawa na asali kuma yana da tasirin tabbatar da cewa, ba tare da wucewar lokaci ba waɗannan al'ummomin za su daina wanzuwa a arewacin tsibirin. "</blockquote><blockquote>"Sakatare Janar, a cikin rahotonsa ga Majalisar Tsaro mai kwanan wata 30 ga Nuwamba 1991 (S/24050), ya ce: "... a lokuta da yawa an hana UNFICYP ... yayin gudanar da ayyukan jin kai don tallafawa Girka Cypriots a arewa. Samun damar zuwa ga Girka Cypriots da ke zaune a yankin Karpas ta hanyar ma'aikatan agaji na UNFICYP da 'yan sanda farar hula an hana su a lokuta da yawa ... ba tare da katsewa ba 'yancin motsi wajen aiwatar da ayyukanta da kuma muhimman ayyukan jin kai da alhakin" ... "</blockquote> === Ra'ayoyin Jamhuriyar Cyprus === Jamhuriyar Cyprus ta yi iƙirarin a cikin wani rahoto na 1994 cewa ana tauye haƙƙin ƴan sa-kai na Girka. Rahoton ya kunshi ikirari na hana likitocin Cyprus na Girka hakkin zama a yankin ko kuma kai ziyara akai-akai, da takaita zirga-zirgar dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da wasu sharuddan da ake zargin wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su na ficewa daga kauyukansu da kuma kai rahoto ga ofishin 'yan sanda a mako-mako, ana sanya su tsaftace tashar da kuma yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan wani bangare ne na "manufofin musgunawa, wariyar launin fata, tsoratarwa da tilastawa". Rahoton ya kuma ja hankali game da rabon kadarorin Cyprus da hukumomin Turkiyya suka yi a matsayin take hakkin mallaka, da kuma ci gaba da hana 'yan Cyprus 200,000 da suka yi gudun hijira komawa gidajensu. == Sauran batutuwa == Kullum mayar da hankali kan rarraba tsibirin wani lokacin yana rufe wasu batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam. Karuwanci ya yi kamari, kuma ana sukar tsibirin saboda rawar da take takawa a cinikin jima'i a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin safarar mutane daga gabashin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean Christou |title=US report raps Cyprus over battle on flesh trade |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014803/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=2007-10-13 |publisher=cyprus-mail.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacqueline Theodoulou |title=A shame on our society |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202918/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2007-10-13 |publisher=cyprus-mail.com}}</ref> A cikin Janairun 2009, Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya ta lura da damuwa game da fataucin mutane:<blockquote>"Fataucin mutane wani yanki ne da ake iya gani na take hakkin dan Adam a Arewacin Cyprus kasar da ke zama kasar da ake fataucin mata daga kasashe irin su Ukraine da Moldova da kuma Rasha. Da alama fataucin mutane yana karuwa a Arewacin Cyprus kamar yadda ake yi a duniya".</blockquote> == Dubi kuma == * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Cyprus]] * Tsarkakewar Intanet da sa ido a Cyprus * Loizidou v. Turkiyya, shari'ar shari'a ta 1989 game da haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira da ke son komawa gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu na dā. * Greek Cypriots, et al. v. TRNC da HSBC Bank USA, wani mataki na aji da Greek Cypraots da sauransu suka kai karar don "ƙaryata samun dama da jin daɗin ƙasa da dukiya da aka gudanar a arewa". * Kormakitis, wani karamin ƙauye a arewacin tsibirin Cyprus. * Rizokarpaso, wani gari ne a Yankin Karpass a arewa maso gabashin Cyprus . == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|32em}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.ktihv.org/ Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya] {{Human rights in Europe}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dsv094r4mqodqama11yaeijvis33bo1 0 114546 868717 865848 2026-06-26T14:04:37Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347934198|Bukar Usman]]" 868717 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bukar Usman''' (an haife shi 10 Disamba 1942) masanin tarihin Najeriya ne kuma masanin tarihi.1..........Sha'awarsa ta haɗa da batutuwa kamar tarihi, tatsuniyoyi da sharhi na siyasa.2.......... == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bukar Usman a [[Biu]] a [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] a Najeriya.3.......... Makarantarsa ta farko ita ce ilimin Alkur'ani a Karamar Hukumar Biu ta Jihar Borno sannan ya ci gaba da makarantar sakandare a wannan wuri a shekarar 19514..........Ya tafi Kwalejin Sarakuna, Legas kuma ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], inda ya yi karatun tarihi.5........... == Littattafai == * ''Manufofin yada labarai da alhakin'' 1998 * ''Allah da Kakanninmu: Labaran Tarihi na Najeriya'' * ''Bride ba tare da wata matsala ba'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] qxvng3wu3fddqmkjz4n6iw52bkjq9uu 868719 868717 2026-06-26T14:05:51Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 868719 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bukar Usman''' (an haife shi 10 Disamba 1942) masanin tarihin Najeriya ne kuma masanin tarihi.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/12/18/bukar-usman-young-ones-must-be-encourage-to-speak-mother-tongue/</ref>Sha'awarsa ta haɗa da batutuwa kamar tarihi, tatsuniyoyi da sharhi na siyasa.2.......... == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bukar Usman a [[Biu]] a [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] a Najeriya.3.......... Makarantarsa ta farko ita ce ilimin Alkur'ani a Karamar Hukumar Biu ta Jihar Borno sannan ya ci gaba da makarantar sakandare a wannan wuri a shekarar 19514..........Ya tafi Kwalejin Sarakuna, Legas kuma ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], inda ya yi karatun tarihi.5........... == Littattafai == * ''Manufofin yada labarai da alhakin'' 1998 * ''Allah da Kakanninmu: Labaran Tarihi na Najeriya'' * ''Bride ba tare da wata matsala ba'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] bgsstsqft1dp2dyagwuatuwcqr8132m 868720 868719 2026-06-26T14:09:15Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 868720 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bukar Usman''' (an haife shi 10 Disamba 1942) masanin tarihin Najeriya ne kuma masanin tarihi.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/12/18/bukar-usman-young-ones-must-be-encourage-to-speak-mother-tongue/</ref>Sha'awarsa ta haɗa da batutuwa kamar tarihi, tatsuniyoyi da sharhi na siyasa.<ref>https://guardian.ng/art/bukar-usman-an-administrator-quintessential-man-of-letters/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bukar Usman a [[Biu]] a [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] a Najeriya.3.......... Makarantarsa ta farko ita ce ilimin Alkur'ani a Karamar Hukumar Biu ta Jihar Borno sannan ya ci gaba da makarantar sakandare a wannan wuri a shekarar 19514..........Ya tafi Kwalejin Sarakuna, Legas kuma ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], inda ya yi karatun tarihi.5........... == Littattafai == * ''Manufofin yada labarai da alhakin'' 1998 * ''Allah da Kakanninmu: Labaran Tarihi na Najeriya'' * ''Bride ba tare da wata matsala ba'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] 2c2nivz350tsmtuegruinyyieb2renj 868721 868720 2026-06-26T14:09:51Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 868721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bukar Usman''' (an haife shi 10 Disamba 1942) masanin tarihin Najeriya ne kuma masanin tarihi.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/12/18/bukar-usman-young-ones-must-be-encourage-to-speak-mother-tongue/</ref>Sha'awarsa ta haɗa da batutuwa kamar tarihi, tatsuniyoyi da sharhi na siyasa.<ref>https://guardian.ng/art/bukar-usman-an-administrator-quintessential-man-of-letters/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bukar Usman a [[Biu]] a [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] a Najeriya.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/my-life-and-folk-tales-by-bukar-usman/</ref> Makarantarsa ta farko ita ce ilimin Alkur'ani a Karamar Hukumar Biu ta Jihar Borno sannan ya ci gaba da makarantar sakandare a wannan wuri a shekarar 19514..........Ya tafi Kwalejin Sarakuna, Legas kuma ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], inda ya yi karatun tarihi.5........... == Littattafai == * ''Manufofin yada labarai da alhakin'' 1998 * ''Allah da Kakanninmu: Labaran Tarihi na Najeriya'' * ''Bride ba tare da wata matsala ba'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] 73tiyjn6ioh1mgwm93k4bu3rvz5mb6w 868722 868721 2026-06-26T14:10:40Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 868722 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bukar Usman''' (an haife shi 10 Disamba 1942) masanin tarihin Najeriya ne kuma masanin tarihi.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/12/18/bukar-usman-young-ones-must-be-encourage-to-speak-mother-tongue/</ref>Sha'awarsa ta haɗa da batutuwa kamar tarihi, tatsuniyoyi da sharhi na siyasa.<ref>https://guardian.ng/art/bukar-usman-an-administrator-quintessential-man-of-letters/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bukar Usman a [[Biu]] a [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] a Najeriya.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/my-life-and-folk-tales-by-bukar-usman/</ref> Makarantarsa ta farko ita ce ilimin Alkur'ani a Karamar Hukumar Biu ta Jihar Borno sannan ya ci gaba da makarantar sakandare a wannan wuri a shekarar 1951.<ref>https://guardian.ng/art/bukar-usman-at-80-of-creativity-prolificacy-and-cultural-advocacy/</ref>Ya tafi Kwalejin Sarakuna, Legas kuma ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], inda ya yi karatun tarihi.5........... == Littattafai == * ''Manufofin yada labarai da alhakin'' 1998 * ''Allah da Kakanninmu: Labaran Tarihi na Najeriya'' * ''Bride ba tare da wata matsala ba'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] 6mqhfql0ykn87yxp3jkc3qmrguztacm 868723 868722 2026-06-26T14:12:31Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 868723 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bukar Usman''' (an haife shi 10 Disamba 1942) masanin tarihin Najeriya ne kuma masanin tarihi.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/12/18/bukar-usman-young-ones-must-be-encourage-to-speak-mother-tongue/</ref>Sha'awarsa ta haɗa da batutuwa kamar tarihi, tatsuniyoyi da sharhi na siyasa.<ref>https://guardian.ng/art/bukar-usman-an-administrator-quintessential-man-of-letters/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bukar Usman a [[Biu]] a [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] a Najeriya.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/my-life-and-folk-tales-by-bukar-usman/</ref> Makarantarsa ta farko ita ce ilimin Alkur'ani a Karamar Hukumar Biu ta Jihar Borno sannan ya ci gaba da makarantar sakandare a wannan wuri a shekarar 1951.<ref>https://guardian.ng/art/bukar-usman-at-80-of-creativity-prolificacy-and-cultural-advocacy/</ref>Ya tafi Kwalejin Sarakuna, Legas kuma ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], inda ya yi karatun tarihi.<ref>https://sunnewsonline.com/bukar-usman79-late-bloomer-who-became-prolific/</ref> == Littattafai == * ''Manufofin yada labarai da alhakin'' 1998 * ''Allah da Kakanninmu: Labaran Tarihi na Najeriya'' * ''Bride ba tare da wata matsala ba'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] ia5qfdbof251buwfhokxh5ahksiec96 868724 868723 2026-06-26T14:14:23Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 868724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bukar Usman''' (an haife shi 10 Disamba 1942) masanin tarihin Najeriya ne kuma masanin tarihi.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/12/18/bukar-usman-young-ones-must-be-encourage-to-speak-mother-tongue/</ref>Sha'awarsa ta haɗa da batutuwa kamar tarihi, tatsuniyoyi da sharhi na siyasa.<ref>https://guardian.ng/art/bukar-usman-an-administrator-quintessential-man-of-letters/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bukar Usman a [[Biu]] a [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] a Najeriya.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/my-life-and-folk-tales-by-bukar-usman/</ref> Makarantarsa ta farko ita ce ilimin Alkur'ani a Karamar Hukumar Biu ta Jihar Borno sannan ya ci gaba da makarantar sakandare a wannan wuri a shekarar 1951.<ref>https://guardian.ng/art/bukar-usman-at-80-of-creativity-prolificacy-and-cultural-advocacy/</ref>Ya tafi Kwalejin Sarakuna, Legas kuma ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], inda ya yi karatun tarihi.<ref>https://sunnewsonline.com/bukar-usman79-late-bloomer-who-became-prolific/</ref> == Littattafai == * ''Manufofin yada labarai da alhakin'' 1998 * ''Allah da Kakanninmu: Labaran Tarihi na Najeriya'' * ''Bride ba tare da wata matsala ba'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] l1lvmy4pipl3t4k52kcl7x76yk1gb1m 0 115534 869334 710020 2026-06-27T11:17:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar da aka rufe da gangan tana iyakance alaƙa da baƙi da al'ummomin waje. Al'ummomin da aka rufe na iya zama na addini, kabilanci, ko siyasa. Gudanar da al'ummomin da aka rufe sun bambanta. Yawanci, membobin al'ummomin da aka rufe ko dai an haife su a cikin al'umma ko kuma an yarda da su a ciki. Sabanin al'umma mai rufewa al'umma ce mai budewa, wanda ke kula da alaƙar zamantakewa tare da al'ummomin waje. == Ci gaba == [[Fayil:The_town_of_Pomeiock.jpg|thumb|Hoton 1590 na ƙauyen 'yan asalin ƙasar da aka gina gine-ginen da shinge mai kewaye]] Frederic Clements masanin ilimin muhalli ne na Amurka kuma majagaba wanda ya yi nazarin tsarin tsire-tsire da ci gaba, ya kirkiro ra'ayin cewa tsire-shuke ya kamata su haife su, su girma / su girma, da kuma lalacewa. Rayuwarsu tana kama da ta mutum. Clements ya kuma gwada ka'idar da aka sani da "al'umma mai girma"; ya yi amfani da yankunan ciyayi idan aka kwatanta da ainihin al'ummomi. Al'umma (fauna ko mutum) koyaushe tana ci gaba da bunƙasa, koda kuwa akwai wani bala'i mai banƙyama, mutum ko ƙaramin rukuni na iya sarrafawa don tsira da sake girma ko sake ginawa a cikin wannan yankin da suka samo asali ko sake komawa wani wuri kuma su yi nasara. Ma'anar tsire-tsire da dabbobi da yawa da ke zaune tare, suna da tsarin halittu da gina sama shine ka'idar da ya yi niyya (misali: gandun daji). Ka'idar gabaɗaya daga baya ta gaza saboda gaskiyar cewa akwai ɗan ƙaramin bayani ko cikakkiyar bayani game da ma'anar mutum, ra'ayin ya yi aiki sosai ga ƙananan kwayoyin. Har ila yau, ka'idar ta zama tsoho kuma daga baya an maye gurbin ta da sabbin gaskiyar zamantakewa ko ka'idodin kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frederic E. Clements |url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/westcampus/clements/bio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001002725/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/westcampus/clements/bio.htm |archive-date=2012-10-01 |access-date=2016-10-25 |website=www.history.ucsb.edu}}</ref> === Fa'idodi === * Tsaro na zama a cikin yankin da aka sarrafa / aka kula * Sauƙin samun sha'awa, ci gaban ra'ayi tare da wani a cikin al'ummarku * Kasancewa da iya gama aiki yadda ya kamata, ta halitta, kuma mafi mahimmanci saboda rashin tsangwama da waje <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.hr-network.hu/szolgaltatasok/open_and_closed_organizations.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329163503/http://www.hr-network.hu/szolgaltatasok/open_and_closed_organizations.pdf |archive-date=2017-03-29 |access-date=2016-11-01}}</ref> === Rashin jituwa === * Ƙuntatawa da "ƙuntata" bambancin da ke haifar da ƙarin wahalar karɓar ko haɗa ra'ayoyin waje * Kullum samun mutane iri ɗaya a cikin wani yanki mai rufewa a cikin manyan al'ummomi 50 ko fiye na iya sa mazaunin ya ji ya cika da sha'awar tserewa * Tsoron zama mai rinjaye ko tsoratar da shi / gasa * Za su iya rufe kansu daga ci gaban da ke da wahalar komawa cikin al'umma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Should your online community be open or closed? {{!}} Online Community Results |url=http://www.onlinecommunityresults.com/2015/06/03/should-your-online-community-be-open-or-closed/ |access-date=2016-10-19 |archive-date=2016-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016194926/http://www.onlinecommunityresults.com/2015/06/03/should-your-online-community-be-open-or-closed/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin wata kasida ta 1957 da aka buga a cikin Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Eric R. Wolf ya yi jayayya cewa ƙungiyar manoma masu cin gashin kansu a cikin "kusa, al'ummomin kamfanoni" alama ce mai maimaitawa "a cikin yankuna biyu na duniya, wanda tarihin da ya gabata da sararin ƙasa suka raba shi da yawa: Mesoamerica da Java ta Tsakiya".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolf |first=Eric R. |date=Spring 1957 |title=Closed Corporate Peasant Communities in Mesoamerica and Central Java |journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1086/soutjanth.13.1.3629154 |issn=0038-4801 |s2cid=155787850}}</ref> == Magunguna a cikin al'ummomin da aka rufe == Cututtukan cututtuka suna gabatar da wasu ƙalubale ga al'ummomin da aka rufe; matakin waje (daga gwamnati ko ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na waje) na iya taimakawa wajen dakatar da yaduwar cutar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuzushima |first=Kiyotaka |last2=Kudo |first2=Toyoichiro |last3=Kimura |first3=Hiroshi |last4=Kido |first4=Shinji |last5=Hanada |first5=Naoki |last6=Shibata |first6=Motohiro |last7=Nishikawa |first7=Kazuo |last8=Morishima |first8=Tsuneo |date=1992-03-01 |title=Prophylactic Oral Acyclovir in Outbreaks of Primary Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection in a Closed Community |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/89/3/379/57440/Prophylactic-Oral-Acyclovir-in-Outbreaks-of?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Pediatrics |language=en |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=379–383 |doi=10.1542/peds.89.3.379 |issn=0031-4005 |pmid=1311067 |s2cid=24843323 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dagan |first=Ron |last2=Gradstein |first2=Serge |last3=Belmaker |first3=Ilana |last4=Porat |first4=Nurith |last5=Siton |first5=Yaffa |last6=Weber |first6=Gabriel |last7=Janco |first7=Jacob |last8=Yagupsky |first8=Pablo |date=2000-02-01 |title=An Outbreak of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 1 in a Closed Community in Southern Israel |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=319–321 |doi=10.1086/313645 |issn=1058-4838 |pmid=10671335 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardner |first=P. S. |last2=Cooper |first2=Christine E. |date=1964-06-01 |title=The feeding of oral poliovirus vaccine to a closed community excreting faecal viruses |journal=The Journal of Hygiene |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=171–178 |doi=10.1017/s0022172400039905 |issn=0022-1724 |pmc=2134602 |pmid=14171269}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yagupsky |first=Pablo |last2=Ben-Ami |first2=Yael |last3=Trefler |first3=Ronit |last4=Porat |first4=Nurith |date=2016-02-01 |title=Outbreaks of Invasive Kingella kingae Infections in Closed Communities |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=169 |pages=135–139.e1 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.025 |issn=1097-6833 |pmid=26545728}}</ref> == Al'ummomin addini da al'adu == [[Fayil:16th_Century_French_Nuns.jpg|thumb|Nurses na ƙarni na 16]] Wasu al'ummomin addini ko na kabilanci ana ɗaukar su rufe. Misali: * Ana ɗaukar Amish a matsayin al'umma mai rufewa; Amish da gangan sun ware kansu daga duniyar zamani. * Tun daga karni na 11, [[Druze]] sun kasance al'umma mai rufewa. == Kasashen da aka rufe == === Misalan ƙasashe masu rufewa === * [[Japan]] (a baya) - a karkashin manufofin Sakoku na zamanin Edo, Japan ta ware kanta daga tasirin Yamma, tana sarrafa hulɗa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Seclusion of Japan |url=http://users.wfu.edu/watts/w03_Japancl.html |access-date=2016-11-29 |website=users.wfu.edu}}</ref> * [[Koriya ta Arewa]] - duba kuma masu fice na Koriya ta Kudu. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi ɓoye a duniya. * [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] - Jami'in diflomasiyyar Soviet Anatoly Dobrynin ya rubuta a cikin tarihinsa: "A cikin al'ummar da aka rufe na Tarayyar Soviétique, Kremlin yana jin tsoron ƙaura gabaɗaya (ba tare da la'akari da ƙasa ko addini ba) " saboda tsoron haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na cikin gida. Dubi kuma Refusenik "birane masu rufewa" - ɓoye, yankuna masu sarrafawa musamman waɗanda ke ƙunshe da masu sarrafa nukiliya, hakar ma'adinai na uranium, sarrafawa, da samarwa, da sauran wurare masu mahimmanci suna ci gaba da wanzuwa a Rasha a yau.[5] ** Dubi kuma Refusenik ** "birane masu rufewa" - ɓoye, yankuna masu sarrafawa musamman waɗanda ke ƙunshe da masu sarrafa nukiliya, hakar Ma'adinai na uranium, sarrafawa, da samarwa, da sauran wurare masu mahimmanci suna ci gaba da wanzuwa a Rasha a yau. * [[Myanmar|Burma]] (Myanmar) - tsohon al'umma ce mai rufewa kuma mai son duniya, Burma ta sami sauye-sauyen siyasa tun daga 2011 wanda ya sa al'ummarta ta fi budewa. * [[Eritrea]] - Human Rights Watch ta bayyana Eritrea a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe mafi rufewa a duniya. Eritrea tana da iyaka mai rufewa, mai soja, kuma mai garu sosai tare da Habasha, abokin hamayyarta na yanki wanda tashin hankali yake da shi. == Ƙarin karantawa == * "[http://wpj.dukejournals.org/content/30/1/22.full.pdf+html Anatomy: Kasashen da suka fi warewa a duniya]". ''Jaridar Manufofin Duniya'' 30.1 (2013): 22-23. * Reiff, Joseph T. An haife shi daga Tabbaci: White Methodists da Mississippi's Closed Society . Jami'ar Oxford Press, 2016. * Erler, Mary Carpenter. ''Karatu da Rubuta a lokacin Rushewa: Monks, Friars, da Nuns 1530-1558''. Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2013. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Chinatown: Hoton Ƙungiyar da aka rufe''. HarperCollins Publishers, 1992 * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Bude iyakoki? Ƙungiyoyin da aka rufe? : Matsalar Da'a da Siyasa''. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] * Nakhimovsky, Ishaku. ''Kasuwancin Kasuwanci: Zaman Lafiya da Kasuwanci na Har abada daga Rousseau zuwa Fichte'' . Princeton University Press,2011. * Alamar da Ma'ana Bayan Ƙungiyar Ƙasƙara: Essays in Mesoamerican Ideas (ed. Gary H. Gossen: Jami'ar Jami'ar Colorado, 1986. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Open and Closed Societies: Voegelin a matsayin Reader of Bergson". Siyasa, Addini & Ideology 16.1 (2015): 23-38. Yanar gizo. == Dubi kuma == * [[Gated community|Al'umma da aka rufe]] * Gudanar da Babban Birni * Jirgin sama na mutum * [[Buɗe jama'a|Al'umma mai budewa]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 23 ga Mayu, 2012]. "Ecology The Community Concept". Oxford Bibliographies Online. s6axko97m2vvmncn1rygycdltrflkuy 5 116578 869181 731977 2026-06-27T07:47:11Z Kaddi123 38060 869181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kaddi''' gari ne a cikin Ƙaramar hukumar Gada LGA ciki [[jihar Sokoto]], tana da tsawon kilomita ɗari zuwa cikin birnin Sokoto. Kaddi gari ne wanda suna noman rani da [[damina]], suna noma irin [[Albasa]], [[Tafarnuwa]], Tattasai.Kaddi gari ne da yayi fama da ama da,Kaddi tayi makwataka local goronyo da kudu,tana da makwataka da janhuriya Niger, Kaddi gari da ya tatara manoma Wanda Kashi tas'in cikin dari manomana,tana yan kasuwa da yan boko . Mafi yawan jama'a wannan yankin Hausa Fulani Kuma a kasarin su muslimi ne, kaddi gari ne da yake kauyuka kamar haka,gida gyado,gidan gulbi,kwarma alkali, kaddi Sabon gari.kaddi gunduma ce suna da baban sarki mai sada. ==Manazarta== 97a5pmbo6196fsctieicof4hv9m2k7i 0 117153 869261 717885 2026-06-27T10:26:39Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sansanin tsare Awolowo''' wani waje ne mallakar [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]] kuma yana cikin unguwar Lekki, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] . Wannan shi ne wurin da aka ƙuntata Obafemi Jeremiah Awolowo a cikin shekara ta 1962 na kwanaki 16.<ref>"Awolowo's restriction centre turns institute". Daily Trust. 2009-07-26. Retrieved 2025-02-23.</ref> == Tarihi == Jam'iyyar Action Party, jam'iyyar adawa da gwamnatin Najeriya ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Cif [[Obafemi Awolowo]], jagorancinsa ya fuskanci Shari'a siyasa kuma tsohon Shugaba [[Ibrahim Babangida|Babangida]] ya yanke masa hukunci. Tsohon gwamnan [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Babatunde Fashola]] ya sake fasalin wurin a matsayin cibiya a watan Yunin shekara ta 2009. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2009-07-26 |title=Awolowo's restriction centre turns institute - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/awolowos-restriction-centre-turns-institute/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=[[Media Trust]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Lagos]] 1jid7yv2vb9e7y54ec3a6yiat26utrx 869262 869261 2026-06-27T10:27:06Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sansanin tsare Awolowo''' wani waje ne mallakar [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]] kuma yana cikin unguwar Lekki, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] . Wannan shi ne wurin da aka ƙuntata Obafemi Jeremiah Awolowo a cikin shekara ta 1962 na kwanaki 16.<ref>"Awolowo's restriction centre turns institute". Daily Trust. 2009-07-26. Retrieved 2025-02-23.</ref><ref>"Nigeria Imprisons Opposition Head for 10 Years; Chief Awolowo Found Guilty After Long Treason Trial 17 Other Prominent Figures Are Also Sentenced Police Guard City 'Tools in a Grand Design'". The New York Times. 1963-09-12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-02-22.</ref> == Tarihi == Jam'iyyar Action Party, jam'iyyar adawa da gwamnatin Najeriya ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Cif [[Obafemi Awolowo]], jagorancinsa ya fuskanci Shari'a siyasa kuma tsohon Shugaba [[Ibrahim Babangida|Babangida]] ya yanke masa hukunci. Tsohon gwamnan [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Babatunde Fashola]] ya sake fasalin wurin a matsayin cibiya a watan Yunin shekara ta 2009. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2009-07-26 |title=Awolowo's restriction centre turns institute - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/awolowos-restriction-centre-turns-institute/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=[[Media Trust]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Lagos]] emu9axs9npu95eiqxofqbm9wv8fo889 869263 869262 2026-06-27T10:27:42Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sansanin tsare Awolowo''' wani waje ne mallakar [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]] kuma yana cikin unguwar Lekki, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] . Wannan shi ne wurin da aka ƙuntata Obafemi Jeremiah Awolowo a cikin shekara ta 1962 na kwanaki 16.<ref>"Awolowo's restriction centre turns institute". Daily Trust. 2009-07-26. Retrieved 2025-02-23.</ref><ref>"Nigeria Imprisons Opposition Head for 10 Years; Chief Awolowo Found Guilty After Long Treason Trial 17 Other Prominent Figures Are Also Sentenced Police Guard City 'Tools in a Grand Design'". The New York Times. 1963-09-12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-02-22.</ref> == Tarihi == Jam'iyyar Action Party, jam'iyyar adawa da gwamnatin Najeriya ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Cif [[Obafemi Awolowo]], jagorancinsa ya fuskanci Shari'a siyasa kuma tsohon Shugaba [[Ibrahim Babangida|Babangida]] ya yanke masa hukunci. Tsohon gwamnan [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Babatunde Fashola]] ya sake fasalin wurin a matsayin cibiya a watan Yunin shekara ta 2009. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2009-07-26 |title=Awolowo's restriction centre turns institute - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/awolowos-restriction-centre-turns-institute/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=[[Media Trust]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>"Nigeria Imprisons Opposition Head for 10 Years; Chief Awolowo Found Guilty After Long Treason Trial 17 Other Prominent Figures Are Also Sentenced Police Guard City 'Tools in a Grand Design'". The New York Times. 1963-09-12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-02-22.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Lagos]] r00t5uwsfw2xzoetwchy4u0aqvsja7b 0 118392 868890 837307 2026-06-26T20:31:16Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868890 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Ross Gregory Garnaut''' AC (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1946, [[Perth]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Garnaut's CV |url=http://www.garnautreview.org.au/CA25734E0016A131/WebObj/RossGarnautCVSummary/$File/Ross%20Garnaut%20CV%20Summary.pdf |access-date=2008-03-08 |archive-date=2008-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516172215/http://www.garnautreview.org.au/CA25734E0016A131/WebObj/RossGarnautCVSummary/$File/Ross%20Garnaut%20CV%20Summary.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>) masanin tattalin arziki ne na Australiya, a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban majalisa kuma farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar [[Melbourne]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ross Garnaut to take post at Melbourne : News : The University of Melbourne |url=http://voice.unimelb.edu.au/news/5089/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930193354/http://voice.unimelb.edu.au/news/5089/ |archive-date=30 September 2009 |access-date=20 April 2009}}</ref> Shi ne marubucin wallafe-wallafen ilimi da yawa game da tattalin arzikin kasa da kasa, kudaden jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki, musamman dangane da Gabashin Asiya da Kudu maso Yammacin Pacific. A cikin aikinsa Garnaut ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki ga Firayim Minista Bob Hawke (1983-1985), jakadan Australia a [[Sin|China]] (1985-1988), shugaban Babban Bankin Masana'antu na Australia (1989-1994), shugaban Bankwest (1988-1995), shugaban sashen a Ma'aikatar Kudi ta [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] (1975-1976) da kuma shugaban Lihir Gold (1995-2010). A ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2007 gwamnatocin jihohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya, bisa ga bukatar [[Kevin Rudd]], shugaban jam'iyyar Labor Party ta Australiya kuma Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa, ya nada Garnaut don bincika tasirin [[Canjin yanayi]] a kan tattalin arzikin Australiya da kuma ba da shawarwarin manufofi masu dacewa. An kammala Garnaut Climate Change Review a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008, tare da sake sabuntawa a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2011. <ref name="garnautreview.org.au2">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2011 |title=Launch of final report, National Press Club, Canberra |url=http://www.garnautreview.org.au/update-2011/events-speeches/transcript-final-report-launch.pdf |access-date=26 June 2011 |website=Garnaut Climate Change Review Update 2011 |archive-date=22 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822234923/http://www.garnautreview.org.au/update-2011/events-speeches/transcript-final-report-launch.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Garnaut ya kammala matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara kan sauyin yanayi ga Gwamnatin Australiya a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2011. == Ayyuka == Garnaut ya halarci Makarantar zamani ta Perth sannan kuma Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1967 da kuma PhD a shekarar 1972 a matsayin dalibi na Peter Drysdale . Ya kasance Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia (1989-2008), Shugaban Sashen Tattalin Arziki a ANU (1989-1998) da kuma Darakta na Makarantar Tattalin Ruwa da Gudanarwa ta Asiya ta ANU. A shekara ta 2008 an nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da kuma Farfesa a Kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Melbourne. Garnaut ya kasance Mataimakin Sakatare na farko (Shugaba na Sashen Janar na Kudi da Manufofin Tattalin Arziki) a Ma'aikatar Kudi ta [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] a cikin shekarun da suka shafi 'yancin kai na kasar a 1975. Garnaut ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mai ba da shawara kan Tattalin Arziki ga Firayim Minista Bob Hawke daga 1983 zuwa 1985. A wannan lokacin gwamnati ta gudanar da manyan sauye-sauye na tattalin arziki da suka hada da kwantar da dala ta Australiya da gabatar da Medicare. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Australiya a kasar Sin daga 1985 zuwa 1988. Shi ne marubucin rahoton shekarar 1989 Australia da Arewa maso gabashin Asiya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Damien |date=2014-12-30 |title=Cabinet papers 1988-89: Australia looks to Asia with Garnaut report |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/cabinet-papers-198889-australia-looks-to-asia-with-garnaut-report-20141218-129vs1.html |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartcher |first=Peter |date=2009-12-14 |title=Garnaut, the scalpel-sharp seer, still looks to China |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/garnaut-the-scalpelsharp-seer-still-looks-to-china-20091214-ks6j.html |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kuma memba na Majalisar Ostiraliya da Sin daga 1990 zuwa 1994 kuma memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara ga Ministan Harkokin Waje na Ostiraliya daga 1997 zuwa 2002. Garnaut ya kasance shugaban Bankwest daga 1988 zuwa 1995 kuma shugaban Babban Bankin Masana'antu na Ostiraliya daga 1989 zuwa 1994, lokacin da Rabobank ya sayi shi. Ya kasance shugaban Lihir Gold daga 1995 har zuwa hadewar kamfanin da Newcrest a cikin 2010 . Garnaut shi ne shugaban farko na Shirin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Papua New Guinea, yana aiki daga 2002 zuwa 2012, amma ya yi murabus bayan gwamnatin Firayim Minista Peter O'Neill ta hana shi shiga Papua New Guinea saboda takaddama da BHP Billiton. Ya kuma yi murabus a matsayin shugaban Ok Tedi Mining saboda wannan haramcin. Ya kasance amintacce na Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Abinci ta Duniya daga 2003 zuwa 2010, gami da zama shugaban daga 2006 zuwa 2010. <ref name="ifpri.org">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2019 |title=Weatherin the perfect storm: Addressing the Agriculture, Energy, Water, Climate Change Nexus |url=https://www.crawfordfund.org/events/2019-conference/speakers/professor-ross-garnaut-ac/ |access-date=4 December 2022 |publisher=The Crawford Fund}}</ref> == Gudummawa == === Garnaut Canjin Yanayi === Tsohon Firayim Minista na [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], Kevin Rudd, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.garnautreview.org.au/CA25734E0016A131/WebObj/GarnautClimateChangeReview-DraftReport-Ch1andPrelim/$File/Garnaut%20Climate%20Change%20Review%20-%20Draft%20Report%20-%20Ch%201%20and%20Prelim.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721015616/http://www.garnautreview.org.au/CA25734E0016A131/WebObj/GarnautClimateChangeReview-DraftReport-Ch1andPrelim/%24File/Garnaut%20Climate%20Change%20Review%20-%20Draft%20Report%20-%20Ch%201%20and%20Prelim.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2008 |access-date=2015-05-01}}</ref> da kuma gwamnatocin jihohin Ostiraliya a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2007. Bayan zabensa a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2007 Rudd, ya tabbatar da shiga Gwamnatin Commonwealth a cikin bita. An saki rahoton karshe a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Garnaut report homepage |url=http://www.garnautreport.org.au/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921082440/http://www.garnautreport.org.au/ |archive-date=21 September 2008 |access-date=1 October 2008}}</ref> kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa Ostiraliya ya kamata ta nuna a farkon ranar da ta shirya don taka cikakken, daidai da wani bangare a cikin ingantaccen yarjejeniyar duniya wanda 'ya kara' zuwa ko dai 450 ko 550 yanayin maida hankali ga hayaki, ko kuma zuwa daidai tsakanin. Cikakken ɓangaren Ostiraliya na 2020 a cikin yanayin 450 zai zama raguwar kashi 25 cikin ɗari a cikin haƙƙin fitarwa daga matakan 2000. A shekara ta 2050, raguwa zai zama kashi 90 cikin dari daga matakan 2000 (kashi 95 cikin dari ga kowane mutum). Cikakken ɓangaren Ostiraliya na 2020 a cikin yanayin 550 zai zama raguwar haƙƙin kashi 10 cikin ɗari daga matakan 2000. A shekara ta 2050, raguwa zai zama kashi 80 cikin dari daga matakan 2000 ko kashi 90 cikin dari na kowane mutum. Idan babu cikakkiyar yarjejeniya ta duniya a Copenhagen a cikin 2009, Ostiraliya, a cikin yarjejeniya tsakanin kasashe masu tasowa kawai, ya kamata ta himmatu ga rage hayakin ta da kashi 5 cikin dari (25 cikin dari ga kowane mutum) daga matakan 2000 zuwa 2020, ko kashi 13 cikin dari daga lokacin bin Kyoto na 2008-2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2019 |title=Synopsis of key points |url=http://www.garnautreview.org.au/synopsis.htm |access-date=4 December 2022 |website=Garnaut Climate Change Review |publisher= |via=Trove, [[National Library of Australia]] |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715044044/http://www.garnautreview.org.au/synopsis.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shawarwarin rahoton dangane da manufofi, ban da Shirin Rage gurɓataccen Carbon wanda ya haɗa da gandun daji da aikin gona, ya kasance yana da matukar sa ran cewa kamawa da adana carbon da sauran fasahar rage gurɓatawar kwal za su kasance a cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa. Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Australiya ya soki rahoton saboda tasirin tattalin arziki da rage hayakin gas zai samu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.acci.asn.au/text_files/media_releases/2008/101-08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023221323/http://www.acci.asn.au/text_files/media_releases/2008/101-08.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2009 |access-date=2008-09-30}}</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyoyin muhalli sun soki shi sosai, ciki har da Friends of the Earth da [[Rising Tide Australia]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudd must reject Garnaut's low climate change targets — Friends of the Earth Australia |url=http://www.foe.org.au/media-releases/2008-media-releases/rudd-must-reject-garnauts-low-climate-change-targets |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030010648/http://www.foe.org.au/media-releases/2008-media-releases/rudd-must-reject-garnauts-low-climate-change-targets/ |archive-date=30 October 2009 |access-date=2010-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Garnaut cringes from clear call to action &#124; Rising Tide Australia |url=http://www.risingtide.org.au/node/792 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121128231657/http://www.risingtide.org.au/node/792 |archive-date=28 November 2012 |access-date=2008-09-30}}</ref> Gidauniyar Karewa ta Australiya ta yaba da rahoton don ba da shawarar manufa ta 450 ppm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACF - PM must go in to bat for Australian icons |url=http://www.acfonline.org.au/articles/news.asp?news_id=1973 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009160506/http://www.acfonline.org.au/articles/news.asp?news_id=1973 |archive-date=9 October 2008 |access-date=30 September 2008}}</ref> Clive Hamilton ya soki rahoton sosai, yana jayayya cewa ya rage tsammanin duniya game da abin da ya kamata a yi niyya, ya fallasa dabarun tattaunawar Australia ga bangaren diflomasiyya na duniya, ya ware jama'ar Australiya da na duniya, ba da la'akari da tsarin lokacin da ake buƙata don kauce wa canjin yanayi mai haɗari, ya ba Australia yarjejeniyoyi na musamman da yawa, kuma al'ummar duniya za su ƙi shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crikey - Clive Hamilton essay: Politics trumps science in Garnaut report - Clive Hamilton essay: Politics trumps science in Garnaut report |url=http://www.crikey.com.au/Garnaut-Report/20080930-Clive-Hamilton-politics-trumps-science-in-Garnaut-report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001084446/http://www.crikey.com.au/Garnaut-Report/20080930-Clive-Hamilton-politics-trumps-science-in-Garnaut-report.html |archive-date=1 October 2008 |access-date=1 October 2008}}</ref> Amsoshin jam'iyyun siyasa sun haɗu. Shugaban Australian Greens Bob Brown ya nuna cewa rahoton ya nuna cewa rage hayakin gas ba zai zo a kan kudin ci gaban tattalin arzikin Australia ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudd must save planet too {{!}} The Australian Greens |url=http://greens.org.au/node/3216 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123062531/http://greens.org.au/node/3216 |archive-date=2008-11-23 |website=greens.org.au}}</ref> Ministan Canjin Yanayi Penny Wong bai yi sharhi kai tsaye game da rahoton ba amma ya ce ana buƙatar la'akari da alhakin tattalin arziki wajen amsawa ga rahoton, kuma cewa Gwamnati za ta jira kafin samfurin Baitulmalin kan rage canjin yanayi kafin amsawa. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010 Ministan Canjin Yanayi da Ingancin Makamashi ya ba da umurni ga Farfesa Garnaut don sabunta Binciken Canjin Yanayin Garnaut na 2008. An saki takardu takwas a watan Fabrairu da Maris na shekara ta 2011 kuma an gabatar da rahoton karshe na Garnaut Climate Change Review Update 2011 ga Gwamnati a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2011 |title=Update papers |url=http://www.garnautreview.org.au/update-2011/update-papers.html |access-date=26 June 2011 |website=Garnaut Climate Change Review Update 2011 |archive-date=10 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710074740/http://www.garnautreview.org.au/update-2011/update-papers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="garnautreview.org.au">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2011 |title=Launch of final report, National Press Club, Canberra |url=http://www.garnautreview.org.au/update-2011/events-speeches/transcript-final-report-launch.pdf |access-date=26 June 2011 |website=Garnaut Climate Change Review Update 2011 |archive-date=22 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822234923/http://www.garnautreview.org.au/update-2011/events-speeches/transcript-final-report-launch.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2010, an nada Farfesa Garnaut a matsayin mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa ga Kwamitin Canjin Yanayi na Jam'iyyun da yawa. Kwamitin zai bincika zaɓuɓɓuka don aiwatar da farashin carbon kuma zai taimaka wajen gina yarjejeniya game da yadda Ostiraliya za ta magance ƙalubalen canjin yanayi. === Garnaut a kan makamashin nukiliya === A cikin 2008, Garnaut yana da ra'ayin cewa nukiliya ba lallai ba ne a cikin ƙarancin makamashin carbon na Ostiraliya. Ya shaida wa kafofin yada labarai cewa: "Makamashin nukiliya wani muhimmin bangare ne na martanin da duniya ke mayarwa ga tattalin arzikin kasa mai karancin Carbon, amma a karkashin yanayin Australiya, ba a bayyane yake cewa nukiliyar wani muhimmin bangare ne na amsarmu ba." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ross Garnaut's nuclear knockout |url=http://www.news.com.au/news/garnauts-nuclear-knockout/story-fna7dq6e-1111117405996 |access-date=2015-06-18}}</ref> Matsayinsa a kan al'amarin ya kalubalanci Ziggy Switkowski, shugaban 2006 UMPNER Review, kuma mai ba da shawara ga makamashin nukiliya a Ostiraliya. Garnaut ya ɗauki makamashin nukiliya a matsayin tushen makamashi na "ƙananan hayaki", saboda hayaki mai yawa na carbon dioxide zuwa yanayi yayin aikin [[shuka]]. Yana tallafawa makamashin nukiliya a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin duniya don rage hayakin gas musamman idan aka ba da karuwar amfani da makamashi a Asiya. Ya kuma lura da jajircewar kasar Sin na fadada rundunonin nukiliya, har ma bayan Bala'in Fukushima.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2011 |title=Nuclear power still important: Garnaut |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/nuclear-power-still-important-garnaut-20110405-1d2mi.html |access-date=2015-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia under a carbon price plan: Q+A with Ross Garnaut |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-under-a-carbon-price-plan-q-a-with-ross-garnaut-8010 |access-date=2015-06-18}}</ref> === Garnaut a kan karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na guguwa === Garnaut ya yi sharhi bayan Cyclone Yasi ya shafi Queensland a cikin 2011 cewa babban bangaren kimiyyar yanayi ya ba da shawarar cewa "al'amuran cyclonic za su fi tsanani a cikin duniya mai zafi". Ya ci gaba da lura cewa idan akwai karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi tare da kasa da digiri daya na warming da aka samu kuma, idan ana sa ran karuwar hayaki mai karfi daga kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, to "ba ku ga komai ba tukuna" dangane da karuwar abubuwan abubuwan da suka shafi matsanancin yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate risk to worsen, says adviser |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/climate-risk-to-worsen-says-adviser/story-e6freoof-1225999791393 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204045236/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/climate-risk-to-worsen-says-adviser/story-e6freoof-1225999791393 |archive-date=2011-02-04 |website=[[Courier-Mail]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyclone Yasi {{!}} Future cyclones could be more extreme: Garnaut |url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/environment/weather/future-cyclones-could-be-more-extreme-garnaut-20110203-1afj9.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204093021/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/environment/weather/future-cyclones-could-be-more-extreme-garnaut-20110203-1afj9.html |archive-date=2011-02-04}}</ref> Nazarin da masana kimiyya na Australiya suka yi kwanan nan sun gano sauyawa na dogon lokaci zuwa ga matsanancin rigar da matsanancin zafi da ke faruwa a lokaci guda, daidai da canje-canje sakamakon karuwar maida hankali a cikin iskar gas. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gallant, A. J. E. |last2=D. J. Karoly |date=2010 |title=A Combined Climate Extremes Index for the Australian Region |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=23 |pages=6153–6165 |bibcode=2010JCli...23.6153G |doi=10.1175/2010JCLI3791.1 |issn= |s2cid=130309461 |access-date= |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Sanarwa == * Aboki na Order of Australia (AC) (2017). * Fellow na [[Academy of Social Sciences of Australia|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a ta Ostiraliya]] * Farfesa mai daraja, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a ta kasar Sin * Mai Girma Fellow, Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Ostiraliya * Babban memba na Rayuwa, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society * Dokta na Kimiyya a Tattalin Arziki, Honoris causa, Jami'ar Sydney (2013) * Dokta na Harafi, Honoris causa, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia (2009) == Rayuwa ta mutum == Garnaut ya yi aure, yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu. == Littattafai == * 2021 Reset: Maido da Ostiraliya bayan Faduwar Tattalin Arziki. Black, Inc., Melbourne. * 2019 ''Superpower: Ƙananan Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Kayan Kungiyar Kyakkyawar Kyakkyawa'' ta Australia. Jami'ar Jami'ar Trobe, Melbourne. * 2018 (an shirya shi tare da Ligang Song da Cai Fang) [https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/china-update/china%E2%80%99s-40-years-reform-and-development-1978%E2%80%932018 ''Shekaru 40 na Gyara da Ci Gaban kasar Sin: 1978-2018'']. Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya E-Press, Canberra * 2015 (tare da Ligang Song, Cai Fang da Lauren Johnston (eds)), Canjin Cikin Gida na kasar Sin a cikin Yanayin Duniya. Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya ta E-Press, Canberra, tare da Social Sciences Academic Press (China). * 2013 Dog days: Australia bayan bunkasa. Redback, Melbourne. * 2011 The ''Garnaut Review 2011: Ostiraliya a cikin Amsa ta Duniya ga Canjin Yanayi'' . Cambridge University Press, Melbourne. * 2010 (tare da Jane Golley da Ligang Song (eds) ''[http://epress.anu.edu.au/china_20_citation.html China: Shekaru 20 masu zuwa na gyare-gyare da ci gaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407090820/http://epress.anu.edu.au/china_20_citation.html |date=2011-04-07 }}''. ANU E Press, Canberra, tare da Social Sciences Academic Press (China). * 2009 (tare da David Llewellyn-Smith), ''Babban Hadarin na 2008'', Melbourne University Publishing, Melbourne. * 2009 (tare da Ligang Song da Wing Thye Woo (eds), Sabon Wuri na China a Duniya a cikin Crisis . Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya E-Press (Canberra), Brookings Institution Press (Washington) da Social Sciences Academic Press (China). * 2008 Garnaut Climate Change Review. Jami'ar Cambridge Press. * 2007 (tare da Ligang Song (eds)), China: Haɗin Kasuwanci don Girma . Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra * 2006 (tare da Ligang Song (eds), The Turning Point in China's Economic Development . Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra * 2005 (tare da Ligang Song (eds), The China Boom da Rashin gamsuwarsa . Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra . * 2005 (tare da Ligang Song, Stoyan Tenev, Yang Yao), ''Canjin mallaka na kasar Sin''. Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya, Washington DC. * 2004 (tare da Ligang Song (eds.), ''China: Shin ci gaba mai sauri zai iya jurewa?'' Asia Pacific Press, The Australian National University Press, Canberra. * 2004 (tare da Ligang Song (eds.), Canjin Tattalin Arziki na Uku na kasar Sin. RoutledgeCurzon, London. * 2003 (tare da Ligang Song, (eds.), China: New Engine of World Growth . Asia Pacific Press, The Australian National University Press, Canberra. * 2003 (tare da Rana Ganguly da Jongsoon Kang), Rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice da Harkokin Al'adu da 'Yan asalin ƙasar, ''Shige da fice zuwa Ostiraliya da Kwatanta da Amurka: Wanene Yana Amfana?'' Commonwealth na Ostiraliya, Canberra. * 2003 (ed.) Pacific Economic Outlook 2003-04. Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra . * 2002 (tare da Ligang Song, (eds.), China 2002, WTO Entry da World Recession. Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra . * 2002 (ed) ''Gudanar da albarkatu a Kasashen Asiya Pacific masu tasowa''. Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra . * 2002 Binciken Gudanar da Kudin Commonwealth-State. ''Binciken Kudin Commonwealth-State'', Victoria. * 2002 (ed.) Pacific Economic Outlook 2002-03. Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra . * 2001 Social Democracy in Australia's Asian Future . Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia da Cibiyar Nazarin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Singapore. * 2001 (tare da Ligang Song, Yang Yao da Xiaolu Wang) Kasuwanci mai zaman kansa a kasar Sin. Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra, da Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta China, Jami'an Peking, Beijing. * 2001 (tare da Huang Yiping (eds), ''Girma Ba tare da Mu'ujizai ba''. Jami'ar Oxford Press. * 1999 (tare da Ligang Song (eds), ''China: Shekaru ashirin na gyare-gyare'' . Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra . * 1998 (tare da Ross H. McLeod (eds), Gabashin Asiya a Crisis: daga kasancewa mu'ujiza zuwa buƙatar ɗaya?. Routledge, London da New York. * 1996 Open Regionalism & Trade Liberalization: Wani gudummawar Asiya Pacific ga Tsarin Ciniki na Duniya. Cibiyar Nazarin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Singapore. * 1996 (tare da Guo Shutian da Ma Guonan), Juyin Juya Halin na Uku a cikin Gundumar kasar Sin . Jami'ar Cambridge Press. * 1995 (tare da E. Grilli da J. Riedel (eds), Ci gaba da Ci gaban Gaban fitarwa. Jami'ar Cambridge Press. * 1994 (tare da Peter Drysdale (eds), Asia Pacific Regionalism: Karatun a cikin Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Duniya . Masu wallafa HarperEducation. * 1994 ''Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwancin Asiya: Kalubale na Canjin Muhalli na Duniya'' . Cibiyar Nazarin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Singapore. * 1993 ''Tsarin don Gaskiya ta Duniya, Rahoton Kwamitin Binciken Masana'antar Wool''. Ma'aikatar Masana'antu da Makamashi, Canberra. * 1992 (tare da Ma Guonan), ''Girbi a kasar Sin''. Ofishin Buga Gwamnatin Australiya, Canberra. * 1992 (tare da Liu Guoguang (eds), Gyaran Tattalin Arziki da Kasashen Duniya: China da Yankin Pacific. Allen da Unwin, Sydney. * 1989 ''Ostiraliya da Arewa maso gabashin Asiya''. Ofishin Buga Gwamnatin Australiya, Canberra. * 1987 (tare da Kym Anderson), Kariya ta Australiya: Tsawon, Dalilai da Tasiri. Allen da Unwin, Sydney. * 1986 (tare da Christopher Findlay (eds), ''Tattalin Arziki na Tsaro na Masana'antu: Kwarewar ASEAN da Ostiraliya.'' Allen da Unwin, Sydney. * 1984 (tare da Paul Baxter), Canjin Canji da Manufofin Macro-Tattalin Arziki a cikin Papua New Guinea mai zaman kanta. Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya, Pacific Research Monograph No.10. * 1983 (tare da Anthony Clunies Ross), Haraji na Rents na Ma'adinai. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] * 1980 (ed) ''ASEAN a cikin Canjin Pacific da Tattalin Arziki na Duniya'', Australian National University Press, Canberra . * 1980 (tare da P.T. McCawley, (eds), Indonesia: Dualism, Growth and Poverty . Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya, Makarantar Bincike ta Nazarin Pacific, Canberra. * 1979 (tare da C.G. Manning), har zuwa Sosial Ekonomi di Irian Jaya, Penerbit PT Gramedia, [[Jakarta]]. * 1977 (tare da Michael Wright da Richard Curtain), Aiki, Incomes da Migration a Papua New Guinea Towns. Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a da Tattalin Arziki (Monograph No.6), Port Moresby . * 1974 (ed.) ''Dangantakar Tattalin Arziki ta Kasashen Waje ta Papua New Guinea .'' Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya, New Guinea Research Unit Bulletin, No.56, Port Moresby da Canberra. * 1974 (tare da C. Manning). ''Irian Jaya: Canjin Tattalin Arziki na Melanesia'' . Australian National University Press, Canberra. * 1968 (tare da R.K. Wilson). ''Binciken Masana'antu na Ƙauye a Papua New Guinea'' . Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya, New Guinea Research Unit Bulletin No.35, Port Moresby da Canberra == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] he47ye2fa952gna032kz1cz0xlk9b54 0 118396 868888 809731 2026-06-26T20:28:41Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 868888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shahd Seethaler-Wari''' ƙwararriyar mai tsara birane ce, mai zane-zane kuma mai bincike daga ƙasar Jamus da Falasdinu. Ayyukanta ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin masu sauya fasalin fannin tsara birane, musamman dangane da batun ƙaura da haɗa kai na zamantakewa<ref>https://www.dezim-institut.de/en/publications/publication-detail/unfolding-intersecting-forms-of-socio-spatial-exclusion-accommodation-centres-at-the-height-of-the-refugee-reception-crisis-in-germany/</ref>. ==Rayuwa== An haifi Shahd Seethaler-Wari a birnin [[Jerusalem]], inda ta halarci makarantar Schmidtschule da ke da ƙima sosai<ref>https://www.mmg.mpg.de/person/60384/14502</ref>. Ta yi karatun zane-zane a Jami’ar Birzeit da ke Falasdinu, sannan ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Birane a Jami’ar Fasaha ta [[Berlin]]. Binciken digirin digirgir dinta ya mayar da hankali ne kan yadda ’yan ƙaura da ’yan gudun hijira na Falasdinu ke amfani da kuma fahimtar sararin jama’a a birnin Berlin<ref>https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/60919</ref>. ==Aiki== Seethaler-Wari na gudanar da bincike kan bukatun sararin zama na ’yan gudun hijira da ’yan ƙaura, da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi haɗa kai da samar da ababen more rayuwa. Ayyukanta na haɗa ilimin zane-zane, tsara birane da nazarin zamantakewa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike bayan digirgir a Cibiyar Max Planck da ke nazarin bambance-bambancen addini da kabila, inda ta taka rawa a cikin aikin “Bukatu da Muradin Masu Neman Mafaka”<ref>https://www.mmg.mpg.de/person/60384/14502</ref>. Bincikenta kan yadda ake tsara wuraren zama ga ’yan gudun hijira a Jamus ya nuna yadda tsarin gine-gine ke iya ƙarfafa ko rage warewar zamantakewa<ref>https://www.dezim-institut.de/en/publications/publication-detail/unfolding-intersecting-forms-of-socio-spatial-exclusion-accommodation-centres-at-the-height-of-the-refugee-reception-crisis-in-germany/</ref>. Ayyukanta ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin masu sauya fasali saboda suna kallon tsara birane a matsayin kayan aiki na adalci da haɗin kai<ref>https://ud.hcu-hamburg.de/practice/publications/other-projects/inhabiting-displacement-architecture-and-authorship-shahd-seethaler-wari-somayeh-chitchian-and-maja-momic</ref>. ==Wallafe-wallafe (Zaɓi)== * Seethaler-Wari, Shahd (2018): Urban Planning for the Integration of Refugees: The Importance of Local Factors. A cikin: Urban Planning, 3(4), shafi 141–155<ref>https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/60919</ref>. * Seethaler-Wari, Shahd; Yanaşmayan, Zeynep (2023): Unfolding intersecting forms of socio-spatial exclusion: Accommodation centres at the height of the refugee reception crisis in Germany<ref>https://www.dezim-institut.de/en/publications/publication-detail/unfolding-intersecting-forms-of-socio-spatial-exclusion-accommodation-centres-at-the-height-of-the-refugee-reception-crisis-in-germany/</ref>. * Seethaler-Wari, Shahd; Chitchian, Somayeh; Momić, Maja (Masu Shirya) (2022): Inhabiting Displacement: Architecture and Authorship. Jami’ar HafenCity Hamburg<ref>https://ud.hcu-hamburg.de/practice/publications/other-projects/inhabiting-displacement-architecture-and-authorship-shahd-seethaler-wari-somayeh-chitchian-and-maja-momic</ref>. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} j5hcd2s2fmglb7kwsd2zv0yiygcy4z6 0 120528 869068 734872 2026-06-27T04:02:02Z Trey314159 7254 fix homoglyphs: convert Latin characters in [M]арица to Cyrillic 869068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Miss Grand [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]] kambun gasar kyau ce ta kasa da aka baiwa wakilan [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]] da suka fafata a gasar Miss Grand International . [1] [2] [3] [4] An fara gabatar da shi ne a cikin 2013 lokacin da Miss Universe [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]] 2013, Veneta Krasteva, aka gayyaci ta wakilci ƙasar a cikin 2015 na Miss Grand International a Thailand . [1] A cikin 2017, Krasteva, a matsayin manajan Bok Star Models, ya sayi lasisin Miss Grand [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]]; duk da haka, daga baya an dakatar da lasisin a cikin 2021. [1] [2] [5] A karkashin jagorancin Bok Star Models, an zaɓi wakilan [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]] ta hanyar shafukan da ke da alaƙa, irin su Miss World [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]] da Miss Sofia, [1] [2] [3] sai dai na 2020, lokacin da aka zaɓi mai taken ta hanyoyin kan layi. [4] == Tarihi == [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]] ta yi muhawara a gasar Miss Grand International a cikin 2015, <ref name="invite">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2018 |title=Венета Кръстева: Нашите момичета прекаляват с подобренията |url=https://trud.bg/венета-кръстева-нашите-момичета-прек/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230529172133/https://trud.bg/%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Trud.bg |language=bg}}</ref> <ref name="bg15">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2015 |title=Miss Grand International 2015 contestants |url=http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116131559/http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant |archive-date=16 November 2015 |access-date=8 February 2023 |publisher=Miss Grand International |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> lokacin da aka gayyaci Veneta Krasteva don yin gasa a irin wannan bugu, <ref name="invite">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2018 |title=Венета Кръстева: Нашите момичета прекаляват с подобренията |url=https://trud.bg/венета-кръстева-нашите-момичета-прек/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230529172133/https://trud.bg/%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Trud.bg |language=bg}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://archive.today/20230529172133/https://trud.bg/%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA/ "Венета Кръстева: Нашите момичета прекаляват с подобренията"]. ''Trud.bg'' (in Bulgarian). 28 August 2018. Archived from [https://trud.bg/венета-кръстева-нашите-момичета-прек/ the original] on 29 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)]]</ref> amma ba a sanya ta ba. <ref name="res15">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2015 |title=Lệ Quyên bất ngờ "trắng tay" tại Miss Grand International 2015 |url=https://dantri.com.vn/giai-tri/le-quyen-bat-ngo-trang-tay-tai-miss-grand-international-2015-20151026083839519.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209133829/https://dantri.com.vn/giai-tri/le-quyen-bat-ngo-trang-tay-tai-miss-grand-international-2015-20151026083839519.htm |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=Dantri.com.vn |language=vi}}</ref> Bayan babu mai riƙe lasisin Bulgarian a cikin 2016, Krasteva a matsayin shugabar hukumar ƙirar ƙirar [[Sofiya|Sofia]], Bok Star Models, ya sayi ikon amfani da sunan kamfani a shekara mai zuwa, <ref name="invite" /> <ref name="bg17">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2017 |title=Кои са най-красивите жени в София? |url=https://nova.bg/news/view/2017/07/01/186564/кои-са-най-красивите-жени-в-софия |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214090447/https://nova.bg/news/view/2017/07/01/186564/кои-са-най-красивите-жени-в-софия |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |publisher=NOVA BG |language=bg}}</ref> <ref name="bg171">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=Миналогодишната победителка в конкурса Мис Русе спечели титлата Мис Вселена България 2017 |url=https://rousse.info/миналогодишната-победителка-в-конку/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230529033728/https://rousse.info/%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B2-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Rousse.info |language=bg}}</ref> da kuma 2017 Miss Grand [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]] mai taken an zaɓi ta hanyar gasar Miss Sofia, gasar yanki na Miss . <ref name="bg17" /> A cikin 2018 da 2019, Miss Grand Bulgaria ta sami lambar yabo a matsayin ƙarin taken a gasar Miss World Bulgaria, <ref name="bg18">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2018 |title=Перничанката Белослава Йорданова е новата Miss Grand International |url=https://perniknews.com/pernik/pernichankata-beloslava-iordanova-e-novata-miss-grand-international/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230529140629/https://perniknews.com/pernik/pernichankata-beloslava-iordanova-e-novata-miss-grand-international/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Perniknews.com |language=bg}}</ref> <ref name="bg19">{{Cite web |last=Екип Марица |date=18 October 2019 |title=Вики влезе сред най-красивите жени в света. Дългокраката моделка ще представя България в конкурса "Мис Гранд Интернешънъл" |url=https://www.marica.bg/lajfstajl/viki-vleze-sred-naj-krasivite-jeni-v-sveta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214100439/https://www.marica.bg/lajfstajl/viki-vleze-sred-naj-krasivite-jeni-v-sveta |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |publisher=Марица |language=bg}}</ref> <ref name="wu18">{{Cite web |last=Александър Попов |date=20 August 2018 |title=Венета Кръстева наследява лиценза на Мис Свят-България |url=https://www.tialoto.bg/a/5-moda/62219-veneta-krasteva-naslediava-licenza-na-mis-sviat-balgariia |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230529172708/https://www.tialoto.bg/a/5-moda/62219-veneta-krasteva-naslediava-licenza-na-mis-sviat-balgariia |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=www.tialoto.bg |language=bg}}</ref> yayin da aka zaɓi masu taken 2020 ta hanyar zaɓi na kan layi. <ref name="bg201">{{Cite web |last=Danislava Krumova |date=11 February 2021 |title=Красива пловдивчанка ще се бори за световна титла в Тайланд |url=https://trendynews.bg/news/2021/02/11/красива-пловдивчанка-ще-се-бори-за-све/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230529164721/https://trendynews.bg/news/2021/02/11/%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%89%D0%B5-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Trendynews.bg |language=bg}}</ref> Daga baya a cikin 2021, Bok Star Models ya ƙare haɗin gwiwa tare da Miss Grand International pageant, kuma, har yanzu, lasisin Miss Grand Bulgaria ba ta siyan wasu wakilai ba. == Gasar kasa da kasa == [[Fayil:Veneta_Krasteva.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Veneta Krasteva, Miss Grand Bulgaria 2015]] Mai zuwa shine jerin wakilan Bulgaria a gasar Miss Grand International . {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! colspan="2" | Wakili ! rowspan="2" | Asalin taken ƙasa ! colspan="2" | Sakamakon kasa da kasa |- ! Sunan Ingilishi ! Sunan Bulgaria ! width="100px" | Wuri ! Sauran kyaututtuka |- ! 2013 | Mirela Petrova <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2013 |title=Miss Mirela Petrova, Miss Grand Bulgaria 2013 |url=https://www.facebook.com/MISSGRANDINTERNATIONAL/photos/a.568738516482482/624127720943561/?type=3 |archive-url=https://archive.today/HlYQF |archive-date=22 February 2024 |access-date=22 February 2024 |publisher=Miss Grand International}}</ref> | Мирела Петрова ||colspan=2 {{N/a|''Unable to compete''}} |- ! 2015 | Veneta Krasteva <ref name="bg15">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2015 |title=Miss Grand International 2015 contestants |url=http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116131559/http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant |archive-date=16 November 2015 |access-date=8 February 2023 |publisher=Miss Grand International |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151116131559/http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant "Miss Grand International 2015 contestants"]. Miss Grand International. 16 November 2015. Archived from [http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant the original] on 16 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span> &#x2013; via [[Internet Archive]].</cite></ref> | Кръстева | align="center" | Miss Universe Bulgaria 2013 <ref name="uni13">{{Cite web |last=Новини Благоевград |date=1 May 2014 |title=Манекенката Венета Кръстева ще представи България на престижен конкурс |url=https://blagoevgrad.eu/veneta_krusteva_shte_predstavi_bulgaria.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230529171023/https://blagoevgrad.eu/veneta_krusteva_shte_predstavi_bulgaria.html |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Blagoevgrad.eu |language=bg}}</ref> | align="center" | Ba a sanya shi <ref name="res15">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2015 |title=Lệ Quyên bất ngờ "trắng tay" tại Miss Grand International 2015 |url=https://dantri.com.vn/giai-tri/le-quyen-bat-ngo-trang-tay-tai-miss-grand-international-2015-20151026083839519.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209133829/https://dantri.com.vn/giai-tri/le-quyen-bat-ngo-trang-tay-tai-miss-grand-international-2015-20151026083839519.htm |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=Dantri.com.vn |language=vi}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://archive.today/20230209133829/https://dantri.com.vn/giai-tri/le-quyen-bat-ngo-trang-tay-tai-miss-grand-international-2015-20151026083839519.htm "Lệ Quyên bất ngờ "trắng tay" tại Miss Grand International 2015"]. ''Dantri.com.vn'' (in Vietnamese). 26 October 2015. Archived from [https://dantri.com.vn/giai-tri/le-quyen-bat-ngo-trang-tay-tai-miss-grand-international-2015-20151026083839519.htm the original] on 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi)]]</ref>||{{N/a}} |- ! 2017 | Ralitsa Kandova <ref name="bg17">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2017 |title=Кои са най-красивите жени в София? |url=https://nova.bg/news/view/2017/07/01/186564/кои-са-най-красивите-жени-в-софия |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214090447/https://nova.bg/news/view/2017/07/01/186564/кои-са-най-красивите-жени-в-софия |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |publisher=NOVA BG |language=bg}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20191214090447/https://nova.bg/news/view/2017/07/01/186564/кои-са-най-красивите-жени-в-софия "Кои са най-красивите жени в София?"] (in Bulgarian). NOVA BG. 1 July 2017. Archived from [https://nova.bg/news/view/2017/07/01/186564/кои-са-най-красивите-жени-в-софия the original] on 14 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)]]</ref> <ref name="bg171" /> | Ралица Кандова | align="center" | <ref name="bg17" /> <ref name="bg171">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=Миналогодишната победителка в конкурса Мис Русе спечели титлата Мис Вселена България 2017 |url=https://rousse.info/миналогодишната-победителка-в-конку/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230529033728/https://rousse.info/%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B2-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Rousse.info |language=bg}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://archive.today/20230529033728/https://rousse.info/%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B2-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83/ "Миналогодишната победителка в конкурса Мис Русе спечели титлата Мис Вселена България 2017"]. ''Rousse.info'' (in Bulgarian). 16 September 2017. Archived from [https://rousse.info/миналогодишната-победителка-в-конку/ the original] on 29 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)]]</ref> | align="center" | Ba a wuri <ref name="res17">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Ngắm Top 20 Miss Grand International 2017 nóng bỏng với phần thi bikini |url=https://vov.vn/van-hoa/nghe-si/ngam-top-20-miss-grand-international-2017-nong-bong-voi-phan-thi-bikini-687450.vov |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221108215655/https://vov.vn/van-hoa/nghe-si/ngam-top-20-miss-grand-international-2017-nong-bong-voi-phan-thi-bikini-687450.vov |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=12 May 2023 |publisher=[[Voice of Vietnam]] |language=vi}}</ref> |- ! 2018 | Beloslava Yordanova <ref name="bg18">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2018 |title=Перничанката Белослава Йорданова е новата Miss Grand International |url=https://perniknews.com/pernik/pernichankata-beloslava-iordanova-e-novata-miss-grand-international/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230529140629/https://perniknews.com/pernik/pernichankata-beloslava-iordanova-e-novata-miss-grand-international/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Perniknews.com |language=bg}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://archive.today/20230529140629/https://perniknews.com/pernik/pernichankata-beloslava-iordanova-e-novata-miss-grand-international/ "Перничанката Белослава Йорданова е новата Miss Grand International"]. ''Perniknews.com'' (in Bulgarian). 15 September 2018. Archived from [https://perniknews.com/pernik/pernichankata-beloslava-iordanova-e-novata-miss-grand-international/ the original] on 29 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)]]</ref> | Белослава Йорданова | align="center" | <ref name="bg18" /> | align="center" | Ba a wuri <ref name="res18">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2018 |title=Meenakshi Chaudhary from India wins 1st runner-up title at Miss Grand International 2018 |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-grand-international/meenakshi-chaudhary-of-india-crowned-miss-grand-international-2018/articleshow/66366162.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220826204549/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-grand-international/meenakshi-chaudhary-of-india-crowned-miss-grand-international-2018/articleshow/66366162.cms |archive-date=26 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>||{{N/a}} |- ! 2019 | Victoria Vaseva <ref name="bg19">{{Cite web |last=Екип Марица |date=18 October 2019 |title=Вики влезе сред най-красивите жени в света. Дългокраката моделка ще представя България в конкурса "Мис Гранд Интернешънъл" |url=https://www.marica.bg/lajfstajl/viki-vleze-sred-naj-krasivite-jeni-v-sveta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214100439/https://www.marica.bg/lajfstajl/viki-vleze-sred-naj-krasivite-jeni-v-sveta |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |publisher=Марица |language=bg}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFЕкип_Марица2019">Екип Марица (18 October 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191214100439/https://www.marica.bg/lajfstajl/viki-vleze-sred-naj-krasivite-jeni-v-sveta "Вики влезе сред най-красивите жени в света. Дългокраката моделка ще представя България в конкурса "Мис Гранд Интернешънъл""] (in Bulgarian). Марица. Archived from [https://www.marica.bg/lajfstajl/viki-vleze-sred-naj-krasivite-jeni-v-sveta the original] on 14 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)]]</ref> | Виктория Васева | align="center" | <ref name="bg19" /> | align="center" | Ba a wuri <ref name="res19">{{Cite web |last=อีจัน Oline Team |date=26 October 2019 |title=สาว "เวเนซุเอลา" คว้ามง Miss grand international 2019 |url=https://www.ejan.co/entertain/11056 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209143137/https://www.ejan.co/entertain/11056 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=www.ejan.co |language=th}}</ref>||{{N/a}} |- ! 2020 | Viktoria Lazarova <ref name="bg201">{{Cite web |last=Danislava Krumova |date=11 February 2021 |title=Красива пловдивчанка ще се бори за световна титла в Тайланд |url=https://trendynews.bg/news/2021/02/11/красива-пловдивчанка-ще-се-бори-за-све/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230529164721/https://trendynews.bg/news/2021/02/11/%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%89%D0%B5-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Trendynews.bg |language=bg}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDanislava_Krumova2021">Danislava Krumova (11 February 2021). [https://archive.today/20230529164721/https://trendynews.bg/news/2021/02/11/%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%89%D0%B5-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5/ "Красива пловдивчанка ще се бори за световна титла в Тайланд"]. ''Trendynews.bg'' (in Bulgarian). Archived from [https://trendynews.bg/news/2021/02/11/красива-пловдивчанка-ще-се-бори-за-све/ the original] on 29 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)]]</ref> <ref name="bg20">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=Българката Виктория Лазарова в Топ 10 на най-красивите жени в света |url=https://e-zdravey.com/bg/balgarkata-viktoriya-lazarova-v-top-10-na-nay-krasivite-zheni-v-sveta/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220804210358/https://e-zdravey.com/bg/balgarkata-viktoriya-lazarova-v-top-10-na-nay-krasivite-zheni-v-sveta/ |archive-date=4 August 2022 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=E-zdravey.com |language=bg}}</ref> | Виктория Лазарова | align="center" | Miss Sofia 2020 <ref name="bg20" /> | align="center" | Ba a sanya shi <ref name="res20">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2021 |title=Samantha Bernardo makes it to Top 20 of Miss Grand International! |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/781485/samantha-bernardo-makes-it-to-top-20-of-miss-grand-international/story/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220826204805/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/781485/samantha-bernardo-makes-it-to-top-20-of-miss-grand-international/story/ |archive-date=26 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=[[GMA Network]]}}</ref> ||{{N/a}} |-!colspan=7 {{N/a|''No representatives since 2021''}} |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dfqf4pnzj9dsu0fvm3br4wvefy5lxp1 0 121240 869012 739353 2026-06-26T22:42:45Z Maiakwai4u 37986 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359754739|Muhammad Bukhari bin Uthman]]" 869012 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%" |Muhammadu Bukhariمحمد البخاري<br />'''Mai bautar gumaka''' |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |Sarkin [[Tambuwal|Tambawel]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sarauta | class="infobox-data" |1812–1840 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wanda ya riga ya kasance | class="infobox-data" |''Matsayi da aka kafa'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wanda ya maye gurbinsa | class="infobox-data" |[[Umar bin Muhammad Bukhari|Umar]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |<div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |12 Nuwamba 1784<span class="birthplace">[[Degel]], [[Gobir]] (a zamanin yau [[Sokoto State|Jihar Sokoto]]) </span> <br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ya mutu | class="infobox-data" |27 Fabrairu 1840 <span style="display:none">(1840-02-27)</span> (shekaru 55) &nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Issue (genealogy)|Sakamakon]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Umar, Sarkin Tambawel Barau, Sarkin Yamma Ali, Sarkin Kudu Aisha Modibbo, Sarkin ** Barau, Sarkin Yamma ** Ali, Sarkin Kudu ** Aisha ** Modibbo, Sarkin Tambawel </div>''Daga cikin wasu'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Uba | class="infobox-data" |[[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aiki | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * mawaki </div> |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Dangi | class="infobox-data" |[[Muhammad Bukhari bin Ahmad]] (ɗan jikan) |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;" |Ayyukan soja |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 1em" |Aminci | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Daular Sokoto|Halifa ta Sokoto]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 1em" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Rikici</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Tree list/styles.css" /><div class="treelist"> * [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihad na Sokoto]] (1804-1808) ** Yaƙin Birnin-Kebbi (1805) * Zaman lafiya na Gwandu ** Yaƙin Ilorin (1836) ** [[Tashin hankali na Abd al-Salam]] (1817- 1818) ** Yaƙin Kalambaina (1820) </div> |} '''Muhammad Bukhari bin al-Shaikh Uthman''' (Arabic: محمد البخاري ابن عثمان ابن فودي, romanized: Muḥammad al-Bukhārī bin ʿUthmān bin Fūdī; 1785–1840) was an Islamic scholar and a noted poet who was the first Emir of [[Tambuwal|Tambawel]]. Bukhari was an important military commander who participated in and led several military campaigns during the [[Jihadin Danfodio|jihad of Usman dan Fodio]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Muhammad Bukhari a [[Degel]], wani karamin gari a [[Hausa Bakwai|Masarautar Hausa]] ta [[Gobir]] . Mahaifinsa [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]] sanannen masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma mai wa'azi daga dangin [[Fulani]] na [[Torodbe]] . Mahaifiyarsa Aisha ta fito ne daga dangin da ke da dogon al'adar ilimi.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last3=Nana Asmaʼu}}</ref> Bukhari ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin mahaifinsa, da kawunsa, [[Abdullahi dan Fodio|Abdullahi]] . Saboda ya girma a gidan Abdullahi, Bukhari ya ba da yawancin rayuwarsa ga kawunsa. Daga cikin sauran malamansa akwai al-Mustafa bin Muhammad al-Turudi, marubuci ga Usman, kuma mahaifin masanin Sokoto [[Abd al-Qadir dan Tafa]]. : 169 : 169  == Rayuwa == Bukhari na ɗaya daga cikin kwamandoji takwas na [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihad na Sokoto]] . Ya shiga cikin kamfen a yankin kudancin Khalifancin Sokoto, gami da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]], tare da dan uwansa [[Muhammad Wani]], ɗan Abdullahi. : 52 Ya kuma shiga cikin kamfen ɗin [[Gwandu]], da nufin kawo zaman lafiya a yankin. A cikin 1805, Bukhari ya shiga cikin sojojin Abdullahi a yakin da aka yi da mulkin Hausa na [[Masarautar Kebbi|Kebbi]] . Bayan faduwar [[Birnin Kebbi|Birnin-Kebbi]], Sarkin Kebbi, Muhammadu Hodi, ya tsere daga babban birnin. Daga baya, a cikin 1816, Hodi ya kafa tsayayya mai tsanani a kan Khalifanci daga sansanoninsa a Kimba, [[Augie|Augi]], da [[Argungu]], wanda ya ƙare a cikin 1826 lokacin da Bukhari ya kashe shi. : 248-249 Ya kuma yi kamfen a Talata Mafara, [[Jihad of Usman dan Fodio in Katsina|Katsina]], Yauri da Kotonkoro . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last3=Nana Asmaʼu}}</ref> Bayan da aka ci jihadi a 1808, Usman dan Fodio ya nada ɗan'uwansa Abdullahi ya mallaki yankunan yamma da kudancin Khalifanci. Abdullahi ya ba Bukhari aikin kula da yankunan kudancin masarautarsa. A wannan lokacin, Bukhari ya kafa yankin [[Tambuwal|Tambawel]] wanda ya girma ya zama babban ''Ribat'' (garkuwa da iyaka) a yankunan kudancin Khalifanci, na biyu kawai ga Gwandu. Koyaya, muhimmancin yankin ya ragu a lokacin mulkin Khalifa [[Abubakar Atiku|Abu Bakr Atiku]] (1837-1842). : 79 Farawa a 1812, an kuma ba Bukhari aikin gudanar da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] bayan Abdullahi ya yi ritaya daga harkokin gwamnati. A watan Janairun 1818, wani mummunan tawaye ya tashi a Kalambaina, wani gari kusa da Gwandu. 'Yan tawayen sun kasance mabiyan [[Tashin hankali na Abd al-Salam|Abd al-Salam]], wanda shi ma ya yi tawaye da Khalifanci wata daya da ta gabata. Tashin hankali na Kalambaina ya dauki shekaru biyu har sai hadin gwiwar da Khalifa [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammad Bello]], Atiku, Bukhari, da Wani suka samu nasarar kama garin. Nasarar da aka samu a Kalambaina ta sake haɗuwa da Gwandu da Sokoto, waɗanda suka fuskanci ɗan rikici bayan an wuce Abdullahi don goyon bayan Bello don ya gaji Usman a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi a cikin 1817. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last3=Nana Asmaʼu}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAsma'u1997">[[Nana Asma'u|Asma'u, Nana]] (1997). Boyd, Jean; Mack, Beverly B. (eds.). [[iarchive:collected-works-of-nana-asmau-daughter-of-usman-dan-fodiyo-1793|''Collected Works Of Nana Asmau Daughter Of Usman Dan Fodiyo 1793'']]. Michigan State University Press. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">120–</span>121, 224.</cite></ref> : 70 : 70  A cikin 1836, [[Masarautar Ilorin]] ta fuskanci hari daga hadin gwiwar [[Masarautar Oyo|Oyo]] da [[Masarautar Borgu|Borgu]]. Bukhari, tare da dan uwansa Muhammad Sambo, ya jagoranci rundunar da ta kunshi dakarun daga Sokoto da Gwandu don taimakawa wajen kare Ilorin. Kodayake sojojin Oyo-Borgu da farko sun tura sojojin Bukhari zuwa Ilorin, halin da suke ciki ya rushe bayan an kashe Sarkin Borgu, tare da wasu muhimman mutanen Oyo da Borgu, a yaƙi, wanda ya ba sojojin Sokoto-Gwandu damar samun nasarar kare birnin. :: 401  <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinwumi |first=Olayemi Duro |date=1992 |title=The Oyo-Borgu Military Alliance of 1835: A Case Study in the Pre-Colonial Military History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24520426 |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=21 |pages=159–170 |issn=0251-0391 |jstor=24520426}}</ref> Rikicin ya kuma haifar da mutuwar Alaafin na karshe na Oyo, wanda ya haifar da faduwar daular [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reichmuth |first=Stefan |date=1993 |title=Imam Umaru's Account of the Origins of the Ilọrin Emirate: A Manuscript in the Heinz Sölken Collection, Frankfurt |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653228 |journal=Sudanic Africa |volume=4 |pages=155–173 |issn=0803-0685 |jstor=25653228}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar Bello a 1837, babu wani magaji mai kyau yayin da ya ki ya ambaci daya. Bukhari da babban ɗan'uwansa Abu Bakr Atiku sune manyan 'yan takara. Bayan tattaunawa mai yawa, Majalisar Zabe ta zabi Atiku a matsayin sabon Khalifa. : 81 :: 146  Duk da tarihin soja na Bukhari (musamman nasarorin da ya samu a Ilorin a shekarar da ta gabata), da kuma sunansa a matsayin mawaki, an wuce shi. Wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa wannan ya faru ne saboda waƙoƙin ''ghazal'', yayin da wasu suka yi imanin cewa saboda ya ji rauni a kafa bayan ya fadi daga doki, ya karye kafafunsa a mawuyacin lokaci, ya sa ya kasa zama mai cancanta ga ofis. Bukhari ya mutu a shekara ta 1840. 'Yar'uwarsa [[Nana Asma'u]] ta rubuta masa waƙar yabo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last3=Nana Asmaʼu}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAsma'u1997">[[Nana Asma'u|Asma'u, Nana]] (1997). Boyd, Jean; Mack, Beverly B. (eds.). [[iarchive:collected-works-of-nana-asmau-daughter-of-usman-dan-fodiyo-1793|''Collected Works Of Nana Asmau Daughter Of Usman Dan Fodiyo 1793'']]. Michigan State University Press. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">120–</span>121, 224.</cite></ref> Ɗansa Umar ne ya gaje shi a matsayin Sarkin Tambawel . Dan 'yarsa [[Muhammad Bukhari bin Ahmad|Muhammad Bukhari]] (mai suna bayan shi) ya zama [[Babban Wazirin Sokoto|Waziri na Sokoto]] (1886-1910). <ref name=":0" /> Daga cikin sauran zuriyarsa akwai [[Ibrahim Dasuki]], wanda ya kasance Sultan na Sokoto daga 1988 zuwa 1996. <ref name=":0" /> == Rubuce-rubuce == Bukhari sanannen malami ne kuma mawaki wanda ya rubuta a cikin Larabci na gargajiya. A yau, ashirin daga cikin <nowiki><i id="mwnw">qasa'id</i></nowiki> dinsa sun tsira kuma an kiyaye su a Najeriya. : 99 An kuma san shi da waƙoƙin ''ghazal'' masu rikitarwa. <ref name=":1" /> : 364 : 364  == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> it6lm1u1iyhs2as76bznlm2bzyt3i86 0 122645 869356 862605 2026-06-27T11:48:57Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life and education" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356053999|Chinneylove Eze]]" 869356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinneylove Eze Ogunje''' (born 11 August 1988)<ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}</ref> is a Nigerian film producer, director, and entrepreneur. Her first [[Nollywood]] movie was the 2013 film ''The Cartel''. In 2017, she produced the successful film ''[[Hire a man|Hire a Man]]''.<ref name="Writer" /> Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Chinneylove Eze Productions kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar Hire a Woman, Devil in Agbada, Our Date for Christmas, Maduka Daughters, da Pretty Thief . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Eze a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 1988 a cikin iyalin Kirista na al'adun Ibo. Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Mr. da Mrs. Eze kuma ta fito ne daga yankin karamar hukumar Aguata a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ta fara karatun ta a makarantar Twins Nursery da Firamare kuma ta ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], inda ta kammala karatun sakandare. Daga baya ta halarci [[Jami'ar Benin]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kididdiga. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Afrikive |url=https://afrikive.com/people/2102/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=afrikive.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka da alhakin zamantakewa == Eze ta fara aikinta a Nollywood a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kafin ta shiga cikin samar da fim. Ta fara yin fim ne a shekarar 2013 tare da The Cartel, fim din Pan-Afirka wanda ya nuna simintin daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Najeriya]]. Fim ɗin ya sami gabatarwa hudu a Kyautar Nollywood da kuma gabatarwa biyar a bikin fina-finai na Afirka da Academy Awards (ZAFAA). <ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStaff_Writer2022">Staff Writer (23 March 2022). [https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze "Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies"]. ''Showmax Stories''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2017, ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai gabatar da fina-finai a cikin fina-fallafin Najeriya tare da Hire a Man, fim din da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci wanda ya samu gabatarwa da yawa kuma ya zama fim na Nollywood na 7 mafi girma a shekara. Ta ci gaba da samar da ''Yuni'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya, a cikin 2018, kuma a cikin 2019, ta biyo baya tare da Hire a Woman, wanda ya zama ɗayan fina-finai mafi girma na Nollywood na wannan shekarar. A cikin 2023, Eze ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta musamman tare da Amazon Prime bayan fitowar fina-finai biyu, Tenis Big Day da Devil in Agbada, dukansu biyu sun kasance don yawo a kan dandalin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nif |title=Chinneylove Eze Productions |url=https://www.nifsummit.com/images/docs/CHINNEYLOVE_EZE_PRODUCTIONS.pdf |journal=Nifsummit}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2023, Eze ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen karfafa akalla mata 150 a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da take yi na ba da gudummawa ga al'umma. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, Eze ta auri Kevwe Ogunje daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a wani bikin auren gargajiya. Dangi na kusa, abokai, da sanannun mutane daga [[Nollywood]] sun halarci taron, gami da [[Joke Silva|Ajoke Silva]], [[Rita Dominic]], [[Mike Ezuruonye]], Mercy Johnson, [[Nancy Isime]], [[Uche Jombo]], [[Uche Montana]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Ayo Makun]], da sauransu. An yi alama da bikin ta hanyar nuna launi mai ban sha'awa, tare da baƙi da suka yi ado da tufafin "aso-ebi". An haifi ɗan farko na ma'auratan a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" !Shekara !Fim din !Masu ba da labari |- |2013 |''Kamfanin Kasuwanci'' |[[Mike Ezuruonye]], John Njamah |- |2016 |''Kawai A Yi Aure'' |Femi Jacobs, Zynnel Zuh, Belinda Effah (Grace Charis Bassey) |- |2017 |''[[Hire a man|Ka Yi hayar Mutum]]'' |Zynnel Zuh, Eyinna Nwigwe, [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], [[Nancy Isime]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |2018 |''Yuni'' |[[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]], [[Michelle Dede]], Empress Njamah, Toni Tones[[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] |- |2019 |[[Hire a Woman (fim)|''Ɗauki Mace Mace Ma'aikaci'']] |[[Nancy Isime]], Alex Ekubo, [[Mike Godson]], [[Uzor Arukwe|Uzo Arukwe]] |- |2020 |''Lokacin da soyayya ta same ka'' |[[Mike Godson]], [[Rachel Oniga|Rachael Oniga]], [[Lilian Afegbai]], [[Esther Audu]] |- |2020 |''Makwabata'' |[[Tana Adelana]], Mofe Duncan |- |2021 |''[[Hatsabibin Agbada|Iblis a Agbada]]'' |[[Desmond Elliot]], [[Linda Osifo]], Erica Nlewedim, [[Efe Irele]], [[Nosa Rex]] |- |2021 |''Ranar Kirsimeti'' |Mofe Duncan, Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2022 |''Asirin Victoria'' |[[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Chris Akwarandu, Chinneylove Eze |- |2022 |''Kafaya Faya'' |Mercy Johnson, [[Ebube Nwagbo]] |- |2023 |''Dalilin Ƙauna'' |Echelon Mbadiwe, Emem Inwang, Sam Maurice |- |2023 |''Labarin Ƙaunar Phil'' |[[Daniel Etim Effiong]], [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]] |- |2023 |''Biyu Za su Iya Wasan'' |Mimi Chaka, [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] |- |2023 |''Shugaba Chic'' |[[Sophie Alakija]], Etinosa Idemudia, Maurice Sam |- |2023 |''Don Gobe Mai Kyau'' |[[Ruth Kadiri]], Jarumi Daniels, Onyii Alex |- |2024 |''Shukari da kayan yaji'' |[[Ini Edo]], Elozonam |- |2024 |''Ƙaunar Mai Tsarki'' |Chinaye Nnebe, Clinton Joshua |- |2024 |''Bikinmu ne'' |[[Chioma Chukwuka]], Michael Dappa, [[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]] |- |2024 |''A kan dukkan matsaloli'' |An samo asali ne daga garin [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Jerry Mudiaga |- |2024 |''Omego fam da daloli'' |Ray Emodi, Lilian Idoko |- |2024 |''Alan Poser'' |[[Bolaji Ogunmola]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Career and social responsibility == Eze ta fara aikinta a Nollywood a matsayin jaruma kafin ta koma harkar shirya fina-finai. A watan Satumbar 2023, Eze ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen karfafa akalla mata 150 a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da take yi na ba da gudummawa ga al'umma.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olufemi |first=Damilola |date=2023-09-08 |title=Movie producer, Chinneylove, unveils plan to empower 150 women |url=https://punchng.com/movie-producer-chinneylove-unveils-plan-to-empower-150-women/?utm_source=auto-read-also&utm_medium=web#google_vignette |access-date=2025-01-23 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olufemi |first=Damilola |date=2023-09-08 |title=Movie producer, Chinneylove, unveils plan to empower 150 women |url=https://punchng.com/movie-producer-chinneylove-unveils-plan-to-empower-150-women/?utm_source=auto-read-also&utm_medium=web#google_vignette |access-date=2025-01-23 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da karatu == An haifi Eze a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, 1988 cikin dangin Kiristoci na kabilar [[Inyamurai|Igbo]]. Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Mr. da Mrs. Eze kuma ta fito daga ƙaramar hukumar Aguata a [[Anambra|jihar Anambra]], [[Najeriya]]. == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|id=8990945|name=Chinneylove Eze}} * Chinneylove Ezea kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] rqcgu4rawc4nlxqow79jvqinws393cf 0 122847 869274 757014 2026-06-27T10:33:24Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345824596|What About Us (film)]]" 869274 wikitext text/x-wiki What About Us fim ne na Najeriya na 2024 wanda [[Emmanuel Iren]] ya samar. Fim din wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin [[Emmanuel Iren]] na farko an sake shi a fim a duk fadin kasar a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2024. Fim din yana da alaƙa da rikitarwa na aure da kuma yadda ma'aurata Kirista ke gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da fasalin aurensu a cikin halin jagora; [[Kunle Remi]], [[Uzor Arukwe]], Folu Storms, Seyi Awolowo, [[Teniola Aladese]] da sauransu. == Bayani game da shi == What About Us ya ba da labarin ma'aurata Kirista waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da aurensu tare, amma ƙarin matsala ta biyo baya lokacin da sabon ma'auratare suka koma ƙofar da ke kusa kuma wannan ya kara matsalar a cikin aurensu. Labarin ya fadada kan rikitarwa na aure kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ma'aurata biyu na Kirista. == Zaɓaɓɓen 'yan wasa == * [[Kunle Remi]] * [[Uzor Arukwe]] * [[Folu Storms|Guguwa mai tsanani]] * Seyi Awolowo * [[Teniola Aladese]] * Atlanta Bridget Johnson * Marycolette Unamka == Fitarwa == Fim din wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta ya nuna Babban Fasto na Bikin Ikilisiyar Duniya na farko, ya bayyana cewa wannan sabon kayan aikin da ya sanya a kan alamomi 'sabon babi a cikin aikinsa don yada saƙonsa da kuma tsara al'adun'. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} oj24txfqr5h8h9zqpkp4qdg34id2yck 869276 869274 2026-06-27T10:34:32Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} What About Us fim ne na Najeriya na 2024 wanda [[Emmanuel Iren]] ya samar. Fim din wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin [[Emmanuel Iren]] na farko an sake shi a fim a duk fadin kasar a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2024. Fim din yana da alaƙa da rikitarwa na aure da kuma yadda ma'aurata Kirista ke gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da fasalin aurensu a cikin halin jagora; [[Kunle Remi]], [[Uzor Arukwe]], Folu Storms, Seyi Awolowo, [[Teniola Aladese]] da sauransu. == Bayani game da shi == What About Us ya ba da labarin ma'aurata Kirista waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da aurensu tare, amma ƙarin matsala ta biyo baya lokacin da sabon ma'auratare suka koma ƙofar da ke kusa kuma wannan ya kara matsalar a cikin aurensu. Labarin ya fadada kan rikitarwa na aure kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ma'aurata biyu na Kirista. == Zaɓaɓɓen 'yan wasa == * [[Kunle Remi]] * [[Uzor Arukwe]] * [[Folu Storms|Guguwa mai tsanani]] * Seyi Awolowo * [[Teniola Aladese]] * Atlanta Bridget Johnson * Marycolette Unamka == Fitarwa == Fim din wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta ya nuna Babban Fasto na Bikin Ikilisiyar Duniya na farko, ya bayyana cewa wannan sabon kayan aikin da ya sanya a kan alamomi 'sabon babi a cikin aikinsa don yada saƙonsa da kuma tsara al'adun'. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} fdtobxma785i09d2fexuzcxqhj2vvk4 869277 869276 2026-06-27T10:35:10Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} What About Us fim ne na Najeriya na 2024 wanda [[Emmanuel Iren]] ya samar. Fim din wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin [[Emmanuel Iren]] na farko an sake shi a fim a duk fadin kasar a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2024. Fim din yana da alaƙa da rikitarwa na aure da kuma yadda ma'aurata Kirista ke gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da fasalin aurensu a cikin halin jagora; [[Kunle Remi]], [[Uzor Arukwe]], Folu Storms, Seyi Awolowo, [[Teniola Aladese]] da sauransu. == Bayani game da shi == What About Us ya ba da labarin ma'aurata Kirista waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya domin ci gaba da aurensu tare, amma ƙarin matsala ta biyo baya lokacin da sabon ma'auratare suka koma ƙofar da ke kusa kuma wannan ya kara matsalar a cikin aurensu. Labarin ya fadada kan rikitarwa na aure kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ma'aurata biyu na Kirista. == Zaɓaɓɓen 'yan wasa == * [[Kunle Remi]] * [[Uzor Arukwe]] * [[Folu Storms|Guguwa mai tsanani]] * Seyi Awolowo * [[Teniola Aladese]] * Atlanta Bridget Johnson * Marycolette Unamka == Fitarwa == Fim din wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta ya nuna Babban Fasto na Bikin Ikilisiyar Duniya na farko, ya bayyana cewa wannan sabon kayan aikin da ya sanya a kan alamomi 'sabon babi a cikin aikinsa don yada saƙonsa da kuma tsara al'adun'. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} qb8ddg4zaid2wdu0ra8bhw1x5j9f057 869278 869277 2026-06-27T10:36:01Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} What About Us fim ne na Najeriya na 2024 wanda [[Emmanuel Iren]] ya samar. Fim din wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin [[Emmanuel Iren]] na farko an sake shi a fim a duk fadin kasar a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2024. Fim din yana da alaƙa da rikitarwa na aure da kuma yadda ma'aurata Kirista ke gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da fasalin aurensu a cikin halin jagora; [[Kunle Remi]], [[Uzor Arukwe]], Folu Storms, Seyi Awolowo, [[Teniola Aladese]] da sauransu. == Bayani game da shi == What About Us ya ba da labarin ma'aurata Kirista waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya domin ci gaba da aurensu tare, amma ƙarin matsala ta biyo baya lokacin da sabon ma'auratare suka koma ƙofar da ke kusa kuma wannan ya kara matsalar a cikin aurensu. Labarin ya faɗaɗa kan rikitarwa na aure kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ma'aurata biyu na Kirista. == Zaɓaɓɓen 'yan wasa == * [[Kunle Remi]] * [[Uzor Arukwe]] * [[Folu Storms|Guguwa mai tsanani]] * Seyi Awolowo * [[Teniola Aladese]] * Atlanta Bridget Johnson * Marycolette Unamka == Fitarwa == Fim din wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta ya nuna Babban Fasto na Bikin Ikilisiyar Duniya na farko, ya bayyana cewa wannan sabon kayan aikin da ya sanya a kan alamomi 'sabon babi a cikin aikinsa don yada saƙonsa da kuma tsara al'adun'. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} d1ovmwdfrjwiotqy7zu9bih7tdomqto 869279 869278 2026-06-27T10:36:50Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} What About Us fim ne na Najeriya na 2024 wanda [[Emmanuel Iren]] ya samar. Fim din wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin [[Emmanuel Iren]] na farko an sake shi a fim a duk fadin kasar a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2024. Fim din yana da alaƙa da rikitarwa na aure da kuma yadda ma'aurata Kirista ke gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da fasalin aurensu a cikin halin jagora; [[Kunle Remi]], [[Uzor Arukwe]], Folu Storms, Seyi Awolowo, [[Teniola Aladese]] da sauransu. == Bayani game da shi == What About Us ya ba da labarin ma'aurata Kirista waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya domin ci gaba da auren su tare, amma ƙarin matsala ta biyo baya lokacin da sabon ma'auratare suka koma ƙofar da ke kusa kuma wannan ya kara matsalar a cikin aurensu. Labarin ya faɗaɗa kan rikitarwa na aure kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ma'aurata biyu na Kirista. == Zaɓaɓɓen 'yan wasa == * [[Kunle Remi]] * [[Uzor Arukwe]] * [[Folu Storms|Guguwa mai tsanani]] * Seyi Awolowo * [[Teniola Aladese]] * Atlanta Bridget Johnson * Marycolette Unamka == Fitarwa == Fim din wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta ya nuna Babban Fasto na Bikin Ikilisiyar Duniya na farko, ya bayyana cewa wannan sabon kayan aikin da ya sanya a kan alamomi 'sabon babi a cikin aikinsa don yada saƙonsa da kuma tsara al'adun'. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} gxk2fmueu4kfpqwl2gi8hn5yghu87lz 869280 869279 2026-06-27T10:37:54Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} What About Us fim ne na Najeriya na 2024 wanda [[Emmanuel Iren]] ya samar. Fim din wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin [[Emmanuel Iren]] na farko an sake shi a fim a duk fadin kasar a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2024. Fim din yana da alaƙa da rikitarwa na aure da kuma yadda ma'aurata Kirista ke gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da fasalin aurensu a cikin halin jagora; [[Kunle Remi]], [[Uzor Arukwe]], Folu Storms, Seyi Awolowo, [[Teniola Aladese]] da dai sauransu. == Bayani game da shi == What About Us ya ba da labarin ma'aurata Kirista waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya domin ci gaba da auren su tare, amma ƙarin matsala ta biyo baya lokacin da sabon ma'auratare suka koma ƙofar da ke kusa kuma wannan ya kara matsalar a cikin aurensu. Labarin ya faɗaɗa kan rikitarwa na aure kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ma'aurata biyu na Kirista. == Zaɓaɓɓen 'yan wasa == * [[Kunle Remi]] * [[Uzor Arukwe]] * [[Folu Storms|Guguwa mai tsanani]] * Seyi Awolowo * [[Teniola Aladese]] * Atlanta Bridget Johnson * Marycolette Unamka == Fitarwa == Fim din wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta ya nuna Babban Fasto na Bikin Ikilisiyar Duniya na farko, ya bayyana cewa wannan sabon kayan aikin da ya sanya a kan alamomi 'sabon babi a cikin aikinsa don yada saƙonsa da kuma tsara al'adun'. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} gph8lmuwu69i1gu9ubsea3uw8p5qgxs 0 122906 869213 778738 2026-06-27T09:45:19Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346778627|Babatunde Agunloye]]" 869213 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] 0efrns341eeybsqsyp57oj6ynjiaslz 869214 869213 2026-06-27T09:45:38Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346778627|Babatunde Agunloye]]" 869214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] huertmq0mie90bkdy9b2nv4ackdluvy 869215 869214 2026-06-27T09:46:17Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346778627|Babatunde Agunloye]]" 869215 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Toronto Film School|Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto]], Toronto. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] dhksd2b9mqaeuaw0nn07y7ki60icxbj 869216 869215 2026-06-27T09:46:31Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346778627|Babatunde Agunloye]]" 869216 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Toronto Film School|Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto]], Toronto. == Sana'a == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] iokf9gnij9uhse0fm5g656s9e1swt7h 869217 869216 2026-06-27T09:47:15Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346778627|Babatunde Agunloye]]" 869217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Toronto Film School|Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto]], Toronto. == Sana'a == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF) tare da fim dinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] qx3jymyh175kig9db0dtcxn7oudwuem 869218 869217 2026-06-27T09:47:48Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346778627|Babatunde Agunloye]]" 869218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Toronto Film School|Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto]], Toronto. == Sana'a == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF) tare da fim dinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya Babatunde a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finan Afirka a cikin ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tsara sabuwar hanya a masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar [[Leadership (Najeriya)|Leadership]] . A wannan shekarar, ya shirya fim na farko da aka yi da yawancin 'yan wasan baƙar fata a talabijin na Kanada. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] arpp518j3hy0s6xaivo2xpmhvo91ucn 869219 869218 2026-06-27T09:49:15Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Toronto Film School|Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto]], Toronto. == Sana'a == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF) tare da fim dinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya Babatunde a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finan Afirka a cikin ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tsara sabuwar hanya a masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar [[Leadership (Najeriya)|Leadership]] . A wannan shekarar, ya shirya fim na farko da aka yi da yawancin 'yan wasan baƙar fata a talabijin na Kanada. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] 9ka2ud3nqk8xndstcr4rie9wfn81ptq 869220 869219 2026-06-27T09:50:14Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Toronto Film School|Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto]], Toronto. ==Manazarta == Sana'a == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF) tare da fim dinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya Babatunde a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finan Afirka a cikin ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tsara sabuwar hanya a masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar [[Leadership (Najeriya)|Leadership]] . A wannan shekarar, ya shirya fim na farko da aka yi da yawancin 'yan wasan baƙar fata a talabijin na Kanada. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] os72p0k65sobb3jypbwcdc39jpdw0br 0 122961 869249 840994 2026-06-27T10:13:52Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346751242|Ugezu J. Ugezu]]" 869249 wikitext text/x-wiki Ugezu Jideofor Ugezu Listenⓘ ƙwararren da aka fi sani da '''Ugezu J. Ugezu''' darektan Najeriya ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da kuma furodusa. Ugezu kuma mawaki ne kuma mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |first=Ama |date=2020-08-21 |title=A Woman who Dresses Naked in the name of Fashion is Classless and Stupid - Actor Ugezu |url=https://www.gistreel.com/a-woman-who-dresses-naked-in-the-name-of-fashion-is-classless-and-stupid-actor-ugezu/ |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ugezu a Enugwu Ukwu, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra, Najeriya]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trophy |first=Boy |date=2022-05-17 |title=Ugezu J Ugezu Biography |url=https://naijasabi.com/read-post?entertainment/biography-ugezu-j.-ugezu&info=244 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=NaijaSabi |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na makarantar firamare, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a, Umueze Anam daga 1982 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tafi Fr. Joseph High School, Aguleri daga 1986 zuwa 1988 inda ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundiata |first=Post |date=2018-01-18 |title=2019 Nollywood Actor Ugezu J Ugezu declares for president |url=https://sundiatapost.com/2019-nollywood-actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-declares-for-president/ |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu J. Ugezu ya sami shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu da aka fi sani da ESUT . A cikin wannan ma'aikatar ne ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |date=2022-08-21 |title=Ugezu J. Ugezu Biography & Life Story, 2024 Net Worth |url=https://hiphopkit.com/biography/ugezu-j-ugezu/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=HipHopKit |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ugezu J. Ugezu ya kasance mai aiki a masana'antar [[Nollywood]] tun daga shekara ta 2000 kuma ya fito a fina-finai sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcdonald |first=Harrison |date=2021-04-20 |title=Actor, Ugezu J. Ugezu opposes Tonto Dikeh's call for Nigerians to get involved in Akuapem Poloo's case l |url=https://www.gistreel.com/actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-opposes-tonto-dikehs-call-for-nigerians-to-get-involved-in-akuapem-poloos-case/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu ya rubuta, taurari ko jagorantar fina-finai waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta [[Al'adun Igbo]] da al'adunsu. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Babu wani abu don komai (2005) kamar yadda Bitrus ya * ''An yi shi a Cambridge'' (2006) a matsayin Yakubu * Yara maza daga Holland (2006) a matsayin Patrick * Wawaye a kan gudu (2007) * Alloli suna da hikima (2008) * Masu yin ruwan sama (2009) a matsayin Donald * Mugun magudi (2010) a matsayin Moore * Amnesty (2011) a matsayin Uche * Gidajen Rana (2011) a matsayin Firist * ''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' (2012) * Ƙarshen yana kusa (2012) * ''Lokacin Ceto'' (2014) * Dust ɗin Kabari (2015) * Echoes of Love (2016) a matsayin Udo Obodo * ''Akweke'' (2016) a matsayin Akpati Nsiegbe * ''Da'irar Wuta'' (2017) * Kyakkyawan Ƙananan (2017) Janar Mai Kula * Waɗuwar 'Yar'uwa (2018) * Destinies (2019) a matsayin Francis * ''Sarki Mai Aminci'' (2020) * ''Firayim Minista'' (2022) * Scaret Chance (2022) a matsayin Ichie Echezona * ''Gimbiya ita ce nawa'' (2022) * ''Kungiyar Jama'a'' (2007) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] dgwsg2m4bf8o9u734rdabj97p1r48ib 869250 869249 2026-06-27T10:16:16Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ugezu Jideofor Ugezu Listenⓘ ƙwararren da aka fi sani da '''Ugezu J. Ugezu''' darektan Najeriya ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da kuma furodusa. Ugezu kuma mawaki ne kuma mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |first=Ama |date=2020-08-21 |title=A Woman who Dresses Naked in the name of Fashion is Classless and Stupid - Actor Ugezu |url=https://www.gistreel.com/a-woman-who-dresses-naked-in-the-name-of-fashion-is-classless-and-stupid-actor-ugezu/ |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ugezu a Enugwu Ukwu, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra, Najeriya]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trophy |first=Boy |date=2022-05-17 |title=Ugezu J Ugezu Biography |url=https://naijasabi.com/read-post?entertainment/biography-ugezu-j.-ugezu&info=244 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=NaijaSabi |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na makarantar firamare, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a, Umueze Anam daga 1982 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tafi Fr. Joseph High School, Aguleri daga 1986 zuwa 1988 inda ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundiata |first=Post |date=2018-01-18 |title=2019 Nollywood Actor Ugezu J Ugezu declares for president |url=https://sundiatapost.com/2019-nollywood-actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-declares-for-president/ |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu J. Ugezu ya sami shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu da aka fi sani da ESUT . A cikin wannan ma'aikatar ne ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |date=2022-08-21 |title=Ugezu J. Ugezu Biography & Life Story, 2024 Net Worth |url=https://hiphopkit.com/biography/ugezu-j-ugezu/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=HipHopKit |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ugezu J. Ugezu ya kasance mai aiki a masana'antar [[Nollywood]] tun daga shekara ta 2000 kuma ya fito a fina-finai sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcdonald |first=Harrison |date=2021-04-20 |title=Actor, Ugezu J. Ugezu opposes Tonto Dikeh's call for Nigerians to get involved in Akuapem Poloo's case l |url=https://www.gistreel.com/actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-opposes-tonto-dikehs-call-for-nigerians-to-get-involved-in-akuapem-poloos-case/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu ya rubuta, taurari ko jagorantar fina-finai waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta [[Al'adun Igbo]] da al'adunsu. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Babu wani abu don komai (2005) kamar yadda Bitrus ya * ''An yi shi a Cambridge'' (2006) a matsayin Yakubu * Yara maza daga Holland (2006) a matsayin Patrick * Wawaye a kan gudu (2007) * Alloli suna da hikima (2008) * Masu yin ruwan sama (2009) a matsayin Donald * Mugun magudi (2010) a matsayin Moore * Amnesty (2011) a matsayin Uche * Gidajen Rana (2011) a matsayin Firist * ''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' (2012) * Ƙarshen yana kusa (2012) * ''Lokacin Ceto'' (2014) * Dust ɗin Kabari (2015) * Echoes of Love (2016) a matsayin Udo Obodo * ''Akweke'' (2016) a matsayin Akpati Nsiegbe * ''Da'irar Wuta'' (2017) * Kyakkyawan Ƙananan (2017) Janar Mai Kula * Waɗuwar 'Yar'uwa (2018) * Destinies (2019) a matsayin Francis * ''Sarki Mai Aminci'' (2020) * ''Firayim Minista'' (2022) * Scaret Chance (2022) a matsayin Ichie Echezona * ''Gimbiya ita ce nawa'' (2022) * ''Kungiyar Jama'a'' (2007) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] 0g4t5oolro6fy3yavd9d77fzdh7w3ys 869253 869250 2026-06-27T10:19:43Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ugezu Jideofor Ugezu Listenⓘ ƙwararren da aka fi sani da '''Ugezu J. Ugezu''' darektan Najeriya ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da kuma furodusa. Ugezu kuma mawaki ne kuma mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |first=Ama |date=2020-08-21 |title=A Woman who Dresses Naked in the name of Fashion is Classless and Stupid - Actor Ugezu |url=https://www.gistreel.com/a-woman-who-dresses-naked-in-the-name-of-fashion-is-classless-and-stupid-actor-ugezu/ |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ugezu a Enugwu Ukwu, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra, Najeriya]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trophy |first=Boy |date=2022-05-17 |title=Ugezu J Ugezu Biography |url=https://naijasabi.com/read-post?entertainment/biography-ugezu-j.-ugezu&info=244 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=NaijaSabi |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na makarantar firamare, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a, Umueze Anam daga 1982 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tafi Fr. Joseph High School, Aguleri daga 1986 zuwa 1988 inda ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundiata |first=Post |date=2018-01-18 |title=2019 Nollywood Actor Ugezu J Ugezu declares for president |url=https://sundiatapost.com/2019-nollywood-actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-declares-for-president/ |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu J. Ugezu ya sami shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu da aka fi sani da ESUT . A cikin wannan ma'aikatar ne ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |date=2022-08-21 |title=Ugezu J. Ugezu Biography & Life Story. == Ayyuka == Ugezu J. Ugezu ya kasance mai aiki a masana'antar [[Nollywood]] tun daga shekara ta 2000 kuma ya fito a fina-finai sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcdonald |first=Harrison |date=2021-04-20 |title=Actor, Ugezu J. Ugezu opposes Tonto Dikeh's call for Nigerians to get involved in Akuapem Poloo's case l |url=https://www.gistreel.com/actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-opposes-tonto-dikehs-call-for-nigerians-to-get-involved-in-akuapem-poloos-case/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu ya rubuta, taurari ko jagorantar fina-finai waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta [[Al'adun Igbo]] da al'adunsu. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Babu wani abu don komai (2005) kamar yadda Bitrus ya * ''An yi shi a Cambridge'' (2006) a matsayin Yakubu * Yara maza daga Holland (2006) a matsayin Patrick * Wawaye a kan gudu (2007) * Alloli suna da hikima (2008) * Masu yin ruwan sama (2009) a matsayin Donald * Mugun magudi (2010) a matsayin Moore * Amnesty (2011) a matsayin Uche * Gidajen Rana (2011) a matsayin Firist * ''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' (2012) * Ƙarshen yana kusa (2012) * ''Lokacin Ceto'' (2014) * Dust ɗin Kabari (2015) * Echoes of Love (2016) a matsayin Udo Obodo * ''Akweke'' (2016) a matsayin Akpati Nsiegbe * ''Da'irar Wuta'' (2017) * Kyakkyawan Ƙananan (2017) Janar Mai Kula * Waɗuwar 'Yar'uwa (2018) * Destinies (2019) a matsayin Francis * ''Sarki Mai Aminci'' (2020) * ''Firayim Minista'' (2022) * Scaret Chance (2022) a matsayin Ichie Echezona * ''Gimbiya ita ce nawa'' (2022) * ''Kungiyar Jama'a'' (2007) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] bx8p29wfxf3g2rx8otdrk2znyj8znzb 869254 869253 2026-06-27T10:20:15Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ugezu Jideofor Ugezu Listenⓘ ƙwararren da aka fi sani da '''Ugezu J. Ugezu''' darektan Najeriya ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da kuma furodusa. Ugezu kuma mawaƙi ne kuma mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |first=Ama |date=2020-08-21 |title=A Woman who Dresses Naked in the name of Fashion is Classless and Stupid - Actor Ugezu |url=https://www.gistreel.com/a-woman-who-dresses-naked-in-the-name-of-fashion-is-classless-and-stupid-actor-ugezu/ |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ugezu a Enugwu Ukwu, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra, Najeriya]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trophy |first=Boy |date=2022-05-17 |title=Ugezu J Ugezu Biography |url=https://naijasabi.com/read-post?entertainment/biography-ugezu-j.-ugezu&info=244 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=NaijaSabi |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na makarantar firamare, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a, Umueze Anam daga 1982 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tafi Fr. Joseph High School, Aguleri daga 1986 zuwa 1988 inda ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundiata |first=Post |date=2018-01-18 |title=2019 Nollywood Actor Ugezu J Ugezu declares for president |url=https://sundiatapost.com/2019-nollywood-actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-declares-for-president/ |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu J. Ugezu ya sami shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu da aka fi sani da ESUT . A cikin wannan ma'aikatar ne ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |date=2022-08-21 |title=Ugezu J. Ugezu Biography & Life Story. == Ayyuka == Ugezu J. Ugezu ya kasance mai aiki a masana'antar [[Nollywood]] tun daga shekara ta 2000 kuma ya fito a fina-finai sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcdonald |first=Harrison |date=2021-04-20 |title=Actor, Ugezu J. Ugezu opposes Tonto Dikeh's call for Nigerians to get involved in Akuapem Poloo's case l |url=https://www.gistreel.com/actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-opposes-tonto-dikehs-call-for-nigerians-to-get-involved-in-akuapem-poloos-case/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu ya rubuta, taurari ko jagorantar fina-finai waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta [[Al'adun Igbo]] da al'adunsu. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Babu wani abu don komai (2005) kamar yadda Bitrus ya * ''An yi shi a Cambridge'' (2006) a matsayin Yakubu * Yara maza daga Holland (2006) a matsayin Patrick * Wawaye a kan gudu (2007) * Alloli suna da hikima (2008) * Masu yin ruwan sama (2009) a matsayin Donald * Mugun magudi (2010) a matsayin Moore * Amnesty (2011) a matsayin Uche * Gidajen Rana (2011) a matsayin Firist * ''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' (2012) * Ƙarshen yana kusa (2012) * ''Lokacin Ceto'' (2014) * Dust ɗin Kabari (2015) * Echoes of Love (2016) a matsayin Udo Obodo * ''Akweke'' (2016) a matsayin Akpati Nsiegbe * ''Da'irar Wuta'' (2017) * Kyakkyawan Ƙananan (2017) Janar Mai Kula * Waɗuwar 'Yar'uwa (2018) * Destinies (2019) a matsayin Francis * ''Sarki Mai Aminci'' (2020) * ''Firayim Minista'' (2022) * Scaret Chance (2022) a matsayin Ichie Echezona * ''Gimbiya ita ce nawa'' (2022) * ''Kungiyar Jama'a'' (2007) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] pbkvvc7l3votoylslz7bncprask3ql9 869256 869254 2026-06-27T10:20:40Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ugezu Jideofor Ugezu Listenⓘ ƙwararren da aka fi sani da '''Ugezu J. Ugezu''' daraktan Najeriya ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da kuma furodusa. Ugezu kuma mawaƙi ne kuma mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |first=Ama |date=2020-08-21 |title=A Woman who Dresses Naked in the name of Fashion is Classless and Stupid - Actor Ugezu |url=https://www.gistreel.com/a-woman-who-dresses-naked-in-the-name-of-fashion-is-classless-and-stupid-actor-ugezu/ |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ugezu a Enugwu Ukwu, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra, Najeriya]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trophy |first=Boy |date=2022-05-17 |title=Ugezu J Ugezu Biography |url=https://naijasabi.com/read-post?entertainment/biography-ugezu-j.-ugezu&info=244 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=NaijaSabi |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na makarantar firamare, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a, Umueze Anam daga 1982 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tafi Fr. Joseph High School, Aguleri daga 1986 zuwa 1988 inda ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundiata |first=Post |date=2018-01-18 |title=2019 Nollywood Actor Ugezu J Ugezu declares for president |url=https://sundiatapost.com/2019-nollywood-actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-declares-for-president/ |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu J. Ugezu ya sami shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu da aka fi sani da ESUT . A cikin wannan ma'aikatar ne ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |date=2022-08-21 |title=Ugezu J. Ugezu Biography & Life Story. == Ayyuka == Ugezu J. Ugezu ya kasance mai aiki a masana'antar [[Nollywood]] tun daga shekara ta 2000 kuma ya fito a fina-finai sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcdonald |first=Harrison |date=2021-04-20 |title=Actor, Ugezu J. Ugezu opposes Tonto Dikeh's call for Nigerians to get involved in Akuapem Poloo's case l |url=https://www.gistreel.com/actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-opposes-tonto-dikehs-call-for-nigerians-to-get-involved-in-akuapem-poloos-case/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu ya rubuta, taurari ko jagorantar fina-finai waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta [[Al'adun Igbo]] da al'adunsu. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Babu wani abu don komai (2005) kamar yadda Bitrus ya * ''An yi shi a Cambridge'' (2006) a matsayin Yakubu * Yara maza daga Holland (2006) a matsayin Patrick * Wawaye a kan gudu (2007) * Alloli suna da hikima (2008) * Masu yin ruwan sama (2009) a matsayin Donald * Mugun magudi (2010) a matsayin Moore * Amnesty (2011) a matsayin Uche * Gidajen Rana (2011) a matsayin Firist * ''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' (2012) * Ƙarshen yana kusa (2012) * ''Lokacin Ceto'' (2014) * Dust ɗin Kabari (2015) * Echoes of Love (2016) a matsayin Udo Obodo * ''Akweke'' (2016) a matsayin Akpati Nsiegbe * ''Da'irar Wuta'' (2017) * Kyakkyawan Ƙananan (2017) Janar Mai Kula * Waɗuwar 'Yar'uwa (2018) * Destinies (2019) a matsayin Francis * ''Sarki Mai Aminci'' (2020) * ''Firayim Minista'' (2022) * Scaret Chance (2022) a matsayin Ichie Echezona * ''Gimbiya ita ce nawa'' (2022) * ''Kungiyar Jama'a'' (2007) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] 5revv9zf2b42bhp0q9p5sl884eenzcc 869257 869256 2026-06-27T10:23:31Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ugezu Jideofor Ugezu Listenⓘ ƙwararren da aka fi sani da '''Ugezu J. Ugezu''' daraktan Najeriya ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da kuma furodusa. Ugezu kuma mawaƙi ne kuma mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |first=Ama |date=2020-08-21 |title=A Woman who Dresses Naked in the name of Fashion is Classless and Stupid - Actor Ugezu |url=https://www.gistreel.com/a-woman-who-dresses-naked-in-the-name-of-fashion-is-classless-and-stupid-actor-ugezu/ |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ugezu a Enugwu Ukwu, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra, Najeriya]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trophy |first=Boy |date=2022-05-17 |title=Ugezu J Ugezu Biography |url=https://naijasabi.com/read-post?entertainment/biography-ugezu-j.-ugezu&info=244 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=NaijaSabi |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> Bayan ya kammala karatun sa na makarantar firamare, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a, Umueze Anam daga 1982 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tafi Fr. Joseph High School, Aguleri daga 1986 zuwa 1988 inda ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundiata |first=Post |date=2018-01-18 |title=2019 Nollywood Actor Ugezu J Ugezu declares for president |url=https://sundiatapost.com/2019-nollywood-actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-declares-for-president/ |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu J. Ugezu ya sami shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu da aka fi sani da ESUT . A cikin wannan ma'aikatar ne ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |date=2022-08-21 |title=Ugezu J. Ugezu Biography & Life Story. == Ayyuka == Ugezu J. Ugezu ya kasance mai aiki a masana'antar [[Nollywood]] tun daga shekara ta 2000 kuma ya fito a fina-finai sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcdonald |first=Harrison |date=2021-04-20 |title=Actor, Ugezu J. Ugezu opposes Tonto Dikeh's call for Nigerians to get involved in Akuapem Poloo's case l |url=https://www.gistreel.com/actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-opposes-tonto-dikehs-call-for-nigerians-to-get-involved-in-akuapem-poloos-case/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu ya rubuta, taurari ko jagorantar fina-finai waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta [[Al'adun Igbo]] da al'adunsu. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Babu wani abu don komai (2005) kamar yadda Bitrus ya * ''An yi shi a Cambridge'' (2006) a matsayin Yakubu * Yara maza daga Holland (2006) a matsayin Patrick * Wawaye a kan gudu (2007) * Alloli suna da hikima (2008) * Masu yin ruwan sama (2009) a matsayin Donald * Mugun magudi (2010) a matsayin Moore * Amnesty (2011) a matsayin Uche * Gidajen Rana (2011) a matsayin Firist * ''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' (2012) * Ƙarshen yana kusa (2012) * ''Lokacin Ceto'' (2014) * Dust ɗin Kabari (2015) * Echoes of Love (2016) a matsayin Udo Obodo * ''Akweke'' (2016) a matsayin Akpati Nsiegbe * ''Da'irar Wuta'' (2017) * Kyakkyawan Ƙananan (2017) Janar Mai Kula * Waɗuwar 'Yar'uwa (2018) * Destinies (2019) a matsayin Francis * ''Sarki Mai Aminci'' (2020) * ''Firayim Minista'' (2022) * Scaret Chance (2022) a matsayin Ichie Echezona * ''Gimbiya ita ce nawa'' (2022) * ''Kungiyar Jama'a'' (2007) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] hdndaz3pta6sdobx82ur61xb8rrn3u3 869259 869257 2026-06-27T10:24:49Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ugezu Jideofor Ugezu Listenⓘ ƙwararren da aka fi sani da '''Ugezu J. Ugezu''' daraktan Najeriya ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da kuma furodusa. Ugezu kuma mawaƙi ne kuma mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |first=Ama |date=2020-08-21 |title=A Woman who Dresses Naked in the name of Fashion is Classless and Stupid - Actor Ugezu |url=https://www.gistreel.com/a-woman-who-dresses-naked-in-the-name-of-fashion-is-classless-and-stupid-actor-ugezu/ |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ugezu a Enugwu Ukwu, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra, Najeriya]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trophy |first=Boy |date=2022-05-17 |title=Ugezu J Ugezu Biography |url=https://naijasabi.com/read-post?entertainment/biography-ugezu-j.-ugezu&info=244 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=NaijaSabi |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> Bayan ya kammala karatun sa na makarantar firamare, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a, Umueze Anam daga 1982 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tafi Fr. Joseph High School, Aguleri daga 1986 zuwa 1988 inda ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundiata |first=Post |date=2018-01-18 |title=2019 Nollywood Actor Ugezu J Ugezu declares for president |url=https://sundiatapost.com/2019-nollywood-actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-declares-for-president/ |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu J. Ugezu ya samu shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu da aka fi sani da ESUT . A cikin wannan ma'aikatar ne ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |date=2022-08-21 |title=Ugezu J. Ugezu Biography & Life Story. == Ayyuka == Ugezu J. Ugezu ya kasance mai aiki a masana'antar [[Nollywood]] tun daga shekara ta 2000 kuma ya fito a fina-finai sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcdonald |first=Harrison |date=2021-04-20 |title=Actor, Ugezu J. Ugezu opposes Tonto Dikeh's call for Nigerians to get involved in Akuapem Poloo's case l |url=https://www.gistreel.com/actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-opposes-tonto-dikehs-call-for-nigerians-to-get-involved-in-akuapem-poloos-case/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu ya rubuta, taurari ko jagorantar fina-finai waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta [[Al'adun Igbo]] da al'adunsu. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Babu wani abu don komai (2005) kamar yadda Bitrus ya * ''An yi shi a Cambridge'' (2006) a matsayin Yakubu * Yara maza daga Holland (2006) a matsayin Patrick * Wawaye a kan gudu (2007) * Alloli suna da hikima (2008) * Masu yin ruwan sama (2009) a matsayin Donald * Mugun magudi (2010) a matsayin Moore * Amnesty (2011) a matsayin Uche * Gidajen Rana (2011) a matsayin Firist * ''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' (2012) * Ƙarshen yana kusa (2012) * ''Lokacin Ceto'' (2014) * Dust ɗin Kabari (2015) * Echoes of Love (2016) a matsayin Udo Obodo * ''Akweke'' (2016) a matsayin Akpati Nsiegbe * ''Da'irar Wuta'' (2017) * Kyakkyawan Ƙananan (2017) Janar Mai Kula * Waɗuwar 'Yar'uwa (2018) * Destinies (2019) a matsayin Francis * ''Sarki Mai Aminci'' (2020) * ''Firayim Minista'' (2022) * Scaret Chance (2022) a matsayin Ichie Echezona * ''Gimbiya ita ce nawa'' (2022) * ''Kungiyar Jama'a'' (2007) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] jp33rbxkmxino9es0p213q4j68hrm8h 869260 869259 2026-06-27T10:26:15Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ugezu Jideofor Ugezu Listenⓘ ƙwararren da aka fi sani da '''Ugezu J. Ugezu''' daraktan Najeriya ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da kuma furodusa. Ugezu kuma mawaƙi ne kuma mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |first=Ama |date=2020-08-21 |title=A Woman who Dresses Naked in the name of Fashion is Classless and Stupid - Actor Ugezu |url=https://www.gistreel.com/a-woman-who-dresses-naked-in-the-name-of-fashion-is-classless-and-stupid-actor-ugezu/ |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ugezu a Enugwu Ukwu, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra, Najeriya]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trophy |first=Boy |date=2022-05-17 |title=Ugezu J Ugezu Biography |url=https://naijasabi.com/read-post?entertainment/biography-ugezu-j.-ugezu&info=244 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=NaijaSabi |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> Bayan ya kammala karatun sa na makarantar firamare, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a, Umueze Anam daga 1982 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tafi Fr. Joseph High School, Aguleri daga 1986 zuwa 1988 inda ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundiata |first=Post |date=2018-01-18 |title=2019 Nollywood Actor Ugezu J Ugezu declares for president |url=https://sundiatapost.com/2019-nollywood-actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-declares-for-president/ |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu J. Ugezu ya samu shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu da aka fi sani da ESUT . A cikin wannan ma'aikatar ne ya sami digiri na farko a cikin gudanar da Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |date=2022-08-21 |title=Ugezu J. Ugezu Biography & Life Story. == Ayyuka == Ugezu J. Ugezu ya kasance mai aiki a masana'antar [[Nollywood]] tun daga shekara ta 2000 kuma ya fito a fina-finai sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcdonald |first=Harrison |date=2021-04-20 |title=Actor, Ugezu J. Ugezu opposes Tonto Dikeh's call for Nigerians to get involved in Akuapem Poloo's case l |url=https://www.gistreel.com/actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-opposes-tonto-dikehs-call-for-nigerians-to-get-involved-in-akuapem-poloos-case/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu ya rubuta, taurari ko jagorantar fina-finai waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta [[Al'adun Igbo]] da al'adunsu. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Babu wani abu don komai (2005) kamar yadda Bitrus ya * ''An yi shi a Cambridge'' (2006) a matsayin Yakubu * Yara maza daga Holland (2006) a matsayin Patrick * Wawaye a kan gudu (2007) * Alloli suna da hikima (2008) * Masu yin ruwan sama (2009) a matsayin Donald * Mugun magudi (2010) a matsayin Moore * Amnesty (2011) a matsayin Uche * Gidajen Rana (2011) a matsayin Firist * ''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' (2012) * Ƙarshen yana kusa (2012) * ''Lokacin Ceto'' (2014) * Dust ɗin Kabari (2015) * Echoes of Love (2016) a matsayin Udo Obodo * ''Akweke'' (2016) a matsayin Akpati Nsiegbe * ''Da'irar Wuta'' (2017) * Kyakkyawan Ƙananan (2017) Janar Mai Kula * Waɗuwar 'Yar'uwa (2018) * Destinies (2019) a matsayin Francis * ''Sarki Mai Aminci'' (2020) * ''Firayim Minista'' (2022) * Scaret Chance (2022) a matsayin Ichie Echezona * ''Gimbiya ita ce nawa'' (2022) * ''Kungiyar Jama'a'' (2007) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] kshqpfprpxlcda57bv9s5bzc81v8z3g 869264 869260 2026-06-27T10:28:17Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 869264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ugezu Jideofor Ugezu Listenⓘ ƙwararren da aka fi sani da '''Ugezu J. Ugezu''' daraktan Najeriya ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da kuma furodusa. Ugezu kuma mawaƙi ne kuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |first=Ama |date=2020-08-21 |title=A Woman who Dresses Naked in the name of Fashion is Classless and Stupid - Actor Ugezu |url=https://www.gistreel.com/a-woman-who-dresses-naked-in-the-name-of-fashion-is-classless-and-stupid-actor-ugezu/ |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ugezu a Enugwu Ukwu, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra, Najeriya]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trophy |first=Boy |date=2022-05-17 |title=Ugezu J Ugezu Biography |url=https://naijasabi.com/read-post?entertainment/biography-ugezu-j.-ugezu&info=244 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=NaijaSabi |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> Bayan ya kammala karatun sa na makarantar firamare, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a, Umueze Anam daga 1982 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tafi Fr. Joseph High School, Aguleri daga 1986 zuwa 1988 inda ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundiata |first=Post |date=2018-01-18 |title=2019 Nollywood Actor Ugezu J Ugezu declares for president |url=https://sundiatapost.com/2019-nollywood-actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-declares-for-president/ |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu J. Ugezu ya samu shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu da aka fi sani da ESUT . A cikin wannan ma'aikatar ne ya sami digiri na farko a cikin gudanar da Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |date=2022-08-21 |title=Ugezu J. Ugezu Biography & Life Story. == Ayyuka == Ugezu J. Ugezu ya kasance mai aiki a masana'antar [[Nollywood]] tun daga shekara ta 2000 kuma ya fito a fina-finai sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcdonald |first=Harrison |date=2021-04-20 |title=Actor, Ugezu J. Ugezu opposes Tonto Dikeh's call for Nigerians to get involved in Akuapem Poloo's case l |url=https://www.gistreel.com/actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-opposes-tonto-dikehs-call-for-nigerians-to-get-involved-in-akuapem-poloos-case/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ugezu ya rubuta, taurari ko jagorantar fina-finai waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta [[Al'adun Igbo]] da al'adunsu. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Babu wani abu don komai (2005) kamar yadda Bitrus ya * ''An yi shi a Cambridge'' (2006) a matsayin Yakubu * Yara maza daga Holland (2006) a matsayin Patrick * Wawaye a kan gudu (2007) * Alloli suna da hikima (2008) * Masu yin ruwan sama (2009) a matsayin Donald * Mugun magudi (2010) a matsayin Moore * Amnesty (2011) a matsayin Uche * Gidajen Rana (2011) a matsayin Firist * ''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' (2012) * Ƙarshen yana kusa (2012) * ''Lokacin Ceto'' (2014) * Dust ɗin Kabari (2015) * Echoes of Love (2016) a matsayin Udo Obodo * ''Akweke'' (2016) a matsayin Akpati Nsiegbe * ''Da'irar Wuta'' (2017) * Kyakkyawan Ƙananan (2017) Janar Mai Kula * Waɗuwar 'Yar'uwa (2018) * Destinies (2019) a matsayin Francis * ''Sarki Mai Aminci'' (2020) * ''Firayim Minista'' (2022) * Scaret Chance (2022) a matsayin Ichie Echezona * ''Gimbiya ita ce nawa'' (2022) * ''Kungiyar Jama'a'' (2007) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] phm0npyp8jxu1rlxoqghh4j11nrvu6i 0 123499 868903 824745 2026-06-26T21:15:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdou Maty Samb''' ɗan kasuwa ne na Senegal-Faransanci, diflomasiyya, kuma mai ba da agaji<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Abdou |url=https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Abdou Samb Foundation |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212064101/https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Abdou Samb: Innovator, Philanthropist, and Change-Maker |url=https://www.iheart.com/podcast/1333-abdou-samb-foundation-pod-295682744/episode/meet-abdou-samb-innovator-philanthropist-and-295682752/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=iHeartRadio }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> wanda aka san shi da aikinsa a cikin kudi na duniya, sauyawar dijital, da alaƙar Afirka da Turai.<ref name="c20">{{Cite web |title=Abdou Samb |url=https://c20southafrica.org/abdou-samb/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=C20 South Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-11 |title=Abdou Samb: The digital world today brings us into the world of tomorrow |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/en/2018/07/11/abdou-samb-the-digital-world-today-brings-us-into-the-world-of-tomorrow/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Financial Afrik}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban FRS Consulting, jakadan girmamawa ga Majalisar Dokokin Pan Afirka don Diaspora da Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Turai da Amurka, mai ba da shawara kan dabarun tattara kudade ga C20 a cikin tsarin G20, kuma shugaban Gidauniyar Abdou Samb.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.frsconsulting.fr/en/about-us/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=FRS Consulting}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-05 |title=How Africa's diaspora can reshape global partnerships at the G20 |url=https://iol.co.za/sundayindependent/dispatch/2025-10-05-how-africas-diaspora-can-reshape-global-partnerships-at-the-g20/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Sunday Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strategic Investments Fund |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/investment-plan/strategic-investments-fund/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=European Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil Society (C20) |url=https://g20.org/track/civil-society-c20/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=G20.org |archive-date=2024-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219233037/https://g20.org/track/civil-society-c20/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2025 |title=African Diaspora focus on upcoming G20 Summit in Johannesburg |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGTyfJkCgvY |access-date=5 November 2025 |website=YouTube |publisher=Radio 702 |type=video}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da al'adun gargajiya == An haifi Abdou Samb a [[Kamaru]] ga iyayen Senegal daga yankin [[Masarautar Baol|Ba'ol]] na Mutanen Wolof a Senegal. Mahaifinsa, Cheikh Samb (ya mutu), wanda aka sani a duk yankin Sahel a matsayin "The Time Seller," ya gina rayuwarsa yana tafiya a fadin Afirka ta Yamma yana sayar da agogo da agogo, yana nuna al'adar ƙarni na kasuwancin Baol da cinikin yanki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Abdou |url=https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Abdou Samb Foundation |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212064101/https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa, Diama Gueye, tana zaune a [[Dakar]] kuma ta ba da hikima ta tushe a duk lokacin da yake girma. Yaron yaro na Samb a [[Libreville]], [[Gabon]], da kuma dawowa zuwa Senegal yana da shekaru 13 ya fallasa shi ga al'adun Afirka ta Yamma da tsarin tattalin arziki daban-daban, wanda ya zama tushen hangen nesa na kasa da kasa. Yana da 'yan'uwa maza biyar da mata shida (ɗan'uwa daya ya mutu), yana girma a cikin babbar hanyar sadarwar iyali wacce ta karfafa dabi'un al'umma da goyon bayan juna. == Ilimi da horo na ilimi == Sakamakon ilimin Samb ya kunshi cibiyoyin Faransanci da yawa, wanda ya fara da digiri a [[Computer research|Binciken Kwamfuta]] daga [[University of Caen Normandy|Jami'ar Caen]] da Injiniyan lissafi daga Jami'an Savoie Mont Blanc . Ya ci gaba da karatun sa a Cycle des Hautes Études de Développement Économique (CHEDE), <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Abdou |url=https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Abdou Samb Foundation |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212064101/https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> wani shirin tattalin arziki da aka kafa a matsayin hadin gwiwa na Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Faransa da Makarantar Tattalin Ruwa ta Paris, inda ya yi nazarin matsalolin tattalin arziki masu rikitarwa da ke fuskantar tattalin arzikin duniya. Ya ci gaba da inganta kwarewarsa ta gudanar da jama'a tare da MBA a Koyarwa da Taimako ga Canjin Kungiyoyin Jama'a daga jami'ar Paris Dauphine . An kammala takardun shaidar Samb a Cibiyar Nazarin Ayyukan Jama'a ta Faransa (INSP), wanda aka fi sani da École Nationale d'Administration (ENA), inda ya yi nazarin manufofin jama'a na kasa da kasa, kuma a Cibiyar Ci gaba da Nazarin Tsaro ta Kasa (IHEDN), inda ya kammala karatu daga Taron Nazarin Tsaron Kasa na 55 a matsayin mai bincike, wanda Firayim Ministan Faransa ya nada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Abdou |url=https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Abdou Samb Foundation |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212064101/https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2011, Samb ya kafa FRS Consulting, <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Abdou |url=https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Abdou Samb Foundation }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Abdou Samb: Innovator, Philanthropist, and Change-Maker |url=https://www.iheart.com/podcast/1333-abdou-samb-foundation-pod-295682744/episode/meet-abdou-samb-innovator-philanthropist-and-295682752/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=iHeartRadio }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> inda ya kafa shi a matsayin kamfani mai ba da shawara na kasa da kasa wanda ke da hedikwata a [[Faris|Paris]] tare da ofisoshi a [[Turai]] da [[Afirka]], wanda ke ƙwarewa wajen tara kudaden jama'a daga masu ba da gudummawa da yawa, bankunan saka hannun jari na duniya, da kudaden masu zaman kansu don manyan ayyukan da suka wuce Yuro miliyan 25.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-11 |title=Abdou Samb: The digital world today brings us into the world of tomorrow |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/en/2018/07/11/abdou-samb-the-digital-world-today-brings-us-into-the-world-of-tomorrow/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Financial Afrik}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Samb ya fara aikinsa na ba da shawara ga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, inda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga shirin Digital4Development (D4D) <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Abdou |url=https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Abdou Samb Foundation |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212064101/https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Abdou Samb: Innovator, Philanthropist, and Change-Maker |url=https://www.iheart.com/podcast/1333-abdou-samb-foundation-pod-295682744/episode/meet-abdou-samb-innovator-philanthropist-and-295682752/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=iHeartRadio }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> shirin, cikakkiyar dabarar da aka yi niyyar kawar da rarrabuwar dijital tsakanin Turai da Afirka. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tsara tsarin don ci gaban ababen more rayuwa na dijital, inganta kasuwancin dijital, da sauƙaƙe canja wurin fasaha tsakanin nahiyoyi biyu. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta karɓi binciken a cikin 2017, wanda ya sanya fasahar dijital da kasuwancin matasa a matsayin mahimman matakai don cimma burin ci gaba mai ɗorewa a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-11 |title=Abdou Samb: The digital world today brings us into the world of tomorrow |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/en/2018/07/11/abdou-samb-the-digital-world-today-brings-us-into-the-world-of-tomorrow/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Financial Afrik}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.frsconsulting.fr/en/about-us/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=FRS Consulting}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-05 |title=How Africa's diaspora can reshape global partnerships at the G20 |url=https://iol.co.za/sundayindependent/dispatch/2025-10-05-how-africas-diaspora-can-reshape-global-partnerships-at-the-g20/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Sunday Independent}}</ref> == Ayyukan agaji da Gidauniyar Abdou Samb == A cikin 2025, an amince da Samb <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Abdou |url=https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Abdou Samb Foundation |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212064101/https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> a matsayin Afirka ta Shekara ta Ofishin Jakadancin Afirka: Mata Tare da Kyautar Ofishin Jakadun <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Abdou Samb: Innovator, Philanthropist, and Change-Maker |url=https://www.iheart.com/podcast/1333-abdou-samb-foundation-pod-295682744/episode/meet-abdou-samb-innovator-philanthropist-and-295682752/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=iHeartRadio }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a wani bikin da aka gudanar a Sandton, Johannesburg, yana amincewa da gudummawar da ya bayar ga aikin diaspora da ci gaban Afirka. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Shi ne mahaifin yara huɗu: Yanis, Mathéo, Diama, da Anna. Wani Musulmi mai aiki na al'ummar Mouride Sufi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Abdou |url=https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Abdou Samb Foundation |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212064101/https://abdousambfoundation.org/aboutabdou.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Samb yana kewaya al'adun al'adu daban-daban tare da godiya ta musamman ga kayan al'adu na alama, wanda ya tabbatar da tarin fiye da 200 daga ko'ina cikin duniya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] p6p8u1zs8d0s2vc12535bn20vj6bqzc 0 125030 868889 821025 2026-06-26T20:29:12Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bastard Out of Carolina wani littafi ne na 1992 na [[Dorothy Allison]] . Semi-autobiographical a yanayi, littafin an saita shi a garin Allison na Greenville, [[South Carolina]] a cikin 1950s. Ruth Anne "Bone" Boatwright ce ta ba da labarin, rikici na farko ya faru tsakanin Bone da mijin mahaifiyarta, Glen Waddell . Littafin ya bincika rikitarwa na dangantakar uwa da yaro, da kuma yanayin aji, kabilanci, da jima'i a Kudancin Amurka, dukansu suna taka rawa a rayuwar Bone da alakarta da wasu. An fassara littafin cikin harsuna sama da goma sha biyu, kuma an daidaita shi cikin fim a cikin 1996. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |date=1996-05-17 |title=Bastard Out of Carolina |url=https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/bastard-out-of-carolina-1200445804/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Variety}}</ref> An kira shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan litattafan Amurka 136 ta The Atlantic a watan Maris na shekara ta 2024. == Makirci == Littafin ya buɗe tare da Bone yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da haihuwarta. Mahaifiyar Bone mai shekaru 15, Anney, ta haihu bayan ta ji rauni sosai a hatsarin mota. Anney ba ta da aure, kuma ba ta da hankali yayin haihuwa. 'Yar'uwar Anney, Ruth, da mahaifiyarsu suna ƙoƙari su ba da sunan ƙarya ga mahaifin Bone, kuma an kama su cikin yaudararsu. An ayyana Bone a matsayin ɗan banza, yaro da aka haifa ba tare da aure ba, kuma "marasa izini" an buga shi da manyan jan haruffa a takardar shaidar haihuwarta. Anney, wanda "ya ƙi a kira shi sharar gida", ya shafe shekaru biyu masu zuwa ba tare da nasara ba don samun sabon takardar shaidar haihuwa da aka bayar. Wannan ya buɗe ta ga ba'a ga kwastomomi a wurin cin abinci inda take aiki.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=March 30, 1992 |title=Bastard Out of Carolina by Dorothy Allison |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780525934257 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> A shekara ta 17, Anney ta auri Lyle Parsons kuma ta haifi wata 'yar, Reese, ba da daɗewa ba. Lyle ya mutu a hatsarin mota, ya bar Anney "duk baƙin ciki da yunwa". Bayan ta kasance ba tare da aure ba na 'yan shekaru, sai ta yi jima'i da Glen Waddell, ɗan wani shahararren mai mallakar madara. Sun yi aure bayan shekaru biyu, lokacin da Anney ta sake yin ciki.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Bastard Out of Carolina Summary - eNotes.com |url=https://www.enotes.com/topics/bastard-out-carolina |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=eNotes}}</ref> Anney ta haifi jariri mai mutuwa, kuma ba ta iya samun karin yara ba. Yayinda Anney ke cikin haihuwa, Glen ya lalata Bone a cikin mota. Adadin iyalin ya ragu, tare da Glen ya rasa aiki bayan aiki saboda rashin iya sarrafa fushinsa. Ya fara cin zarafin Bone a zahiri; duka da bulala sun bar ta da rauni.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=March 30, 1992 |title=Bastard Out of Carolina by Dorothy Allison |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780525934257 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Publishers Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780525934257 "Bastard Out of Carolina by Dorothy Allison"]. ''Publishers Weekly''. March 30, 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Bastard Out of Carolina Summary - eNotes.com |url=https://www.enotes.com/topics/bastard-out-carolina |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=eNotes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.enotes.com/topics/bastard-out-carolina "Bastard Out of Carolina Summary - eNotes.com"]. ''eNotes''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Lokacin da Anney ta gano cin zarafin, sai ta bar Glen, wanda ya yi alkawarin ba zai sake yin hakan ba. Anney ya dawo da shi, kuma cin zarafin ya ci gaba. Anney ta sake barin Glen bayan 'yan uwanta masu wahala, masu shan giya sun doke Glen zuwa zubar da jini lokacin da suka gano cin zarafin. Bone sai ta gaya wa Anney cewa ba za ta sake zama a cikin gidan daya da Glen ba. Bone ta ce tana son Anney kuma za ta gafarta mata idan ta yanke shawarar komawa Glen, amma ta kasance mai ƙarfi cewa ba za ta sake zama tare da shi ba. Anney ta yi alkawarin ba za ta koma Glen ba sai dai idan Bone ya zo tare da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Bastard Out of Carolina Summary - eNotes.com |url=https://www.enotes.com/topics/bastard-out-carolina |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=eNotes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.enotes.com/topics/bastard-out-carolina "Bastard Out of Carolina Summary - eNotes.com"]. ''eNotes''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Lokacin da Glen ya gano wannan, sai ya kai hari kan Bone a gidan kawunta Alma, ya karya hannunta kuma ya yi mata [[fyade]] a bene na kicin. Anney ya shiga cikin harin kuma ya yi yaƙi da shi. Glen ya bi su biyu zuwa motar, tare da wando a kan gwiwoyinsa, yana rokon Anney ya kashe shi maimakon ya bar shi. Ga ƙyamar Bone da mamaki, Anney ta ƙare tana kuka kuma tana jefa hannayenta a kusa da Glen. Anney sai ya tafi tare da Glen.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Bastard Out of Carolina Summary - eNotes.com |url=https://www.enotes.com/topics/bastard-out-carolina |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=eNotes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.enotes.com/topics/bastard-out-carolina "Bastard Out of Carolina Summary - eNotes.com"]. ''eNotes''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=March 30, 1992 |title=Bastard Out of Carolina by Dorothy Allison |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780525934257 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Publishers Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780525934257 "Bastard Out of Carolina by Dorothy Allison"]. ''Publishers Weekly''. March 30, 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Aunty Raylene ta Bone ta kai ta asibiti kuma ta kula da ita. Yayinda Bone ke murmurewa a gidan Raylene, Anney ya bayyana tare da sabon takardar shaidar haihuwa don Bone, wanda ba tare da "ba bisa ka'ida ba" da aka buga a kasa. Ta roƙi Bone gafartawa, kuma ta tafi ba tare da ta ce inda take zuwa ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Bastard Out of Carolina Summary - eNotes.com |url=https://www.enotes.com/topics/bastard-out-carolina |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=eNotes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.enotes.com/topics/bastard-out-carolina "Bastard Out of Carolina Summary - eNotes.com"]. ''eNotes''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Tarihi == Bastard Out of Carolina yana da tarihin kansa, yana nuna manyan sassan yarinta, gami da haihuwar mahaifiyar matashiya, wanda aka yi alama a lokacin haihuwa a matsayin ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma yana shan wahala a jiki da jima'i a hannun mahaifinta a duk lokacin yarinta. Yanayin iri ɗaya ne: Wata iyali mai talauci a cikin shekarun 1950 mai zurfi a Kudu. Koyaya, a cikin littafinta na 1995 Two or Three Things I Know for Sure, ta ba da cikakken bayani game da waɗanne ɓangarorin labarin Bone sun yi kama da nata, kuma waɗanda suka bambanta. Allison ta kira babban hali Bone bayan waka da ta rubuta game da cin zarafin kanta, "To the Bone", wanda aka haɗa shi a cikin littafin waƙoƙinta The Women Who Hate Me, wanda aka buga a 1991, shekara guda kafin Bastard ya fito. == Bincike == Bayan bugawa, Bastard Out of Carolina ya sami nasara nan take, tare da sake dubawa daga Village Voice, [[San Francisco]] Chronicle, da [[New York Times|The New York Times]] Book Review . <ref>Voices of Feminism Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College. [https://compass.fivecolleges.edu/islandora/object/smith:1342618 Dorothy Allison, Interviewed by Kelly Anderson] November 18 and 19, 2007 Guerneville, CA</ref> A cikin bita na ''NYTBR'', George Garrett ya lura cewa kodayake wasu batutuwa sun kasance daidai da tarin gajerun labaru na baya, littafin "ba ta wata hanya da alama ba ne na gajerun labarai da aka haɗa tare. Duk abin da, kowane bangare, na littafin ne kawai" kuma "kusa da rashin lahani kamar yadda kowane mai karatu zai iya fata". Ya kwatanta shi da littafin J.D. Salinger mai suna Catcher in the Rye da [[Harfer lee|Harper Lee]]'s novel To Kill a Mockingbird, yana rubutu, "Halin ta na musamman sun haɗa da cikakkiyar kunne don magana da sautin halitta; wani mummunan, tarin lyricism; duniya mai zurfi da aka tsara, tare da dukkan jiye-jiye guda biyar suna aiki tare; kuma, sama da duka, sakewa harshe don fassarar kai tsaye na jiye-ji masu zurfi da rikitarwa. " K. K. Roeder a cikin San Francisco Review of Books ya bayyana cewa Allison "ya ba da labarin wahalar gwagwarmayar Bone tare da tsananin ƙarfi, ban dariya, da ƙin yarda da jin tausayi, yana mai da Bastard wani abu mai ban sha'awa tsakanin ayyukan almara da ke hulɗa da yara da aka zalunta. " [1] Bastard Out of Carolina hoto mai zurfi na yanayin iyali a cikin yankunan karkara na Kudu da "wani muhimmin labari". Ya tabbatar da cewa "ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin karanta littafin Allison shine a matsayin labarin game da ikon irin waɗannan labarun" - game da wanda ya ƙidaya kuma wanda ba ya ƙidayar - "waɗanda aka gaya mana game da mu, waɗanda muka koyi gaya mana game na kanmu - da kuma hanyar da za su iya fadada damarmu, ko kuma su juya su".[2] Publishers Weekly ta ce game da littafin cewa "Allison ta ba da labari na farko da aka yaba da ita, wanda aka zaba a lambar yabo ta kasa, tare da haruffa masu ban sha'awa, kuma ta cika shi da ma'anar saitin sa - Greenville, S.C. <ref>Voices of Feminism Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College. [https://compass.fivecolleges.edu/islandora/object/smith:1342618 Dorothy Allison, Interviewed by Kelly Anderson] November 18 and 19, 2007 Guerneville, CA</ref> Kirkus Reviews ya ba da bita mai rikitarwa, yana yaba da yadda Allison ke kula da batutuwa masu mahimmanci amma sun fi dacewa, kamar cin zarafin yara da jima'i, amma ya kammala cewa sabanin cewa kamar yadda ya saba da gajerun ayyukan Allison, Bastard Out of Carolina ya ƙare "yanawa da yawa ba ta da'a da'azin ta da yawa ba za ta da'awar cewa ba ta da yawa" sau da yawa ba "mai tausayi ba ta da iko da yawa ba, sau da yawa" Allison ba ta da 'yanci ba ta da hankali ga'a'a da yawa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |date=1996-05-17 |title=Bastard Out of Carolina |url=https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/bastard-out-of-carolina-1200445804/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Variety}}</ref> An kira Bastard Out of Carolina daya daga cikin manyan litattafan Amurka na Atlantic na Shekaru 100 da suka gabata.<ref>Voices of Feminism Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College. [https://compass.fivecolleges.edu/islandora/object/smith:1342618 Dorothy Allison, Interviewed by Kelly Anderson] November 18 and 19, 2007 Guerneville, CA</ref> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Kyaututtuka ga ''Bastard daga Carolina'' !Shekara !Kyautar !Sakamakon !Tabbacin. |- !1992 |ALA Littattafai Masu Kyau don Kwalejin Ƙayyadaddun da Masu Koyarwa na Rayuwa |Zaɓin |<ref>Voices of Feminism Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College. [https://compass.fivecolleges.edu/islandora/object/smith:1342618 Dorothy Allison, Interviewed by Kelly Anderson] November 18 and 19, 2007 Guerneville, CA</ref> |- !1992 |Kyautar Littafin Kasa don Fiction |Wanda ya kammala |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |date=1996-05-17 |title=Bastard Out of Carolina |url=https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/bastard-out-of-carolina-1200445804/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- !1993 |Kyautar Ferro Grumley don Labaran Lesbian |'''Wanda ya ci nasara''' |<ref>Voices of Feminism Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College. [https://compass.fivecolleges.edu/islandora/object/smith:1342618 Dorothy Allison, Interviewed by Kelly Anderson] November 18 and 19, 2007 Guerneville, CA</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * URashin izini a cikin almara == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1xz9dflmw2j7aex8iq6hmfa3a7sf7se 0 127929 869067 794757 2026-06-27T04:01:46Z Trey314159 7254 fix homoglyphs: convert Cyrillic characters in [О]leksandr to Latin 869067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Academic '''Kyiv Modern-''' Ballet Theater ( Ukrainian , wanda aka yiwa lakabi da cikakken ''wurin taron jama'a 'Gidan wasan kwaikwayo da nishaɗi na al'adu "Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani na Kyiv'' "') gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne na zamani na [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] na wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka tsara shi azaman marubuci, tare da jerin waƙoƙi da fifikon fasaha ana tantance su ta hanyar samar da mai horar da mawaka ɗaya, ɗaya. Wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana neman ƙirƙirar dakin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha na rawa ta zamani tare da gwaje-gwajen da ya yi, tare da fassarar asali, ba ta dace ba na wasannin kwaikwayo na duniya, da kuma gyara da haɓaka siffa da yaren [[Modern dance|rawa ta zamani]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Комунальна організація (установа, заклад) Театрально-видовищний заклад культури Академічний театр «Київ Модерн-балет» |url=https://dk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/akademichnyy-teatr-kyiv-modernbalet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125122444/https://dk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/akademichnyy-teatr-kyiv-modernbalet.html |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=dk.kyivcity.gov.ua}}</ref> Yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a yawon shakatawa sosai, a Ukraine da kuma ƙasashen waje. <ref name="Kyiv Post Chat2">{{Cite web |date=2008-08-27 |title=A chat with Radu Poklitaru |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/lifestyle/a-chat-with-radu-poklitaru-29498.html |website=[[Kyiv Post]] |language=en}}</ref> Wanda ya kafa kuma babban malamin rawa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo shine [[Radu Poklitaru]] <ref name="Viy WO2">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-04 |title=The Dark Side of White: Enter Viy |url=https://whatson-kyiv.com/the-dark-side-of-white-enter-viy/ |website=[[What's On Kyiv]] |language=en}}</ref> — Ma'aikacin Fasaha na Ukraine, wanda ya lashe [[Shevchenko National Prize|kyautar Shevchenko ta ƙasa]] ta Ukraine, Mai Zane na Jama'a na Moldova. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ президента України №251/2017 Про відзначення державними нагородами України з нагоди Дня незалежності України |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/4912020-35545 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=www.president.gov.ua}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Про присудження Національної премії України імені Тараса Шевченка |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/77/2016 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=zakon.rada.gov.ua}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Radu_Poklitaru_preparation_for_ballet.jpg|thumb|Shiri don rawa]] [[Fayil:Scene_from_the_ballet_Carmen.TV.jpg|thumb|wasan kwaikwayo daga rawa ''Carmen.'' ''TV'']] [[Fayil:Shevchenko_National_Prize_award_ceremony_2016_3.jpg|thumb|Bikin bayar da kyautar Shevchenko National Prize of Ukraine-2016: Shugaban Ukraine Petro Poroshenko tare da wadanda suka lashe kyautar (mai zane Mykhaylo Huida, mawaƙiya Anzhelina Shvachka, mai talla Levko Lukianenko, mai tsara rawa Radu Poklitaru )]] [[Fayil:Scene_from_the_ballet_The_Sleeping_Beauty.jpg|thumb|Scene daga rawanin rawa ''The Sleeping Beauty'']] Tarihin ''Kyiv Modern-ballet'' ya fara ne a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2005, da daren farko na shirin ''Le forze del destino'' ( Ukrainian ), wanda ''Gidauniyar Fasaha ta Volodymyr Filippov'' ta ba da umarni, <ref name="Day 2013">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-09 |title=A modern choreography center to be founded in the capital |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/culture/modern-choreography-center-be-founded-capital |website=[[The Day (Kyiv)|The Day]] |language=en}}</ref> wanda ya ƙunshi manyan albarkatun ƙirƙira na gidan wasan kwaikwayo - mai tsara rawa Radu Poklitaru, mai tsara yanayi Andriy Zlobin, mai zane mai kayan ado Hanna Ipatieva, mai shirya fitilu Olena Antokhina, mai shirya sauti Oleksandr Kuriy, mataimakiyar mai tsara rawa Anatoliy Kozlov, da kuma wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda daga baya suka zama wani ɓangare na kamfanin dindindin. <ref name="I-UA">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=Раду ПОКЛІТАРУ: «Головне — живий контакт з глядачем!» |url=https://i-ua.tv/culture/28032-radu-poklitaru-holovne-zhyvyi-kontakt-z-hliadachem |access-date=2021-10-27 |website=I-UA.tv |language=uk}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da yabo == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 10px;" !Year !Prize !Nomination !Nominee !Result |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |2007 | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |The ''Kyiv Pectoral'' theatrical prize<br /><br />of the 2006/07<ref name="Mariinsky">{{Cite web |title=Kiev Modern Ballet |url=https://www.mariinsky.ru/en/company/priglashennye_kollektivy/kmb/ |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=www.mariinsky.ru}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |The best production of the drama theatre | style="text-align:center" |''Carmen.TV'' | {{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best choreography and plastic arts / plastic interpretation of a production | style="text-align:center" |Radu Poklitaru<br /><br />(''Carmen.TV'') | {{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best performance of a female part | style="text-align:center" |Olga Kondakova<br /><br />(Carmen in the ballet ''Carmen.TV'') | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center" |2008 | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |The ''Kyiv Pectoral'' theatrical prize<br /><br />of the 2007/08<ref name="Teatre 2008">{{Cite web |date=2008-04-10 |title=Київська Пектораль 2007 |url=http://teatre.com.ua/review/kyjvska_pektoral_2007/ |website=Teatre.com.ua |language=uk}}</ref><ref name="Nutcracker Destinations">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-08 |title='The Nutcracker' Ballet by Kyiv Modern-Ballet Theatre |url=https://destinations.com.ua/art/the-nutcracker-ballet-by-kyiv-modern-ballet-theatre |website=Destinations |language=en |access-date=2026-01-01 |archive-date=2022-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305210556/https://destinations.com.ua/art/the-nutcracker-ballet-by-kyiv-modern-ballet-theatre |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |The Event of the Year | style="text-align:center" |''Bolero''<br /><br />''Rain''<br /><br />''The Verona Myth: Shakespearements''<br /><br />''The Nutcracker'' | {{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center" |2013 | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |The ''Kyiv Pectoral'' theatrical prize<br /><br />of the 2012/13<ref>{{Cite web |title=Комунальна організація (установа, заклад) Театрально-видовищний заклад культури Академічний театр «Київ Модерн-балет» |url=https://dk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/akademichnyy-teatr-kyiv-modernbalet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125122444/https://dk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/akademichnyy-teatr-kyiv-modernbalet.html |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=dk.kyivcity.gov.ua}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |The artistic event at a musical theatre / The best production of a musical theatre | style="text-align:center" |''The Intersection'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |2014 | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |The ''Kyiv Pectoral'' theatrical prize<br /><br />of the 2013/14<ref name="DT 2014 Pectoral">{{Cite web |date=2014-03-21 |title=Український театр, виставка досягнень |url=https://zn.ua/ukr/ART/ukrayinskiy-teatr-vistavka-dosyagnen-_.html |website=[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |language=uk}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |The artistic event at a musical theatre / The best production of a musical theatre | style="text-align:center" |''Swan Lake'' | {{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best choreography and plastic arts / plastic interpretation of a production | style="text-align:center" |Radu Poklitaru<br /><br />(''Swan Lake'') | {{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best stage directing début | style="text-align:center" |Oleksiy Busko<br /><br />(''Seasons'') | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center" |2016 | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |''Shevchenko National Prize'' of Ukraine<ref name="Shevchenko National Prize">{{Cite web |title=Хореографія балету-триптиху «Перехрестя» на музику М.М.Скорика, балетів «Лебедине озеро» П.І.Чайковського, «Жінки в ре мінорі» на музику Й.С.Баха, «Довгий різдвяний обід» на музику А.Вівальді &#124; Комітет з Національної премії України імені Тараса Шевченка |url=http://knpu.gov.ua/content/%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%83-%C2%AB%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%C2%BB-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83-%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2-%C2%AB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%C2%BB-%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207211000/http://knpu.gov.ua/content/%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%83-%C2%AB%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%C2%BB-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83-%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2-%C2%AB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%C2%BB-%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=knpu.gov.ua}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |Musical Art | style="text-align:center" |''Swan Lake''<br /><br />''Women in D-Moll''<br /><br />''The Long Christmas Dinner''<br /><br />''The Intersection'' | {{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center" |2019 | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |''GRA''<br /><br />II All-Ukrainian Theatrical Festival-Prize<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ президента України №251/2017 Про відзначення державними нагородами України з нагоди Дня незалежності України |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/4912020-35545 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=www.president.gov.ua}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |The best choreographic/ballet/plastic production | style="text-align:center" |''The Sleeping Beauty'' | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" |2020 | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" |The ''Kyiv Pectoral'' theatrical prize<br /><br />of the 2019/20<ref>{{Cite web |title=Про присудження Національної премії України імені Тараса Шевченка |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/77/2016 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=zakon.rada.gov.ua}}</ref><ref>[https://www.legis.md/cautare/getResults?doc_id=95045&lang=ru Указ Президента Республика Молдова от 13 сентября 2016 года №2335 О присвоении господину Раду Поклитару почётного звания «Artist al Poporului»]</ref> | style="text-align:center" |The best stage directing | style="text-align:center" |Radu Poklitaru<br /><br />(''Viy'') | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best performance of a male part | style="text-align:center" |Illia Miroshnychenko<br /><br />(Khoma Brutus in the ballet ''Viy'') | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best musical conception of a production | style="text-align:center" |Oleksandr Rodin<br /><br />(''Viy'') | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best plastic interpretation of a production | style="text-align:center" |Radu Poklitaru<br /><br />(''Viy'') | {{Won}} |- |} == Adabi == * Елена Узун. Свободный танец Rаду Поклитару. / Elena Uzun. Rawar Radu Poklitaru. - [[Chisinau|Chișinău]] : «Elan INC» (типографія «Elan Poligraf»), 2012. - 158 p. - <nowiki>ISBN 978-9975-4251-2-4</nowiki> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Комунальна організація (установа, заклад) Театрально-видовищний заклад культури Академічний театр «Київ Модерн-балет» |url=https://dk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/akademichnyy-teatr-kyiv-modernbalet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125122444/https://dk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/akademichnyy-teatr-kyiv-modernbalet.html |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=dk.kyivcity.gov.ua}}</ref> == Manazarta == qfvl2147igg4igmu2vgu7x587pkwz2b 0 127999 868886 761538 2026-06-26T20:27:41Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana iya samun masu karatu a cikin al'adun gargajiya a wurare daban-daban, gami da fim, talabijin, kiɗa da adabi. Bayanan su sun bambanta kuma suna iya wakiltar ko rushe ra'ayoyi daban-daban. Gidajen karatu da masu karatu abubuwa ne masu maimaitawa a cikin fiction.[1] == Fina finai == [[Fayil:Tracy_Hepburn_Desk_Set.jpg|left|thumb|Katharine Hepburn da Spencer Tracy a cikin wani tallace-tallace na Set Desk .]] A cikin shekarun 1950, fina-finai sun kafa nau'in masu karatu a matsayin "spinsters" da "eggheads".[1] Don haka, masu kula da fina-finai na mata yawanci ba su da aure, na farko, kuma ba su da kyau. Yawanci matasa ne kuma suna iya zama masu kyau, amma suna da kyau kuma ana hana su yin jima'i. "Matsayi mara kyau fiye da mutuwa na masu karatu" ya bayyana musamman a fina-finai kamar It's a Wonderful Life da The Music Man.[2][3][4] A cikin It's a Wonderful Life (1946), Mary Hatch Bailey (wanda Donna Reed ta buga), an nuna shi a matsayin "tsohuwar yarinya. " Har ila yau, a bayyane yake a fina-finai kamar Foul Play wanda ke nuna mai kula da ɗakin karatu na [[San Francisco]] mai jin kunya ya ƙauna da "yan sanda mai ɗumi". [2] Sabanin haka, masu kula da fina-finen maza - masu tausayi, masu basira, da jin kunya - suna da ƙananan matsayi.[3][2] Wani nau'in da aka ambata shi ne mai kula da ɗakin karatu mara kyau kuma mara taimako (John Rothman) a cikin Sophie's Choice (1982), wanda ke kuka a Sophie Zawistowski ([[Meryl Streep]]) "Shin kuna son in zana maka taswira?!" Kwanan nan kuma ci gaba da nau'in masu kula da ɗakin littattafai marasa kyau, a cikin fim din [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] / Pixar Monsters University (2013), Alison Nastasi na Flavorwire ya ce mai kula da laburaren jami'a ba ya son hayaniya kuma ba ya tunanin sau biyu game da jefa ɗalibai a cikin tafki a cikin tafkin da ke ƙasa.<ref name="gca">{{Cite web |last=Gooding-Call |first=Anna |date=January 20, 2020 |title=The History and Debunking of Librarian Stereotypes |url=https://bookriot.com/librarian-stereotypes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923022544/https://bookriot.com/librarian-stereotypes/ |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> Wani misali na wannan nau'in ɗakin karatu an nuna shi a cikin Citizen Kane . <ref name="Gachman">{{Cite web |last=Gachman |first=Dina |date=September 8, 2015 |title=13 Of The Best Library Scenes In Movies |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/109055-13-of-the-best-library-scenes-in-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200922200415/http://www.bustle.com/articles/109055-13-of-the-best-library-scenes-in-movies |archive-date=September 22, 2020 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> Wadannan hotuna marasa kyau sun bambanta da irin waɗannan haruffa masu kyau, kamar mai kula da ɗakin karatu Bunny Watson (wanda Katharine Hepburn ta buga) wanda ke koyar da Richard Sumner (wanda Spencer Tracy ya buga) wasu abubuwa game da hanyoyin bincike na zamani a cikin fim ɗin Desk Set (1957) da kuma "Marian the Librarian" (Shirley Jones) a cikin fim din The Music Man.<ref name="oneal">{{Cite web |last=O'Neal |first=Jeff |date=January 23, 2013 |title=16 Great Library Scenes in Film |url=https://bookriot.com/great-library-scenes-in-film/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923022054/https://bookriot.com/great-library-scenes-in-film/ |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref><ref name="gca">{{Cite web |last=Gooding-Call |first=Anna |date=January 20, 2020 |title=The History and Debunking of Librarian Stereotypes |url=https://bookriot.com/librarian-stereotypes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923022544/https://bookriot.com/librarian-stereotypes/ |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> Maryamu (wanda Parker Posey ya buga) a matsayin babbar ''Yarinyar jam'iyya'' (1995) wacce ta gano, "Ina so in zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu!" a cikin sanannen banbanci ga tsarin mai kula da ɗakunan karatu na farko. <ref name="Peresie">{{Cite journal |last=Peresie |first=Michelle |last2=Linda B. Alexander |date=Fall 2005 |title=Librarian stereotypes in Young Adult literature |url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/18695646/librarian-stereotypes-young-adult-literature |url-status=dead |journal=[[Young Adult Library Services]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=24–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203005557/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/18695646/librarian-stereotypes-young-adult-literature |archive-date=December 3, 2017 |access-date=October 16, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Gachman">{{Cite web |last=Gachman |first=Dina |date=September 8, 2015 |title=13 Of The Best Library Scenes In Movies |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/109055-13-of-the-best-library-scenes-in-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200922200415/http://www.bustle.com/articles/109055-13-of-the-best-library-scenes-in-movies |archive-date=September 22, 2020 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> Masu karatu a cikin fim yawanci mutane ne na yau da kullun da aka kama a cikin yanayi, maimakon zama jarumawa; Hakanan ba su da yawa ko da yake suna da kuskuren, kamar wariyar launin fata a Goodbye, Columbus . <ref name="Walker">{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Stephen |last2=Lawson |first2=V. Lonnie |date=Spring 1993 |title=The librarian stereotype and the movies |url=http://wings.buffalo.edu/publications/mcjrnl/v1n1/image.html |url-status=dead |journal=MC Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525000657/http://wings.buffalo.edu/publications/mcjrnl/v1n1/image.html |archive-date=May 25, 2011 |access-date=August 2, 2009}}</ref> ''Jama'a'', fim din 2018 na Emilio Estevez ya nuna mai kula da ɗakin karatu, Stuart Goodson, wanda yake jin daɗi tare da mutanen da ba su da gida waɗanda ke amfani da ɗakin karatu na jama'a kowace rana. Goodson ya shiga cikin gwagwarmaya game da yin abin da ya dace: a wannan yanayin neman mafaka ga marasa gida a cikin dare mai sanyi. Goodson, kamar yadda fim din ya nuna, ya shawo kan aljanu na kansa don cimma aiki a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu.<ref name=":0" /> Alicia Hull (wanda Bette Davis ta buga), ƙaramar mai kula da ɗakin karatu ce, wacce ta yi abota da saurayi Freddie Slater (Kevin Coughlin) amma an ware kanta saboda ƙin cire littafi game da [[Kwaminisanci]] daga ɗakin karatu na jama'a a lokacin tsawo na Red Scare a Storm Center (1956). Wannan fim din ya samo asali ne daga korar Ruth Brown, mai kula da ɗakin karatu a Bartlesville, [[Oklahoma]] . Fim din wasan kwaikwayo na <nowiki><i id="mwrw">Tomcats</i></nowiki> (2001) ya nuna Heather Stephens a matsayin Jill, mai jin kunya, mai kula da ɗakin karatu wanda ke rayuwa sau biyu a matsayin salon rayuwa (marasa aiki). A cikin Only Two Can Play (1962), Peter Sellers ya nuna wani mai kula da ɗakin karatu na [[Wales|Welsh]] wanda ba a biya shi sosai kuma mai takaici da kuma mai sukar wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci-lokaci, wanda soyayyarsa ke canzawa tsakanin Liz mai ban sha'awa da matarsa mai wahala mai tsawo Jean. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ''UHF'' na "Weird Al" Yankovic, halin Conan mai kula da ɗakin karatu ya yi taƙaitaccen bayyanar.<ref name="Nastasi" /> Wannan hali yana da tsokoki masu yawa, yana magana a cikin harshen Ingilishi na Austrian wanda aka tsara bayan yadda Arnold Schwarzenegger ya nuna Conan, ya azabtar da mai kula da ɗakin karatu saboda rashin Tsarin Dewey Decimal System, kuma ya yanke mai kula da shi a kashi biyu don dawo da littafi da ya wuce. A cikin wata kasida a watan Janairun 2021, Brian Cronin na ''CBR'' ya kara da cewa wannan hali bai samo asali ne a cikin wani labari na ''Monty Python'' ba. Masu karatu na iya yin aiki a fina-finai masu ban sha'awa. A cikin fim din raye-raye na 1994 The Pagemaster, mai firgici da rashin jin daɗi Richard Tyler ([[Macaulay Culkin]]) ya sadu da wani mai kula da ɗakin karatu, Mista Dewey (Christopher Lloyd), wanda ya ƙarfafa Richard ya sami katin ɗakin karatu kuma ya fara kasada. A ƙarshen fim ɗin, an nuna Mista Dewey a matsayin mai ba da labari kuma babu wani kasada a cikin fim ɗin mafarki ne. Mista Dewey ya gabatar da Richard ga abubuwan da suka faru a cikin ɗakunan karatu da littattafai yayin da ya "san yadda sihiri na wani wuri ɗakin karatu zai iya zama. " <ref name="Trombetta">{{Cite web |last=Trombetta |first=Sadie |date=March 2, 2015 |title=11 Of The Coolest Librarians From Pop Culture |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/65173-11-of-the-coolest-librarians-from-pop-culture-because-not-every-librarian-is-like-the-one |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225154513/https://www.bustle.com/articles/65173-11-of-the-coolest-librarians-from-pop-culture-because-not-every-librarian-is-like-the-one |archive-date=February 25, 2020 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> Hakazalika, mai kula da ɗakin karatu ya bayyana a farkon ofishin jakadancin Hollywood na 1984, Ghostbusters <ref name="Wood">{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Matthew |date=September 21, 2020 |title=10 Most Awesome Librarians In Pop Culture |url=https://www.cbr.com/best-amazing-librarians-pop-culture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830181029/https://www.cbr.com/best-amazing-librarians-pop-culture/ |archive-date=August 30, 2019 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="oneal">{{Cite web |last=O'Neal |first=Jeff |date=January 23, 2013 |title=16 Great Library Scenes in Film |url=https://bookriot.com/great-library-scenes-in-film/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923022054/https://bookriot.com/great-library-scenes-in-film/ |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> da kuma "tsohon mai kula da ɗakunan karatu" a cikin ''Indiana Jones &amp;amp; The Last Crusade'' wanda ke tunanin duk fashewa a cikin ɗakin karatu yana fitowa daga hatiminsa, amma a zahiri yana fitowa ne daga [[Indiana]] Jones "yana ƙoƙarin karya bene a can". <ref name="oneal" /> Hakazalika a cikin fim din Harry Wicked Comma mai kula da Wicked<ref name="Gachman">{{Cite web |last=Gachman |first=Dina |date=September 8, 2015 |title=13 Of The Best Library Scenes In Movies |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/109055-13-of-the-best-library-scenes-in-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200922200415/http://www.bustle.com/articles/109055-13-of-the-best-library-scenes-in-movies |archive-date=September 22, 2020 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> Mai gabatarwa na The Time Traveler's Wife shine Henry DeTamble, mai kula da ɗakin karatu wanda ke tafiya ba zato ba tsammani zuwa makomar sa ko baya.<ref name="Review: The Time Traveler's Wife">{{Cite web |last=Irani |first=Rashid |date=November 7, 2009 |title=Review: The Time Traveler's Wife |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-the-time-traveler-s-wife/story-uAUnAeG2CEkCc81QoqWkaO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923023814/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/cu-soon-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-s-experimental-thriller-is-taut-genre-breaking/story-s1BghdojatiQIFuCcGIKGO.html |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> Kettnich da Jaeger suna tattauna wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda ke nuna ƙalubalen masu ɗakin karatu don samun dama a fina-finai. == Dubi kuma == {{Notelist}} * Fim din da aka kafa a cikin ɗakunan karatu * Laburaren Jama'a na New York a cikin al'adun gargajiya == Manazarta == c4f582hefklqnbi2ximqm2s9psm6mn2 0 130049 868899 787091 2026-06-26T20:46:28Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868899 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul Gorguloff''', asalinsa '''Pavel Timofeyevich Gorgulov''' (Russian; 29 Yuni 1895 - 14 Satumba 1932), ɗan gudun hijirar Rasha ne wanda ya harbe kuma ya ji wa shugaban Faransa Paul Doumer rauni a wani baje kolin littattafai a Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild a [[Faris|Paris]] a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1932. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Gorguloff a Labinskaya, wani Cossack stanitsa a cikin Kuban Oblast na Rasha Caucasus Viceroyalty . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Дом-музей Марины Цветаевой - Биографический словарь РОССИЙСКОЕ ЗАРУБЕЖЬЕ ВО ФРАНЦИИ |url=https://dommuseum.ru/old/index.php?m=dist&as=1884 |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=dommuseum.ru |archive-date=2023-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031051454/https://dommuseum.ru/old/index.php?m=dist&as=1884 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An watsar da shi bayan haihuwa, tare da yiwuwar cewa ranar haihuwarsa da aka ruwaito (wanda ya dace da ranar biki na mai suna) shine ainihin ranar da aka same shi. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1902, ataman na yankin, Yakov Dmitrievich Malama, ya shirya don karbar yaron ta Timofey Nikolaevich Gorgulov, shugaban ƙauyen Labinskaya, da Varvara Astakhova; sunayen iyayensa sun zama "Timothée Gorgouloff" da "Barbeakho Astff" a cikin rikodin aurensa. Da farko a 1913, Gorguloff ya yi karatun likitanci a makarantar likitancin soja ta [[Krasnodar|Yekaterinodar]] kuma daga baya a jami'ar likitancin Moscow. Ya yi aiki a yakin duniya na inda ya ji mummunan rauni lokacin da bindigar grenade ta ji rauni a kansa, bayan haka aka dakatar da shi kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jihar Rostov. A shekara ta 1916, Gorguloff ya kamu da cutar [[Tunjere|syphilis]]. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Rasha, ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya tare da Sojojin White Russia a kan Bolsheviks, yana ciyar da lokaci a Kuban da Crimea. A shekara ta 1921, an ruwaito cewa ya yi aiki a karkashin sojojin Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz a [[Miniska|Minsk]] kuma daga baya [[Wosaa|Warsaw]], a matsayin mai bin Boris Savinkov, kafin ya bar yankunan zuwa Czechoslovakia. Kafin ya haɗu da Savinkov a [[Poland]], Gorguloff ya riga ya bar matarsa ta farko ta watanni huɗu, ɗalibar likitanci Marie Pagorgeloff. Tsakanin 1925 da 1930, Gorguloff ya zauna a Czechoslovakia ba bisa ka'ida ba har sai da ya sami Fasfo na Nansen. Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Charles a 1926 kuma ya zauna a Přerov da Hodonín na shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yana yin [[zubar da ciki]], wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a lokacin. Gorguloff ya yi aure sau biyu: Emilienne Nehafilova a 1922 da kuma Kueta Stepkova a 1927. Kowane aure ya ƙare da kisan aure, tare da tsoffin matan biyu suna ambaton cin zarafin gida. Ga makwabta, ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne shugaban jam'iyyun siyasa da yawa, wanda shi kaɗai ne memba, gami da "Peasant All-Russian People's Green Party" ("Крестьянской Всероссийской Народной Партии Зеленых") da kuma "Pan-Cossack Economic Agrarian Federation in Czechoslovakia". Ya kuma buga mujallar kansa, Skif ("Скиф"), wanda ya fito ne daga Olomouc, yana rubuta batutuwa uku a ƙarƙashin sunan "Paul Bred". Tsakanin 1928 da 1930, Gorguloff ya rasa lasisin aikin likita a Moravia saboda rashin aikin likita, wanda ya shafi maye, ɗabi'ar aiki mai shakka, aikin zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda aka haɗa shi da mutuwar da yawa, da kuma zargin fyade da biyu daga cikin marasa lafiyarsa suka yi. Abokan aikin Gorguloff sun bayyana shi a matsayin mai ba da ilimi wanda ke sayar da magungunan karya akai-akai don yanayin da ba za a iya warkarwa ba a farashi mai yawa. Da yake fuskantar fitarwa daga Czechoslovakia, daga baya ya isa Faransa a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1930 a kan biza ta tafiye-tafiye ta kwana goma sha biyu, da farko tare da niyyar samun 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar aiki a cikin rundunar kasashen waje ta Faransa, amma ya kasance ba a gano shi ba a Paris na watanni 18 masu zuwa. Da yake zaune a Boulogne-Billancourt, Gorguloff ya sami kudin shiga ta hanyar aiki a matsayin likita ga al'ummar Rasha ta birnin, saboda ba a san difloma na Rasha da Czechoslovak ba. A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 1931, ya auri Anne-Maria Geng, wata mace ta Switzerland daga Winterthur, wacce ke da ciki da ɗanta a lokacin shari'arsa. Hukumomin Faransa da farko sun ba da izinin Gorguloff tsawaita biza, amma sun ki amincewa da buƙatar katin shaida a watan Fabrairun 1931. Wani yunkuri na biyu a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba yayin da yake wucewa ta Nice ya nuna cewa Gorguloff ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da rajista ba, da kuma aikin likita na zamba, tare da Gorguloffs ya karɓi ultimatum don barin Faransa da son rai a ranar 30 ga Disamba ko kuma ya fuskanci fitar da shi. Shi da matarsa sun tafi [[Monaco]] da yardar rai, inda Gorguloff ya zauna har zuwa 4 ga Mayu 1932, tare da Gorguloffs a kai a kai yana ƙetare iyakar zuwa Faransa. Ya sami matsayin zama na Monégasque da takardar shaidar shaidar, har zuwa watan Agusta 1932. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1932, Gorguloff ya bayar da rahoton kashe 40,000 franc na [[Nice|Kyau]] ta 50,000 franc a gidan caca a Monte Carlo Gorguloff ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya shirya kisan gillar manyan shugabannin siyasa da yawa a duk faɗin Turai tun farkon shekarun 1920. Da farko ya shirya ya kashe Vladimir Lenin, amma bai iya shiga Tarayyar Soviet ba. Hakazalika, Gorguloff bai iya samun biza zuwa Berlin ba lokacin da yake so ya kashe Paul von Hindenburg a 1930. Ta hanyar kansa, Gorguloff ya sami damar kusantar Valerian Dovgalevsky a ofishin jakadancin Soviet a Paris, amma an hana shi saboda yawan jama'a sun toshe layin wuta. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ya haɗu da Tomáš Masaryk kuma ya tsaya kusa da shi, amma ya sauƙaƙe bayan Masaryk ya yi masa murmushi. Gorguloff ya kuma yi niyyar kashe Shugaban Faransa Gaston Doumergue da Firayim Minista na [[Japan]]. Gorguloff daga baya zai tabbatar da cewa har yanzu yana da niyyar aiwatar da wadannan kisan kai, gami da na Lenin, duk da mutuwar Lenin a 1924. [1] [2][3] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hatrzs59g66zrpalek98wwr1qejap6t 0 130124 868996 799406 2026-06-26T22:30:16Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 868996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya''' ( '''IWA''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta kuma cibiyar ilimi ga ɓangaren ruwa, tana haɗa ƙwararrun ruwa da [[Kamfani|kamfanoni]] don nemo mafita ga ƙalubalen ruwa na duniya. Tana da ma'aikata na dindindin da ke zaune a hedikwatarta da sakatariyar duniya a tsakiyar [[Landan|London]], Ingila, don tallafawa ayyukan, kuma tana da ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], [[Indiya]] . Manufar IWA ita ce ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ƙwararrun ruwa da haɓaka ƙa'idodi da hanyoyin da suka dace don [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|kula da ruwa]] mai ɗorewa . Membanta wani tsari ne na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi kamfanonin fasaha 313, masu amfani da ruwa da ruwan sharar gida, [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] 54, da masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ayyukan ruwa, injiniyan [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]] da ba da shawara da kuma mutane 7,791 ciki har da masana kimiyya da [[Bincike|masu bincike]], tare da membobi 53 masu mulki (2021). IWA memba ce mai alaƙa da Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya (ISC). IWA tana da ƙungiyoyin yanki, kusan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru 50 waɗanda ke rufe manyan batutuwa a fannin kula da ruwa na birane, ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman, da hanyoyin sadarwa na ilimi na yanar gizo. Ana shirya manyan [[Conference|taruka]] guda biyu a kowace shekara biyu: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Nunin (WWDE) da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Bunkasa (WDCE). IWA tana aiki a kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi cikakken [[Water cycle|zagayen ruwa]], tare da shirye-shirye guda huɗu - Basin of the Future ( [[Tsaro na ruwa|tsaro da ruwa]] ), Birane na Gaba ( [[Urban metabolism|muhalli na birane]], [[birni mai dorewa]] ), Ayyukan Ruwa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|Tsafta]] (sarrafa [[Wastewater|ruwan shara]] ) gami da manufofi da ƙa'idojin Ruwa - waɗanda ke aiki don cimma [[Sustainable Development Goals|Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa]] da [[Seventieth session of the United Nations General Assembly|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 70]] ya amince da su da kuma magance barazanar da ke tattare da [[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]] mai dorewa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ke haifarwa. == Tarihi == === Haɗakar IWSA da IAWQ === Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga ''ƙungiyar samar da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA), wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1947 a Harrogate, [[Birtaniya|ƙasar Burtaniya]], inda ta canza sunanta zuwa ''ƙungiyar kula da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA) a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, da kuma ''ƙungiyar kula da ingancin ruwa ta duniya'' (IAWQ), wacce aka kafa a matsayin ''ƙungiyar bincike ta duniya kan gurɓatar ruwa'' (IAWPR) a shekarar 1962, wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1965 a wannan birni, wadda aka sake mata suna ''Ƙungiyar Bincike da Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Duniya'' (IAWPRC) a watan Maris na 1982 kuma ta rungumi IAWQ a watan Mayu na 1992. <ref name="uia-iawq">{{Cite web |title=International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004233212/https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=uia.org |publisher=Global Civil Society Database}}</ref> Dukansu ƙungiyoyi ne na membobin duniya - ɗaya da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha da kuma ɗayan da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha - waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaba da [[bincike]] da mafi kyawun ayyuka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya, amma sun wakilci dalilai guda biyu daban-daban, ra'ayoyi, [[tarihi]], da bayanan membobinsu. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin suna da jerin ayyuka da suka mayar da hankali kan tarurrukan da ake yi akai-akai, waɗanda a cikin shekarun baya za su haɗa da tarurrukan musamman da tarurrukan yanki ga mutane ba tare da hanyoyin halartar tarurrukan shekara biyu ba. Tsarin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka tsara da kansu wanda aka fara ƙirƙira a cikin IAWPRC zai zama ginshiƙin tsarin aikin IWA wanda ya wuce tarurrukan shekara biyu na IWA, kuma za a ƙara wadata shi da ƙungiyoyi da shirye-shiryen da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru suka kafa a cikin IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A tarihin IWSA, abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansa na buga mujallu ya yi ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da IAWQ. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Tattaunawa game da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin IWSA da IAWQ ta fara ne a shekarar 1996. Ganin cewa suna zaune a Landan tsawon shekaru da dama, an daɗe ana la'akari da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarshe, an gudanar da shawarwari kan haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar abin da daga baya aka san shi da ''Ƙungiyar Haɗaka'' (MCG), waɗanda suka yi taro na ƙarshe a Landan a ranar 12-13 ga Mayu 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ranar 23 ga Janairu 1998, shugabannin wancan lokacin, Nicholas Hood na IWSA da Thomas Keinath na IAWQ, sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta, wadda ta share fagen amincewa da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi biyu. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2">{{Cite journal |date=March 1998 |title=The merger progresses |url=https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-abstract/47/2/i/31700/AQUA-NEWS |journal=Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Blackwell Science]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=i-xix |doi=10.2166/aqua.1998.8 |issn=0003-7214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bayan sun sami umarni daga hukumomin gudanarwa na su game da shawarar da aka gabatar a hukumance, IWSA a watan Mayu da IAWQ a watan Yuni a wannan shekarar, an shirya cikakken haɗin gwiwar zai gudana kafin 1 ga Agusta 1999. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2" /> An rufe haɗin gwiwar a hukumance a lokacin wani taron sanya hannu da aka gudanar a Makon Ruwa na Stockholm a watan Agusta 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarƙashin Dokar Sadaka ta Burtaniya, haɗin gwiwar ya wargaza IWSA da IAWQ a hukumance, wanda ya haifar da kafa sabuwar ƙungiya. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru guda biyu masu fasaha tare da [[Al'ada|al'adu]] daban-daban, da hanyoyin aiki sun haɗu a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1999 don kafa Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya (IWA), inda suka ƙirƙiri ƙungiya ɗaya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta mai da hankali kan cikakken zagayowar ruwa. <ref name="uia-iawq"/> Haɗin gwiwar ya samo asali ne daga sauƙaƙe ayyukan da sha'awar tara tarin abubuwa masu mahimmanci. <ref name="wei-v8i63">{{Cite journal |last=Waddington |first=Karma |date=November 1999 |title=Water professionals in new embrace |journal=Water & Environment International |publisher=International Trade Publications |volume=8 |issue=63 |page=4 |issn=0969-9775}}</ref> An sanya hannu kan doka kuma an ƙirƙiri IWA a ƙarshen Yuli 1999, an ƙaddamar da IWA a bikin ƙarshe na Babban Taron Ruwa na Duniya na 22 na IWSA, wanda aka gudanar a [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina a tsakanin 18-24 ga Satumba, 1999, tare da haɗin gwiwar AIDIS Argentina. <ref name="wei-v8i63" /> IWA ta fara aiki a sabon hedikwatar ta da ke Caxton Street, [[Landan|London]], United Kingdom daga Janairu 2000. An haɗa a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar akwai sabon tsarin jagoranci na membobi, ''Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha'' (STC) da ''Majalisar Gudanarwa da Manufofi'' (MPC), da ƙirƙirar rassan biyu: IWA Publishing (IWA) da Gidauniyar IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> === Shekarun farko, sabbin manufofi da ofisoshi === An gudanar da babban taro na farko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin sabuwar ƙungiyar a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] a shekarar 2000, inda wakilai kusan 2,500 suka halarci gabatarwar baki 450, gabatarwar fosta 750 da kuma tarurrukan bita da tarurrukan karawa juna sani 4. <ref name="wei-v8i63"/> <ref name="ag-1stwwc">{{Cite journal |date=January-March 2001 |title=First world water congress |journal=[[Australian Geographic]] |location=AG Society News |publisher=[[Australian Geographic Society]] |issue=61 |page=12 |issn=0816-1658}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, IWA ta ƙaddamar da taron ci gaba na shekara biyu, inda [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]] ya zama wurin da aka fara gabatarwa, a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na babban ajandarta don haɓaka ci gaba a [[Developing country|ƙasashe masu tasowa]] . Tare da Gidauniyar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (ACWF), IWA ta ɗauki nauyin Ranar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko a watan Oktoba na 2003, inda ta gudanar da haɗin gwiwa na shirin tare da [[Hukumar kula da gurɓatar ruwa|Hukumar Muhalli ta Ruwa]] (WEF) daga Yuli 2006 zuwa Janairu 2015, inda aka mayar da aikin mai gudanarwa zuwa ''EarthEcho International'' . <ref name="aeecv5i4">{{Cite journal |last=Araya |first=Yoseph N. |last2=Moyer |first2=Edward H. |date=December 2006 |title=Global Public Water Education: The World Water Monitoring Day Experience |journal=International Journal of Applied Environmental Education and Communication |publisher=Taylor Francis |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=263-267 |doi=10.1080/15330150601059522}}</ref> Zuwa watan Satumba na 2016, adadin membobin IWA ya karu zuwa mambobi 6,295, wanda hakan ya nuna karuwar mambobi 4,901 a shekarar 2007. Masana ruwa sun ƙara tattaunawa da amincewa kan buƙatar tsarin da ya dace don tabbatar da ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha, wanda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ƙara jaddadawa ta hanyar haɓaka bugu na 3 na ''Jagororinta don Ingancin Ruwan Sha'' (GDWQ), suna mai da hankali kan kula da haɗari tare da sa ido kan samfuran ƙarshe don bin ƙa'idodi. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnarsdottir |first=Maria J. |last2=Gardarsson |first2=Sigurdur M. |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=March 2015 |title=Developing a national framework for safe drinking water—Case study from Iceland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1438463914000996 |journal=[[International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=218 |issue=2 |pages=196-202 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.003 |issn=1438-4639 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An tsara tsarin gabaɗaya don kula da ingancin ruwa a lokacin bita a Bonn, Jamus a watan Oktoba 2001 kuma an inganta shi a watan Fabrairu 2004, wanda ya haifar da ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'', wanda IWA ta ƙaddamar a watan Satumba 2004 a lokacin WWC&E na 4. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2" /> ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'' tana fafutukar ɗaukar Tsarin Tsaron Ruwa (WSPs), daidai da WHO GDWQ. Zuwa shekarar 2015, shekarar da aka tsara don [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Shekaru Dubu|Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDG) daga 2009, an rungumi ajandar 2030 na Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDG) a matsayin wani sabon batu mai muhimmanci da ya mayar da hankali kan ruwa a tsakanin sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a duniya. A watan Maris na 2015, an sanar da AquaRating a matsayin hukumar tantancewa ta farko a duniya ga bangaren ruwa ta hanyar kafa ma'aunin kasa da kasa don tantance samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsafta, wanda Bankin Ci Gaban Kasashen Amurka (IADB) da IWA suka tsara tare. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2016, Bankin Duniya da IWA sun sanar da kafa kawance da ke kewaye da rage asarar ruwa. A cikin hadin gwiwa da Asusun OPEC na Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa (OFID), IWA ta buga wani rahoto a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2017, yana jaddada muhimmancin daukar mataki cikin gaggawa don inganta maganin sharar gida, sake amfani da shi, da sake amfani da shi. <ref name="wwa-mj2018">{{Cite journal |date=May-June 2018 |title=The Reuse Opportunity |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |pages=14-18 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316004909/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wani biki na hukuma a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2007, an buɗe babban ofishin aiki a [[Hague|The Hague]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], wanda ya biyo bayan buɗe ofisoshin yanki a [[Beijing]], Jamhuriyar China (7 ga Disamba 2006) da [[Singafora|Singapore]] (5 ga Yuni 2007), sannan daga baya a [[Nairobi]], Kenya (2009/2010), [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania (24 ga Nuwamba 2009) da Milwaukee, [[Wisconsin]], Amurka (2016). An kafa ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], Indiya a watan Mayu 2018 don daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyar a duk faɗin Kudancin Asiya, kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin wani ƙaramin sashe na ƙungiyar IT da Canjin Dijital. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa wadda ta kafa sabuwar Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya ta IWA a Nanjing, Jamhuriyar China, a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2018 don karɓar baƙuncin Haɗin gwiwa da Sabis na Membobin Yankin Asiya & Oceania, Water Intelligence, IWA Learn, da Event, ta fara aiki gaba ɗaya a watan Yuli 2019, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen 2022 ko farkon 2023. <ref name="wwa-ja2019">{{Cite journal |date=July-August 2019 |title=Inauguration of Nanjing IWA Global Operations Hub |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |page=6 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315071149/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="gm-iwa" /> Brexit ta ba da damar rufe ayyukan ƙungiyar a [[Holand|Netherlands]] da kuma mayar da ayyukan zuwa [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda IWA da IWA Publishing suka raba ofishi a London tun daga watan Yulin 2020. <ref name="gm-iwa" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} pbnmtop6azp2yclc9yjwvkqbab2mba8 868998 868996 2026-06-26T22:30:29Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 868998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya''' ( '''IWA''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta kuma cibiyar ilimi ga ɓangaren ruwa, tana haɗa ƙwararrun ruwa da [[Kamfani|kamfanoni]] don nemo mafita ga ƙalubalen ruwa na duniya. Tana da ma'aikata na dindindin da ke zaune a hedikwatarta da sakatariyar duniya a tsakiyar [[Landan|London]], Ingila, don tallafawa ayyukan, kuma tana da ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], [[Indiya]] . Manufar IWA ita ce ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ƙwararrun ruwa da haɓaka ƙa'idodi da hanyoyin da suka dace don [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|kula da ruwa]] mai ɗorewa . Membanta wani tsari ne na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi kamfanonin fasaha 313, masu amfani da ruwa da ruwan sharar gida, [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] 54, da masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ayyukan ruwa, injiniyan [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]] da ba da shawara da kuma mutane 7,791 ciki har da masana kimiyya da [[Bincike|masu bincike]], tare da membobi 53 masu mulki (2021). IWA memba ce mai alaƙa da Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya (ISC). IWA tana da ƙungiyoyin yanki, kusan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru 50 waɗanda ke rufe manyan batutuwa a fannin kula da ruwa na birane, ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman, da hanyoyin sadarwa na ilimi na yanar gizo. Ana shirya manyan [[Conference|taruka]] guda biyu a kowace shekara biyu: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Nunin (WWDE) da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Bunkasa (WDCE). IWA tana aiki a kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi cikakken [[Water cycle|zagayen ruwa]], tare da shirye-shirye guda huɗu - Basin of the Future ( [[Tsaro na ruwa|tsaro da ruwa]] ), Birane na Gaba ( [[Urban metabolism|muhalli na birane]], [[birni mai dorewa]] ), Ayyukan Ruwa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|Tsafta]] (sarrafa [[Wastewater|ruwan shara]] ) gami da manufofi da ƙa'idojin Ruwa - waɗanda ke aiki don cimma [[Sustainable Development Goals|Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa]] da [[Seventieth session of the United Nations General Assembly|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 70]] ya amince da su da kuma magance barazanar da ke tattare da [[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]] mai dorewa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ke haifarwa. == Tarihi == === Haɗakar IWSA da IAWQ === Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga ''ƙungiyar samar da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA), wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1947 a Harrogate, [[Birtaniya|ƙasar Burtaniya]], inda ta canza sunanta zuwa ''ƙungiyar kula da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA) a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, da kuma ''ƙungiyar kula da ingancin ruwa ta duniya'' (IAWQ), wacce aka kafa a matsayin ''ƙungiyar bincike ta duniya kan gurɓatar ruwa'' (IAWPR) a shekarar 1962, wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1965 a wannan birni, wadda aka sake mata suna ''Ƙungiyar Bincike da Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Duniya'' (IAWPRC) a watan Maris na 1982 kuma ta rungumi IAWQ a watan Mayu na 1992. <ref name="uia-iawq">{{Cite web |title=International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004233212/https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=uia.org |publisher=Global Civil Society Database}}</ref> Dukansu ƙungiyoyi ne na membobin duniya - ɗaya da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha da kuma ɗayan da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha - waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaba da [[bincike]] da mafi kyawun ayyuka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya, amma sun wakilci dalilai guda biyu daban-daban, ra'ayoyi, [[tarihi]], da bayanan membobinsu. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin suna da jerin ayyuka da suka mayar da hankali kan tarurrukan da ake yi akai-akai, waɗanda a cikin shekarun baya za su haɗa da tarurrukan musamman da tarurrukan yanki ga mutane ba tare da hanyoyin halartar tarurrukan shekara biyu ba. Tsarin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka tsara da kansu wanda aka fara ƙirƙira a cikin IAWPRC zai zama ginshiƙin tsarin aikin IWA wanda ya wuce tarurrukan shekara biyu na IWA, kuma za a ƙara wadata shi da ƙungiyoyi da shirye-shiryen da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru suka kafa a cikin IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A tarihin IWSA, abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansa na buga mujallu ya yi ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da IAWQ. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Tattaunawa game da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin IWSA da IAWQ ta fara ne a shekarar 1996. Ganin cewa suna zaune a Landan tsawon shekaru da dama, an daɗe ana la'akari da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarshe, an gudanar da shawarwari kan haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar abin da daga baya aka san shi da ''Ƙungiyar Haɗaka'' (MCG), waɗanda suka yi taro na ƙarshe a Landan a ranar 12-13 ga Mayu 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ranar 23 ga Janairu 1998, shugabannin wancan lokacin, Nicholas Hood na IWSA da Thomas Keinath na IAWQ, sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta, wadda ta share fagen amincewa da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi biyu. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2">{{Cite journal |date=March 1998 |title=The merger progresses |url=https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-abstract/47/2/i/31700/AQUA-NEWS |journal=Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Blackwell Science]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=i-xix |doi=10.2166/aqua.1998.8 |issn=0003-7214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bayan sun sami umarni daga hukumomin gudanarwa na su game da shawarar da aka gabatar a hukumance, IWSA a watan Mayu da IAWQ a watan Yuni a wannan shekarar, an shirya cikakken haɗin gwiwar zai gudana kafin 1 ga Agusta 1999. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2" /> An rufe haɗin gwiwar a hukumance a lokacin wani taron sanya hannu da aka gudanar a Makon Ruwa na Stockholm a watan Agusta 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarƙashin Dokar Sadaka ta Burtaniya, haɗin gwiwar ya wargaza IWSA da IAWQ a hukumance, wanda ya haifar da kafa sabuwar ƙungiya. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru guda biyu masu fasaha tare da [[Al'ada|al'adu]] daban-daban, da hanyoyin aiki sun haɗu a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1999 don kafa Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya (IWA), inda suka ƙirƙiri ƙungiya ɗaya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta mai da hankali kan cikakken zagayowar ruwa. <ref name="uia-iawq"/> Haɗin gwiwar ya samo asali ne daga sauƙaƙe ayyukan da sha'awar tara tarin abubuwa masu mahimmanci. <ref name="wei-v8i63">{{Cite journal |last=Waddington |first=Karma |date=November 1999 |title=Water professionals in new embrace |journal=Water & Environment International |publisher=International Trade Publications |volume=8 |issue=63 |page=4 |issn=0969-9775}}</ref> An sanya hannu kan doka kuma an ƙirƙiri IWA a ƙarshen Yuli 1999, an ƙaddamar da IWA a bikin ƙarshe na Babban Taron Ruwa na Duniya na 22 na IWSA, wanda aka gudanar a [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina a tsakanin 18-24 ga Satumba, 1999, tare da haɗin gwiwar AIDIS Argentina. <ref name="wei-v8i63" /> IWA ta fara aiki a sabon hedikwatar ta da ke Caxton Street, [[Landan|London]], United Kingdom daga Janairu 2000. An haɗa a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar akwai sabon tsarin jagoranci na membobi, ''Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha'' (STC) da ''Majalisar Gudanarwa da Manufofi'' (MPC), da ƙirƙirar rassan biyu: IWA Publishing (IWA) da Gidauniyar IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> === Shekarun farko, sabbin manufofi da ofisoshi === An gudanar da babban taro na farko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin sabuwar ƙungiyar a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] a shekarar 2000, inda wakilai kusan 2,500 suka halarci gabatarwar baki 450, gabatarwar fosta 750 da kuma tarurrukan bita da tarurrukan karawa juna sani 4. <ref name="wei-v8i63"/> <ref name="ag-1stwwc">{{Cite journal |date=January-March 2001 |title=First world water congress |journal=[[Australian Geographic]] |location=AG Society News |publisher=[[Australian Geographic Society]] |issue=61 |page=12 |issn=0816-1658}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, IWA ta ƙaddamar da taron ci gaba na shekara biyu, inda [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]] ya zama wurin da aka fara gabatarwa, a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na babban ajandarta don haɓaka ci gaba a [[Developing country|ƙasashe masu tasowa]] . Tare da Gidauniyar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (ACWF), IWA ta ɗauki nauyin Ranar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko a watan Oktoba na 2003, inda ta gudanar da haɗin gwiwa na shirin tare da [[Hukumar kula da gurɓatar ruwa|Hukumar Muhalli ta Ruwa]] (WEF) daga Yuli 2006 zuwa Janairu 2015, inda aka mayar da aikin mai gudanarwa zuwa ''EarthEcho International'' . <ref name="aeecv5i4">{{Cite journal |last=Araya |first=Yoseph N. |last2=Moyer |first2=Edward H. |date=December 2006 |title=Global Public Water Education: The World Water Monitoring Day Experience |journal=International Journal of Applied Environmental Education and Communication |publisher=Taylor Francis |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=263-267 |doi=10.1080/15330150601059522}}</ref> Zuwa watan Satumba na 2016, adadin membobin IWA ya karu zuwa mambobi 6,295, wanda hakan ya nuna karuwar mambobi 4,901 a shekarar 2007. Masana ruwa sun ƙara tattaunawa da amincewa kan buƙatar tsarin da ya dace don tabbatar da ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha, wanda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ƙara jaddadawa ta hanyar haɓaka bugu na 3 na ''Jagororinta don Ingancin Ruwan Sha'' (GDWQ), suna mai da hankali kan kula da haɗari tare da sa ido kan samfuran ƙarshe don bin ƙa'idodi. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnarsdottir |first=Maria J. |last2=Gardarsson |first2=Sigurdur M. |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=March 2015 |title=Developing a national framework for safe drinking water—Case study from Iceland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1438463914000996 |journal=[[International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=218 |issue=2 |pages=196-202 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.003 |issn=1438-4639 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An tsara tsarin gabaɗaya don kula da ingancin ruwa a lokacin bita a Bonn, Jamus a watan Oktoba 2001 kuma an inganta shi a watan Fabrairu 2004, wanda ya haifar da ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'', wanda IWA ta ƙaddamar a watan Satumba 2004 a lokacin WWC&E na 4. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2" /> ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'' tana fafutukar ɗaukar Tsarin Tsaron Ruwa (WSPs), daidai da WHO GDWQ. Zuwa shekarar 2015, shekarar da aka tsara don [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Shekaru Dubu|Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDG) daga 2009, an rungumi ajandar 2030 na Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDG) a matsayin wani sabon batu mai muhimmanci da ya mayar da hankali kan ruwa a tsakanin sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a duniya. A watan Maris na 2015, an sanar da AquaRating a matsayin hukumar tantancewa ta farko a duniya ga bangaren ruwa ta hanyar kafa ma'aunin kasa da kasa don tantance samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsafta, wanda Bankin Ci Gaban Kasashen Amurka (IADB) da IWA suka tsara tare. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2016, Bankin Duniya da IWA sun sanar da kafa kawance da ke kewaye da rage asarar ruwa. A cikin hadin gwiwa da Asusun OPEC na Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa (OFID), IWA ta buga wani rahoto a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2017, yana jaddada muhimmancin daukar mataki cikin gaggawa don inganta maganin sharar gida, sake amfani da shi, da sake amfani da shi. <ref name="wwa-mj2018">{{Cite journal |date=May-June 2018 |title=The Reuse Opportunity |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |pages=14-18 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316004909/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wani biki na hukuma a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2007, an buɗe babban ofishin aiki a [[Hague|The Hague]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], wanda ya biyo bayan buɗe ofisoshin yanki a [[Beijing]], Jamhuriyar China (7 ga Disamba 2006) da [[Singafora|Singapore]] (5 ga Yuni 2007), sannan daga baya a [[Nairobi]], Kenya (2009/2010), [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania (24 ga Nuwamba 2009) da Milwaukee, [[Wisconsin]], Amurka (2016). An kafa ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], Indiya a watan Mayu 2018 don daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyar a duk faɗin Kudancin Asiya, kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin wani ƙaramin sashe na ƙungiyar IT da Canjin Dijital. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa wadda ta kafa sabuwar Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya ta IWA a Nanjing, Jamhuriyar China, a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2018 don karɓar baƙuncin Haɗin gwiwa da Sabis na Membobin Yankin Asiya & Oceania, Water Intelligence, IWA Learn, da Event, ta fara aiki gaba ɗaya a watan Yuli 2019, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen 2022 ko farkon 2023. <ref name="wwa-ja2019">{{Cite journal |date=July-August 2019 |title=Inauguration of Nanjing IWA Global Operations Hub |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |page=6 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315071149/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="gm-iwa" /> Brexit ta ba da damar rufe ayyukan ƙungiyar a [[Holand|Netherlands]] da kuma mayar da ayyukan zuwa [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda IWA da IWA Publishing suka raba ofishi a London tun daga watan Yulin 2020. <ref name="gm-iwa" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== {{Portal|Water}} *{{Official website|https://iwa-network.org/|Official website of the International Water Association (IWA)}} *{{Official website|https://www.iwapublishing.com/|Official website of IWA Publishing (IWAP)}} *{{Official website|https://worldwatercongress.org/|Official website of the IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition (WWC&E)}} *{{Official website|https://waterdevelopmentcongress.org/|Official website of the IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition (WDC&E)}} ez5c0jw8xfm12etl0qb2vw1utuqhq5n 868999 868998 2026-06-26T22:30:44Z Sirjat 20447 /* Mahaɗa */ 868999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya''' ( '''IWA''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta kuma cibiyar ilimi ga ɓangaren ruwa, tana haɗa ƙwararrun ruwa da [[Kamfani|kamfanoni]] don nemo mafita ga ƙalubalen ruwa na duniya. Tana da ma'aikata na dindindin da ke zaune a hedikwatarta da sakatariyar duniya a tsakiyar [[Landan|London]], Ingila, don tallafawa ayyukan, kuma tana da ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], [[Indiya]] . Manufar IWA ita ce ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ƙwararrun ruwa da haɓaka ƙa'idodi da hanyoyin da suka dace don [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|kula da ruwa]] mai ɗorewa . Membanta wani tsari ne na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi kamfanonin fasaha 313, masu amfani da ruwa da ruwan sharar gida, [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] 54, da masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ayyukan ruwa, injiniyan [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]] da ba da shawara da kuma mutane 7,791 ciki har da masana kimiyya da [[Bincike|masu bincike]], tare da membobi 53 masu mulki (2021). IWA memba ce mai alaƙa da Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya (ISC). IWA tana da ƙungiyoyin yanki, kusan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru 50 waɗanda ke rufe manyan batutuwa a fannin kula da ruwa na birane, ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman, da hanyoyin sadarwa na ilimi na yanar gizo. Ana shirya manyan [[Conference|taruka]] guda biyu a kowace shekara biyu: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Nunin (WWDE) da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Bunkasa (WDCE). IWA tana aiki a kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi cikakken [[Water cycle|zagayen ruwa]], tare da shirye-shirye guda huɗu - Basin of the Future ( [[Tsaro na ruwa|tsaro da ruwa]] ), Birane na Gaba ( [[Urban metabolism|muhalli na birane]], [[birni mai dorewa]] ), Ayyukan Ruwa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|Tsafta]] (sarrafa [[Wastewater|ruwan shara]] ) gami da manufofi da ƙa'idojin Ruwa - waɗanda ke aiki don cimma [[Sustainable Development Goals|Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa]] da [[Seventieth session of the United Nations General Assembly|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 70]] ya amince da su da kuma magance barazanar da ke tattare da [[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]] mai dorewa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ke haifarwa. == Tarihi == === Haɗakar IWSA da IAWQ === Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga ''ƙungiyar samar da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA), wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1947 a Harrogate, [[Birtaniya|ƙasar Burtaniya]], inda ta canza sunanta zuwa ''ƙungiyar kula da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA) a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, da kuma ''ƙungiyar kula da ingancin ruwa ta duniya'' (IAWQ), wacce aka kafa a matsayin ''ƙungiyar bincike ta duniya kan gurɓatar ruwa'' (IAWPR) a shekarar 1962, wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1965 a wannan birni, wadda aka sake mata suna ''Ƙungiyar Bincike da Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Duniya'' (IAWPRC) a watan Maris na 1982 kuma ta rungumi IAWQ a watan Mayu na 1992. <ref name="uia-iawq">{{Cite web |title=International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004233212/https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=uia.org |publisher=Global Civil Society Database}}</ref> Dukansu ƙungiyoyi ne na membobin duniya - ɗaya da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha da kuma ɗayan da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha - waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaba da [[bincike]] da mafi kyawun ayyuka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya, amma sun wakilci dalilai guda biyu daban-daban, ra'ayoyi, [[tarihi]], da bayanan membobinsu. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin suna da jerin ayyuka da suka mayar da hankali kan tarurrukan da ake yi akai-akai, waɗanda a cikin shekarun baya za su haɗa da tarurrukan musamman da tarurrukan yanki ga mutane ba tare da hanyoyin halartar tarurrukan shekara biyu ba. Tsarin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka tsara da kansu wanda aka fara ƙirƙira a cikin IAWPRC zai zama ginshiƙin tsarin aikin IWA wanda ya wuce tarurrukan shekara biyu na IWA, kuma za a ƙara wadata shi da ƙungiyoyi da shirye-shiryen da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru suka kafa a cikin IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A tarihin IWSA, abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansa na buga mujallu ya yi ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da IAWQ. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Tattaunawa game da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin IWSA da IAWQ ta fara ne a shekarar 1996. Ganin cewa suna zaune a Landan tsawon shekaru da dama, an daɗe ana la'akari da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarshe, an gudanar da shawarwari kan haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar abin da daga baya aka san shi da ''Ƙungiyar Haɗaka'' (MCG), waɗanda suka yi taro na ƙarshe a Landan a ranar 12-13 ga Mayu 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ranar 23 ga Janairu 1998, shugabannin wancan lokacin, Nicholas Hood na IWSA da Thomas Keinath na IAWQ, sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta, wadda ta share fagen amincewa da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi biyu. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2">{{Cite journal |date=March 1998 |title=The merger progresses |url=https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-abstract/47/2/i/31700/AQUA-NEWS |journal=Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Blackwell Science]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=i-xix |doi=10.2166/aqua.1998.8 |issn=0003-7214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bayan sun sami umarni daga hukumomin gudanarwa na su game da shawarar da aka gabatar a hukumance, IWSA a watan Mayu da IAWQ a watan Yuni a wannan shekarar, an shirya cikakken haɗin gwiwar zai gudana kafin 1 ga Agusta 1999. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2" /> An rufe haɗin gwiwar a hukumance a lokacin wani taron sanya hannu da aka gudanar a Makon Ruwa na Stockholm a watan Agusta 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarƙashin Dokar Sadaka ta Burtaniya, haɗin gwiwar ya wargaza IWSA da IAWQ a hukumance, wanda ya haifar da kafa sabuwar ƙungiya. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru guda biyu masu fasaha tare da [[Al'ada|al'adu]] daban-daban, da hanyoyin aiki sun haɗu a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1999 don kafa Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya (IWA), inda suka ƙirƙiri ƙungiya ɗaya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta mai da hankali kan cikakken zagayowar ruwa. <ref name="uia-iawq"/> Haɗin gwiwar ya samo asali ne daga sauƙaƙe ayyukan da sha'awar tara tarin abubuwa masu mahimmanci. <ref name="wei-v8i63">{{Cite journal |last=Waddington |first=Karma |date=November 1999 |title=Water professionals in new embrace |journal=Water & Environment International |publisher=International Trade Publications |volume=8 |issue=63 |page=4 |issn=0969-9775}}</ref> An sanya hannu kan doka kuma an ƙirƙiri IWA a ƙarshen Yuli 1999, an ƙaddamar da IWA a bikin ƙarshe na Babban Taron Ruwa na Duniya na 22 na IWSA, wanda aka gudanar a [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina a tsakanin 18-24 ga Satumba, 1999, tare da haɗin gwiwar AIDIS Argentina. <ref name="wei-v8i63" /> IWA ta fara aiki a sabon hedikwatar ta da ke Caxton Street, [[Landan|London]], United Kingdom daga Janairu 2000. An haɗa a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar akwai sabon tsarin jagoranci na membobi, ''Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha'' (STC) da ''Majalisar Gudanarwa da Manufofi'' (MPC), da ƙirƙirar rassan biyu: IWA Publishing (IWA) da Gidauniyar IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> === Shekarun farko, sabbin manufofi da ofisoshi === An gudanar da babban taro na farko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin sabuwar ƙungiyar a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] a shekarar 2000, inda wakilai kusan 2,500 suka halarci gabatarwar baki 450, gabatarwar fosta 750 da kuma tarurrukan bita da tarurrukan karawa juna sani 4. <ref name="wei-v8i63"/> <ref name="ag-1stwwc">{{Cite journal |date=January-March 2001 |title=First world water congress |journal=[[Australian Geographic]] |location=AG Society News |publisher=[[Australian Geographic Society]] |issue=61 |page=12 |issn=0816-1658}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, IWA ta ƙaddamar da taron ci gaba na shekara biyu, inda [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]] ya zama wurin da aka fara gabatarwa, a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na babban ajandarta don haɓaka ci gaba a [[Developing country|ƙasashe masu tasowa]] . Tare da Gidauniyar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (ACWF), IWA ta ɗauki nauyin Ranar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko a watan Oktoba na 2003, inda ta gudanar da haɗin gwiwa na shirin tare da [[Hukumar kula da gurɓatar ruwa|Hukumar Muhalli ta Ruwa]] (WEF) daga Yuli 2006 zuwa Janairu 2015, inda aka mayar da aikin mai gudanarwa zuwa ''EarthEcho International'' . <ref name="aeecv5i4">{{Cite journal |last=Araya |first=Yoseph N. |last2=Moyer |first2=Edward H. |date=December 2006 |title=Global Public Water Education: The World Water Monitoring Day Experience |journal=International Journal of Applied Environmental Education and Communication |publisher=Taylor Francis |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=263-267 |doi=10.1080/15330150601059522}}</ref> Zuwa watan Satumba na 2016, adadin membobin IWA ya karu zuwa mambobi 6,295, wanda hakan ya nuna karuwar mambobi 4,901 a shekarar 2007. Masana ruwa sun ƙara tattaunawa da amincewa kan buƙatar tsarin da ya dace don tabbatar da ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha, wanda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ƙara jaddadawa ta hanyar haɓaka bugu na 3 na ''Jagororinta don Ingancin Ruwan Sha'' (GDWQ), suna mai da hankali kan kula da haɗari tare da sa ido kan samfuran ƙarshe don bin ƙa'idodi. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnarsdottir |first=Maria J. |last2=Gardarsson |first2=Sigurdur M. |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=March 2015 |title=Developing a national framework for safe drinking water—Case study from Iceland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1438463914000996 |journal=[[International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=218 |issue=2 |pages=196-202 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.003 |issn=1438-4639 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An tsara tsarin gabaɗaya don kula da ingancin ruwa a lokacin bita a Bonn, Jamus a watan Oktoba 2001 kuma an inganta shi a watan Fabrairu 2004, wanda ya haifar da ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'', wanda IWA ta ƙaddamar a watan Satumba 2004 a lokacin WWC&E na 4. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2" /> ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'' tana fafutukar ɗaukar Tsarin Tsaron Ruwa (WSPs), daidai da WHO GDWQ. Zuwa shekarar 2015, shekarar da aka tsara don [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Shekaru Dubu|Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDG) daga 2009, an rungumi ajandar 2030 na Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDG) a matsayin wani sabon batu mai muhimmanci da ya mayar da hankali kan ruwa a tsakanin sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a duniya. A watan Maris na 2015, an sanar da AquaRating a matsayin hukumar tantancewa ta farko a duniya ga bangaren ruwa ta hanyar kafa ma'aunin kasa da kasa don tantance samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsafta, wanda Bankin Ci Gaban Kasashen Amurka (IADB) da IWA suka tsara tare. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2016, Bankin Duniya da IWA sun sanar da kafa kawance da ke kewaye da rage asarar ruwa. A cikin hadin gwiwa da Asusun OPEC na Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa (OFID), IWA ta buga wani rahoto a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2017, yana jaddada muhimmancin daukar mataki cikin gaggawa don inganta maganin sharar gida, sake amfani da shi, da sake amfani da shi. <ref name="wwa-mj2018">{{Cite journal |date=May-June 2018 |title=The Reuse Opportunity |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |pages=14-18 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316004909/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wani biki na hukuma a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2007, an buɗe babban ofishin aiki a [[Hague|The Hague]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], wanda ya biyo bayan buɗe ofisoshin yanki a [[Beijing]], Jamhuriyar China (7 ga Disamba 2006) da [[Singafora|Singapore]] (5 ga Yuni 2007), sannan daga baya a [[Nairobi]], Kenya (2009/2010), [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania (24 ga Nuwamba 2009) da Milwaukee, [[Wisconsin]], Amurka (2016). An kafa ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], Indiya a watan Mayu 2018 don daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyar a duk faɗin Kudancin Asiya, kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin wani ƙaramin sashe na ƙungiyar IT da Canjin Dijital. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa wadda ta kafa sabuwar Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya ta IWA a Nanjing, Jamhuriyar China, a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2018 don karɓar baƙuncin Haɗin gwiwa da Sabis na Membobin Yankin Asiya & Oceania, Water Intelligence, IWA Learn, da Event, ta fara aiki gaba ɗaya a watan Yuli 2019, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen 2022 ko farkon 2023. <ref name="wwa-ja2019">{{Cite journal |date=July-August 2019 |title=Inauguration of Nanjing IWA Global Operations Hub |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |page=6 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315071149/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="gm-iwa" /> Brexit ta ba da damar rufe ayyukan ƙungiyar a [[Holand|Netherlands]] da kuma mayar da ayyukan zuwa [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda IWA da IWA Publishing suka raba ofishi a London tun daga watan Yulin 2020. <ref name="gm-iwa" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== *{{Official website|https://iwa-network.org/|Official website of the International Water Association (IWA)}} *{{Official website|https://www.iwapublishing.com/|Official website of IWA Publishing (IWAP)}} *{{Official website|https://worldwatercongress.org/|Official website of the IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition (WWC&E)}} *{{Official website|https://waterdevelopmentcongress.org/|Official website of the IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition (WDC&E)}} b9dtwp6qr23znoihgnncrjzi8lomdjh 869000 868999 2026-06-26T22:31:26Z Sirjat 20447 /* Shekarun farko, sabbin manufofi da ofisoshi */ 869000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya''' ( '''IWA''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta kuma cibiyar ilimi ga ɓangaren ruwa, tana haɗa ƙwararrun ruwa da [[Kamfani|kamfanoni]] don nemo mafita ga ƙalubalen ruwa na duniya. Tana da ma'aikata na dindindin da ke zaune a hedikwatarta da sakatariyar duniya a tsakiyar [[Landan|London]], Ingila, don tallafawa ayyukan, kuma tana da ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], [[Indiya]] . Manufar IWA ita ce ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ƙwararrun ruwa da haɓaka ƙa'idodi da hanyoyin da suka dace don [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|kula da ruwa]] mai ɗorewa . Membanta wani tsari ne na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi kamfanonin fasaha 313, masu amfani da ruwa da ruwan sharar gida, [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] 54, da masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ayyukan ruwa, injiniyan [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]] da ba da shawara da kuma mutane 7,791 ciki har da masana kimiyya da [[Bincike|masu bincike]], tare da membobi 53 masu mulki (2021). IWA memba ce mai alaƙa da Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya (ISC). IWA tana da ƙungiyoyin yanki, kusan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru 50 waɗanda ke rufe manyan batutuwa a fannin kula da ruwa na birane, ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman, da hanyoyin sadarwa na ilimi na yanar gizo. Ana shirya manyan [[Conference|taruka]] guda biyu a kowace shekara biyu: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Nunin (WWDE) da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Bunkasa (WDCE). IWA tana aiki a kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi cikakken [[Water cycle|zagayen ruwa]], tare da shirye-shirye guda huɗu - Basin of the Future ( [[Tsaro na ruwa|tsaro da ruwa]] ), Birane na Gaba ( [[Urban metabolism|muhalli na birane]], [[birni mai dorewa]] ), Ayyukan Ruwa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|Tsafta]] (sarrafa [[Wastewater|ruwan shara]] ) gami da manufofi da ƙa'idojin Ruwa - waɗanda ke aiki don cimma [[Sustainable Development Goals|Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa]] da [[Seventieth session of the United Nations General Assembly|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 70]] ya amince da su da kuma magance barazanar da ke tattare da [[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]] mai dorewa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ke haifarwa. == Tarihi == === Haɗakar IWSA da IAWQ === Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga ''ƙungiyar samar da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA), wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1947 a Harrogate, [[Birtaniya|ƙasar Burtaniya]], inda ta canza sunanta zuwa ''ƙungiyar kula da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA) a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, da kuma ''ƙungiyar kula da ingancin ruwa ta duniya'' (IAWQ), wacce aka kafa a matsayin ''ƙungiyar bincike ta duniya kan gurɓatar ruwa'' (IAWPR) a shekarar 1962, wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1965 a wannan birni, wadda aka sake mata suna ''Ƙungiyar Bincike da Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Duniya'' (IAWPRC) a watan Maris na 1982 kuma ta rungumi IAWQ a watan Mayu na 1992. <ref name="uia-iawq">{{Cite web |title=International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004233212/https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=uia.org |publisher=Global Civil Society Database}}</ref> Dukansu ƙungiyoyi ne na membobin duniya - ɗaya da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha da kuma ɗayan da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha - waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaba da [[bincike]] da mafi kyawun ayyuka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya, amma sun wakilci dalilai guda biyu daban-daban, ra'ayoyi, [[tarihi]], da bayanan membobinsu. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin suna da jerin ayyuka da suka mayar da hankali kan tarurrukan da ake yi akai-akai, waɗanda a cikin shekarun baya za su haɗa da tarurrukan musamman da tarurrukan yanki ga mutane ba tare da hanyoyin halartar tarurrukan shekara biyu ba. Tsarin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka tsara da kansu wanda aka fara ƙirƙira a cikin IAWPRC zai zama ginshiƙin tsarin aikin IWA wanda ya wuce tarurrukan shekara biyu na IWA, kuma za a ƙara wadata shi da ƙungiyoyi da shirye-shiryen da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru suka kafa a cikin IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A tarihin IWSA, abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansa na buga mujallu ya yi ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da IAWQ. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Tattaunawa game da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin IWSA da IAWQ ta fara ne a shekarar 1996. Ganin cewa suna zaune a Landan tsawon shekaru da dama, an daɗe ana la'akari da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarshe, an gudanar da shawarwari kan haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar abin da daga baya aka san shi da ''Ƙungiyar Haɗaka'' (MCG), waɗanda suka yi taro na ƙarshe a Landan a ranar 12-13 ga Mayu 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ranar 23 ga Janairu 1998, shugabannin wancan lokacin, Nicholas Hood na IWSA da Thomas Keinath na IAWQ, sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta, wadda ta share fagen amincewa da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi biyu. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2">{{Cite journal |date=March 1998 |title=The merger progresses |url=https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-abstract/47/2/i/31700/AQUA-NEWS |journal=Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Blackwell Science]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=i-xix |doi=10.2166/aqua.1998.8 |issn=0003-7214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bayan sun sami umarni daga hukumomin gudanarwa na su game da shawarar da aka gabatar a hukumance, IWSA a watan Mayu da IAWQ a watan Yuni a wannan shekarar, an shirya cikakken haɗin gwiwar zai gudana kafin 1 ga Agusta 1999. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2" /> An rufe haɗin gwiwar a hukumance a lokacin wani taron sanya hannu da aka gudanar a Makon Ruwa na Stockholm a watan Agusta 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarƙashin Dokar Sadaka ta Burtaniya, haɗin gwiwar ya wargaza IWSA da IAWQ a hukumance, wanda ya haifar da kafa sabuwar ƙungiya. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru guda biyu masu fasaha tare da [[Al'ada|al'adu]] daban-daban, da hanyoyin aiki sun haɗu a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1999 don kafa Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya (IWA), inda suka ƙirƙiri ƙungiya ɗaya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta mai da hankali kan cikakken zagayowar ruwa. <ref name="uia-iawq"/> Haɗin gwiwar ya samo asali ne daga sauƙaƙe ayyukan da sha'awar tara tarin abubuwa masu mahimmanci. <ref name="wei-v8i63">{{Cite journal |last=Waddington |first=Karma |date=November 1999 |title=Water professionals in new embrace |journal=Water & Environment International |publisher=International Trade Publications |volume=8 |issue=63 |page=4 |issn=0969-9775}}</ref> An sanya hannu kan doka kuma an ƙirƙiri IWA a ƙarshen Yuli 1999, an ƙaddamar da IWA a bikin ƙarshe na Babban Taron Ruwa na Duniya na 22 na IWSA, wanda aka gudanar a [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina a tsakanin 18-24 ga Satumba, 1999, tare da haɗin gwiwar AIDIS Argentina. <ref name="wei-v8i63" /> IWA ta fara aiki a sabon hedikwatar ta da ke Caxton Street, [[Landan|London]], United Kingdom daga Janairu 2000. An haɗa a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar akwai sabon tsarin jagoranci na membobi, ''Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha'' (STC) da ''Majalisar Gudanarwa da Manufofi'' (MPC), da ƙirƙirar rassan biyu: IWA Publishing (IWA) da Gidauniyar IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> === Shekarun farko, sabbin manufofi da ofisoshi === An gudanar da babban taro na farko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin sabuwar ƙungiyar a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] a shekarar 2000, inda wakilai kusan 2,500 suka halarci gabatarwar baki 450, gabatarwar fosta 750 da kuma tarurrukan bita da tarurrukan karawa juna sani 4. <ref name="wei-v8i63"/> <ref name="ag-1stwwc">{{Cite journal |date=January-March 2001 |title=First world water congress |journal=[[Australian Geographic]] |location=AG Society News |publisher=[[Australian Geographic Society]] |issue=61 |page=12 |issn=0816-1658}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, IWA ta ƙaddamar da taron ci gaba na shekara biyu, inda [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]] ya zama wurin da aka fara gabatarwa, a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na babban ajandarta don haɓaka ci gaba a [[Developing country|ƙasashe masu tasowa]] . Tare da Gidauniyar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (ACWF), IWA ta ɗauki nauyin Ranar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko a watan Oktoba na 2003, inda ta gudanar da haɗin gwiwa na shirin tare da [[Hukumar kula da gurɓatar ruwa|Hukumar Muhalli ta Ruwa]] (WEF) daga Yuli 2006 zuwa Janairu 2015, inda aka mayar da aikin mai gudanarwa zuwa ''EarthEcho International'' . <ref name="aeecv5i4">{{Cite journal |last=Araya |first=Yoseph N. |last2=Moyer |first2=Edward H. |date=December 2006 |title=Global Public Water Education: The World Water Monitoring Day Experience |journal=International Journal of Applied Environmental Education and Communication |publisher=Taylor Francis |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=263-267 |doi=10.1080/15330150601059522}}</ref> Zuwa watan Satumba na 2016, adadin membobin IWA ya karu zuwa mambobi 6,295, wanda hakan ya nuna karuwar mambobi 4,901 a shekarar 2007. Masana ruwa sun ƙara tattaunawa da amincewa kan buƙatar tsarin da ya dace don tabbatar da ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha, wanda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ƙara jaddadawa ta hanyar haɓaka bugu na 3 na ''Jagororinta don Ingancin Ruwan Sha'' (GDWQ), suna mai da hankali kan kula da haɗari tare da sa ido kan samfuran ƙarshe don bin ƙa'idodi. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnarsdottir |first=Maria J. |last2=Gardarsson |first2=Sigurdur M. |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=March 2015 |title=Developing a national framework for safe drinking water—Case study from Iceland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1438463914000996 |journal=[[International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=218 |issue=2 |pages=196-202 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.003 |issn=1438-4639 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An tsara tsarin gabaɗaya don kula da ingancin ruwa a lokacin bita a Bonn, Jamus a watan Oktoba 2001 kuma an inganta shi a watan Fabrairu 2004, wanda ya haifar da ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'', wanda IWA ta ƙaddamar a watan Satumba 2004 a lokacin WWC&E na 4. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2" /> ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'' tana fafutukar ɗaukar Tsarin Tsaron Ruwa (WSPs), daidai da WHO GDWQ. Zuwa shekarar 2015, shekarar da aka tsara don [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Shekaru Dubu|Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDG) daga 2009, an rungumi ajandar 2030 na Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDG) a matsayin wani sabon batu mai muhimmanci da ya mayar da hankali kan ruwa a tsakanin sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a duniya. A watan Maris na 2015, an sanar da AquaRating a matsayin hukumar tantancewa ta farko a duniya ga bangaren ruwa ta hanyar kafa ma'aunin kasa da kasa don tantance samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsafta, wanda Bankin Ci Gaban Kasashen Amurka (IADB) da IWA suka tsara tare. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2016, Bankin Duniya da IWA sun sanar da kafa kawance da ke kewaye da rage asarar ruwa. A cikin hadin gwiwa da Asusun OPEC na Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa (OFID), IWA ta buga wani rahoto a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2017, yana jaddada muhimmancin daukar mataki cikin gaggawa don inganta maganin sharar gida, sake amfani da shi, da sake amfani da shi. <ref name="wwa-mj2018">{{Cite journal |date=May-June 2018 |title=The Reuse Opportunity |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |pages=14-18 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316004909/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wani biki na hukuma a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2007, an buɗe babban ofishin aiki a [[Hague|The Hague]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], wanda ya biyo bayan buɗe ofisoshin yanki a [[Beijing]], Jamhuriyar China (7 ga Disamba 2006) da [[Singafora|Singapore]] (5 ga Yuni 2007), sannan daga baya a [[Nairobi]], Kenya (2009/2010), [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania (24 ga Nuwamba 2009) da Milwaukee, [[Wisconsin]], Amurka (2016). An kafa ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], Indiya a watan Mayu 2018 don daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyar a duk faɗin Kudancin Asiya, kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin wani ƙaramin sashe na ƙungiyar IT da Canjin Dijital. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa wadda ta kafa sabuwar Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya ta IWA a Nanjing, Jamhuriyar China, a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2018 don karɓar baƙuncin Haɗin gwiwa da Sabis na Membobin Yankin Asiya & Oceania, Water Intelligence, IWA Learn, da Event, ta fara aiki gaba ɗaya a watan Yuli 2019, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen 2022 ko farkon 2023. <ref name="wwa-ja2019">{{Cite journal |date=July-August 2019 |title=Inauguration of Nanjing IWA Global Operations Hub |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |page=6 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315071149/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="gm-iwa" /> Brexit ta ba da damar rufe ayyukan ƙungiyar a [[Holand|Netherlands]] da kuma mayar da ayyukan zuwa [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda IWA da IWA Publishing suka raba ofishi a London tun daga watan Yulin 2020. <ref name="gm-iwa" /> ==Gudanarwa== ===Shugabannin IWA=== An jera duk tsoffin shugabannin Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya (International Water Association) a kasa.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Tsawon wa'adin shugabancin shekaru biyu ne na aiki, wanda za a iya sabunta shi na wa'adi na biyu biyo bayan sauyin tsarin mulki a taron Beijing a shekarar 2006.<ref name="iwa-mn-dec07" /> Mutum yana zama zababben shugaba har sai lokacin da wa'adin ya fara a hukumance a karshen bikin bude taron Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya da nune-nune (World Water Congress & Exhibition) na gaba, tare da karewar wa'adin a karshen taron WWC&E na gaba.<ref name="gm-iwa" /> Hukumar Gudanarwa, Hukumar Gudanarwar Daraktoci, Majalisar Dabarun Aiki da kwamitoci ne ke jagoranta da tsara ayyukan kungiyar da dabarunsu.<ref name="gtioith" /> Ana gudanar da jifar kuri'a na neman matsayin Shugaban IWA (shugaban hukumar gudanarwa) lokacin babban taron duniya ko kuma ta hanyar Hukumar Gudanarwar kungiyar a babban taron shekara-shekara na IWA. Ana kuma zabar mataimakin shugaba da babban mataimakin shugaba a matsayin jami'ai. Yayin da aka gudanar da hadewar kungiyoyin a shekarar 1999, an zabi shugabanni biyu na hadin gwiwa, wadanda dukkansu 'yan kasar Afirka ta Kudu ne, a babban taron Buenos Aires. An dora musu alhakin kula da lokacin mika mulki na shekaru biyu daga watan Satumba na shekarar 1999 zuwa watan Oktoba na shekarar 2001 (Taron IWA a Berlin) yayin da sabuwar kungiyar da aka kafa ke kokarin kafa tsarin aiki.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Diane D’Arras ta kasar Faransa ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016.<ref name="ww-top25" /> Saboda jinkirin da aka samu sakamakon annobar COVID-19, shugabancin Tom Mollenkopf ya fara aiki a watan Mayu na shekarar 2021 duk da cewa an zabe shi don wa'adinsa na farko a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019. {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 1999–2001{{efn|name=po-vb}}: Piet Odendaal (Afirka ta Kudu) * 1999–2001{{efn|name=po-vb}}: Vincent Bath (Afirka ta Kudu) * 2001–2003: Norihito Tambo (Japan) * 2003–2004: Michael Rouse (Burtaniya) * 2004–2006: Lászlo Somlyódy (Hungary) * 2006–2010: David Garman (Amurka) * 2010–2014: Glen Daigger (Amurka) * 2014–2016: Helmut Kroiss (Austria) * 2016–2021: Diane D’Arras (Faransa)<ref name="em-dda" /> * 2021–2024{{efn|name=tm}}: Tom Mollenkopf (Australia)<ref name="swm-tm" /> * 2024–yanzu: Hamanth Chotoo Kasan (Afirka ta Kudu)<ref name="tww-v22i6" /> {{div col end}} ===Daraktocin Zartarwa na IWA=== An jera duk tsoffin daraktocin zartarwa na Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya a kasa.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> Sakatariyar IWA, inda ake daidaita ayyukan kungiyar na duniya baki daya, tana karkashin jagorancin daraktan zartarwa, wanda hukumar gudanarwar daraktoci ke raba wa mukami.<ref name="gm-iwa" /> Yayin aiwatar da tsarin hadewar kungiyoyin IWSA da IAWQ, an nada Tony Milburn, wanda ya taba zama Darakta na Zartarwa na IAWQ tun daga shekarar 1982, a matsayin sabon Darakta na Zartarwa na IWA.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Shi kuma Mike Slipper, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Zartarwa na IWSA tun daga shekarar 1997, an nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Zartarwa na IWA.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 1999–2002: Anthony Milburn (Burtaniya) * 2002–2012: Paul Reiter (Amurka)<ref name="afwa-dec2012" /> * 2012–2017{{efn|name=gb}}: Ger Bergkamp (Netherlands)<ref name="wfm-ianed" /> * 2017–yanzu: Kala Vairavamoorthy (Burtaniya) {{div col end}} ==Yaba Kyaututtuka== IWA tana girmama gudunmawa da nasarorin mambobinta da masana a fannin ruwa ta hanyar shirin girmamawa da lambobin yabo, wadanda suka hada da 'Global Water Award' (tun 2004), 'Honorary Membership of the Association' (tun 2016), 'Publishing Award' (tun 2002), 'Gender & Diversity Award' (wanda aka sani da 'Women in Water Award' a tsohon salon sa tsakanin 2008 da 2020), 'Project Innovation Award' (tun 2016), 'Professional Development Award' (tun 2018), 'Best Practice on Resource Recovery' (tun 2015), 'Young Leadership Award' (tun 1999), da kuma 'IWA/ISME Bio Cluster Award' (tare da hadin gwiwar International Society for Microbial Ecology tun 2016).<ref name="iwa-gwa" /><ref name="iwa-ar1920" /><ref name="dn-kwgafage" /><ref name="tst-19092022" /> Tun daga shekarar 2015, wani shiri da ke da nufin karfafa dorewar gudanar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa da masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga ya hada da 'Water and Development Award for Research' da kuma 'Water and Development Award for Practice', inda ake sanar da wadanda suka yi nasara yayin babban taron bude taron WDC&E, wanda ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== *{{Official website|https://iwa-network.org/|Official website of the International Water Association (IWA)}} *{{Official website|https://www.iwapublishing.com/|Official website of IWA Publishing (IWAP)}} *{{Official website|https://worldwatercongress.org/|Official website of the IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition (WWC&E)}} *{{Official website|https://waterdevelopmentcongress.org/|Official website of the IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition (WDC&E)}} ro8cg3t5vuxa388sim2xk2dvnwzehwm 869002 869000 2026-06-26T22:32:23Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yaba Kyaututtuka */ 869002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya''' ( '''IWA''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta kuma cibiyar ilimi ga ɓangaren ruwa, tana haɗa ƙwararrun ruwa da [[Kamfani|kamfanoni]] don nemo mafita ga ƙalubalen ruwa na duniya. Tana da ma'aikata na dindindin da ke zaune a hedikwatarta da sakatariyar duniya a tsakiyar [[Landan|London]], Ingila, don tallafawa ayyukan, kuma tana da ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], [[Indiya]] . Manufar IWA ita ce ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ƙwararrun ruwa da haɓaka ƙa'idodi da hanyoyin da suka dace don [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|kula da ruwa]] mai ɗorewa . Membanta wani tsari ne na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi kamfanonin fasaha 313, masu amfani da ruwa da ruwan sharar gida, [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] 54, da masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ayyukan ruwa, injiniyan [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]] da ba da shawara da kuma mutane 7,791 ciki har da masana kimiyya da [[Bincike|masu bincike]], tare da membobi 53 masu mulki (2021). IWA memba ce mai alaƙa da Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya (ISC). IWA tana da ƙungiyoyin yanki, kusan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru 50 waɗanda ke rufe manyan batutuwa a fannin kula da ruwa na birane, ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman, da hanyoyin sadarwa na ilimi na yanar gizo. Ana shirya manyan [[Conference|taruka]] guda biyu a kowace shekara biyu: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Nunin (WWDE) da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Bunkasa (WDCE). IWA tana aiki a kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi cikakken [[Water cycle|zagayen ruwa]], tare da shirye-shirye guda huɗu - Basin of the Future ( [[Tsaro na ruwa|tsaro da ruwa]] ), Birane na Gaba ( [[Urban metabolism|muhalli na birane]], [[birni mai dorewa]] ), Ayyukan Ruwa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|Tsafta]] (sarrafa [[Wastewater|ruwan shara]] ) gami da manufofi da ƙa'idojin Ruwa - waɗanda ke aiki don cimma [[Sustainable Development Goals|Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa]] da [[Seventieth session of the United Nations General Assembly|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 70]] ya amince da su da kuma magance barazanar da ke tattare da [[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]] mai dorewa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ke haifarwa. == Tarihi == === Haɗakar IWSA da IAWQ === Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga ''ƙungiyar samar da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA), wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1947 a Harrogate, [[Birtaniya|ƙasar Burtaniya]], inda ta canza sunanta zuwa ''ƙungiyar kula da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA) a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, da kuma ''ƙungiyar kula da ingancin ruwa ta duniya'' (IAWQ), wacce aka kafa a matsayin ''ƙungiyar bincike ta duniya kan gurɓatar ruwa'' (IAWPR) a shekarar 1962, wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1965 a wannan birni, wadda aka sake mata suna ''Ƙungiyar Bincike da Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Duniya'' (IAWPRC) a watan Maris na 1982 kuma ta rungumi IAWQ a watan Mayu na 1992. <ref name="uia-iawq">{{Cite web |title=International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004233212/https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=uia.org |publisher=Global Civil Society Database}}</ref> Dukansu ƙungiyoyi ne na membobin duniya - ɗaya da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha da kuma ɗayan da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha - waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaba da [[bincike]] da mafi kyawun ayyuka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya, amma sun wakilci dalilai guda biyu daban-daban, ra'ayoyi, [[tarihi]], da bayanan membobinsu. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin suna da jerin ayyuka da suka mayar da hankali kan tarurrukan da ake yi akai-akai, waɗanda a cikin shekarun baya za su haɗa da tarurrukan musamman da tarurrukan yanki ga mutane ba tare da hanyoyin halartar tarurrukan shekara biyu ba. Tsarin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka tsara da kansu wanda aka fara ƙirƙira a cikin IAWPRC zai zama ginshiƙin tsarin aikin IWA wanda ya wuce tarurrukan shekara biyu na IWA, kuma za a ƙara wadata shi da ƙungiyoyi da shirye-shiryen da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru suka kafa a cikin IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A tarihin IWSA, abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansa na buga mujallu ya yi ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da IAWQ. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Tattaunawa game da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin IWSA da IAWQ ta fara ne a shekarar 1996. Ganin cewa suna zaune a Landan tsawon shekaru da dama, an daɗe ana la'akari da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarshe, an gudanar da shawarwari kan haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar abin da daga baya aka san shi da ''Ƙungiyar Haɗaka'' (MCG), waɗanda suka yi taro na ƙarshe a Landan a ranar 12-13 ga Mayu 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ranar 23 ga Janairu 1998, shugabannin wancan lokacin, Nicholas Hood na IWSA da Thomas Keinath na IAWQ, sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta, wadda ta share fagen amincewa da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi biyu. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2">{{Cite journal |date=March 1998 |title=The merger progresses |url=https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-abstract/47/2/i/31700/AQUA-NEWS |journal=Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Blackwell Science]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=i-xix |doi=10.2166/aqua.1998.8 |issn=0003-7214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bayan sun sami umarni daga hukumomin gudanarwa na su game da shawarar da aka gabatar a hukumance, IWSA a watan Mayu da IAWQ a watan Yuni a wannan shekarar, an shirya cikakken haɗin gwiwar zai gudana kafin 1 ga Agusta 1999. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2" /> An rufe haɗin gwiwar a hukumance a lokacin wani taron sanya hannu da aka gudanar a Makon Ruwa na Stockholm a watan Agusta 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarƙashin Dokar Sadaka ta Burtaniya, haɗin gwiwar ya wargaza IWSA da IAWQ a hukumance, wanda ya haifar da kafa sabuwar ƙungiya. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru guda biyu masu fasaha tare da [[Al'ada|al'adu]] daban-daban, da hanyoyin aiki sun haɗu a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1999 don kafa Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya (IWA), inda suka ƙirƙiri ƙungiya ɗaya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta mai da hankali kan cikakken zagayowar ruwa. <ref name="uia-iawq"/> Haɗin gwiwar ya samo asali ne daga sauƙaƙe ayyukan da sha'awar tara tarin abubuwa masu mahimmanci. <ref name="wei-v8i63">{{Cite journal |last=Waddington |first=Karma |date=November 1999 |title=Water professionals in new embrace |journal=Water & Environment International |publisher=International Trade Publications |volume=8 |issue=63 |page=4 |issn=0969-9775}}</ref> An sanya hannu kan doka kuma an ƙirƙiri IWA a ƙarshen Yuli 1999, an ƙaddamar da IWA a bikin ƙarshe na Babban Taron Ruwa na Duniya na 22 na IWSA, wanda aka gudanar a [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina a tsakanin 18-24 ga Satumba, 1999, tare da haɗin gwiwar AIDIS Argentina. <ref name="wei-v8i63" /> IWA ta fara aiki a sabon hedikwatar ta da ke Caxton Street, [[Landan|London]], United Kingdom daga Janairu 2000. An haɗa a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar akwai sabon tsarin jagoranci na membobi, ''Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha'' (STC) da ''Majalisar Gudanarwa da Manufofi'' (MPC), da ƙirƙirar rassan biyu: IWA Publishing (IWA) da Gidauniyar IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> === Shekarun farko, sabbin manufofi da ofisoshi === An gudanar da babban taro na farko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin sabuwar ƙungiyar a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] a shekarar 2000, inda wakilai kusan 2,500 suka halarci gabatarwar baki 450, gabatarwar fosta 750 da kuma tarurrukan bita da tarurrukan karawa juna sani 4. <ref name="wei-v8i63"/> <ref name="ag-1stwwc">{{Cite journal |date=January-March 2001 |title=First world water congress |journal=[[Australian Geographic]] |location=AG Society News |publisher=[[Australian Geographic Society]] |issue=61 |page=12 |issn=0816-1658}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, IWA ta ƙaddamar da taron ci gaba na shekara biyu, inda [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]] ya zama wurin da aka fara gabatarwa, a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na babban ajandarta don haɓaka ci gaba a [[Developing country|ƙasashe masu tasowa]] . Tare da Gidauniyar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (ACWF), IWA ta ɗauki nauyin Ranar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko a watan Oktoba na 2003, inda ta gudanar da haɗin gwiwa na shirin tare da [[Hukumar kula da gurɓatar ruwa|Hukumar Muhalli ta Ruwa]] (WEF) daga Yuli 2006 zuwa Janairu 2015, inda aka mayar da aikin mai gudanarwa zuwa ''EarthEcho International'' . <ref name="aeecv5i4">{{Cite journal |last=Araya |first=Yoseph N. |last2=Moyer |first2=Edward H. |date=December 2006 |title=Global Public Water Education: The World Water Monitoring Day Experience |journal=International Journal of Applied Environmental Education and Communication |publisher=Taylor Francis |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=263-267 |doi=10.1080/15330150601059522}}</ref> Zuwa watan Satumba na 2016, adadin membobin IWA ya karu zuwa mambobi 6,295, wanda hakan ya nuna karuwar mambobi 4,901 a shekarar 2007. Masana ruwa sun ƙara tattaunawa da amincewa kan buƙatar tsarin da ya dace don tabbatar da ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha, wanda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ƙara jaddadawa ta hanyar haɓaka bugu na 3 na ''Jagororinta don Ingancin Ruwan Sha'' (GDWQ), suna mai da hankali kan kula da haɗari tare da sa ido kan samfuran ƙarshe don bin ƙa'idodi. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnarsdottir |first=Maria J. |last2=Gardarsson |first2=Sigurdur M. |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=March 2015 |title=Developing a national framework for safe drinking water—Case study from Iceland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1438463914000996 |journal=[[International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=218 |issue=2 |pages=196-202 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.003 |issn=1438-4639 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An tsara tsarin gabaɗaya don kula da ingancin ruwa a lokacin bita a Bonn, Jamus a watan Oktoba 2001 kuma an inganta shi a watan Fabrairu 2004, wanda ya haifar da ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'', wanda IWA ta ƙaddamar a watan Satumba 2004 a lokacin WWC&E na 4. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2" /> ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'' tana fafutukar ɗaukar Tsarin Tsaron Ruwa (WSPs), daidai da WHO GDWQ. Zuwa shekarar 2015, shekarar da aka tsara don [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Shekaru Dubu|Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDG) daga 2009, an rungumi ajandar 2030 na Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDG) a matsayin wani sabon batu mai muhimmanci da ya mayar da hankali kan ruwa a tsakanin sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a duniya. A watan Maris na 2015, an sanar da AquaRating a matsayin hukumar tantancewa ta farko a duniya ga bangaren ruwa ta hanyar kafa ma'aunin kasa da kasa don tantance samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsafta, wanda Bankin Ci Gaban Kasashen Amurka (IADB) da IWA suka tsara tare. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2016, Bankin Duniya da IWA sun sanar da kafa kawance da ke kewaye da rage asarar ruwa. A cikin hadin gwiwa da Asusun OPEC na Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa (OFID), IWA ta buga wani rahoto a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2017, yana jaddada muhimmancin daukar mataki cikin gaggawa don inganta maganin sharar gida, sake amfani da shi, da sake amfani da shi. <ref name="wwa-mj2018">{{Cite journal |date=May-June 2018 |title=The Reuse Opportunity |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |pages=14-18 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316004909/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wani biki na hukuma a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2007, an buɗe babban ofishin aiki a [[Hague|The Hague]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], wanda ya biyo bayan buɗe ofisoshin yanki a [[Beijing]], Jamhuriyar China (7 ga Disamba 2006) da [[Singafora|Singapore]] (5 ga Yuni 2007), sannan daga baya a [[Nairobi]], Kenya (2009/2010), [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania (24 ga Nuwamba 2009) da Milwaukee, [[Wisconsin]], Amurka (2016). An kafa ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], Indiya a watan Mayu 2018 don daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyar a duk faɗin Kudancin Asiya, kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin wani ƙaramin sashe na ƙungiyar IT da Canjin Dijital. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa wadda ta kafa sabuwar Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya ta IWA a Nanjing, Jamhuriyar China, a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2018 don karɓar baƙuncin Haɗin gwiwa da Sabis na Membobin Yankin Asiya & Oceania, Water Intelligence, IWA Learn, da Event, ta fara aiki gaba ɗaya a watan Yuli 2019, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen 2022 ko farkon 2023. <ref name="wwa-ja2019">{{Cite journal |date=July-August 2019 |title=Inauguration of Nanjing IWA Global Operations Hub |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |page=6 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315071149/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="gm-iwa" /> Brexit ta ba da damar rufe ayyukan ƙungiyar a [[Holand|Netherlands]] da kuma mayar da ayyukan zuwa [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda IWA da IWA Publishing suka raba ofishi a London tun daga watan Yulin 2020. <ref name="gm-iwa" /> ==Gudanarwa== ===Shugabannin IWA=== An jera duk tsoffin shugabannin Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya (International Water Association) a kasa.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Tsawon wa'adin shugabancin shekaru biyu ne na aiki, wanda za a iya sabunta shi na wa'adi na biyu biyo bayan sauyin tsarin mulki a taron Beijing a shekarar 2006.<ref name="iwa-mn-dec07" /> Mutum yana zama zababben shugaba har sai lokacin da wa'adin ya fara a hukumance a karshen bikin bude taron Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya da nune-nune (World Water Congress & Exhibition) na gaba, tare da karewar wa'adin a karshen taron WWC&E na gaba.<ref name="gm-iwa" /> Hukumar Gudanarwa, Hukumar Gudanarwar Daraktoci, Majalisar Dabarun Aiki da kwamitoci ne ke jagoranta da tsara ayyukan kungiyar da dabarunsu.<ref name="gtioith" /> Ana gudanar da jifar kuri'a na neman matsayin Shugaban IWA (shugaban hukumar gudanarwa) lokacin babban taron duniya ko kuma ta hanyar Hukumar Gudanarwar kungiyar a babban taron shekara-shekara na IWA. Ana kuma zabar mataimakin shugaba da babban mataimakin shugaba a matsayin jami'ai. Yayin da aka gudanar da hadewar kungiyoyin a shekarar 1999, an zabi shugabanni biyu na hadin gwiwa, wadanda dukkansu 'yan kasar Afirka ta Kudu ne, a babban taron Buenos Aires. An dora musu alhakin kula da lokacin mika mulki na shekaru biyu daga watan Satumba na shekarar 1999 zuwa watan Oktoba na shekarar 2001 (Taron IWA a Berlin) yayin da sabuwar kungiyar da aka kafa ke kokarin kafa tsarin aiki.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Diane D’Arras ta kasar Faransa ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016.<ref name="ww-top25" /> Saboda jinkirin da aka samu sakamakon annobar COVID-19, shugabancin Tom Mollenkopf ya fara aiki a watan Mayu na shekarar 2021 duk da cewa an zabe shi don wa'adinsa na farko a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019. {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 1999–2001{{efn|name=po-vb}}: Piet Odendaal (Afirka ta Kudu) * 1999–2001{{efn|name=po-vb}}: Vincent Bath (Afirka ta Kudu) * 2001–2003: Norihito Tambo (Japan) * 2003–2004: Michael Rouse (Burtaniya) * 2004–2006: Lászlo Somlyódy (Hungary) * 2006–2010: David Garman (Amurka) * 2010–2014: Glen Daigger (Amurka) * 2014–2016: Helmut Kroiss (Austria) * 2016–2021: Diane D’Arras (Faransa)<ref name="em-dda" /> * 2021–2024{{efn|name=tm}}: Tom Mollenkopf (Australia)<ref name="swm-tm" /> * 2024–yanzu: Hamanth Chotoo Kasan (Afirka ta Kudu)<ref name="tww-v22i6" /> {{div col end}} ===Daraktocin Zartarwa na IWA=== An jera duk tsoffin daraktocin zartarwa na Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya a kasa.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> Sakatariyar IWA, inda ake daidaita ayyukan kungiyar na duniya baki daya, tana karkashin jagorancin daraktan zartarwa, wanda hukumar gudanarwar daraktoci ke raba wa mukami.<ref name="gm-iwa" /> Yayin aiwatar da tsarin hadewar kungiyoyin IWSA da IAWQ, an nada Tony Milburn, wanda ya taba zama Darakta na Zartarwa na IAWQ tun daga shekarar 1982, a matsayin sabon Darakta na Zartarwa na IWA.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Shi kuma Mike Slipper, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Zartarwa na IWSA tun daga shekarar 1997, an nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Zartarwa na IWA.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 1999–2002: Anthony Milburn (Burtaniya) * 2002–2012: Paul Reiter (Amurka)<ref name="afwa-dec2012" /> * 2012–2017{{efn|name=gb}}: Ger Bergkamp (Netherlands)<ref name="wfm-ianed" /> * 2017–yanzu: Kala Vairavamoorthy (Burtaniya) {{div col end}} ==Yaba Kyaututtuka== IWA tana girmama gudunmawa da nasarorin mambobinta da masana a fannin ruwa ta hanyar shirin girmamawa da lambobin yabo, wadanda suka hada da 'Global Water Award' (tun 2004), 'Honorary Membership of the Association' (tun 2016), 'Publishing Award' (tun 2002), 'Gender & Diversity Award' (wanda aka sani da 'Women in Water Award' a tsohon salon sa tsakanin 2008 da 2020), 'Project Innovation Award' (tun 2016), 'Professional Development Award' (tun 2018), 'Best Practice on Resource Recovery' (tun 2015), 'Young Leadership Award' (tun 1999), da kuma 'IWA/ISME Bio Cluster Award' (tare da hadin gwiwar International Society for Microbial Ecology tun 2016).<ref name="iwa-gwa" /><ref name="iwa-ar1920" /><ref name="dn-kwgafage" /><ref name="tst-19092022" /> Tun daga shekarar 2015, wani shiri da ke da nufin karfafa dorewar gudanar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa da masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga ya hada da 'Water and Development Award for Research' da kuma 'Water and Development Award for Practice', inda ake sanar da wadanda suka yi nasara yayin babban taron bude taron WDC&E, wanda ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> ===Kyautar IWA Global Water Award=== An jera tsoffin wadanda suka lashe lambar yabon da ake bayarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu a kasa.<ref name="iwa-gwa" /> Ana daukarsa a matsayin mafi girman girmamawa daga IWA, kuma an san shi da suna 'IWA Grand Award' tsakanin 2004 da 2008, ana gabatar da lambar yabon ga wanda ya yi nasara (ko wadanda suka yi nasara) a taron World Water Congress & Exhibition na gaba. Kyautar IWA Global Water Award, wacce kwamitin bita na masana na duniya da ke duba tsarin sake zagayowar ruwa ke bayarwa, tana girmama duk wata gudunmawa mai mahimmanci ta daidaikun mutane wajen inganta dorewar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a duniya.<ref name="iwa-gwa" /> Tun lokacin da aka kafa lambar yabon, an samu mutane biyu da suka yi nasara a lokaci guda a lokuta biyu. Wanda ya yi nasara yana samun kofi na zane daban-daban da takardar shaida na girmama gudunmawar sa. {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 2004: Jamie Bartram (Switzerland) * 2004: Jisong Wu (Jamhuriyar China) * 2006: Daniel A. Okun (Amurka)<ref name="nap-dao" /> * 2008: Jim Gill (Australia)<ref name="bn-jg" /> * 2008: Mark van Loosdrecht (Netherlands)<ref name="nwo-mvl" /> * 2010: David Jenkins (Burtaniya)<ref name="nap-dj" /> * 2010: Blanca Jiménez Cisneros (Mexico)<ref name="unesco-bjc" /> * 2012: R. Rhodes Trussell (Amurka) * 2014: Qiu Baoxing (Jamhuriyar China) * 2016: Catarina de Albuquerque (Portugal)<ref name="tg-wiahrbichap" /> * 2018: Tony Wong (Australia)<ref name="jt-gwaswsud" /><ref name="cm-arwmwa" /> * 2021{{efn|name=gwa2021}}: Marcos Von Sperling (Brazil)<ref name="wwd-swrpia" /> * 2022: Nisha Mandani (India) <ref name="dn-kwgafage" /> * 2024: Joan Rose (Amurka)<ref name="mwehfcpph" /> {{div col end}} ==Littattafai== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = Water21 logo.svg | image2 = The Source logo 2015.svg | footer = (T–B) Mujallar 'The Source' ce ta maye gurbin 'Water21' a matsayin mujallar mambobi ta IWA a shekarar 2015. | total_width = 250 }} An kafa kamfanin IWA Publishing Ltd. (IWAP) a matsayin reshe na gaba daya na Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya a watan Janairu na shekarar 1999, don tunkarar hadewar tsakanin IAWQ da IWSA, da nufin samar da ayyukan bayanai kan dukkan bangarorin ruwa, gurbataccen ruwa da fannonin muhalli da suka shafi hakan, kuma zai karbi ayyukan wallafe-wallafen jaridu, littattafai da mujallu daga kungiyoyin da suka gabata.<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /> Kundin ayyukan kamfanin sun hada da wallafawa da buga mujallu na lokaci-lokaci da kuma manyan jaridun kimiyya na bita tare da sama da littattafai 800, rahotannin bincike, litattafan jagora na mafi kyawun ayyuka, da ayyukan yanar gizo.<ref name="iwap-about" /><ref name="iwap-j" /> Hukumar Journal Citation Reports ta jera mujallar 'Water Research' tare da mafi girman tasiri na 11.236 (2020) a cikin jaridun kamfanin.<ref name="cjif" /> An kaddamar da wata mujallar mambobi da nune-nunen kasuwanci mai suna 'Water21' don ya dace da kirkirar IWA, inda take buga fito-na-fito guda shida a kowace shekara tare da adadin rarraba kusan 20,000 a duniya, kuma ta hada abubuwa daga mujallun da suka gabata, 'Water Quality International' ta IAWQ da kuma 'Aqua News' ta IWSA.<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /> An buga fitowa ta karshe ta mujallar Water21 a watan Yuni na shekarar 2015, lokacin da aka sake fasalin mujallar aka kuma sake kaddamar da ita a matsayin 'The Source' a watan Satumba na shekarar 2015 duk bayan bayan watanni uku.<ref name="iwap-w21-ts" /> A wani lokaci, an buga wani kari na harshen Sinanci na mujallar Water21, da nufin kasuwar ruwa ta kasar Sin, sau biyu a shekara a cikin hadin gwiwa tsakanin IWA da Aquatech China tare da adadin rarrabawa guda 41,000. Wasu wasiƙun labarai guda biyu, masu suna 'Water Utility Management International' (WUMI) da 'Water Asset Management International' (WAMI), sun kasance littattafai na kowane bayan watanni uku da kungiyar Water21 ta samar tsakanin 2005/2006 da 2015. Littafi na farko da aka buga shi ne 'Wastewater Treatment Systems' a shekarar 1999.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> A watan Yuli na shekarar 1999, an kaddamar da sabon jorunal na farko a karkashin IWA Publishing, 'Journal of Hydroinformatics', tare da hadin gwiwar International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), sannan kuma International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS).<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /><ref name="iahr-his" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== *{{Official website|https://iwa-network.org/|Official website of the International Water Association (IWA)}} *{{Official website|https://www.iwapublishing.com/|Official website of IWA Publishing (IWAP)}} *{{Official website|https://worldwatercongress.org/|Official website of the IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition (WWC&E)}} *{{Official website|https://waterdevelopmentcongress.org/|Official website of the IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition (WDC&E)}} cxwti9cgcbimyc2zh2agxd6ns8hu11t 869004 869002 2026-06-26T22:32:56Z Sirjat 20447 /* Littattafai */ 869004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya''' ( '''IWA''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta kuma cibiyar ilimi ga ɓangaren ruwa, tana haɗa ƙwararrun ruwa da [[Kamfani|kamfanoni]] don nemo mafita ga ƙalubalen ruwa na duniya. Tana da ma'aikata na dindindin da ke zaune a hedikwatarta da sakatariyar duniya a tsakiyar [[Landan|London]], Ingila, don tallafawa ayyukan, kuma tana da ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], [[Indiya]] . Manufar IWA ita ce ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ƙwararrun ruwa da haɓaka ƙa'idodi da hanyoyin da suka dace don [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|kula da ruwa]] mai ɗorewa . Membanta wani tsari ne na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi kamfanonin fasaha 313, masu amfani da ruwa da ruwan sharar gida, [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] 54, da masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ayyukan ruwa, injiniyan [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]] da ba da shawara da kuma mutane 7,791 ciki har da masana kimiyya da [[Bincike|masu bincike]], tare da membobi 53 masu mulki (2021). IWA memba ce mai alaƙa da Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya (ISC). IWA tana da ƙungiyoyin yanki, kusan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru 50 waɗanda ke rufe manyan batutuwa a fannin kula da ruwa na birane, ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman, da hanyoyin sadarwa na ilimi na yanar gizo. Ana shirya manyan [[Conference|taruka]] guda biyu a kowace shekara biyu: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Nunin (WWDE) da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Bunkasa (WDCE). IWA tana aiki a kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi cikakken [[Water cycle|zagayen ruwa]], tare da shirye-shirye guda huɗu - Basin of the Future ( [[Tsaro na ruwa|tsaro da ruwa]] ), Birane na Gaba ( [[Urban metabolism|muhalli na birane]], [[birni mai dorewa]] ), Ayyukan Ruwa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|Tsafta]] (sarrafa [[Wastewater|ruwan shara]] ) gami da manufofi da ƙa'idojin Ruwa - waɗanda ke aiki don cimma [[Sustainable Development Goals|Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa]] da [[Seventieth session of the United Nations General Assembly|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 70]] ya amince da su da kuma magance barazanar da ke tattare da [[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]] mai dorewa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ke haifarwa. == Tarihi == === Haɗakar IWSA da IAWQ === Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga ''ƙungiyar samar da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA), wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1947 a Harrogate, [[Birtaniya|ƙasar Burtaniya]], inda ta canza sunanta zuwa ''ƙungiyar kula da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA) a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, da kuma ''ƙungiyar kula da ingancin ruwa ta duniya'' (IAWQ), wacce aka kafa a matsayin ''ƙungiyar bincike ta duniya kan gurɓatar ruwa'' (IAWPR) a shekarar 1962, wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1965 a wannan birni, wadda aka sake mata suna ''Ƙungiyar Bincike da Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Duniya'' (IAWPRC) a watan Maris na 1982 kuma ta rungumi IAWQ a watan Mayu na 1992. <ref name="uia-iawq">{{Cite web |title=International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004233212/https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=uia.org |publisher=Global Civil Society Database}}</ref> Dukansu ƙungiyoyi ne na membobin duniya - ɗaya da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha da kuma ɗayan da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha - waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaba da [[bincike]] da mafi kyawun ayyuka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya, amma sun wakilci dalilai guda biyu daban-daban, ra'ayoyi, [[tarihi]], da bayanan membobinsu. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin suna da jerin ayyuka da suka mayar da hankali kan tarurrukan da ake yi akai-akai, waɗanda a cikin shekarun baya za su haɗa da tarurrukan musamman da tarurrukan yanki ga mutane ba tare da hanyoyin halartar tarurrukan shekara biyu ba. Tsarin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka tsara da kansu wanda aka fara ƙirƙira a cikin IAWPRC zai zama ginshiƙin tsarin aikin IWA wanda ya wuce tarurrukan shekara biyu na IWA, kuma za a ƙara wadata shi da ƙungiyoyi da shirye-shiryen da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru suka kafa a cikin IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A tarihin IWSA, abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansa na buga mujallu ya yi ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da IAWQ. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Tattaunawa game da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin IWSA da IAWQ ta fara ne a shekarar 1996. Ganin cewa suna zaune a Landan tsawon shekaru da dama, an daɗe ana la'akari da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarshe, an gudanar da shawarwari kan haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar abin da daga baya aka san shi da ''Ƙungiyar Haɗaka'' (MCG), waɗanda suka yi taro na ƙarshe a Landan a ranar 12-13 ga Mayu 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ranar 23 ga Janairu 1998, shugabannin wancan lokacin, Nicholas Hood na IWSA da Thomas Keinath na IAWQ, sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta, wadda ta share fagen amincewa da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi biyu. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2">{{Cite journal |date=March 1998 |title=The merger progresses |url=https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-abstract/47/2/i/31700/AQUA-NEWS |journal=Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Blackwell Science]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=i-xix |doi=10.2166/aqua.1998.8 |issn=0003-7214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bayan sun sami umarni daga hukumomin gudanarwa na su game da shawarar da aka gabatar a hukumance, IWSA a watan Mayu da IAWQ a watan Yuni a wannan shekarar, an shirya cikakken haɗin gwiwar zai gudana kafin 1 ga Agusta 1999. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2" /> An rufe haɗin gwiwar a hukumance a lokacin wani taron sanya hannu da aka gudanar a Makon Ruwa na Stockholm a watan Agusta 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarƙashin Dokar Sadaka ta Burtaniya, haɗin gwiwar ya wargaza IWSA da IAWQ a hukumance, wanda ya haifar da kafa sabuwar ƙungiya. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru guda biyu masu fasaha tare da [[Al'ada|al'adu]] daban-daban, da hanyoyin aiki sun haɗu a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1999 don kafa Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya (IWA), inda suka ƙirƙiri ƙungiya ɗaya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta mai da hankali kan cikakken zagayowar ruwa. <ref name="uia-iawq"/> Haɗin gwiwar ya samo asali ne daga sauƙaƙe ayyukan da sha'awar tara tarin abubuwa masu mahimmanci. <ref name="wei-v8i63">{{Cite journal |last=Waddington |first=Karma |date=November 1999 |title=Water professionals in new embrace |journal=Water & Environment International |publisher=International Trade Publications |volume=8 |issue=63 |page=4 |issn=0969-9775}}</ref> An sanya hannu kan doka kuma an ƙirƙiri IWA a ƙarshen Yuli 1999, an ƙaddamar da IWA a bikin ƙarshe na Babban Taron Ruwa na Duniya na 22 na IWSA, wanda aka gudanar a [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina a tsakanin 18-24 ga Satumba, 1999, tare da haɗin gwiwar AIDIS Argentina. <ref name="wei-v8i63" /> IWA ta fara aiki a sabon hedikwatar ta da ke Caxton Street, [[Landan|London]], United Kingdom daga Janairu 2000. An haɗa a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar akwai sabon tsarin jagoranci na membobi, ''Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha'' (STC) da ''Majalisar Gudanarwa da Manufofi'' (MPC), da ƙirƙirar rassan biyu: IWA Publishing (IWA) da Gidauniyar IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> === Shekarun farko, sabbin manufofi da ofisoshi === An gudanar da babban taro na farko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin sabuwar ƙungiyar a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] a shekarar 2000, inda wakilai kusan 2,500 suka halarci gabatarwar baki 450, gabatarwar fosta 750 da kuma tarurrukan bita da tarurrukan karawa juna sani 4. <ref name="wei-v8i63"/> <ref name="ag-1stwwc">{{Cite journal |date=January-March 2001 |title=First world water congress |journal=[[Australian Geographic]] |location=AG Society News |publisher=[[Australian Geographic Society]] |issue=61 |page=12 |issn=0816-1658}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, IWA ta ƙaddamar da taron ci gaba na shekara biyu, inda [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]] ya zama wurin da aka fara gabatarwa, a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na babban ajandarta don haɓaka ci gaba a [[Developing country|ƙasashe masu tasowa]] . Tare da Gidauniyar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (ACWF), IWA ta ɗauki nauyin Ranar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko a watan Oktoba na 2003, inda ta gudanar da haɗin gwiwa na shirin tare da [[Hukumar kula da gurɓatar ruwa|Hukumar Muhalli ta Ruwa]] (WEF) daga Yuli 2006 zuwa Janairu 2015, inda aka mayar da aikin mai gudanarwa zuwa ''EarthEcho International'' . <ref name="aeecv5i4">{{Cite journal |last=Araya |first=Yoseph N. |last2=Moyer |first2=Edward H. |date=December 2006 |title=Global Public Water Education: The World Water Monitoring Day Experience |journal=International Journal of Applied Environmental Education and Communication |publisher=Taylor Francis |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=263-267 |doi=10.1080/15330150601059522}}</ref> Zuwa watan Satumba na 2016, adadin membobin IWA ya karu zuwa mambobi 6,295, wanda hakan ya nuna karuwar mambobi 4,901 a shekarar 2007. Masana ruwa sun ƙara tattaunawa da amincewa kan buƙatar tsarin da ya dace don tabbatar da ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha, wanda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ƙara jaddadawa ta hanyar haɓaka bugu na 3 na ''Jagororinta don Ingancin Ruwan Sha'' (GDWQ), suna mai da hankali kan kula da haɗari tare da sa ido kan samfuran ƙarshe don bin ƙa'idodi. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnarsdottir |first=Maria J. |last2=Gardarsson |first2=Sigurdur M. |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=March 2015 |title=Developing a national framework for safe drinking water—Case study from Iceland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1438463914000996 |journal=[[International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=218 |issue=2 |pages=196-202 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.003 |issn=1438-4639 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An tsara tsarin gabaɗaya don kula da ingancin ruwa a lokacin bita a Bonn, Jamus a watan Oktoba 2001 kuma an inganta shi a watan Fabrairu 2004, wanda ya haifar da ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'', wanda IWA ta ƙaddamar a watan Satumba 2004 a lokacin WWC&E na 4. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2" /> ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'' tana fafutukar ɗaukar Tsarin Tsaron Ruwa (WSPs), daidai da WHO GDWQ. Zuwa shekarar 2015, shekarar da aka tsara don [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Shekaru Dubu|Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDG) daga 2009, an rungumi ajandar 2030 na Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDG) a matsayin wani sabon batu mai muhimmanci da ya mayar da hankali kan ruwa a tsakanin sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a duniya. A watan Maris na 2015, an sanar da AquaRating a matsayin hukumar tantancewa ta farko a duniya ga bangaren ruwa ta hanyar kafa ma'aunin kasa da kasa don tantance samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsafta, wanda Bankin Ci Gaban Kasashen Amurka (IADB) da IWA suka tsara tare. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2016, Bankin Duniya da IWA sun sanar da kafa kawance da ke kewaye da rage asarar ruwa. A cikin hadin gwiwa da Asusun OPEC na Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa (OFID), IWA ta buga wani rahoto a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2017, yana jaddada muhimmancin daukar mataki cikin gaggawa don inganta maganin sharar gida, sake amfani da shi, da sake amfani da shi. <ref name="wwa-mj2018">{{Cite journal |date=May-June 2018 |title=The Reuse Opportunity |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |pages=14-18 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316004909/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wani biki na hukuma a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2007, an buɗe babban ofishin aiki a [[Hague|The Hague]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], wanda ya biyo bayan buɗe ofisoshin yanki a [[Beijing]], Jamhuriyar China (7 ga Disamba 2006) da [[Singafora|Singapore]] (5 ga Yuni 2007), sannan daga baya a [[Nairobi]], Kenya (2009/2010), [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania (24 ga Nuwamba 2009) da Milwaukee, [[Wisconsin]], Amurka (2016). An kafa ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], Indiya a watan Mayu 2018 don daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyar a duk faɗin Kudancin Asiya, kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin wani ƙaramin sashe na ƙungiyar IT da Canjin Dijital. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa wadda ta kafa sabuwar Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya ta IWA a Nanjing, Jamhuriyar China, a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2018 don karɓar baƙuncin Haɗin gwiwa da Sabis na Membobin Yankin Asiya & Oceania, Water Intelligence, IWA Learn, da Event, ta fara aiki gaba ɗaya a watan Yuli 2019, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen 2022 ko farkon 2023. <ref name="wwa-ja2019">{{Cite journal |date=July-August 2019 |title=Inauguration of Nanjing IWA Global Operations Hub |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |page=6 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315071149/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="gm-iwa" /> Brexit ta ba da damar rufe ayyukan ƙungiyar a [[Holand|Netherlands]] da kuma mayar da ayyukan zuwa [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda IWA da IWA Publishing suka raba ofishi a London tun daga watan Yulin 2020. <ref name="gm-iwa" /> ==Gudanarwa== ===Shugabannin IWA=== An jera duk tsoffin shugabannin Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya (International Water Association) a kasa.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Tsawon wa'adin shugabancin shekaru biyu ne na aiki, wanda za a iya sabunta shi na wa'adi na biyu biyo bayan sauyin tsarin mulki a taron Beijing a shekarar 2006.<ref name="iwa-mn-dec07" /> Mutum yana zama zababben shugaba har sai lokacin da wa'adin ya fara a hukumance a karshen bikin bude taron Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya da nune-nune (World Water Congress & Exhibition) na gaba, tare da karewar wa'adin a karshen taron WWC&E na gaba.<ref name="gm-iwa" /> Hukumar Gudanarwa, Hukumar Gudanarwar Daraktoci, Majalisar Dabarun Aiki da kwamitoci ne ke jagoranta da tsara ayyukan kungiyar da dabarunsu.<ref name="gtioith" /> Ana gudanar da jifar kuri'a na neman matsayin Shugaban IWA (shugaban hukumar gudanarwa) lokacin babban taron duniya ko kuma ta hanyar Hukumar Gudanarwar kungiyar a babban taron shekara-shekara na IWA. Ana kuma zabar mataimakin shugaba da babban mataimakin shugaba a matsayin jami'ai. Yayin da aka gudanar da hadewar kungiyoyin a shekarar 1999, an zabi shugabanni biyu na hadin gwiwa, wadanda dukkansu 'yan kasar Afirka ta Kudu ne, a babban taron Buenos Aires. An dora musu alhakin kula da lokacin mika mulki na shekaru biyu daga watan Satumba na shekarar 1999 zuwa watan Oktoba na shekarar 2001 (Taron IWA a Berlin) yayin da sabuwar kungiyar da aka kafa ke kokarin kafa tsarin aiki.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Diane D’Arras ta kasar Faransa ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016.<ref name="ww-top25" /> Saboda jinkirin da aka samu sakamakon annobar COVID-19, shugabancin Tom Mollenkopf ya fara aiki a watan Mayu na shekarar 2021 duk da cewa an zabe shi don wa'adinsa na farko a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019. {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 1999–2001{{efn|name=po-vb}}: Piet Odendaal (Afirka ta Kudu) * 1999–2001{{efn|name=po-vb}}: Vincent Bath (Afirka ta Kudu) * 2001–2003: Norihito Tambo (Japan) * 2003–2004: Michael Rouse (Burtaniya) * 2004–2006: Lászlo Somlyódy (Hungary) * 2006–2010: David Garman (Amurka) * 2010–2014: Glen Daigger (Amurka) * 2014–2016: Helmut Kroiss (Austria) * 2016–2021: Diane D’Arras (Faransa)<ref name="em-dda" /> * 2021–2024{{efn|name=tm}}: Tom Mollenkopf (Australia)<ref name="swm-tm" /> * 2024–yanzu: Hamanth Chotoo Kasan (Afirka ta Kudu)<ref name="tww-v22i6" /> {{div col end}} ===Daraktocin Zartarwa na IWA=== An jera duk tsoffin daraktocin zartarwa na Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya a kasa.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> Sakatariyar IWA, inda ake daidaita ayyukan kungiyar na duniya baki daya, tana karkashin jagorancin daraktan zartarwa, wanda hukumar gudanarwar daraktoci ke raba wa mukami.<ref name="gm-iwa" /> Yayin aiwatar da tsarin hadewar kungiyoyin IWSA da IAWQ, an nada Tony Milburn, wanda ya taba zama Darakta na Zartarwa na IAWQ tun daga shekarar 1982, a matsayin sabon Darakta na Zartarwa na IWA.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Shi kuma Mike Slipper, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Zartarwa na IWSA tun daga shekarar 1997, an nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Zartarwa na IWA.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 1999–2002: Anthony Milburn (Burtaniya) * 2002–2012: Paul Reiter (Amurka)<ref name="afwa-dec2012" /> * 2012–2017{{efn|name=gb}}: Ger Bergkamp (Netherlands)<ref name="wfm-ianed" /> * 2017–yanzu: Kala Vairavamoorthy (Burtaniya) {{div col end}} ==Yaba Kyaututtuka== IWA tana girmama gudunmawa da nasarorin mambobinta da masana a fannin ruwa ta hanyar shirin girmamawa da lambobin yabo, wadanda suka hada da 'Global Water Award' (tun 2004), 'Honorary Membership of the Association' (tun 2016), 'Publishing Award' (tun 2002), 'Gender & Diversity Award' (wanda aka sani da 'Women in Water Award' a tsohon salon sa tsakanin 2008 da 2020), 'Project Innovation Award' (tun 2016), 'Professional Development Award' (tun 2018), 'Best Practice on Resource Recovery' (tun 2015), 'Young Leadership Award' (tun 1999), da kuma 'IWA/ISME Bio Cluster Award' (tare da hadin gwiwar International Society for Microbial Ecology tun 2016).<ref name="iwa-gwa" /><ref name="iwa-ar1920" /><ref name="dn-kwgafage" /><ref name="tst-19092022" /> Tun daga shekarar 2015, wani shiri da ke da nufin karfafa dorewar gudanar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa da masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga ya hada da 'Water and Development Award for Research' da kuma 'Water and Development Award for Practice', inda ake sanar da wadanda suka yi nasara yayin babban taron bude taron WDC&E, wanda ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> ===Kyautar IWA Global Water Award=== An jera tsoffin wadanda suka lashe lambar yabon da ake bayarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu a kasa.<ref name="iwa-gwa" /> Ana daukarsa a matsayin mafi girman girmamawa daga IWA, kuma an san shi da suna 'IWA Grand Award' tsakanin 2004 da 2008, ana gabatar da lambar yabon ga wanda ya yi nasara (ko wadanda suka yi nasara) a taron World Water Congress & Exhibition na gaba. Kyautar IWA Global Water Award, wacce kwamitin bita na masana na duniya da ke duba tsarin sake zagayowar ruwa ke bayarwa, tana girmama duk wata gudunmawa mai mahimmanci ta daidaikun mutane wajen inganta dorewar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a duniya.<ref name="iwa-gwa" /> Tun lokacin da aka kafa lambar yabon, an samu mutane biyu da suka yi nasara a lokaci guda a lokuta biyu. Wanda ya yi nasara yana samun kofi na zane daban-daban da takardar shaida na girmama gudunmawar sa. {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 2004: Jamie Bartram (Switzerland) * 2004: Jisong Wu (Jamhuriyar China) * 2006: Daniel A. Okun (Amurka)<ref name="nap-dao" /> * 2008: Jim Gill (Australia)<ref name="bn-jg" /> * 2008: Mark van Loosdrecht (Netherlands)<ref name="nwo-mvl" /> * 2010: David Jenkins (Burtaniya)<ref name="nap-dj" /> * 2010: Blanca Jiménez Cisneros (Mexico)<ref name="unesco-bjc" /> * 2012: R. Rhodes Trussell (Amurka) * 2014: Qiu Baoxing (Jamhuriyar China) * 2016: Catarina de Albuquerque (Portugal)<ref name="tg-wiahrbichap" /> * 2018: Tony Wong (Australia)<ref name="jt-gwaswsud" /><ref name="cm-arwmwa" /> * 2021{{efn|name=gwa2021}}: Marcos Von Sperling (Brazil)<ref name="wwd-swrpia" /> * 2022: Nisha Mandani (India) <ref name="dn-kwgafage" /> * 2024: Joan Rose (Amurka)<ref name="mwehfcpph" /> {{div col end}} ==Littattafai== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = Water21 logo.svg | image2 = The Source logo 2015.svg | footer = (T–B) Mujallar 'The Source' ce ta maye gurbin 'Water21' a matsayin mujallar mambobi ta IWA a shekarar 2015. | total_width = 250 }} An kafa kamfanin IWA Publishing Ltd. (IWAP) a matsayin reshe na gaba daya na Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya a watan Janairu na shekarar 1999, don tunkarar hadewar tsakanin IAWQ da IWSA, da nufin samar da ayyukan bayanai kan dukkan bangarorin ruwa, gurbataccen ruwa da fannonin muhalli da suka shafi hakan, kuma zai karbi ayyukan wallafe-wallafen jaridu, littattafai da mujallu daga kungiyoyin da suka gabata.<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /> Kundin ayyukan kamfanin sun hada da wallafawa da buga mujallu na lokaci-lokaci da kuma manyan jaridun kimiyya na bita tare da sama da littattafai 800, rahotannin bincike, litattafan jagora na mafi kyawun ayyuka, da ayyukan yanar gizo.<ref name="iwap-about" /><ref name="iwap-j" /> Hukumar Journal Citation Reports ta jera mujallar 'Water Research' tare da mafi girman tasiri na 11.236 (2020) a cikin jaridun kamfanin.<ref name="cjif" /> An kaddamar da wata mujallar mambobi da nune-nunen kasuwanci mai suna 'Water21' don ya dace da kirkirar IWA, inda take buga fito-na-fito guda shida a kowace shekara tare da adadin rarraba kusan 20,000 a duniya, kuma ta hada abubuwa daga mujallun da suka gabata, 'Water Quality International' ta IAWQ da kuma 'Aqua News' ta IWSA.<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /> An buga fitowa ta karshe ta mujallar Water21 a watan Yuni na shekarar 2015, lokacin da aka sake fasalin mujallar aka kuma sake kaddamar da ita a matsayin 'The Source' a watan Satumba na shekarar 2015 duk bayan bayan watanni uku.<ref name="iwap-w21-ts" /> A wani lokaci, an buga wani kari na harshen Sinanci na mujallar Water21, da nufin kasuwar ruwa ta kasar Sin, sau biyu a shekara a cikin hadin gwiwa tsakanin IWA da Aquatech China tare da adadin rarrabawa guda 41,000. Wasu wasiƙun labarai guda biyu, masu suna 'Water Utility Management International' (WUMI) da 'Water Asset Management International' (WAMI), sun kasance littattafai na kowane bayan watanni uku da kungiyar Water21 ta samar tsakanin 2005/2006 da 2015. Littafi na farko da aka buga shi ne 'Wastewater Treatment Systems' a shekarar 1999.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> A watan Yuli na shekarar 1999, an kaddamar da sabon jorunal na farko a karkashin IWA Publishing, 'Journal of Hydroinformatics', tare da hadin gwiwar International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), sannan kuma International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS).<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /><ref name="iahr-his" /> Daga shekarar 2000, IWA Publishing ta ci gaba da wallafa mujallu guda uku 'Water Science and Technology' (wanda Elsevier ya taba bugawa a madadin IAWQ), 'AQUA' da 'Water Supply' (wanda Blackwell Scientific Publications ya taba bugawa a madadin IWSA), yayin da Elsevier ya ci gaba da wallafa mujallar 'Water Research' a madadin IAWQ tare da hadin gwiwar IWA.<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /> Bayan samun Elsevier a matsayin mawallafi na juzu'i hudu na farko, an canza jarida ta hukuma ta Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya, 'Water Policy', zuwa IWA Publishing tun daga shekarar 2003.<ref name="wwcbr0405" /> Ayyukan da suka shafi amintaccen ruwan sha na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tun daga shekarar 2003 sun hada da hadin gwiwa a kusa da wallafa 'Journal of Water and Health' ta IWA Publishing.<ref name="who-iwa" /> A shekarar 2012, an mika ayyukan wallafa 'Water Quality Research Journal of Canada' daga Kungiyar Ingancin Ruwa ta Kanada (CAWQ) zuwa IWA Publishing. An buga mukala ta farko ta bude kofa ga kowa (open access) a shekarar 2006 a cikin 'Journal of Water & Health' sannan a shekarar 2016 jaridar H2Open Journal ta zama jarida ta farko ta cikakken bude kofa ga kowa. Kusan rubuce-rubuce kashi daya cikin hudu na dukkan mukalolin da aka buga a jaridun IWA Publishing a shekarar 2020 sun kasance na bude kofa ga kowa.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> Reshen wallafe-wallafe na IWA ya zama mamba a Kungiyar Mawallafa na Masana na Bude Kofa (OASPA) a shekarar 2021.<ref name="oaspa-21012022" /> Goma daga cikin jaridun IWA Publishing sun zama na bude kofa ga kowa ta hanyar tsarin "Subscribe to Open" (S2O) a shekarar 2021.<ref name="iwa-ar21" /> A cikin wata yarjejeniya da aka cimma da Hukumar Bayanai na Lantarki don Laburare (EiFL), dakunan karatu suna ci gaba da biyan kudaden rajista tare da samar da kudaden shiga da ke ba da damar karanta jaridun kyauta da kuma wallafawa a cikinsu kyauta ga kowa da kowa. {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} Mujallu na lokaci-lokaci da IWA ke wallafawa:<ref name="iwap-j" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /> *AQUA: Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society{{efn|name=aqua}} (fitowar farko Yuni 1952) *Blue–Green Systems (fitowar farko Janairu 2019) *H2Open Journal{{efn|name=h2o}} (fitowar farko Yuli 2018) *Hydrology Research{{efn|name=hr}} (fitowar farko Fabrairu 1970) *Journal of Hydroinformatics (fitowar farko Yuli 1999) *Journal of Water & Climate Change (fitowar farko Maris 2010) *Journal of Water & Health (fitowar farko Maris 2003) *Water Reuse{{efn|name=wr}} (fitowar farko Maris 2011) *Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development (fitowar farko Maris 2011) *Water Policy{{efn|name=wp}} (fitowar farko Fabrairu 1998) *Water Practice & Technology (fitowar farko Maris 2006) *Water Quality Research Journal{{efn|name=wqrj}} (fitowar farko Fabrairu 1966) *Water Science & Technology{{efn|name=wst}} (fitowar farko 1972<ref name="iawprc25" /><ref name="aiwpr" />) *Water Supply{{efn|name=ws}} (fitowar farko Janairu 2001<ref name="iwa-his22" />) {{col-3}} Wadanda Elsevier ke wallafawa a madadin IWA:<ref name="iwap-j" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /> *Water Research (fitowar farko Janairu 1967<ref name="iawprc25" />) *Water Research X (fitowar farko Disamba 2018) *Water Resources and Economics (fitowar farko Janairu 2013<ref name="prn-iwa4j" />) *Water Resources and Industry (fitowar farko Maris–Yuni 2013<ref name="prn-iwa4j" />) *Water Resources & Rural Development (fitowar farko Nuwamba 2013;<ref name="prn-iwa4j" /> fitowar karshe Disamba 2017) *Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology (fitowar farko Disamba 2013;<ref name="prn-iwa4j" /> fitowar karshe Nuwamba 2017) Wadanda aka wallafa tare da hadin gwiwar Universitat Politècnica de València:<ref name="iwap-j" /> *Ingeneria del Agua{{efn|name=ida}} (fitowar farko Janairu 1994) {{col-3}} Mujallar mambobi ta IWA: *Water21 (fitowar farko Yuli 1999;<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> fitowar karshe Yuni 2015<ref name="iwap-w21-ts" />) *The Source (fitowar farko Satumba 2015<ref name="iwap-w21-ts" />) Wasiƙun labarai na IWA: *Water Asset Management International (fitowar farko Maris 2006; fitowar karshe Disamba 2015) *Water Utility Management International (fitowar farko Maris 2005; fitowar karshe Disamba 2015) {{col-end}} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== *{{Official website|https://iwa-network.org/|Official website of the International Water Association (IWA)}} *{{Official website|https://www.iwapublishing.com/|Official website of IWA Publishing (IWAP)}} *{{Official website|https://worldwatercongress.org/|Official website of the IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition (WWC&E)}} *{{Official website|https://waterdevelopmentcongress.org/|Official website of the IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition (WDC&E)}} g9pwlhg1viecag0ur7lfctvh27du29n 869006 869004 2026-06-26T22:34:47Z Sirjat 20447 /* Littattafai */ 869006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya''' ( '''IWA''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta kuma cibiyar ilimi ga ɓangaren ruwa, tana haɗa ƙwararrun ruwa da [[Kamfani|kamfanoni]] don nemo mafita ga ƙalubalen ruwa na duniya. Tana da ma'aikata na dindindin da ke zaune a hedikwatarta da sakatariyar duniya a tsakiyar [[Landan|London]], Ingila, don tallafawa ayyukan, kuma tana da ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], [[Indiya]] . Manufar IWA ita ce ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ƙwararrun ruwa da haɓaka ƙa'idodi da hanyoyin da suka dace don [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|kula da ruwa]] mai ɗorewa . Membanta wani tsari ne na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi kamfanonin fasaha 313, masu amfani da ruwa da ruwan sharar gida, [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] 54, da masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ayyukan ruwa, injiniyan [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]] da ba da shawara da kuma mutane 7,791 ciki har da masana kimiyya da [[Bincike|masu bincike]], tare da membobi 53 masu mulki (2021). IWA memba ce mai alaƙa da Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya (ISC). IWA tana da ƙungiyoyin yanki, kusan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru 50 waɗanda ke rufe manyan batutuwa a fannin kula da ruwa na birane, ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman, da hanyoyin sadarwa na ilimi na yanar gizo. Ana shirya manyan [[Conference|taruka]] guda biyu a kowace shekara biyu: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Nunin (WWDE) da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Bunkasa (WDCE). IWA tana aiki a kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi cikakken [[Water cycle|zagayen ruwa]], tare da shirye-shirye guda huɗu - Basin of the Future ( [[Tsaro na ruwa|tsaro da ruwa]] ), Birane na Gaba ( [[Urban metabolism|muhalli na birane]], [[birni mai dorewa]] ), Ayyukan Ruwa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|Tsafta]] (sarrafa [[Wastewater|ruwan shara]] ) gami da manufofi da ƙa'idojin Ruwa - waɗanda ke aiki don cimma [[Sustainable Development Goals|Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa]] da [[Seventieth session of the United Nations General Assembly|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 70]] ya amince da su da kuma magance barazanar da ke tattare da [[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]] mai dorewa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ke haifarwa. == Tarihi == === Haɗakar IWSA da IAWQ === Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga ''ƙungiyar samar da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA), wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1947 a Harrogate, [[Birtaniya|ƙasar Burtaniya]], inda ta canza sunanta zuwa ''ƙungiyar kula da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA) a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, da kuma ''ƙungiyar kula da ingancin ruwa ta duniya'' (IAWQ), wacce aka kafa a matsayin ''ƙungiyar bincike ta duniya kan gurɓatar ruwa'' (IAWPR) a shekarar 1962, wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1965 a wannan birni, wadda aka sake mata suna ''Ƙungiyar Bincike da Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Duniya'' (IAWPRC) a watan Maris na 1982 kuma ta rungumi IAWQ a watan Mayu na 1992. <ref name="uia-iawq">{{Cite web |title=International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004233212/https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=uia.org |publisher=Global Civil Society Database}}</ref> Dukansu ƙungiyoyi ne na membobin duniya - ɗaya da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha da kuma ɗayan da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha - waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaba da [[bincike]] da mafi kyawun ayyuka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya, amma sun wakilci dalilai guda biyu daban-daban, ra'ayoyi, [[tarihi]], da bayanan membobinsu. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin suna da jerin ayyuka da suka mayar da hankali kan tarurrukan da ake yi akai-akai, waɗanda a cikin shekarun baya za su haɗa da tarurrukan musamman da tarurrukan yanki ga mutane ba tare da hanyoyin halartar tarurrukan shekara biyu ba. Tsarin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka tsara da kansu wanda aka fara ƙirƙira a cikin IAWPRC zai zama ginshiƙin tsarin aikin IWA wanda ya wuce tarurrukan shekara biyu na IWA, kuma za a ƙara wadata shi da ƙungiyoyi da shirye-shiryen da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru suka kafa a cikin IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A tarihin IWSA, abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansa na buga mujallu ya yi ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da IAWQ. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Tattaunawa game da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin IWSA da IAWQ ta fara ne a shekarar 1996. Ganin cewa suna zaune a Landan tsawon shekaru da dama, an daɗe ana la'akari da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarshe, an gudanar da shawarwari kan haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar abin da daga baya aka san shi da ''Ƙungiyar Haɗaka'' (MCG), waɗanda suka yi taro na ƙarshe a Landan a ranar 12-13 ga Mayu 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ranar 23 ga Janairu 1998, shugabannin wancan lokacin, Nicholas Hood na IWSA da Thomas Keinath na IAWQ, sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta, wadda ta share fagen amincewa da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi biyu. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2">{{Cite journal |date=March 1998 |title=The merger progresses |url=https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-abstract/47/2/i/31700/AQUA-NEWS |journal=Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Blackwell Science]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=i-xix |doi=10.2166/aqua.1998.8 |issn=0003-7214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bayan sun sami umarni daga hukumomin gudanarwa na su game da shawarar da aka gabatar a hukumance, IWSA a watan Mayu da IAWQ a watan Yuni a wannan shekarar, an shirya cikakken haɗin gwiwar zai gudana kafin 1 ga Agusta 1999. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2" /> An rufe haɗin gwiwar a hukumance a lokacin wani taron sanya hannu da aka gudanar a Makon Ruwa na Stockholm a watan Agusta 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarƙashin Dokar Sadaka ta Burtaniya, haɗin gwiwar ya wargaza IWSA da IAWQ a hukumance, wanda ya haifar da kafa sabuwar ƙungiya. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru guda biyu masu fasaha tare da [[Al'ada|al'adu]] daban-daban, da hanyoyin aiki sun haɗu a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1999 don kafa Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya (IWA), inda suka ƙirƙiri ƙungiya ɗaya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta mai da hankali kan cikakken zagayowar ruwa. <ref name="uia-iawq"/> Haɗin gwiwar ya samo asali ne daga sauƙaƙe ayyukan da sha'awar tara tarin abubuwa masu mahimmanci. <ref name="wei-v8i63">{{Cite journal |last=Waddington |first=Karma |date=November 1999 |title=Water professionals in new embrace |journal=Water & Environment International |publisher=International Trade Publications |volume=8 |issue=63 |page=4 |issn=0969-9775}}</ref> An sanya hannu kan doka kuma an ƙirƙiri IWA a ƙarshen Yuli 1999, an ƙaddamar da IWA a bikin ƙarshe na Babban Taron Ruwa na Duniya na 22 na IWSA, wanda aka gudanar a [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina a tsakanin 18-24 ga Satumba, 1999, tare da haɗin gwiwar AIDIS Argentina. <ref name="wei-v8i63" /> IWA ta fara aiki a sabon hedikwatar ta da ke Caxton Street, [[Landan|London]], United Kingdom daga Janairu 2000. An haɗa a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar akwai sabon tsarin jagoranci na membobi, ''Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha'' (STC) da ''Majalisar Gudanarwa da Manufofi'' (MPC), da ƙirƙirar rassan biyu: IWA Publishing (IWA) da Gidauniyar IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> === Shekarun farko, sabbin manufofi da ofisoshi === An gudanar da babban taro na farko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin sabuwar ƙungiyar a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] a shekarar 2000, inda wakilai kusan 2,500 suka halarci gabatarwar baki 450, gabatarwar fosta 750 da kuma tarurrukan bita da tarurrukan karawa juna sani 4. <ref name="wei-v8i63"/> <ref name="ag-1stwwc">{{Cite journal |date=January-March 2001 |title=First world water congress |journal=[[Australian Geographic]] |location=AG Society News |publisher=[[Australian Geographic Society]] |issue=61 |page=12 |issn=0816-1658}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, IWA ta ƙaddamar da taron ci gaba na shekara biyu, inda [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]] ya zama wurin da aka fara gabatarwa, a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na babban ajandarta don haɓaka ci gaba a [[Developing country|ƙasashe masu tasowa]] . Tare da Gidauniyar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (ACWF), IWA ta ɗauki nauyin Ranar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko a watan Oktoba na 2003, inda ta gudanar da haɗin gwiwa na shirin tare da [[Hukumar kula da gurɓatar ruwa|Hukumar Muhalli ta Ruwa]] (WEF) daga Yuli 2006 zuwa Janairu 2015, inda aka mayar da aikin mai gudanarwa zuwa ''EarthEcho International'' . <ref name="aeecv5i4">{{Cite journal |last=Araya |first=Yoseph N. |last2=Moyer |first2=Edward H. |date=December 2006 |title=Global Public Water Education: The World Water Monitoring Day Experience |journal=International Journal of Applied Environmental Education and Communication |publisher=Taylor Francis |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=263-267 |doi=10.1080/15330150601059522}}</ref> Zuwa watan Satumba na 2016, adadin membobin IWA ya karu zuwa mambobi 6,295, wanda hakan ya nuna karuwar mambobi 4,901 a shekarar 2007. Masana ruwa sun ƙara tattaunawa da amincewa kan buƙatar tsarin da ya dace don tabbatar da ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha, wanda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ƙara jaddadawa ta hanyar haɓaka bugu na 3 na ''Jagororinta don Ingancin Ruwan Sha'' (GDWQ), suna mai da hankali kan kula da haɗari tare da sa ido kan samfuran ƙarshe don bin ƙa'idodi. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnarsdottir |first=Maria J. |last2=Gardarsson |first2=Sigurdur M. |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=March 2015 |title=Developing a national framework for safe drinking water—Case study from Iceland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1438463914000996 |journal=[[International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=218 |issue=2 |pages=196-202 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.003 |issn=1438-4639 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An tsara tsarin gabaɗaya don kula da ingancin ruwa a lokacin bita a Bonn, Jamus a watan Oktoba 2001 kuma an inganta shi a watan Fabrairu 2004, wanda ya haifar da ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'', wanda IWA ta ƙaddamar a watan Satumba 2004 a lokacin WWC&E na 4. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2" /> ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'' tana fafutukar ɗaukar Tsarin Tsaron Ruwa (WSPs), daidai da WHO GDWQ. Zuwa shekarar 2015, shekarar da aka tsara don [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Shekaru Dubu|Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDG) daga 2009, an rungumi ajandar 2030 na Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDG) a matsayin wani sabon batu mai muhimmanci da ya mayar da hankali kan ruwa a tsakanin sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a duniya. A watan Maris na 2015, an sanar da AquaRating a matsayin hukumar tantancewa ta farko a duniya ga bangaren ruwa ta hanyar kafa ma'aunin kasa da kasa don tantance samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsafta, wanda Bankin Ci Gaban Kasashen Amurka (IADB) da IWA suka tsara tare. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2016, Bankin Duniya da IWA sun sanar da kafa kawance da ke kewaye da rage asarar ruwa. A cikin hadin gwiwa da Asusun OPEC na Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa (OFID), IWA ta buga wani rahoto a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2017, yana jaddada muhimmancin daukar mataki cikin gaggawa don inganta maganin sharar gida, sake amfani da shi, da sake amfani da shi. <ref name="wwa-mj2018">{{Cite journal |date=May-June 2018 |title=The Reuse Opportunity |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |pages=14-18 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316004909/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wani biki na hukuma a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2007, an buɗe babban ofishin aiki a [[Hague|The Hague]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], wanda ya biyo bayan buɗe ofisoshin yanki a [[Beijing]], Jamhuriyar China (7 ga Disamba 2006) da [[Singafora|Singapore]] (5 ga Yuni 2007), sannan daga baya a [[Nairobi]], Kenya (2009/2010), [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania (24 ga Nuwamba 2009) da Milwaukee, [[Wisconsin]], Amurka (2016). An kafa ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], Indiya a watan Mayu 2018 don daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyar a duk faɗin Kudancin Asiya, kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin wani ƙaramin sashe na ƙungiyar IT da Canjin Dijital. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa wadda ta kafa sabuwar Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya ta IWA a Nanjing, Jamhuriyar China, a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2018 don karɓar baƙuncin Haɗin gwiwa da Sabis na Membobin Yankin Asiya & Oceania, Water Intelligence, IWA Learn, da Event, ta fara aiki gaba ɗaya a watan Yuli 2019, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen 2022 ko farkon 2023. <ref name="wwa-ja2019">{{Cite journal |date=July-August 2019 |title=Inauguration of Nanjing IWA Global Operations Hub |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |page=6 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315071149/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="gm-iwa" /> Brexit ta ba da damar rufe ayyukan ƙungiyar a [[Holand|Netherlands]] da kuma mayar da ayyukan zuwa [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda IWA da IWA Publishing suka raba ofishi a London tun daga watan Yulin 2020. <ref name="gm-iwa" /> ==Gudanarwa== ===Shugabannin IWA=== An jera duk tsoffin shugabannin Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya (International Water Association) a kasa.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Tsawon wa'adin shugabancin shekaru biyu ne na aiki, wanda za a iya sabunta shi na wa'adi na biyu biyo bayan sauyin tsarin mulki a taron Beijing a shekarar 2006.<ref name="iwa-mn-dec07" /> Mutum yana zama zababben shugaba har sai lokacin da wa'adin ya fara a hukumance a karshen bikin bude taron Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya da nune-nune (World Water Congress & Exhibition) na gaba, tare da karewar wa'adin a karshen taron WWC&E na gaba.<ref name="gm-iwa" /> Hukumar Gudanarwa, Hukumar Gudanarwar Daraktoci, Majalisar Dabarun Aiki da kwamitoci ne ke jagoranta da tsara ayyukan kungiyar da dabarunsu.<ref name="gtioith" /> Ana gudanar da jifar kuri'a na neman matsayin Shugaban IWA (shugaban hukumar gudanarwa) lokacin babban taron duniya ko kuma ta hanyar Hukumar Gudanarwar kungiyar a babban taron shekara-shekara na IWA. Ana kuma zabar mataimakin shugaba da babban mataimakin shugaba a matsayin jami'ai. Yayin da aka gudanar da hadewar kungiyoyin a shekarar 1999, an zabi shugabanni biyu na hadin gwiwa, wadanda dukkansu 'yan kasar Afirka ta Kudu ne, a babban taron Buenos Aires. An dora musu alhakin kula da lokacin mika mulki na shekaru biyu daga watan Satumba na shekarar 1999 zuwa watan Oktoba na shekarar 2001 (Taron IWA a Berlin) yayin da sabuwar kungiyar da aka kafa ke kokarin kafa tsarin aiki.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Diane D’Arras ta kasar Faransa ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016.<ref name="ww-top25" /> Saboda jinkirin da aka samu sakamakon annobar COVID-19, shugabancin Tom Mollenkopf ya fara aiki a watan Mayu na shekarar 2021 duk da cewa an zabe shi don wa'adinsa na farko a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019. {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 1999–2001{{efn|name=po-vb}}: Piet Odendaal (Afirka ta Kudu) * 1999–2001{{efn|name=po-vb}}: Vincent Bath (Afirka ta Kudu) * 2001–2003: Norihito Tambo (Japan) * 2003–2004: Michael Rouse (Burtaniya) * 2004–2006: Lászlo Somlyódy (Hungary) * 2006–2010: David Garman (Amurka) * 2010–2014: Glen Daigger (Amurka) * 2014–2016: Helmut Kroiss (Austria) * 2016–2021: Diane D’Arras (Faransa)<ref name="em-dda" /> * 2021–2024{{efn|name=tm}}: Tom Mollenkopf (Australia)<ref name="swm-tm" /> * 2024–yanzu: Hamanth Chotoo Kasan (Afirka ta Kudu)<ref name="tww-v22i6" /> {{div col end}} ===Daraktocin Zartarwa na IWA=== An jera duk tsoffin daraktocin zartarwa na Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya a kasa.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> Sakatariyar IWA, inda ake daidaita ayyukan kungiyar na duniya baki daya, tana karkashin jagorancin daraktan zartarwa, wanda hukumar gudanarwar daraktoci ke raba wa mukami.<ref name="gm-iwa" /> Yayin aiwatar da tsarin hadewar kungiyoyin IWSA da IAWQ, an nada Tony Milburn, wanda ya taba zama Darakta na Zartarwa na IAWQ tun daga shekarar 1982, a matsayin sabon Darakta na Zartarwa na IWA.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Shi kuma Mike Slipper, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Zartarwa na IWSA tun daga shekarar 1997, an nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Zartarwa na IWA.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 1999–2002: Anthony Milburn (Burtaniya) * 2002–2012: Paul Reiter (Amurka)<ref name="afwa-dec2012" /> * 2012–2017{{efn|name=gb}}: Ger Bergkamp (Netherlands)<ref name="wfm-ianed" /> * 2017–yanzu: Kala Vairavamoorthy (Burtaniya) {{div col end}} ==Yaba Kyaututtuka== IWA tana girmama gudunmawa da nasarorin mambobinta da masana a fannin ruwa ta hanyar shirin girmamawa da lambobin yabo, wadanda suka hada da 'Global Water Award' (tun 2004), 'Honorary Membership of the Association' (tun 2016), 'Publishing Award' (tun 2002), 'Gender & Diversity Award' (wanda aka sani da 'Women in Water Award' a tsohon salon sa tsakanin 2008 da 2020), 'Project Innovation Award' (tun 2016), 'Professional Development Award' (tun 2018), 'Best Practice on Resource Recovery' (tun 2015), 'Young Leadership Award' (tun 1999), da kuma 'IWA/ISME Bio Cluster Award' (tare da hadin gwiwar International Society for Microbial Ecology tun 2016).<ref name="iwa-gwa" /><ref name="iwa-ar1920" /><ref name="dn-kwgafage" /><ref name="tst-19092022" /> Tun daga shekarar 2015, wani shiri da ke da nufin karfafa dorewar gudanar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa da masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga ya hada da 'Water and Development Award for Research' da kuma 'Water and Development Award for Practice', inda ake sanar da wadanda suka yi nasara yayin babban taron bude taron WDC&E, wanda ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> ===Kyautar IWA Global Water Award=== An jera tsoffin wadanda suka lashe lambar yabon da ake bayarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu a kasa.<ref name="iwa-gwa" /> Ana daukarsa a matsayin mafi girman girmamawa daga IWA, kuma an san shi da suna 'IWA Grand Award' tsakanin 2004 da 2008, ana gabatar da lambar yabon ga wanda ya yi nasara (ko wadanda suka yi nasara) a taron World Water Congress & Exhibition na gaba. Kyautar IWA Global Water Award, wacce kwamitin bita na masana na duniya da ke duba tsarin sake zagayowar ruwa ke bayarwa, tana girmama duk wata gudunmawa mai mahimmanci ta daidaikun mutane wajen inganta dorewar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a duniya.<ref name="iwa-gwa" /> Tun lokacin da aka kafa lambar yabon, an samu mutane biyu da suka yi nasara a lokaci guda a lokuta biyu. Wanda ya yi nasara yana samun kofi na zane daban-daban da takardar shaida na girmama gudunmawar sa. {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 2004: Jamie Bartram (Switzerland) * 2004: Jisong Wu (Jamhuriyar China) * 2006: Daniel A. Okun (Amurka)<ref name="nap-dao" /> * 2008: Jim Gill (Australia)<ref name="bn-jg" /> * 2008: Mark van Loosdrecht (Netherlands)<ref name="nwo-mvl" /> * 2010: David Jenkins (Burtaniya)<ref name="nap-dj" /> * 2010: Blanca Jiménez Cisneros (Mexico)<ref name="unesco-bjc" /> * 2012: R. Rhodes Trussell (Amurka) * 2014: Qiu Baoxing (Jamhuriyar China) * 2016: Catarina de Albuquerque (Portugal)<ref name="tg-wiahrbichap" /> * 2018: Tony Wong (Australia)<ref name="jt-gwaswsud" /><ref name="cm-arwmwa" /> * 2021{{efn|name=gwa2021}}: Marcos Von Sperling (Brazil)<ref name="wwd-swrpia" /> * 2022: Nisha Mandani (India) <ref name="dn-kwgafage" /> * 2024: Joan Rose (Amurka)<ref name="mwehfcpph" /> {{div col end}} ==Littattafai== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = Water21 logo.svg | image2 = The Source logo 2015.svg | footer = (T–B) Mujallar 'The Source' ce ta maye gurbin 'Water21' a matsayin mujallar mambobi ta IWA a shekarar 2015. | total_width = 250 }} An kafa kamfanin IWA Publishing Ltd. (IWAP) a matsayin reshe na gaba daya na Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya a watan Janairu na shekarar 1999, don tunkarar hadewar tsakanin IAWQ da IWSA, da nufin samar da ayyukan bayanai kan dukkan bangarorin ruwa, gurbataccen ruwa da fannonin muhalli da suka shafi hakan, kuma zai karbi ayyukan wallafe-wallafen jaridu, littattafai da mujallu daga kungiyoyin da suka gabata.<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /> Kundin ayyukan kamfanin sun hada da wallafawa da buga mujallu na lokaci-lokaci da kuma manyan jaridun kimiyya na bita tare da sama da littattafai 800, rahotannin bincike, litattafan jagora na mafi kyawun ayyuka, da ayyukan yanar gizo.<ref name="iwap-about" /><ref name="iwap-j" /> Hukumar Journal Citation Reports ta jera mujallar 'Water Research' tare da mafi girman tasiri na 11.236 (2020) a cikin jaridun kamfanin.<ref name="cjif" /> An kaddamar da wata mujallar mambobi da nune-nunen kasuwanci mai suna 'Water21' don ya dace da kirkirar IWA, inda take buga fito-na-fito guda shida a kowace shekara tare da adadin rarraba kusan 20,000 a duniya, kuma ta hada abubuwa daga mujallun da suka gabata, 'Water Quality International' ta IAWQ da kuma 'Aqua News' ta IWSA.<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /> An buga fitowa ta karshe ta mujallar Water21 a watan Yuni na shekarar 2015, lokacin da aka sake fasalin mujallar aka kuma sake kaddamar da ita a matsayin 'The Source' a watan Satumba na shekarar 2015 duk bayan bayan watanni uku.<ref name="iwap-w21-ts" /> A wani lokaci, an buga wani kari na harshen Sinanci na mujallar Water21, da nufin kasuwar ruwa ta kasar Sin, sau biyu a shekara a cikin hadin gwiwa tsakanin IWA da Aquatech China tare da adadin rarrabawa guda 41,000. Wasu wasiƙun labarai guda biyu, masu suna 'Water Utility Management International' (WUMI) da 'Water Asset Management International' (WAMI), sun kasance littattafai na kowane bayan watanni uku da kungiyar Water21 ta samar tsakanin 2005/2006 da 2015. Littafi na farko da aka buga shi ne 'Wastewater Treatment Systems' a shekarar 1999.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> A watan Yuli na shekarar 1999, an kaddamar da sabon jorunal na farko a karkashin IWA Publishing, 'Journal of Hydroinformatics', tare da hadin gwiwar International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), sannan kuma International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS).<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /><ref name="iahr-his" /> Daga shekarar 2000, IWA Publishing ta ci gaba da wallafa mujallu guda uku 'Water Science and Technology' (wanda Elsevier ya taba bugawa a madadin IAWQ), 'AQUA' da 'Water Supply' (wanda Blackwell Scientific Publications ya taba bugawa a madadin IWSA), yayin da Elsevier ya ci gaba da wallafa mujallar 'Water Research' a madadin IAWQ tare da hadin gwiwar IWA.<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /> Bayan samun Elsevier a matsayin mawallafi na juzu'i hudu na farko, an canza jarida ta hukuma ta Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya, 'Water Policy', zuwa IWA Publishing tun daga shekarar 2003.<ref name="wwcbr0405" /> Ayyukan da suka shafi amintaccen ruwan sha na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tun daga shekarar 2003 sun hada da hadin gwiwa a kusa da wallafa 'Journal of Water and Health' ta IWA Publishing.<ref name="who-iwa" /> A shekarar 2012, an mika ayyukan wallafa 'Water Quality Research Journal of Canada' daga Kungiyar Ingancin Ruwa ta Kanada (CAWQ) zuwa IWA Publishing. An buga mukala ta farko ta bude kofa ga kowa (open access) a shekarar 2006 a cikin 'Journal of Water & Health' sannan a shekarar 2016 jaridar H2Open Journal ta zama jarida ta farko ta cikakken bude kofa ga kowa. Kusan rubuce-rubuce kashi daya cikin hudu na dukkan mukalolin da aka buga a jaridun IWA Publishing a shekarar 2020 sun kasance na bude kofa ga kowa.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> Reshen wallafe-wallafe na IWA ya zama mamba a Kungiyar Mawallafa na Masana na Bude Kofa (OASPA) a shekarar 2021.<ref name="oaspa-21012022" /> Goma daga cikin jaridun IWA Publishing sun zama na bude kofa ga kowa ta hanyar tsarin "Subscribe to Open" (S2O) a shekarar 2021.<ref name="iwa-ar21" /> A cikin wata yarjejeniya da aka cimma da Hukumar Bayanai na Lantarki don Laburare (EiFL), dakunan karatu suna ci gaba da biyan kudaden rajista tare da samar da kudaden shiga da ke ba da damar karanta jaridun kyauta da kuma wallafawa a cikinsu kyauta ga kowa da kowa. {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} Mujallu na lokaci-lokaci da IWA ke wallafawa:<ref name="iwap-j" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /> *AQUA: Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society{{efn|name=aqua}} (fitowar farko Yuni 1952) *Blue–Green Systems (fitowar farko Janairu 2019) *H2Open Journal{{efn|name=h2o}} (fitowar farko Yuli 2018) *Hydrology Research{{efn|name=hr}} (fitowar farko Fabrairu 1970) *Journal of Hydroinformatics (fitowar farko Yuli 1999) *Journal of Water & Climate Change (fitowar farko Maris 2010) *Journal of Water & Health (fitowar farko Maris 2003) *Water Reuse{{efn|name=wr}} (fitowar farko Maris 2011) *Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development (fitowar farko Maris 2011) *Water Policy{{efn|name=wp}} (fitowar farko Fabrairu 1998) *Water Practice & Technology (fitowar farko Maris 2006) *Water Quality Research Journal{{efn|name=wqrj}} (fitowar farko Fabrairu 1966) *Water Science & Technology{{efn|name=wst}} (fitowar farko 1972<ref name="iawprc25" /><ref name="aiwpr" />) *Water Supply{{efn|name=ws}} (fitowar farko Janairu 2001<ref name="iwa-his22" />) {{col-3}} Wadanda Elsevier ke wallafawa a madadin IWA:<ref name="iwap-j" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /> *Water Research (fitowar farko Janairu 1967<ref name="iawprc25" />) *Water Research X (fitowar farko Disamba 2018) *Water Resources and Economics (fitowar farko Janairu 2013<ref name="prn-iwa4j" />) *Water Resources and Industry (fitowar farko Maris–Yuni 2013<ref name="prn-iwa4j" />) *Water Resources & Rural Development (fitowar farko Nuwamba 2013;<ref name="prn-iwa4j" /> fitowar karshe Disamba 2017) *Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology (fitowar farko Disamba 2013;<ref name="prn-iwa4j" /> fitowar karshe Nuwamba 2017) Wadanda aka wallafa tare da hadin gwiwar Universitat Politècnica de València:<ref name="iwap-j" /> *Ingeneria del Agua{{efn|name=ida}} (fitowar farko Janairu 1994) {{col-3}} Mujallar mambobi ta IWA: *Water21 (fitowar farko Yuli 1999;<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> fitowar karshe Yuni 2015<ref name="iwap-w21-ts" />) *The Source (fitowar farko Satumba 2015<ref name="iwap-w21-ts" />) Wasiƙun labarai na IWA: *Water Asset Management International (fitowar farko Maris 2006; fitowar karshe Disamba 2015) *Water Utility Management International (fitowar farko Maris 2005; fitowar karshe Disamba 2015) {{col-end}} == Taruka da Tarurrukan Bita == [[File:International Water Association flags outside Bella Center Copenhagen Congress Center 2022.jpg|thumb|right|Tusoshin tutoci a kofar shiga babban taron Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya da nune-nune na IWA, watan Satumba na shekarar 2022, a [[Bella Center Copenhagen]].<ref name="wwce22" />]] A kowace shekara, IWA tana gudanar da kusan taruka na kwararru guda 40 da tarurrukan bita na horarwa kan bangarori daban-daban na gudanar da ruwa.<ref name="gtioith" /><ref name="jwwa-gaac16" /> Muhimman taruka da IWA ke shiryawa sun hada da babban taron Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya da nune-nune (World Water Congress & Exhibition - WWCE) tun daga shekarar 2000 da kuma taron Majalisar Ruwa da Cigaba da nune-nune (Water and Development Congress & Exhibition) da ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu, wanda aka gudanar da fitowarsa ta farko a shekarar 2009.<ref name="wwce22" /><ref name="wdc-about" /><ref name="wwc" /> Taron Amintaccen Ruwa (Conference for Water Safety), wanda aka taba gudanarwa a [[Lisbon]] (2008), [[Kuching]] (2010), [[Kampala]] (2012), [[Palawan]] (2016), [[Narvik]] (2022) da kuma [[Montevideo]] (2024), kuma ya kunshi tattaunawa da aiwatar da Tsare-tsaren Amintaccen Ruwa (Water Safety Plans - WSPs), IWA ce ke shiryawa kuma a fitowar sa guda biyar na farko, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ce ta dauki nauyin sa tare.<ref name="nwsc-iwa12" /><ref name="unw-iwa22" /><ref name="fono-iwa" /> Haka kuma, ana gudanar da Taron Jagoranci kan Fasahar Ruwa da Gurbataccen Ruwa (Leading Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Technologies - LET) a kowace shekara tun bayan fitowar farko a [[Noordwijk]], kasar [[Netherlands]] a shekarar 2003, in ban da shekarun 2020–2021.<ref name="iwa-let" /> Tarukan ''Design, Operation and Economics of Large Wastewater Treatment Plants'' (LWWTP) su ne taruka na kwararru mafi dadewa da wani rukuni na musamman na IWA (IWA specialist group - SG) ke shiryawa, wato rukunin LWWTP, wadanda suka ci gaba da aiki tun lokacin da aka hada IAWQ da IWSA zuwa IWA, kuma tun farko suka shirya taron farko a matsayin taron bita a shekarar 1971 a [[Vienna]], kasar Austria.<ref name="iwaoe-16-2020" /><ref name="wst-v84i2" /> Babban taron Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya na farko da aka gudanar a karkashin inuwar IWA an tsara shi ne a bisa tsarin al'adun babban taron IAWQ, yayin da aka shirya WWC na biyu kamar salon babban taron IWSA/DVGW.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Kwamitin tsara shirye-shirye da aka kafa don babban taron na uku, wanda aka gudanar tare da taron nune-nune na Enviro 2002 Convention & Exhibition, ya tsara shirin fasaha, kuma daga baya aka ci gaba da amfani da shi a matsayin kwamiti na dindindin don tarukan gaba domin tabbatar da inganci da dorewa.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Fitowa ta 6 ta babban taron Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya da nune-nune ta sami halartar wakilai 4,500 daga kasashe 94 daban-daban, inda ya zuwa fitowa ta 11 a [[Tokyo]] adadin ya karu zuwa halartar wakilai 9,815 daga kasashe 98, yayin da masana harkar ruwa guda 8,900 daga hukumomin samar da ruwa, masana kimiyya, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, gwamnatoci, da kungiyoyin duniya na kasashe 102 suka halarci fitowa ta 12 a [[Copenhagen]].<ref name="bwtmg-iwa2018" /><ref name="wo-wwccar4v" /><ref name="ts-ddahsic" /> Saboda annobar [[COVID-19 pandemic in Europe|COVID-19 a nahiyar Turai]] wadda ta sanya takunkumi mai tsanani ga tafiye-tafiye, an mayar da fitowa ta 12 ta WWC&E zuwa shekarar 2022.<ref name="th-wwc2022" /> A madadin haka, tsakanin 24 ga watan Mayu zuwa 4 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2021 an gudanar da taron yanar gizo da aka sani da ''2021 IWA Digital World Water Congress'', wanda ya ba da dama don gabatar da kasidun da aka shirya tun farko don taron WWC&E 2020 tare da babban taron tattaunawa, gabatarwa sama da 100 da zaman amsa tambayoyi kai tsaye.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /><ref name="iwa-ar21" /> Fitowa ta 1 ta taron Water & Development Congress & Exhibition ta sami halartar wakilai 400 daga kasashe 60, wanda IWA da [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] suka shirya, yayin da fitowa ta 6 ta ga halartar wakilai 3,142 daga kasashe sama da 100.<ref name="ww-iwa09" /><ref name="wdc-numbers" /> Shi kuwa taron IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition na 5 ba a gudanar da shi a babban dakin taro na taro ko jami'a ba, a maimakon haka an gudanar da shi ne a cikin gine-gine da karkashin tantuna na wucin gadi a wata matatun tace ruwa a [[Buenos Aires]], kasar Argentina.<ref name="iwa2017" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== *{{Official website|https://iwa-network.org/|Official website of the International Water Association (IWA)}} *{{Official website|https://www.iwapublishing.com/|Official website of IWA Publishing (IWAP)}} *{{Official website|https://worldwatercongress.org/|Official website of the IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition (WWC&E)}} *{{Official website|https://waterdevelopmentcongress.org/|Official website of the IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition (WDC&E)}} 9m4sp3xrhghsgobe1is0l6j433bveq9 869007 869006 2026-06-26T22:35:14Z Sirjat 20447 /* Taruka da Tarurrukan Bita */ 869007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya''' ( '''IWA''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta kuma cibiyar ilimi ga ɓangaren ruwa, tana haɗa ƙwararrun ruwa da [[Kamfani|kamfanoni]] don nemo mafita ga ƙalubalen ruwa na duniya. Tana da ma'aikata na dindindin da ke zaune a hedikwatarta da sakatariyar duniya a tsakiyar [[Landan|London]], Ingila, don tallafawa ayyukan, kuma tana da ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], [[Indiya]] . Manufar IWA ita ce ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ƙwararrun ruwa da haɓaka ƙa'idodi da hanyoyin da suka dace don [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|kula da ruwa]] mai ɗorewa . Membanta wani tsari ne na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi kamfanonin fasaha 313, masu amfani da ruwa da ruwan sharar gida, [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] 54, da masu ruwa da tsaki a fannonin ayyukan ruwa, injiniyan [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]] da ba da shawara da kuma mutane 7,791 ciki har da masana kimiyya da [[Bincike|masu bincike]], tare da membobi 53 masu mulki (2021). IWA memba ce mai alaƙa da Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya (ISC). IWA tana da ƙungiyoyin yanki, kusan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru 50 waɗanda ke rufe manyan batutuwa a fannin kula da ruwa na birane, ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman, da hanyoyin sadarwa na ilimi na yanar gizo. Ana shirya manyan [[Conference|taruka]] guda biyu a kowace shekara biyu: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Nunin (WWDE) da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ruwa da Bunkasa (WDCE). IWA tana aiki a kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi cikakken [[Water cycle|zagayen ruwa]], tare da shirye-shirye guda huɗu - Basin of the Future ( [[Tsaro na ruwa|tsaro da ruwa]] ), Birane na Gaba ( [[Urban metabolism|muhalli na birane]], [[birni mai dorewa]] ), Ayyukan Ruwa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|Tsafta]] (sarrafa [[Wastewater|ruwan shara]] ) gami da manufofi da ƙa'idojin Ruwa - waɗanda ke aiki don cimma [[Sustainable Development Goals|Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa]] da [[Seventieth session of the United Nations General Assembly|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 70]] ya amince da su da kuma magance barazanar da ke tattare da [[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]] mai dorewa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ke haifarwa. == Tarihi == === Haɗakar IWSA da IAWQ === Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga ''ƙungiyar samar da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA), wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1947 a Harrogate, [[Birtaniya|ƙasar Burtaniya]], inda ta canza sunanta zuwa ''ƙungiyar kula da ruwa ta duniya'' (IWSA) a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, da kuma ''ƙungiyar kula da ingancin ruwa ta duniya'' (IAWQ), wacce aka kafa a matsayin ''ƙungiyar bincike ta duniya kan gurɓatar ruwa'' (IAWPR) a shekarar 1962, wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 1965 a wannan birni, wadda aka sake mata suna ''Ƙungiyar Bincike da Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Duniya'' (IAWPRC) a watan Maris na 1982 kuma ta rungumi IAWQ a watan Mayu na 1992. <ref name="uia-iawq">{{Cite web |title=International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004233212/https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100047631 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=uia.org |publisher=Global Civil Society Database}}</ref> Dukansu ƙungiyoyi ne na membobin duniya - ɗaya da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha da kuma ɗayan da ta shafi harkar samar da ruwan sha - waɗanda aka keɓe don ci gaba da [[bincike]] da mafi kyawun ayyuka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya, amma sun wakilci dalilai guda biyu daban-daban, ra'ayoyi, [[tarihi]], da bayanan membobinsu. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin suna da jerin ayyuka da suka mayar da hankali kan tarurrukan da ake yi akai-akai, waɗanda a cikin shekarun baya za su haɗa da tarurrukan musamman da tarurrukan yanki ga mutane ba tare da hanyoyin halartar tarurrukan shekara biyu ba. Tsarin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka tsara da kansu wanda aka fara ƙirƙira a cikin IAWPRC zai zama ginshiƙin tsarin aikin IWA wanda ya wuce tarurrukan shekara biyu na IWA, kuma za a ƙara wadata shi da ƙungiyoyi da shirye-shiryen da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru suka kafa a cikin IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A tarihin IWSA, abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansa na buga mujallu ya yi ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da IAWQ. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Tattaunawa game da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin IWSA da IAWQ ta fara ne a shekarar 1996. Ganin cewa suna zaune a Landan tsawon shekaru da dama, an daɗe ana la'akari da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarshe, an gudanar da shawarwari kan haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar abin da daga baya aka san shi da ''Ƙungiyar Haɗaka'' (MCG), waɗanda suka yi taro na ƙarshe a Landan a ranar 12-13 ga Mayu 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ranar 23 ga Janairu 1998, shugabannin wancan lokacin, Nicholas Hood na IWSA da Thomas Keinath na IAWQ, sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta, wadda ta share fagen amincewa da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi biyu. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2">{{Cite journal |date=March 1998 |title=The merger progresses |url=https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-abstract/47/2/i/31700/AQUA-NEWS |journal=Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Blackwell Science]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=i-xix |doi=10.2166/aqua.1998.8 |issn=0003-7214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bayan sun sami umarni daga hukumomin gudanarwa na su game da shawarar da aka gabatar a hukumance, IWSA a watan Mayu da IAWQ a watan Yuni a wannan shekarar, an shirya cikakken haɗin gwiwar zai gudana kafin 1 ga Agusta 1999. <ref name="jwsrta-v47i2" /> An rufe haɗin gwiwar a hukumance a lokacin wani taron sanya hannu da aka gudanar a Makon Ruwa na Stockholm a watan Agusta 1999. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> A ƙarƙashin Dokar Sadaka ta Burtaniya, haɗin gwiwar ya wargaza IWSA da IAWQ a hukumance, wanda ya haifar da kafa sabuwar ƙungiya. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru guda biyu masu fasaha tare da [[Al'ada|al'adu]] daban-daban, da hanyoyin aiki sun haɗu a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1999 don kafa Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya (IWA), inda suka ƙirƙiri ƙungiya ɗaya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta mai da hankali kan cikakken zagayowar ruwa. <ref name="uia-iawq"/> Haɗin gwiwar ya samo asali ne daga sauƙaƙe ayyukan da sha'awar tara tarin abubuwa masu mahimmanci. <ref name="wei-v8i63">{{Cite journal |last=Waddington |first=Karma |date=November 1999 |title=Water professionals in new embrace |journal=Water & Environment International |publisher=International Trade Publications |volume=8 |issue=63 |page=4 |issn=0969-9775}}</ref> An sanya hannu kan doka kuma an ƙirƙiri IWA a ƙarshen Yuli 1999, an ƙaddamar da IWA a bikin ƙarshe na Babban Taron Ruwa na Duniya na 22 na IWSA, wanda aka gudanar a [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina a tsakanin 18-24 ga Satumba, 1999, tare da haɗin gwiwar AIDIS Argentina. <ref name="wei-v8i63" /> IWA ta fara aiki a sabon hedikwatar ta da ke Caxton Street, [[Landan|London]], United Kingdom daga Janairu 2000. An haɗa a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar akwai sabon tsarin jagoranci na membobi, ''Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha'' (STC) da ''Majalisar Gudanarwa da Manufofi'' (MPC), da ƙirƙirar rassan biyu: IWA Publishing (IWA) da Gidauniyar IWA. <ref name="iwa-his22" /> === Shekarun farko, sabbin manufofi da ofisoshi === An gudanar da babban taro na farko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin sabuwar ƙungiyar a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] a shekarar 2000, inda wakilai kusan 2,500 suka halarci gabatarwar baki 450, gabatarwar fosta 750 da kuma tarurrukan bita da tarurrukan karawa juna sani 4. <ref name="wei-v8i63"/> <ref name="ag-1stwwc">{{Cite journal |date=January-March 2001 |title=First world water congress |journal=[[Australian Geographic]] |location=AG Society News |publisher=[[Australian Geographic Society]] |issue=61 |page=12 |issn=0816-1658}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, IWA ta ƙaddamar da taron ci gaba na shekara biyu, inda [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]] ya zama wurin da aka fara gabatarwa, a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na babban ajandarta don haɓaka ci gaba a [[Developing country|ƙasashe masu tasowa]] . Tare da Gidauniyar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (ACWF), IWA ta ɗauki nauyin Ranar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko a watan Oktoba na 2003, inda ta gudanar da haɗin gwiwa na shirin tare da [[Hukumar kula da gurɓatar ruwa|Hukumar Muhalli ta Ruwa]] (WEF) daga Yuli 2006 zuwa Janairu 2015, inda aka mayar da aikin mai gudanarwa zuwa ''EarthEcho International'' . <ref name="aeecv5i4">{{Cite journal |last=Araya |first=Yoseph N. |last2=Moyer |first2=Edward H. |date=December 2006 |title=Global Public Water Education: The World Water Monitoring Day Experience |journal=International Journal of Applied Environmental Education and Communication |publisher=Taylor Francis |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=263-267 |doi=10.1080/15330150601059522}}</ref> Zuwa watan Satumba na 2016, adadin membobin IWA ya karu zuwa mambobi 6,295, wanda hakan ya nuna karuwar mambobi 4,901 a shekarar 2007. Masana ruwa sun ƙara tattaunawa da amincewa kan buƙatar tsarin da ya dace don tabbatar da ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha, wanda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ƙara jaddadawa ta hanyar haɓaka bugu na 3 na ''Jagororinta don Ingancin Ruwan Sha'' (GDWQ), suna mai da hankali kan kula da haɗari tare da sa ido kan samfuran ƙarshe don bin ƙa'idodi. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnarsdottir |first=Maria J. |last2=Gardarsson |first2=Sigurdur M. |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=March 2015 |title=Developing a national framework for safe drinking water—Case study from Iceland |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1438463914000996 |journal=[[International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=218 |issue=2 |pages=196-202 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.003 |issn=1438-4639 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An tsara tsarin gabaɗaya don kula da ingancin ruwa a lokacin bita a Bonn, Jamus a watan Oktoba 2001 kuma an inganta shi a watan Fabrairu 2004, wanda ya haifar da ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'', wanda IWA ta ƙaddamar a watan Satumba 2004 a lokacin WWC&E na 4. <ref name="ijheh-v218i2" /> ''Yarjejeniyar Bonn don Ruwan Sha Mai Tsarki'' tana fafutukar ɗaukar Tsarin Tsaron Ruwa (WSPs), daidai da WHO GDWQ. Zuwa shekarar 2015, shekarar da aka tsara don [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Shekaru Dubu|Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDG) daga 2009, an rungumi ajandar 2030 na Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDG) a matsayin wani sabon batu mai muhimmanci da ya mayar da hankali kan ruwa a tsakanin sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a duniya. A watan Maris na 2015, an sanar da AquaRating a matsayin hukumar tantancewa ta farko a duniya ga bangaren ruwa ta hanyar kafa ma'aunin kasa da kasa don tantance samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsafta, wanda Bankin Ci Gaban Kasashen Amurka (IADB) da IWA suka tsara tare. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2016, Bankin Duniya da IWA sun sanar da kafa kawance da ke kewaye da rage asarar ruwa. A cikin hadin gwiwa da Asusun OPEC na Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa (OFID), IWA ta buga wani rahoto a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2017, yana jaddada muhimmancin daukar mataki cikin gaggawa don inganta maganin sharar gida, sake amfani da shi, da sake amfani da shi. <ref name="wwa-mj2018">{{Cite journal |date=May-June 2018 |title=The Reuse Opportunity |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |pages=14-18 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316004909/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/3_wwa_mayjune_2018_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wani biki na hukuma a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2007, an buɗe babban ofishin aiki a [[Hague|The Hague]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], wanda ya biyo bayan buɗe ofisoshin yanki a [[Beijing]], Jamhuriyar China (7 ga Disamba 2006) da [[Singafora|Singapore]] (5 ga Yuni 2007), sannan daga baya a [[Nairobi]], Kenya (2009/2010), [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania (24 ga Nuwamba 2009) da Milwaukee, [[Wisconsin]], Amurka (2016). An kafa ofishin yanki a [[Chennai]], Indiya a watan Mayu 2018 don daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyar a duk faɗin Kudancin Asiya, kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin wani ƙaramin sashe na ƙungiyar IT da Canjin Dijital. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa wadda ta kafa sabuwar Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya ta IWA a Nanjing, Jamhuriyar China, a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2018 don karɓar baƙuncin Haɗin gwiwa da Sabis na Membobin Yankin Asiya & Oceania, Water Intelligence, IWA Learn, da Event, ta fara aiki gaba ɗaya a watan Yuli 2019, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen 2022 ko farkon 2023. <ref name="wwa-ja2019">{{Cite journal |date=July-August 2019 |title=Inauguration of Nanjing IWA Global Operations Hub |url=https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |journal=Water & Wastewater Asia |page=6 |issn=2010-233X |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315071149/https://issuu.com/pablopublishing/docs/4_wwa_julyaugust_2019_ebook |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="gm-iwa" /> Brexit ta ba da damar rufe ayyukan ƙungiyar a [[Holand|Netherlands]] da kuma mayar da ayyukan zuwa [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], inda IWA da IWA Publishing suka raba ofishi a London tun daga watan Yulin 2020. <ref name="gm-iwa" /> ==Gudanarwa== ===Shugabannin IWA=== An jera duk tsoffin shugabannin Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya (International Water Association) a kasa.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Tsawon wa'adin shugabancin shekaru biyu ne na aiki, wanda za a iya sabunta shi na wa'adi na biyu biyo bayan sauyin tsarin mulki a taron Beijing a shekarar 2006.<ref name="iwa-mn-dec07" /> Mutum yana zama zababben shugaba har sai lokacin da wa'adin ya fara a hukumance a karshen bikin bude taron Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya da nune-nune (World Water Congress & Exhibition) na gaba, tare da karewar wa'adin a karshen taron WWC&E na gaba.<ref name="gm-iwa" /> Hukumar Gudanarwa, Hukumar Gudanarwar Daraktoci, Majalisar Dabarun Aiki da kwamitoci ne ke jagoranta da tsara ayyukan kungiyar da dabarunsu.<ref name="gtioith" /> Ana gudanar da jifar kuri'a na neman matsayin Shugaban IWA (shugaban hukumar gudanarwa) lokacin babban taron duniya ko kuma ta hanyar Hukumar Gudanarwar kungiyar a babban taron shekara-shekara na IWA. Ana kuma zabar mataimakin shugaba da babban mataimakin shugaba a matsayin jami'ai. Yayin da aka gudanar da hadewar kungiyoyin a shekarar 1999, an zabi shugabanni biyu na hadin gwiwa, wadanda dukkansu 'yan kasar Afirka ta Kudu ne, a babban taron Buenos Aires. An dora musu alhakin kula da lokacin mika mulki na shekaru biyu daga watan Satumba na shekarar 1999 zuwa watan Oktoba na shekarar 2001 (Taron IWA a Berlin) yayin da sabuwar kungiyar da aka kafa ke kokarin kafa tsarin aiki.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Diane D’Arras ta kasar Faransa ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016.<ref name="ww-top25" /> Saboda jinkirin da aka samu sakamakon annobar COVID-19, shugabancin Tom Mollenkopf ya fara aiki a watan Mayu na shekarar 2021 duk da cewa an zabe shi don wa'adinsa na farko a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019. {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 1999–2001{{efn|name=po-vb}}: Piet Odendaal (Afirka ta Kudu) * 1999–2001{{efn|name=po-vb}}: Vincent Bath (Afirka ta Kudu) * 2001–2003: Norihito Tambo (Japan) * 2003–2004: Michael Rouse (Burtaniya) * 2004–2006: Lászlo Somlyódy (Hungary) * 2006–2010: David Garman (Amurka) * 2010–2014: Glen Daigger (Amurka) * 2014–2016: Helmut Kroiss (Austria) * 2016–2021: Diane D’Arras (Faransa)<ref name="em-dda" /> * 2021–2024{{efn|name=tm}}: Tom Mollenkopf (Australia)<ref name="swm-tm" /> * 2024–yanzu: Hamanth Chotoo Kasan (Afirka ta Kudu)<ref name="tww-v22i6" /> {{div col end}} ===Daraktocin Zartarwa na IWA=== An jera duk tsoffin daraktocin zartarwa na Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya a kasa.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> Sakatariyar IWA, inda ake daidaita ayyukan kungiyar na duniya baki daya, tana karkashin jagorancin daraktan zartarwa, wanda hukumar gudanarwar daraktoci ke raba wa mukami.<ref name="gm-iwa" /> Yayin aiwatar da tsarin hadewar kungiyoyin IWSA da IAWQ, an nada Tony Milburn, wanda ya taba zama Darakta na Zartarwa na IAWQ tun daga shekarar 1982, a matsayin sabon Darakta na Zartarwa na IWA.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Shi kuma Mike Slipper, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Zartarwa na IWSA tun daga shekarar 1997, an nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Zartarwa na IWA.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 1999–2002: Anthony Milburn (Burtaniya) * 2002–2012: Paul Reiter (Amurka)<ref name="afwa-dec2012" /> * 2012–2017{{efn|name=gb}}: Ger Bergkamp (Netherlands)<ref name="wfm-ianed" /> * 2017–yanzu: Kala Vairavamoorthy (Burtaniya) {{div col end}} ==Yaba Kyaututtuka== IWA tana girmama gudunmawa da nasarorin mambobinta da masana a fannin ruwa ta hanyar shirin girmamawa da lambobin yabo, wadanda suka hada da 'Global Water Award' (tun 2004), 'Honorary Membership of the Association' (tun 2016), 'Publishing Award' (tun 2002), 'Gender & Diversity Award' (wanda aka sani da 'Women in Water Award' a tsohon salon sa tsakanin 2008 da 2020), 'Project Innovation Award' (tun 2016), 'Professional Development Award' (tun 2018), 'Best Practice on Resource Recovery' (tun 2015), 'Young Leadership Award' (tun 1999), da kuma 'IWA/ISME Bio Cluster Award' (tare da hadin gwiwar International Society for Microbial Ecology tun 2016).<ref name="iwa-gwa" /><ref name="iwa-ar1920" /><ref name="dn-kwgafage" /><ref name="tst-19092022" /> Tun daga shekarar 2015, wani shiri da ke da nufin karfafa dorewar gudanar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa da masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga ya hada da 'Water and Development Award for Research' da kuma 'Water and Development Award for Practice', inda ake sanar da wadanda suka yi nasara yayin babban taron bude taron WDC&E, wanda ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> ===Kyautar IWA Global Water Award=== An jera tsoffin wadanda suka lashe lambar yabon da ake bayarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu a kasa.<ref name="iwa-gwa" /> Ana daukarsa a matsayin mafi girman girmamawa daga IWA, kuma an san shi da suna 'IWA Grand Award' tsakanin 2004 da 2008, ana gabatar da lambar yabon ga wanda ya yi nasara (ko wadanda suka yi nasara) a taron World Water Congress & Exhibition na gaba. Kyautar IWA Global Water Award, wacce kwamitin bita na masana na duniya da ke duba tsarin sake zagayowar ruwa ke bayarwa, tana girmama duk wata gudunmawa mai mahimmanci ta daidaikun mutane wajen inganta dorewar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a duniya.<ref name="iwa-gwa" /> Tun lokacin da aka kafa lambar yabon, an samu mutane biyu da suka yi nasara a lokaci guda a lokuta biyu. Wanda ya yi nasara yana samun kofi na zane daban-daban da takardar shaida na girmama gudunmawar sa. {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * 2004: Jamie Bartram (Switzerland) * 2004: Jisong Wu (Jamhuriyar China) * 2006: Daniel A. Okun (Amurka)<ref name="nap-dao" /> * 2008: Jim Gill (Australia)<ref name="bn-jg" /> * 2008: Mark van Loosdrecht (Netherlands)<ref name="nwo-mvl" /> * 2010: David Jenkins (Burtaniya)<ref name="nap-dj" /> * 2010: Blanca Jiménez Cisneros (Mexico)<ref name="unesco-bjc" /> * 2012: R. Rhodes Trussell (Amurka) * 2014: Qiu Baoxing (Jamhuriyar China) * 2016: Catarina de Albuquerque (Portugal)<ref name="tg-wiahrbichap" /> * 2018: Tony Wong (Australia)<ref name="jt-gwaswsud" /><ref name="cm-arwmwa" /> * 2021{{efn|name=gwa2021}}: Marcos Von Sperling (Brazil)<ref name="wwd-swrpia" /> * 2022: Nisha Mandani (India) <ref name="dn-kwgafage" /> * 2024: Joan Rose (Amurka)<ref name="mwehfcpph" /> {{div col end}} ==Littattafai== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = Water21 logo.svg | image2 = The Source logo 2015.svg | footer = (T–B) Mujallar 'The Source' ce ta maye gurbin 'Water21' a matsayin mujallar mambobi ta IWA a shekarar 2015. | total_width = 250 }} An kafa kamfanin IWA Publishing Ltd. (IWAP) a matsayin reshe na gaba daya na Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya a watan Janairu na shekarar 1999, don tunkarar hadewar tsakanin IAWQ da IWSA, da nufin samar da ayyukan bayanai kan dukkan bangarorin ruwa, gurbataccen ruwa da fannonin muhalli da suka shafi hakan, kuma zai karbi ayyukan wallafe-wallafen jaridu, littattafai da mujallu daga kungiyoyin da suka gabata.<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /> Kundin ayyukan kamfanin sun hada da wallafawa da buga mujallu na lokaci-lokaci da kuma manyan jaridun kimiyya na bita tare da sama da littattafai 800, rahotannin bincike, litattafan jagora na mafi kyawun ayyuka, da ayyukan yanar gizo.<ref name="iwap-about" /><ref name="iwap-j" /> Hukumar Journal Citation Reports ta jera mujallar 'Water Research' tare da mafi girman tasiri na 11.236 (2020) a cikin jaridun kamfanin.<ref name="cjif" /> An kaddamar da wata mujallar mambobi da nune-nunen kasuwanci mai suna 'Water21' don ya dace da kirkirar IWA, inda take buga fito-na-fito guda shida a kowace shekara tare da adadin rarraba kusan 20,000 a duniya, kuma ta hada abubuwa daga mujallun da suka gabata, 'Water Quality International' ta IAWQ da kuma 'Aqua News' ta IWSA.<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /> An buga fitowa ta karshe ta mujallar Water21 a watan Yuni na shekarar 2015, lokacin da aka sake fasalin mujallar aka kuma sake kaddamar da ita a matsayin 'The Source' a watan Satumba na shekarar 2015 duk bayan bayan watanni uku.<ref name="iwap-w21-ts" /> A wani lokaci, an buga wani kari na harshen Sinanci na mujallar Water21, da nufin kasuwar ruwa ta kasar Sin, sau biyu a shekara a cikin hadin gwiwa tsakanin IWA da Aquatech China tare da adadin rarrabawa guda 41,000. Wasu wasiƙun labarai guda biyu, masu suna 'Water Utility Management International' (WUMI) da 'Water Asset Management International' (WAMI), sun kasance littattafai na kowane bayan watanni uku da kungiyar Water21 ta samar tsakanin 2005/2006 da 2015. Littafi na farko da aka buga shi ne 'Wastewater Treatment Systems' a shekarar 1999.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> A watan Yuli na shekarar 1999, an kaddamar da sabon jorunal na farko a karkashin IWA Publishing, 'Journal of Hydroinformatics', tare da hadin gwiwar International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), sannan kuma International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS).<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /><ref name="iahr-his" /> Daga shekarar 2000, IWA Publishing ta ci gaba da wallafa mujallu guda uku 'Water Science and Technology' (wanda Elsevier ya taba bugawa a madadin IAWQ), 'AQUA' da 'Water Supply' (wanda Blackwell Scientific Publications ya taba bugawa a madadin IWSA), yayin da Elsevier ya ci gaba da wallafa mujallar 'Water Research' a madadin IAWQ tare da hadin gwiwar IWA.<ref name="iwan-no3-1999" /> Bayan samun Elsevier a matsayin mawallafi na juzu'i hudu na farko, an canza jarida ta hukuma ta Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya, 'Water Policy', zuwa IWA Publishing tun daga shekarar 2003.<ref name="wwcbr0405" /> Ayyukan da suka shafi amintaccen ruwan sha na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tun daga shekarar 2003 sun hada da hadin gwiwa a kusa da wallafa 'Journal of Water and Health' ta IWA Publishing.<ref name="who-iwa" /> A shekarar 2012, an mika ayyukan wallafa 'Water Quality Research Journal of Canada' daga Kungiyar Ingancin Ruwa ta Kanada (CAWQ) zuwa IWA Publishing. An buga mukala ta farko ta bude kofa ga kowa (open access) a shekarar 2006 a cikin 'Journal of Water & Health' sannan a shekarar 2016 jaridar H2Open Journal ta zama jarida ta farko ta cikakken bude kofa ga kowa. Kusan rubuce-rubuce kashi daya cikin hudu na dukkan mukalolin da aka buga a jaridun IWA Publishing a shekarar 2020 sun kasance na bude kofa ga kowa.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> Reshen wallafe-wallafe na IWA ya zama mamba a Kungiyar Mawallafa na Masana na Bude Kofa (OASPA) a shekarar 2021.<ref name="oaspa-21012022" /> Goma daga cikin jaridun IWA Publishing sun zama na bude kofa ga kowa ta hanyar tsarin "Subscribe to Open" (S2O) a shekarar 2021.<ref name="iwa-ar21" /> A cikin wata yarjejeniya da aka cimma da Hukumar Bayanai na Lantarki don Laburare (EiFL), dakunan karatu suna ci gaba da biyan kudaden rajista tare da samar da kudaden shiga da ke ba da damar karanta jaridun kyauta da kuma wallafawa a cikinsu kyauta ga kowa da kowa. {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} Mujallu na lokaci-lokaci da IWA ke wallafawa:<ref name="iwap-j" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /> *AQUA: Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society{{efn|name=aqua}} (fitowar farko Yuni 1952) *Blue–Green Systems (fitowar farko Janairu 2019) *H2Open Journal{{efn|name=h2o}} (fitowar farko Yuli 2018) *Hydrology Research{{efn|name=hr}} (fitowar farko Fabrairu 1970) *Journal of Hydroinformatics (fitowar farko Yuli 1999) *Journal of Water & Climate Change (fitowar farko Maris 2010) *Journal of Water & Health (fitowar farko Maris 2003) *Water Reuse{{efn|name=wr}} (fitowar farko Maris 2011) *Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development (fitowar farko Maris 2011) *Water Policy{{efn|name=wp}} (fitowar farko Fabrairu 1998) *Water Practice & Technology (fitowar farko Maris 2006) *Water Quality Research Journal{{efn|name=wqrj}} (fitowar farko Fabrairu 1966) *Water Science & Technology{{efn|name=wst}} (fitowar farko 1972<ref name="iawprc25" /><ref name="aiwpr" />) *Water Supply{{efn|name=ws}} (fitowar farko Janairu 2001<ref name="iwa-his22" />) {{col-3}} Wadanda Elsevier ke wallafawa a madadin IWA:<ref name="iwap-j" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /> *Water Research (fitowar farko Janairu 1967<ref name="iawprc25" />) *Water Research X (fitowar farko Disamba 2018) *Water Resources and Economics (fitowar farko Janairu 2013<ref name="prn-iwa4j" />) *Water Resources and Industry (fitowar farko Maris–Yuni 2013<ref name="prn-iwa4j" />) *Water Resources & Rural Development (fitowar farko Nuwamba 2013;<ref name="prn-iwa4j" /> fitowar karshe Disamba 2017) *Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology (fitowar farko Disamba 2013;<ref name="prn-iwa4j" /> fitowar karshe Nuwamba 2017) Wadanda aka wallafa tare da hadin gwiwar Universitat Politècnica de València:<ref name="iwap-j" /> *Ingeneria del Agua{{efn|name=ida}} (fitowar farko Janairu 1994) {{col-3}} Mujallar mambobi ta IWA: *Water21 (fitowar farko Yuli 1999;<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /> fitowar karshe Yuni 2015<ref name="iwap-w21-ts" />) *The Source (fitowar farko Satumba 2015<ref name="iwap-w21-ts" />) Wasiƙun labarai na IWA: *Water Asset Management International (fitowar farko Maris 2006; fitowar karshe Disamba 2015) *Water Utility Management International (fitowar farko Maris 2005; fitowar karshe Disamba 2015) {{col-end}} == Taruka da Tarurrukan Bita == [[File:International Water Association flags outside Bella Center Copenhagen Congress Center 2022.jpg|thumb|right|Tusoshin tutoci a kofar shiga babban taron Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya da nune-nune na IWA, watan Satumba na shekarar 2022, a [[Bella Center Copenhagen]].<ref name="wwce22" />]] A kowace shekara, IWA tana gudanar da kusan taruka na kwararru guda 40 da tarurrukan bita na horarwa kan bangarori daban-daban na gudanar da ruwa.<ref name="gtioith" /><ref name="jwwa-gaac16" /> Muhimman taruka da IWA ke shiryawa sun hada da babban taron Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya da nune-nune (World Water Congress & Exhibition - WWCE) tun daga shekarar 2000 da kuma taron Majalisar Ruwa da Cigaba da nune-nune (Water and Development Congress & Exhibition) da ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu, wanda aka gudanar da fitowarsa ta farko a shekarar 2009.<ref name="wwce22" /><ref name="wdc-about" /><ref name="wwc" /> Taron Amintaccen Ruwa (Conference for Water Safety), wanda aka taba gudanarwa a [[Lisbon]] (2008), [[Kuching]] (2010), [[Kampala]] (2012), [[Palawan]] (2016), [[Narvik]] (2022) da kuma [[Montevideo]] (2024), kuma ya kunshi tattaunawa da aiwatar da Tsare-tsaren Amintaccen Ruwa (Water Safety Plans - WSPs), IWA ce ke shiryawa kuma a fitowar sa guda biyar na farko, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ce ta dauki nauyin sa tare.<ref name="nwsc-iwa12" /><ref name="unw-iwa22" /><ref name="fono-iwa" /> Haka kuma, ana gudanar da Taron Jagoranci kan Fasahar Ruwa da Gurbataccen Ruwa (Leading Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Technologies - LET) a kowace shekara tun bayan fitowar farko a [[Noordwijk]], kasar [[Netherlands]] a shekarar 2003, in ban da shekarun 2020–2021.<ref name="iwa-let" /> Tarukan ''Design, Operation and Economics of Large Wastewater Treatment Plants'' (LWWTP) su ne taruka na kwararru mafi dadewa da wani rukuni na musamman na IWA (IWA specialist group - SG) ke shiryawa, wato rukunin LWWTP, wadanda suka ci gaba da aiki tun lokacin da aka hada IAWQ da IWSA zuwa IWA, kuma tun farko suka shirya taron farko a matsayin taron bita a shekarar 1971 a [[Vienna]], kasar Austria.<ref name="iwaoe-16-2020" /><ref name="wst-v84i2" /> Babban taron Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya na farko da aka gudanar a karkashin inuwar IWA an tsara shi ne a bisa tsarin al'adun babban taron IAWQ, yayin da aka shirya WWC na biyu kamar salon babban taron IWSA/DVGW.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Kwamitin tsara shirye-shirye da aka kafa don babban taron na uku, wanda aka gudanar tare da taron nune-nune na Enviro 2002 Convention & Exhibition, ya tsara shirin fasaha, kuma daga baya aka ci gaba da amfani da shi a matsayin kwamiti na dindindin don tarukan gaba domin tabbatar da inganci da dorewa.<ref name="iwa-his22" /> Fitowa ta 6 ta babban taron Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya da nune-nune ta sami halartar wakilai 4,500 daga kasashe 94 daban-daban, inda ya zuwa fitowa ta 11 a [[Tokyo]] adadin ya karu zuwa halartar wakilai 9,815 daga kasashe 98, yayin da masana harkar ruwa guda 8,900 daga hukumomin samar da ruwa, masana kimiyya, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, gwamnatoci, da kungiyoyin duniya na kasashe 102 suka halarci fitowa ta 12 a [[Copenhagen]].<ref name="bwtmg-iwa2018" /><ref name="wo-wwccar4v" /><ref name="ts-ddahsic" /> Saboda annobar [[COVID-19 pandemic in Europe|COVID-19 a nahiyar Turai]] wadda ta sanya takunkumi mai tsanani ga tafiye-tafiye, an mayar da fitowa ta 12 ta WWC&E zuwa shekarar 2022.<ref name="th-wwc2022" /> A madadin haka, tsakanin 24 ga watan Mayu zuwa 4 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2021 an gudanar da taron yanar gizo da aka sani da ''2021 IWA Digital World Water Congress'', wanda ya ba da dama don gabatar da kasidun da aka shirya tun farko don taron WWC&E 2020 tare da babban taron tattaunawa, gabatarwa sama da 100 da zaman amsa tambayoyi kai tsaye.<ref name="iwa-ar1920" /><ref name="iwa-ar21" /> Fitowa ta 1 ta taron Water & Development Congress & Exhibition ta sami halartar wakilai 400 daga kasashe 60, wanda IWA da [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] suka shirya, yayin da fitowa ta 6 ta ga halartar wakilai 3,142 daga kasashe sama da 100.<ref name="ww-iwa09" /><ref name="wdc-numbers" /> Shi kuwa taron IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition na 5 ba a gudanar da shi a babban dakin taro na taro ko jami'a ba, a maimakon haka an gudanar da shi ne a cikin gine-gine da karkashin tantuna na wucin gadi a wata matatun tace ruwa a [[Buenos Aires]], kasar Argentina.<ref name="iwa2017" /> === Gurare da kwanakin gudanar da WWCE === {|class="wikitable" |- !Fitowa!!Suna!!Kwanaki!!Wuri!!Karin Bayani |- |1||1st IWA World Water Congress||3–7 Yuli 2000||[[Palais des congrès de Paris]], [[Paris]], Faransa||<ref name="iwa-his22" /><ref name="wwc" /> |- |2||2nd IWA World Water Congress||15–19 Oktoba 2001||[[Internationales Congress Centrum Berlin]], [[Berlin]], Jamus||<ref name="iwa-his22" /> |- |3||3rd IWA World Water Congress||7–12 Afrilu 2002||[[Melbourne Convention Centre]], [[Melbourne]], Australia||<ref name="iwa-his22" /><ref name="iwap-about" /> |- |4||4th IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition||19–24 Satumba 2004||Palais des congrès de Marrakech, [[Marrakesh]], Morocco||<ref name="iwa-his22" /> |- |5||2006 IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition||10–14 Satumba 2006||[[Beijing International Convention Center]], [[Beijing]], China||<ref name="iwa-his22" /> |- |6||2008 IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition||7–12 Satumba 2008||[[Austria Center Vienna]], [[Vienna]], Austria||<ref name="iwa-his22" /> |- |7||2010 IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition||19–23 Satumba 2010||[[Palais des congrès de Montréal]], [[Montreal]], Canada||<ref name="iwa-his22" /><ref name="wwc" /> |- |8||2012 IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition||16–21 Satumba 2012||[[Busan Exhibition and Convention Center]], [[Busan]], Koriya ta Kudu||<ref name="iwa-his22" /> |- |9||2014 IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition||21–26 Satumba 2014||[[Centro de Congressos de Lisboa]], [[Lisbon]], Portugal||<ref name="iwa-his22" /><ref name="dws-iwa" /> |- |10||2016 IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition||9–14 Oktoba 2016||[[Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre]], [[Brisbane]], Australia||<ref name="iwa-his22" /><ref name="who-wwc2016" /> |- |11||2018 IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition||16–21 Satumba 2018||[[Tokyo Big Sight]], [[Tokyo]], Japan||<ref name="jt-wwce2018" /><ref name="jt-nhtsiwt" /> |- |12||2022 IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition||11–15 Satumba 2022||[[Bella Center Copenhagen]], [[Copenhagen]], Denmark||<ref name="wwce22" /><ref name="ww-iwa12" /> |- |13||2024 IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition||11–15 Agusta 2024||[[Metro Toronto Convention Centre]], [[Toronto]], Canada||<ref name="ipsa-iwa2024" /> |- |14||2026 IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition||2026||[[Glasgow]], Burtaniya|| |- |15||2028 IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition||2028||[[Kuching]], Malaysia|| |- |16||2030 IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition||2030||[[São Paulo]], Brazil|| |} === Gurare da kwanakin gudanar da WDCE === {|class="wikitable" |- !Fitowa!!Suna!!Kwanaki!!Wuri!!Karin Bayani |- |1||1st IWA Development Congress||15–19 Nuwamba 2009{{efn|name=wdce}}||[[National Autonomous University of Mexico]], [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]||<ref name="iwa2009mex" /><ref name="ww-iwa09" /> |- |2||2nd IWA Development Congress & Exhibition||21–24 Nuwamba 2011||[[Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]||<ref name="iwa2011kl" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /> |- |3||3rd IWA Development Congress & Exhibition||14–17 Oktoba 2013||[[Kenyatta International Conference Centre]], [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]||<ref name="tss-nwngew" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /> |- |4||2015 IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition||18–22 Oktoba 2015||[[King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Centre]], yankin [[Teun Teku|Tekun Gishiri]], [[Jordan]]||<ref name="ap4008684" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /> |- |5||2017 IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition||13–16 Nuwamba 2017||Matatar Tace Ruwa ta AySA, General San Martín, [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]||<ref name="iwa2017" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /> |- |6||2019 IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition||1–5 Disamba 2019||[[Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall]], [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]||<ref name="so-08122019" /><ref name="iwa-his22" /> |- |7||2023 IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition||10–14 Disamba 2023||[[Kigali Convention Centre]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]]||<ref name="ktp-iwcoikacias6" /><ref name="afwasa-iwa2023" /> |- |8||2025 IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition||8–12 Disamba 2025||[[Queen Sirikit National Convention Center]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]|| |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== *{{Official website|https://iwa-network.org/|Official website of the International Water Association (IWA)}} *{{Official website|https://www.iwapublishing.com/|Official website of IWA Publishing (IWAP)}} *{{Official website|https://worldwatercongress.org/|Official website of the IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition (WWC&E)}} *{{Official website|https://waterdevelopmentcongress.org/|Official website of the IWA Water and Development Congress & Exhibition (WDC&E)}} prtlygyvr4y6hf1t4biuwpmtqdapahq 0 131659 868695 770315 2026-06-26T12:39:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Scapa''' ( '''Ƙungiyar Dubawa''' (ko '''Controlling''' ) '''Cin Zarafin Tallace-tallacen Jama'a''' ) ƙungiya ce da aka kafa a Burtaniya a shekarar 1893 don yin zanga-zanga kan bunƙasar kasuwancin talla. Richardson Evans ne ya kafa ta, kuma an kira ta "martani na farko da aka tsara kan talla" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nevett |first=Terry |date=1981 |title=The Scapa society: The first organised reaction against advertising |journal=Media, Culture & Society |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=179–187 |doi=10.1177/016344378100300207 |s2cid=143994207}}</ref> Membobin farko sun haɗa da William Morris, Rudyard Kipling, William Holman Hunt, Arthur Quiller-Couch da John Everett Millais . Jawabin Morris na ƙarshe kafin mutuwarsa, a shekara ta 1896, ya kasance a wani taron ƙungiyar. Ya yi magana game da rashin damuwa ga batutuwan muhalli gabaɗaya: "Dole ne mu tuna cewa yawancin mutanen ƙasar ba su damu da kyawun halitta ba". Ƙungiyar ta buga wata mujalla mai suna ''A Beautiful World'' daga 1893 har zuwa aƙalla 1922. <ref name="copac">{{Cite web |title=Catalogue record for: A beautiful world : the journal of the Society for Checking the Abuses of Public Advertising |url=https://discover.libraryhub.jisc.ac.uk/search?q=beautiful%20world%20scapa&rn=4 |access-date=25 February 2020 |website=Library Hub Discover |publisher=Jisc }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Aikinta ya taimaka wajen samar da [[Advertisements Regulation Act 1907|Dokar Dokokin Talla ta 1907]], wadda ke kula da gine-gine sama da {{Convert|12|feet}} tsayi a wuraren kyawawan dabi'u. A shekarar 1933, ta canza sunanta zuwa '''Ƙungiyar SCAPA don Rigakafin Lalacewar Kansa a Gari da Ƙasa''', kuma ta samar da rahoto kan zubar da shara a cikin gida a ƙauyuka, tare da haɗin gwiwar [[Women's Institutes|Cibiyoyin Mata]] . Daga baya ta zama '''Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Kula da Talla a Waje''' . <ref name="tna2">{{Cite web |title=Folder entitled Scapa - Society for the Prevention of Disfigurement in Town and Country (now called Advisory Council for the Control of Outdoor Advertising) |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/21aea765-3d76-487a-9845-634c37ec0c8f |access-date=25 February 2020 |publisher=The National Archives |language=English}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} g3p11u9hx3b6tw5prvqwtoh7120webp 0 134004 868897 786157 2026-06-26T20:43:17Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 868897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Kwalejin Fasaha ta Victoria''' ( '''VCASS''' ), makarantar sakandare ce ta musamman wacce gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta , wacce ke da kwarewa a fannin wasan kwaikwayo da [[Zane-zane na gani|zane-zane]], wacce ke cikin Melbourne Arts Precinct da ke Southbank, [[Melbourne]], Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. An kafa VCASS a shekarar 1978, kuma tana koyar da ɗalibai daga Aji 7 zuwa Aji 12 ; kuma tana da ɗalibai 370 da suka yi rajista. Ana karɓar ɗalibai bayan gwaji da yin tambayoyi na shekara-shekara. Duk ɗalibai suna raba darussan ilimi, amma suna bin ko dai wani shiri na musamman na rawa, kiɗa, fasahar wasan kwaikwayo ko kuma shirin fasaha na gani na rabin yini. Makarantar kuma tana ba da azuzuwan ilimi ga ɗaliban sakandare daga wasu cibiyoyi, ciki har da Makarantar Ballet ta Australia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Academic Studies |url=https://www.australianballetschool.com.au/pages/academic-studies |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=The Australian Ballet School |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120072704/https://www.australianballetschool.com.au/pages/academic-studies |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Gymnastics Victoria . == Tarihi == An kafa VCASS ta tsohuwar makarantar sakandare ta Kwalejin Fasaha ta Victorian (VCA), a matsayin wata cibiya daban kuma mai dacewa, an kafa VCASS a shekarar 1978 ta Lenton Parr da Jack Pitt (a matsayin Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kwalejin Fasaha ta Victorian - VCATS). Wannan ita ce shekarar da VCA ta farko ta fara sashen rawa, kuma an tsara VCATS a matsayin makarantar shiri don darussan rawa da kiɗa na manyan makarantu. A shekarar 1981 an canza sunan zuwa VCASS. Daga 1978 zuwa 2009 VCASS ta raba harabar jami'ar da gine-ginenta tare da VCA ta manyan makarantu a 234 St Kilda Road, amma a watan Yunin 2009 ta koma sabon ginin da aka gina a 57 Miles Street, Southbank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academic Studies |url=https://www.australianballetschool.com.au/pages/academic-studies |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=The Australian Ballet School |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120072704/https://www.australianballetschool.com.au/pages/academic-studies |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shirye-shiryen ƙwararru kan Rawa da Kiɗa suna gudana a jere daga Aji na 7 zuwa 12. A shekarar 2013 makarantar ta ƙara yawan ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun Aji na 11 don shirin Fasahar Kayayyaki. A shekarar 2016, wani sabon shirin Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo ya fara da ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun Aji na 11. == Malamai == Fasaha, Ilimin Halittu, Sinadarin Halitta, Rawa, Wasan Kwaikwayo, Turanci, Turanci (EAL), Faransanci, Ƙarin Lissafi, Lissafi na Gabaɗaya, Lafiya da Ci gaban Dan Adam, Tarihi: Karni na 20 (1900–1945), Tarihi: Karni na 20 (tun daga 1945), Tarihi: Juyin Juya Hali, Adabi, Hanyoyin Lissafi (CAS), Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai, Binciken Kiɗa, Ayyukan Kiɗa, Salon Kiɗa da Tsarin Halitta, Falsafa, Ilimin Lissafi, Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, Yin Fasaha da Nunin Fasaha, Nazarin Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo. [1] Wasu ɗalibai suna koyon ƙarin harsuna ta hanyar Distance Education Victoria, kamar Mandarin, Korean, [[Japan]], Indonesian, Jamusanci ko Sifaniyanci. A shekarar 2011, matsakaicin maki na binciken VCE shine 34, kuma kashi 27 cikin 100 na ɗalibai sun sami maki sama da 40. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} tj6oo6fxabpq85cdx7n6kr3dvj7ecml 0 135833 868818 778608 2026-06-26T17:24:46Z Mutawakkilu 46373 Gyara 868818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stefan Knapp''' (11 Yuli 1921 &#x2013; 12 Oktoba 1996) ƙwararren [[Painting|mai zane]] ne kuma mai sassaka ɗan ƙasar Poland, wanda ya yi aiki a Burtaniya. Ya ƙirƙiro kuma ya yi lasisin yin zane da fenti mai kama da enamel a kan ƙarfe, wanda hakan ya sauƙaƙa ƙawata gine-ginen jama'a. [[Fayil:Torun_aula_UMK_mozaika_Stefana_Knappa.jpg|thumb|Stefan Knapp mosaic a Jami'ar Nicolaus Copernicus a Toruń]] == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Knapp a Biłgoraj . Sunan mahaifinsa Antoni ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma Julia, wacce aka fi sani da Wnuk. A shekarar 1935 ya fara karatu a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lwów . Bayan barkewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ta mamaye Lwów, ta kashe mahaifin Knapp sannan ta tura Stefan zuwa wani sansanin soja a Siberia. A can, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya yi aiki a gina makarantu ga yaran Rasha waɗanda aka mayar da su marayu saboda an tsare su ko an kashe iyayensu saboda dalilai na siyasa. Yayin da yake Gulag, saboda ƙoƙarin fasaha yana da iyaka, ya yi wasan dara da burodi da kuma yin katunan wasa daga shara ga sauran fursunoni. An sake shi a shekarar 1942 bayan an sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Sikorski-Mayski tsakanin [[Poland]] da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] . Ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Anders kuma ya yi aikin sa kai ga rundunar sojin sama, don haka aka tura shi Birtaniya . Knapp ya fara horonsa a matsayin matukin jirgi a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1942 a Hucknall . <ref name="PSP">Wojciech Zmyślony, "Stefan Knapp" in "Polskie Sily Powietrzne w II Wojnie Swiatowej" (Polish Air Force During World War II), {{Cite web |title=Stefan Knapp |url=http://www.polishairforce.pl/knap.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610040350/http://www.polishairforce.pl/knap.html |archive-date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2009-06-01}}, accessed 5/31/09</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'i kuma matukin jirgin Spitfire a Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Royal . Yayin da yake cikin rundunar sojojin sama ta RAF, Knapp ya ci gaba da aikinsa ta hanyar zane ko zana hotunan abokan aikinsa a rundunar 318 Squadron. <ref name="Wsp" /> Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, ya ci gaba da zama a Landan kuma ya yi amfani da kuɗin tallafin tsohon soja don ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin Sarauta da kuma Makarantar Fasaha ta Slade . <ref>Cathy Knapp, "Stefan Knapp: A Visionary Artist Who Worked In Enamel", Glass on Metal: The Enamelist's Magazine, Volume 18, Number 3, October 1999, </ref> Kwarewarsa a Gulag da kuma a matsayinsa na matukin jirgin RAF ya sa ya sha wahala daga mafarkai masu yawan gaske da rashin barci tsawon shekaru da yawa. Saboda haka, ya yi amfani da fasaharsa a matsayin hanyar magani . A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, wannan ya haifar da jerin ayyuka masu taken ''Gulag'' . An san ayyukan da dabarun gwaji da yawa. An san Knapp da yin zane -zanen bango masu girman da ba a taɓa gani ba tare da kayan da aka yi niyya su daɗe tsawon dubban shekaru. [1] Ya fara samun kulawa da yabo a lokacin baje kolinsa a Landan a shekarar 1954. A can ya gabatar da wani salo da fasaha na musamman, wanda ya haɗa da narke gilashi zuwa sassa na ƙarfe mai sauƙi, ta amfani da murhu na musamman. [2] Kafin ya sami shahara, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyar da wasan kankara a tsaunukan Swiss don biyan buƙatunsa. [3] == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160px"> Fayil:Pole_Mokotowskie_by_Stefan_Knapp_02.jpg|alt=Battle of Britain at Pole Mokotowskie station in Warsaw, 1996| ''Yaƙin Biritaniya'' a tashar Pole Mokotowskie da ke Warsaw, 1996 Fayil:Wilanowska_station_by_Stefan_Knapp_02.jpg|alt=Artwork at Wilanowska station, Warsaw| Aikin zane a tashar Wilanowska, Warsaw Fayil:Wilanowska_station_by_Stefan_Knapp_04.jpg|alt=Wilanowska station, Warsaw| Tashar Wilanowska, Warsaw </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] 78cg2o9fryoiibvyk0azeg9735bcl3y 0 136811 868895 835384 2026-06-26T20:42:22Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868895 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jennifer Kate Hudson''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1981), wacce aka fi sani da laƙabinta '''J.Hud''', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iannotti |first=Lauren |title=Jennifer Hudson's Got This |url=https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=realsimple.com |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116091629/https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |url-status=dead }}</ref> mawaƙiya ce 'yar Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, furodusa, kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Bayan ta sami yabo da yawa saboda aikinta a kiɗa, fim, talabijin, da wasan kwaikwayo, Hudson ta zama mace mafi ƙanƙanta kuma 'yar Afirka ta uku da ta karɓi kyaututtukan nishaɗi guda huɗu na Amurka: Emmy, [[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|Grammy]], Oscar, da Tony ( EGOT ) a 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |date=2022-06-13 |title=With the Tony-winning 'A Strange Loop,' Jennifer Hudson becomes an EGOT recipient |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-06-12/jennifer-hudson-egot-winner |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> An shigar da ita cikin Hollywood Walk of Fame a 2013, kuma ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' ta sanya ta a cikin [[Time 100|mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya]] a 2020. Hudson ta yi fice a shekarar 2004 a matsayin wacce ta zo ta ƙarshe a kakar wasa ta uku ta jerin fina-finan gaskiya na American Idol, inda ta zo ta bakwai. Ta sanya hannu da Arista Records don fitar da kundin waƙoƙinta na farko mai taken studio (2008), wanda ya kai matsayi na biyu a kan Billboard 200 kuma ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Kundin R&B a kyaututtukan Grammy na 51 na Shekara-shekara . Kundin waƙoƙinta na biyu da na uku, I Remember Me (2011) da JHUD (2014), dukkansu sun kai matsayi na goma a cikin jerin waƙoƙin Billboard 200 ; na biyun kuma RCA Records ta fitar da shi. Ta sanya hannu da Interscope Records don fitar da kundin waƙoƙinta na huɗu, The Gift of Love (2024), aikinta na farko da ta yi cikin shekaru goma. Ta fara fitowa a fim dinta na farko a matsayin Effie White a cikin wakokin Dreamgirls (2006), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar lashe kyautar Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress kuma ta zama ƙaramar 'yar Afirka-Amurka da ta lashe kyautar . Tun daga lokacin ta fito a fim ɗin tarihin rayuwa na waƙar Respect (2021) kuma ta yi fice a fina-finai kamar Sex and the City (2008), The Secret Life of Bees (2008), Winnie Mandela (2011), Black Nativity (2013), Sing (2016), da Cats (2019). Ta kuma fito a shirye-shirye kamar Smash (2012), Empire (2015) da Confirmation (2016). A kan dandamali, ta taka rawa a cikin farfadowar kiɗan Broadway ''The Color Purple'' (2015) kuma ta lashe kyautar Tony Award don Mafi Kyawun Musical a matsayin mai shirya ''A Strange Loop'' (2022). Hudson ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horarwa a cikin sigar Burtaniya da Amurka ta jerin gaskiya ''The Voice'' daga 2017 zuwa 2019, kuma ta zama mace ta farko mai koyarwa da ta jagoranci ƙungiya mai nasara a kan ta farko. A cikin 2022, shirinta na tattaunawa, ''The Jennifer Hudson Show'', ya fara. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Hudson a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1981 a [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |date=2022-06-13 |title=With the Tony-winning 'A Strange Loop,' Jennifer Hudson becomes an EGOT recipient |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-06-12/jennifer-hudson-egot-winner |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce 'ya ta uku kuma ƙarama ga Darnell Donerson <ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> da Samuel Simpson, direban bas na Greyhound Lines . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yahoo Biography |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1808690669/bio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628202149/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1808690669/bio |archive-date=June 28, 2011 |access-date=March 10, 2011 |publisher=Yahoo!}}</ref> Ita, babbar 'yar uwarta Julia, direban bas na makaranta, da ɗan'uwanta Jason Hudson, mahaifiyarsu ce ta renon su. Mahaifinta bai nan tun tana ƙarama har sai da ta sami albarkar mahaifiyarta, ta fara nemansa tana da shekaru 14. Lokacin da Hudson ta sami mahaifinta, ta ji cewa yana da wasu yara 26. Ta ce har yanzu ba ta haɗu da dukkan 'yan'uwanta mata ba. An rene ta a matsayin Baptist <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iannotti |first=Lauren |title=Jennifer Hudson's Got This |url=https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=realsimple.com |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116091629/https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a Englewood <ref name="Biography Today">{{Cite journal |year=2007 |title=Jennifer Hudson 1981– |journal=Biography Today |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=50 |issn=1058-2347}}</ref> kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dunbar, inda ta kammala karatunta a 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |date=2022-06-13 |title=With the Tony-winning 'A Strange Loop,' Jennifer Hudson becomes an EGOT recipient |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-06-12/jennifer-hudson-egot-winner |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta ambaci [[Whitney Houston]], [[Aretha Franklin]], da Patti LaBelle a matsayin manyan tasirinta da kwarin gwiwarta. <ref name="teenmusic">{{Cite web |last=World Entertainment News Network |date=February 7, 2008 |title=Dreamgirls Star Hudson Dreams Of Houston Duet |url=http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/music/musicnews/DREAMGIRLS-30029.html |access-date=September 24, 2017 |publisher=Female First}}</ref> Ta kuma yaba wa [[Mariah Carey]] a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "jaruman" waƙoƙinta. <ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> Tana da shekaru 7 ta fara yin wasa ta hanyar waƙa tare da mawaƙan coci da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo na al'umma tare da taimakon kakarta ta mahaifiyarta, Julia. Ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Langston amma ta tafi bayan zangon karatu guda saboda kewar gida da rashin jin daɗin yanayi, kuma ta yi rijista a Kwalejin Kennedy-King . A watan Janairun 2002, Hudson ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar rikodinta ta farko da Righteous Records, wata kamfanin rikodin mai zaman kanta da ke Chicago. An sake ta daga kwangilarta da Righteous Records domin ta fito a ''American Idol'' a shekarar 2004. == Sana'a == === 2004–2005: ''Idol na Amurka'' === Hudson ta yi gwajin gwaji a kakar wasa ta uku ta <nowiki><i id="mwuA">American Idol</i></nowiki> a [[Atlanta]] . Bayan ta yi tsokaci cewa ta yi waƙa a Disney Cruise Lines (a cikin jirgin Disney Wonder ) tsawon watanni da suka gabata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Muses daga ''Hercules'', alkali Randy Jackson ta gaya mata, "Muna tsammanin fiye da wasan kwaikwayo na jirgin ruwa daga gare ku." Hudson ta sami mafi yawan ƙuri'u a cikin "Manyan 9" bayan wasan kwaikwayonta na " Circle of Life " na [[Elton John]] a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2004, amma makonni biyu bayan haka, an cire ta a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon "Manyan 7" bayan ta yi wasan Barry Manilow, "Weekend in New England". A watan Mayu na 2009, ''MTV'' ta sanya Hudson a matsayin ɗan takara na shida mafi girma a tarihin ''American Idol'' kuma ta lura cewa ficewarta ita ce mafi ban mamaki a kowane lokaci. A watan Mayu na 2010, ''Los Angeles Times'' ta yi iƙirarin cewa Hudson ita ce ɗan ''takara'' na uku mafi girma a tarihin wasan kwaikwayon, inda ta sanya Kelly Clarkson, wanda ya lashe kakar wasa ta ɗaya da Carrie Underwood, wanda ya lashe kakar wasa ta huɗu bi da bi. ==== Wasanni ==== {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;" !Makon jigo ! An rera waƙa ! Mai zane |- | Dubawa | Raba Soyayyar Ka Da Ni | [[Aretha Franklin]] |- | Wasan kusa da na ƙarshe | Ka yi tunanin | John Lennon |- | Katin Wasa | Na Yi Imani Da Kai Da Ni | Manyan Guda Huɗu<br /><br /><br /><br /> [[Whitney Houston]] |- | Manyan 12<br /><br /><br /><br /> Makon Kiɗan Rai | Baby, Ina Son Ki | Aretha Franklin |- | Manyan 11<br /><br /><br /><br /> Makon Ƙasa | Babu Wani a Duniya | Wynonna Judd |- | Manyan 10<br /><br /><br /><br /> Makon Motown | (Soyayya Kamar A) Raƙuman Zafi | Martha da Vandellas |- | Manyan 9<br /><br /><br /><br /> Waƙoƙin [[Elton John]] | Da'irar Rayuwa | Elton John |- | Manyan 8<br /><br /><br /><br /> Waƙoƙin Cinema | Ba ni da komai ''daga Bodyguard'' | Whitney Houston |- | Manyan 7<br /><br /><br /><br /> Waƙoƙin Barry Manilow | Karshen mako a New England | Barry Manilow |} === 2006–2007: ''<nowiki/>'Yan Matan Mafarki'' da Ci Gaba === A ɗaya daga cikin fitowarta ta farko a wani rikodin, Hudson ta fito a cikin wani waƙar duet, "The Future Ain't What It Us to Be", a cikin Meat Loaf's ''Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose'' . A watan Satumba na 2006, Hudson ta rera waƙar, "Over It", kai tsaye a Fox Chicago Morning News. A cikin hirar ta ce za a haɗa waƙar a cikin kundin waƙoƙinta na farko, wanda za a fitar a farkon 2007; duk da haka, wannan ya faru ne kafin a sanya mata hannu a kamfanin rikodin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iannotti |first=Lauren |title=Jennifer Hudson's Got This |url=https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=realsimple.com |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116091629/https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2006, Hudson ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da Arista Records. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |date=2022-06-13 |title=With the Tony-winning 'A Strange Loop,' Jennifer Hudson becomes an EGOT recipient |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-06-12/jennifer-hudson-egot-winner |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Hudson ta kuma yi rikodin wata waƙa da ta rubuta tare da Bill Grainer da Earl Powell mai suna "Stand Up", wadda aka samu don yin samfoti a gidan yanar gizon magoya bayanta. 'Yan asalin Chicago Powell da Herman Little III ne suka shirya waƙar, waɗanda kuma suka shirya waƙar. <ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> Daga baya za a sami waƙar power-ballad a cikin bugu mai ban sha'awa na kundin waƙoƙin Hudson mai taken kansa a matsayin [[Albom|waƙar kari]] . [[Fayil:Jennifer_Hudson_-_Chicago_Theatre_07_(2).jpg|left|thumb|Hudson ta lashe kyautar Academy Award a shekarar 2007]] A watan Nuwamba na 2005, an zaɓi Hudson a matsayin Effie White don daidaita fim ɗin ''Dreamgirls'' na kiɗa, wanda kuma ya fito a cikin jaruman [[Jamie Foxx]], [[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]] da [[Eddy Murphy|Eddie Murphy]] . Wannan rawar ta nuna rawar farko ta Hudson a allon. Ta lashe rawar a kan ɗaruruwan mawaƙa da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙwararru, ciki har da Fantasia Barrino . An fara ɗaukar fim ɗin ''Dreamgirls'' a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2006, kuma an fitar da fim ɗin a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 2006, kuma an fitar da shi a ƙasa a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2007. Hudson ta sami yabo na musamman saboda waƙar da ta rera mai suna " And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going ", waƙar da ta shahara a cikin wannan rawar, wadda aka yi rikodin ta a baya, kuma ta riga ta kai matsayin matsayin kiɗa, saboda rawar da Jennifer Holliday ta taka. ''Jaridar New York Observer'' ta bayyana rawar da Hudson ta taka a waƙar a matsayin "minti biyar masu ban sha'awa ''da ban mamaki'' waɗanda suka jawo hankalin Ms. Hudson... zuwa matsayin wacce ke kan gaba a jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu goyon bayan Oscar". ''Newsweek'' ta ce lokacin da masu kallon fina-finai suka ji Hudson yana rera waƙar, ita, "za ta tayar da hankali a faɗin ƙasar." Mujallar ''Variety'' ta rubuta cewa wasan kwaikwayon Hudson "yana tunatar da mu sabbin waƙoƙi kamar Barbra Streisand a cikin ''Funny Girl'' ko Bette Midler a cikin ''The Rose'', da murya kamar ƙaramar Aretha". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iannotti |first=Lauren |title=Jennifer Hudson's Got This |url=https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=realsimple.com |publisher=Dotdash Meredith}}</ref> An zaɓi " Love You I Do " don kyautar Academy Award ta 2007 don Mafi Kyawun Waƙar Asali kuma ta lashe kyautar Grammy ta 2008 don Mafi Kyawun Waƙar da aka Rubuta don Fim, Talabijin ko Sauran Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na gani . A matsayinta na Effie White, Hudson ta sami kyaututtuka 29 daga masu sukar fina-finai a matsayin Best Supporting Actress da kuma Breakthrough Performer na 2006. Ta lashe kyautar Golden Globe a matsayin Best Actress a cikin Supporting Role. Bugu da ƙari, an ba ta suna Best Supporting Actress ta ƙungiyar Masu Sukar Fina-finai ta Broadcast Film Critics da kuma ƙungiyar 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Screen Actors . Bayan ganin rawar da Hudson ya taka a cikin ''Dreamgirls'', Simon Cowell ya yi mata saƙon taya murna, wanda aka watsa a ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'' . <ref name="tape">{{Cite web |last=Ruben V. Nepales |date=January 17, 2007 |title=Golden Globe winners have ties, memories of RP |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view_article.php?article_id=43821 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170117/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view_article.php?article_id=43821 |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |access-date=September 11, 2007 |publisher=Global Nation}}</ref> Tare da fitowar Maris 2007, Jennifer Hudson ta zama shahararriyar Baƙar fata ta uku kuma mawaƙiya Baƙar fata ta farko da ta shiga murfin mujallar ''Vogue'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iannotti |first=Lauren |title=Jennifer Hudson's Got This |url=https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=realsimple.com |publisher=Dotdash Meredith}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2007, an gudanar da kyaututtukan fina-finai na British Academy Film Awards na 60 a [[Landan]], amma Hudson bai je don karɓar kyautar BAFTA ta don Best Actress a cikin Supporting Role ba . Kyautar BAFTA ta ɓace kuma Hudson ba ta sami kyautar ba sai a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2011, lokacin da aka ba ta a ''Graham Norton Show'' . A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ta lashe kyautar Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress saboda rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin. Daga baya a shekarar 2007, magajin garinsu, Chicago, Richard M. Daley, ya ayyana ranar 6 ga Maris a matsayin "Ranar Jennifer Hudson". An gayyace ta ta shiga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi a ranar 18 ga Yuni, tare da wasu mutane 115 a shekarar 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iannotti |first=Lauren |title=Jennifer Hudson's Got This |url=https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=realsimple.com |publisher=Dotdash Meredith}}</ref> ''Entertainment Weekly'' ta sanya wasan kwaikwayonta a cikin jerin wasanninta na ƙarshen shekaru goma, "mafi kyawun", tana cewa, "Hakika, wasan kwaikwayon Beyoncé yayi kyau. Kuma na Eddie Murphy ya burge. Amma akwai dalili ɗaya tilo da ya sa muka yi gaggawar kallon Dreamgirls na 2006: Waƙar Jennifer Hudson mai rai-zuwa-ƙarshe ta ' And I'm Telling You I'm Not Going '. Lokacin da ta rera waƙar 'You're going love me,' ba wai kawai waƙa ba ce - gaskiya ce." === 2008–2009: Kundin wakoki da fina-finai ''na Jennifer Hudson'' === A watan Mayun 2008, Hudson ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''Sex and the City'' a matsayin Louise, mataimakiyar Carrie Bradshaw . An kammala ɗaukar fim ɗin a watan Disamba na 2007 kuma an fitar da fim ɗin a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2008. A watan Oktoban 2008, Hudson ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''The Secret Life of Bees'' a matsayin Rosaleen. Fim ɗin ya kuma sami zaɓen Black Reel Awards guda tara, ciki har da nasara uku. An zaɓi Hudson saboda rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin, amma ya sha kaye a hannun [[Sarauniya Latifah|Queen Latifah]] . Fim ɗin ya kuma sami zaɓen takwas a bikin NAACP Image Awards na 2009, gami da zaɓen Hudson saboda rawar da ta taka. A shekarar 2009, Hudson ta fito a matsayin Kathy Archenault a cikin ''Fragments'', wani fim da aka gina bisa ga littafin Roy Freirich, tare da Dakota Fanning da Forest Whitaker . An fitar da shi a DVD a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2009. A shekarar 2010, Hudson ya fara daukar fim din tarihin rayuwarsa ''Winnie Mandela'' <ref name="myweku1">{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2010 |title=Winnie – Jennifer Hudson and Terrence Howard |url=http://www.myweku.com/2010/11/jennifer-hudson-and-terrence-howard-winnie-trailer/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129123501/http://www.myweku.com/2010/11/jennifer-hudson-and-terrence-howard-winnie-trailer/ |archive-date=January 29, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2011 |publisher=Myweku.com}}</ref> bisa ga 'yar siyasar Afirka ta Kudu [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|Winnie Mandela]] <ref name="myweku1" /> wacce ta fito tare da Terrence Howard kuma [[Darrell Roodt|Darrell J. Roodt]] ya ba da umarni. <ref name="thedailybeast1">{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2011 |title=Jennifer Hudson Interview on Winnie, Weight Loss, New Album, More |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2011-02-20/jennifer-hudson-interview-on-winnie-weight-loss-new-album-more/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110222142229/http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2011-02-20/jennifer-hudson-interview-on-winnie-weight-loss-new-album-more/ |archive-date=February 22, 2011 |access-date=September 24, 2017 |website=The Daily Beast |publisher=[[archive.is]]}}</ref> Andre Pieterse da Roodt da Paul L. Johnson sun dogara ne akan rubutun fim din bisa ga tarihin rayuwar Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob, ''Winnie Mandela: A Life'' . Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Kirkire-kirkire ta Afirka ta Kudu ta yi adawa da wannan zabi, suna masu cewa za su matsa lamba kan dakatar da fim din idan ba a sauya tsarin 'yan wasan ba. Winnie Mandela ta yi barazanar daukar mataki na shari'a kan wannan fim din, tana mai ikirarin cewa ba a "shawarce" ta game da fim din ba. An tsara ''Winnie Mandela'' a matsayin wacce za a fitar a watan Disamba na 2011; an fitar da tirelar a shekarar 2010. <ref name="thedailybeast1" /> Image Entertainment ta fitar da fim din a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2013. <ref name="comingsoon">{{Cite web |title=Winnie Mandela @ ComingSoon.net |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/films.php?id=61005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211201648/http://www.comingsoon.net/films.php?id=61005 |archive-date=December 11, 2013 |access-date=September 24, 2017 |publisher=Comingsoon.net}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2008, Hudson ta koma studio don yin rikodin sabbin waƙoƙi don kundin waƙoƙinta na farko na studio. Rahotanni sun ce kamfaninta bai ji daɗin yadda suke aika wa Hudson waƙoƙi ba kuma sun yanke shawarar cewa zai fi kyau a soke tsoffin waƙoƙin a mai da hankali kan sababbi. Hudson ta yi aiki tare da Ryan Tedder da Timbaland a kan waƙoƙi da dama. Waƙarta ta farko, " Spotlight " an fitar da ita a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2008, kuma ta zama waƙar farko ta Hudson mafi shahara a lamba 40 inda ta kai lamba 24 a kan <nowiki><i id="mwAdw">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 kuma ta zama waƙar farko a Burtaniya da Turkiyya. Kundin waƙoƙinta na studio na farko, ''Jennifer Hudson'', an fitar da shi a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2008, a kan Arista kuma Ne-Yo ne ya rubuta shi, wanda ya shirya tare da Stargate . Sauran waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a cikin kundin sun haɗa da Timbaland, [[Missy Elliott]], Robin Thicke, Harvey Mason, Jr., Diane Warren, Earl Powell, da Christopher "Tricky" Stewart, da sauransu. Kundin ya fara fitowa a matsayi na biyu a kan <nowiki><i id="mwAes">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 tare da kwafi 217,000 a Amurka kuma ya fara samun kyakkyawan sakamako. Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2009, kundin ya sayar da kwafi 739,000 a Amurka, inda ya sami takardar shaidar Zinare saboda ya zarce tallace-tallace na 500,000. Ta rera waƙar, "All Dressed in Love" for the ''Sex and the City'', wadda aka fitar a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |date=2022-06-13 |title=With the Tony-winning 'A Strange Loop,' Jennifer Hudson becomes an EGOT recipient |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-06-12/jennifer-hudson-egot-winner |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Hudson ta rera waƙar ƙasa a taron ƙasa na Democrat na 2008 . [[Fayil:Jennifer_Hudson_sings_national_anthem_at_Super_Bowl_43_(cropped1)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Bayyanar Jennifer Hudson ta farko a bainar jama'a bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan uwa uku, ciki har da mahaifiyarta, ta rera waƙar " National Anthem " a Super Bowl XLIII]] An shirya fitar da waƙar ta biyu a watan Oktoban 2008, kuma an tsara ta a matsayin "My Heart" kafin a zaɓi " If This Isn't Love " a matsayin waƙar ta biyu ta hukuma. Bayan an kashe 'yan uwanta uku da wulaƙanta, an sake tsara waƙar don fitar da ita a watan Janairun 2009. Duk da haka, a watan Janairun 2009, kamfaninta ya yanke shawarar ɗage fitar da waƙar ta biyu, inda ya zaɓi ranar fitar da ita a watan Fabrairun 2009. Bayan fitowar waƙar "If This Isn't Love", waƙar ta kai matsayi na 63 a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 da kuma lamba ta 37 a kan jadawalin waƙoƙin UK Singles . Waƙar ta uku ita ce "Pocketbook" wacce ta ƙunshi Ludacris a watan Afrilun 2009, don fitar da ita a watan Yunin 2009, duk da hasashen cewa waƙar ta uku za ta kasance "My Heart" bayan an soke ta a matsayin waƙar ta biyu. A watan Mayun 2009, an soke "Pocketbook" a matsayin waƙar ta uku saboda rashin kyawun karɓa daga magoya baya da masu suka. Daga nan aka sake tsara waƙar ta uku a matsayin " Giving Myself " kuma aka sake ta a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2009, zuwa Amurka. Kundin waƙarta na farko ya sami sunayen Hudson guda uku a kyaututtukan Grammy na 2009 : Mafi kyawun R&amp;amp;B Vocal Performance na Mace don "Spotlight", Mafi kyawun R&amp;amp;B Performance na Duo ko Group with Vocals don " I'm His Only Woman " tare da Fantasia Barrino, da Mafi kyawun R&amp;amp;B Album don ''Jennifer Hudson'' . Ta lashe na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan kuma ta yi wasa a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka. A watan Fabrairun 2009, Hudson ta fara bayyana a bainar jama'a tun bayan kisan gillar da aka yi mata lokacin da ta rera waƙar ''Star-Spangled Banner'' a Super Bowl XLIII . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iannotti |first=Lauren |title=Jennifer Hudson's Got This |url=https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=realsimple.com |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116091629/https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |date=2022-06-13 |title=With the Tony-winning 'A Strange Loop,' Jennifer Hudson becomes an EGOT recipient |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-06-12/jennifer-hudson-egot-winner |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi rangadin Amurka tare da Robin Thicke a 2009. A farkon watan Mayun 2009, Hudson ta sha "gajiya a makogwaro" kuma dole ta sake tsara jadawalin rangadinta daga 16 zuwa 19 ga Mayu, 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |date=2022-06-13 |title=With the Tony-winning 'A Strange Loop,' Jennifer Hudson becomes an EGOT recipient |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-06-12/jennifer-hudson-egot-winner |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta rera waƙar " Will You Be There " a bikin tunawa da [[Michael Jackson]] a watan Yulin 2009. Hudson ta yi rikodin "Not One Of Us (Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye)", wanda Gladys Knight &amp;amp; the Pips suka fara rubutawa, don ''American Idol Season 3: Greatest Soul Classics'' — kundin wakokin ''American Idol'' na hukuma na kakar wasa ta uku. An nuna ta a cikin kundin waƙar na biyu na Ne-Yo, ''Because of You'', a kan waƙar, "Leaving Tonight". Hudson ta yi wani shiri na musamman na [[Kirsimeti]] a watan Disamba na 2009 mai suna ''Jennifer Hudson: I'll Be Home for Christmas'' . A lokacin bikin na musamman, ta sake tunawa da bikin Kirsimeti na yarintarta tare da wasannin kiɗa da aka ɗauka a wuraren da ta fi so a garinsu na Chicago. Hudson ta kuma ziyarci 'yan uwa, abokai da sauran tasirin yarinta a lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen. A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2010, Hudson ya bayyana a talabijin mai suna "Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Girgizar Kasa", yana yin wasan kwaikwayo na Beatles mai suna "Let it Be". Shirin ya samar da dala $61&nbsp;gudummawar miliyoyin daloli {{As of|2010|January|26}} Haka kuma, a wannan shekarar, Hudson ya yi rikodin waƙar " One Shining Moment " don Gasar Kwando ta Maza ta NCAA Division I ta 2010 . === 2010–2012: Masu Kallon Nauyi da ''Ni Ina Tunawa da Ni'' === [[Fayil:Jennifer_Hudson_2011_AA_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Hudson a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 83rd Academy Awards a shekarar 2011]] A shekara ta 2010, Hudson ta zama mai magana da yawun Weight Watchers . <ref name="weightwatchers">{{Cite web |last=Michelle Tan |date=April 1, 2010 |title=Jennifer Hudson Is the New Face–and Body!–of Weight Watchers |url=http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/04/01/jennifer-hudson-is-weight-watchers-new-face/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306122256/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2010/04/01/jennifer-hudson-is-weight-watchers-new-face/ |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=September 24, 2017 |website=People}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta rasa {{Convert|56|lb}} kuma "ba ta son rage nauyi ba." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |date=2022-06-13 |title=With the Tony-winning 'A Strange Loop,' Jennifer Hudson becomes an EGOT recipient |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-06-12/jennifer-hudson-egot-winner |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka, a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2011, ta bayyana a shirin ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'' kuma ta bayyana cewa ta rasa jimillar nauyin kilo 80. <ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> Tarihin rayuwarta ta 2012, ''I Got This: How I Changed My Ways and Lost What Weighted Me Down'', ya yi cikakken bayani game da asarar nauyinta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iannotti |first=Lauren |title=Jennifer Hudson's Got This |url=https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=realsimple.com |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116091629/https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> A farkon fitowar kundin ''I Remember Me'' {{'}} Ne-Yo ta shaida wa ''E!'' ''Online'' cewa Hudson ta shirya tsaf don yin kundinta na biyu na studio kuma wataƙila yana shirya kundin. Ya ce "Ta sha wahala sosai a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, don haka tana da abubuwa da yawa da za ta yi magana a kansu," ya ci gaba. "Tabbas ta ƙara ƙarfi. Abubuwan da ta fuskanta kuma domin ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin farin ciki da annashuwa, abin mamaki ne." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iannotti |first=Lauren |title=Jennifer Hudson's Got This |url=https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=realsimple.com |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116091629/https://www.realsimple.com/jennifer-hudson-7564691 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hudson ta fitar da kundinta na biyu na studio ''I Remember Me'' a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2011. Ya fara fitowa a lamba ta biyu a kan ''Billboard'' 200 inda ta sayar da kwafi 165,000 a makon farko na fitowarsa. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ca596u7qmbmrc5jkp48f7bajn53jito 0 141285 869186 797390 2026-06-27T08:12:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed Ali''' (1 ga Maris 1932 - 11 ga Janairu 2020) ɗan siyasan Bangladesh ne kuma lauya na ƙungiyar Bangladesh Awami League . An zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar lardin Gabashin Pakistan daga Comilla-5. Daga baya, an nada shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Bangladesh . Ya shiga cikin Harshen Harshe . Ya kasance mai shirya Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh ma. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Ali a ranar 1 ga Maris 1932 ga dangin Bengali a ƙauyen Kajalia a Nabinagar, Gundumar Tipperah (yanzu Gundumar Brahmanbaria, [[Bangladesh]]). Daga baya iyalin suka koma unguwar Bagichagaon a birnin Comilla.<ref name="a">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=নিজের উঠানে কুমিল্লা মুক্ত দিবসের পতাকা উত্তোলন করলেন অ্যাড. আহমেদ আলী |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/country/2019/12/08/481863 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Bangladesh Pratidin |language=bn}}</ref> Ya shiga cikin Harshen Harshe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.ekushey-tv.com/ভাষাসৈনিক-আহমেদ-আলী-আর-নেই/89206 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Ekushey Television |language=bn}}</ref> Ya kammala digiri na farko na shari'a daga Jami'ar Dhaka . <ref name="d">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2019 |title=অনেক মার খেয়ে প্রতিষ্ঠিত এ দল |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2019/06/23/433655 |access-date=11 January 2020 |language=bn}}</ref> Ali shi ne mataimakin shugaban Kungiyar Chhatra League ta tsakiya. memba na kwamitin tsakiya na kungiyar Awami ta Bangladesh, shugaban kasa da kuma Sakataren kungiyar cumilla zilla Awami <ref name="b">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষা সৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=http://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/post/236003 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Amader Shomoy |language=bn}}</ref> Ya shiga cikin kowane motsi da ke adawa da Gwamnatin Pakistan daga 1952 zuwa 1971. <ref name="c2">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষা সৈনিক ও মুক্তিযুদ্ধের সংগঠক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2020/01/11/861205 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Kaler Kantho |language=bn}}</ref> An zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar lardin Gabashin Pakistan daga Comilla-5 a shekarar 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/265740/ভাষাসৈনিক-আহমেদ-আলী-আর-নেই |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref> Daga baya, an nada shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Bangladesh . <ref name="b" /> Shi ne mai gudanarwa na farko na Comilla bayan [[Liberation of Bangladesh|'Yanci na Bangladesh]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষা সৈনিক এ্যাড. আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.jamuna.tv/news/119220 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Jamuna Television |language=bn}}</ref> Ali ya kasance mai shirya Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh . <ref name="c">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষা সৈনিক ও মুক্তিযুদ্ধের সংগঠক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2020/01/11/861205 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Kaler Kantho |language=bn}}</ref> Ya ɗaga tutar Bangladesh a Comilla Town Hall a ranar 8 ga Disamba 1971 bayan an cire Comilla daga Sojojin Pakistan.<ref name="a"/> Ali shine mataimakin shugaban majalisar lauyoyin Bangladesh na farko.<ref name="c"/> Ya kuma rubuta wasu littattafai.<ref name="d"/> Ali ya mutu daga ciwon daji a Asibitin Apollo, Dhaka a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2020 yana da shekaru 87. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://m.somoynews.tv/pages/details/192354 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Somoy TV |language=bn}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/m/national/news/551767 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Jagonews24.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=Language hero Ahmed Ali passes away |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/453238/Language-hero-Ahmed-Ali-passes-away |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Daily Sun |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627025944/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/453238/Language-hero-Ahmed-Ali-passes-away |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] nvhn60ziplcpu0gj7e7ezcbdb0z0jzp 0 141635 868893 832507 2026-06-26T20:40:46Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Angela Bowen''' (6 ga Fabrairu, 1936 - 12 ga Yuli, 2018) malamar rawa ce ta Amurka, farfesa a Turanci, marubuciya, kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan madigo . Ita ma ta kasance batun wani shirin gaskiya na 2016 wanda ya lashe kyaututtuka. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Bowen a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1936, a [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] a cikin iyali 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa. Ita ce ta shida cikin 'ya'ya bakwai. <ref> name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Passionate Pursuits of Angela Bowen |url=http://www.triviavoices.com/the-passionate-pursuits-of-angela-bowen.html |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=TRIVIA: Voices of Feminism}}</ref> Ta rasa mahaifinta tana da shekaru 2. <ref> name="theadvocateobituary" </ref> Bowen ta yi horo kuma ta koyar a Makarantar Fasaha ta Elma Lewis da ke Roxbury daga shekara 14 zuwa 22. <ref> name="nytimesobit" </ref> <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Angela Bowen |url=https://www.astraeafoundation.org/honorees/angela-bowen/ |access-date=2020-06-19 |website=Astraea Lesbian Foundation For Justice |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bowen ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1992 daga Kwalejin Ayyukan Jama'a da Al'umma a Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Ayyukan Dan Adam. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=The University of Massachusetts at Boston: Commencement Program, 1992 |url=https://openarchives.umb.edu/digital/collection/p15774coll21/id/660/rec/26 |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=Digital Collections, Joseph P. Healey Library |publisher=University of Massachusetts Boston |page=23}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na biyu da digiri na uku a Jami'ar Clark, inda ta rubuta rubutun farko game da [[Audre Lorde]] : " ''Who Say it is Simple: Audre Lorde's Complex Connections to Three US Liberation Movements, 1952-1992"'' <ref name="nytimesobit" /> <ref name=":0"/> Babi na ƙarshe, "All These Liberations", an haɗa shi a cikin ''The Wind is Spirit: The Life, Love, and Legacy of Audre Lorde,'' wani tarihin rayuwa/anthology na Lambda Literary Award wanda Gloria Joseph ta lashe. <ref name=":0" /> Digirin digirin Bowen yana ɗaya daga cikin digirin farko na Ph.D. da aka bayar a Nazarin Mata a Amurka. <ref name=":0" /> Bowen ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin Nazarin Mata daga Jami'ar Clark a shekarar 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Your Life is In Your Hands: A Film and Talk About the Resilient Angela Bowen – The Scarlet |url=https://thescarlet.org/16534/larts/your-life-is-in-your-hands-a-film-and-talk-about-the-resilient-angela-bowen/#respond |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126235528/https://thescarlet.org/16534/larts/your-life-is-in-your-hands-a-film-and-talk-about-the-resilient-angela-bowen/#respond |archive-date=26 November 2021 |access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bowen ta haɗu ta kafa Makarantar Rawa ta Bowen/Peters tare da mijinta na lokacin, mai buga ganga Ken Peters a New Haven, [[Connecticut]], a shekarar 1963. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=July 2019 |title=Communicator of the Month: Angela Bowen — LGBTQ Leader |url=https://www.vancomm.com/2019/07/01/communicator-month-angela-bowen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416133855/https://www.vancomm.com/2019/07/01/communicator-month-angela-bowen/ |archive-date=2021-04-16 |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=www.vancomm.com}}</ref> An rufe makarantar a shekarar 1982. Bayan rufe makarantar, Bowen da Peters suka sake ta kuma ta fito a matsayin 'yar madigo. <ref name=":1" /> Bowen ta zama mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan luwaɗi kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitin National Coalition of Black Lesbians and Lusians . <ref name="theadvocateobituary" /> Daga ƙarshe ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin editan mujallar ƙungiyar. Bowen ta bayyana a shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo da dama, ciki har da WBZ-TV da BET don yin magana game da haƙƙin 'yan luwaɗi da kuma ra'ayin mata. <ref name=":0"/> Bayan ta sami digirin digirgir daga Clark a shekarar 1997, Bowen ta zama farfesa a fannin Turanci da Nazarin Mata a Jami'ar Jihar [[California]], Long Beach (CSULB). Ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko da ta shiga cikin ma'aikatan sashen Nazarin Mata a CSULB a tarihin shirin na shekaru talatin. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Passionate Pursuits of Angela Bowen |url=http://www.triviavoices.com/the-passionate-pursuits-of-angela-bowen.html |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=TRIVIA: Voices of Feminism}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da shiga cikin fafutuka yayin da take koyarwa kuma ita ce babbar mai jawabi a bikin kammala karatun Lavender na farko na CSULB. <ref name=":3" /> Bowen ita ce batun shirin gaskiya na shekarar 2016, ''The Passionate Pursuits of Angela Bowen'', ta abokiyar zamanta Dr. Jennifer Abod da Mary Duprey. wanda ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Shirin Gaskiya a cikin rukunin "Tarihin Mata a Amurka" a bikin fina-finai na 2017 To the Contrast About Women and Girls. Jennifer Abod ta bayyana shirin gaskiya a matsayin "mai mahimmanci." Ta ce: "A cikin jerin fina-finan gaskiya, ba kasafai ake ba da labarin abubuwan da ke tattare da rayuwar mata baƙar fata ba: Ba kasafai ake jin labarin mata ba kuma ba a ganinsu, kuma ba a iya ganin 'yan madigo baƙar fata. Wannan fim yana da mahimmanci ga duk wanda ke son ƙarin sani game da tarihin rawa da fitowar ƙungiyar Black LGBTQ . Labarinta yana ƙarfafa duk wanda ke sha'awar ƙoƙarin zama ainihin kansa, kuma yana ƙalubalantar mu mu gane da kuma godiya da yadda launin fata, aji, jinsi, shekaru, da jima'i za su iya taimaka wa yanke shawara da dabarun rayuwa." [https://www.astraeafoundation.org/honorees/angela-bowen/]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Fafutukar Bowen ta wuce rayuwarta ta sana'a. A shekarar 1987, bayan da Bowen da Abod suka shiga wani jirgin ruwa da aka sayar musu da sunan "Sapphic shipping" amma suka gano cewa jirgin yana cike da iyalai masu jinsi ɗaya da 'ya'yansu, ma'auratan sun rubuta wani labari a cikin Gay Community News inda suka yi korafin cewa "Duniyar da muke neman mu bari ta kasance a kulle tare da mu a cikin jirgin ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa Bermuda," suna ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru na ƙin jinin 'yan luwaɗi daga tafiyar. A shekarar 1989, Bowen ta haɗu da wasu shugabannin al'umma waɗanda suka fita daga wani wasan kwaikwayo na tara kuɗi don wani asibitin kiwon lafiya na Boston wanda ke yi wa abokan cinikin 'yan luwaɗi da 'yan madigo hidima bayan da 'yan barkwanci farare biyu suka yi barkwanci na wariyar launin fata. Baya ga kasancewarta jigon littattafai da shirye-shiryen fina-finai, Bowen ta kasance marubuciya mai ƙwarewa a rayuwarta. Baya ga rubuce-rubucenta na ilimi, ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Labaran Al'umma na Gay . A shekarar 2017, Gidauniyar Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice ta karrama Bowen saboda aikinta da fafutukarta tare da lambar yabo ta Acey Social Justice Feminist. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Angela Bowen |url=https://www.astraeafoundation.org/honorees/angela-bowen/ |access-date=2020-06-19 |website=Astraea Lesbian Foundation For Justice |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An ba da kyautar ga 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi ko kuma mutanen da suka canza jinsi sama da shekaru sittin da biyu don girmamawa ga fafutukarsu da gudummawar da suka bayar ga al'ummominsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Acey Social Justice Feminist Award |url=https://www.astraeafoundation.org/about-us/awards/acey-social-justice-feminist-award/ |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=Astraea Lesbian Foundation For Justice |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222154125/https://www.astraeafoundation.org/about-us/awards/acey-social-justice-feminist-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da Bowen ta mutu a shekarar 2018 ta bar wani babban tarihi wanda Abod ya tattara kuma ya adana. An ba da gudummawar tarihin ga Kwalejin Spelman, wacce kuma ke ɗauke da tarihin Lorde. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oishi, Eve |first=Abod, Jennifer |date=2021 |title=Editors' Introduction—Doing her Work |url=https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol22/iss8/2 |journal=Journal of International Women's Studies |volume=22 |issue=8}}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa == Bowen ya fara auren Ken Peters a shekarun 1960; suna da 'ya'ya uku. Sun rabu a shekarun 1980, lokacin da ta fito a matsayin 'yar madigo. <ref name="theadvocateobituary" /> Bowen ya haɗu da Jennifer Abod a wani taron Take Back the Night a New Haven a shekarar 1979. <ref name=":0"/> Jennifer Abod ta ce game da taronsu: "Na fara ganin Angela a watan Yulin 1979 a New Haven, Connecticut. Ta kasance mai jawabi a taron bayan wani taron Take Back the Night da aka kunna a duk faɗin birnin da ke nuna adawa da cin zarafin mata." [https://www.astraeafoundation.org/honorees/angela-bowen/]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Sun yi aure a shekarar 2013. <ref name="nytimesobit" /> Tana da [[cutar Alzheimer]] . <ref name="theadvocateobituary" /> Bowen ta rasu a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2018, a Long Beach, California, tana da shekaru 82. Ta bar 'yan'uwanta mata biyu, Alphena Bowen Clark da Catherine Bowen Tyler; 'ya'yanta tare da Ken Peters, Ntombi A. Peters da Jomo K. Peters; 'yar kishiyarta, Elaine Peters; 'yar riƙonta, Sharon Smith; da kuma jika. <ref name="nytimesobit" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] 3c1gnlzq1bn810accra3uf30jp1sihh 0 142858 868884 834670 2026-06-26T20:19:34Z Laurat saleh 45966 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 868884 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" |+ class="infobox-title" id="4" |Wasan buya |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="481" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="577" decoding="async" height="208" resource="./File:Meyerheim_Versteckspiel.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Meyerheim_Versteckspiel.jpg/250px-Meyerheim_Versteckspiel.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Meyerheim_Versteckspiel.jpg/500px-Meyerheim_Versteckspiel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Meyerheim_Versteckspiel.jpg/500px-Meyerheim_Versteckspiel.jpg 2x" width="250" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Meyerheim_Versteckspiel.jpg|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Zane na ƙarni na 19 na yara uku suna wasa a cikin daji ( [[Friedrich Eduard Meyerheim]] )</div> |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | 'Yan wasa | class="infobox-data" | 2+ |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Lokacin saitawa | class="infobox-data" | <abbr title="circa">kimanin</abbr> daƙiƙa 90 |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Lokacin wasa | class="infobox-data" | Babu iyaka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Dama | class="infobox-data" | Ƙasa sosai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Tsawon shekaru | class="infobox-data" | 3+ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Kwarewa | class="infobox-data" | Gudu, bin diddigi, ɓoyewa, lura, ikon yin shiru, haƙuri, ikon ƙirgawa |} '''Ɓoye-da-neman''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa da '''ɓoye-da-je-neman''' ) wasa ne na yara inda aƙalla 'yan wasa biyu (yawanci aƙalla uku) ke ɓoye kansu a cikin yanayi da aka saita, wanda ɗaya ko fiye masu nema za su same shi. Wasan ana yinsa ne ta hanyar ɗan wasa ɗaya da aka zaɓa (wanda aka sanya masa suna "shi") yana ƙidaya zuwa lamba da aka ƙayyade tare da idanu a rufe yayin da sauran 'yan wasan ke ɓuya. Bayan isa ga wannan lambar, ɗan wasan da yake "shi" yana kira "Shirye ko a'a, ga ni nan!" ko "Zuwa, a shirye ko a'a!" sannan ya yi ƙoƙarin gano duk 'yan wasan da aka ɓoye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trafton |first=J. Gregory |last2=Schultz |first2=Alan |last3=Perznowski |first3=Dennis |last4=Bugajska |first4=Magdalena |last5=Adams |first5=William |last6=Cassimatis |first6=Nicholas |last7=Brock |first7=Derek |date=August 2003 |title=Children and robots learning to play hide and seek |url=http://www.nrl.navy.mil/aic/iss/pubs/trafton.hideseek.hri.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Naval Research Laboratory |publisher= |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nrl.navy.mil/aic/iss/pubs/trafton.hideseek.hri.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=December 2, 2011}}</ref> Wasan zai iya ƙarewa ta hanyoyi da dama. Hanya mafi yawan gamawa ita ce ɗan wasan da aka zaɓa a matsayin "shi" yana gano duk 'yan wasa; ɗan wasan da aka fara samu shine wanda ya sha kashi kuma an zaɓi shi ya zama "shi" a wasa na gaba. Ɗan wasan da aka samu na ƙarshe shine wanda ya yi nasara. Wani bambancin da aka saba samu shine mai neman yana ƙidaya a "gida"; masu ɓoyewa na iya zama a ɓoye ko kuma za su iya fitowa daga ɓoye don tsere zuwa sansanin gida; da zarar sun taɓa shi, suna "lafiya" kuma ba za a iya yi musu alama ba. Wasan misali ne na al'adar baki, domin yara kan yi shi akai-akai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Luongo |first=Ryan P. Dalton, Francisco |title=Play May Be a Deeper Part of Human Nature Than We Thought |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/play-may-be-a-deeper-part-of-human-nature-than-we-thought/ |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref> == Nau'ikan == [[Fayil:Hide_from_each_other.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasa a ɓoye]] Ana buga nau'ikan wasan daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya, a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban. <ref name="game">{{Cite web |title=hide-and-seek |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/264947/hide-and-seek |access-date=22 December 2012 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc}}</ref> Wani nau'in ana kiransa "sardines", inda mutum ɗaya ne kawai ke ɓuya, sauran kuma dole ne su same su, suna ɓoyewa tare da su lokacin da suka yi hakan. Wuraren ɓoyewa suna ƙara zama ƙunci a hankali, kamar sardines a cikin kwano. Mutum na ƙarshe da ya sami ƙungiyar ɓoyewa shine wanda ya sha kashi, kuma ya zama mai ɓoyewa don zagaye na gaba. AM Burrage ya kira wannan sigar wasan "Smee" a cikin labarin fatalwarsa na 1931 mai suna iri ɗaya. [[Fayil:Hiding_in_the_Haycocks_(1881)_by_William_Bliss_Baker.jpg|thumb|''Ɓoye da Neman'' (zanen 1881)]] A cikin shirin barkwanci ''na Peanuts'' na [[Charles M. Schulz|Charles Schulz]], an buga wani nau'in Sardines mai suna "Ha Ha Herman", inda masu neman ke kira "ha ha", kuma mutumin da ke ɓoye dole ne ya amsa da cewa "Herman". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Games Children Play |url=https://schulzmuseum.org/press-room/games-children-play/}}</ref> A wasu nau'ikan wasan, bayan an kama mai ɓoye na farko ko kuma idan babu wasu 'yan wasa da za a iya samu a tsawon lokaci, mai neman yana kira da jumla da aka amince da ita a baya (kamar " Olly olly bowls free ", "Fito, fito duk inda kake" ko "Duk a ciki, Duk a ciki, Kowa a ciki duk a kyauta") don nuna wa sauran masu ɓoye su koma tushe don zagaye na gaba. Mai neman dole ne ya koma "gida tushe" bayan ya sami masu ɓoye, kafin masu ɓoye su dawo. Akasin haka, masu ɓoye dole ne su koma "gida tushe" kafin mai neman ya gan su ya dawo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hide-and-seek {{!}} Definition, Rules, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/hide-and-seek-game |access-date=2021-01-03 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Masu ɓoye suna ɓoye har sai mai neman ya gan su, wanda ke rera, "Arba'in, Arba'in, na gan ka" (wani lokacin a taƙaice zuwa "Arba'in, Arba'in, gani" ka"). Da zarar an gano mai ɓoyewa, dole ne ya gudu zuwa "gida tushe" (inda mai neman yana ƙidaya yayin da sauran 'yan wasa suka ɓuya) ya taɓa shi kafin mai neman ya "yi masa alama" (ko ya taɓa shi). Idan an yi masa alama, wannan mai ɓoyewa zai zama sabon mai nema. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=44 Home - Hiding Game |url=http://ctac.esrc.unimelb.edu.au/biogs/E000114b.htm |access-date=2017-07-03 |website=Childhood, Tradition and Change |language=en-gb |publication-place=Australia}}</ref> Forty fourth yana da sunaye da yawa na yanki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Acky one two three I see children's dialect on TV |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/sound-and-vision/2013/06/acky-123-save-all.html |website=British Library: Sound and vision blog}}</ref> ciki har da 'block one two three' a Arewa maso Gabashin Ingila da Scotland, 'relievo one two three' a Wilmslow, 'forty fourth' a Kudu maso Gabashin Ingila, 'mob' a Bristol da South Wales, 'pom pom' a Norwich, 'I-erkey' a Leicester, 'hicky one two three' a Chester, 'rally one two three' a Coventry, 'Ackey 123' a [[Birmingham]] da '44 Homes' a Ostiraliya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=44 Home - Hiding Game |url=http://ctac.esrc.unimelb.edu.au/biogs/E000114b.htm |access-date=2017-07-03 |website=Childhood, Tradition and Change |language=en-gb |publication-place=Australia}}</ref> == Tarihi == Duk da cewa ɓoyayyen abu ne da ake iya cewa tsohon wasa ne na yara tun daga zamanin da, wani sabon nau'in wasan da aka tabbatar da shi ana kiransa ''apodidraskinda'' ( {{Lang|grc|ἀποδιδρασκίνδα}} ) a cikin Girkanci na Tsohuwar . Wannan wasan kuma ana kiransa da bambance-bambancen suna, kamar ''phyginda'' (φυγίνδα) ko ''pheyginda'' (φευγίνδα). Wani marubucin Girka na ƙarni na biyu mai suna Julius Pollux ya ambaci wasan a karon farko. A lokacin, kamar yanzu, an buga shi iri ɗaya da ɗan wasa ɗaya yana rufe idanunsa yana ƙidaya yayin da sauran 'yan wasan suka ɓuya. An kuma sami wannan wasan a cikin wani zane na farko da aka gano a Herculaneum, tun daga kusan ƙarni na biyu AD. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weintraub |first=Richard |date=July 12, 2017 |title=The history behind 3 classic outdoor games &#124; Play N Learn |url=https://www.playnlearn.com/the-history-behind-3-classic-outdoor-games/ }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ilimin halin dan Adam == Buya-da-nema yana buƙatar yara su yi amfani da ka'idar tunani da kuma hanyoyin aikin zartarwa don yin nasarar yin wasan, kamar hana sha'awar yin zamba ta hanyar leƙen asiri yayin da suke taka rawar mai nema. Sakamakon haka, ana iya amfani da shi azaman yanayi na halitta ga masu bincike don yin nazarin ƙwarewar yara ta amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin fahimta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peskin |first=Joan |last2=Ardino |first2=Vittoria |date=2003 |title=Representing the Mental World in Children's Social Behavior: Playing Hide‐and‐Seek and Keeping a Secret |url=https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/a1db3e6d-79bb-45bf-a48e-ef500a7ce64b/content |journal=Social Development |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=496–512 |doi=10.1111/1467-9507.00245 |access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref> Manyan mutane kuma za su iya amfani da wasannin ɓoye-nema don [[shuka]] dabi'un zamantakewa da ƙwarewa masu amfani ga yara, kamar yadda yake a cikin misalin uba-ɗan {{Lang|oon|gukwelonone}} Naman ɓuya a tsakanin mafarauta na Onge na Tsibirin Little Andaman . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pandya |first=V. |date=1992 |title=Gukwelonone: The game of hiding fathers and seeking sons among the Ongee of Little Andaman |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-97863-012 |journal=Father–child relations: Cultural and biosocial contexts |access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref> == Gasar ƙasa da ƙasa == Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Ɓoye-da-Neman Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ce ta Ɓoye-da-Neman da aka gudanar daga 2010 zuwa 2017. Wasan ya samo asali ne daga sigar Italiyanci ta "ɓoye-da-neman", "nascondino". An fara gudanar da gasar ne a shekarar 2010 a Bergamo, Italiya, a matsayin wani shiri na Mujallar CTRL. Duk da cewa ta fara ne da barkwanci, taron ya karu kowace shekara. Gasar 2016 da 2017 ta gudana ne a Consonno, wani gari mai ban tsoro <ref>{{Cite web |title=Consonno |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/consonno |access-date=2017-05-03 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref> ko "The Italian Las Vegas", da ke gundumar Lecco, Lombardy . [[Fayil:Nascondino_World_Championship_2016.jpg|thumb|269x269px|Nascondino Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya 2016, a Consonno, Italiya]] An ba wa ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara kyautar "The Golden Fig Leaf ", <ref>{{Cite web |title=An abandoned Italian town will host the hide-and-seek world championships |url=http://elsewhere.nine.com.au/2016/08/24/13/15/consonno-abandoned-town-becomes-site-for-hide-and-seek-world-championships |access-date=2017-05-03 |archive-date=2017-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429012417/http://elsewhere.nine.com.au/2016/08/24/13/15/consonno-abandoned-town-becomes-site-for-hide-and-seek-world-championships |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda a bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki alama ce ta ɓuya, yana nufin labarin Adamu da Hauwa'u . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yasuo Hazaki, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Wasanni ta Nippon, kuma farfesa a fannin nazarin kafofin watsa labarai a Jami'ar Josai da ke Sakado, [[Japan]], ya kafa wani kamfen a shekarar 2013 don tallata ɓuya don gasar Olympics ta 2020 a [[Tokyo]] . Wasan da Hazaki ke tallatawa wasa ne na gargajiya na Japan wanda ya ɗan bambanta, wanda ya fi kama da wasan tag. Hazaki ya tuntuɓi masu shirya gasar cin kofin duniya ta Nascondino kuma ya ce dokokin nascondino sun fi dacewa su zama ɗan takara a gasar Olympics. == Duba kuma == * Wasan Gimbiya da dodo * Binciken wasan * Sepak Tekong == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] go844469qb6f3lqk94trfji0z315upl 8 143707 868846 837922 2026-06-26T18:21:26Z Ammarpad 4826 update 868846 json application/json { "page": "Wikipedia:Hausa Wikimedia Data Support", "year": "2026", "minText": "200", "maxText": "1000", "cycle": "2", "startDate": "2026-06-26", "endDate": "2026-06-30" } s5n9j1lfzsarf844h34jmcndcizjm0k 0 144758 869283 807701 2026-06-27T10:39:31Z Bikhrah 15061 869283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dandara''' (cikakken suna a cikin [[Harshen Portuguese|harshen Portugal]] : '''''Dandara dos Palmares''''' ) (1654 &#x2013; 6 ga watan Fabrairu, 1694 CE) ta kasance jarumin Afirka-Brazil a zamanin mulkin mallaka na [[Brazil]] kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Quilombo dos Palmares, wani matsuguni na mutanen Afro-Brazil waɗanda suka 'yantar da kansu daga bauta, a cikin jihar Alagoas ta yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henrique |first=Kleber |date=2011-10-20 |title=Dandara: A Face Feminina de Palmares |trans-title=Dandara: The Feminine Face of Palmares |url=https://www.geledes.org.br/dandara-a-face-feminina-de-palmares/#gs.hwgsjMk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002130204/http://www.geledes.org.br:80/dandara-a-face-feminina-de-palmares/ |archive-date=2016-10-02 |access-date=2016-11-03 |website=geledes.org.br |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Bayan an kama ta a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1694, ta kashe kanta, ta ƙi komawa rayuwar bauta. Ita mutum ce mai ban mamaki a yau, domin ba a san da yawa game da rayuwarta ba. Yawancin labaran da aka yi game da ita suna da bambanci kuma ba su da alaƙa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joao |title=Instituto Humanitas Unisinos - IHU - Descrita como heroína, Dandara, mulher de Zumbi, tem biografia cercada de incertezas |url=https://www.ihu.unisinos.br/noticias/537524-descrita-como-heroina-dandara-mulher-de-zumbi-tem-biografia-cercada-de-incertezas |access-date=2016-11-03 |website=www.ihu.unisinos.br}}</ref> Ita da mijinta Zumbi dos Palmares, sarkin ƙarshe na Quilombo dos Palmares, suna da 'ya'ya uku. == Halaye da iyawa == An bayyana Dandara a matsayin jarumi, kuma ya mamaye dabarun capoeira kuma ya yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tare da maza da mata don kare Palmares, wurin da bayin da suka tsere za su je su zauna lafiya. An kafa Palmares a ƙarni na 17, a Serra da Barriga, a jihar Alagoas, saboda yana da wuya a isa yankin saboda yawan ciyayi. Ba a san ko an haife ta a Brazil ko kuma a Afirka ba. Lokacin da take ƙarama, ta shiga ƙungiyar 'yan Afirka-Brazil don yaƙi da bauta a Brazil. Ta taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar dabarun kare Palmares. An san Dandara a matsayin mayaƙi, amma kuma tana da sha'awar [[farauta]] da [[noma]] . Ta shuka [[masara]], [[rogo]], [[wake]], dankali mai zaki, rake, da [[ayaba]] . Mutanen Palmares, waɗanda aka sani da Palmarinos, sun ƙera kayan aikin noma da makamai don yaƙi. Sun kuma yi aiki da [[Katako|itace]], [[Kayan Tangaran|yumbu]], da [[ƙarfe]] . Da farko, dukkan ayyukan da ayyukan Palmarinos sun kasance don ƙirƙirar al'ummarsu masu dorewa, amma wasu suna ciniki da ƙauyuka da masana'antu a yankin. Hare-haren da ake kai wa Palmares sun fara ne tun daga shekarar 1630, lokacin da mamayar Holland ta kai wa Brazil . A cewar labaran da suka shafi Dandara, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sa mijinta ya yanke dangantaka da kawunsa Ganga-Zumba, wanda shi ne babban hafsan Quilombo dos Palmares na farko. A shekarar 1678, Ganga-Zumba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da gwamnatin jihar Pernambuco . Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana cewa za a saki mutanen Palmares da aka kama. Haka kuma, duk wadanda aka haifa a Palmares za su zama 'yantattu, ba bayi ba, kuma an ba su izinin yin kasuwanci. Duk da haka, a madadin haka, mutanen Palmares dole ne su daina ba wa duk wani sabon bayi mafaka su mika wa hukumomin Portugal duk wani irin wannan guduwa da ke neman mafaka. An ce Dandara da Zumbi dos Palmares sun yi adawa da yarjejeniyar saboda ba ta kawo karshen bauta ba, kuma a zahiri ya sa Palmares suka shiga cikin lamarin. Daya daga cikin Palmarinos wanda ya yi adawa da shawararsa ya kashe Ganga-Zumba . == Jagorori == * Wasan ''Dandara'' mai ban sha'awa, wanda Long Hat House ya ƙirƙira kuma Raw Fury ya buga, ya samo asali ne daga tarihin Dandara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2017 |title=11 Minutes of Nintendo Switch Gameplay (Metroidvania-Style Game) |url=http://www.ign.com/videos/2017/03/08/11-minutes-of-nintendo-switch-gameplay-metroidvania-style-game |access-date=January 24, 2018 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Hat House: Indie Game Studio |url=https://www.longhathouse.com/games/dandara/}}</ref> * Mawallafi Jarid Arraes ne ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarta a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin cordel 2015 da littafin ''Heroínas Negras Brasileiras em 15 cordéis'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heroínas negras brasileiras - Jarid Arraes - Grupo Companhia das Letras |url=https://www.companhiadasletras.com.br/livro/9788555341120/heroinas-negras-brasileiras |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=www.companhiadasletras.com.br}}</ref> * Wasan Civilization VI ya nuna Dandara a matsayin Babban Janar a cikin Babylon Pack DLC ɗinsa == Manazarta == jivf68dolbfkls3b167me5ils22q0wc 0 146380 869112 812422 2026-06-27T05:39:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Stack_of_Adire_,_a_local_Fabric_from_Abeoukuta.JPG|thumb|Tarin Adire]] [[Fayil:Maiden_yoruba_outfit.jpg|thumb|Matan Yarbawa sanye da kayan ado a kan saitin fina-finan gargajiya]] Yadi '''na Adire''' ( [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] : Àdìrè) wani nau'in yadi ne [[Rini|da aka rina]] da aka saba yi da matan [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]], ta amfani da dabarun rina iri-iri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Norma Wolff |title=Adire |url=http://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/fabrics-fibers/adire |access-date=25 December 2014 |website=Fashion History:Love to know |archive-date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831015609/http://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/fabrics-fibers/adire |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2013 |title=Adire – Indigo Resist Dyed Cloth From Yorubaland, Nigeria |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/adire-indigo-resist-dyed-cloth-from-yorubaland-nigeria/ |access-date=25 December 2014 |website=Vam}}</ref> Kalmar 'Adire' ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin Yarabawa 'adi' wanda ke nufin ɗaurewa da kuma 're' ma'anar rina. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=BRAIDE |first=O. O. |date=2017-11-22 |title=STYLISTIC FEATURES OF CONTEMPORARY ADIRE IN NIGERIAN TEXTILE PRACTICE |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jhssca.v11i1.1698 |journal=Journal of Humanities, Social Science and Creative Arts |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=106–118 |doi=10.51406/jhssca.v11i1.1698 |issn=2315-747X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani abu ne da aka tsara da hanyoyin hana kakin zuma waɗanda ke samar da zane-zane masu tsari a cikin launuka masu ban sha'awa. Ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin [[mutanen Egba]] na [[Jihar Ogun]] . Masu sana'ar Adire sun shahara da ƙwarewarsu a rina kayan gargajiya na Yarabawa, inda suke ƙirƙirar ƙira na musamman da rikitarwa akan yadi ta hanyar rina su. Suna canza yadi na yau da kullun zuwa zane mai ban sha'awa da mahimmanci a al'ada wanda galibi ya ƙunshi Alamomin Adire masu ma'ana. == Tarihi == Da farko ana samar da yadi na adire a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, ana yin sa ne a yankin arewacin Afirka ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa da iyalan 'yan kasuwa na Yarbawa. Wasu iyalai da suka zaɓi yin ƙaura zuwa arewa sun fara ƙirƙirar yadi na adire don tallata wa wasu mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Renne |first=Elisha P. |date=2020-01-02 |title=Reinterpreting Adire Cloth in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00404969.2020.1747372 |journal=Textile History |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=60–85 |doi=10.1080/00404969.2020.1747372 |issn=0040-4969 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Saboda yawanci mata ne ke yin sa, alamu da jigogi na Adire ana raba su ne daga uwa zuwa 'ya mace a cikin iyalai. Duk da haka, wasu siffofi na iya dogara ne akan iyawar mai zane da ƙwarewarsa, da kuma ƙwarewar da aka koya daga tsofaffin tsararraki. Tsarin Adire galibi wakilci ne na shuke-shuke, dabbobi, kayan aiki, da jigogi na ra'ayi. Jigogi na gargajiya ana rarraba su zuwa nau'ikan siffofi na geometric, siffa, skewmorphic, haruffa, da celestiomorphic. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Areo |first=MO |last2=Kalilu |first2=ROR |date=2013-05-03 |title=''Adire'' in South-western Nigeria: Geography of the Centres |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v7i2.22 |journal=African Research Review |volume=7 |issue=2 |doi=10.4314/afrrev.v7i2.22 |issn=2070-0083 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kayan farko na wannan nau'in wataƙila ƙira ne masu sauƙi da aka ɗaure a kan auduga, waɗanda aka yi wa ado da hannu kuma [[Saƙa|aka saka]] a cikin gida (kamar waɗanda har yanzu ake samarwa a [[Mali]] ). A farkon shekarun ƙarni na 20, an sami sabbin damar samun adadi mai yawa na kayan [[Taguwa|riguna]] da aka shigo da su ta hanyar yaɗuwar 'yan kasuwar yadi na Turai a [[Abeokuta]] da sauran garuruwan Yarbawa waɗanda suka haifar da bunƙasa a cikin waɗannan ƙoƙarin mata na kasuwanci da fasaha, wanda ya sa adire ta zama babban sana'a a Abeokuta da [[Ibadan]] wanda ya jawo hankalin masu siye daga ko'ina cikin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Ana ɗaukar Abeokuta a matsayin babban birnin yin adire a Najeriya; duk da haka, wasu suna ba da shawarar cewa manyan biranen [[Ibadan]] da [[Osogbo]] (ƙasar Yarabawa) sun fi mahimmanci wajen yin adire saboda rini na adire ya fara ne a Abeokuta lokacin da matan Egba daga Ibadan suka dawo da wannan ilimin. Siffar asali ta yadin ta zama ta kayan riguna guda biyu da aka ɗinka tare don ƙirƙirar yadin nade na mace. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adire Cloth of the Yorubas |url=https://www.adireafricantextiles.com/textiles-resources-sub-saharan-africa/some-major-west-african-textile-traditions/adire-cloth-of-the-yorubas/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Adire African Textiles |language=en-US}}</ref> An haɓaka sabbin dabarun rini na juriya . Al'adar rini ta indigo ta samo asali ne tun ƙarni da yawa a Yammacin Afirka. Misalin da aka fi sani shine hula daga [[Mutanen Dogon|masarautar Dogon]] a [[Mali]] tun ƙarni na 11, wanda aka rina a salon ''oniko'' . [[Fayil:Adire_Market_Week.jpg|thumb|Tsohon shugaban Najeriya [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] da matarsa, tare da tsohon gwamnan [[jihar Ogun]], [[Olusegun Osoba|Segun Osoba]], da matarsa, da kuma Gwamna [[Dapo Abiodun]] na jihar Ogun da matarsa [[Bamidele Abiodun]] a babban dandali na Makon Kasuwar Adire, 9 ga Afrilu 2022]] Duk da haka, a ƙarshen shekarun 1930, yaɗuwar indigo na roba, soda mai tsami, da kuma kwararar sabbin masu ƙarancin ƙwarewa sun haifar da matsaloli masu inganci da kuma rugujewar da ake buƙata a yanzu. Duk da cewa an ci gaba da samar da ƙira masu rikitarwa da kyau na juriyar sitaci har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, kuma duk da farfaɗowar da ma'aikatan Peace Corps na Amurka suka yi a shekarun 1960, ba su sake samun shaharar su ba a baya. A halin yanzu, ana samar da ƙira masu sauƙi da wasu ƙira masu inganci na oniko da alabere, amma ɗanɗanon gida yana fifita "kampala" (zane masu launuka da yawa na kakin zuma, wanda wani lokacin ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin adire). Duk da haka, an sake farfaɗo da fasahar Adire kwanan nan ta ƙwararrun 'yan Najeriya a ƙasashen waje kamar Dr Toyosi Craig, ƙwararriyar mai ƙirƙira da makamashi, da kuma masu fasaha na Najeriya kamar [[Nike Davies-Okundaye]], waɗanda ke zaburar da ƙananan masu ƙira kamar [[Amaka Osakwe]] (tare da lakabinta Maki-Oh). Manyan 'yan siyasa da fitattun mutane kamar Michelle Obama da Lupita Nyong'o sun sanya tufafi masu kayatarwa kwanan nan. Haka kuma, [[Bamidele Abiodun]], matar gwamnan jihar Ogun, ta ƙaddamar da Makon Kasuwar Adire <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2022 |title=Foreign Manufacturers Killing Local Adire Fabric Industry—Abiodun {{!}} Business Post Nigeria |url=https://businesspost.ng/economy/foreign-manufacturers-killing-local-adire-fabric-industry-abiodun/ |access-date=31 May 2022 |language=en-GB}}</ref> a shekarar 2022 a matsayin wani shiri da aka yi niyya don tallata ado da kuma kare masana'antun masaku na gida. == Dabaru == [[Fayil:Tie_and_Dye_to_the_rescue_(Adire).jpg|thumb|Mace tana rina auduga]] A yau, akwai manyan dabarun hana amfani da su a Najeriya guda uku: * '''Oniko''' : wannan tsari ya ƙunshi ɗaura raffia a kusa da ɗaruruwan ƙwayoyin masara ko duwatsu daban-daban don samar da ƙananan da'irori fari a kan bango mai shuɗi. Haka kuma ana iya murɗa masakar a ɗaure ta a kanta ko a naɗe ta a layi-layi. * '''Alabere''' : Ana dinka raffia a kan masakar a cikin tsari kafin a rina ta. Ana cire tafin hannun raffia, sannan a dinka kashin baya a cikin masakar. Bayan an rina raffia yawanci ana yage shi, kodayake wasu suna barin sa a ciki kuma a bar shi ya lalace a kan tufafin a hankali yana bayyana ƙirar. * '''Eleko''' : Ba a yarda a rina shi da man rogo da aka fenti a kan masakar ba. A al'adance ana yin sa da gashin kaza masu girma daban-daban, ana kuma amfani da calabash da aka sassaka a cikin ƙira daban-daban, kamar yadda ake yi da bulo . Tun daga farkon ƙarni na ashirin, ana amfani da stencils na ƙarfe da aka yanke daga zanen tin da aka lulluɓe da akwatunan shayi. An sanya wa yawancin zane-zane suna, waɗanda suka shahara sun haɗa da tsarin jubili (wanda aka fara yi don bikin jubili na azurfa na [[George V]] da Sarauniya Mary a 1935), Olokun ("allahiyar teku"), Sunbebe ("ɗaga duwatsu") da Ibadandun ("Ibadan yana da daɗi"). Najeriya kuma ta shahara da zane-zanen indigo masu launuka biyu, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar rini akai-akai na zane da aka fenti da tushen rogo don ƙirƙirar shuɗi mai zurfi; sannan a wanke manna sannan a rina masa zane a karo na ƙarshe. Ana rina masa zane mai inganci sau 25 ko fiye don ƙirƙirar launin shuɗi mai zurfi da baƙi kafin a wanke manna. Akwai ƙarin nau'ikan rini na indigo-resistant-rediers a wasu sassan Yammacin Afirka; misali, Bamana na Mali suna amfani da laka mai ƙarfi, yayin da masu rini na Senegal suna amfani da manna shinkafa maimakon tushen rogo, kuma Ndop na Kamaru suna amfani da duka == Nassoshi == ea9yl5kyo3n1ztgecwqfr7gtd92ahup 0 146791 869154 814559 2026-06-27T07:03:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Agbada''' ( Yoruba ) lit. .: ''Riga, Mantle'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Church |first=Missionary Society |title=A dictionary of the Yoruba language |url=https://edeyoruba.com/uploads/3/0/0/1/3001787/yoruba_dictionary.pdf |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> ita ce rigar da al'ummar [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]] ke sawa a Yammacin Afirka. Tana zuwa da mayafi mai tsayi daban-daban kuma tana zuwa da rigar ƙasa ta wando na asali mai suna Shokoto. Haka kuma ana sawa a mafi yawan lokuta da huluna daban-daban kamar Fila, Abeti Aja da sauransu. Ana sawa lu'ulu'u na gargajiya na Yarabawa a mafi yawan lokuta. Tufafi ne na maza da ake sawa don tarurruka na musamman da rayuwar yau da kullun, ya danganta da kyawun rigar. Riga ce ta musamman da ke zuwa cikin salo da ƙira daban-daban <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anokam |first=Stella |date=2016-07-15 |title=Latest Agbada Styles with Embroidery Designs for Men (2022) |url=https://naijaglamwedding.com/latest-agbada-styles-designs-men/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=NaijaGlamWedding |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_(2).png|thumb|Mutumin Yarbawa a Agbada]] [[Fayil:Typical_yoruba_man_outfit.jpg|thumb|Wani Bayarbare yana taka rawa a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, sanye da Agbada[[Fayil:Giwa_Nurudeen.jpeg|thumb| Bayarbare a cikin wani nau'in Agbada]]]] An yi Agbada da yawa da yadi na Asooke (Aso ofi), amma ana iya yin sa a wasu yadi daban-daban na gida da na ƙasashen waje, waɗanda suka haɗa da; [[Adire (ƙwarewar zane-zane)|Adire]], Brocade, Damask, da Laces . Agbada yana kama da babban [[Babbar riga|boubou]] / Babanriga gabaɗaya, amma yana da bambance-bambance a cikin cikakkun bayanai kamar salo, siffa, yadi na gargajiya da kayan da ake amfani da su kuma ana iya bambanta su sosai. Agbada yawanci yana da kayan aikin hannu na asali na Yarabawa, tare da alamu na alama kamar Babban ƙulli na asali ga Al'adun Yarabawa. Agbada yana ɗaya daga cikin Tufafin Yarabawa, wasu sun haɗa da Gbariye, Sulia, Oyala, Kembe, da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Babatunde |title=Agbada Clothing |url=https://www.lovetoknow.com/life/style/agbada-clothing |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=LoveToKnow |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925171128/https://www.lovetoknow.com/life/style/agbada-clothing |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gbariye yana kusa da Agbada kuma sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'in Agbada. == Tarihi == Agbada wani nau'in Kaftan ne, wanda aka kawo shi [[Afirka]], a lokacin da Musulunci ya mamaye [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|Arewacin Afirka]], a ƙarni na 7. . A ƙarni na 12, manyan mutane da matsakaitan mutane sun fara amfani da shi a ƙasar Morocco, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassani |first=Hanan |title=The Journey of the Moroccan Caftan |url=https://bgcxlaguardia.bgcdml.net/connectingthreads/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Caftan-Hassani-FINAL.docx.pdf |access-date=2026-03-24}}</ref> da kuma al'ummomin Maghreb. Kuma a ƙarni na 16 ya zama ruwan dare ga ƙananan a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaftan |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/85614 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> [[Abzinawa|Berber]], da 'yan kasuwa [[Larabawa]] sun yi tafiya a cikin hamada don cinikin gishiri, zane, da sauran kayayyaki da aka ƙera don musanya da zinariya, bayi da sauran kayayyaki a Yammacin Afirka a lokacin [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|cinikin Trans Sahara]], wannan ya kawo Kaftan, ko [[Babbar riga|Boubou]] zuwa [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} . Mujallar Manchester Geographical Society ta 1885 ta yi imanin cewa an kawo Agbada ga Yarabawa ta hanyar Peuls ko Fulani a matsayin wani nau'in tufafin " Muhammadu ", kamar yadda aka ambata a ƙasa. {{Blockquote|text=In Yoruba the dress of an ordinary male Mohammedan consists of trousers, vest (togo), gown (agbada), cap and turban|author=|title=|source={{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m00sAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA266&lpg=PA266&dq=of+honest+importers+and+consumers.+We+know+that+the+Niger+has+been,+and+continues+to+be,+the+high+road+of+Mohammedanism+from+North+and+East+Africa.+Its+active+pioneers+and+advance+guard+on+Yoruba+have+been+the+Peuls+or+Fulanis,+who+have+in+the+past+overrun+and+subjected+most+of+the+country+on+the+middle+stream,+and+have+so+far+suc-+ceeded+in+considerably+contracting+the+area+of+Yorubaland,+which,+though+divided+tribally+and+dialectically,+has+a+common+national+tongue+and+a+recognised+feudal+head+in+the+person+of+the+Alafin+of+Oyo,+who+is+on+the+best+of+terms+with+the+govern-+ment+of+Lagos-as+are,+indeed,+all+the+Yoruba+native+states.&source=bl&ots=IqdAGA4aTd&sig=ACfU3U0R57kzDQmgQ41LuSemYCz6u6gASQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjw4suV9dSEAxUSD1kFHaqhCEQQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=%22high%20road%20of%20Mohammedanism%20from%20North%20and%20East%20Africa.%20Its%20active%20pioneers%20and%20advance%20guard%20on%20Yoruba%20have%20been%20the%20Peuls%20or%20Fulanis%2C%20who%20have%20in%20the%20past%20overrun%20and%20subjected%20most%20of%20the%20country%20on%20the%20middle%20stream%2C%20and%20have%20so%20far%20suc-%20ceeded%20in%20considerably%20contracting%20the%20area%20of%20Yorubaland%2C%20which%2C%20though%20divided%20tribally%20and%20dialectically%2C%20has%20a%20common%20national%20tongue%20and%20a%20recognised%20feudal%20head%20in%20the%20person%20of%20the%20Alafin%20of%20Oyo%2C%20who%20is%20on%20the%20best%20of%20terms%20with%20the%20govern-%20ment%20of%20Lagos-as%20are%2C%20indeed%2C%20all%20the%20Yoruba%20native%20states%22&f=false|access-date=2026-03-23|title=The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society|volume=5-6}}}} [[Fayil:A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png|thumb|Yarbawa a Danshiki]] == Nassoshi == hlmyqhcsumqsnnhicc9j83ybio36vqe 0 147295 869042 838618 2026-06-26T23:43:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abia Angels Football Club''' kungiya ce ta Kwallon ƙafa na mata ta Najeriya wacce ke zaune a [[Umuahia]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] kuma tana taka leda a gasar Firimiya ta NWFL. == Tarihi == [[Abiya|Gwamnatin Jihar Abia]] ce ta kafa kulob din a matsayin Abia Queens.<ref name="Enyimba">{{Cite web |date=7 August 2025 |title=Open letter to Governor Alex Otti on the poor structure at Abia Angels |url=https://www.futbalgallore.com/2025/08/07/open-letter-to-governor-alex-otti-on-the-poor-structure-at-abia-angels/ |website=futbalgallore.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sun fara fafatawa a rukuni na biyu a kakar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Women 2014 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nig-wom2014.html |access-date=28 March 2026 |website=rsssf.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, sun sami ci gaba zuwa saman jirgin, sannan kocin Roland Gbaruku ya jagoranci, bayan sun lashe Pro-League, kashi na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2015 |title=Ikpeazu's wife lauds Abia Angels |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/ikpeazus-wife-lauds-abia-angels/ |website=The Guardian Sport}}</ref> A cikin 2021, sun tsere wa sakewa bayan sun kammala na biyu a cikin wasannin sakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2021 |title=Pelican Stars, Abia Angels survive relegation |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2021/05/12/pelican-stars-abia-angels-survive-relegation/ |website=This Day Live}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thisdaylive.com/2021/05/12/pelican-stars-abia-angels-survive-relegation/ "Pelican Stars, Abia Angels survive relegation"]. ''This Day Live''. 12 May 2021.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Women 2020/21 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nig-wom2021.html#:~:text=Promotion%20Playoff%202021-,NWFL%20Premiership%202020/21,Other%20Cup%20Tournaments |access-date=28 March 2026 |website=rsssf.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nig-wom2021.html#:~:text=Promotion%20Playoff%202021-,NWFL%20Premiership%202020/21,Other%20Cup%20Tournaments "Nigeria Women 2020/21"]. ''rsssf.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Su ne kawai kulob din kwallon kafa daga [[Kudu ta Yamma (Najeriya)|kudu maso gabashin Najeriya]] a halin yanzu a cikin [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Najeriya|Firayim Minista na NWFL]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2025 |title=Open letter to Governor Alex Otti on the poor structure at Abia Angels |url=https://www.futbalgallore.com/2025/08/07/open-letter-to-governor-alex-otti-on-the-poor-structure-at-abia-angels/ |website=futbalgallore.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A halin yanzu Mario Eshalomi ne ke gudanar da su. Tsohon dan kasar Najeriya mai suna [[Adanna Nwaneri]] ne ya jagoranci su a baya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2024 |title=NWFL:Abia Angels unveil Adanna Gloria as new coach |url=https://en.africatopsports.com/2024/07/25/nwfl-abia-angels-unveil-adanna-gloria-as-new-coach/ |website=Africa Top Sports |access-date=31 March 2026 |archive-date=27 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427120033/https://en.africatopsports.com/2024/07/25/nwfl-abia-angels-unveil-adanna-gloria-as-new-coach/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://en.africatopsports.com/2024/07/25/nwfl-abia-angels-unveil-adanna-gloria-as-new-coach/ "NWFL:Abia Angels unveil Adanna Gloria as new coach"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427120033/https://en.africatopsports.com/2024/07/25/nwfl-abia-angels-unveil-adanna-gloria-as-new-coach/ |date=2026-04-27 }}. ''Africa Top Sports''. 25 July 2024.</cite></ref> ==Manzarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyi ]] [[Category:Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa]] fzxuemsa8x2hh65mdlyh6ht3cl7gr2j 0 148554 869065 826466 2026-06-27T03:59:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Adanech Admassu''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1977) ɗan fim ne na Habasha . Babban aikinta yana ba da hadin kai tare da shirye-shiryen NGO a Habasha da kuma magance matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Habasha kuma a duk faɗin Afirka,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2013-08-11 |title=Freelance Director |url=https://adanechadmasu.wordpress.com/about-6/ |access-date=2020-05-02 |website=Adanech Admassu Film Director & Fixer in Ethiopia |language=en}}</ref> tare da mai da hankali kan labarun 'yan mata da mata.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Levine |first=Sydney |date=2016-09-29 |title="From Addis To Cannes" An Interview With Ethiopian Filmmakers |url=https://blogs.sydneysbuzz.com/from-addis-to-cannes-an-interview-with-ethiopian-filmmakers-b2944da8f6d3 |access-date=2020-05-06 |website=Medium |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tare da Gem TV, ta samar da fina-finai da yawa game da rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin al'ummomi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-08 |title=Ethiopia: Local TV station plays it safe |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/6405/ethiopia-local-tv-station-plays-it-safe/ |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Adanech Admussu kuma ta girma a cikin Al'ummar Mercato <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=May 2014 |title=5 Young Ethiopian Filmmakers Selected To Attend Cannes & Present Films In Monaco |url=http://www.ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=214&Itemid=139 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210001624/http://www.ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=214&Itemid=139 |archive-date=2015-02-10 |access-date=2020-05-06 |website=the Ethiopian Film Initiative}}</ref> a [[Addis Ababa]], a matsayin ɗan fari a cikin iyalin Kirista. Mahaifinta ya bar iyalin tun tana yarinya. A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta bar makaranta. Ta kula da 'yan uwanta yayin da mahaifiyarta ke rashin lafiya kuma daga baya ta fara sayar da kayan lambu a titin Mercato don samun albashi na iyalinta. === Mai yin fim === A shekara ta 1997 ta shiga shirin horo tare da Gem TV, daya daga cikin makarantun fina-finai na farko a Habasha. Wannan shirin ya ɗauki yara daga asalin marasa galihu don horar da su su zama masu shirya fina-finai. A nan ne ta fara hulɗa da yin fim kuma an ba ta damar samun muryarta. Ta kuma sami damar ci gaba da ilimi yayin horo. Ta zauna tare da Gem TV tare da wasu tsofaffi. A shekara ta 2002 ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko, Stolen Childhood, wanda ke magance batun auren yara a Habasha ta hanyar ba da labarin gaskiya na yarinya da aka tilasta yin aure.<ref name=":3"/> Fim din ya lashe ta wasu kyaututtuka a Habasha da kuma duniya baki daya. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta ba da umarni ko mataimakiyar jagorantar shirye-shirye da fina-finai da suka shafi adalci na zamantakewa da jin dadin jama'a, sau da yawa tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ko kamfen na kasa da kasa. Ta mai da hankali ne daga Habasha zuwa wasu ƙasashen Afirka.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1"/> A shekara ta 2014 an zaba ta don halartar bikin fina-finai na Cannes ta hanyar shirin "Daga Addis zuwa Cannes" tare da wasu masu shirya fina-fakka na Habasha guda hudu don samun damar samun ƙarin albarkatun yin fim. Ita ce ta farko daga cikin mata masu shirya fina-finai da yawa a Habasha waɗanda suka sami wannan damar.<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barlet |first=Olivier |date=2015-06-05 |title=Ethiopian Cinema Today: An Interview with Ethiopian Filmmakers Yamrot Nigussie, Hiwot Admasu Getaneh, Hermon Hailay, Adanech Admasu, and Debebe Daniel Negatu |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/583418 |journal=Black Camera |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=221–228 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.6.2.221 |issn=1947-4237 |s2cid=161062211 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye da wasan kwaikwayo === * ''Stolen Childhood'' (2002) * ''Pillar of the House'' (2004) * ''Reaching the Unreachable'' (2006)<ref name=":1"/> === Fim === * ''Exploring Employment Potential through Road Works – The ILO experience'' (2005)<ref name=":1"/> * "Calling the Stars"<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=ZIFF 2018 Official Selection |url=http://www.ziff.or.tz/selection2018/ |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=ZIFF 2020}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == A shekara ta 2008, fim dinta Stolen Childhood ya lashe lambar yabo kan 'yanci da adalci a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2 na Addis kuma a shekarar 2012 ta sami lambar yabo ta 24th ONE WORLD MEDIA a madadin Gem TV <ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Winners |url=https://www.oneworldmedia.org.uk/awards/2012-winners/ |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=One World Media |language=en-US}}</ref> don wannan fim din. A cikin 2018 gajeren fim dinta "Calling the Stars" wani zaɓi ne na gajeren fina-finai na 23rd Zanzibar International Film Festival.<ref name=":5"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] foq0kwbqd5wkt78hi9gwfd6a3a55lkk 0 149593 869044 831200 2026-06-26T23:53:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869044 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}'''Abigail Shariff Bongwe''' 'yar majalisa ce ta [[Malawi|Malawian]] wacce aka zaba a shekarar 2019 da 2025 a mazabar Zomba Likangala . Ta zama shugabar Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Malawi a shekarar 2021. Ita da sauran kwamitin zartarwa na netball sun yi murabus a watan Mayu 2024. == Rayuwa == An haifi Shariff a Zomba . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abigail Shariff |url=https://data.connectedafrica.net/entities/98df4579b83f83e1fde092399be592138c46cafd.d36cc178efcef07bdb03712b0250bac36878480f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231114611/https://data.connectedafrica.net/entities/98df4579b83f83e1fde092399be592138c46cafd.d36cc178efcef07bdb03712b0250bac36878480f |archive-date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=data.connectedafrica.net}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2007 zuwa 2017 ta kasance mai ba da kuɗi na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Malawi.<ref name="bard">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-23 |title=NAM resolution Bars 4 from polls |url=https://mwnation.com/nam-resolution-bars-4-from-polls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220081423/https://mwnation.com/nam-resolution-bars-4-from-polls/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="treas">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-15 |title=Chinunda re-elected as Netball Association of Malawi president, Mpinganjira defeated on GS post |url=https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2013/04/15/chinunda-re-elected-as-netball-association-of-malawi-president-mpinganjira-defeated-on-gs-post/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220081227/https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2013/04/15/chinunda-re-elected-as-netball-association-of-malawi-president-mpinganjira-defeated-on-gs-post/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-01-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2019, ta samu nasarar tsayawa a matsayin mai zaman kanta a mazabar Likangala ta garinsu don zama memba na majalisa. Ta shiga majalisa amma babu wata jam'iyya da ke da rinjaye kuma majalisa da aka rataye na iya haifar da jinkirin yanke shawara. Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat Progressive Party Peter Mutharika ya yi kira ga masu zaman kansu kamar Shariff da su goyi bayan gwamnati. 32 sun amince ciki har da Shariff, Susan Dossi, Lyana Lexa Tambala, Roseby Gadama da Nancy Chaola Mdooko . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-03 |title=No hung parliament as 32 independent MPs flock to governing DPP |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/no-hung-parliament-as-32-independent-mps-flock-to-governing-dpp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220080722/https://www.nyasatimes.com/no-hung-parliament-as-32-independent-mps-flock-to-governing-dpp/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekarar 2021 an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Malawi ta maye gurbin shugaban da ya gabata wanda ya janye nata nata zabi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-08 |title=NAM elects MP Abigail Shariff as president; Incumbent Khungekile Matiya withdrew from race - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/nam-elects-mp-abigail-shariff-as-president-incumbent-khungekile-matiya-withdrew-from-race/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta doke tsohon dan wasan netball kuma kyaftin din [[Emma Chongwe]] wanda ya yi gasa don mukamin, duk da cewa ya koka game da rashin bin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-19 |title=Chongwe in U-turn on NAM presidency |url=https://mwnation.com/chongwe-in-u-turn-on-nam-presidency/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220081345/https://mwnation.com/chongwe-in-u-turn-on-nam-presidency/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Shariff dole ne ta wuce hanyar da ta dace zuwa zabe kamar yadda a wani lokaci aka hana ta ta ta hanyar fassarar kwamitin da ya gabata game da kundin tsarin mulki.<ref name="bard"/> A cikin 2022, Shariff da Ministan Matasa da Wasanni, Richard Chimwendo Banda, sun shawo kan Monica Chakwera, uwargidan shugaban Malawi. ya zama mai kula da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa. Shariff ta yi imanin cewa uwargidan shugaban kasa za ta iya taimakawa da matsalolin tawagar. Kungiyar tana fama da rashin kudade musamman ga wasannin cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-21 |title=First Lady nods to Queens'role |url=https://mwnation.com/first-lady-nods-to-queensrole/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220081139/https://mwnation.com/first-lady-nods-to-queensrole/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024 Shariff da sauran kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa sun yi murabus. Sun sami wata wasika mai mahimmanci a madadin masu haɗin gwiwa waɗanda suka yi takaici da yawan ci gaba. An tilasta wa Majalisar Wasanni ta shiga don samar da tallafi har sai an nada sabon kwamiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malidadi |first=Mphatso |date=2024-05-31 |title=Sports Council to manage transition |url=https://times.mw/sports-council-to-manage-transition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231163905/https://times.mw/sports-council-to-manage-transition/ |archive-date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> An sanar da sabon kwamitin a ranar 3 ga Yuni 2024 karkashin jagorancin shugaban rikon kwarya, Vit Report Gubuduza . Gududza ta kasance tana buga netball ga Cironets amma a lokacin tana jagorantar Blantyre da Gundumar Netball.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-03 |title=Vitumbiko Gubuduza appointed NAM interim president |url=https://www.247malawi.com/vitumbiko-gubuduza-appointed-nam-interim-president/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=247MALAWI NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> Shariff memba ce ta Kungiyar Mata ta Majalisar Dokokin Malawi wacce a shekarar 2024 Roseby Gadama ce ta jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PWC Home – PWC Malawi |url=https://pwcmalawi.org/pwc-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231001239/https://pwcmalawi.org/pwc-home/ |archive-date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2024-12-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2025 an sake zabar ta don wakiltar Zomba Likangala tare da kashi 73% na kuri'un.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zomba Likangala on the Electionsdashboard |url=https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=nplelectionsdashboard.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222233712/https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7seaihvlcs0zf9yadtth9p40txduv81 0 150558 869239 834160 2026-06-27T10:04:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869239 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:AitorParedes2022.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Aitor Paredes | hoto = | cikakken_suna = Aitor Paredes Casamichana | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2000|4|29}} | wurin_haihuwa = Bilbao, Spain | tsawo = 1.84 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya | kungiyar_yanzu = Athletic Bilbao | lamba = 4 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2010–2018 | matasa_kungiya1 = Athletic Bilbao | shekaru1 = 2018–2020 | kungiya1 = Basconia | wasanni1 = 33 | kwallaye1 = 3 | shekaru2 = 2020–2022 | kungiya2 = Bilbao Athletic | wasanni2 = 40 | kwallaye2 = 1 | shekaru3 = 2022– | kungiya3 = Athletic Bilbao | wasanni3 = 50+ | kwallaye3 = 2+ | shekaru_tawaga1 = 2023– | tawaga1 = Spain U21 | wasanni_tawaga1 = 5+ | kwallaye_tawaga1 = 0 }} '''Aitor Paredes Casamichana''' (an haife shi ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar [[Spain]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar [[Athletic Bilbao]] a gasar [[La Liga]]. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan baya masu tasowa a ƙasar Spain saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kare gida da kuma iya fara gina hari daga baya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/players/aitor-paredes |title=Aitor Paredes profile |publisher=Athletic Club |access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Aitor Paredes a birnin Bilbao da ke yankin Basque na ƙasar Spain. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, lamarin da ya sa ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Athletic Bilbao, wacce aka fi sani da Lezama. A makarantar ne ya fara haɓaka ƙwarewarsa ta tsaron baya da kuma salon wasan da ya dace da tsarin ƙungiyar Athletic Bilbao.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/aitor-paredes/profil/spieler/626724 |title=Aitor Paredes - Player profile |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Athletic Bilbao === Paredes ya fara taka leda a matakin manya ne tare da ƙungiyar Basconia, wacce take ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Athletic Bilbao. Daga baya ya koma Bilbao Athletic inda ya ci gaba da nuna bajintarsa a matsayin mai tsaron baya mai ƙarfin jiki da kuma iya karanta wasan abokan hamayya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/aitor-paredes/551020/ |title=Aitor Paredes career statistics |publisher=Soccerway |access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> A shekarar 2022 ne ya samu damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar Athletic Bilbao. Ya fara buga wasanni a gasar La Liga inda ya ja hankalin masu kallo saboda natsuwarsa da kuma iya dakatar da hare-haren abokan wasa. Haka kuma, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da masu horarwa suka dogara da su wajen tsaron gida.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/athletic-club.html |title=Athletic Club defensive prospect Aitor Paredes impresses |publisher=Marca |access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> === Salon wasa === Aitor Paredes yana taka leda ne a matsayin ɗan baya na tsakiya. Yana da tsayi da ƙarfin jiki wanda ke taimaka masa wajen cin ƙwallayen sama da kuma dakatar da ‘yan gaba. Bugu da ƙari, yana iya sarrafa ƙwallo cikin natsuwa tare da fara kai hari daga baya, salon da ya dace da tsarin zamani na wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/player/aitor-paredes |title=Aitor Paredes |publisher=La Liga |access-date=2026-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar ƙasa da ƙasa == Saboda bajintarsa a matakin ƙungiya, Paredes ya samu kiran shiga tawagar matasa ta ƙasar Spain, musamman tawagar ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 21. Ya kasance cikin ‘yan wasan da ake sa ran za su iya zama ginshiƙai a babbar tawagar ƙasar Spain nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rfef.es/en |title=Spain youth national teams |publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation |access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Athletic Bilbao === * Copa del Rey: 2023–24 == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/players/aitor-paredes Aitor Paredes a shafin Athletic Bilbao] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/aitor-paredes/profil/spieler/626724 Aitor Paredes a Transfermarkt] {{Athletic Bilbao squad}} [[Category:2000 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Athletic Bilbao players]] [[Category:People from Bilbao]] blx050vsnaal9iq3b2axkp842v1bixk 0 150563 869032 834167 2026-06-26T23:30:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869032 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Abel Ruiz 2019.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Abel Ruiz | hoto = Abel Ruiz 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Abel Ruiz Ortega | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2000|1|28}} | wurin_haihuwa = Almussafes, Valencia, Spain | tsawo = 1.82 m | matsayi = Mai kai hari | kulob_na_yanzu = Girona | lamba = 9 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2006–2012 | matasa_kulob1 = Valencia | matasa_shekaru2 = 2012–2017 | matasa_kulob2 = Barcelona | shekaru1 = 2017–2020 | kulob1 = Barcelona B | wasa1 = 68 | kwallaye1 = 9 | shekaru2 = 2019–2020 | kulob2 = Barcelona | wasa2 = 1 | kwallaye2 = 0 | shekaru3 = 2020 | kulob3 = Braga (aro) | wasa3 = 10 | kwallaye3 = 1 | shekaru4 = 2020–2024 | kulob4 = Braga | wasa4 = 95 | kwallaye4 = 22 | shekaru5 = 2024– | kulob5 = Girona | wasa5 = 0 | kwallaye5 = 0 | tawagar_kasa1 = Spain U17 | tawagar_kasa2 = Spain U19 | tawagar_kasa3 = Spain U21 | tawagar_kasa4 = Spain | sabunta_kulob = 2026 }} '''Abel Ruiz Ortega''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Janairu 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Spain]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari ga kulob ɗin [[Girona FC]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Spain. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasan gaba da suka taso daga makarantar horas da matasa ta [[FC Barcelona]] saboda iya zura kwallo da kuma iya haɗa wasa da abokan wasansa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/players/703526/abel-ruiz|title=Abel Ruiz profile|publisher=FC Barcelona|access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Abel Ruiz a garin Almussafes da ke yankin Valencia a ƙasar Spain. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai wajen buga ƙwallo, lamarin da ya sa makarantar matasa ta Valencia CF ta ɗauke shi kafin daga bisani ya koma makarantar horas da matasa ta Barcelona wato La Masia a shekarar 2012. A lokacin yana daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasa masu jan hankali saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen cin ƙwallaye a rukunan yara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sport.es/en/news/barca/the-rise-of-abel-ruiz-at-la-masia-7465047|title=The rise of Abel Ruiz at La Masia|publisher=Sport|access-date=11 May 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Barcelona === Ruiz ya ci gaba da haskawa a matasan Barcelona inda ya zama kyaftin ɗin wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin matasa. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a gasar UEFA Youth League tare da Barcelona Juvenil, inda ya taimaka wajen samun nasarori masu yawa. A shekarar 2017 ya fara bugawa Barcelona B wasa a gasar Segunda División B.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/748241/abel-ruiz-renews-contract|title=Abel Ruiz renews with Barcelona|publisher=FC Barcelona|access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Disamba 2019 Ruiz ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Barcelona a gasar Copa del Rey, abin da ya zama babban ci gaba a rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa. Duk da cewa bai samu yawan damar bugawa a babbar ƙungiyar ba, ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗan wasa mai hazaka wanda zai iya zama babban ɗan gaba a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/abel-ruiz/|title=Abel Ruiz career statistics|publisher=WorldFootball.net|access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref> === Braga === A watan Janairun 2020 Ruiz ya koma kulob ɗin [[S.C. Braga]] na ƙasar Portugal a matsayin aro tare da zaɓin saye na dindindin. Bayan ya nuna ƙwarewa da jajircewa, Braga ta saye shi gaba ɗaya. A Braga ya samu damar taka leda akai-akai, lamarin da ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa salon wasansa da ƙwarewar zura ƙwallaye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scbraga.pt/player/abel-ruiz/|title=Abel Ruiz|publisher=SC Braga|access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Braga, Ruiz ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan gaba a gasar Primeira Liga. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen kai wa matakai masu kyau a gasar cikin gida da kuma wasannin Turai. Haka kuma ya nuna iya haɗa kai da sauran ‘yan wasa wajen gina hare-hare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/clubs/players/250104346--abel-ruiz/|title=Abel Ruiz UEFA profile|publisher=UEFA|access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref> === Girona === A shekarar 2024 Ruiz ya koma [[Girona FC]] domin ci gaba da taka leda a gasar La Liga. Komawarsa Spain ya jawo hankalin masu bibiyar ƙwallon ƙafa saboda gogewar da ya samu a Portugal da kuma ci gaban da ya samu a matsayinsa na ɗan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gironafc.cat/en/player/abel-ruiz|title=Abel Ruiz|publisher=Girona FC|access-date=11 May 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Ruiz ya wakilci Spain a matakan matasa daban-daban ciki har da U17, U19 da U21. Ya kasance kyaftin ɗin tawagar Spain U17 kuma ya yi fice a gasar UEFA European Under-17 Championship inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka fi haskawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/history/players/250104346--abel-ruiz/|title=Abel Ruiz - Spain U17|publisher=UEFA|access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2019 ya taimaka wa Spain ta lashe gasar UEFA European Under-21 Championship. Salon wasansa na iya riƙe ƙwallo, haɗa wasa da kuma zura ƙwallaye ya sa masu horaswa suka ci gaba da ba shi dama a tawagogin matasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rfef.es/en/noticias/abel-ruiz-profile|title=Abel Ruiz national team profile|publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation|access-date=11 May 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga bisani Ruiz ya samu kira zuwa babbar tawagar ƙasar Spain, inda aka fara kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasan gaba da za su taimaka wa ƙasar nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/abel-ruiz/profil/spieler/344840|title=Abel Ruiz statistics and history|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Abel Ruiz ɗan wasa ne mai iya taka leda a matsayin cikakken ɗan gaba ko kuma ɗan gaba mai saukowa baya domin haɗa wasa. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen sarrafa ƙwallo, motsi a cikin akwatin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, da kuma iya cin ƙwallaye da ƙafafu biyu. Haka kuma yana da ƙarfin jiki da basira wajen taimakawa abokan wasansa wajen kai hari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://totalfootballanalysis.com/player-analysis/abel-ruiz-scout-report|title=Abel Ruiz scout report|publisher=Total Football Analysis|access-date=11 May 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Spain U17 === * UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2017 === Spain U21 === * UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2019 === Braga === * Taça de Portugal: 2020–21 * Taça da Liga: 2023–24 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.gironafc.cat/en/player/abel-ruiz}} * {{Soccerbase}} * {{Transfermarkt}} * {{WorldFootball.net}} {{Dan wasan Girona FC}} {{Tawagar Spain}} 5a7vqycfhbe6dk5jya2hqsr688ck5jr 0 150817 869113 852514 2026-06-27T05:45:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Admonio'<nowiki/>'' Vicente Gomes''' (an haife shi 10 Nuwamba 1993), wanda aka fi sani da Admonio, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Bissau-Guinean wanda ke buga wa kulob din Gibraltar Europa a matsayin mai tsaron gida. <ref>{{Soccerway|admonio-vicente-gomes/454708}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == An haifi Admonio a [[Bisau|Bissau]], amma ya koma La Mojonera, Almería, [[Andalusia]] tun yana ƙarami. Matashi ne na La Mojonera CF, ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2012, ya fara ne a wasan 0-0 na ''Yankin da aka fi so'' a gida da CD Viator. Admonio ya zira kwallaye na farko a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2012, inda ya bude wasan a wasan da aka yi da Ciudad Las Marinas 3-1. A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, ya zira kwallaye a wasan 3-3 a Comarca Nascimneto. A watan Yulin 2013, Admonio ya koma kungiyar ta biyar ta Berja CF.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=Cambios en varios jugadores del BERJA C.F. |trans-title=Player changes at BERJA C.F. |url=https://www.facebook.com/BERJACF/posts/cambios-en-varios-jugadores-del/532033223516499/ |access-date=13 January 2019 |website=Berja CF |publisher=[[Facebook]] |language=es}}</ref> Kimanin shekara guda bayan haka, bayan ya kasance mai farawa na yau da kullun, ya koma CD El Ejido a Tercera División . A ranar 4 ga watan Yulin 2016, bayan samun ci gaba zuwa Segunda División B, Admonio ya sabunta kwangilarsa na wani shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2016 |title=Renovado Admonio |trans-title=Admonio renewed |url=http://www.clubdeportivoelejido.com/renovado-admonio/ |access-date=13 January 2019 |publisher=CD El Ejido |language=es |archive-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722022851/http://www.clubdeportivoelejido.com/renovado-admonio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara mai zuwa, ya sanya hannu ga Linares Deportivo a rukuni na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2019 |title=El Linares ficha a Admonio Vicente |trans-title=Linares sign Admonio Vicente |url=https://linaresdeportivo.ideal.es/linares-ficha-admonio-20170719012338-ntvo.html |access-date=13 January 2019 |publisher=Ideal |language=es |archive-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908123435/http://linaresdeportivo.ideal.es/linares-ficha-admonio-20170719012338-ntvo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 3 ga watan Yulin 2018, Admonio ya amince da kwangila tare da kungiyar Unionistas de Salamanca CF ta uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2018 |title=El central Admonio ficha por Unionistas |trans-title=Stopper Admonio signs for Unionistas |url=https://www.salamanca24horas.com/texto-diario/mostrar/1127923/central-admonio-ficha-unionistas |access-date=13 January 2019 |publisher=Salamanca 24 Horas |language=es |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623130427/https://www.salamanca24horas.com/texto-diario/mostrar/1127923/central-admonio-ficha-unionistas |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya ci gaba da tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, kasancewar shi ne mai farawa ba tare da wata matsala ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=Admonio renueva una temporada más con Unionistas |trans-title=Admonio renews one further season with Unionistas |url=https://www.salamanca24horas.com/texto-diario/mostrar/1165849/admonio-renueva-temporada-unionistas |access-date=13 January 2019 |publisher=Salamanca 24 Horas |language=es |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823115918/https://www.salamanca24horas.com/texto-diario/mostrar/1165849/admonio-renueva-temporada-unionistas |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2019, Admonio ya amince da yarjejeniya tare da kungiyar Segunda División ta CD Numancia, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2019 |title=Admonio, nuevo fichaje para el Numancia 2019-20 |trans-title=Admonio, new signing for 2019-20 Numancia |url=https://www.cdnumancia.com/noticia/admonio-nuevo-fichaje-para-el-numancia-2019-20 |access-date=13 January 2019 |publisher=CD Numancia |language=es}}</ref> Ya fara aikinsa na farko ne kawai a ranar 21 ga Yuni na shekara mai zuwa, ya maye gurbin Curro Sánchez a ƙarshen wasan 0-2 da ya yi da CF Fuenlabrada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2020 |title=La pantera golea y el Fuenla alcanza la tranquilidad |trans-title=The panther strikes and ''Fuenla'' reach the calmness |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/segunda-division/cronica/2020/06/21/5eefd352268e3e6f678b4611.html |access-date=21 June 2020 |publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2020, bayan da aka samu raguwa, Admonio ya shiga UCAM Murcia CF a rukuni na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2020 |title=Admonio refuerza la zaga del UCAM Murcia |trans-title=Admonio bolsters the defence of UCAM Murcia |url=https://www.ucamdeportes.com/ucamcf/noticias/admonio-refuerza-la-zaga-del-ucam-murcia |access-date=1 October 2020 |publisher=UCAM Murcia |language=es}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] 3ftw95y5wexso8ub6x8schzowj4ysab 0 151227 869302 836023 2026-06-27T10:58:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football Najeriyaclub | clubname = Akwa Starlets | fullname = Akwa Starlets Football Club | nickname = The Starlets | founded = 2019 | ground = Uyo Township Stadium | capacity = 5,000 | owner = Gwamnatin Jihar Akwa Ibom | league = Nigeria National League | season = }} '''Akwa Starlets FC''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Najeriya wadda ke da hedikwata a jihar [[Akwa Ibom]], Najeriya. An kafa ƙungiyar domin bunƙasa matasan 'yan wasa da kuma samar da wata hanya ta haɓaka ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar. Akwa Starlets FC tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fito daga shirye-shiryen ci gaban wasanni da gwamnatin jihar Akwa Ibom ta tallafa domin ƙarfafa harkar ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin kudancin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/akwa-starlets-gain-promotion-to-nnl/|title=Akwa Starlets gain promotion to NNL|publisher=The Guardian Nigeria|access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta samu karɓuwa sosai bayan da ta fara taka rawar gani a gasar matakin ƙasa, musamman a gasar '''Nigeria Nationwide League''', inda ta nuna bajinta ta hanyar samun nasarori masu muhimmanci wanda ya kai ta zuwa matakin '''Nigeria National League (NNL)'''. Wannan ci gaba ya sanya ƙungiyar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ake sa ran za su ci gaba da tasiri a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brila.net/akwa-starlets-secure-nnl-promotion/|title=Akwa Starlets secure NNL promotion|publisher=Brila FM|access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Akwa Starlets FC tana amfani da filin wasa na '''Uyo Township Stadium''' domin gudanar da wasanninta na gida. Filin wasan yana cikin birnin [[Uyo]], babban birnin jihar Akwa Ibom. Magoya bayan ƙungiyar suna daga cikin masu goyon bayan ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin, musamman saboda yadda ƙungiyar ke bai wa matasa damar nuna ƙwarewarsu a fagen wasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.completesports.com/akwa-starlets-ready-for-new-season/|title=Akwa Starlets ready for new season|publisher=Complete Sports Nigeria|access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Manufar kafa ƙungiyar ita ce samar da matattarar matasan 'yan wasa da za su iya taka rawa a manyan ƙungiyoyi na cikin gida da kuma wajen Najeriya. Saboda haka, ƙungiyar tana mayar da hankali sosai wajen horar da matasa da kuma gano sababbin hazikai daga makarantu da ƙananan kungiyoyi na yankin Akwa Ibom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/10/20/akwa-ibom-focuses-on-youth-football-development/|title=Akwa Ibom focuses on youth football development|publisher=ThisDay Newspaper|access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarun baya-bayan nan, Akwa Starlets FC ta shiga gasanni daban-daban na cikin gida inda take fafatawa da sauran ƙungiyoyin Najeriya domin samun gurbi a manyan matakan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa. Duk da cewa ƙungiyar ba ta da dogon tarihi kamar wasu tsofaffin kulake na Najeriya, tana ci gaba da gina suna ta hanyar jajircewa da kuma samar da sababbin 'yan wasa masu hazaka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/akwa-starlets-target-premier-league-ticket/blt123456789|title=Akwa Starlets target Premier League ticket|publisher=Goal Nigeria|access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ƙungiyar tana da alaƙa ta kusa da harkokin ci gaban wasanni a jihar Akwa Ibom, musamman kasancewar gwamnatin jihar tana taka rawa wajen tallafawa shirinta. Wannan tallafi ya taimaka wajen samar da kayan aiki, horaswa, da kuma shirye-shiryen bunkasa ƙwallon ƙafa ga matasa a yankin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/akwa-ibom-invests-in-football-development/|title=Akwa Ibom invests in football development|publisher=Punch Newspapers|access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Akwa Starlets FC a shekarar 2019 domin ƙara faɗaɗa harkar ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar Akwa Ibom. Tun daga farkon kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali wajen haɗa matasa masu hazaka da kuma ba su damar shiga manyan gasanni. Bayan taka rawar gani a matakin ƙananan lig-lig, ƙungiyar ta samu nasarar zuwa gasar Nigeria National League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/akwa-starlets-gain-promotion-to-nnl/|title=Akwa Starlets gain promotion to NNL|publisher=The Guardian Nigeria|access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Filin wasa == Akwa Starlets FC tana buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasan '''Uyo Township Stadium''' da ke [[Uyo]], jihar Akwa Ibom. Filin wasan yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren wasanni da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da wasannin cikin gida a jihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.completesports.com/akwa-starlets-ready-for-new-season/|title=Akwa Starlets ready for new season|publisher=Complete Sports Nigeria|access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manufofi == Babbar manufar ƙungiyar ita ce bunƙasa matasa da kuma samar da ƙwararrun 'yan wasa da za su iya taka rawa a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Haka kuma ƙungiyar tana ƙarfafa haɗin kai tsakanin matasa ta hanyar wasanni.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/10/20/akwa-ibom-focuses-on-youth-football-development/|title=Akwa Ibom focuses on youth football development|publisher=ThisDay Newspaper|access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Akwa United F.C.]] * [[Nigeria National League]] * [[Ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Wasanni a jihar Akwa Ibom]] [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da aka kafa a shekarar 2019]] ngt189je82fcl84zqpamebzo8fdndhm 0 151228 869303 836025 2026-06-27T10:59:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Akwa United F.C. | image = Akwa_United_FC_logo.png | fullname = Akwa United Football Club | nickname = Promise Keepers | founded = 1996 | ground = Godswill Akpabio International Stadium | capacity = 30,000 | owner = Gwamnatin Jihar Akwa Ibom | chairman = | manager = | league = Najeriya Premier Football League | season = 2025–26 }} '''Akwa United F.C.''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙwararru daga jihar [[Akwa Ibom]] a ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Ana yi wa ƙungiyar laƙabi da '''Promise Keepers''', kuma tana buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na [[Godswill Akpabio International Stadium]] da ke birnin Uyo. Akwa United tana daga cikin sanannun ƙungiyoyin da ke taka rawa a gasar [[Najeriya Premier Football League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://npfl.ng/akwa-united|title=Akwa United Club Profile|publisher=NPFL|access-date=14 May 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar Akwa United a shekarar 1996 bayan ƙirƙirar jihar Akwa Ibom da kuma ƙoƙarin gwamnatin jihar na bunƙasa harkokin wasanni musamman ƙwallon ƙafa. Tun daga lokacin ƙungiyar ta kasance tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka matasan ’yan wasa daga yankin kudu maso kudancin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/akwa-united/startseite/verein/11467|title=Akwa United FC Overview|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> A farkon shekarun ƙungiyar, Akwa United ta fara ne daga ƙananan matakan gasar Najeriya kafin daga bisani ta samu gurbin shiga babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa ƙungiyar ta kasance tana fafatawa domin tabbatar da matsayinta a gasar tare da ƙoƙarin zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/akwa-united-and-the-rise-of-football-in-akwa-ibom/|title=Akwa United and the rise of football in Akwa Ibom|publisher=The Guardian Nigeria|access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> Akwa United ta samu babban nasara a tarihin ta ne bayan lashe kofin '''Federation Cup''' na Najeriya a shekarar 2015. Wannan nasarar ta ba ƙungiyar damar shiga gasar nahiyar Afirka ta CAF Confederation Cup, inda ta wakilci Najeriya a matakin nahiyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/|title=CAF Confederation Cup Records|publisher=CAF|access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Akwa United ta lashe gasar [[Najeriya Professional Football League]] karo na farko a tarihinta bayan ta nuna bajinta a duk tsawon kakar wasa. Wannan nasara ta kasance babbar nasara ga jihar Akwa Ibom da kuma magoya bayan ƙungiyar baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/58277364|title=Akwa United win first Nigerian league title|publisher=BBC Sport Africa|access-date=14 May 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kungiyar ta shahara wajen gano da haɓaka matasan ’yan wasa masu tasowa. Wasu daga cikin fitattun ’yan wasan Najeriya sun taka rawa ko kuma sun samu ci gaba ta hanyar Akwa United kafin komawa wasu manyan ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya ko ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng|title=Akwa United and youth development in Nigeria|publisher=Goal Nigeria|access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> Akwa United tana da babban goyon bayan magoya baya musamman a jihar Akwa Ibom da yankunan kudu maso kudancin Najeriya. Wasanninta na gida a filin Godswill Akpabio International Stadium suna jawo dubban magoya baya waɗanda ke nuna goyon baya ga ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/akwa-united-fans-celebrate-league-title/|title=Akwa United fans celebrate historic title|publisher=Punch Newspapers|access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> A fannin gudanarwa, gwamnatin jihar Akwa Ibom tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa ƙungiyar ta fuskar kuɗi da samar da kayan aiki. Wannan tallafi ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙungiyar tare da samar da ingantaccen yanayi ga ’yan wasa da ma’aikata.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/akwa-united-receives-state-support/|title=Akwa United receives government support|publisher=The Nation Nigeria|access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> Akwa United ta ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke da tasiri a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Kungiyar tana ƙoƙarin ci gaba da samun nasarori a gida da kuma wakiltar Najeriya yadda ya kamata a gasannin nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/|title=Nigerian clubs in African competitions|publisher=FIFA|access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafuwa da farkon shekaru === An kafa Akwa United ne domin samar wa matasan jihar Akwa Ibom damar buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin ƙwararru. Ƙungiyar ta fara ne da suna mai wakiltar jihar kafin daga baya ta zama cikakkiyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta gwamnati.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigchamp.html|title=Nigeria League History|publisher=RSSSF|access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> === Nasarar gasar 2021 === A kakar wasa ta 2020–21, Akwa United ta kasance cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi nuna ƙwarewa a Najeriya. Ƙungiyar ta samu maki masu yawa tare da nuna daidaito a wasanni har ta lashe gasar ƙasa karo na farko.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/480744-akwa-united-win-npfl-title.html|title=Akwa United emerge NPFL champions|publisher=Premium Times|access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> == Filin wasa == Akwa United tana amfani da [[Godswill Akpabio International Stadium]] da ke Uyo domin buga wasanninta na gida. Filin wasan yana daga cikin mafi inganci a Najeriya kuma yana da kujeru sama da dubu talatin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml|title=Godswill Akpabio Stadium Profile|publisher=World Stadiums|access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> == Manyan nasarori == * Najeriya Professional Football League: ** Zakara (1): 2020–21<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/58277364|title=Akwa United win first Nigerian league title|publisher=BBC Sport Africa|access-date=14 May 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Federation Cup: ** Zakara (1): 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigcuphist.html|title=Nigeria Cup Winners|publisher=RSSSF|access-date=14 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Najeriya Premier Football League]] * [[Godswill Akpabio International Stadium]] * [[Akwa Ibom]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Akwa Ibom]] [[Category:Kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka kafa a 1996]] 7wf41eh21xjf1vaqidbqb4ffa4mhduh 0 151633 868881 837548 2026-06-26T20:13:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Abass''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Janairu 1995) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Techiman Eleven Wonders wasa. <ref name="ghanasportsonline">{{Cite web |title=Official: Abass Mohammed joins Eleven wonders on a two year deal |url=https://ghanasportsonline.com/2021/10/official-abass-mohammed-joins-eleven-wonders-on-a-two-year-deal/ |access-date=2022-01-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123231501/https://ghanasportsonline.com/2021/10/official-abass-mohammed-joins-eleven-wonders-on-a-two-year-deal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == === Matasa === Abass ya fara ƙwallon ƙafarsa ta matasa a Kwalejin Red Bull da ke Ghana. Daga baya ya koma ƙungiyar Tema Youth a watan Yulin 2011 inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru. === Medeama === Mohammed ya fara bugawa a gasar Premier ta Ghana tare da Medeama a shekarar 2013. <ref name="ghanasoccernet.com">{{Cite web |date=2019-04-12 |title=Asante Kotoko part ways with strikers Frederick Boateng and Abass Mohammed |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/asante-kotoko-part-ways-with-strikers-frederick-boateng-and-abass-mohammed |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=GhanaSoccernet |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana - A. Mohammed - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mohamed-abass/435881/ |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Medeama complete signing of Abass Mohammed – Medeama |url=https://www.medeamasc.com/medeama-complete-signing-of-abass-mohammed/ |access-date=2021-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya lashe gasar cin kofin Ghana Super Cup ta 2016 <ref name=":0"/> kuma ya zira kwallaye 5 a lokacin gasar cin kofin CAF Confederation Cup ta 2016, wanda hakan ya taimaka musu su cancanci shiga matakin rukuni na gasar a karon farko a tarihin kungiyar. <ref name=":1"/> === Asante Kotoko === Wasannin da ya buga da Medeama sun jawo hankalin wasu ƙungiyoyi a Ghana kuma Asante Kotoko ya ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan wasa kyauta a shekarar 2017. Ya buga wasanni 13 na gasar lig kuma ya zura kwallaye 2 a kakar wasan Premier ta Ghana ta 2017. Ƙungiyar ta sallame shi a watan Afrilun 2019, bayan rashin nasara mai ban mamaki sakamakon dogon raunin da ya samu a gwiwa. <ref name="ghanasoccernet.com"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-24 |title=#Donkomi: Former Kotoko striker Abass Mohammed joins Enyimba |url=https://citisportsonline.com/2019/07/24/donkomi-former-kotoko-striker-abass-mohammed-joins-enyimba/ |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=Citi Sports Online |language=en-US}}</ref> === Enyimba === Bayan Asante Kotoko ta sallame shi a watan Afrilu, Mohammed ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar Enyimba ta Najeriya a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2019. [1] [2] Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar People's Elephant lads bayan tattaunawa mai nasara da kuma gwajin lafiyarsa. [1] [3] Ya haɗu da 'yan ƙasarsa Farouk Mohammed da Fatau Dauda waɗanda ke wasa a ƙungiyar. [3] === Komawa zuwa Medeama === Bayan ya yi shekara ɗaya daga cikin shekaru biyu da ya yi tare da Enyimba, Mohammed ya soke kwangilarsa da ƙungiyar da ke [[Aba]] kuma ya koma tsohuwar ƙungiyar Medeama a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2020, kafin kakar wasan Premier ta Ghana ta 2020-21 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=#Donkomi: Medeama complete signing of striker Abass Mohammed |url=https://citisportsonline.com/2020/10/23/donkomi-medeama-complete-signing-of-striker-abass-mohammed/ |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=Citi Sports Online |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abass Mohammed Elated After Re-Joining Medeama SC |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/1037909/abass-mohammed-elated-after-re-joining-medeama.html |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2021, ya zura kwallaye biyu a kan ƙungiyar International Allies don taimakawa Medeama ta yi nasara 2-1 da kuma ci gaba da riƙe nasarar da ba a yi mata a gida ba a wannan kakar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Ghana Football |title=Abbas Mohammed scores twice in Medeama SC win |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/abbas-mohammed-scores-twice-in-medeama-sc-win |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=www.ghanafa.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Daraja Jr. |date=2021-01-24 |title=REPORT: Medeama SC 2-1 Inter Allies- Abass Mohammed hits brace as Mauves ease past Capelli boys |url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/01/24/report-medeama-sc-2-1-inter-allies-abass-mohammed-hits-brace-as-mauves-ease-past-capelli-boys/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124200738/https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/01/24/report-medeama-sc-2-1-inter-allies-abass-mohammed-hits-brace-as-mauves-ease-past-capelli-boys/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=Football Made In Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> === Techiman Goma Sha Ɗaya Abubuwan Al'ajabi === A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2021, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana Premier League Techiman Eleven Wonders ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 2. <ref name="eleven wonders">{{Cite web |title=Eleven Wonders sign forward Abass Mohammed on a two year deal |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/1108827/eleven-wonders-sign-forward-abass-mohammed-on-a.html |access-date=2022-01-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="mybrytsports">{{Cite web |title=Ghana Premier League Side Eleven Wonders Snap up Striker Abass Mohammed |url=https://mybrytfmonline.com/ghana-premier-league-side-eleven-wonders-snap-up-striker-abass-mohammed/ |access-date=2022-01-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] d4xsf858qjfvghs0voqk40z7oq1z9bd 0 151640 869133 837587 2026-06-27T06:26:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Tarihin Najeriya a Gasar Kofin Nahiyar Afirka}} {{Infobox national football team tournament record | team = Najeriya | tournament = African Cup of Nations | image = Nigeria national football team logo.svg | appearances = 20 | first = 1963 | best = Zakara (1980, 1994, 2013) }} '''Najeriya a Gasar Kofin Nahiyar Afirka''' (Nigeria at the Africa Cup of Nations) na nufin tarihin da tawagar ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar Najeriya ta yi a gasar '''African Cup of Nations (AFCON)''', wacce ita ce babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta nahiyar Afirka da "organization","Confederation of African Football","CAF governing body" ke shirya wa. Tawagar Najeriya, wacce aka fi sani da ''Super Eagles'', tana daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi samun nasara a gasar, inda ta lashe kofin sau uku a shekarun 1980, 1994 da 2013. Najeriya ta kuma kai wasan ƙarshe sau da dama tare da samun lambobin yabo masu yawa a tarihin gasar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria – Africa Cup of Nations history |url=https://www.cafonline.com/ |publisher=CAF |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Najeriya ta fara shiga gasar Kofin Nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1963. Duk da cewa ba ta yi nasara sosai a farkon shekarun ba, ƙasar ta fara zama ƙarfi a shekarun 1970 lokacin da ta samu gurbin shiga wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. A shekarar 1976, Najeriya ta samu matsayi na uku a karon farko bayan ta doke Masar. Wannan nasara ta buɗe sabon babi ga ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafar ƙasar a nahiyar Afirka. <ref>{{cite web |title=Africa Cup of Nations Archive |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/africa.html |publisher=RSSSF |access-date=18 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 1980, Najeriya ta karɓi bakuncin gasar AFCON kuma ta lashe kofin karo na farko bayan ta doke Algeria da ci 3–0 a wasan ƙarshe da aka buga a filin wasa na National Stadium da ke Lagos. Wannan nasara ta kasance muhimmiyar alama a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafan Najeriya, musamman saboda an lashe kofin ne a gida. <ref>{{cite web |title=1980 African Cup of Nations |url=https://www.fifa.com/ |publisher=FIFA |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> Najeriya ta sake lashe kofin a shekarar 1994 bayan ta doke Zambia da ci 2–1 a wasan ƙarshe da aka buga a Tunisia. A wannan lokaci tawagar Super Eagles tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a duniya, tare da fitattun 'yan wasa kamar Rashidi Yekini, Jay-Jay Okocha da Sunday Oliseh. Nasarar ta taimaka wajen ɗaga martabar ƙwallon ƙafan Najeriya a duniya baki ɗaya. <ref>{{cite web |title=1994 Africa Cup of Nations Final |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> Bayan shekaru da dama na ƙoƙari, Najeriya ta sake lashe kofin AFCON a shekarar 2013 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin koci Stephen Keshi. Tawagar ta doke Burkina Faso da ci 1–0 a wasan ƙarshe bayan kwallon da Sunday Mba ya zura. Wannan nasara ta sa Stephen Keshi ya zama mutum na biyu da ya lashe AFCON a matsayin ɗan wasa da kuma koci. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria win 2013 Africa Cup of Nations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/feb/10/nigeria-burkina-faso-africa-cup-nations |publisher=The Guardian |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> == Fitattun 'yan wasa == Najeriya ta samar da manyan 'yan wasa da suka yi fice a gasar AFCON. Daga cikinsu akwai Rashidi Yekini, wanda shi ne ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu zura ƙwallaye a tarihin Najeriya, da Austin Jay-Jay Okocha wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewa da dabarun taka leda. Sauran sun haɗa da Nwankwo Kanu, Vincent Enyeama da John Obi Mikel, waɗanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a nasarorin ƙasar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria legends of African football |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng |publisher=Goal |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == Najeriya na daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi samun nasara a tarihin AFCON. Tawagar ta lashe kofin sau uku kuma ta samu matsayi na biyu da na uku sau da dama. Hakan ya tabbatar da matsayin Najeriya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen ƙwallon ƙafa mafi ƙarfi a Afirka. <ref>{{cite web |title=Africa Cup of Nations winners and records |url=https://www.cafonline.com/ |publisher=CAF |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> === Jerin nasarori === {| class="wikitable" ! Shekara ! Matsayi ! Mai masaukin baki |- | 1980 | Zakara | Najeriya |- | 1994 | Zakara | Tunisia |- | 2013 | Zakara | Afirka ta Kudu |} == Tasiri == Nasarorin da Najeriya ta samu a AFCON sun taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar tare da ƙarfafa haɗin kan al'umma. Gasar ta kuma ba da dama ga matasan 'yan wasa su nuna ƙwarewarsu a matakin duniya. Har ila yau, AFCON ta taimaka wajen ƙara shahara da martabar Najeriya a harkar wasanni a nahiyar Afirka da ma duniya baki ɗaya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How AFCON shaped Nigerian football |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/ |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Najeriya]] * [[African Cup of Nations]] * [[Confederation of African Football]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] [[Category:African Cup of Nations]] [[Category:Tawagogin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa]] rvgv0rmf42sc3t6ulbjfwsbmelzp4k8 0 151642 869185 837589 2026-06-27T08:05:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869185 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ahmadu bello stadium.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox stadium | name = Ahmadu Bello Stadium | image = Ahmadu Bello Stadium Kaduna.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = Ahmadu Bello Stadium a Kaduna | fullname = Ahmadu Bello Stadium | location = Kaduna, Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya | coordinates = {{coord|10|31|N|7|26|E|type:landmark_region:NG|display=inline,title}} | broke_ground = 1964 | opened = 1965 | renovated = 1999, 2016 | owner = Gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna | operator = Kaduna State Ministry of Sports | surface = Ciyawa | capacity = 16,000 | tenants = [[Kaduna United F.C.]]<br>[[Nigeria national football team]] }} '''Ahmadu Bello Stadium''' wani babban filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke cikin birnin Kaduna a [[Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. An sanya wa filin sunan tsohon Firaministan Arewacin Najeriya, Sir Ahmadu Bello, wanda aka fi sani da ''Sardaunan Sokoto''. Filin wasan yana daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mashahuran filayen wasa a Najeriya, kuma ana amfani da shi wajen gudanar da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, wasannin motsa jiki da sauran manyan taruka na ƙasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ahmadu Bello Stadium |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/ahmadu-bello-stadium-kaduna-history-and-facts/blt0e1f7a1c0a1d3c2f |website=Goal.com |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> An fara gina filin wasan ne a shekarar 1964 sannan aka kammala shi a shekarar 1965 domin karɓar manyan wasanni da bukukuwan gwamnati a yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya. A lokacin ƙaddamar da shi, Ahmadu Bello Stadium ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan filayen wasa mafi inganci a ƙasar. Filin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa wasannin motsa jiki da ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya musamman a shekarun 1970 zuwa 1990. <ref>{{cite web |title=History of Ahmadu Bello Stadium |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/history-of-ahmadu-bello-stadium/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> Filin wasan ya kasance gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Kaduna United F.C.]], kuma ya karɓi wasanni da dama na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Najeriya wato ''Super Eagles''. Haka kuma an gudanar da wasannin gasar cikin gida da na nahiyar Afirka a filin, ciki har da wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da na kofin nahiyar Afirka. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria stadiums and football venues |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/nigeria-football-stadiums-profile |website=CAF Online |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> Ahmadu Bello Stadium ya taɓa ɗaukar mutane fiye da dubu talatin a baya kafin rage yawan kujerun domin inganta tsaro da jin daɗin masu kallo. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta gudanar da gyare-gyare a filin domin sabunta kayan aiki, kujeru, ɗakunan ’yan wasa da kuma filin ciyawa domin ya dace da ƙa’idodin hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kaduna govt renovates Ahmadu Bello Stadium |url=https://punchng.com/kaduna-govt-renovates-ahmadu-bello-stadium/ |website=Punch Newspapers |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> Baya ga ƙwallon ƙafa, ana amfani da Ahmadu Bello Stadium wajen shirya gasar wasannin motsa jiki, bukukuwan gwamnati, tarurruka da kuma wasu manyan abubuwan nishaɗi. Filin ya kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar wasanni a Arewacin Najeriya kuma yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka matasa masu sha’awar harkokin wasanni. <ref>{{cite web |title=Sports development in Northern Nigeria |url=https://dailytrust.com/ahmadu-bello-stadium-and-sports-development |website=Daily Trust |access-date=18 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == An sanya wa filin sunan Sir Ahmadu Bello ne domin girmama gudummawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban Arewacin Najeriya kafin rasuwarsa a shekarar 1966. Tun bayan buɗe filin, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wuraren wasanni da aka fi sani a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Who was Ahmadu Bello? |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmadu-Bello |website=Britannica |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> == Gyare-gyare == A shekarar 2016, gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta sanar da fara aikin sabunta filin wasan domin mayar da shi cikin mafi ingancin filayen wasa a Najeriya. Gyaran ya haɗa da sabunta filin ciyawa, gyaran kujeru, fitilu da sauran kayan more rayuwa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kaduna begins stadium upgrade |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/07/kaduna-upgrades-ahmadu-bello-stadium/ |website=Vanguard Nigeria |access-date=18 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Moshood Abiola National Stadium]] * [[Kaduna United F.C.]] * [[Super Eagles]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] [[Category:Gine-gine a Kaduna]] [[Category:Wasanni a Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:An kafa a 1965]] 7xyoiugt2hazaitc5g4f8ytepkn8emm 0 151648 868855 837598 2026-06-26T19:05:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox stadium | name = ABS Stadium | caption = ABS Stadium a jihar Kwara, Najeriya | fullname = ABS Stadium | former_names = | location = Ilorin, Jihar Kwara, Najeriya | owner = Gwamnatin Jihar Kwara | operator = ABS FC | tenants = [[ABS FC]] | seating_capacity = Kimanin mutum 15,000 }} '''ABS Stadium''' filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da yake a birnin Ilorin, babban birnin [[Jihar Kwara]] a ƙasar Najeriya. Filin wasan ya shahara saboda kasancewarsa gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[ABS FC]], wadda take taka leda a matakan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Filin wasan yana daga cikin wuraren wasanni da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da wasannin lig da sauran gasannin wasanni a jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=ABS FC Club Profile |url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/nigeria/abs-fc-of-ilorin/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> An gina ABS Stadium ne domin bunƙasa harkokin wasanni musamman ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar Kwara da kuma bai wa matasa damar haɓaka ƙwarewarsu a harkar wasanni. Filin wasan yana ƙarƙashin kulawar mahukuntan wasanni na jihar tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar ABS FC. A tsawon shekaru, filin wasan ya kasance cibiyar horaswa da shirya wasanni daban-daban a yankin arewacin tsakiyar Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara Sports Development Initiatives |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/kwara-and-the-development-of-sports/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> ABS Stadium ya karɓi bakuncin wasannin gida na ABS FC a lokuta da dama, musamman lokacin da ƙungiyar ke fafatawa a gasar [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] da kuma [[Nigeria National League]]. Filin wasan ya taimaka wajen haɓaka sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa a tsakanin matasa da mazauna Ilorin, inda dubban magoya baya ke halartar wasanni domin mara wa ƙungiyarsu baya.<ref>{{cite web |title=ABS FC Results and Fixtures |url=https://www.flashscore.com/team/abs-fc/ |website=Flashscore |access-date=18 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baya ga wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, ana amfani da ABS Stadium wajen shirya wasu tarukan jama'a da bukukuwan wasanni a jihar Kwara. Filin wasan yana da muhimmanci wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin yankin saboda yawan jama'ar da ke zuwa kallon wasanni da gudanar da kasuwanci a lokacin manyan wasanni.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sports and Economic Activities in Nigeria |url=https://punchng.com/sports-business-and-economic-growth-in-nigeria/ |website=Punch Newspapers |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[ABS FC]] * [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] * [[Jihar Kwara]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Kwara]] [[Category:Ilorin]] a2s50zn4y3w89o6m651ru7d92uf9ggv 0 151724 868835 837905 2026-06-26T17:41:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868835 wikitext text/x-wiki '''1973 All-Africa Games''' ko kuma '''Wasannin Afirka na 1973''' su ne karo na biyu na gasar wasannin nahiyar Afirka da aka gudanar bayan kafa gasar a shekarar 1965. An gudanar da gasar ne daga ranar 11 zuwa 18 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1973 a birnin [[Lagos]], Najeriya. Gasar ta tattaro 'yan wasa daga ƙasashen Afirka daban-daban domin fafatawa a fannoni da dama na wasanni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/all-african-games-lagos-1973 |title=All African Games Lagos 1973 |website=Olympics.com |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Bayan nasarar gasar farko da aka gudanar a [[Brazzaville]], Jamhuriyar Congo, a shekarar 1965, ƙasashen Afirka suka amince da ci gaba da shirya gasar domin ƙarfafa haɗin kai da haɓaka wasanni a nahiyar. Najeriya ta samu damar karɓar baƙuncin gasar ta 1973 a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna ci gaban ƙasar a harkokin wasanni da ababen more rayuwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/African-Games |title=African Games |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> An gudanar da yawancin wasannin ne a [[National Stadium, Lagos]], wanda a lokacin yake ɗaya daga cikin manyan filayen wasanni a Afirka. Gasar ta samu halartar dubban 'yan wasa da jami'ai daga ƙasashe daban-daban na nahiyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/remembering-the-1973-all-africa-games/ |title=Remembering the 1973 All-Africa Games |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=10 January 2023 |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Wasannin da aka gudanar == Gasar ta ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban na wasanni da suka haɗa da: * Guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle * Ƙwallon ƙafa * Kwando * Dambe * Iyo * Tennis * Wrestling * Volleyball * Table tennis * Cycling<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topendsports.com/events/games/all-africa-games/1973-lagos.htm |title=1973 African Games – Lagos, Nigeria |website=Topend Sports |access-date=19 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Najeriya a gasar == Najeriya ta yi amfani da damar karɓar baƙuncin gasar wajen nuna ƙwarewar 'yan wasanta. Ƙasar ta samu lambobin yabo masu yawa musamman a guje-guje, dambe da ƙwallon ƙafa. Nasarorin da Najeriya ta samu sun taimaka wajen ƙarfafa matsayin ƙasar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi ƙarfi a wasannin Afirka a lokacin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/nigeria-sports-news/506089-history-of-african-games-and-nigerias-performance.html |title=History of African Games and Nigeria’s Performance |website=Premium Times |date=15 March 2024 |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Muhimmanci == Wasannin Afirka na 1973 sun taimaka wajen bunƙasa harkokin wasanni a Najeriya da ma nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya. Gasar ta kuma taimaka wajen ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka bayan samun 'yancin kai daga mulkin mallaka a ƙarni na ashirin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/articles/african-games-celebrating-african-sporting-unity |title=African Games: Celebrating African Sporting Unity |website=African Union |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[African Games]] * [[National Stadium, Lagos]] * [[1978 All-Africa Games]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1973 in sports]] [[Category:African Games]] [[Category:International sports competitions hosted by Nigeria]] [[Category:Sport in Lagos]] [[Category:1973 in Nigerian sport]] qdqvkdp7d8g5s9z6bkpg4k3kih5l1kb 0 151728 869020 837910 2026-06-26T23:12:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Abdulsalam Kasimu Abiola | image = | fullname = Abdulsalam Kasimu Abiola | birth_date = | birth_place = Najeriya | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Football referee | known_for = Officiating football matches in Nigeria }} '''Abdulsalam Kasimu Abiola''' ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya shahara a matsayin alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Ya kasance cikin jerin alkalan wasa da ke jagorantar wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya, musamman a gasar cikin gida da sauran manyan wasanni da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria Referees Association |url=https://www.thenigerianreferee.com/ |website=The Nigerian Referee |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Abiola ya samu horo a harkar alkalancin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ta hanyar tsarin horaswa da ake gudanarwa a Najeriya domin haɓaka ƙwarewar alkalan wasa. A aikinsa, ya kasance yana kula da bin dokokin wasan tare da tabbatar da adalci a filin wasa yayin gudanar da wasanni daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |title=Laws of the Game |url=https://www.theifab.com/laws/latest/ |website=International Football Association Board (IFAB) |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A matsayinsa na alkalin wasa daga Najeriya, Abdulsalam Kasimu Abiola yana daga cikin mutanen da ke taka rawa wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar ta hanyar gudanar da wasanni cikin gaskiya da ƙwarewa. Haka kuma, alkalan wasa suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da ci gaban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa da kiyaye dokokin wasan a matakai daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |title=Refereeing in Nigerian Football |url=https://www.nff.com/ |website=Nigeria Football Federation |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aiki == * Alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa * Gudanar da wasannin cikin gida a Najeriya * Bin dokoki da tabbatar da gaskiya a wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa == Duba kuma == * [[Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya]] * [[Ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abiola, Abdulsalam Kasimu}} [[Category:Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Alkalan wasan kwallon kafa]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] s22j24s0y2yl2be2kyewyrh4trbepmo 0 152197 869059 852291 2026-06-27T00:46:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869059 wikitext text/x-wiki  Falodun holds a [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|bachelor's degree]] in pharmacy from the University of Benin (1996). He received his [[:en:Master's_degree|master's degree]] in 2003 and his [[:en:Doctor_of_Philosophy|PhD]] in Pharmaceutical chemistry from the University of Benin in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-11 |title=DVC delivers UNIBEN's 150th inaugural lecture |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/dvc-delivers-unibens-150th-inaugural-lecture/ |access-date=2019-07-20 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> '''Abiodun Falodun''' farfesa ne a fannin ilmin sinadarai daga [[Najeriya]]. Ya kasance Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jami'ar Benin]] kuma a halin yanzu Rector na Edo State Polytechnic, Usen. Gwamnan [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Godwin Obaseki]] ne ya nada shi kuma ya rantsar da shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Falodun emerges new rector Edo Management Institute {{!}} Peoples Daily Newspaper |url=https://peoplesdailyng.com/prof-falodun-emerges-new-rector-edo-management-institute/amp/ |access-date=2019-07-20 |website=peoplesdailyng.com |archive-date=2019-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720002042/https://peoplesdailyng.com/prof-falodun-emerges-new-rector-edo-management-institute/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ilimi == Falodun yana da digiri na farko a fannin magani daga Jami'ar Benin (1996). Ya sami digiri na biyu a shekara ta 2003 da kuma PhD a fannin ilmin sinadarai daga Jami'ar Benin a shekara ta 2007. == Ayyuka == Falodun ya fara ne a matsayin mataimakin malami a 1999 a Sashen Pharmacy, Jami'ar Benin . Ya kasance mataimakin farfesa a shekara ta 2011 kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta farfesa a fannin ilmin sinadarai a shekara ta 2014. Ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Chemistry na Pharmaceutical a Jami'ar Benin . Shi memba ne na Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Najeriya, Phytochemical Society of Europe, Swiss Chemical Society, da American Chemical Society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbaka |title=Agbakanews Personalities of 2018 |url=https://agbakanews.com/2018/12/agbakanews-personalities-of-2018-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720021053/https://agbakanews.com/2018/12/agbakanews-personalities-of-2018-2/ |archive-date=2019-07-20 |access-date=2019-07-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Abiodun Falodun, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria |url=http://www.jsppharm.org/home/pages.php?cmd=Board |access-date=2019-07-20 |website=jsppharm.org |publisher=Journal of Science and Practice of Pharmacy |archive-date=2019-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719232251/http://www.jsppharm.org/home/pages.php?cmd=Board |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi memba ne na ƙungiyar bincike ta Natural Product Research Group (NPRG) da ke da hannu a cikin keɓewar da aka jagoranta, halayyar, ƙaddamar da tsari da ingantawa ta hanyar kira na mahadi daga samfuran halitta galibi na asalin shuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof Abiodun Falodun {{!}} The AAS |url=https://old.aasciences.africa/fellow/prof-abiodun-falodun |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=old.aasciences.africa |archive-date=2025-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121003308/https://old.aasciences.africa/fellow/prof-abiodun-falodun |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya rubuta kuma ya buga ayyukan bincike da yawa, mujallu, sake dubawa da littattafai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abiodun Falodun {{!}} Bachelor of Pharmacy, MSc, PhD {{!}} University of Benin, Benin City {{!}} Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry |url=http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abiodun_Falodun2/amp |access-date=2019-07-22 |website=www.researchgate.net |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne Babban Edita na Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prof. Abiodun Falodun |title=TJNPR {{!}} Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research |url=https://www.tjnpr.org/editorprofile.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720014941/https://www.tjnpr.org/editorprofile.aspx |archive-date=2019-07-20 |access-date=2019-07-20 |website=www.tjnpr.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=African Index Medicus |url=http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int/Journals/Journals%20datails/Tropical%20Journal%20of%20Natural%20Product%20Research.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101120332/http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int/Journals/Journals%20datails/Tropical%20Journal%20of%20Natural%20Product%20Research.htm |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |access-date=2019-07-20 |website=indexmedicus.afro.who.int}}</ref> A halin yanzu shi ne mai tsarawa na farko, Cibiyar Nazarin Tsakiya a Jami'ar Benin . An kuma nada shi a matsayin Darakta na Makarantar Koyon nesa ta Jami'ar Benson Idahosa (BIU-DLS). <ref>{{Cite web |title=News - Page 6 of 23 |url=https://www.biu.edu.ng/news/page/6/ |access-date=2019-07-20 |website=Benson Idahosa University |language=en |archive-date=2019-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720043708/https://www.biu.edu.ng/news/page/6/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Falodun ya kasance Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban (Academics) yana aiki tare da Mataimakin Shugaba [[Osasere Orumwense|F. F. O. Orumwense]] a Jami'ar Benin . A halin yanzu, shi ne Rector na Edo State Polytechnic, Usen . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Falodun emerges new rector Edo Management Institute {{!}} Peoples Daily Newspaper |url=https://peoplesdailyng.com/prof-falodun-emerges-new-rector-edo-management-institute/amp/ |access-date=2019-07-20 |website=peoplesdailyng.com |archive-date=2019-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720002042/https://peoplesdailyng.com/prof-falodun-emerges-new-rector-edo-management-institute/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-06 |title=World Environment Day: Scholars proffer Plastic Recycling option at Edo Poly Usen |url=https://www.summit.ng/news/world-environment-day-scholars-proffer-plastic-recycling-option-at-edo-poly-usen/ |access-date=2019-07-20 |website=The Summit |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Ayyukan Kwararru ta Mayu da Baker 2007 * Fulbright Babban Masanin, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jami'ar Mississippi, Amurka, 2013-2014 * Cibiyoyin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Afirka-Amurka a cikin Ruwa da Kimiyya da Fasaha na Muhalli (2011 - 2015) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prof. Abiodun Falodun |title=TJNPR {{!}} Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research |url=https://www.tjnpr.org/editorprofile.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720014941/https://www.tjnpr.org/editorprofile.aspx |archive-date=2019-07-20 |access-date=2019-07-20 |website=www.tjnpr.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Falodun ya auri Ehizogie Joyce Falodun tare da 'ya'ya hudu. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h02bjt55984n1hplmhpja7yw828syy0 0 152366 868847 861609 2026-06-26T18:24:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yankin [[Kudancin Afirka]] na 2018-2021 wani lokaci ne na fari wanda ya faru a Kudancin Afrika. An fara fari a ƙarshen Oktoba 2018, kuma ya shafi tsaron abinci a yankin. A tsakiyar watan Agusta 2019, an rarraba fari a matsayin matakin 2 na Red-Class ta hanyar Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall Red Drought alert for Southern Africa-2018 in Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, South Africa, Zimbabwe from 11 Oct 2018 00:00 UTC to 15 Feb 2019 00:27 UTC |url=http://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1012728&episodeid=9&eventtype=DR |access-date=2019-02-15 |website=www.gdacs.org}}</ref> An rage matakin faɗakarwa zuwa Orange-1.7 a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2019, yayin da sabon lokacin rigar ya fara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall Red Drought alert for Zambezi Basin-2018 in Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe from 21 Oct 2018 00:00 UTC to 01 Dec 2019 13:51 UTC |url=https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1012728&episodeid=42&eventtype=DR |website=www.gdacs.org}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2020, an rarraba fari a matsayin matakin 2 na Red-Class.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall Red alert Drought for Southern Africa-2018 in Angola, Botswana, Congo, DRC, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe |url=https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1012728&episodeid=46&eventtype=DR |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=www.gdacs.org}}</ref> Rashin ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Global Weather Hazards Summary: March 5 - 11, 2021 - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-weather-hazards-summary-march-5-11-2021 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> Da farko a watan Oktoba 2021, Afirka ta Kudu ta sami sama da matsakaicin ruwan sama kuma tafkunan sun cika a farkon 2022. == Bayyanawa == === Tarihi === A matsayin yanki, Kudancin Afirka a tarihi yana cikin haɗarin fari; yiwuwar saboda dalilai da yawa na yanayi da zamantakewa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=29 January 2019 |title=Southern Africa {{!}} Drought {{sic|Situtation|nolink=y}} – Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) – DG ECHO Daily Map {{!}} 29/01/2019 - Zimbabwe |url=https://reliefweb.int/map/zimbabwe/southern-africa-drought-situtation-emergency-response-coordination-centre-ercc-dg-echo |access-date=2019-02-14 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> [[Yanayin Afirka ta Kudu|Yanayin Kudancin Afirka]] yana shafar yanayin ruwan sama mai karfi na yanayi; yawancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na yankin yana samuwa ne daga guguwa daga farkon Nuwamba zuwa Maris, yana samar da abin da ake la'akari da Lokacin rigar Kudancin Afrika. Watanni masu laushi na ruwan sama suna cika ƙasar yankin, suna ba da danshi wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin watanni masu bushewa na shekara. Duk da yake wannan sake zagayowar yawanci abin dogaro ne, abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi - kamar abubuwan da suka faru na [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|El Niño]] - suna rushe matakin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na yankin; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Africa: Drought - Nov 2018 |url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/dr-2018-000429-zwe |access-date=2019-02-15 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> wannan, bi da bi, yana haifar da raguwar rayuwar shuke-shuke na yankin, raguwar matakan ruwa a cikin ruwa da asarar danshi daga ƙasa, tare da tasirin ƙarshe yana haifar da fari. Kamar yadda kafofin suka lura, ƙananan Ci gaban tattalin arziki na Kudancin Afirka da dogaro da aikin gona - wato amfanin gona da dabbobi - sun bar yankin da ke da saukin kamuwa da fari.<ref name=":2"/> Kodayake akwai bambance-bambance, ma[[noma]] na yankin shuka shuka amfanin gonar su na gaba a ƙarshen Oktoba - wannan shuka yana daidai da ruwan sama da ake tsammani wanda ya fara zuwa a watan Nuwamba. Watanni biyar zuwa shida masu zuwa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin "mai tsabta", a lokacin da ake cin abinci da aka adana yayin da ruwan sama na "ruwa" na lokaci guda ke ciyar da amfanin gona na shekara mai zuwa. Koyaya, idan ruwan sama na yau da kullun ya rushe ta hanyar yanayin yanayi, ana jinkirta shuka har zuwa Nuwamba ko farkon Disamba, wanda ke haifar da tsawon lokacin "mai laushi" kafin a iya girbe amfanin gona. Idan yanayin yanayi na yankin ya lalace sosai don haifar da fari, rashin ruwan sama da asarar danshi daga ƙasa sau da yawa yakan haifar da raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin samar da aikin gona na Kudancin Afirka; sakamakon yanayin tattalin arziki yana haifar da tashin hankali na zamantakewa da raguwa a matakin tsaro na abinci na yanki.<ref name=":2" /> A ƙarshen 2015 - farkon kakar 2016, wani taron El Niño ya haifar da fari a wasu sassan Kudancin Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=FAO in the 2019 humanitarian appeal: 2018/19 El Niño Response Plan for Southern Africa - Zimbabwe |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/fao-2019-humanitarian-appeal-201819-el-ni-o-response-plan-southern-africa |access-date=2019-02-13 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa farkon fari na El Niño na 2018-19, wasu sassan Kudancin Afirka ba su riga sun warke daga tasirin fari na baya ba.<ref name=":0" /> A Namibia, fari na 2012/2013 an yi la'akari da shi mafi muni a cikin shekaru goma kamar yadda kusan kashi 42% idan yawan jama'a sun fuskanci rashin tsaro na abinci. Gwamnatin Namibia ta ayyana dokar ta baci a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shikangalah |first=Rosemary |date=30 July 2020 |title=The 2019 drought in Namibia: An overview |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342610841 |journal=University of Namibia |pages=40 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> == Fari na 2018-2021 == === Gargaɗin farko === A watan Agusta da Satumba na shekara ta 2018, kungiyoyi da yawa sun fara gargadi manoma game da yiwuwar fari mai zuwa. A watan Agustan 2018 Kudancin Afirka ya shawarci manoma da su guji sayar da wasu abincin da suka adana daga kakar da ta gabata, kuma a watan Satumbar 2018 Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) ta ba da gargadi ga ƙasashen Kudancin Afrika game da samar da yanayin fari. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=5 September 2018 |title=FAO Warns Southern Africa to Prepare for Drought |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/fao-warns-southern-africa-to-prepare-for-drought/4559235.html |access-date=2019-02-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> Patrick Kormawa, mai kula da yanki na FAO a Kudancin Afirka, ya yi hasashen yiwuwar kashi 40 cikin 100 da yankin zai shafi wani taron El Niño a cikin Fall 2018.<ref name=":1" /> === Fari na yanzu === [[File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|Mataccen [[oryx]] (wata irin barewa) a ƙasar Namibia.]] A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2018, wani lamari na El Niño ya hargitsa ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na Kudancin Afirka. Tasiri na farko na wannan hargitsi shi ne jinkirin ranar shuka, wanda aka tura shi baya daga ƙarshen Oktoba zuwa farkon Nuwamba. A cikin Nuwamba, wani rahoto da Ofishin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Gudanar da Al'amuran Jin Kai (OCHA) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa akwai yajin kashi 80 cikin ɗari na cewa lamarin El Niño zai ci gaba har zuwa watan Disamba; ya kuma lura cewa mutane miliyan 9.6 a Kudancin Afirka suna fuskantar matsananciyar ƙarancin abinci (food-insecure) tun daga farkon lokacin rani na shekarar 2019.<ref name=":3" /> Farin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 2019 inda yankuna da dama a Kudancin Afirka suka sami raguwar ruwan sama sosai. Wani rahoto<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ca3071en_0.pdf|title=Southern Africa Dry weather conditions reduce agricultural production prospects in 2019. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 22 January 2019.}}</ref> daga hukumar FAO ya lura cewa, ko da yake ruwan sama ya ɗan sarara a ƙarshen Disamba 2018, yankuna da dama a cikin rukunin suna fama da matsananciyar fari da kuma tasirin da ke tattare da shi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/Madagascar/giews-update-southern-africa-dry-weather-conditions-reduce-agricultural-production|title=GIEWS Update: Southern Africa - Dry weather conditions reduce agricultural production prospects in 2019 (22 January 2019) - Madagascar|website=ReliefWeb|date=22 January 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekarar 2019, sassan Kudancin Afirka sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin fari da ke gudana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/southern-africa-food-security-alert-february-1-2019|title=Southern Africa Food Security Alert: February 1, 2019 - Zimbabwe|website=ReliefWeb|date=2 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> Ruwan sama mafi yawa fiye da na al'ada a cikin makonnin farko na watan Fabrairu a wasu wurare ya rage radadin fari na cikin gida,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/GlobalWeatherHazard-19.02.15.pdf|title=Famine Early Warning System Network. Hosted by Reliefweb}}</ref> amma ana sa ran yankin baki ɗaya zai sha wahala daga mummunan tasiri ga yanayin amfanin gona. Adadin yunwa a yankin ya karu, kuma ana sa ran zai ci gaba da karuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.busiweek.com/hunger-in-africa-continues-to-rise-says-new-un-report/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319071657/https://www.busiweek.com/hunger-in-africa-continues-to-rise-says-new-un-report/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 March 2020|title=Hunger in Africa continues to rise, says New UN report|date=2019-02-14|website=East African Business Week|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/un-raises-alarm-on-drought-crisis-in-sadc|title=UN raises alarm on drought crisis in SADC |website=The Southern Times|language=en|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> An sake ayyana farin a matsayin dokar ta ɓaci ta ƙasa a Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 4 ga Maris 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africas-drought-was-just-declared-a-national-emergency-2020-3|title=Two years later, SA's drought has just been declared a national emergency – again|website=BusinessInsider}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Maris 2020, an ba da rahoton kasuwar ɓoye ta satar ruwa a cikin gundumar Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality a tsakiyar damuwa game da rashawa da ke da alaƙa da dokar ta ɓaci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/11832-report-corruption-fuels-water-shortage-in-south-africa|title=Report: Corruption fuels Water Shortage in South Africa|first=Sandrine|last=Gagné-Acoulon|website=OCCRP}}</ref> A watan Mayu 2019, ƙasar Namibia ta ayyana dokar ta ɓaci ta ƙasa don mayar da martani ga farin,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/05/06/namibia-declares-national-state-of-emergency-over-drought/|title=Namibia declares national state of emergency over drought|date=2019-05-06|website=Africanews|language=en|access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref> sannan ta tsawaita shi da ƙarin watanni 6 a watan Oktoba 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State of drought emergency extended|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796|access-date=2020-11-24|website=The Namibian|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310104544/https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan shi ne karo na uku a cikin shekaru shida da gwamnati ta ayyana dokar ta ɓaci.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tjitemisa|first=Kuzeeko|date=2019-05-07|title=President declares state of emergency over drought|url=https://neweralive.na/posts/president-declares-state-of-emergency-over-drought|access-date=2020-11-25|website=New Era Live|language=en-ZA}}</ref> An kwatanta farin na shekarar 2019 a matsayin mafi muni a cikin shekaru 90 da suka gabata a ƙasar, tare da mafi ƙanƙancin ruwan sama da aka yi rikodinsa a Windhoek tun shekarar 1891.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shikangalah|first=Rosemary|date=30 July 2020|title=The 2019 drought in Namibia: An overview|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342610841|journal=University of Namibia|pages=37|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Fannin aikin gona yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antu na Namibia kuma saboda ƙarancin ruwan sama na shekarar 2019, samar da amfanin gona a fannin ya faɗi da kashi 17.5%. An lura cewa yanayin filayen kiwo ya lalace sosai zuwa mummuna a sassa da dama na ƙasar, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsin lamba ga kiwo da kuma raguwar dabbobi saboda yunwa. Haɗuwa da rashin ruwan sama da ƙarancin danshi a cikin ƙasa ya haifar da matsananciyar fari mai tsayi a cikin shekarar 2019 wanda ya haifar da ainihin wahala kuma ya shafi rayuwar mutane da yawa, musamman a tsakanin al'ummomin da suka fi rauni. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shikangalah|first=Rosemary|date=30 July 2020|title=The 2019 drought in Namibia: An overview|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342610841|journal=University of Namibia|pages=49|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> A watan Agusta na shekarar 2020, wani kima na rauni da gwamnatin Namibia ta gudanar ya gano cewa mutanen Namibia 427,905 a halin yanzu ba su da tsaron abinci. Abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan rashin tsaro sun haɗa da tasirin fari, ambaliyar ruwa, kwari da kuma tsutsotsi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Over 400 000 Namibians food insecure - Prime Minister|url=https://www.nbc.na/news/over-400-000-namibians-food-insecure-prime-minister.38333|access-date=2020-11-30|website=NBC|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130121448/http://nbc.na/news/over-400-000-namibians-food-insecure-prime-minister.38333|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9r2abi0i456nrouh6qy26122rseip2j 0 152990 869061 842213 2026-06-27T01:57:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abū Qīr Bay''' (wani lokacin ana fassara shi ''''''Abokir Bay'''''' ko Aboukir Bay; Larabci: خليج أبو قير, ) wani bay ne mai faɗi a kan Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria a [[Misra|Misira]], yana kwance tsakanin bakin [[Rosetta]] na [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da garin Abu Qir . Tsoffin biranen Canopus, Heracleion da Menouthis sun nutse a ƙarƙashin bayin. A shekara ta 1798 shi ne wurin yakin Nilu, yakin basasa da aka yi tsakanin Royal Navy na Burtaniya da rundunar sojan ruwa na Jamhuriyar Faransanci. Bayin yana dauke da filin iskar gas, wanda aka gano a cikin shekarun 1970s. == Yanayin ƙasa == == Rashin ruwa == Tushen gargajiya sun nuna cewa reshen Canopic na Delta na Nilu ya taɓa shiga teku a kusa da Heracleion ko gabashin Canopus. Haɗin matani na Islama da bincike ta amfani da ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa sun nuna cewa wannan reshe har yanzu yana nan a ƙarni na takwas, lokacin da babban ambaliyar ruwa ta sa gabashin Canopus ya nutse cikin bay. Ofishin Canopic daga baya ya ƙi kuma daga ƙarshe ya rufe. Ƙasa a yankin Canopus tana ƙarƙashin hauhawar matakan teku, girgizar ƙasa, tsunami, kuma manyan sassanta suna da alama sun riga sun mutu ga liquefaction na ƙasa wani lokaci a ƙarshen ƙarni na 2 BC, sun zama a cikin ruwa. == Abubuwan da suka gabata == [[Fayil:Canopus_menouthis_herakleion.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Kogin Nilu da ke nuna tsohuwar Canopus, Heracleion, da Menouthis]] A zamanin d ̄ a Abu Qir Bay an kewaye shi da marshland kuma yana dauke da tsibirai da yawa. Tun daga farkon karni na 7 BC, an kafa biranen tashar jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun. Bayin yanzu ya ƙunshi wuraren binciken archaeological na karkashin ruwa na birane uku daga zamanin pre-Hellenistic, Hellenistic da Roman. Yankin gabashin tsohuwar birnin Canopus ya nutse a cikin bay, tare da ragowar Menouthis da 'yar'uwarta Herakleion-Thonis wanda yanzu yana da nisan kilomita 7 daga bakin teku. Masanin binciken kayan tarihi na karkashin ruwa na Faransa Frank Goddio ne ya tono su. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, aikin Masar tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeology ta Turai ta ba da sanarwar gano jiragen ruwa guda uku da suka nutse masu shekaru 2,000 da suka koma zamanin Roman a Abu Qir Bay na Alexandria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=Sunken vessels dating back to Roman era discovered in Alexandria |url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/sunken-vessels-dating-back-roman-era-discovered-alexandria/ |access-date=2020-12-28 |website=Egypt Independent |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=Remains of 3 ships dating back to Roman era Found in Alex. |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/33550/Remains-of-3-ships-dating-back-to-Roman-era-Found |access-date=2020-12-28 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref> Kayan da aka nutse sun haɗa da shugaban sarauta na lu'ulu'u watakila na kwamandan sojojin Romawa na "Antonio", tsabar zinariya guda uku daga zamanin Sarkin sarakuna Octavius Augustus, manyan allunan katako da tasoshin tukwane. A watan Yulin 2019, an sami karamin haikalin Girka da ginshiƙan dutse na dā, jiragen ruwa masu dauke da dukiya, tare da tsabar tagulla daga mulkin Ptolemy II, tukwane da suka samo asali daga ƙarni na uku da na huɗu BC a garin Heracleion, wanda aka sani da Atlantis na Masar. Masu binciken sun gudanar da su ne daga masu nutsewa na Masar da na Turai karkashin jagorancin masanin binciken karkashin ruwa Frank Goddio. Sun kuma gano wani haikalin tarihi na karkashin ruwa (babban haikalin birni) a arewacin gabar tekun Masar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Topics |first=Head |date=24 July 2019 |title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater |url=https://headtopics.com/uk/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater-7097571 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Head Topics |language=en |archive-date=2019-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817155916/https://headtopics.com/uk/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater-7097571 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=EDT |first=Katherine Hignett On 7/23/19 at 11:06 AM |date=2019-07-23 |title=Ancient Egypt: Underwater archaeologists uncover destroyed temple in the sunken city of Heracleion |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ancient-egypt-underwater-cities-sunken-cities-temple-coins-jewelry-archaeology-1450695 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Edwin |date=2019-07-28 |title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater |url=https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817155916/https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/ |archive-date=2019-08-17 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Nosy Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=History |first=Laura Geggel 2019-07-29T10:37:58Z |date=29 July 2019 |title=Divers Find Remains of Ancient Temple in Sunken Egyptian City |url=https://www.livescience.com/66045-underwater-ancient-egypt-city-temple.html |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:The_Battle_of_the_Nile,_1_August_1798.jpg|thumb|Jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya suna kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Faransa a Abukir]] A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1798, Horatio Nelson ya yi yaƙi da "Yaƙin Nilu", wanda ake kira "Yaƙin Aboukir Bay". (Kada a rikita shi da Yakin Abukir (1799) da Yakin abukir (1801). ) A ranar 1 ga Maris 1801, wasu jiragen yaki na Burtaniya 70, tare da sufuri dauke da sojoji 16,000, sun rataye a Aboukir Bay kusa da Alexandria. Manufar ita ce ta kayar da sojojin Faransa da suka kasance a Misira bayan dawowar [[Napoleon]] zuwa Faransa. Mummunan yanayi ya jinkirta saukowa da mako guda amma, a ranar 8 ga Maris, Kyaftin Alexander Cochrane na HMS <nowiki><i id="mwqQ">Ajax</i></nowiki> ya tura jiragen ruwa 320, a layi biyu tare, don kawo sojojin zuwa bakin teku. Batir na bakin teku na Faransa sun yi tsayayya da saukowa, amma Birtaniya sun iya korar su kuma, washegari, duk sojojin Burtaniya na Sir Ralph Abercromby sun kasance a bakin teku. Daga nan sai Birtaniya ta kayar da sojojin Faransa a Yaƙin Iskandariya . Siege na Alexandria ya biyo baya, tare da birnin ya fadi a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1801. L'Orient, flagship na Napoleon, ya lalace ta hanyar jirgin ruwa na Nelson kuma yana cikin bay a kasan teku. Yana ɗauke da miliyan biyar a cikin zinariya da miliyan ɗaya a cikin farantin azurfa da aka karɓa daga Knights Hospitaller a [[Malta]]. Tsakanin 1998 da 1999, masanin binciken kayan tarihi na Faransa Franck Goddio ya jagoranci wani balaguro wanda ya gudanar da binciken binciken archaeological na karkashin ruwa game da wurin da ya rushe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Napoleon Bonaparte's fleet |url=http://www.franckgoddio.org/projects/others/napoleon-bonapartes-fleet.html |access-date=12 October 2017 |website=Franck Goddio}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tkygq68eso0mfhyq0ufjguba9oqm5lm 0 153401 868901 852194 2026-06-26T20:59:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Benjelloun ya fara aikinsa a ƙasarsa ta haihuwa Morocco, kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Hibernian ta Scotland a shekara ta 2006. Benjelloun ya samu ɗan nasara a Hibs, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin Scotland a shekara ta 2007, amma an ba shi aro sau biyu ga ƙungiyoyin [[Beljik|Belgium]] daga baya kafin a sake shi a ƙarshen kwangilarsa a shekara ta 2010. Daga nan Benjelloun ya rattaba hannu a ƙungiyar [[Ismaila SC|Ismaily SC]] ta Masar, amma ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa Morocco a watan Janairun 2011. A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya wakilci [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Morocco]] . == Aikin kulob == === Hibernian === An haifi Benjelloun a [[Fas|Fes]] . Ya yi atisaye tare da Hibernian na tsawon makonni da dama a farkon shekarar 2006, yayin da ''Hibs'' ya tantance ko zai saye shi daga kulob din garinsu [[Maghreb de Fès|na Maghreb Fez]] . Daga nan sai Hibs ya fara aiwatar da tsarin tattara takardun da ake bukata don sanya hannu a kansa. A wannan lokacin, jita-jita ta yadu a shafukan intanet na Hibs cewa Hibs ya gano wani babban haziki, don haka an yi tsammanin hakan sosai lokacin da aka sanar da sanya hannu na Benjelloun a hukumance a watan Maris na 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2006 |title=Hibs Sign Abdessalam Benjelloun |url=http://www.hibernian-mad.co.uk/news/loadroll.asp?cid=ED11&id=272947 |publisher=Hibernian Mad |access-date=30 May 2026 |archive-date=14 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514081130/http://www.hibernian-mad.co.uk/news/loadroll.asp?cid=ED11&id=272947 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara buga wa Hibernian wasa a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin Scotland ta 2006 a hannun abokan hamayyarsa na gida Hearts a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2006. An tilasta wa manaja Tony Mowbray ya buga wa Benjelloun wasa a wannan wasan saboda rauni ( Chris Killen ), dakatarwa ( Derek Riordan ), dokokin canja wurin kofi ( Paul Dalglish ) da kuma sayar da Garry O'Connor . Benjelloun ya nuna ƙarfinsa a wasan tsere na Edinburgh a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2006, lokacin da ya fito daga benci don ya ci ƙwallon da ta yi nasara. 'Benji' ya zama gwarzo nan take tare da magoya bayan Hibernian, kodayake bikin zura ƙwallo da ya yi ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce. Ya yi gudu da ƙarfi zuwa ga magoya bayan Hearts, bayan ya zura ƙwallo a ɗayan ƙarshen filin. Abin farin ciki, mai tsaron gidan Hibs, Zibi Małkowski, ya sami nasarar hana Benji isa ga magoya bayan Hearts, ko kuma wani babban lamari ya faru. Hibs ya ɗauki wani ɗan wasan Morocco, Merouane Zemmama, a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07 . An yi tunanin cewa wannan zai taimaka wa Benji ya zauna a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Scotland, kuma ya ba Hibs kwallaye biyu a wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin League ta Scotland da Kilmarnock a shekarar 2007. A lokacin ana sa ran Benjelloun zai buga wasa a fili a kakar wasa ta 2007-08, amma ya sha fama da rauni, inda ya zira kwallo ɗaya kacal a wasannin gasa. Ƙungiyoyin Belgian First Division A sun yi masa sha'awar. An ruwaito cewa Anderlecht na kallonsa kuma Westerlo ya yi watsi da tayin a watan Yulin 2008. Bayan da Benjelloun ya kammala wasannin aro sau biyu a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, sabon kocin Hibernian John Hughes ya yi ikirarin cewa Benjelloun har yanzu yana da makoma a kulob din. A ranar 20 ga Yuli 2009, kulob din gasar Premier ta Masar Al Ahly ya yi ikirarin cewa sun sayi Benjelloun a kan kwantiragin shekaru uku, amma an soke yarjejeniyar kwanaki bayan haka. Daga karshe Benjelloun ya koma horo tare da Hibs a farkon watan Agusta, kuma ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasansu na farko na kakar wasa ta 2009-10. Ya rike matsayi na yau da kullun a kungiyar yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba na biyu a cikin 'yan watanni masu zuwa, amma ya yi fama da rashin nasarar da kungiyar ta farko ta samu bayan haka kuma aka sake shi a karshen kakar wasa. A wasan karshe na kakar wasa, an nuna cewa Benji yana kuka, watakila yana tsammanin za a sake shi. === Charleroi === Hibs ya amince ya ba da Benji ga Charleroi a watan Agustan 2008 a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa, inda ƙungiyar ta Belgium ke da zaɓin siyan ɗan wasan kai tsaye. An tabbatar da yarjejeniyar a wannan ranar a shafin yanar gizon Charleroi, inda aka ɗauki hoton Benjelloun a cikin sabon salon ƙungiyarsa. <ref name="Charleroi">{{Cite web |date=8 August 2008 |title=Deux renforts offensifs pour le RCSC ! |url=http://www.sporting-charleroi.be/code/fr/hp_news_plus.asp?pk_id_news=5663 |publisher=[[R. Charleroi S.C.|Charleroi]] |language=French |access-date=30 May 2026 |archive-date=20 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820122117/http://www.sporting-charleroi.be/code/fr/hp_news_plus.asp?pk_id_news=5663 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da zura kwallaye a wasansa na farko da Roeselare, Benji ya kasa riƙe matsayi na yau da kullun kuma ya buga wasanni takwas kacal a lokacin zaman aronsa. Jaridar ''Scotsman'' ta ruwaito a ranar 2 ga Janairun 2009 cewa Benjelloun ya "jure" wani mawuyacin hali a Belgium saboda raunuka. Charleroi ya yanke shawarar kada ya yi amfani da zaɓinsa na siyan Benjelloun, wanda ke nufin ya koma Hibs. Benjelloun daga baya ya yi tsokaci cewa ya fuskanci matsaloli na kashin kansa a lokacin da yake tare da Charleroi. === Roeselare === Kulob din Al Shaab da ke Sharjah ya cimma yarjejeniya bisa manufa don siyan Benjelloun, amma bai iya cimma yarjejeniya da Hibs ba. A ƙarshen lokacin canja wurin 'yan wasa, Benjelloun ya sanya hannu a matsayin aro ga wata ƙungiyar Belgium First Division A, Roeselare, har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Benjelloun ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni biyar na farko na Roselare shida da suka gabata yayin da suka riƙe matsayinsu na gasar a wasannin share fage na faduwa. Ya ji rauni a wasansu na ƙarshe kuma bai buga wasansu na ƙarshe ba. === Ismaily === Bayan da Hibs ya sake shi a watan Mayun 2010, Benjelloun ya amince da kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Greuther Fürth, na Jamus, na kulob din Bundesliga . Duk da haka, bai kammala cinikin ba, inda kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa ya nemi kudi da yawa. Ba da daɗewa ba, Benjelloun ya rattaba hannu a kulob din [[Ismaila SC|Ismaily SC]] na Masar . Ya buga wasanni bakwai kacal kafin ya bar kulob din a watan Janairun 2011. === Komawa zuwa Morocco === [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Morocco]] ce ta fara zaɓen Benjelloun a kakar wasa ta 2007-08. Ya zura kwallaye a wasansa na farko a ƙasashen waje, a wasan da suka yi da Belgium da ci 4-1 a Brussels. Daga nan aka zaɓe shi don shiga gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 a ƙarshen kakar wasa. Benjelloun ya zura kwallaye a wasanni biyu na farko, da Habasha da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Mauritania|Mauritania]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 0g13gm8siosn8gceegjffk6bbfiey4k 0 154529 868808 864559 2026-06-26T17:01:17Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355906705|Praia Harbor]]" 868808 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harbour Praia''' ( Portuguese , ) tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta birnin [[Praia]] a kudancin tsibirin Santiago, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Tana cikin wani yanki na [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Tun bayan sabunta zamani a shekarar 2014, tana da dogayen jiragen ruwa guda 2, gajerun jiragen ruwa guda 3, tashar jiragen ruwa ta jiragen ruwa masu sarrafa kifi, wuraren shakatawa na kwantena guda 2, hanyoyin hawa biyu na birgima/birgima da kuma tashar fasinjoji. Jimillar tsawon jiragen ruwa na birgima mita 863 ne, kuma matsakaicin zurfin shine mita 13.5. <ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Port of Praia |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219012115/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a mulkin mallaka na Afirka da Kudancin Amurka ta hannun 'yan Portugal. Tare da tan 817,845 na kaya da fasinjoji 85,518 da aka kula da su (2017), ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu mafi cunkoso a Cape Verde, bayan [[Porto Grande Bay|Porto Grande]] (Mindelo). Bay na Praia yana tsakanin manyan biranen Ponta Temerosa da Ponta das Bicudas . Tsibirin Ilhéu de Santa Maria yana bakin teku, yammacin tashar jiragen ruwa. Kogin [[Ribeira da Trindade]] yana shiga cikin bakin teku, tsakanin tsakiyar gari ( Plateau ) da tashar jiragen ruwa. Kai tsaye arewacin tashar jiragen ruwa shine yanki na birni Achada Grande Frente . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:IMRAY(1884)_p0166_CAPE_VERDE,_PORTO_PRAYA_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Praia ta 1884]] An fara ambaton tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia tun daga shekarar 1497, lokacin da mai bincike Vasco da Gama ya tsaya a can a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Indiya. {{Rp|26}}Akwai wani matsuguni a bakin teku a shekarar 1515. <ref name="gomes" /> {{Rp|94}}A ƙarni na 16, tashar jiragen ruwa ta ɓullo ta zama muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa ke zuwa São Tomé da [[Brazil]], inda take fafatawa da tsohuwar birnin tashar jiragen ruwa [[Cidade Velha|na Ribeira Grande (wanda yanzu ake kira Cidade Velha)]] . <ref name="gomes" /> {{Rp|95}}Tsakanin ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 da ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, Ribeira Grande da Praia sun fuskanci hare-haren 'yan fashi da makami da yawa, ciki har da waɗanda Francis Drake ( 1585 ) da Jacques Cassard ( 1712 ) suka kai. <ref name="gomes" /> {{Rp|195}}An ambaci tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin "P. Praya" a taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Jacques-Nicolas Bellin]] |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref> Praia a hankali ta maye gurbin Cidade Velha zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa mafi mahimmanci a Cape Verde, kuma ta zama babban birnin Cape Verde a 1770. Yaƙin jiragen ruwa na Porto Praya, wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Anglo-Faransa na 1778-83, ya faru a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1781 a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia ita ce tasha ta farko ta tafiyar [[Charles Darwin]] tare da {{HMS|Beagle}} a shekarar 1832. Tsohon tashar jiragen ruwa ta São Januário tana ''Praia Negra'', kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin Plateau (Praia) . An gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa ta katako a shekarar 1880 kusa da gidan kwastam, wanda yanzu shine Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Cape Verde, kudu da Plateau. An maye gurbin wannan tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta siminti a ƙarshen shekarun 1920. {{Rp|93–112}}A shekara ta 1881, an gina Farol de D. Maria Pia a ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa. A farkon shekarun 1960, an gina sabbin kayayyakin tashar jiragen ruwa a gefen gabas na gabar tekun, 1&nbsp;kilomita kudu maso gabashin tsakiyar birnin. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya an faɗaɗa shi kuma an sabunta shi, kwanan nan a cikin 2014. <ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Port of Praia |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219012115/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170219012115/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia "Port of Praia"] (in Portuguese). </cite></ref> Porto da Praia tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta memba ta Ƙungiyar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya (IAPH). == Manazarta == 0flci2x9c9qhl68zk9e9ipmvdxsw3vz 868809 868808 2026-06-26T17:01:42Z Engineer014 44591 868809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harbour Praia''' ( Portuguese , ) tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta birnin [[Praia]] a kudancin tsibirin Santiago, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Tana cikin wani yanki na [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Tun bayan sabunta zamani a shekarar 2014, tana da dogayen jiragen ruwa guda 2, gajerun jiragen ruwa guda 3, tashar jiragen ruwa ta jiragen ruwa masu sarrafa kifi, wuraren shakatawa na kwantena guda 2, hanyoyin hawa biyu na birgima/birgima da kuma tashar fasinjoji. Jimillar tsawon jiragen ruwa na birgima mita 863 ne, kuma matsakaicin zurfin shine mita 13.5. <ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Port of Praia |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219012115/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a mulkin mallaka na Afirka da Kudancin Amurka ta hannun 'yan Portugal. Tare da tan 817,845 na kaya da fasinjoji 85,518 da aka kula da su (2017), ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu mafi cunkoso a Cape Verde, bayan [[Porto Grande Bay|Porto Grande]] (Mindelo). Bay na Praia yana tsakanin manyan biranen Ponta Temerosa da Ponta das Bicudas . Tsibirin Ilhéu de Santa Maria yana bakin teku, yammacin tashar jiragen ruwa. Kogin [[Ribeira da Trindade]] yana shiga cikin bakin teku, tsakanin tsakiyar gari ( Plateau ) da tashar jiragen ruwa. Kai tsaye arewacin tashar jiragen ruwa shine yanki na birni Achada Grande Frente . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:IMRAY(1884)_p0166_CAPE_VERDE,_PORTO_PRAYA_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Praia ta 1884]] An fara ambaton tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia tun daga shekarar 1497, lokacin da mai bincike Vasco da Gama ya tsaya a can a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Indiya. {{Rp|26}}Akwai wani matsuguni a bakin teku a shekarar 1515. <ref name="gomes" /> {{Rp|94}}A ƙarni na 16, tashar jiragen ruwa ta ɓullo ta zama muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa ke zuwa São Tomé da [[Brazil]], inda take fafatawa da tsohuwar birnin tashar jiragen ruwa [[Cidade Velha|na Ribeira Grande (wanda yanzu ake kira Cidade Velha)]] . <ref name="gomes" /> {{Rp|95}}Tsakanin ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 da ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, Ribeira Grande da Praia sun fuskanci hare-haren 'yan fashi da makami da yawa, ciki har da waɗanda Francis Drake ( 1585 ) da Jacques Cassard ( 1712 ) suka kai. <ref name="gomes" /> {{Rp|195}}An ambaci tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin "P. Praya" a taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Jacques-Nicolas Bellin]] |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref> Praia a hankali ta maye gurbin Cidade Velha zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa mafi mahimmanci a Cape Verde, kuma ta zama babban birnin Cape Verde a 1770. Yaƙin jiragen ruwa na Porto Praya, wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Anglo-Faransa na 1778-83, ya faru a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1781 a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia ita ce tasha ta farko ta tafiyar [[Charles Darwin]] tare da {{HMS|Beagle}} a shekarar 1832. Tsohon tashar jiragen ruwa ta São Januário tana ''Praia Negra'', kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin Plateau (Praia) . An gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa ta katako a shekarar 1880 kusa da gidan kwastam, wanda yanzu shine Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Cape Verde, kudu da Plateau. An maye gurbin wannan tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta siminti a ƙarshen shekarun 1920. {{Rp|93–112}}A shekara ta 1881, an gina Farol de D. Maria Pia a ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa. A farkon shekarun 1960, an gina sabbin kayayyakin tashar jiragen ruwa a gefen gabas na gabar tekun, 1&nbsp;kilomita kudu maso gabashin tsakiyar birnin. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya an faɗaɗa shi kuma an sabunta shi, kwanan nan a cikin 2014. <ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Port of Praia |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219012115/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170219012115/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia "Port of Praia"] (in Portuguese). </cite></ref> Porto da Praia tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta memba ta Ƙungiyar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya (IAPH). == Manazarta == 9177lcbe46k7w7ya7wrld9f1f6i02aa 0 155574 869297 849939 2026-06-27T10:51:57Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 869297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:CraterHighlands_Tanzania_NASA.jpg|thumb|Taswirar taswirar Crater Highlands, kallon daga arewa zuwa kudu maso yamma.]] '''Crater Highlands''' ko Ngorongoro Volcanic Highlands (''Milima kasoko ya Ngorongoro'' , a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yanki ne na ilimin ƙasa tare da Rift na Gabashin [[Afirka]] a Yankin Arusha da sassa na arewacin Yankin Manyara a arewacin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Crater Highlands sun ƙunshi manyan tsaunuka masu fashewa, gami da 2.4-2.2 Ma Lemagarut da 2.25-2.0 Ma Ngorongoro basalt-trachybasalt-trachiandesite volcanoes (Ngorongoro kuma ya ƙunshi trachydacite) da kuma 1.6-1.5 Ma Oldeani basalt-trachyandesite volcan. == Ilimin ƙasa == Yankunan suna cikin yanki mai yaduwa a wurin haɗuwa da rassan farantin tectonic guda biyu, Farantin Afirka da Farantin [[Somaliya]], wanda ke haifar da siffofi masu ban sha'awa da kuma shahararrun wurare.<ref name="eo">{{Cite web |title=Crater Highlands |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6316 |access-date=29 September 2017 |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]}}</ref> Ana kiran tsaunuka da suna saboda craters da calderas da yawa da ke akwai. Kamar yadda ya saba a yankuna masu yaduwa, ana iya samun tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a nan. [[Magma]], yana tashi don cika gibin, ya kai saman kuma ya gina ƙwayoyin. Calderas suna samuwa idan dutsen mai fitattun wuta ya fashe ko ya rushe, biyo bayan zubar da ɗakin magma a ƙasa, kuma ci gaba da yadawa na iya karye dutsen mai fashewa.<ref name="eo">{{Cite web |title=Crater Highlands |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6316 |access-date=29 September 2017 |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6316 "Crater Highlands"]. [[NASA Earth Observatory]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Laetoli-Olduvai-Eyasi.jpg|thumb|Wuraren: 1 - Laetoli (Australopithecus sp., Paranthropus aethiopicus) 2 - Olduvai (Paranthropis boisei, Homo habilis) 3 - Eyasi (Homo sapiens) Dutsen wuta: 4 - Sadiman 5 - Lemagrut 6 - Oldeani 7 - Ngorongoro 8 - Olmoti 9 - Empakaai 10 - Kerimasi 11 - Ol Doinyo Lengai]] == Yanayin ƙasa == Wadannan ana daukar su a cikin Crater Highlands: * Ramin Empakaai * Crater na Olmoti * Dutsen Gelai * Dutsen Kitumbeine * [[Tafkin Eyasi]] * [[Meto Hills|Dutsen Meto]] * Dutsen Loolmalasin * Crater na Ngorongoro * [[Lemagrut]] * Dutsen Sadiman * Kerimasi * Oldeani == Ziyarar Crater Highlands == Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na tafiya da tafiya da ke buƙatar matakan motsa jiki daban-daban, da kuma tafiye-tafiye zuwa sanannen Ngorongoro Crater da ziyarar ƙauyuka na gida. == Dubi kuma == * Volcanoes of Tanzania == Manazarta == dj5g51ux1jtv0gsq7tynklw2etlf0tn 0 155735 869102 866284 2026-06-27T05:28:46Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360712689|Neurocognitive disorder]]" 869102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neurocognitive disorders''' ('''NCDs'''), also known as '''cognitive disorders''' ('''CDs'''), are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (also known as [[dementia]]). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, [[Harshe (yare)|language]], complex attention, and social cognition. Kodayake Cutar Alzheimer tana da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai yanayi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunani, da ikon yin tunani, gami da lalacewar gaba, Cutar Huntington, Dementia tare da jikin Lewy, rauni na kwakwalwa (TBI), Cutar Parkinson, Cutar prion, da dementia / cututtukani na jijiyoyi saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV.[1] Ana gano cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Duk da yake rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikice-rikicen yanayi, da rikice-rubuce na hankali na iya samun tasiri a kan ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin rikice-rashin hankali ba saboda asarar aikin fahimta ba shine alamar farko ba. [2][3] Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayar halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba da yanayin da aka samu na cututtuken neurocognitive. [4] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 11aaeqot18b0hbqaxy3i4egzzdi2kva 869103 869102 2026-06-27T05:29:13Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360712689|Neurocognitive disorder]]" 869103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neurocognitive disorders''' ('''NCDs'''), also known as '''cognitive disorders''' ('''CDs'''), are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (also known as [[dementia]]). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, [[Harshe (yare)|language]], complex attention, and social cognition. Kodayake Cutar Alzheimer tana da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai yanayi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunani, da ikon yin tunani, gami da lalacewar gaba, Cutar Huntington, Dementia tare da jikin Lewy, rauni na kwakwalwa (TBI), Cutar Parkinson, Cutar prion, da dementia / cututtukani na jijiyoyi saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV.[1] Ana gano cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Duk da yake rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikice-rikicen yanayi, da rikice-rubuce na hankali na iya samun tasiri a kan ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin rikice-rashin hankali ba saboda asarar aikin fahimta ba shine alamar farko ba. [2][3] Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayar halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba da yanayin da aka samu na cututtuken neurocognitive. [4] Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magunguna sun dogara da yadda ake haifar da cuta. Magunguna da warkewa sune mafi yawan jiyya; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'in Amnesia, jiyya na iya kawar da alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani.<ref name="Torpy dementia" /><ref name="Ciccarelli" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ajikry4c4mmhd6smtmdrcng9cn59rm7 869104 869103 2026-06-27T05:29:34Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360712689|Neurocognitive disorder]]" 869104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neurocognitive disorders''' ('''NCDs'''), also known as '''cognitive disorders''' ('''CDs'''), are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (also known as [[dementia]]). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, [[Harshe (yare)|language]], complex attention, and social cognition. Kodayake Cutar Alzheimer tana da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai yanayi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunani, da ikon yin tunani, gami da lalacewar gaba, Cutar Huntington, Dementia tare da jikin Lewy, rauni na kwakwalwa (TBI), Cutar Parkinson, Cutar prion, da dementia / cututtukani na jijiyoyi saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV.[1] Ana gano cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Duk da yake rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikice-rikicen yanayi, da rikice-rubuce na hankali na iya samun tasiri a kan ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin rikice-rashin hankali ba saboda asarar aikin fahimta ba shine alamar farko ba. [2][3] Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayar halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba da yanayin da aka samu na cututtuken neurocognitive. [4] Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magunguna sun dogara da yadda ake haifar da cuta. Magunguna da warkewa sune mafi yawan jiyya; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'in Amnesia, jiyya na iya kawar da alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani.<ref name="Torpy dementia" /><ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Rarraba == Buga na baya na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) ya haɗa da wani sashi mai taken "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders," wanda aka sake shi a cikin DSM-5 zuwa mafi girma "Neurocognitive Disorder". An bayyana cututtukan Neurocognitif a matsayin waɗanda ke da "babban raunin fahimta ko ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke wakiltar lalacewa mai mahimmanci daga matakin da ya gabata na aiki. " Babban ka'idar da ke rarrabe rikice-rikicen neurocognitive daga rikice-rikice na yanayi da sauran yanayin ilimin halayyar da suka shafi wani bangare na fahimta (watau karuwar lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar da marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki suka lura) shine cewa raguwar fahimta shine "ma'anar halayyar" rikicewar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sachdev |first=Perminder S. |last2=Blacker |first2=Deborah |last3=Blazer |first3=Dan G. |last4=Ganguli |first4=Mary |last5=Jeste |first5=Dilip V. |last6=Paulsen |first6=Jane S. |last7=Petersen |first7=Ronald C. |date=2014-11-01 |title=Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=17594758&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA389800863&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=634–643 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 |pmid=25266297 |s2cid=20635070 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an kara kalmar "neurocognitive" saboda waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna da canje-canje / rashin aiki a cikin ilimin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (watau amyloid plaque build-up a cikin cutar Alzheimer). <ref name=":1" /> Sassan sun haɗa da delirium, rikicewar neurocognitive mai sauƙi, da kuma babban rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stokin |first=Gorazd B. |last2=Krell-Roesch |first2=Janina |last3=Petersen |first3=Ronald C. |last4=Geda |first4=Yonas E. |date=2015 |title=Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: An Old Wine in a New Bottle |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1097/HRP.0000000000000084 |issn=1465-7309 |pmc=4894762 |pmid=26332219}}</ref> A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan rarrabuwa masu faɗi, akwai rarrabuwa da suka danganci ƙwayoyin cuta da alamun cututtuka. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] petwlhneqr5h8jb9y4s1xgklks7wwk3 869105 869104 2026-06-27T05:30:00Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360712689|Neurocognitive disorder]]" 869105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neurocognitive disorders''' ('''NCDs'''), also known as '''cognitive disorders''' ('''CDs'''), are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (also known as [[dementia]]). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, [[Harshe (yare)|language]], complex attention, and social cognition. Kodayake Cutar Alzheimer tana da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai yanayi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunani, da ikon yin tunani, gami da lalacewar gaba, Cutar Huntington, Dementia tare da jikin Lewy, rauni na kwakwalwa (TBI), Cutar Parkinson, Cutar prion, da dementia / cututtukani na jijiyoyi saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV.[1] Ana gano cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Duk da yake rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikice-rikicen yanayi, da rikice-rubuce na hankali na iya samun tasiri a kan ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin rikice-rashin hankali ba saboda asarar aikin fahimta ba shine alamar farko ba. [2][3] Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayar halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba da yanayin da aka samu na cututtuken neurocognitive. [4] Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magunguna sun dogara da yadda ake haifar da cuta. Magunguna da warkewa sune mafi yawan jiyya; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'in Amnesia, jiyya na iya kawar da alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani.<ref name="Torpy dementia" /><ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Rarraba == Buga na baya na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) ya haɗa da wani sashi mai taken "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders," wanda aka sake shi a cikin DSM-5 zuwa mafi girma "Neurocognitive Disorder". An bayyana cututtukan Neurocognitif a matsayin waɗanda ke da "babban raunin fahimta ko ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke wakiltar lalacewa mai mahimmanci daga matakin da ya gabata na aiki. " Babban ka'idar da ke rarrabe rikice-rikicen neurocognitive daga rikice-rikice na yanayi da sauran yanayin ilimin halayyar da suka shafi wani bangare na fahimta (watau karuwar lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar da marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki suka lura) shine cewa raguwar fahimta shine "ma'anar halayyar" rikicewar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sachdev |first=Perminder S. |last2=Blacker |first2=Deborah |last3=Blazer |first3=Dan G. |last4=Ganguli |first4=Mary |last5=Jeste |first5=Dilip V. |last6=Paulsen |first6=Jane S. |last7=Petersen |first7=Ronald C. |date=2014-11-01 |title=Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=17594758&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA389800863&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=634–643 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 |pmid=25266297 |s2cid=20635070 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an kara kalmar "neurocognitive" saboda waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna da canje-canje / rashin aiki a cikin ilimin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (watau amyloid plaque build-up a cikin cutar Alzheimer). <ref name=":1" /> Sassan sun haɗa da delirium, rikicewar neurocognitive mai sauƙi, da kuma babban rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stokin |first=Gorazd B. |last2=Krell-Roesch |first2=Janina |last3=Petersen |first3=Ronald C. |last4=Geda |first4=Yonas E. |date=2015 |title=Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: An Old Wine in a New Bottle |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1097/HRP.0000000000000084 |issn=1465-7309 |pmc=4894762 |pmid=26332219}}</ref> A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan rarrabuwa masu faɗi, akwai rarrabuwa da suka danganci ƙwayoyin cuta da alamun cututtuka. === Rashin fahimta === Delirium wani nau'i ne na rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke tasowa cikin sauri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana iya bayyana Delirium ta amfani da wasu kalmomi da yawa, gami da: encephalopathy, canjin yanayin tunani, canjin matakin sani, canjin halin tunani, da gazawar kwakwalwa. An bayyana shi a cikin DSM-5 a matsayin canji mai mahimmanci a cikin halin tunani tare da canje-canje masu alaƙa da fahimta, hankali, da matakin sani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Farawar delirium na iya bambanta daga minti zuwa sa'o'i kuma wani lokacin kwanaki. Koyaya, hanyar delirium yawanci yana ɗaukar daga 'yan sa'o'i zuwa makonni, dangane da ainihin dalilin. Delirium kuma zai iya kasancewa tare da canji a hankali, sauye-sauyen yanayi, tashin hankali ko halayyar da ba ta dace ba, da hallucinations. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a cikin fahimta na iya sa wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da sarrafa sabbin bayanai da wuya ga marasa lafiya. Delirium ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya a asibiti, yana bayyana a cikin 18-35% na marasa lafiya da ke buƙatar shigar asibiti.<ref name=":2" /> Har ila yau, ganewar asali ne wanda za'a iya samu yayin zaman asibiti, yawanci ta tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko waɗanda ke da haɗarin haɗari na delirium. Abubuwan haɗari na yau da kullun don delirium sun haɗa da tsufa, tsawo zama a asibiti, kamuwa da cuta, ciwo, da kuma tasirin magunguna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ormseth |first=Cora H. |last2=LaHue |first2=Sara C. |last3=Oldham |first3=Mark A. |last4=Josephson |first4=S. Andrew |last5=Whitaker |first5=Evans |last6=Douglas |first6=Vanja C. |date=2023-01-06 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}</ref> Duk da yake ganewar asali ne na yau da kullun, delirium na iya ƙara haɗarin zama a asibiti mai tsawo da haɗarin rikitarwa a duk lokacin zama a asibitin.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="McGohan">{{Cite journal |last=McGohan |year=2005 |title=Clinical Updates. Delirium |journal=The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=102–3 |doi=10.3928/0022-0124-20050501-05 |pmid=16022028}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r34qwabr2q5dv701oolz9mzkmr1qxf4 869106 869105 2026-06-27T05:30:24Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360712689|Neurocognitive disorder]]" 869106 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neurocognitive disorders''' ('''NCDs'''), also known as '''cognitive disorders''' ('''CDs'''), are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (also known as [[dementia]]). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, [[Harshe (yare)|language]], complex attention, and social cognition. Kodayake Cutar Alzheimer tana da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai yanayi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunani, da ikon yin tunani, gami da lalacewar gaba, Cutar Huntington, Dementia tare da jikin Lewy, rauni na kwakwalwa (TBI), Cutar Parkinson, Cutar prion, da dementia / cututtukani na jijiyoyi saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV.[1] Ana gano cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Duk da yake rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikice-rikicen yanayi, da rikice-rubuce na hankali na iya samun tasiri a kan ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin rikice-rashin hankali ba saboda asarar aikin fahimta ba shine alamar farko ba. [2][3] Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayar halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba da yanayin da aka samu na cututtuken neurocognitive. [4] Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magunguna sun dogara da yadda ake haifar da cuta. Magunguna da warkewa sune mafi yawan jiyya; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'in Amnesia, jiyya na iya kawar da alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani.<ref name="Torpy dementia" /><ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Rarraba == Buga na baya na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) ya haɗa da wani sashi mai taken "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders," wanda aka sake shi a cikin DSM-5 zuwa mafi girma "Neurocognitive Disorder". An bayyana cututtukan Neurocognitif a matsayin waɗanda ke da "babban raunin fahimta ko ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke wakiltar lalacewa mai mahimmanci daga matakin da ya gabata na aiki. " Babban ka'idar da ke rarrabe rikice-rikicen neurocognitive daga rikice-rikice na yanayi da sauran yanayin ilimin halayyar da suka shafi wani bangare na fahimta (watau karuwar lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar da marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki suka lura) shine cewa raguwar fahimta shine "ma'anar halayyar" rikicewar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sachdev |first=Perminder S. |last2=Blacker |first2=Deborah |last3=Blazer |first3=Dan G. |last4=Ganguli |first4=Mary |last5=Jeste |first5=Dilip V. |last6=Paulsen |first6=Jane S. |last7=Petersen |first7=Ronald C. |date=2014-11-01 |title=Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=17594758&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA389800863&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=634–643 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 |pmid=25266297 |s2cid=20635070 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an kara kalmar "neurocognitive" saboda waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna da canje-canje / rashin aiki a cikin ilimin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (watau amyloid plaque build-up a cikin cutar Alzheimer). <ref name=":1" /> Sassan sun haɗa da delirium, rikicewar neurocognitive mai sauƙi, da kuma babban rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stokin |first=Gorazd B. |last2=Krell-Roesch |first2=Janina |last3=Petersen |first3=Ronald C. |last4=Geda |first4=Yonas E. |date=2015 |title=Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: An Old Wine in a New Bottle |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1097/HRP.0000000000000084 |issn=1465-7309 |pmc=4894762 |pmid=26332219}}</ref> A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan rarrabuwa masu faɗi, akwai rarrabuwa da suka danganci ƙwayoyin cuta da alamun cututtuka. === Rashin fahimta === Delirium wani nau'i ne na rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke tasowa cikin sauri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana iya bayyana Delirium ta amfani da wasu kalmomi da yawa, gami da: encephalopathy, canjin yanayin tunani, canjin matakin sani, canjin halin tunani, da gazawar kwakwalwa. An bayyana shi a cikin DSM-5 a matsayin canji mai mahimmanci a cikin halin tunani tare da canje-canje masu alaƙa da fahimta, hankali, da matakin sani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Farawar delirium na iya bambanta daga minti zuwa sa'o'i kuma wani lokacin kwanaki. Koyaya, hanyar delirium yawanci yana ɗaukar daga 'yan sa'o'i zuwa makonni, dangane da ainihin dalilin. Delirium kuma zai iya kasancewa tare da canji a hankali, sauye-sauyen yanayi, tashin hankali ko halayyar da ba ta dace ba, da hallucinations. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a cikin fahimta na iya sa wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da sarrafa sabbin bayanai da wuya ga marasa lafiya. Delirium ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya a asibiti, yana bayyana a cikin 18-35% na marasa lafiya da ke buƙatar shigar asibiti.<ref name=":2" /> Har ila yau, ganewar asali ne wanda za'a iya samu yayin zaman asibiti, yawanci ta tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko waɗanda ke da haɗarin haɗari na delirium. Abubuwan haɗari na yau da kullun don delirium sun haɗa da tsufa, tsawo zama a asibiti, kamuwa da cuta, ciwo, da kuma tasirin magunguna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ormseth |first=Cora H. |last2=LaHue |first2=Sara C. |last3=Oldham |first3=Mark A. |last4=Josephson |first4=S. Andrew |last5=Whitaker |first5=Evans |last6=Douglas |first6=Vanja C. |date=2023-01-06 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}</ref> Duk da yake ganewar asali ne na yau da kullun, delirium na iya ƙara haɗarin zama a asibiti mai tsawo da haɗarin rikitarwa a duk lokacin zama a asibitin.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="McGohan">{{Cite journal |last=McGohan |year=2005 |title=Clinical Updates. Delirium |journal=The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=102–3 |doi=10.3928/0022-0124-20050501-05 |pmid=16022028}}</ref> '''Rarrabawar da aka rarraba''' Delirium na iya fadawa cikin rarrabuwa daban-daban bisa ga dalilin da alamun sa. Wadannan rarrabuwa sun hada da; shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko janyewa, magani, yanayin kiwon lafiya, dalilai da yawa. Ana amfani da bambance-bambance tsakanin tsawon alamomi (sa'o'i vs kwanaki) da matakin aiki (Ƙaruwa, raguwa, ko aiki mai gauraye) don ƙayyade ganewar asali. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q3iuwj47aegohj0hz012dijq2txlhxp 869107 869106 2026-06-27T05:30:55Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360712689|Neurocognitive disorder]]" 869107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neurocognitive disorders''' ('''NCDs'''), also known as '''cognitive disorders''' ('''CDs'''), are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (also known as [[dementia]]). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, [[Harshe (yare)|language]], complex attention, and social cognition. Kodayake Cutar Alzheimer tana da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai yanayi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunani, da ikon yin tunani, gami da lalacewar gaba, Cutar Huntington, Dementia tare da jikin Lewy, rauni na kwakwalwa (TBI), Cutar Parkinson, Cutar prion, da dementia / cututtukani na jijiyoyi saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV.[1] Ana gano cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Duk da yake rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikice-rikicen yanayi, da rikice-rubuce na hankali na iya samun tasiri a kan ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin rikice-rashin hankali ba saboda asarar aikin fahimta ba shine alamar farko ba. [2][3] Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayar halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba da yanayin da aka samu na cututtuken neurocognitive. [4] Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magunguna sun dogara da yadda ake haifar da cuta. Magunguna da warkewa sune mafi yawan jiyya; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'in Amnesia, jiyya na iya kawar da alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani.<ref name="Torpy dementia" /><ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Rarraba == Buga na baya na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) ya haɗa da wani sashi mai taken "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders," wanda aka sake shi a cikin DSM-5 zuwa mafi girma "Neurocognitive Disorder". An bayyana cututtukan Neurocognitif a matsayin waɗanda ke da "babban raunin fahimta ko ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke wakiltar lalacewa mai mahimmanci daga matakin da ya gabata na aiki. " Babban ka'idar da ke rarrabe rikice-rikicen neurocognitive daga rikice-rikice na yanayi da sauran yanayin ilimin halayyar da suka shafi wani bangare na fahimta (watau karuwar lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar da marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki suka lura) shine cewa raguwar fahimta shine "ma'anar halayyar" rikicewar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sachdev |first=Perminder S. |last2=Blacker |first2=Deborah |last3=Blazer |first3=Dan G. |last4=Ganguli |first4=Mary |last5=Jeste |first5=Dilip V. |last6=Paulsen |first6=Jane S. |last7=Petersen |first7=Ronald C. |date=2014-11-01 |title=Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=17594758&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA389800863&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=634–643 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 |pmid=25266297 |s2cid=20635070 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an kara kalmar "neurocognitive" saboda waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna da canje-canje / rashin aiki a cikin ilimin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (watau amyloid plaque build-up a cikin cutar Alzheimer). <ref name=":1" /> Sassan sun haɗa da delirium, rikicewar neurocognitive mai sauƙi, da kuma babban rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stokin |first=Gorazd B. |last2=Krell-Roesch |first2=Janina |last3=Petersen |first3=Ronald C. |last4=Geda |first4=Yonas E. |date=2015 |title=Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: An Old Wine in a New Bottle |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1097/HRP.0000000000000084 |issn=1465-7309 |pmc=4894762 |pmid=26332219}}</ref> A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan rarrabuwa masu faɗi, akwai rarrabuwa da suka danganci ƙwayoyin cuta da alamun cututtuka. === Rashin fahimta === Delirium wani nau'i ne na rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke tasowa cikin sauri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana iya bayyana Delirium ta amfani da wasu kalmomi da yawa, gami da: encephalopathy, canjin yanayin tunani, canjin matakin sani, canjin halin tunani, da gazawar kwakwalwa. An bayyana shi a cikin DSM-5 a matsayin canji mai mahimmanci a cikin halin tunani tare da canje-canje masu alaƙa da fahimta, hankali, da matakin sani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Farawar delirium na iya bambanta daga minti zuwa sa'o'i kuma wani lokacin kwanaki. Koyaya, hanyar delirium yawanci yana ɗaukar daga 'yan sa'o'i zuwa makonni, dangane da ainihin dalilin. Delirium kuma zai iya kasancewa tare da canji a hankali, sauye-sauyen yanayi, tashin hankali ko halayyar da ba ta dace ba, da hallucinations. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a cikin fahimta na iya sa wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da sarrafa sabbin bayanai da wuya ga marasa lafiya. Delirium ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya a asibiti, yana bayyana a cikin 18-35% na marasa lafiya da ke buƙatar shigar asibiti.<ref name=":2" /> Har ila yau, ganewar asali ne wanda za'a iya samu yayin zaman asibiti, yawanci ta tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko waɗanda ke da haɗarin haɗari na delirium. Abubuwan haɗari na yau da kullun don delirium sun haɗa da tsufa, tsawo zama a asibiti, kamuwa da cuta, ciwo, da kuma tasirin magunguna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ormseth |first=Cora H. |last2=LaHue |first2=Sara C. |last3=Oldham |first3=Mark A. |last4=Josephson |first4=S. Andrew |last5=Whitaker |first5=Evans |last6=Douglas |first6=Vanja C. |date=2023-01-06 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}</ref> Duk da yake ganewar asali ne na yau da kullun, delirium na iya ƙara haɗarin zama a asibiti mai tsawo da haɗarin rikitarwa a duk lokacin zama a asibitin.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="McGohan">{{Cite journal |last=McGohan |year=2005 |title=Clinical Updates. Delirium |journal=The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=102–3 |doi=10.3928/0022-0124-20050501-05 |pmid=16022028}}</ref> '''Rarrabawar da aka rarraba''' Delirium na iya fadawa cikin rarrabuwa daban-daban bisa ga dalilin da alamun sa. Wadannan rarrabuwa sun hada da; shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko janyewa, magani, yanayin kiwon lafiya, dalilai da yawa. Ana amfani da bambance-bambance tsakanin tsawon alamomi (sa'o'i vs kwanaki) da matakin aiki (Ƙaruwa, raguwa, ko aiki mai gauraye) don ƙayyade ganewar asali. === Rashin hankali na ƙwaƙwalwa === Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda kuma ake kira rauni mai sauƙi (MCI), ana iya tunanin shi azaman matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin tsufa na al'ada da babban rikicewar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jongsiriyanyong |first=Sukanya |last2=Limpawattana |first2=Panita |date=2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article |journal=American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=500–7 |doi=10.1177/1533317518791401 |pmc=10852498 |pmid=30068225 |s2cid=51891998 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba kamar delirium ba, cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi suna tasowa a hankali kuma ana nuna su ta hanyar asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda zai iya ko bazai ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar neurocognitiv ba.<ref name=":3" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa tsakanin kashi 5-17% na marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar hankali mai sauƙi za su ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa a kowace shekara.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jie-Qiong |last2=Tan |first2=Lan |last3=Wang |first3=Hui-Fu |last4=Tan |first4=Meng-Shan |last5=Tan |first5=Lin |last6=Xu |first6=Wei |last7=Zhao |first7=Qing-Fei |last8=Wang |first8=Jun |last9=Jiang |first9=Teng |last10=Yu |first10=Jin-Tai |date=2015 |title=Risk factors for predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=476–484 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-310095 |pmid=26001840 |s2cid=15092127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halin yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta mai sauƙi yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru, yana shafar 10-20% na manya masu shekaru 65 da haihuwa. Maza ma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na ci gaba da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langa |first=Kenneth M. |last2=Levine |first2=Deborah A. |date=2014 |title=The Diagnosis and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Clinical Review |journal=JAMA |volume=312 |issue=23 |pages=2551–61 |bibcode=2014JAMA..312.2551L |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.13806 |pmc=4269302 |pmid=25514304}}</ref> Baya ga asarar ƙwaƙwalwa da rashin fahimta, wasu alamun sun haɗa da aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, asarar tunani mai ban mamaki, canje-canjen halayyar / mutum, da yanke hukunci mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment |url=https://alzheimer.ca/sites/default/files/documents/other-dementias_mild-cognitive-impairment.pdf |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=Alzheimer Society of Canada}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rdxk798ej51fcid2imz4epswaor7am7 869108 869107 2026-06-27T05:31:21Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360712689|Neurocognitive disorder]]" 869108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neurocognitive disorders''' ('''NCDs'''), also known as '''cognitive disorders''' ('''CDs'''), are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (also known as [[dementia]]). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, [[Harshe (yare)|language]], complex attention, and social cognition. Kodayake Cutar Alzheimer tana da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai yanayi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunani, da ikon yin tunani, gami da lalacewar gaba, Cutar Huntington, Dementia tare da jikin Lewy, rauni na kwakwalwa (TBI), Cutar Parkinson, Cutar prion, da dementia / cututtukani na jijiyoyi saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV.[1] Ana gano cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Duk da yake rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikice-rikicen yanayi, da rikice-rubuce na hankali na iya samun tasiri a kan ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin rikice-rashin hankali ba saboda asarar aikin fahimta ba shine alamar farko ba. [2][3] Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayar halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba da yanayin da aka samu na cututtuken neurocognitive. [4] Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magunguna sun dogara da yadda ake haifar da cuta. Magunguna da warkewa sune mafi yawan jiyya; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'in Amnesia, jiyya na iya kawar da alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani.<ref name="Torpy dementia" /><ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Rarraba == Buga na baya na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) ya haɗa da wani sashi mai taken "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders," wanda aka sake shi a cikin DSM-5 zuwa mafi girma "Neurocognitive Disorder". An bayyana cututtukan Neurocognitif a matsayin waɗanda ke da "babban raunin fahimta ko ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke wakiltar lalacewa mai mahimmanci daga matakin da ya gabata na aiki. " Babban ka'idar da ke rarrabe rikice-rikicen neurocognitive daga rikice-rikice na yanayi da sauran yanayin ilimin halayyar da suka shafi wani bangare na fahimta (watau karuwar lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar da marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki suka lura) shine cewa raguwar fahimta shine "ma'anar halayyar" rikicewar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sachdev |first=Perminder S. |last2=Blacker |first2=Deborah |last3=Blazer |first3=Dan G. |last4=Ganguli |first4=Mary |last5=Jeste |first5=Dilip V. |last6=Paulsen |first6=Jane S. |last7=Petersen |first7=Ronald C. |date=2014-11-01 |title=Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=17594758&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA389800863&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=634–643 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 |pmid=25266297 |s2cid=20635070 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an kara kalmar "neurocognitive" saboda waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna da canje-canje / rashin aiki a cikin ilimin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (watau amyloid plaque build-up a cikin cutar Alzheimer). <ref name=":1" /> Sassan sun haɗa da delirium, rikicewar neurocognitive mai sauƙi, da kuma babban rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stokin |first=Gorazd B. |last2=Krell-Roesch |first2=Janina |last3=Petersen |first3=Ronald C. |last4=Geda |first4=Yonas E. |date=2015 |title=Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: An Old Wine in a New Bottle |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1097/HRP.0000000000000084 |issn=1465-7309 |pmc=4894762 |pmid=26332219}}</ref> A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan rarrabuwa masu faɗi, akwai rarrabuwa da suka danganci ƙwayoyin cuta da alamun cututtuka. === Rashin fahimta === Delirium wani nau'i ne na rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke tasowa cikin sauri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana iya bayyana Delirium ta amfani da wasu kalmomi da yawa, gami da: encephalopathy, canjin yanayin tunani, canjin matakin sani, canjin halin tunani, da gazawar kwakwalwa. An bayyana shi a cikin DSM-5 a matsayin canji mai mahimmanci a cikin halin tunani tare da canje-canje masu alaƙa da fahimta, hankali, da matakin sani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Farawar delirium na iya bambanta daga minti zuwa sa'o'i kuma wani lokacin kwanaki. Koyaya, hanyar delirium yawanci yana ɗaukar daga 'yan sa'o'i zuwa makonni, dangane da ainihin dalilin. Delirium kuma zai iya kasancewa tare da canji a hankali, sauye-sauyen yanayi, tashin hankali ko halayyar da ba ta dace ba, da hallucinations. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a cikin fahimta na iya sa wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da sarrafa sabbin bayanai da wuya ga marasa lafiya. Delirium ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya a asibiti, yana bayyana a cikin 18-35% na marasa lafiya da ke buƙatar shigar asibiti.<ref name=":2" /> Har ila yau, ganewar asali ne wanda za'a iya samu yayin zaman asibiti, yawanci ta tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko waɗanda ke da haɗarin haɗari na delirium. Abubuwan haɗari na yau da kullun don delirium sun haɗa da tsufa, tsawo zama a asibiti, kamuwa da cuta, ciwo, da kuma tasirin magunguna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ormseth |first=Cora H. |last2=LaHue |first2=Sara C. |last3=Oldham |first3=Mark A. |last4=Josephson |first4=S. Andrew |last5=Whitaker |first5=Evans |last6=Douglas |first6=Vanja C. |date=2023-01-06 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}</ref> Duk da yake ganewar asali ne na yau da kullun, delirium na iya ƙara haɗarin zama a asibiti mai tsawo da haɗarin rikitarwa a duk lokacin zama a asibitin.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="McGohan">{{Cite journal |last=McGohan |year=2005 |title=Clinical Updates. Delirium |journal=The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=102–3 |doi=10.3928/0022-0124-20050501-05 |pmid=16022028}}</ref> '''Rarrabawar da aka rarraba''' Delirium na iya fadawa cikin rarrabuwa daban-daban bisa ga dalilin da alamun sa. Wadannan rarrabuwa sun hada da; shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko janyewa, magani, yanayin kiwon lafiya, dalilai da yawa. Ana amfani da bambance-bambance tsakanin tsawon alamomi (sa'o'i vs kwanaki) da matakin aiki (Ƙaruwa, raguwa, ko aiki mai gauraye) don ƙayyade ganewar asali. === Rashin hankali na ƙwaƙwalwa === Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda kuma ake kira rauni mai sauƙi (MCI), ana iya tunanin shi azaman matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin tsufa na al'ada da babban rikicewar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jongsiriyanyong |first=Sukanya |last2=Limpawattana |first2=Panita |date=2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article |journal=American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=500–7 |doi=10.1177/1533317518791401 |pmc=10852498 |pmid=30068225 |s2cid=51891998 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba kamar delirium ba, cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi suna tasowa a hankali kuma ana nuna su ta hanyar asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda zai iya ko bazai ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar neurocognitiv ba.<ref name=":3" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa tsakanin kashi 5-17% na marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar hankali mai sauƙi za su ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa a kowace shekara.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jie-Qiong |last2=Tan |first2=Lan |last3=Wang |first3=Hui-Fu |last4=Tan |first4=Meng-Shan |last5=Tan |first5=Lin |last6=Xu |first6=Wei |last7=Zhao |first7=Qing-Fei |last8=Wang |first8=Jun |last9=Jiang |first9=Teng |last10=Yu |first10=Jin-Tai |date=2015 |title=Risk factors for predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=476–484 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-310095 |pmid=26001840 |s2cid=15092127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halin yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta mai sauƙi yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru, yana shafar 10-20% na manya masu shekaru 65 da haihuwa. Maza ma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na ci gaba da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langa |first=Kenneth M. |last2=Levine |first2=Deborah A. |date=2014 |title=The Diagnosis and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Clinical Review |journal=JAMA |volume=312 |issue=23 |pages=2551–61 |bibcode=2014JAMA..312.2551L |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.13806 |pmc=4269302 |pmid=25514304}}</ref> Baya ga asarar ƙwaƙwalwa da rashin fahimta, wasu alamun sun haɗa da aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, asarar tunani mai ban mamaki, canje-canjen halayyar / mutum, da yanke hukunci mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment |url=https://alzheimer.ca/sites/default/files/documents/other-dementias_mild-cognitive-impairment.pdf |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=Alzheimer Society of Canada}}</ref> === Babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa === Ana rarraba ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Har ila yau, har yanzu an san shi da dementia, babban rikicewar neurocognitive yana da alamar raguwar fahimta da tsangwama tare da 'yancin kai, yayin da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa mai sauƙi ke da alamar raguwa ta hankali kuma baya tsoma baki da' yancin kai. Don a gano shi, dole ne bai kasance saboda delirium ko wasu rikicewar hankali ba. Hakanan yawanci suna tare da wani rikice-rikice na fahimta. Ga abubuwan da ba za a iya juyawa ba na [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]] kamar shekaru, jinkirin raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da fahimta na rayuwa ne.<ref name="Guerrero" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] slboftc5kixyorsl0fxir13caiyn7uz 869109 869108 2026-06-27T05:31:51Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360712689|Neurocognitive disorder]]" 869109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neurocognitive disorders''' ('''NCDs'''), also known as '''cognitive disorders''' ('''CDs'''), are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (also known as [[dementia]]). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, [[Harshe (yare)|language]], complex attention, and social cognition. Kodayake Cutar Alzheimer tana da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai yanayi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunani, da ikon yin tunani, gami da lalacewar gaba, Cutar Huntington, Dementia tare da jikin Lewy, rauni na kwakwalwa (TBI), Cutar Parkinson, Cutar prion, da dementia / cututtukani na jijiyoyi saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV.[1] Ana gano cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Duk da yake rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikice-rikicen yanayi, da rikice-rubuce na hankali na iya samun tasiri a kan ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin rikice-rashin hankali ba saboda asarar aikin fahimta ba shine alamar farko ba. [2][3] Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayar halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba da yanayin da aka samu na cututtuken neurocognitive. [4] Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magunguna sun dogara da yadda ake haifar da cuta. Magunguna da warkewa sune mafi yawan jiyya; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'in Amnesia, jiyya na iya kawar da alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani.<ref name="Torpy dementia" /><ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Rarraba == Buga na baya na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) ya haɗa da wani sashi mai taken "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders," wanda aka sake shi a cikin DSM-5 zuwa mafi girma "Neurocognitive Disorder". An bayyana cututtukan Neurocognitif a matsayin waɗanda ke da "babban raunin fahimta ko ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke wakiltar lalacewa mai mahimmanci daga matakin da ya gabata na aiki. " Babban ka'idar da ke rarrabe rikice-rikicen neurocognitive daga rikice-rikice na yanayi da sauran yanayin ilimin halayyar da suka shafi wani bangare na fahimta (watau karuwar lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar da marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki suka lura) shine cewa raguwar fahimta shine "ma'anar halayyar" rikicewar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sachdev |first=Perminder S. |last2=Blacker |first2=Deborah |last3=Blazer |first3=Dan G. |last4=Ganguli |first4=Mary |last5=Jeste |first5=Dilip V. |last6=Paulsen |first6=Jane S. |last7=Petersen |first7=Ronald C. |date=2014-11-01 |title=Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=17594758&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA389800863&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=634–643 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 |pmid=25266297 |s2cid=20635070 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an kara kalmar "neurocognitive" saboda waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna da canje-canje / rashin aiki a cikin ilimin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (watau amyloid plaque build-up a cikin cutar Alzheimer). <ref name=":1" /> Sassan sun haɗa da delirium, rikicewar neurocognitive mai sauƙi, da kuma babban rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stokin |first=Gorazd B. |last2=Krell-Roesch |first2=Janina |last3=Petersen |first3=Ronald C. |last4=Geda |first4=Yonas E. |date=2015 |title=Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: An Old Wine in a New Bottle |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1097/HRP.0000000000000084 |issn=1465-7309 |pmc=4894762 |pmid=26332219}}</ref> A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan rarrabuwa masu faɗi, akwai rarrabuwa da suka danganci ƙwayoyin cuta da alamun cututtuka. === Rashin fahimta === Delirium wani nau'i ne na rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke tasowa cikin sauri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana iya bayyana Delirium ta amfani da wasu kalmomi da yawa, gami da: encephalopathy, canjin yanayin tunani, canjin matakin sani, canjin halin tunani, da gazawar kwakwalwa. An bayyana shi a cikin DSM-5 a matsayin canji mai mahimmanci a cikin halin tunani tare da canje-canje masu alaƙa da fahimta, hankali, da matakin sani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Farawar delirium na iya bambanta daga minti zuwa sa'o'i kuma wani lokacin kwanaki. Koyaya, hanyar delirium yawanci yana ɗaukar daga 'yan sa'o'i zuwa makonni, dangane da ainihin dalilin. Delirium kuma zai iya kasancewa tare da canji a hankali, sauye-sauyen yanayi, tashin hankali ko halayyar da ba ta dace ba, da hallucinations. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a cikin fahimta na iya sa wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da sarrafa sabbin bayanai da wuya ga marasa lafiya. Delirium ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya a asibiti, yana bayyana a cikin 18-35% na marasa lafiya da ke buƙatar shigar asibiti.<ref name=":2" /> Har ila yau, ganewar asali ne wanda za'a iya samu yayin zaman asibiti, yawanci ta tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko waɗanda ke da haɗarin haɗari na delirium. Abubuwan haɗari na yau da kullun don delirium sun haɗa da tsufa, tsawo zama a asibiti, kamuwa da cuta, ciwo, da kuma tasirin magunguna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ormseth |first=Cora H. |last2=LaHue |first2=Sara C. |last3=Oldham |first3=Mark A. |last4=Josephson |first4=S. Andrew |last5=Whitaker |first5=Evans |last6=Douglas |first6=Vanja C. |date=2023-01-06 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}</ref> Duk da yake ganewar asali ne na yau da kullun, delirium na iya ƙara haɗarin zama a asibiti mai tsawo da haɗarin rikitarwa a duk lokacin zama a asibitin.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="McGohan">{{Cite journal |last=McGohan |year=2005 |title=Clinical Updates. Delirium |journal=The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=102–3 |doi=10.3928/0022-0124-20050501-05 |pmid=16022028}}</ref> '''Rarrabawar da aka rarraba''' Delirium na iya fadawa cikin rarrabuwa daban-daban bisa ga dalilin da alamun sa. Wadannan rarrabuwa sun hada da; shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko janyewa, magani, yanayin kiwon lafiya, dalilai da yawa. Ana amfani da bambance-bambance tsakanin tsawon alamomi (sa'o'i vs kwanaki) da matakin aiki (Ƙaruwa, raguwa, ko aiki mai gauraye) don ƙayyade ganewar asali. === Rashin hankali na ƙwaƙwalwa === Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda kuma ake kira rauni mai sauƙi (MCI), ana iya tunanin shi azaman matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin tsufa na al'ada da babban rikicewar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jongsiriyanyong |first=Sukanya |last2=Limpawattana |first2=Panita |date=2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article |journal=American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=500–7 |doi=10.1177/1533317518791401 |pmc=10852498 |pmid=30068225 |s2cid=51891998 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba kamar delirium ba, cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi suna tasowa a hankali kuma ana nuna su ta hanyar asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda zai iya ko bazai ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar neurocognitiv ba.<ref name=":3" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa tsakanin kashi 5-17% na marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar hankali mai sauƙi za su ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa a kowace shekara.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jie-Qiong |last2=Tan |first2=Lan |last3=Wang |first3=Hui-Fu |last4=Tan |first4=Meng-Shan |last5=Tan |first5=Lin |last6=Xu |first6=Wei |last7=Zhao |first7=Qing-Fei |last8=Wang |first8=Jun |last9=Jiang |first9=Teng |last10=Yu |first10=Jin-Tai |date=2015 |title=Risk factors for predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=476–484 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-310095 |pmid=26001840 |s2cid=15092127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halin yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta mai sauƙi yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru, yana shafar 10-20% na manya masu shekaru 65 da haihuwa. Maza ma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na ci gaba da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langa |first=Kenneth M. |last2=Levine |first2=Deborah A. |date=2014 |title=The Diagnosis and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Clinical Review |journal=JAMA |volume=312 |issue=23 |pages=2551–61 |bibcode=2014JAMA..312.2551L |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.13806 |pmc=4269302 |pmid=25514304}}</ref> Baya ga asarar ƙwaƙwalwa da rashin fahimta, wasu alamun sun haɗa da aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, asarar tunani mai ban mamaki, canje-canjen halayyar / mutum, da yanke hukunci mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment |url=https://alzheimer.ca/sites/default/files/documents/other-dementias_mild-cognitive-impairment.pdf |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=Alzheimer Society of Canada}}</ref> === Babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa === Ana rarraba ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Har ila yau, har yanzu an san shi da dementia, babban rikicewar neurocognitive yana da alamar raguwar fahimta da tsangwama tare da 'yancin kai, yayin da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa mai sauƙi ke da alamar raguwa ta hankali kuma baya tsoma baki da' yancin kai. Don a gano shi, dole ne bai kasance saboda delirium ko wasu rikicewar hankali ba. Hakanan yawanci suna tare da wani rikice-rikice na fahimta. Ga abubuwan da ba za a iya juyawa ba na [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]] kamar shekaru, jinkirin raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da fahimta na rayuwa ne.<ref name="Guerrero" /> '''Rarrabawar da aka rarraba''' Hakazalika da delirium, duka cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi da manyan cututtukani suna rarraba su bisa ga dalilin (Alzheimer's, Frontotemporal degeneration, Parkinson's da sauransu). Alamomin da aka yi amfani da su don jagorantar ganewar asali sun haɗa da kasancewar ko rashin alamun halayyar kamar psychosis, tashin hankali, baƙin ciki. Ana amfani da tsananin alamun a halin yanzu a cikin rarrabuwa kuma ya dogara ne akan ikon mutum na yanzu don kammala ayyukan yau da kullun kamar aikin gida, sarrafa kuɗi, ciyarwa, ko wanka. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rsipl1dasrzz8i3itb6bcc5mxxi6x6t 869110 869109 2026-06-27T05:32:21Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360712689|Neurocognitive disorder]]" 869110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neurocognitive disorders''' ('''NCDs'''), also known as '''cognitive disorders''' ('''CDs'''), are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (also known as [[dementia]]). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, [[Harshe (yare)|language]], complex attention, and social cognition. Kodayake Cutar Alzheimer tana da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai yanayi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunani, da ikon yin tunani, gami da lalacewar gaba, Cutar Huntington, Dementia tare da jikin Lewy, rauni na kwakwalwa (TBI), Cutar Parkinson, Cutar prion, da dementia / cututtukani na jijiyoyi saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV.[1] Ana gano cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Duk da yake rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikice-rikicen yanayi, da rikice-rubuce na hankali na iya samun tasiri a kan ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin rikice-rashin hankali ba saboda asarar aikin fahimta ba shine alamar farko ba. [2][3] Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayar halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba da yanayin da aka samu na cututtuken neurocognitive. [4] Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magunguna sun dogara da yadda ake haifar da cuta. Magunguna da warkewa sune mafi yawan jiyya; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'in Amnesia, jiyya na iya kawar da alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani.<ref name="Torpy dementia" /><ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Rarraba == Buga na baya na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) ya haɗa da wani sashi mai taken "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders," wanda aka sake shi a cikin DSM-5 zuwa mafi girma "Neurocognitive Disorder". An bayyana cututtukan Neurocognitif a matsayin waɗanda ke da "babban raunin fahimta ko ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke wakiltar lalacewa mai mahimmanci daga matakin da ya gabata na aiki. " Babban ka'idar da ke rarrabe rikice-rikicen neurocognitive daga rikice-rikice na yanayi da sauran yanayin ilimin halayyar da suka shafi wani bangare na fahimta (watau karuwar lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar da marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki suka lura) shine cewa raguwar fahimta shine "ma'anar halayyar" rikicewar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sachdev |first=Perminder S. |last2=Blacker |first2=Deborah |last3=Blazer |first3=Dan G. |last4=Ganguli |first4=Mary |last5=Jeste |first5=Dilip V. |last6=Paulsen |first6=Jane S. |last7=Petersen |first7=Ronald C. |date=2014-11-01 |title=Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=17594758&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA389800863&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=634–643 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 |pmid=25266297 |s2cid=20635070 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an kara kalmar "neurocognitive" saboda waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna da canje-canje / rashin aiki a cikin ilimin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (watau amyloid plaque build-up a cikin cutar Alzheimer). <ref name=":1" /> Sassan sun haɗa da delirium, rikicewar neurocognitive mai sauƙi, da kuma babban rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stokin |first=Gorazd B. |last2=Krell-Roesch |first2=Janina |last3=Petersen |first3=Ronald C. |last4=Geda |first4=Yonas E. |date=2015 |title=Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: An Old Wine in a New Bottle |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1097/HRP.0000000000000084 |issn=1465-7309 |pmc=4894762 |pmid=26332219}}</ref> A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan rarrabuwa masu faɗi, akwai rarrabuwa da suka danganci ƙwayoyin cuta da alamun cututtuka. === Rashin fahimta === Delirium wani nau'i ne na rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke tasowa cikin sauri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana iya bayyana Delirium ta amfani da wasu kalmomi da yawa, gami da: encephalopathy, canjin yanayin tunani, canjin matakin sani, canjin halin tunani, da gazawar kwakwalwa. An bayyana shi a cikin DSM-5 a matsayin canji mai mahimmanci a cikin halin tunani tare da canje-canje masu alaƙa da fahimta, hankali, da matakin sani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Farawar delirium na iya bambanta daga minti zuwa sa'o'i kuma wani lokacin kwanaki. Koyaya, hanyar delirium yawanci yana ɗaukar daga 'yan sa'o'i zuwa makonni, dangane da ainihin dalilin. Delirium kuma zai iya kasancewa tare da canji a hankali, sauye-sauyen yanayi, tashin hankali ko halayyar da ba ta dace ba, da hallucinations. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a cikin fahimta na iya sa wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da sarrafa sabbin bayanai da wuya ga marasa lafiya. Delirium ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya a asibiti, yana bayyana a cikin 18-35% na marasa lafiya da ke buƙatar shigar asibiti.<ref name=":2" /> Har ila yau, ganewar asali ne wanda za'a iya samu yayin zaman asibiti, yawanci ta tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko waɗanda ke da haɗarin haɗari na delirium. Abubuwan haɗari na yau da kullun don delirium sun haɗa da tsufa, tsawo zama a asibiti, kamuwa da cuta, ciwo, da kuma tasirin magunguna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ormseth |first=Cora H. |last2=LaHue |first2=Sara C. |last3=Oldham |first3=Mark A. |last4=Josephson |first4=S. Andrew |last5=Whitaker |first5=Evans |last6=Douglas |first6=Vanja C. |date=2023-01-06 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}</ref> Duk da yake ganewar asali ne na yau da kullun, delirium na iya ƙara haɗarin zama a asibiti mai tsawo da haɗarin rikitarwa a duk lokacin zama a asibitin.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="McGohan">{{Cite journal |last=McGohan |year=2005 |title=Clinical Updates. Delirium |journal=The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=102–3 |doi=10.3928/0022-0124-20050501-05 |pmid=16022028}}</ref> '''Rarrabawar da aka rarraba''' Delirium na iya fadawa cikin rarrabuwa daban-daban bisa ga dalilin da alamun sa. Wadannan rarrabuwa sun hada da; shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko janyewa, magani, yanayin kiwon lafiya, dalilai da yawa. Ana amfani da bambance-bambance tsakanin tsawon alamomi (sa'o'i vs kwanaki) da matakin aiki (Ƙaruwa, raguwa, ko aiki mai gauraye) don ƙayyade ganewar asali. === Rashin hankali na ƙwaƙwalwa === Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda kuma ake kira rauni mai sauƙi (MCI), ana iya tunanin shi azaman matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin tsufa na al'ada da babban rikicewar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jongsiriyanyong |first=Sukanya |last2=Limpawattana |first2=Panita |date=2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article |journal=American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=500–7 |doi=10.1177/1533317518791401 |pmc=10852498 |pmid=30068225 |s2cid=51891998 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba kamar delirium ba, cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi suna tasowa a hankali kuma ana nuna su ta hanyar asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda zai iya ko bazai ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar neurocognitiv ba.<ref name=":3" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa tsakanin kashi 5-17% na marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar hankali mai sauƙi za su ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa a kowace shekara.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jie-Qiong |last2=Tan |first2=Lan |last3=Wang |first3=Hui-Fu |last4=Tan |first4=Meng-Shan |last5=Tan |first5=Lin |last6=Xu |first6=Wei |last7=Zhao |first7=Qing-Fei |last8=Wang |first8=Jun |last9=Jiang |first9=Teng |last10=Yu |first10=Jin-Tai |date=2015 |title=Risk factors for predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=476–484 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-310095 |pmid=26001840 |s2cid=15092127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halin yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta mai sauƙi yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru, yana shafar 10-20% na manya masu shekaru 65 da haihuwa. Maza ma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na ci gaba da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langa |first=Kenneth M. |last2=Levine |first2=Deborah A. |date=2014 |title=The Diagnosis and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Clinical Review |journal=JAMA |volume=312 |issue=23 |pages=2551–61 |bibcode=2014JAMA..312.2551L |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.13806 |pmc=4269302 |pmid=25514304}}</ref> Baya ga asarar ƙwaƙwalwa da rashin fahimta, wasu alamun sun haɗa da aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, asarar tunani mai ban mamaki, canje-canjen halayyar / mutum, da yanke hukunci mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment |url=https://alzheimer.ca/sites/default/files/documents/other-dementias_mild-cognitive-impairment.pdf |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=Alzheimer Society of Canada}}</ref> === Babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa === Ana rarraba ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Har ila yau, har yanzu an san shi da dementia, babban rikicewar neurocognitive yana da alamar raguwar fahimta da tsangwama tare da 'yancin kai, yayin da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa mai sauƙi ke da alamar raguwa ta hankali kuma baya tsoma baki da' yancin kai. Don a gano shi, dole ne bai kasance saboda delirium ko wasu rikicewar hankali ba. Hakanan yawanci suna tare da wani rikice-rikice na fahimta. Ga abubuwan da ba za a iya juyawa ba na [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]] kamar shekaru, jinkirin raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da fahimta na rayuwa ne.<ref name="Guerrero" /> '''Rarrabawar da aka rarraba''' Hakazalika da delirium, duka cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi da manyan cututtukani suna rarraba su bisa ga dalilin (Alzheimer's, Frontotemporal degeneration, Parkinson's da sauransu). Alamomin da aka yi amfani da su don jagorantar ganewar asali sun haɗa da kasancewar ko rashin alamun halayyar kamar psychosis, tashin hankali, baƙin ciki. Ana amfani da tsananin alamun a halin yanzu a cikin rarrabuwa kuma ya dogara ne akan ikon mutum na yanzu don kammala ayyukan yau da kullun kamar aikin gida, sarrafa kuɗi, ciyarwa, ko wanka. == Binciken ganewa == Akwai hanyoyin gwaji da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don tantance fahimtar mai haƙuri da matakin sani, gami da jarrabawar Mini Mental Status (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Cog, da Cognitive Evaluation Method (CAM), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS), da dai sauransu. An nuna cewa CAM shine kayan aikin da aka fi amfani dashi don tantance delirium.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSettersSolberg2017">Setters, Belinda; Solberg, Laurence M. (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X "Delirium"]</span>. ''Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice''. Geriatrics. '''44''' (3): <span class="nowrap">541–</span>559. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010|10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28797379 28797379].</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wilber |first=Scott T. |last2=Ondrejka |first2=Jason E. |date=2016 |title=Altered Mental Status and Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073386271630027X |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |series=Geriatric Emergencies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=649–665 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012 |pmid=27475019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Tsoi |first=Kelvin K. F. |last2=Chan |first2=Joyce Y. C. |last3=Hirai |first3=Hoyee W. |last4=Wong |first4=Samuel Y. S. |last5=Kwok |first5=Timothy C. Y. |date=2015 |title=Cognitive Tests to Detect Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=175 |issue=9 |pages=1450–8 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2152 |pmid=26052687 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wani meta-analysis kallon daidaito da amfani na hanyoyi daban-daban na gwaji ya ba da rahoton cewa MMSE shine kayan aiki da aka fi amfani dashi don kimanta babban rikicewar neurocognitive, yayin da MoCA ya zama mafi amfani yayin tantancewa don ƙananan rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref name=":5" /> Binciken tsarin kwanan nan sun nuna buƙatar ci gaba, bincike mai kyau akan Mini-Cog da MoCA don kimanta raguwar fahimta da ci gaban jagororin asibiti akan amfani da su a saituna daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Daniel HJ |last2=Creavin |first2=Samuel T |last3=Yip |first3=Jennifer LY |last4=Noel-Storr |first4=Anna H |last5=Brayne |first5=Carol |last6=Cullum |first6=Sarah |date=2021-07-13 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the detection of dementia |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010775.pub3 |pmc=8407452 |pmid=34255351}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fage |first=Bruce A |last2=Chan |first2=Calvin CH |last3=Gill |first3=Sudeep S |last4=Noel-Storr |first4=Anna H |last5=Herrmann |first5=Nathan |last6=Smailagic |first6=Nadja |last7=Nikolaou |first7=Vasilis |last8=Seitz |first8=Dallas P |date=2021-07-14 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Mini-Cog for the detection of dementia within a community setting |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010860.pub3 |pmc=8278980 |pmid=34259337}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sttupd5tuiw7e69i14l0akrjk4t5xrx 869143 869110 2026-06-27T06:49:12Z Arabiyu 28508 869143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Neurocognitive disorders''' ('''NCDs'''), also known as '''cognitive disorders''' ('''CDs'''), are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (also known as [[dementia]]). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, [[Harshe (yare)|language]], complex attention, and social cognition. Kodayake Cutar Alzheimer tana da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai yanayi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunani, da ikon yin tunani, gami da lalacewar gaba, Cutar Huntington, Dementia tare da jikin Lewy, rauni na kwakwalwa (TBI), Cutar Parkinson, Cutar prion, da dementia / cututtukani na jijiyoyi saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV.[1] Ana gano cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Duk da yake rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikice-rikicen yanayi, da rikice-rubuce na hankali na iya samun tasiri a kan ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin rikice-rashin hankali ba saboda asarar aikin fahimta ba shine alamar farko ba. [2][3] Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayar halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba da yanayin da aka samu na cututtuken neurocognitive. [4] Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magunguna sun dogara da yadda ake haifar da cuta. Magunguna da warkewa sune mafi yawan jiyya; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'in Amnesia, jiyya na iya kawar da alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani.<ref name="Torpy dementia" /><ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Rarraba == Buga na baya na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) ya haɗa da wani sashi mai taken "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders," wanda aka sake shi a cikin DSM-5 zuwa mafi girma "Neurocognitive Disorder". An bayyana cututtukan Neurocognitif a matsayin waɗanda ke da "babban raunin fahimta ko ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke wakiltar lalacewa mai mahimmanci daga matakin da ya gabata na aiki. " Babban ka'idar da ke rarrabe rikice-rikicen neurocognitive daga rikice-rikice na yanayi da sauran yanayin ilimin halayyar da suka shafi wani bangare na fahimta (watau karuwar lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar da marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki suka lura) shine cewa raguwar fahimta shine "ma'anar halayyar" rikicewar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sachdev |first=Perminder S. |last2=Blacker |first2=Deborah |last3=Blazer |first3=Dan G. |last4=Ganguli |first4=Mary |last5=Jeste |first5=Dilip V. |last6=Paulsen |first6=Jane S. |last7=Petersen |first7=Ronald C. |date=2014-11-01 |title=Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=17594758&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA389800863&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=634–643 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 |pmid=25266297 |s2cid=20635070 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an kara kalmar "neurocognitive" saboda waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna da canje-canje / rashin aiki a cikin ilimin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (watau amyloid plaque build-up a cikin cutar Alzheimer). <ref name=":1" /> Sassan sun haɗa da delirium, rikicewar neurocognitive mai sauƙi, da kuma babban rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stokin |first=Gorazd B. |last2=Krell-Roesch |first2=Janina |last3=Petersen |first3=Ronald C. |last4=Geda |first4=Yonas E. |date=2015 |title=Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: An Old Wine in a New Bottle |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1097/HRP.0000000000000084 |issn=1465-7309 |pmc=4894762 |pmid=26332219}}</ref> A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan rarrabuwa masu faɗi, akwai rarrabuwa da suka danganci ƙwayoyin cuta da alamun cututtuka. === Rashin fahimta === Delirium wani nau'i ne na rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke tasowa cikin sauri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana iya bayyana Delirium ta amfani da wasu kalmomi da yawa, gami da: encephalopathy, canjin yanayin tunani, canjin matakin sani, canjin halin tunani, da gazawar kwakwalwa. An bayyana shi a cikin DSM-5 a matsayin canji mai mahimmanci a cikin halin tunani tare da canje-canje masu alaƙa da fahimta, hankali, da matakin sani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Farawar delirium na iya bambanta daga minti zuwa sa'o'i kuma wani lokacin kwanaki. Koyaya, hanyar delirium yawanci yana ɗaukar daga 'yan sa'o'i zuwa makonni, dangane da ainihin dalilin. Delirium kuma zai iya kasancewa tare da canji a hankali, sauye-sauyen yanayi, tashin hankali ko halayyar da ba ta dace ba, da hallucinations. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a cikin fahimta na iya sa wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da sarrafa sabbin bayanai da wuya ga marasa lafiya. Delirium ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya a asibiti, yana bayyana a cikin 18-35% na marasa lafiya da ke buƙatar shigar asibiti.<ref name=":2" /> Har ila yau, ganewar asali ne wanda za'a iya samu yayin zaman asibiti, yawanci ta tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko waɗanda ke da haɗarin haɗari na delirium. Abubuwan haɗari na yau da kullun don delirium sun haɗa da tsufa, tsawo zama a asibiti, kamuwa da cuta, ciwo, da kuma tasirin magunguna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ormseth |first=Cora H. |last2=LaHue |first2=Sara C. |last3=Oldham |first3=Mark A. |last4=Josephson |first4=S. Andrew |last5=Whitaker |first5=Evans |last6=Douglas |first6=Vanja C. |date=2023-01-06 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}</ref> Duk da yake ganewar asali ne na yau da kullun, delirium na iya ƙara haɗarin zama a asibiti mai tsawo da haɗarin rikitarwa a duk lokacin zama a asibitin.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="McGohan">{{Cite journal |last=McGohan |year=2005 |title=Clinical Updates. Delirium |journal=The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=102–3 |doi=10.3928/0022-0124-20050501-05 |pmid=16022028}}</ref> '''Rarrabawar da aka rarraba''' Delirium na iya fadawa cikin rarrabuwa daban-daban bisa ga dalilin da alamun sa. Wadannan rarrabuwa sun hada da; shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko janyewa, magani, yanayin kiwon lafiya, dalilai da yawa. Ana amfani da bambance-bambance tsakanin tsawon alamomi (sa'o'i vs kwanaki) da matakin aiki (Ƙaruwa, raguwa, ko aiki mai gauraye) don ƙayyade ganewar asali. === Rashin hankali na ƙwaƙwalwa === Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda kuma ake kira rauni mai sauƙi (MCI), ana iya tunanin shi azaman matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin tsufa na al'ada da babban rikicewar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jongsiriyanyong |first=Sukanya |last2=Limpawattana |first2=Panita |date=2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article |journal=American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=500–7 |doi=10.1177/1533317518791401 |pmc=10852498 |pmid=30068225 |s2cid=51891998 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba kamar delirium ba, cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi suna tasowa a hankali kuma ana nuna su ta hanyar asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda zai iya ko bazai ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar neurocognitiv ba.<ref name=":3" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa tsakanin kashi 5-17% na marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar hankali mai sauƙi za su ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa a kowace shekara.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jie-Qiong |last2=Tan |first2=Lan |last3=Wang |first3=Hui-Fu |last4=Tan |first4=Meng-Shan |last5=Tan |first5=Lin |last6=Xu |first6=Wei |last7=Zhao |first7=Qing-Fei |last8=Wang |first8=Jun |last9=Jiang |first9=Teng |last10=Yu |first10=Jin-Tai |date=2015 |title=Risk factors for predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=476–484 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-310095 |pmid=26001840 |s2cid=15092127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halin yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta mai sauƙi yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru, yana shafar 10-20% na manya masu shekaru 65 da haihuwa. Maza ma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na ci gaba da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langa |first=Kenneth M. |last2=Levine |first2=Deborah A. |date=2014 |title=The Diagnosis and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Clinical Review |journal=JAMA |volume=312 |issue=23 |pages=2551–61 |bibcode=2014JAMA..312.2551L |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.13806 |pmc=4269302 |pmid=25514304}}</ref> Baya ga asarar ƙwaƙwalwa da rashin fahimta, wasu alamun sun haɗa da aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, asarar tunani mai ban mamaki, canje-canjen halayyar / mutum, da yanke hukunci mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment |url=https://alzheimer.ca/sites/default/files/documents/other-dementias_mild-cognitive-impairment.pdf |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=Alzheimer Society of Canada}}</ref> === Babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa === Ana rarraba ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Har ila yau, har yanzu an san shi da dementia, babban rikicewar neurocognitive yana da alamar raguwar fahimta da tsangwama tare da 'yancin kai, yayin da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa mai sauƙi ke da alamar raguwa ta hankali kuma baya tsoma baki da' yancin kai. Don a gano shi, dole ne bai kasance saboda delirium ko wasu rikicewar hankali ba. Hakanan yawanci suna tare da wani rikice-rikice na fahimta. Ga abubuwan da ba za a iya juyawa ba na [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]] kamar shekaru, jinkirin raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da fahimta na rayuwa ne.<ref name="Guerrero" /> '''Rarrabawar da aka rarraba''' Hakazalika da delirium, duka cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi da manyan cututtukani suna rarraba su bisa ga dalilin (Alzheimer's, Frontotemporal degeneration, Parkinson's da sauransu). Alamomin da aka yi amfani da su don jagorantar ganewar asali sun haɗa da kasancewar ko rashin alamun halayyar kamar psychosis, tashin hankali, baƙin ciki. Ana amfani da tsananin alamun a halin yanzu a cikin rarrabuwa kuma ya dogara ne akan ikon mutum na yanzu don kammala ayyukan yau da kullun kamar aikin gida, sarrafa kuɗi, ciyarwa, ko wanka. == Binciken ganewa == Akwai hanyoyin gwaji da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don tantance fahimtar mai haƙuri da matakin sani, gami da jarrabawar Mini Mental Status (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Cog, da Cognitive Evaluation Method (CAM), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS), da dai sauransu. An nuna cewa CAM shine kayan aikin da aka fi amfani dashi don tantance delirium.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSettersSolberg2017">Setters, Belinda; Solberg, Laurence M. (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X "Delirium"]</span>. ''Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice''. Geriatrics. '''44''' (3): <span class="nowrap">541–</span>559. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010|10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28797379 28797379].</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wilber |first=Scott T. |last2=Ondrejka |first2=Jason E. |date=2016 |title=Altered Mental Status and Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073386271630027X |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |series=Geriatric Emergencies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=649–665 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012 |pmid=27475019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Tsoi |first=Kelvin K. F. |last2=Chan |first2=Joyce Y. C. |last3=Hirai |first3=Hoyee W. |last4=Wong |first4=Samuel Y. S. |last5=Kwok |first5=Timothy C. Y. |date=2015 |title=Cognitive Tests to Detect Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=175 |issue=9 |pages=1450–8 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2152 |pmid=26052687 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wani meta-analysis kallon daidaito da amfani na hanyoyi daban-daban na gwaji ya ba da rahoton cewa MMSE shine kayan aiki da aka fi amfani dashi don kimanta babban rikicewar neurocognitive, yayin da MoCA ya zama mafi amfani yayin tantancewa don ƙananan rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref name=":5" /> Binciken tsarin kwanan nan sun nuna buƙatar ci gaba, bincike mai kyau akan Mini-Cog da MoCA don kimanta raguwar fahimta da ci gaban jagororin asibiti akan amfani da su a saituna daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Daniel HJ |last2=Creavin |first2=Samuel T |last3=Yip |first3=Jennifer LY |last4=Noel-Storr |first4=Anna H |last5=Brayne |first5=Carol |last6=Cullum |first6=Sarah |date=2021-07-13 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the detection of dementia |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010775.pub3 |pmc=8407452 |pmid=34255351}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fage |first=Bruce A |last2=Chan |first2=Calvin CH |last3=Gill |first3=Sudeep S |last4=Noel-Storr |first4=Anna H |last5=Herrmann |first5=Nathan |last6=Smailagic |first6=Nadja |last7=Nikolaou |first7=Vasilis |last8=Seitz |first8=Dallas P |date=2021-07-14 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Mini-Cog for the detection of dementia within a community setting |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010860.pub3 |pmc=8278980 |pmid=34259337}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9d4xpexlej8d8i42hc6sj0gq8ihvpti 869144 869143 2026-06-27T06:49:41Z Arabiyu 28508 869144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Neurocognitive disorders''' ('''NCDs'''), also known as '''cognitive disorders''' ('''CDs'''), are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (also known as [[dementia]]). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, [[Harshe (yare)|language]], complex attention, and social cognition. Kodayake Cutar Alzheimer tana da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai yanayi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunani, da ikon yin tunani, gami da lalacewar gaba, Cutar Huntington, Dementia tare da jikin Lewy, rauni na kwakwalwa (TBI), Cutar Parkinson, Cutar prion, da dementia / cututtukani na jijiyoyi saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV. Ana gano cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Duk da yake rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikice-rikicen yanayi, da rikice-rubuce na hankali na iya samun tasiri a kan ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin rikice-rashin hankali ba saboda asarar aikin fahimta ba shine alamar farko ba. Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayar halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba da yanayin da aka samu na cututtuken neurocognitive. Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magunguna sun dogara da yadda ake haifar da cuta. Magunguna da warkewa sune mafi yawan jiyya; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'in Amnesia, jiyya na iya kawar da alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani.<ref name="Torpy dementia" /><ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Rarraba == Buga na baya na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) ya haɗa da wani sashi mai taken "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders," wanda aka sake shi a cikin DSM-5 zuwa mafi girma "Neurocognitive Disorder". An bayyana cututtukan Neurocognitif a matsayin waɗanda ke da "babban raunin fahimta ko ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke wakiltar lalacewa mai mahimmanci daga matakin da ya gabata na aiki. " Babban ka'idar da ke rarrabe rikice-rikicen neurocognitive daga rikice-rikice na yanayi da sauran yanayin ilimin halayyar da suka shafi wani bangare na fahimta (watau karuwar lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar da marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki suka lura) shine cewa raguwar fahimta shine "ma'anar halayyar" rikicewar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sachdev |first=Perminder S. |last2=Blacker |first2=Deborah |last3=Blazer |first3=Dan G. |last4=Ganguli |first4=Mary |last5=Jeste |first5=Dilip V. |last6=Paulsen |first6=Jane S. |last7=Petersen |first7=Ronald C. |date=2014-11-01 |title=Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=17594758&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA389800863&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=634–643 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 |pmid=25266297 |s2cid=20635070 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an kara kalmar "neurocognitive" saboda waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna da canje-canje / rashin aiki a cikin ilimin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (watau amyloid plaque build-up a cikin cutar Alzheimer). <ref name=":1" /> Sassan sun haɗa da delirium, rikicewar neurocognitive mai sauƙi, da kuma babban rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stokin |first=Gorazd B. |last2=Krell-Roesch |first2=Janina |last3=Petersen |first3=Ronald C. |last4=Geda |first4=Yonas E. |date=2015 |title=Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: An Old Wine in a New Bottle |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1097/HRP.0000000000000084 |issn=1465-7309 |pmc=4894762 |pmid=26332219}}</ref> A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan rarrabuwa masu faɗi, akwai rarrabuwa da suka danganci ƙwayoyin cuta da alamun cututtuka. === Rashin fahimta === Delirium wani nau'i ne na rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke tasowa cikin sauri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana iya bayyana Delirium ta amfani da wasu kalmomi da yawa, gami da: encephalopathy, canjin yanayin tunani, canjin matakin sani, canjin halin tunani, da gazawar kwakwalwa. An bayyana shi a cikin DSM-5 a matsayin canji mai mahimmanci a cikin halin tunani tare da canje-canje masu alaƙa da fahimta, hankali, da matakin sani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Farawar delirium na iya bambanta daga minti zuwa sa'o'i kuma wani lokacin kwanaki. Koyaya, hanyar delirium yawanci yana ɗaukar daga 'yan sa'o'i zuwa makonni, dangane da ainihin dalilin. Delirium kuma zai iya kasancewa tare da canji a hankali, sauye-sauyen yanayi, tashin hankali ko halayyar da ba ta dace ba, da hallucinations. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a cikin fahimta na iya sa wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da sarrafa sabbin bayanai da wuya ga marasa lafiya. Delirium ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya a asibiti, yana bayyana a cikin 18-35% na marasa lafiya da ke buƙatar shigar asibiti.<ref name=":2" /> Har ila yau, ganewar asali ne wanda za'a iya samu yayin zaman asibiti, yawanci ta tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko waɗanda ke da haɗarin haɗari na delirium. Abubuwan haɗari na yau da kullun don delirium sun haɗa da tsufa, tsawo zama a asibiti, kamuwa da cuta, ciwo, da kuma tasirin magunguna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ormseth |first=Cora H. |last2=LaHue |first2=Sara C. |last3=Oldham |first3=Mark A. |last4=Josephson |first4=S. Andrew |last5=Whitaker |first5=Evans |last6=Douglas |first6=Vanja C. |date=2023-01-06 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}</ref> Duk da yake ganewar asali ne na yau da kullun, delirium na iya ƙara haɗarin zama a asibiti mai tsawo da haɗarin rikitarwa a duk lokacin zama a asibitin.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="McGohan">{{Cite journal |last=McGohan |year=2005 |title=Clinical Updates. Delirium |journal=The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=102–3 |doi=10.3928/0022-0124-20050501-05 |pmid=16022028}}</ref> '''Rarrabawar da aka rarraba''' Delirium na iya fadawa cikin rarrabuwa daban-daban bisa ga dalilin da alamun sa. Wadannan rarrabuwa sun hada da; shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko janyewa, magani, yanayin kiwon lafiya, dalilai da yawa. Ana amfani da bambance-bambance tsakanin tsawon alamomi (sa'o'i vs kwanaki) da matakin aiki (Ƙaruwa, raguwa, ko aiki mai gauraye) don ƙayyade ganewar asali. === Rashin hankali na ƙwaƙwalwa === Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda kuma ake kira rauni mai sauƙi (MCI), ana iya tunanin shi azaman matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin tsufa na al'ada da babban rikicewar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jongsiriyanyong |first=Sukanya |last2=Limpawattana |first2=Panita |date=2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article |journal=American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=500–7 |doi=10.1177/1533317518791401 |pmc=10852498 |pmid=30068225 |s2cid=51891998 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba kamar delirium ba, cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi suna tasowa a hankali kuma ana nuna su ta hanyar asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda zai iya ko bazai ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar neurocognitiv ba.<ref name=":3" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa tsakanin kashi 5-17% na marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar hankali mai sauƙi za su ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa a kowace shekara.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jie-Qiong |last2=Tan |first2=Lan |last3=Wang |first3=Hui-Fu |last4=Tan |first4=Meng-Shan |last5=Tan |first5=Lin |last6=Xu |first6=Wei |last7=Zhao |first7=Qing-Fei |last8=Wang |first8=Jun |last9=Jiang |first9=Teng |last10=Yu |first10=Jin-Tai |date=2015 |title=Risk factors for predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=476–484 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-310095 |pmid=26001840 |s2cid=15092127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halin yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta mai sauƙi yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru, yana shafar 10-20% na manya masu shekaru 65 da haihuwa. Maza ma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na ci gaba da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langa |first=Kenneth M. |last2=Levine |first2=Deborah A. |date=2014 |title=The Diagnosis and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Clinical Review |journal=JAMA |volume=312 |issue=23 |pages=2551–61 |bibcode=2014JAMA..312.2551L |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.13806 |pmc=4269302 |pmid=25514304}}</ref> Baya ga asarar ƙwaƙwalwa da rashin fahimta, wasu alamun sun haɗa da aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, asarar tunani mai ban mamaki, canje-canjen halayyar / mutum, da yanke hukunci mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment |url=https://alzheimer.ca/sites/default/files/documents/other-dementias_mild-cognitive-impairment.pdf |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=Alzheimer Society of Canada}}</ref> === Babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa === Ana rarraba ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Har ila yau, har yanzu an san shi da dementia, babban rikicewar neurocognitive yana da alamar raguwar fahimta da tsangwama tare da 'yancin kai, yayin da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa mai sauƙi ke da alamar raguwa ta hankali kuma baya tsoma baki da' yancin kai. Don a gano shi, dole ne bai kasance saboda delirium ko wasu rikicewar hankali ba. Hakanan yawanci suna tare da wani rikice-rikice na fahimta. Ga abubuwan da ba za a iya juyawa ba na [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]] kamar shekaru, jinkirin raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da fahimta na rayuwa ne.<ref name="Guerrero" /> '''Rarrabawar da aka rarraba''' Hakazalika da delirium, duka cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi da manyan cututtukani suna rarraba su bisa ga dalilin (Alzheimer's, Frontotemporal degeneration, Parkinson's da sauransu). Alamomin da aka yi amfani da su don jagorantar ganewar asali sun haɗa da kasancewar ko rashin alamun halayyar kamar psychosis, tashin hankali, baƙin ciki. Ana amfani da tsananin alamun a halin yanzu a cikin rarrabuwa kuma ya dogara ne akan ikon mutum na yanzu don kammala ayyukan yau da kullun kamar aikin gida, sarrafa kuɗi, ciyarwa, ko wanka. == Binciken ganewa == Akwai hanyoyin gwaji da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don tantance fahimtar mai haƙuri da matakin sani, gami da jarrabawar Mini Mental Status (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Cog, da Cognitive Evaluation Method (CAM), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS), da dai sauransu. An nuna cewa CAM shine kayan aikin da aka fi amfani dashi don tantance delirium.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSettersSolberg2017">Setters, Belinda; Solberg, Laurence M. (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X "Delirium"]</span>. ''Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice''. Geriatrics. '''44''' (3): <span class="nowrap">541–</span>559. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010|10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28797379 28797379].</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wilber |first=Scott T. |last2=Ondrejka |first2=Jason E. |date=2016 |title=Altered Mental Status and Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073386271630027X |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |series=Geriatric Emergencies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=649–665 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012 |pmid=27475019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Tsoi |first=Kelvin K. F. |last2=Chan |first2=Joyce Y. C. |last3=Hirai |first3=Hoyee W. |last4=Wong |first4=Samuel Y. S. |last5=Kwok |first5=Timothy C. Y. |date=2015 |title=Cognitive Tests to Detect Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=175 |issue=9 |pages=1450–8 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2152 |pmid=26052687 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wani meta-analysis kallon daidaito da amfani na hanyoyi daban-daban na gwaji ya ba da rahoton cewa MMSE shine kayan aiki da aka fi amfani dashi don kimanta babban rikicewar neurocognitive, yayin da MoCA ya zama mafi amfani yayin tantancewa don ƙananan rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref name=":5" /> Binciken tsarin kwanan nan sun nuna buƙatar ci gaba, bincike mai kyau akan Mini-Cog da MoCA don kimanta raguwar fahimta da ci gaban jagororin asibiti akan amfani da su a saituna daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Daniel HJ |last2=Creavin |first2=Samuel T |last3=Yip |first3=Jennifer LY |last4=Noel-Storr |first4=Anna H |last5=Brayne |first5=Carol |last6=Cullum |first6=Sarah |date=2021-07-13 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the detection of dementia |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010775.pub3 |pmc=8407452 |pmid=34255351}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fage |first=Bruce A |last2=Chan |first2=Calvin CH |last3=Gill |first3=Sudeep S |last4=Noel-Storr |first4=Anna H |last5=Herrmann |first5=Nathan |last6=Smailagic |first6=Nadja |last7=Nikolaou |first7=Vasilis |last8=Seitz |first8=Dallas P |date=2021-07-14 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Mini-Cog for the detection of dementia within a community setting |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010860.pub3 |pmc=8278980 |pmid=34259337}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2box3p91mnepq9xikoh6gzrocimqiwh 869145 869144 2026-06-27T06:50:03Z Arabiyu 28508 /* Binciken ganewa */ 869145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Neurocognitive disorders''' ('''NCDs'''), also known as '''cognitive disorders''' ('''CDs'''), are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (also known as [[dementia]]). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Allyson |title=Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5 |url=http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918123220/http://sgec.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/sgec/documents/resources/dementia_and_caregiving/1_DiagnosisRosenDSM5NCD_AR4.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, [[Harshe (yare)|language]], complex attention, and social cognition. Kodayake Cutar Alzheimer tana da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai yanayi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunani, da ikon yin tunani, gami da lalacewar gaba, Cutar Huntington, Dementia tare da jikin Lewy, rauni na kwakwalwa (TBI), Cutar Parkinson, Cutar prion, da dementia / cututtukani na jijiyoyi saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV. Ana gano cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Duk da yake rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikice-rikicen yanayi, da rikice-rubuce na hankali na iya samun tasiri a kan ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin rikice-rashin hankali ba saboda asarar aikin fahimta ba shine alamar farko ba. Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayar halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba da yanayin da aka samu na cututtuken neurocognitive. Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="Torpy Delirium">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2008 |title=Delirium |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=300 |issue=19 |page=2936 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.24.2936 |pmid=19109124 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Torpy dementia">{{Cite journal |last=Torpy |first=Janet |year=2010 |title=Dementia |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=304 |issue=7 |page=1972 |doi=10.1001/jama.304.17.1972 |pmid=21045107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magunguna sun dogara da yadda ake haifar da cuta. Magunguna da warkewa sune mafi yawan jiyya; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'in Amnesia, jiyya na iya kawar da alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani.<ref name="Torpy dementia" /><ref name="Ciccarelli" /> == Rarraba == Buga na baya na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) ya haɗa da wani sashi mai taken "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders," wanda aka sake shi a cikin DSM-5 zuwa mafi girma "Neurocognitive Disorder". An bayyana cututtukan Neurocognitif a matsayin waɗanda ke da "babban raunin fahimta ko ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke wakiltar lalacewa mai mahimmanci daga matakin da ya gabata na aiki. " Babban ka'idar da ke rarrabe rikice-rikicen neurocognitive daga rikice-rikice na yanayi da sauran yanayin ilimin halayyar da suka shafi wani bangare na fahimta (watau karuwar lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar da marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki suka lura) shine cewa raguwar fahimta shine "ma'anar halayyar" rikicewar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sachdev |first=Perminder S. |last2=Blacker |first2=Deborah |last3=Blazer |first3=Dan G. |last4=Ganguli |first4=Mary |last5=Jeste |first5=Dilip V. |last6=Paulsen |first6=Jane S. |last7=Petersen |first7=Ronald C. |date=2014-11-01 |title=Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=17594758&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA389800863&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=634–643 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 |pmid=25266297 |s2cid=20635070 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an kara kalmar "neurocognitive" saboda waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna da canje-canje / rashin aiki a cikin ilimin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (watau amyloid plaque build-up a cikin cutar Alzheimer). <ref name=":1" /> Sassan sun haɗa da delirium, rikicewar neurocognitive mai sauƙi, da kuma babban rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stokin |first=Gorazd B. |last2=Krell-Roesch |first2=Janina |last3=Petersen |first3=Ronald C. |last4=Geda |first4=Yonas E. |date=2015 |title=Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: An Old Wine in a New Bottle |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1097/HRP.0000000000000084 |issn=1465-7309 |pmc=4894762 |pmid=26332219}}</ref> A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan rarrabuwa masu faɗi, akwai rarrabuwa da suka danganci ƙwayoyin cuta da alamun cututtuka. === Rashin fahimta === Delirium wani nau'i ne na rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke tasowa cikin sauri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana iya bayyana Delirium ta amfani da wasu kalmomi da yawa, gami da: encephalopathy, canjin yanayin tunani, canjin matakin sani, canjin halin tunani, da gazawar kwakwalwa. An bayyana shi a cikin DSM-5 a matsayin canji mai mahimmanci a cikin halin tunani tare da canje-canje masu alaƙa da fahimta, hankali, da matakin sani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Farawar delirium na iya bambanta daga minti zuwa sa'o'i kuma wani lokacin kwanaki. Koyaya, hanyar delirium yawanci yana ɗaukar daga 'yan sa'o'i zuwa makonni, dangane da ainihin dalilin. Delirium kuma zai iya kasancewa tare da canji a hankali, sauye-sauyen yanayi, tashin hankali ko halayyar da ba ta dace ba, da hallucinations. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a cikin fahimta na iya sa wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da sarrafa sabbin bayanai da wuya ga marasa lafiya. Delirium ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya a asibiti, yana bayyana a cikin 18-35% na marasa lafiya da ke buƙatar shigar asibiti.<ref name=":2" /> Har ila yau, ganewar asali ne wanda za'a iya samu yayin zaman asibiti, yawanci ta tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko waɗanda ke da haɗarin haɗari na delirium. Abubuwan haɗari na yau da kullun don delirium sun haɗa da tsufa, tsawo zama a asibiti, kamuwa da cuta, ciwo, da kuma tasirin magunguna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ormseth |first=Cora H. |last2=LaHue |first2=Sara C. |last3=Oldham |first3=Mark A. |last4=Josephson |first4=S. Andrew |last5=Whitaker |first5=Evans |last6=Douglas |first6=Vanja C. |date=2023-01-06 |title=Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e2249950 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=9856673 |pmid=36607634}}</ref> Duk da yake ganewar asali ne na yau da kullun, delirium na iya ƙara haɗarin zama a asibiti mai tsawo da haɗarin rikitarwa a duk lokacin zama a asibitin.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="McGohan">{{Cite journal |last=McGohan |year=2005 |title=Clinical Updates. Delirium |journal=The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=102–3 |doi=10.3928/0022-0124-20050501-05 |pmid=16022028}}</ref> '''Rarrabawar da aka rarraba''' Delirium na iya fadawa cikin rarrabuwa daban-daban bisa ga dalilin da alamun sa. Wadannan rarrabuwa sun hada da; shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko janyewa, magani, yanayin kiwon lafiya, dalilai da yawa. Ana amfani da bambance-bambance tsakanin tsawon alamomi (sa'o'i vs kwanaki) da matakin aiki (Ƙaruwa, raguwa, ko aiki mai gauraye) don ƙayyade ganewar asali. === Rashin hankali na ƙwaƙwalwa === Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda kuma ake kira rauni mai sauƙi (MCI), ana iya tunanin shi azaman matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin tsufa na al'ada da babban rikicewar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jongsiriyanyong |first=Sukanya |last2=Limpawattana |first2=Panita |date=2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article |journal=American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=500–7 |doi=10.1177/1533317518791401 |pmc=10852498 |pmid=30068225 |s2cid=51891998 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba kamar delirium ba, cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi suna tasowa a hankali kuma ana nuna su ta hanyar asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda zai iya ko bazai ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar neurocognitiv ba.<ref name=":3" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa tsakanin kashi 5-17% na marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar hankali mai sauƙi za su ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa a kowace shekara.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jie-Qiong |last2=Tan |first2=Lan |last3=Wang |first3=Hui-Fu |last4=Tan |first4=Meng-Shan |last5=Tan |first5=Lin |last6=Xu |first6=Wei |last7=Zhao |first7=Qing-Fei |last8=Wang |first8=Jun |last9=Jiang |first9=Teng |last10=Yu |first10=Jin-Tai |date=2015 |title=Risk factors for predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=476–484 |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2014-310095 |pmid=26001840 |s2cid=15092127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halin yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta mai sauƙi yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru, yana shafar 10-20% na manya masu shekaru 65 da haihuwa. Maza ma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na ci gaba da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langa |first=Kenneth M. |last2=Levine |first2=Deborah A. |date=2014 |title=The Diagnosis and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Clinical Review |journal=JAMA |volume=312 |issue=23 |pages=2551–61 |bibcode=2014JAMA..312.2551L |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.13806 |pmc=4269302 |pmid=25514304}}</ref> Baya ga asarar ƙwaƙwalwa da rashin fahimta, wasu alamun sun haɗa da aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, asarar tunani mai ban mamaki, canje-canjen halayyar / mutum, da yanke hukunci mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=Mild Cognitive Impairment |url=https://alzheimer.ca/sites/default/files/documents/other-dementias_mild-cognitive-impairment.pdf |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=Alzheimer Society of Canada}}</ref> === Babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa === Ana rarraba ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Har ila yau, har yanzu an san shi da dementia, babban rikicewar neurocognitive yana da alamar raguwar fahimta da tsangwama tare da 'yancin kai, yayin da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa mai sauƙi ke da alamar raguwa ta hankali kuma baya tsoma baki da' yancin kai. Don a gano shi, dole ne bai kasance saboda delirium ko wasu rikicewar hankali ba. Hakanan yawanci suna tare da wani rikice-rikice na fahimta. Ga abubuwan da ba za a iya juyawa ba na [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]] kamar shekaru, jinkirin raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da fahimta na rayuwa ne.<ref name="Guerrero" /> '''Rarrabawar da aka rarraba''' Hakazalika da delirium, duka cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi da manyan cututtukani suna rarraba su bisa ga dalilin (Alzheimer's, Frontotemporal degeneration, Parkinson's da sauransu). Alamomin da aka yi amfani da su don jagorantar ganewar asali sun haɗa da kasancewar ko rashin alamun halayyar kamar psychosis, tashin hankali, baƙin ciki. Ana amfani da tsananin alamun a halin yanzu a cikin rarrabuwa kuma ya dogara ne akan ikon mutum na yanzu don kammala ayyukan yau da kullun kamar aikin gida, sarrafa kuɗi, ciyarwa, ko wanka. == Binciken ganewa == Akwai hanyoyin gwaji da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don tantance fahimtar mai haƙuri da matakin sani, gami da jarrabawar Mini Mental Status (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Cog, da Cognitive Evaluation Method (CAM), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS), da dai sauransu. An nuna cewa CAM shine kayan aikin da aka fi amfani dashi don tantance delirium.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Setters |first=Belinda |last2=Solberg |first2=Laurence M. |date=2017 |title=Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |series=Geriatrics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=541–559 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010 |pmid=28797379 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSettersSolberg2017">Setters, Belinda; Solberg, Laurence M. (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009545431730060X "Delirium"]</span>. ''Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice''. Geriatrics. '''44''' (3): <span class="nowrap">541–</span>559. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010|10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28797379 28797379].</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wilber |first=Scott T. |last2=Ondrejka |first2=Jason E. |date=2016 |title=Altered Mental Status and Delirium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073386271630027X |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |series=Geriatric Emergencies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=649–665 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012 |pmid=27475019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Tsoi |first=Kelvin K. F. |last2=Chan |first2=Joyce Y. C. |last3=Hirai |first3=Hoyee W. |last4=Wong |first4=Samuel Y. S. |last5=Kwok |first5=Timothy C. Y. |date=2015 |title=Cognitive Tests to Detect Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=175 |issue=9 |pages=1450–8 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2152 |pmid=26052687 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wani meta-analysis kallon daidaito da amfani na hanyoyi daban-daban na gwaji ya ba da rahoton cewa MMSE shine kayan aiki da aka fi amfani dashi don kimanta babban rikicewar neurocognitive, yayin da MoCA ya zama mafi amfani yayin tantancewa don ƙananan rikicewar neurcognitive.<ref name=":5" /> Binciken tsarin kwanan nan sun nuna buƙatar ci gaba, bincike mai kyau akan Mini-Cog da MoCA don kimanta raguwar fahimta da ci gaban jagororin asibiti akan amfani da su a saituna daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Daniel HJ |last2=Creavin |first2=Samuel T |last3=Yip |first3=Jennifer LY |last4=Noel-Storr |first4=Anna H |last5=Brayne |first5=Carol |last6=Cullum |first6=Sarah |date=2021-07-13 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the detection of dementia |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010775.pub3 |pmc=8407452 |pmid=34255351}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fage |first=Bruce A |last2=Chan |first2=Calvin CH |last3=Gill |first3=Sudeep S |last4=Noel-Storr |first4=Anna H |last5=Herrmann |first5=Nathan |last6=Smailagic |first6=Nadja |last7=Nikolaou |first7=Vasilis |last8=Seitz |first8=Dallas P |date=2021-07-14 |editor-last=Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group |title=Mini-Cog for the detection of dementia within a community setting |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010860.pub3 |pmc=8278980 |pmid=34259337}}</ref> == Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ege3ns1l3kufb7zgtngufq5f9pubuiu 0 156783 868842 854955 2026-06-26T17:51:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A shekara ta 2006, matsanancin karancin abinci ya shafi kasashen da ke cikin Horn of Africa ([[Somaliya]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]]), da kuma arewa maso gabashin Kenya. Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (FAO) ta kiyasta a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2006, cewa fiye da mutane miliyan 11 a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe na iya shafar yunwa mai yawa, wanda yafi yawa ya danganta da [[fari]] mai tsanani, kuma ya kara tsanantawa da rikice-rikicen soja a yankin. == Dalilan da suka haifar == [[fari]] wani abu ne da za a iya hangowa a cikin Horn of Africa, kuma idan aka haɗa shi da wasu dalilai yana haifar da rikici da mummunar masifar ɗan adam.<ref name="ODI" /> Rashin ruwa da ya gabata a 1983-85, 1991-92 da 1998-99 da sauri ya sauya karuwar dabbobin da sannu a hankali kuma ya haifar da asarar yawan shanu har zuwa 62%.<ref name="ODI" /> Wadannan yanayin fari, tare da wasu dalilai ciki har da farashin hatsi mai yawa, yawan jama'a a yankin, watsar da hanyoyin kula da filayen gargajiya da rikici, suna haifar da yanayin yunwa. A cikin fari na yanzu na shekara ta 2006, da'awar game da abubuwan da ke canza fari zuwa yunwa sun haɗa da haramtacciyar shigo da dabbobi zuwa kasuwanni a cikin Jihohin Gulf na Farisa, wanda ya rage kudin shiga na manoma masu dogaro da dabbobi, ya kara karuwar [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]. Yawan jama'a a Gabashin Afirka ya karu da sauri a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin rikicin abinci. Daga miliyan 67 a 1950 zuwa miliyan 306 a 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100 |url=https://www.populationpyramid.net/%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20eastern-africa/2006/ |website=PopulationPyramid.net }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rikicin == [[Fayil:Kenya_drought_2006_timeline.png|right|thumb|Jerin lokaci na muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a Kenya. Hotuna daga Cibiyar Kula da Gargadi ta Farko (FEWS), USAID.]] === Djibouti === [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ya kasance mummunan fari; FAO ta kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'a (mutane 400 000) suna buƙatar taimakon abinci.&nbsp; === Habasha === FAO ta kiyasta cewa fiye da mutane miliyan daya a Yankin Somaliya na [[Itofiya|Habasha]] suna fuskantar matsanancin karancin abinci. Kodayake ana girbe amfanin gona a halin yanzu, ana sa ran karancin zai faru a kudu maso gabashin kasar. === Kenya === For a Project/Development Officer role, you can answer: I can contribute strong project planning, coordination, and stakeholder engagement skills. I have experience organizing community-based programs, managing timelines, preparing reports, coordinating teams, and ensuring project objectives are achieved effectively. My background in community development, training, and knowledge-sharing initiatives has strengthened my ability to work with diverse stakeholders, monitor project progress, and support sustainable development outcomes. I am also skilled in communication, problem-solving, and data management, which help ensure successful project === Somaliya === [[Somaliya]] ce mafi ƙarancin abin da ya shafa daga cikin ƙasashe huɗu. Kimanin mutane miliyan biyu a yankunan kiwo na kudancin kasar suna buƙatar taimakon jin kai. Tsawon rashin gwamnati mai karfi da kuma rashin kayan aikin sufuri sun haifar da matsaloli ga rarraba taimakon abinci. == Ƙoƙarin Taimako == A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, [[UNICEF]] ta yi gargadin cewa yara miliyan 1.5 da ba su kai shekara biyar ba suna fuskantar barazanar fari kuma sun yi kira ga dala miliyan 16 don taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan agaji a yankin. == Dubi kuma == * fari na Gabashin Afirka na 2011 * Yunwa ta 1984-1985 a Habasha * Yaduwar Sahel ta 2010 * [[Fari a yankin Sahel|Yaduwar Sahel]] == Manazarta == 8fkbdjzhb3jbcrljt0wxv9iat87ilnn 0 156790 869210 854969 2026-06-27T09:37:43Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tarihi */ 869210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Mengistu_Haile_Mariam_3.jpg|thumb|220x220px|A cewar Oxfam da Human Rights Watch, Mengistu Haile Mariam ta taimaka wajen shirya manufofi da suka kara tasirin yunwa. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] saboda laifuka da aka aikata a lokacin mulkinsa (Derg). Ya zuwa 2018, Mengistu ya zauna a gudun hijira a [[Zimbabwe]] . ]] Wata yunwa da ta yadu ta shafi [[Itofiya|Habasha]] daga 1983 zuwa 1985.{{Sfn|de Waal|1991}} Mafi munin yunwa da ya mamaye kasar a cikin karni daya, ya shafi mutane miliyan 7.75 (daga cikin miliyan 38-40 na [[Itofiya|Habasha]]) kuma ya bar kusan 300,000 zuwa miliyan 1.2 da suka mutu. Mutane miliyan 2.5 ne suka rasa muhallinsu yayin da 'yan gudun hijira 400,000 suka bar Habasha. Kusan yara 200,000 sun kasance marayu.<ref name="US">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia Drought/Famine (1983–1985) |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAH005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212224417/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAH005.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2022 |website=[[United States Agency for International Development]] |quote=No. Dead: More than 300,000 No. Affected: 7.75 million}}</ref><ref name="Ethiopia Since Live Aid">{{Cite web |last=Peter Gill |title=Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/peter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516155623/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/peter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=2 March 2019 |page=44}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; A cewar Human Rights Watch, fiye da rabin mutuwarsa za a iya danganta shi da "rashin cin zarafin bil'adama wanda ya haifar da yunwa ta zo da wuri, yajin aiki da karfi kuma ya kara da yadda zai kasance".{{Sfn|de Waal|1991}} A cewar [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka]], "a cikin fall of 1984, yankunan da suka fi fama da cutar sune Tigray, Wollo, da Eritrea - yankunan da ke da iyakancewar hanyoyi da hanyoyin sufuri. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan yankuna sun kasance wuraren tawaye na dogon lokaci wanda ya haifar da yanayin tsaro mai haɗari". <ref name="US">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia Drought/Famine (1983–1985) |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAH005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212224417/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAH005.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2022 |website=[[United States Agency for International Development]] |quote=No. Dead: More than 300,000 No. Affected: 7.75 million}}</ref> Sauran yankuna na Habasha sun fuskanci yunwa saboda irin waɗannan dalilai, wanda ya haifar le dubban ƙarin mutuwar. {{Sfn|de Waal|1991}} Yunwa gabaɗaya ta faru ne shekaru goma cikin [[Yaƙin basasar Kasar Habasha|Yaƙin basasar Habasha]].{{Sfn|de Waal|1991}} Tun daga shekara ta 1991, bayanin da aka fi so game da yunwa ta 1983-1985 shine "[[Yaƙin basasar Kasar Habasha|yaƙi]] da fari".{{Sfn|de Waal|1991}} A cewar kungiyoyin Human Rights Watch da Oxfam, yunwa da ta mamaye Habasha tsakanin 1961 da 1985, kuma musamman na 1983-1985, an kirkiresu ne da manufofin soja na gwamnati, musamman tsarin da ake kira dabarun yaki da ta'addanci (a kan 'yan tawaye na Tigray People's Liberation Front), da kuma "canjin zamantakewa" a yankunan da ba masu tayar da kayar baya ba (a kan mutanen Lardin Tigray, Lardin Wollo da sauransu). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter Gill |title=Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/peter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516155623/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/peter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=2 March 2019 |page=43}}</ref>{{Sfn|de Waal|1991}}{{Sfn|Young|2006}} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:FAO_kcal_his.png|thumb|300x300px|Abinci (Tushen Makamashi) Waɗannan ƙimar da aka bayar ne, ƙimar cin abinci kusan 60-70% ne na makamashi da aka bayar. Sauran yankuna (Yr 2010): Afirka, yankin Sahara: 2170 kcal / babban birnin / rana N.E. da Arewacin Afirka: 3120 kcal / Babban birnin / rana Kudancin Asiya: 2450 kcal / gari / rana<br /><br /><br /><br />]] A duk lokacin feudal, yunwa ta zama ruwan dare a Habasha, musamman a arewa.<ref name="De Waal" /> Har ila yau, yunwa ta cikin gida ta kasance mai yawa amma kuma ba a rubuta ta ba.<ref name="De Waal" /> Mafi sananne shine "Babban Yunwa na Habasha" wanda ya kashe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan mutanen Habasha tsakanin 1888 da 1892. A shekara ta 1958, yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000.<ref name="De Waal" /> A shekara ta 1966, yunwa ta kashe 50,000.<ref name="De Waal" /> A shekarar 1973, fari da kuma korar fursunonin sun haifar da yunwar da ta kashe mutane 40,000 zuwa 200,000 a Wollo, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zanga a babban birnin Addis Ababa, inda matasan Amhara suka yi Allah wadai da yunwar da aka yi watsi da ita. Duk da yunƙurin da aka yi na dakile labarin wannan yunwar, rahotannin da aka fallasa sun taimaka wajen lalata sahihancin gwamnati kuma sun zama wurin taruwa ga masu adawa da ita, wadanda suka yi korafin cewa attajirai da gwamnatin Habasha sun yi watsi da yunwar da kuma mutanen da suka mutu. Sannan a shekarar 1974, wata ƙungiyar sojoji da aka sani da Derg ta hambarar da Haile Selassie . Derg ta magance yunwar Wollo ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Hukumar Agaji da Gyaran Hali (RRC) don bincika musabbabin yunwar da kuma hana sake afkuwarta, sannan ta soke mulkin fursunonin a watan Maris na 1975. Da farko RRC ta sami 'yancin kai daga Derg fiye da kowace ma'aikata, galibi saboda kusancinta da masu ba da gudummawa na ƙasashen waje da kuma ingancin wasu manyan ma'aikatanta. Sakamakon haka, masu tayar da kayar baya suka fara yaɗuwa zuwa yankunan gudanarwa na ƙasar. {{Sfn|de Waal|2002}} == Yunwa == [[Fayil:MASTER_SGT._Edward_Barnes,_loadmaster_from_the_6th_Military_Airlift_Squadron,_directs_the_loading_of_one_of_11_pallets_of_supplies_onto_a_waiting_truck_during_Ethiopian_relief_opera_-_DPLA_-_bc5b8b02657a68af0c663e43cc117927.jpeg|right|thumb|Ana sauke taimakon yunwa daga babbar mota a shekarar 1985]] Gundumomi huɗu na Habasha - Gojjam, Hararghe, Tigray da Wollo - duk sun sami ruwan sama mai yawa a tsakiyar shekarun 1980.{{Sfn|Webb|von Braun|1994}} A kudu, wani dalili daban kuma na lokaci guda shine martani na gwamnati ga tawaye na Oromo Liberation Front (OLF). A shekara ta 1984, Mengistu Haile Mariam ta ba da sanarwar cewa kashi 46% na Gross National Product na Habasha za a rarraba shi ga kashe kuɗin soja, wanda ya haifar da babbar rundunar sojoji a yankin Sahara na Afirka; rarraba kiwon lafiya a cikin kasafin kudin gwamnati ya fadi daga 6% a 1973-1974 zuwa 3% daga 1990-1991.{{Sfn|Webb|von Braun|1994}} Kodayake ana yawan ambaton kimantawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na mutuwar mutum miliyan daya don yunwa ta 1983-1985, masanin yunwa Alex na Waal ya kalubalanci wannan adadi. A cikin wani babban binciken, de Waal ya soki Majalisar Dinkin Duniya saboda kasancewa "mai ban mamaki" game da yawan mutanen da suka mutu, tare da adadi miliyan daya na Majalisar Dinkinobho da ke da "babu wani tushe na kimiyya," gaskiyar da ke wakiltar "rashin muhimmanci da rashin mutunci na masifar ɗan adam. "{{Sfn|de Waal|1991}} De Waal ya kiyasta cewa 400,000 zuwa 500,000 sun mutu a cikin yunwa. == Manazarta == 4apcvvchzqgbxkr604jzlo44v2asll9 0 156962 869015 855536 2026-06-26T22:54:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | office1 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]] | term_start1 = 18 March 2023 | term_end1 = | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]<br>from BabadabeYaralea, Kaiama Local Government | term_start2 = 18 March 2023 | term_end2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | constituency2 = Kaiama/Kemanji/Wajibe | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|02|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[BabadabeYaralea]], Kaiama Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[Usman Danfodio University]] }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Political Scientist}} | education = [[Kwara State Polytechnic]] | profession = | awards = | website = }} '''Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba''' [[ɗan siyasa]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Kaiama / Kemanji / Wajibe, yankin karamar hukuma ta Kaiama a Majalisar Dokokin [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] ta 9 da 10 a Majalisar Dokoki ta Jihar Kwara <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Azeez |first=Biola |date=2023-03-21 |title=APC wins 23 Kwara Assembly seats, PDP wins one seat |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-pdp-wins-one-seat/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Adebayo |first=Abdulrazaq |date=2022-10-06 |title=Kwara Assembly urges thorough probe of Kaiama's general hospital CMD |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/06/kwara-assembly-urges-thorough-probe-of-kaiamas-general-hospital-cmd/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref>. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Danbaba a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1978 a BabadabeYaralea, yankin karamar hukumar Kaiama na Jihar Kwara [[Najeriya]] . Ya halarci Kwara State Polytechnic don IJMB 'A' a 1995 da kuma [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Usman Danfodio]] don digiri na farko a Kimiyya ta Siyasa a 2000 .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_Danbaba |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=www.kwha.gov.ng |archive-date=2024-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920081507/https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_Danbaba |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Danbaba a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman kan Harkokin Shari'a ga tsohon Shugaban Karamar Hukumar [[Kaiama]], matsayin da ya rike daga 2004 zuwa 2007. A shekara ta 2007, an nada shi Mataimakin Musamman ga Babban Gwamnan Jihar Kwara, Sanata [[Bukola Saraki]] . An sake nada shi a wannan mukamin a shekarar 2018, yana aiki a karkashin Mai Girma, Gwamna [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] . A cikin 2019, ya yi takara kuma ya lashe zabe a matsayin memba na Majalisar 9 a Jihar Kwara a karkashin dandalin All Progressive Congress kuma ya lashe zabensa a cikin babban zaben 2023 don wakiltar Kaiama / Kemanji / Wajibe a Majalisar 10.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Azeez |first=Biola |date=2023-03-21 |title=APC wins 23 Kwara Assembly seats, PDP wins one seat |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-pdp-wins-one-seat/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] iyggsp9d5nuskh4cifs412d4x5eg6hw 0 156965 869206 855550 2026-06-27T09:14:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox medical intervention|Name=Orthopedic|Image=Teardrop fracture.jpg|Caption=A fracture of the lower [[cervical vertebrae]], one of the conditions treated by orthopedic surgeons and [[neurosurgeons]]|ICD10=|ICD9=|ICD9_mult=|MeshID=D019637|OPS301=|OtherCodes=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Tiyatar ƙashi''' ko '''ƙashi''' ( wani nau'in rubutun '''ƙashi''' ) reshe ne na tiyata da ke da alaƙa da yanayin da ya shafi [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|tsarin ƙashi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=Orthopedic Surgeons: Seven Things You Need to Know |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/musculoskeletal-and-rheumatology/2019/december/ortho-surgeons-7-things-to-know |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Penn Musculoskeletal and Rheumatology Blog |publisher=The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania}}</ref> Likitocin ƙashi suna amfani da hanyoyin tiyata da waɗanda ba tiyata ba don magance raunin ƙashi, cututtukan ƙashi, [[raunin wasanni]], [[Cutar da ke raguwa|cututtukan da suka shafi lalacewa]], cututtuka, ciwace -ciwacen daji da kuma matsalolin haihuwa .<templatestyles src="Template:TOC limit/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Nicolas Andry ya ƙirƙiro kalmar a cikin Faransanci a matsayin ''{{Lang|fr|orthopédie}}'', an samo shi ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Girkanci {{Lang|grc|ὀρθός}} {{Lang|grc-latn|orthos}} ("daidai", "madaidaici") da {{Lang|grc|παιδίον}} {{Lang|grc-latn|paidion}} ("yaro"), kuma sun buga ''Orthopedie'' (wanda aka fassara a matsayin ''Orthopædia: Ko kuma Fasahar Gyara da Hana Nakasa a Yara'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 1980 |title=Orthopædia, or, The art of correcting and preventing deformities in children |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ9sAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Classics of Medicine Library |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> ) a cikin 1741. An haɗa kalmar zuwa Turanci a matsayin ''orthopædics'' ; ligature ''æ'' ya zama ruwan dare a wannan zamanin don ''ae'' a cikin kalmomin Girka da Latin. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, an fara haɓaka horon ne da kulawa ga yara, amma gyaran nakasar ƙashi da ƙashi a dukkan matakai na rayuwa daga ƙarshe ya zama ginshiƙin aikin orthopedic. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Bambance-bambance a cikin rubutu === Kamar yadda yake da kalmomi da yawa da aka samo daga ligature na "æ", sauƙaƙawa zuwa ko dai "ae" ko kawai "e" abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a Arewacin Amurka. A Amurka, yawancin shirye-shiryen kwaleji, jami'a, da zama, har ma da Kwalejin Likitocin Kafa ta Amurka, har yanzu suna amfani da rubutun tare da digraph ae, kodayake asibitoci yawanci suna amfani da gajeriyar hanyar. A wani wuri, amfani ba iri ɗaya ba ne; a Kanada, duka haruffan ana yarda da su; "orthopaedics" shine rubutun da aka saba yi a Burtaniya daidai da sauran fannoni waɗanda ke riƙe "ae". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == === Kashin baya na farko === An samu ci gaba da yawa a fannin tiyatar ƙashi sakamakon gogewa a lokacin yaƙi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith DC |date=September 2015 |title=Extremity Injury and War: A Historical Reflection |journal=[[Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research]] |volume=473 |issue=9 |pages=2771–2776 |doi=10.1007/s11999-015-4327-5 |pmc=4523509 |pmid=25930212}}</ref> A fagen fama na [[Zamanin Tsakiya|Tsakiyar Zamani]], an yi wa waɗanda suka ji rauni magani da bandeji da aka jika a cikin jinin dawaki, wanda ya bushe don ya zama ƙashin baya mai tauri, idan ba shi da tsafta. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Da farko, kalmar orthopedics tana nufin gyara nakasar tsoka a cikin yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orthopedic surgery |url=https://howellmedical.com/orthopedic-surgery/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Harbin Howell Medical Apparatus and Instruments Co., LTD |language=en}}</ref> Nicolas Andry, farfesa a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Paris, ya ƙirƙiro kalmar a cikin littafin farko da aka rubuta kan wannan batu a shekara ta 1741. Ya ba da shawarar amfani da motsa jiki, sarrafa hannu, da kuma cire ƙashin baya don magance nakasar yara. Littafinsa ya yi magana ne game da iyaye, kuma yayin da wasu batutuwa za su saba da masu maganin ƙashi a yau, ya kuma haɗa da 'gumi mai yawa na tafin hannu' da freckles. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Sugar-Tong Forearm Splinting Technique: Application of Sugar-Tong Splint, Postprocedural Care, Complications |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/80127-technique |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Medscape |publisher=WebMD LLC}}</ref> Jean-André Venel ya kafa cibiyar kashin baya ta farko a shekarar 1780, wadda ita ce asibiti ta farko da aka keɓe don kula da nakasar ƙasusuwan yara. Ya ƙirƙiro takalmin ƙafa mai kama da na ƙwallon ƙafa ga yaran da aka haifa da nakasar ƙafa da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban na magance lanƙwasa na kashin baya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin tiyata a ƙarni na 18, kamar binciken John Hunter kan warkar da jijiyoyi da kuma aikin Percivall Pott kan nakasar ƙashin baya ya ci gaba da ƙara yawan sabbin hanyoyin da ake da su don samun ingantaccen magani. Robert Chessher, wani ƙwararren likitan ƙashin baya na Burtaniya, ya ƙirƙiro jirgin sama mai karkata biyu, wanda ake amfani da shi don magance karyewar ƙashi a ƙananan jiki, a cikin 1790. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valentin |first=Bruno |date=October 1958 |title=Robert Chessher (1750–1831): An English Pioneer in Orthopaedics |journal=Medical History |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300024054 |issn=0025-7273 |pmc=1034426 |pmid=13599783}}</ref> Antonius Mathijsen, wani likitan tiyata na soja na Holland, ya ƙirƙiro simintin gyaran ƙafa na Paris a cikin 1851. Har zuwa shekarun 1890, duk da haka, tiyatar ƙashin baya har yanzu bincike ne da aka iyakance ga gyaran nakasar yara. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tiyata na farko da aka haɓaka shine tiyatar ƙashin baya. Wannan ya haɗa da yanke jijiyar, wacce asalinta ita ce jijiyar Achilles, don taimakawa wajen magance nakasar tare da ƙarfafa gwiwa da motsa jiki. A ƙarshen shekarun 1800 da farkon shekarun 1900, babbar ce-ce-ku-ce ta taso game da ko tiyatar ƙashin baya ya kamata ta haɗa da hanyoyin tiyata kwata-kwata. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Kashin baya na zamani === [[Fayil:Hugh_Owen_Thomas.jpg|right|thumb|Hugh Owen Thomas, wani majagaba a fannin tiyatar ƙashi ta zamani]] Misalan mutanen da suka taimaka wajen haɓaka tiyatar ƙashi ta zamani sune Hugh Owen Thomas, likitan fiɗa daga [[Wales]], da ɗan uwansa, Robert Jones . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beckett D |date=1999 |title=From bonesetters to orthopedic surgeons: a history of the specialty of orthopedics. |url=http://www.ast.org/pdf/173.pdf |journal=Surgical Technologist |volume=31 |pages=6–11}}</ref> Thomas ya fara sha'awar tiyatar ƙashi da daidaita ƙashi tun yana ƙarami, kuma bayan ya kafa nasa aikin, ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa fannin zuwa ga maganin karyewar ƙashi da sauran matsalolin ƙashi. Ya ba da shawarar a tilasta hutawa a matsayin mafi kyawun magani ga karyewar ƙashi da [[tarin fuka]], kuma ya ƙirƙiri abin da ake kira "Thomas splint" don daidaita karyewar ƙashi da hana kamuwa da cuta. Shi ne kuma ke da alhakin wasu sabbin abubuwa na likitanci da yawa waɗanda duk suna ɗauke da sunansa: wuyan Thomas don magance tarin fuka na kashin baya na mahaifa, aikin Thomas, binciken ƙashi don karyewar haɗin gwiwa na kwatangwalo, gwajin Thomas, hanyar gano nakasar kwatangwalo ta hanyar sa majiyyacin ya kwanta a kan gado, da kuma abin da Thomas ke yi don rage karyewar ƙashi, da kuma abin da ake kira "osteoclast" don karya da sake saita ƙashi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ba a cika yaba wa aikin Thomas ba a rayuwarsa. Sai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ne aka fara amfani da dabarunsa ga sojojin da suka ji rauni a fagen daga. Ɗan uwansa, Sir Robert Jones, ya riga ya sami ci gaba sosai a fannin tiyatar ƙashi a matsayinsa na likitan tiyata da kuma mai kula da ginin Magudanar Ruwa ta Manchester a shekarar 1888. Shi ne ke da alhakin raunin da ya faru a cikin ma'aikata 20,000, kuma ya shirya cikakken sabis na haɗari na farko a duniya, inda ya raba wurin mai nisan mil 36 zuwa sassa uku, sannan ya kafa asibiti da jerin wuraren taimakon gaggawa a kowane sashe. Ya horar da ma'aikatan lafiya kan kula da karyewar ƙashi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Irving M |date=September 1981 |title=Care of emergencies in the United Kingdom |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=283 |issue=6295 |pages=847–849 |doi=10.1136/bmj.283.6295.847 |pmc=1507078 |pmid=6794724}}</ref> Shi da kansa ya kula da shari'o'i 3,000 kuma ya yi tiyata 300 a asibitinsa. Wannan matsayin ya ba shi damar koyon sabbin dabaru da inganta tsarin kula da karyewar ƙashi. Likitoci daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun zo asibitin Jones don koyon dabarunsa. Tare da Alfred Tubby, Jones ya kafa [[British Orthopedic Society|ƙungiyar ƙashi ta Burtaniya]] a shekarar 1894. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Jones ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan tiyata na rundunar Yankuna . Ya lura cewa maganin karyewar ƙashi a gaba da kuma a asibitoci a gida bai isa ba, kuma ƙoƙarinsa ya haifar da gabatar da asibitocin kashin baya na soja. An naɗa shi Babban Jami'in Kula da Kashi na Sojoji, wanda ke da alhakin gadaje 30,000. Asibitin da ke kan titin Ducane, Hammersmith, ya zama abin koyi ga asibitocin kashin baya na Birtaniya da Amurka. Yaƙinsa na amfani da Thomas splint don maganin karyewar ƙashi na farko ya rage mace-macen karyewar ƙashi a cinyar daga kashi 87% zuwa ƙasa da kashi 8% a tsakanin shekarun 1916 zuwa 1918. Amfani da sandunan intramedullary don magance karyewar ƙashi na femur da tibia shine Gerhard Küntscher na Jamus ya fara. Wannan ya haifar da babban canji ga saurin murmurewa na sojojin Jamus da suka ji rauni a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma ya haifar da ɗaukar ƙarin tsarin gyaran karyewar ƙashi na intramedullary a sauran sassan duniya. Traction ita ce hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita wajen magance karyewar ƙashi na cinya har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, lokacin da ƙungiyar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harborview da ke Seattle ta shahara da gyaran intramedullary ba tare da buɗe karyewar ba. [[Fayil:Hip_replacement_Image_3684-PH.jpg|left|thumb|X-ray na maye gurbin kwatangwalo]] Sir John Charnley, ƙwararre a fannin tribology a Asibitin Wrightington, a Ingila, ne ya fara maye gurbin kwatangwalo na zamani a shekarun 1960. <ref name="Wroblewski2003">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wroblewski BM |date=July 2002 |title=Professor Sir John Charnley (1911–1982) |journal=[[Rheumatology (journal)|Rheumatology]] |publisher=The British Society for Rheumatology via Oxford Journals |volume=41 |issue=7 |pages=824–825 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/41.7.824 |pmid=12096235 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya gano cewa ana iya maye gurbin saman haɗin gwiwa da dashen da aka siminti a ƙashi. Tsarinsa ya ƙunshi ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe, tushen cinya da kai mai yanki ɗaya, da kuma wani abu mai kama da polyethylene acetabular, waɗanda duka an haɗa su da ƙashi ta amfani da simintin ƙashi na PMMA (acrylic). Fiye da shekaru ashirin, tiyatar arthroplasty mai ƙarancin karyewa ta Charnley da ƙirar da aka samo asali su ne tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi a duniya. Wannan ya zama tushen duk dashen kwatangwalo na zamani. An haɓaka tsarin maye gurbin kwatangwalo na Exeter (tare da ɗan bambancin yanayin tushe) a lokaci guda. Tun daga Charnley, ci gaba da haɓakawa ya kasance ci gaba a cikin ƙira da dabarun maye gurbin haɗin gwiwa (arthroplasty) tare da masu ba da gudummawa da yawa, ciki har da WH Harris, ɗan RI Harris, wanda ƙungiyarsa a Harvard ta fara dabarun arthroplasty marasa tsari tare da haɗa ƙashi kai tsaye zuwa dashen. An fara [[Knee replacements|maye gurbin gwiwa]], ta amfani da irin wannan fasaha, ta hannun McIntosh a cikin masu fama [[Rheumatoid amosanin gabbai|da cutar arthritis]], sannan daga baya Gunston da Marmor suka fara amfani da shi don magance [[osteoarthritis]] a shekarun 1970, wanda John Insall ya ƙirƙiro a New York ta amfani da tsarin bearing mai tsayayye, da kuma Frederick Buechel da Michael Pappas ta amfani da tsarin bearing mai motsi. <ref name="Hamelynck2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hamelynck KJ |date=September 2006 |title=The history of mobile-bearing total knee replacement systems |journal=Orthopedics |volume=29 |issue=9 Suppl |pages=S7-12 |pmid=17002140}}</ref> Likitocin tiyata na Amurka sun inganta gyaran karyewar jiki a waje a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, amma Gavriil Ilizarov ya bayar da babbar gudummawa a cikin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] . An tura shi, ba tare da horo mai yawa na ƙashi ba, don kula da sojojin Rasha da suka ji rauni a Siberia a shekarun 1950. Ba tare da kayan aiki ba, ya fuskanci yanayi masu rauni na karyewar da ba a warke ba, waɗanda suka kamu da cutar, da kuma waɗanda ba su daidaita ba. Tare da taimakon shagon kekuna na gida, ya ƙirƙiro na'urorin gyarawa na waje waɗanda ke da ƙarfi kamar na keke. Da wannan kayan aikin, ya sami waraka, gyarawa, da tsawaitawa zuwa wani lokaci da ba a taɓa gani ba a wasu wurare. Har yanzu ana amfani da na'urar Ilizarov ɗinsa a yau a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin kawar da osteogenesis. Binciken tiyatar ƙashi da tsoka na zamani sun yi ƙoƙarin rage yawan kamuwa da cuta da kuma sa sassan da aka dasa su zama mafi kyau da dorewa. A gefe guda kuma, tun bayan bullar annobar opioid, an gano likitocin ƙashi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu rubuta magungunan opioid. <ref name="Armstrong_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Armstrong AD, Hassenbein SE, Black S, Hollenbeak CS |date=November 2020 |title=Risk Factors for Increased Postoperative Pain and Recommended Orderset for Postoperative Analgesic Usage |journal=The Clinical Journal of Pain |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=845–851 |doi=10.1097/AJP.0000000000000876 |pmc=7671821 |pmid=32889819}}</ref> Rage yawan shan magungunan opioid yayin da har yanzu ake samar da isasshen maganin rage radadi ci gaba ne a tiyatar ƙashi. <ref name="Armstrong_2020" /> <ref name="pmid27428259">{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Seangleulur A, Vanasbodeekul P, Prapaitrakool S, Worathongchai S, Anothaisintawee T, McEvoy M, Vendittoli PA, Attia J, Thakkinstian A |date=November 2016 |title=The efficacy of local infiltration analgesia in the early postoperative period after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=[[European Journal of Anaesthesiology]] |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=816–831 |doi=10.1097/EJA.0000000000000516 |pmid=27428259 |s2cid=13813622}}</ref> <ref name="pmid27423648">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hansen RN, Pham A, Strassels SA, Balaban S, Wan GJ |date=September 2016 |title=Comparative Analysis of Length of Stay and Inpatient Costs for Orthopedic Surgery Patients Treated with IV Acetaminophen and IV Opioids vs. IV Opioids Alone for Post-Operative Pain |journal=[[Advances in Therapy]] |volume=33 |issue=9 |pages=1635–1645 |doi=10.1007/s12325-016-0368-8 |pmc=5020121 |pmid=27423648}}</ref> == Horarwa == [[Fayil:Repair-of-fracture-to-right-acetabulum.jpg|thumb|Wannan hoton, wanda aka ɗauka a watan Satumba na 2006, ya nuna gagarumin aikin gyara a acetabulum na dama shekaru shida bayan an yi shi (2000). Farawar amosanin gabbai, wata cuta ta ƙashi/gabobi, ya sa ƙarin lalacewar gaɓoɓin ya bayyana.]] <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  A Amurka, likitocin ƙashi galibi suna kammala karatun digiri na farko da shekaru huɗu na makarantar likitanci kuma suna samun digiri na Doctor of Medicine (MD) ko digiri na Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). Daga baya, waɗannan ɗaliban makarantar likitanci suna yin horon zama a fannin tiyatar ƙashi. Zaman zama na shekaru biyar horo ne na tiyatar ƙashi na musamman. Zaɓar horon zama a fannin tiyatar ƙashi yana da matuƙar gasa. Kimanin likitoci 700 ne ke kammala horon zama a ƙashi kowace shekara a Amurka. Kimanin kashi 10% na mazaunan tiyatar ƙashi na yanzu mata ne; kusan kashi 20% membobi ne na ƙungiyoyin tsiraru. Kimanin likitoci 20,400 da ke aiki a fannin tiyatar ƙashi da mazauna suna cikin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orthopaedics |url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00274 |website=OrthoInfo |publisher=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) |access-date=2026-06-12 |archive-date=2008-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423030925/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00274 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar sabon littafin Jagorar Occupational Outlook Handbook (2011–2012) wanda Ma'aikatar Aiki ta Amurka ta buga, kashi 3–4% na dukkan likitocin da ke aiki a ƙashi ne. Yawancin likitocin ƙashi suna zaɓar yin ƙarin horo, ko kuma horon aiki, bayan sun kammala horon zama. Horar da ƙungiyar ƙashi a fannin ƙashi yawanci yana ɗaukar shekara ɗaya (wani lokacin biyu) kuma wani lokacin yana da ɓangaren bincike da ya shafi horon asibiti da na tiyata. Misalan horar da ƙwararrun ƙashi a Amurka sune: * Tiyatar ƙafa da idon sawu * Hannun hannu da gaɓɓan sama * Tiyatar hip da gwiwa * Likitan Kasusuwa * raunin ƙashi * Haɗin kai na Osseo * Kashin baya na yara * Kafada da gwiwar hannu * Tiyatar kashin baya * Maganin wasanni na tiyata * Gyaran haɗin gwiwa gaba ɗaya ( arthroplasty ) Waɗannan fannoni na musamman na likitanci ba wai kawai tiyatar ƙashi ba ce. Misali, wasu likitocin filastik ne ke yin tiyatar hannu, kuma yawancin likitocin jijiyoyin kwakwalwa ne ke yin tiyatar ƙashin baya. Bugu da ƙari, likitocin kula da lafiyar ƙafa da idon ƙafa suma suna yin tiyatar a Amurka. Wasu likitocin kula da lafiyar ƙafa (DPM) a Amurka suna yin tiyatar wasanni, amma iyakokin aikinsu ba sa aiki. Bayan kammala horon zama na musamman <ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Surgeon is certified by The American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery |url=http://www.abos.org/ModDefault.aspx?module=Public&section=PubBoardCert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612064843/https://www.abos.org/ModDefault.aspx?module=Public&section=PubBoardCert |archive-date=2007-06-12 |access-date=26 October 2008 |publisher=American Board of Orthopedic Surgery}}</ref> magatakarda, likitan tiyata na kashin <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=AOBOS 2012 Candidate Handbook |url=http://www.aobos.org/mm/files/Candidate-Handbook-Master.pdf |access-date=19 September 2012 |publisher=American Osteopathic Board of Orthopedic Surgery}}</ref> cancanci samun takardar shaidar hukumar daga Hukumar Ƙwararrun Likitoci ta Amurka ko Ofishin Ƙwararrun ... A Amurka, ƙwararru a fannin tiyatar hannu da kuma maganin ƙashi na iya samun takardar shaidar ƙarin cancanta ban da takardar shaidar farko ta hukumar gudanarwarsu ta hanyar kammala jarrabawa daban-daban. Babu wani ƙarin tsarin takardar shaida ga sauran ƙwararrun. == Aiki == [[Fayil:Xraymachine.JPG|thumb|Radiography don gano karyewar ƙashi bayan rauni a gwiwa]] [[Fayil:X-ray3.jpg|thumb|427x427px|Dashen ƙashi don gyara karyewar da ke faruwa a radius da ulna. Lura da karyewar da ake gani a ulna. (hannun dama)]] [[Fayil:X_ray_internal_fixation_leg_fracture.jpg|thumb|Duba hotunan gaba da gefe na karyewar ƙafar hagu tare da gyara ciki bayan tiyata]] A bisa ga aikace-aikacen neman takardar shaidar hukumar gudanarwa daga 1999 zuwa 2003, manyan hanyoyin aiki guda 25 da likitocin kashin baya ke gudanarwa (a jere) sune: <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Garrett WE, Swiontkowski MF, Weinstein JN, Callaghan J, Rosier RN, Berry DJ, Harrast J, Derosa GP |date=March 2006 |title=American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Practice of the Orthopaedic Surgeon: Part-II, certification examination case mix |url=https://www.abos.org/media/289/ABOS%20Board%20data.pdf |journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=660–667 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.E.01208 |doi-broken-date=16 May 2026 |pmid=16510834 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013444/https://www.abos.org/media/289/ABOS%20Board%20data.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2017 |access-date=November 30, 2016}}</ref> # Gyaran gwiwa da kuma [[wiktionary:meniscectomy|cirewar meniscectomy]] # Gyaran kafada da kuma rage matsa lamba (decompression) # Sakin ramin Carpal # Gyaran gwiwa da kuma tiyatar chondroplasty # Cire dashen tallafi # Gyaran jijiyoyin gwiwa da kuma gyaran haɗin gwiwa na gaba (anterior cruciate ligament) # Sauya gwiwa # Gyaran karyewar wuyan femoral # Gyaran karyewar trochanteric # Rushewar fata/ tsoka / ƙashi /karya # Gyaran arthroscopy na gwiwa na menisci guda biyu # Sauya cinya # Gyaran kafada/cirewar clavicle a cikin kafada # Gyaran jijiyar da ke juyawa da ƙugu # Gyara karyewar radius / ulna # Laminectomy # Gyaran karyewar idon ƙafa (nau'in bimalleolar) # Arthroscopy na kafada da kuma cirewar ƙashin ƙugu # Haɗin kashin baya na lumbar # Gyara karyewar ɓangaren nesa na radius # Tiyatar Disc na Intervertebral a ƙasan baya # Murfin jijiyar yatsa mai kauri # Gyaran karyewar idon ƙafa ( fibula ) # Gyaran karyewar shaft ɗin femoral # Gyaran karyewar trochanteric Jadawalin aikin likitan ƙashi na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi awanni 50-55 na aiki a kowane mako wanda aka raba tsakanin asibiti, tiyata, ayyuka daban-daban na gudanarwa, da kuma yiwuwar koyarwa da/ko bincike idan yana cikin yanayin ilimi. A cewar Ƙungiyar Kwalejojin Likitoci ta Amurka a shekarar 2021, matsakaicin makon aiki na likitan ƙashi shine awanni 57. <ref name="Pollock_2022">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Pollock JR, Moore ML, Llanes AC, Brinkman JC, Makovicka JL, Dulle DL, Hinckley NB, Barcia A, Anastasi M, Chhabra A |date=2022-04-08 |title=Medical Scribes in an Orthopedic Sports Medicine Clinic Improve Productivity and Physician Well-Being |url=https://arthroscopysportsmedicineandrehabilitation.org/article/S2666-061X(22)00020-7/abstract |journal=Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=e997–e1005 |doi=10.1016/j.asmr.2022.02.003 |issn=2666-061X |pmc=9210372 |pmid=35747641 |s2cid=248064612}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orthopaedic Surgery {{!}} Careers in Medicine |url=https://www.aamc.org/cim/explore-options/specialty-profiles/orthopaedic-surgery |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=www.aamc.org |language=en}}</ref> Duk da haka, wannan ƙiyasin ba shi da yawa, domin binciken da aka samu daga binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2013 na likitocin ƙashi waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin "masu nasara sosai" saboda matsayinsu a fagen ya nuna matsakaicin makonnin aiki na awanni 70 ko fiye. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Klein G, Hussain N, Sprague S, Mehlman CT, Dogbey G, Bhandari M |year=2013 |title=Characteristics of highly successful orthopedic surgeons: a survey of orthopedic chairs and editors |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Surgery]] |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=192–198 |doi=10.1503/cjs.017511 |pmc=3672433 |pmid=23706848}}</ref> <ref name="Pollock_2022" /> == Tiyatar kashin baya == Tiyatar kashin baya wani ɓangare ne na tiyatar kashin baya da tiyatar jijiyoyi wanda ke mai da hankali kan gano da kuma magance matsalolin da ke tattare da kashin baya. Alamomin da aka fi sani sun haɗa da yanayin da ke lalacewa kamar su herniation na diski na intervertebral, stenosis na kashin baya, da spondylolisthesis, da kuma nakasar kashin baya, rauni, kamuwa da cuta, da ƙari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NASS Diagnosis And Treatment Of Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Guideline Summary - Guideline Central |url=https://www.guidelinecentral.com/guideline/9909 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=www.guidelinecentral.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clinical Guidelines |url=https://www.spine.org/Research/Clinical-Guidelines |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=www.spine.org}}</ref> Maganin farko na yawancin cututtukan ƙashi yawanci yana da tsari kuma yana iya haɗawa da maganin ciwon magunguna, maganin motsa jiki, da sauran matakan da ba na tiyata ba. An keɓe tiyata ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwo mai ɗorewa, ƙarancin jijiyoyi masu ci gaba, ko rashin kwanciyar hankali a tsarin. Hanyoyin tiyata da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da tiyatar cirewa, musamman tiyatar cirewa ta hanyar microdiscectomy don cirewar diski na lumbar, tiyatar laminectomy don rage matsewar tsarin jijiyoyi, da kuma haɗakar kashin baya don daidaita sassan kashin baya da abin ya shafa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Costa |first=Francesco |last2=Oertel |first2=Joachim |last3=Zileli |first3=Mehmet |last4=Restelli |first4=Francesco |last5=Zygourakis |first5=Corinna Clio |last6=Sharif |first6=Salman |date=April 2024 |title=Role of surgery in primary lumbar disk herniation: WFNS spine committee recommendations |journal=World Neurosurgery: X |volume=22 |doi=10.1016/j.wnsx.2024.100276 |issn=2590-1397 |pmc=10943953 |pmid=38496347}}</ref> Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin fasaha ya haifar da haɓaka hanyoyin da ba su da tasiri sosai da nufin rage lalacewar nama da lokacin murmurewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2026-01-01 |title=Minimally invasive spine surgery devices: Transforming spinal care with precision and faster recovery |url=https://www.spinalsurgerynews.com/2026/01/minimally-invasive-spine-surgery-devices-transforming-spinal-care-with-precision-and-faster-recovery/153305 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Spinal Surgery News |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skovrlj |first=Branko |last2=Gilligan |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Cutler |first3=Holt S. |last4=Qureshi |first4=Sheeraz A. |date=2015-01-16 |title=Minimally invasive procedures on the lumbar spine |journal=World Journal of Clinical Cases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i1.1 |issn=2307-8960 |pmc=4295214 |pmid=25610845 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma binciki dabarun da ba su da tasiri sosai kuma masu tasiri sosai don rage zafi da kuma lalacewar fata da ke da alaƙa da faifan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skovrlj |first=Branko |last2=Gilligan |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Cutler |first3=Holt S. |last4=Qureshi |first4=Sheeraz A. |date=January 2015 |title=Minimally invasive procedures on the lumbar spine |journal=World Journal of Clinical Cases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i1.1 |issn=2307-8960 |pmc=4295214 |pmid=25610845 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zileli |first=Mehmet |last2=Oertel |first2=Joachim |last3=Sharif |first3=Salman |last4=Zygourakis |first4=Corinna |date=April 2024 |title=Lumbar disc herniation: Prevention and treatment of recurrence: WFNS spine committee recommendations |journal=World Neurosurgery: X |volume=22 |doi=10.1016/j.wnsx.2024.100275 |issn=2590-1397 |pmc=10878111 |pmid=38385057}}</ref> Waɗannan sun haɗa da hanyoyin kamar rage matsin lamba a cikin faifan laser na fata (PLDD), wanda ake amfani da makamashin laser don rage matsin lamba a cikin faifan diski da ƙarar faifan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Radoš |first=Ivan |last2=Lončarić Katušin |first2=Mirjana |last3=Budrovac |first3=Dino |last4=Dimitrijević |first4=Iva |last5=Hnatešen |first5=Dijana |last6=Omrčen |first6=Ivan |date=November 2023 |title=Percutaneous Laser Disc Decompression for Lumbar Radicular Pain: A Systematic Review of Pubmed in the Last Five Years |journal=Acta Clinica Croatica |volume=62 |issue=Suppl4 |pages=63–67 |doi=10.20471/acc.2023.62.s4.9 |issn=1333-9451 |pmc=12128808 |pmid=40463453}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gazzeri |first=Roberto |last2=Occhigrossi |first2=Felice |last3=Galarza |first3=Marcelo |last4=Mercieri |first4=Marco |last5=Leoni |first5=Matteo Luigi Giuseppe |date=2025-11-01 |title=Radiological analysis of herniated disc size changes after percutaneous laser disc decompression |url=https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/26/11/741/8149198 |journal=Pain Medicine |language=en |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=741–748 |doi=10.1093/pm/pnaf070 |issn=1526-2375 |pmid=40418221 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Nazari da yawa na lura sun ba da rahoton ci gaba na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alamun ciwo da alamun raguwar faifan diski, tare da ƙarancin adadin rikice-rikice da aka ruwaito a cikin jerin da aka buga. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gazzeri |first=Roberto |last2=Occhigrossi |first2=Felice |last3=Galarza |first3=Marcelo |last4=Mercieri |first4=Marco |last5=Leoni |first5=Matteo Luigi Giuseppe |date=2025-11-01 |title=Radiological analysis of herniated disc size changes after percutaneous laser disc decompression |url=https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/26/11/741/8149198 |journal=Pain Medicine |language=en |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=741–748 |doi=10.1093/pm/pnaf070 |issn=1526-2375 |pmid=40418221 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Radoš |first=Ivan |last2=Lončarić Katušin |first2=Mirjana |last3=Budrovac |first3=Dino |last4=Dimitrijević |first4=Iva |last5=Hnatešen |first5=Dijana |last6=Omrčen |first6=Ivan |date=November 2023 |title=Percutaneous Laser Disc Decompression for Lumbar Radicular Pain: A Systematic Review of Pubmed in the Last Five Years |journal=Acta Clinica Croatica |volume=62 |issue=Suppl4 |pages=63–67 |doi=10.20471/acc.2023.62.s4.9 |issn=1333-9451 |pmc=12128808 |pmid=40463453}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Policicchio |first=Domenico |last2=Boniferro |first2=Benedetta |last3=Lo Turco |first3=Erica |last4=Mauro |first4=Giuseppe |last5=Veraldi |first5=Antonio |last6=Vescio |first6=Virginia |last7=Vescio |first7=Giuseppe |last8=Dipellegrini |first8=Giosuè |date=2025-06-14 |title=Comparative Efficacy of Percutaneous Laser Disc Decompression (PLDD) and Conservative Therapy for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Retrospective, Observational, Single-Center Study |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=4235 |doi=10.3390/jcm14124235 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=12194567 |pmid=40565980 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawanci ana yin wannan aikin ne a asibiti a ƙarƙashin maganin sa barci na gida ko kuma kwantar da hankali, wanda ke ba da damar murmurewa cikin sauri a cikin zaɓaɓɓun marasa lafiya. Duk da cewa binciken farko ya nuna fa'idodi masu yuwuwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike na dogon lokaci mai inganci don fayyace ingancin kwatancen sa da wurinsa a cikin aikin asibiti. Baya ga hanyoyin tiyata, ana iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na magance ciwo ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon baya mai ɗorewa, musamman a lokuta da suka gamu da matsalar tiyatar baya . Waɗannan sun haɗa da allurar periradicular (epidural ko tushen jijiya), cire haɗin gwiwa na facet ko medial reshe, da dabarun neuromodulation kamar ƙarfafa kashin baya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sayed |first=Dawood |last2=Grider |first2=Jay |last3=Strand |first3=Natalie |last4=Hagedorn |first4=Jonathan M. |last5=Falowski |first5=Steven |last6=Lam |first6=Christopher M. |last7=Tieppo Francio |first7=Vinicius |last8=Beall |first8=Douglas P. |last9=Tomycz |first9=Nestor D. |last10=Davanzo |first10=Justin R. |last11=Aiyer |first11=Rohit |last12=Lee |first12=David W. |last13=Kalia |first13=Hemant |last14=Sheen |first14=Soun |last15=Malinowski |first15=Mark N. |date=2022 |title=The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline of Interventional Treatments for Low Back Pain |journal=Journal of Pain Research |volume=15 |pages=3729–3832 |doi=10.2147/JPR.S386879 |issn=1178-7090 |pmc=9739111 |pmid=36510616 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan jiyya galibi ƙwararru ne ke yin su a fannin maganin ciwo ko tiyatar jijiyoyi kuma suna aiki azaman ƙarin hanyoyin kula da tiyata maimakon manyan hanyoyin. == Arthroscopy == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Amfani da dabarun arthroscopic ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga marasa lafiya da suka ji rauni. Masaki Watanabe na Japan ne ya fara yin tiyatar arthroscopic a farkon shekarun 1950 don yin tiyatar guringuntsi mai ƙarancin mamayewa da sake gina jijiyoyin da suka yage. Arthroscopic yana ba marasa lafiya damar murmurewa daga tiyatar cikin 'yan kwanaki, maimakon makonni zuwa watanni da ake buƙata ta hanyar tiyata ta al'ada, "buɗe"; dabara ce da ta shahara sosai. Arthroscopy na gwiwa yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da likitocin ƙashi ke yi a yau, kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da meniscectomy ko chondroplasty. Yawancin hanyoyin ƙashi na waje na sama-ƙasa ana yin su ta hanyar arthroscopic. <ref name="pmid24397703">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jain NB, Higgins LD, Losina E, Collins J, Blazar PE, Katz JN |date=January 2014 |title=Epidemiology of musculoskeletal upper extremity ambulatory surgery in the United States |journal=[[BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders]] |volume=15 |issue= |doi=10.1186/1471-2474-15-4 |pmc=3893587 |pmid=24397703 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Gyaran tiyata == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Arthroplasty tiyata ce ta kashin baya inda ake maye gurbin saman haɗin gwiwa na musculoskeletal, gyara shi, ko sake daidaita shi ta hanyar osteotomy ko wani tsari. <ref name="jhu" /> Hanya ce ta zaɓi da ake yi don rage zafi da dawo da aiki ga haɗin gwiwa bayan lalacewa ta hanyar arthritis ( rheumasurgery ) ko wani nau'in rauni. <ref name="jhu" /> Baya ga tiyatar maye gurbin gwiwa ta yau da kullun, ana iya yin maye gurbin gwiwa mai sassauƙa, wanda a cikinsa ake maye gurbin saman gwiwa ɗaya kawai mai ɗauke da nauyi, <ref name="jhu">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Restoring Joint Function with Arthroplasty |url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures/orthopaedic/arthroplasty_92,P07677 |access-date=17 February 2024 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] |language=en}}</ref> amma yana da babban haɗarin tiyatar gyara. <ref name="levy">{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Levy KH, Fusco PJ, Salazar-Restrepo SA, Mathew DM, Pandey R, Ahmed S, Varghese KS, Rogando DO, Ahmed A, Ng MK |date=December 2023 |title=Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty revised to total knee arthroplasty versus primary total knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of matched studies |url=https://www.thekneejournal.com/article/S0968-0160(23)00194-1/ |journal=The Knee |volume=45 |issue= |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/j.knee.2023.09.001 |pmid=37708740 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana amfani da maye gurbin haɗin gwiwa don wasu gidajen haɗin gwiwa, galibi hip <ref name="jhu-hip">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Hip replacement surgery |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/hip-replacement-surgery |access-date=17 February 2024 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University}}</ref> ko kafada . <ref name="nihr">{{Cite journal |date=18 January 2024 |title=Shoulder replacements are less likely to be revised when surgeons perform more than 10 a year |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/shoulder-replacements-less-likely-revised-surgeons-perform-more-than-10-a-year/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_61746 |s2cid=267133950 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abin da ke damun bayan tiyatar maye gurbin haɗin gwiwa shine lalacewar saman abubuwan da ke ɗauke da kayan haɗin. <ref name="dreyer">{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Dreyer MJ, Weisse B, Contreras Raggio JI, Zboray R, Taylor WR, Preiss S, Horn N |date=November 2023 |title=The influence of implant design and limb alignment on in vivo wear rates of fixed-bearing and rotating-platform knee implant retrievals |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jor.25734 |journal=Journal of Orthopaedic Research |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=777–787 |doi=10.1002/jor.25734 |pmid=37975250 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan na iya haifar da lalacewa ga ƙashin da ke kewaye kuma yana haifar da gazawar dashen. <ref name="dreyer" /> Roba da aka zaɓa yawanci polyethylene ne mai nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta mai yawa, wanda kuma ana iya canza shi ta hanyoyin da za su iya inganta halayen lalacewa. <ref name="dreyer" /> An kuma nuna cewa haɗarin tiyatar gyara yana da alaƙa da ƙarar likitan tiyata. <ref name="nihr"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valsamis |first=Epaminondas Markos |last2=Collins |first2=Gary S. |last3=Pinedo-Villanueva |first3=Rafael |last4=Whitehouse |first4=Michael R. |last5=Rangan |first5=Amar |last6=Sayers |first6=Adrian |last7=Rees |first7=Jonathan L. |display-authors=3 |date=2023-06-21 |title=Association between surgeon volume and patient outcomes after elective shoulder replacement surgery using data from the National Joint Registry and Hospital Episode Statistics for England: population based cohort study |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2023-075355 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=381 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-075355 |issn=1756-1833 |pmc=10283034 |pmid=37343999}}</ref> == Ilimin Cututtuka == Tsakanin 2001 da 2016, yawan hanyoyin gyaran tsoka ya ƙaru sosai a Amurka, daga kashi 17.9% zuwa kashi 24.2% na dukkan hanyoyin tiyata (OR) da aka yi a lokacin zaman asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A |date=March 2014 |title=Trends in Operating Room Procedures in U.S. Hospitals, 2001—2011 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb171-Operating-Room-Procedure-Trends.jsp |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief No. 171 |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |pmid=24851286}}</ref> A wani bincike da aka yi kan zuwa asibiti a Amurka a shekarar 2012, hanyoyin tiyatar kashin baya da haɗin gwiwa sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin dukkan ƙungiyoyin shekaru banda jarirai. Haɗa kashin baya yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tiyatar OR guda biyar da aka fi yi a kowace ƙungiya banda jarirai 'yan ƙasa da shekara 1 da manya 'yan shekara 85 zuwa sama. Laminectomy ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin manya masu shekaru 18-84. Gyaran gwiwa da maye gurbin kugu suna cikin manyan hanyoyin tiyatar OR guda biyar ga manya masu shekaru 45 zuwa sama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2014 |title=Most Frequent Operating Room Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2003–2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb186-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-2012.jsp |website=HCUP Statistical Brief No. 186 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality}}</ref> == Duba kuma ==   * Dashen ƙashi * Jerin labaran raunin da kuma cututtukan ƙashi * Jerin abubuwan da aka dasa a kashin baya * Mataimakin likitan ƙashi * Maganin Orthotics * Bayani game da rauni da ƙashi == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Orthopedics}} * [https://globalorthopedicsolutions.com/ Global Orthopedic Solutions] {{Medicine}}{{Bone, cartilage, and joint procedures}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tvf1hqqjf8a8cr580xvmwh02pr7dvgp 0 156969 869062 855571 2026-06-27T02:14:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abubakar Maigari Umar''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda aka haife shi a 1980 a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], wanda ya wakilci Bauchi a mazabar Azare (Zaki II) na Majalisar Dokoki a 2023. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Jama'a (PRP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=undefined candidate data for 2023 - Stears Elections |url=https://www.stears.co/elections/candidates/umar-maigari-abubakar/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.stears.co |archive-date=2025-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104075150/https://www.stears.co/elections/candidates/umar-maigari-abubakar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/abubakar-maigari-umar |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 1mwmqv88iisnl7qi5criayhw4smj0ku 0 156976 869101 855591 2026-06-27T05:25:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adetokunbo Philip Wahab | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1972|5|17}} | birth_place = [[Lagos State]], [[Nigeria]] | occupation = Lawyer and Politician | office = [[Commissioner]] for the Environment and Water Resources | term_start = September 2023 | office2 = Special Adviser on Education to the [[Lagos State Governor]] | term_start2 = August 2019 | term_end2 = May 2023 }} '''Adetokunbo Philip Wahab''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Mayu 1972) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]]. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Muhalli da albarkatun Ruwa a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan ilimi ga Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title=Hon Adetokunbo Wahab visits AWAMN and expresses Governor's support for PSP program. - Association of Waste Managers of Nigeria |url=https://awamn.com.ng/2024/04/02/hon-adetokunbo-wahab-visits-awamn-and-expresses-governors-support-for-psp-program/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-18 |title=Chronicling Tokunbo Wahab's home run in education |url=https://punchng.com/chronicling-tokunbo-wahabs-home-run-in-education/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Adetokunbo Philip Wahab a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1972 a Jihar Legas, Najeriya. <ref name="j188">{{Cite web |date=1972-05-17 |title=Honourable Commissioner – Lagos State Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources |url=https://moelagos.gov.ng/about-moelagos/principal-officers/honourable-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Lagos State Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources – Eko ko ni baje |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925221753/https://moelagos.gov.ng/about-moelagos/principal-officers/honourable-commissioner/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar siyasa da aiki == Wahab ya fara aikinsa a matsayin lauya a Jiti Ogunye & Co. Associates (2000-2003) kafin ya shiga Paul Usoro da Co. a matsayin Babban Mai ba da shawara (2003-2005). Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin a Aluko & Oyebode a shekara ta (2005-2009). Ya kafa Wali & Ace Legal Practitioners a shekarar 2018, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Abokin Hulɗa har zuwa 2019. Wahab memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA) da kuma kungiyar lauyoyin kasa da kasa (IBA). Wahab ya yi aiki a ofisoshin siyasa daban-daban, shi ne Kwamishinan Muhalli da albarkatun ruwa a Jihar Legas kuma Mai ba da shawara na Musamman kan Ilimi ga Gwamnan Jihar Legas. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-10 |title=Full list: Sanwo-Olu’s commissioners, special advisers, portfolios |url=https://punchng.com/full-list-sanwo-olus-commissioners-special-advisers-portfolios/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Enenaite |first=Blessing |date=2023-05-21 |title=Tokunbo Wahab marks 51st birthday 'under the radar' |url=https://punchng.com/tokunbo-wahab-marks-51st-birthday-under-the-radar/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-09-10 |title=Barrister Adetokunbo Wahab - a man consistently in a league of his own |url=https://lagostoday.com.ng/barrister-adetokunbo-wahab-a-man-consistently-in-a-league-of-his-own/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="j1882">{{cite web |date=1972-05-17 |title=Honourable Commissioner – Lagos State Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources |url=https://moelagos.gov.ng/about-moelagos/principal-officers/honourable-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Lagos State Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources – Eko ko ni baje |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925221753/https://moelagos.gov.ng/about-moelagos/principal-officers/honourable-commissioner/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-24 |title=Wahab: How Lagos is providing access to quality education |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/24/wahab-how-lagos-is-providing-access-to-quality-education/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] 1ixgq6w0bir7m9nzlx9m27xcgfosnad 0 157020 868880 855679 2026-06-26T20:03:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abayomi Akinruntan | image = | caption=Deputy Speaker of Ondo State House of Assembly | office = Member [[Ondo State House of Assembly]] | term_start = 2015 | term_end = 2027 | Speaker = | predecessor = | successor = | office2 = Deputy Speaker of [[Ondo State House of Assembly]] | term_start2 = 2015 | term_end2 = | Speaker2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | office3 = | term_start3 = | term_end3 = | Speaker3 = | predecessor3 = | successor3 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|10|21}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] (APC) | father = King [[Fredrick Obateru Akinruntan]] | relations = Married | alma_mater = Olabisi Onabanjo University | occupation = Legislator, Businessman | constituency = Ilaje Constituency 1 | profession = | website = http://abakinruntan.com/ }} '''Yarima Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan''', an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1973, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=http://www.technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=Technocrat Media House |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206163229/https://technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ɗan kasuwa ne, kuma ɗan siyasa sannan a halin yanzu, memba ne kuma sakataren majalisa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ondo State Government |url=http://www.ondostate.gov.ng/Home/HouseOfAssembly |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722022058/http://www.ondostate.gov.ng/Home/HouseOfAssembly |archive-date=2020-07-22 |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=www.ondostate.gov.ng |language=en}}</ref> na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo wanda ke wakiltar mazabar [[Ilaje]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShineYourEye |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/abayomi-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=www.shineyoureye.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Abayomi ɗan Sarki [[Fredrick Obateru Akinruntan]] ne, mai mulkin gargajiya, mutum ne mai arziki a Masarautar Ugbo, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar [[Ilaje]], Jihar Ondo, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=http://www.technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Technocrat Media House |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206163229/https://technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Sacred Heart Nursery/Primary School a Ibadan kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Command, duka a Ibadan, ya fara karatunsa na sakandare a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ibadan|Polytechnic, Ibadan]], inda ya karanta Art and Design kuma ya sami difloma ta kasa a shekarar 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shittu |first=Adeola |date=2019-10-28 |title=OLUGBO Of UGBO, Oba AKINRUTAN's Son, Hon. ABAYOMI Speaks About His Life As An ONDO Lawmaker |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/olugbo-of-ugbo-oba-akinrutans-son-hon-abayomi-speaks-about-his-life-as-an-ondo-lawmaker/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Yarima Abayomi kuma yana da LL.B {Hons} a cikin Shari'a daga tsohuwar Jami'ar Jihar Ogun yanzu kuma yana [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]]). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=http://www.technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=Technocrat Media House |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206163229/https://technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kasuwanci da rayuwar Shi == Yarima Abayomi ya kasance yana da hannu sosai a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun na Obat Oil and Petroleum Limited, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin man fetur na Najeriya kuma a cikin 2001, ya zama Manajan Ayyuka na Obat oil, yana kula da ayyukan da kayan aiki a Babban Ofishin kamfanin da Ofisoshin Sabis a Ibadan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-04 |title={{title case|A HARDWORKING PRINCE OF UGBO KINGDOM, ILAJE, ONDO STATE: AN {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|ENTERPRENEUR}} AND A GRASSROOTS POLITICIAN WITH PASSION FOR HUMAN EMPOWERNMENT}} |url=https://heromagazines.com/a-hardworking-man-an-enterpreneur-and-a-grassroots-politician-with-passion-for-human-empowernment-prince-hon-abayomi-akinrutan/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=[[Hero (magazine)|Hero]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Yarima Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan shi ne Darakta, Ayyuka na Febson Hotel Nigeria Ltd, wani Ultra-Modern Facility a Abuja kuma yana da alaƙa da kamfanoni ciki har da Prince Aando Nigeria Limited (Mai da Gas), Bellefull Integrated Resources Limited, Aando Apartments (Hotels da Towers), De Ark Entertainment da Records da 2110 Oil da Gas. A shekara ta 2011, an nada shi Babban Darakta na rukuni, Ayyuka, Obat Group <ref>{{Cite web |last=Korkus |first=Stella Dimoko |title=Happy 40th Birthday Prince Yomi Akinruntan |url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2013/10/happy-40th-birthday-prince-yomi.html |access-date=2020-08-10}}</ref> da kuma mai kula da farko na Jihar Ondo don Ofishin Ci gaban Abun ciki da Kulawa na Najeriya (NCDMB) a Yenegoa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Technocrat Media |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=https://technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=Technocrat Media Nigeria - ...reporting facts not fiction |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206163229/https://technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kafin ya shiga siyasa a Jihar Ondo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116142429/http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |archive-date=2020-01-16 |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Abayomi Akinruntan |language=en-US}}</ref> Abayomi ta yi aure da farin ciki ga Olamide kuma an albarkaci haɗin tare da yara.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-03 |title=Ondo lawmaker, Yomi Akinrutan, celebrates love |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-lawmaker-yomi-akinrutan-celebrates-love/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Siyasa == Abayomi ya fara siyasa a shekarar 2011 lokacin da ya yi takara a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya,]] amma an hana shi tikiti a karkashin Jam'iyyar Labour kuma A shekarar 2015, Yarima Abayomi Akinruntan ya yi takarar kuma ya lashe zaben Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo a shekarar 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Assembly |first=Ondo State House of |title=Members – Ondo State House of Assembly |url=http://www.ondoweb.ondostate.gov.ng/odha/members/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan shekaru 4 na farko a majalisar dokoki, ya tashi daga PDP zuwa APC a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2017 kuma an sake zabarsa a matsayin memba, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo a 2020 a karkashin All Progressive Congress. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116142429/http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |archive-date=2020-01-16 |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Abayomi Akinruntan |language=en-US}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-03 |title=Speaker, deputy speaker return as ninth Ondo Assembly inaugurated |url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/speaker-deputy-speaker-return-as-ninth-ondo-assembly-inaugurated/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6eio1eik0gc4rv5796sqkcv4vja7iis 0 157086 868826 855846 2026-06-26T17:34:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Girgizar kasa ta 1303 ta Crete''' ta faru da asuba a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta. Yana da kimanin girman kusan 8, matsakaicin ƙarfin IX (Violent) a kan sikelin Mercalli, kuma ya haifar da babban Tsunami wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rai a tsibirin [[Crete|Karita]] da Alexandria. Ya lalata Hasumiyar Hasumiyar [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]] sosai. == Yanayin tectonic == Hellenic arc, wuri mafi yiwuwa ga wannan girgizar ƙasa, fasalin tectonic ne mai alaƙa da subduction na Farantin Afirka a ƙarƙashin farantin Tekun Aegean. Yana daya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi yawan girgizar kasa a yammacin Eurasia kuma yana da tarihin manyan girgizar ƙasa waɗanda suka shafi Masar.<ref name="Hamouda">{{Cite journal |last=Hamouda |first=A. Z. |year=2006 |title=Numerical computations of 1303 tsunamigenic propagation towards Alexandria, Egyptian Coast |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=37–44 |bibcode=2006JAfES..44...37H |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.005}}</ref> == Lalacewar == girgizar ƙasa da tsunami an rubuta su kamar yadda suke da mummunar tasiri a Heraklion, tsibirin Krita.<ref name="Tsapanos">{{Cite journal |last=Tsapanos |first=T. M. |year=2003 |title=A seismic hazard scenario for the main cities of Crete island, Greece |journal=[[Geophysical Journal International]] |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=403–408 |bibcode=2003GeoJI.153..403T |doi=10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01874.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana samun cikakkun bayanai daga rahotanni da wakilan daga Heraklion (sa'an nan Candia) suka yi ga gwamnatin Venetian mai kula, wanda aka rubuta a ranar girgizar kasa da kwanaki ashirin bayan haka. Sun bayyana girman lalacewar manyan gine-ginen jama'a na Candia da manyan gidaje a duk tsibirin.<ref name="Guidoboni">{{Cite journal |last=Guidoboni |first=E. |last2=Comastri |first2=A. |year=1997 |title=The large earthquake of 8 August 1303 in Crete: seismic scenario and tsunami in the Mediterranean area |url=https://www.academia.edu/9447864 |journal=Journal of Seismology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=55–72 |bibcode=1997JSeis...1...55G |doi=10.1023/A:1009737632542 |s2cid=126898422}}</ref> Rahotanni sun ambaci cewa yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa mata ne da yara, ba tare da bayar da lambobi ba.<ref name="Guidoboni"/> Akwai ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a Iskandariya. An lalata jiragen ruwa da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun kai kilomita 2 (3.2) a cikin ƙasa. Birnin tashar jiragen ruwa na Acre, a bakin tekun Levantine, ma ya shafa. An lalata gine-gine mutane sun mutu.<ref name="Papadopolous">{{Cite journal |last=Papadopolous |first=G. A. |last2=Daskalaki |first2=E. |last3=Fokaefs |first3=A. |last4=N. |first4=Giraleas |year=2007 |title=Tsunami hazards in the Eastern Mediterranean: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system |url=http://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/29/94/03/PDF/nhess-7-57-2007.pdf |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=57–64 |bibcode=2007NHESS...7...57P |doi=10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Misira girgizar kasa ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], ta kawar da yawancin fararen dutse na Babban Pyramid kuma ta rushe [[Hasumiya|minaret]] a kan [[Masallaci|Masallatai]] da yawa. A Iskandariya an lalata ganuwar bir mafi yawa. Mafi mahimmanci, Hasumiyar Hasumiyar Iskandariya, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki bakwai na duniya, ya lalace sosai.<ref name="Papadopolous"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdelnaby |first=Adel E. |last2=Elnashai |first2=Amr S. |date=October 2013 |title=Integrity assessment of the Pharos of Alexandria during the 1303 CE earthquake |journal=Engineering Failure Analysis |volume=33 |pages=119–138 |doi=10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.04.013}}</ref> Gidaje a Iskandariya sun rushe, inda suka kashe mutane da yawa.<ref name="Badawy99">{{Cite journal |last=Badawy |first=Ahmed |date=1999 |title=Historical seismicity of Egypt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283839188 |journal=Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=119–135 |doi=10.1007/BF03325564 |s2cid=131467239}}</ref> A cewar Alexis Perrey, an ji girgizar kasa a duk bakin tekun Adriatic, har zuwa [[Venezia|Venice]] (kimanin kilomita {{Cvt|1600|km|-2}} ko 1,000 mi daga Heraklion). == Halaye == === Girgizar ƙasa === Kodayake ai wurin da aka samu ya faru ba shi da tabbas, an yarda da cewa girgizar kasa ta rushe ɓangaren gabashin Helle a wani wuri tsakanin tsibirin Crete da Rhodes.<ref name="Papadopolous" /><ref name="Hamouda" /><ref name="Guidoboni" /><ref name="Papazachos">{{Cite journal |last=Papazachos |first=B. C. |year=1996 |title=Large seismic faults in the Hellenic arc |url=http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/1706/1/01%20papazachos.pdf |journal=Annali di Geofisica |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=891–903 |access-date=2026-06-13 |archive-date=2011-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718173826/http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/1706/1/01%20papazachos.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Girgizar kasa ta haifar da lalacewa a wani yanki mai faɗi ciki har da tsibirin Crete, Peloponnese, Rhodes, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Acre, Damascus, [[Antioch|Antakiya]], da [[Cyprus]] kuma an ji shi har zuwa Constantinople ({{Convert|1000|km|mi}} km; 620 mi) kuma mai yiwuwa [[Tunis]] ({{Convert|1500|km|mi}} km; 930 mi). Ba a san ainihin girman ba amma an kiyasta kusan 8.0 .<ref name="Papazachos" /> === Tsunami === Misali na tsunami ya yi hasashen matsakaicin mita 9 (30 a Alexandria, tare da kimanin jinkiri na minti 40 daga lokacin girgizar ƙasa zuwa isowar guguwar farko a Misira.<ref name="Hamouda"/> == Dubi kuma == * [[Girgizar ƙasa ta tsibirin 365|Girgizar ƙasa ta tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri ta 365]] * Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Girka * Jerin girgizar ƙasa ta tarihi * [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa da tsunami|Jerin tsunami]] == Manazarta == jtouoscfbh6t37bc4b8acj2w5hupggm 0 157104 868696 855929 2026-06-26T12:41:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 868696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sepsis]] Alliance kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka sadaukar da ita don wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar sepsis. Ana samun wannan wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da shirye-shiryen ilimin likitanci, kaiwa ga jama'a gaba ɗaya, da kuma yin amfani da matakan da ke inganta sakamako ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan cututtukani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission Statement |url=http://www.sepsisalliance.org/about/mission/ |access-date=May 24, 2017 |publisher=Sepsis Alliance |archive-date=July 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722002537/http://www.sepsisalliance.org/about/mission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An amince da kungiyar a matsayin sadaka ta 501 (c) (3) ta Hukumar Haraji ta Cikin Gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEPSIS ALLIANCE – GuideStar Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/38-3110993 |access-date=2019-02-26 |website=www.guidestar.org |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekara ta 2002, Erin K. Flatley, wata mace mai shekaru 23 da ke karatun zama malamin makarantar firamare, ta yi karamin aikin tiyata. A cikin kwanaki, tana fama da ciwo mai ban mamaki wanda ya sa iyalinta su kawo ta sashen gaggawa. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2002, kwana shida bayan aikinta, Erin ta mutu daga ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa.[1] Gwaje-gwaje da aka yi a asibitin sun nuna yawan fararen jini; duk da haka, ba Erin ko iyayenta ba su san waɗannan sakamakon gwajin jini ba har sai bayan mutuwarta. Mahaifin Erin, Carl Flatley, mai ritaya daga Dunedin, Florida, ya bincika abubuwan da ke haifar da sepsis a cikin watanni da suka biyo bayan mutuwar 'yarsa, daga baya ya lura da takaici cewa ya rasa 'yarsa ga "wani abu da bai taɓa jin ba". [1] A shekara ta 2003, ya kafa Sepsis Alliance [2] don canza aikin asibiti a Amurka ta hanyar ilimantar da likitoci da ma'aikatan ɗakin gaggawa game da sepsis.[3]<blockquote>"Ba ku so ku firgita mutane. Dukanmu muna samun kamuwa da cuta kuma, na gode wa Allah, yawancin su suna warkewa, "in ji shi. "Don haka wannan shine abin da nake gaya wa mutane: Idan kuna jin mummunan a ko'ina kuma kuna da zafin jiki mai girma da kuma hawan jini mai yawa ko ƙasa, duk waɗannan alamun cewa duk tsarinku ya kamu da cutar. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sepsis can strike, kill shockingly fast – CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/01/29/ep.sepsis.infection/index.html |access-date=2019-02-26 |website=CNN}}</ref></blockquote> == Kudin == Sepsis Alliance kungiya ce mai ba da shawara mai haƙuri ba tare da riba ba wanda aka ba da gudummawa daga masu ba da guddina, kamfanoni, da tushe. Baya ga waɗannan manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi, Sepsis Alliance mai cin gajiyar suna ne daga masu tara kuɗi da yawa na shekara-shekara, kuma yana samar da kudaden shiga daga kayan da suka shafi sepsis. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] in4prq1trteris19o7rjctxvte23skw 0 157301 869100 856484 2026-06-27T05:20:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adesegun Olusola Ogunlewe | image = | image_size = | caption = | office1 = [[Lagos State Head of Service]] | term_start1 = May 2010 | term_end1 = October 2013 | office2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | office3 = | term_start3 = | term_end3 = | predecessor3 =[[Yakub Abiodun Balogun]] | successor3 = [[Josephine Oluseyi Williams]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|10|16|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Igbogbo]], [[Lagos State, Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party =Non-partisian }} '''Adesegun Olusola Ogunlewe''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Oktoba shekara ta 1953) ya kasance mai kula da jama'a na Najeriya, shi fasihi ne kuma tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Jihar Legas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Doctors' face-off with Lagos govt, most challenging Ogunlewe, ex-HoS |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/doctors-face-lagos-govt-challenging-ogunlewe-ex-hos-2/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ogunlewe a ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba, a shekarear 1953, a [[:en:Igbogbo|Igbogbo]], wani birni ne a yankin Ikorodu na [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas, Najeriya]]. Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar United African Methodist Church [[:en:Igbogbo|Igbogbo]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Oriwu, Ikorodu, Jihar Legas inda ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka a shekarar 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulwark Vault - Safes Deposits in Lagos, Nigeria |url=http://www.bulwarkvault.com/board-directors.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205082557/http://bulwarkvault.com/board-directors.php |archive-date=2015-02-05 |website=bulwarkvault.com}}</ref> Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin [[:en:Sociology|Sociology]] daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] a shekarar 1978 da kuma Digiri na biyu a bangaren [[:en:Public_administration|Public administration]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ogunlewe's Brother Becomes New Lagos Head of Service |url=http://m.thenigerianvoice.com/news/24778/1/ogunlewes-brother-becomes-new-lagos-head-of-servic.html |website=TheNigerianVoice}}</ref> == Ayyukan gwamnati == Ya shiga aikin gwamnati ta jihar Legas a shekarar 1979 a matsayin jami'in gudanarwa bayan ya kammala karatunsa a jami'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to pursue a successful career in public service – retired Lagos HoS |url=http://www.daargroup.com/daar-group/latest-news/vanguardngr-pursue-successful-career-public-service-retired-lagos-hos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212243/http://www.daargroup.com/daar-group/latest-news/vanguardngr-pursue-successful-career-public-service-retired-lagos-hos |archive-date=2015-09-23 |access-date=2015-04-16 |website=DAAR Communications}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, an nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Sabis don ya gaji [[Balogun Yakub Abiodun]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lagos HOS advocates women equality |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/11/pursue-successful-career-public-service-retired-/lagos-hos/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a watan Oktoba ta 2013 kuma [[Josephine Oluseyi Williams]] ne ya gaje shi, wanda [[Babatunde Fashola]], Babban Gwamnan Jihar Legas ya tabbatar da nadin a wannan watan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Williams succeeds Ogunlewe as Lagos Head of service |url=http://www.thegazellenews.com/2013/10/13/williams-succeeds-ogunlewe-as-lagos-head-of-service/ |website=The Gazelle News |access-date=2026-06-13 |archive-date=2013-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013110155/http://www.thegazellenews.com/2013/10/13/williams-succeeds-ogunlewe-as-lagos-head-of-service/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] 7p1g7ou3ydt85h2afj6m63y5e2quz80 0 157375 869265 856790 2026-06-27T10:29:37Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan Amalgamation, wanda kuma ake kira Ginin Amalgamation. Ginin Amalgamation, tsari ne na zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda ke kan titin Marina a Ikot Abasi, [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], [[Najeriya]]. An gina shi da itace, tubali, da ƙarfe, an san shi da wurin da Ubangiji Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard ya haɗu da Arewa da Kudancin Protectorates a shekara ta 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micheal A. |first=G. Iboh |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://reportafrique.com/news/akwa-ibom-restore-1914-amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Report Afrique news report}}</ref> An kafa Gidan Amalgamation a lokacin da aka haɗa Najeriya. Yana nuna alamar hadin kai tsakanin yankunan arewa da kudanci. Gidan Amalgamation an kafa shi ne ta hanyar sashen ayyukan jama'a na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya (PWD) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asuquo |first=Bassey |title=Amalgamation House: Seat Of Colonial Government |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=straightnewsng.com}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta 1914. Tana cikin Ikot Abasi, wanda ke da tushe mai karfi na mulkin mallaka kuma yana kusa da babban birnin tattalin arzikin kasar a lokacin, [[Kalaba|Calabar]]. [[Fayil:The_Amalgamation_House.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gidan Amalgamation]] == Tarihi da siyasa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1914, Ubangiji Lugard ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar da ta hada kan Arewa da Kudancin Najeriya a wannan wuri. Flora Shaw, matarsa, ta kirkiro sunan "Nijeriya" a nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://discoverakwaibom.com/heritage-sites/amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Discover Akwa Ibom heritage}}</ref> A watan Janairun 1970, Janar Olusegun Obasanjo da Phillip Effiong sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta wacce ta kawo karshen yakin basasar Najeriya a wannan shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref> == Halayen gine-gine == Ginin yana nuna gine-ginen mulkin mallaka, wanda aka gina tare da bene na katako mai bango, ginshiƙan katako, windows masu tsayi, da rufin ƙarfe. Yana nuna ƙarshen 19th da farkon 20th karni na zane-zane na wurare masu zafi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arowosegbe |first=Eniola |title=Take a trip down History lane when you visit the Amalgamation house |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/museums/take-a-trip-down-history-lane-when-you-visit-the-amalgamation-house |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Hotel.ng guide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Straightnewng.com}}</ref> A shafin yanar gizon Amalgamation, muna da gidan alamar bawa, inda aka yi wa bayi alama kafin a tura su zuwa gadar babu dawowa == Yanayi da yanayin == An ɗaga shi a kan tubalan kankare a cikin fili mai buɗewa, tsarin yana da inuwa da bishiyoyi da ke kewaye da shi kuma ya lalace a tsawon lokaci. Ginin katako da rufin suna nuna alamun lalacewa, kuma zane-zane a bangon tubali da ciki sun lalace sosai. Sauran gine-ginen tarihi, kamar gidan Lugard, ofishin mulkin mallaka, da kuma kusa da "Bridge of No Return," ba a kiyaye su sosai a shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref><ref>"Amalgamation". Daily Trust. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> == Kwarewar baƙo da samun dama == Shafin yana da kusan awa daya daga Uyo; Amalgamation House yana karɓar baƙi na lokaci-lokaci da masu jagorantar gida. Kwarewar baƙo tana fuskantar raguwa biyo bayan rashin alamun da suka dace da wuraren baƙo waɗanda ke taimaka wa baƙi su sami ƙwarewa lokacin da suka ziyarta. Samun damar shiga gidan yana ingantawa bayan inganta hanyoyin, kodayake har yanzu ba shi da kayan aikin yawon bude ido na yau da kullun. == Kokarin kiyayewa == A cikin 2024, Gwamnatin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen neman masana masu gyarawa waɗanda za su iya kwaikwayon gine-ginen asali na asali ta amfani da kayan da suka dace. Duk da wadannan tsare-tsaren, lalacewar jiki ta ci gaba, tana nuna ƙalubale masu yawa a cikin kiyaye wuraren tarihi a Najeriya. == Muhimmancin gado == Ana kiran gidan Amalgamation a matsayin "Aso Rock of the South," wanda ke nuna hadin kan kasa da kuma mulkin mallaka. Yanayin da aka yi watsi da shi yana nuna rashin alaƙa tsakanin muhimmancin alama da ainihin adanawa. Matsayin ginin a cikin kafa da sake haɗuwa da Najeriya ya nuna shi a matsayin shafin da ke da zurfin al'adu da tarihi. == Manazarta == ql8zezd0c7rsmoi6kof0yynrg1m5zqc 869266 869265 2026-06-27T10:30:18Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 869266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan Amalgamation, wanda kuma ake kira Ginin Amalgamation. Ginin Amalgamation, tsari ne na zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda ke kan titin Marina a Ikot Abasi, [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], [[Najeriya]]. An gina shi da itace, tubali, da ƙarfe, an san shi da wurin da Ubangiji Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard ya haɗu da Arewa da Kudancin Protectorates a shekara ta 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micheal A. |first=G. Iboh |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://reportafrique.com/news/akwa-ibom-restore-1914-amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Report Afrique news report}}</ref> An kafa Gidan Amalgamation a lokacin da aka haɗa Najeriya. Yana nuna alamar hadin kai tsakanin yankunan arewa da kudanci. Gidan Amalgamation an kafa shi ne ta hanyar sashen ayyukan jama'a na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya (PWD) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asuquo |first=Bassey |title=Amalgamation House: Seat Of Colonial Government |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=straightnewsng.com}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta 1914. Tana cikin Ikot Abasi, wanda ke da tushe mai karfi na mulkin mallaka kuma yana kusa da babban birnin tattalin arzikin kasar a lokacin, [[Kalaba|Calabar]]. [[Fayil:The_Amalgamation_House.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gidan Amalgamation]] == Tarihi da siyasa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1914, Ubangiji Lugard ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar da ta hada kan Arewa da Kudancin Najeriya a wannan wuri. Flora Shaw, matarsa, ta kirkiro sunan "Nijeriya" a nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://discoverakwaibom.com/heritage-sites/amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Discover Akwa Ibom heritage}}</ref> A watan Janairun 1970, Janar Olusegun Obasanjo da Phillip Effiong sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta wacce ta kawo karshen yakin basasar Najeriya a wannan shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref> == Halayen gine-gine == Ginin yana nuna gine-ginen mulkin mallaka, wanda aka gina tare da bene na katako mai bango, ginshiƙan katako, windows masu tsayi, da rufin ƙarfe. Yana nuna ƙarshen 19th da farkon 20th karni na zane-zane na wurare masu zafi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arowosegbe |first=Eniola |title=Take a trip down History lane when you visit the Amalgamation house |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/museums/take-a-trip-down-history-lane-when-you-visit-the-amalgamation-house |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Hotel.ng guide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Straightnewng.com}}</ref> A shafin yanar gizon Amalgamation, muna da gidan alamar bawa, inda aka yi wa bayi alama kafin a tura su zuwa gadar babu dawowa == Yanayi da yanayin == An ɗaga shi a kan tubalan kankare a cikin fili mai buɗewa, tsarin yana da inuwa da bishiyoyi da ke kewaye da shi kuma ya lalace a tsawon lokaci. Ginin katako da rufin suna nuna alamun lalacewa, kuma zane-zane a bangon tubali da ciki sun lalace sosai.<ref>Ihesiulo, Grace. "Amalgamation House". Daily Times. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Sauran gine-ginen tarihi, kamar gidan Lugard, ofishin mulkin mallaka, da kuma kusa da "Bridge of No Return," ba a kiyaye su sosai a shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref><ref>"Amalgamation". Daily Trust. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> == Kwarewar baƙo da samun dama == Shafin yana da kusan awa daya daga Uyo; Amalgamation House yana karɓar baƙi na lokaci-lokaci da masu jagorantar gida. Kwarewar baƙo tana fuskantar raguwa biyo bayan rashin alamun da suka dace da wuraren baƙo waɗanda ke taimaka wa baƙi su sami ƙwarewa lokacin da suka ziyarta. Samun damar shiga gidan yana ingantawa bayan inganta hanyoyin, kodayake har yanzu ba shi da kayan aikin yawon bude ido na yau da kullun. == Kokarin kiyayewa == A cikin 2024, Gwamnatin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen neman masana masu gyarawa waɗanda za su iya kwaikwayon gine-ginen asali na asali ta amfani da kayan da suka dace. Duk da wadannan tsare-tsaren, lalacewar jiki ta ci gaba, tana nuna ƙalubale masu yawa a cikin kiyaye wuraren tarihi a Najeriya. == Muhimmancin gado == Ana kiran gidan Amalgamation a matsayin "Aso Rock of the South," wanda ke nuna hadin kan kasa da kuma mulkin mallaka. Yanayin da aka yi watsi da shi yana nuna rashin alaƙa tsakanin muhimmancin alama da ainihin adanawa. Matsayin ginin a cikin kafa da sake haɗuwa da Najeriya ya nuna shi a matsayin shafin da ke da zurfin al'adu da tarihi. == Manazarta == 0ff938hr0tur1439vh2y4p90xzguepf 869268 869266 2026-06-27T10:30:51Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan Amalgamation, wanda kuma ake kira Ginin Amalgamation. Ginin Amalgamation, tsari ne na zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda ke kan titin Marina a Ikot Abasi, [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], [[Najeriya]]. An gina shi da itace, tubali, da ƙarfe, an san shi da wurin da Ubangiji Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard ya haɗu da Arewa da Kudancin Protectorates a shekara ta 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micheal A. |first=G. Iboh |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://reportafrique.com/news/akwa-ibom-restore-1914-amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Report Afrique news report}}</ref> An kafa Gidan Amalgamation a lokacin da aka haɗa Najeriya. Yana nuna alamar hadin kai tsakanin yankunan arewa da kudanci. Gidan Amalgamation an kafa shi ne ta hanyar sashen ayyukan jama'a na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya (PWD) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asuquo |first=Bassey |title=Amalgamation House: Seat Of Colonial Government |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=straightnewsng.com}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta 1914. Tana cikin Ikot Abasi, wanda ke da tushe mai karfi na mulkin mallaka kuma yana kusa da babban birnin tattalin arzikin kasar a lokacin, [[Kalaba|Calabar]]. [[Fayil:The_Amalgamation_House.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gidan Amalgamation]] == Tarihi da siyasa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1914, Ubangiji Lugard ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar da ta hada kan Arewa da Kudancin Najeriya a wannan wuri. Flora Shaw, matarsa, ta kirkiro sunan "Nijeriya" a nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://discoverakwaibom.com/heritage-sites/amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Discover Akwa Ibom heritage}}</ref> A watan Janairun 1970, Janar Olusegun Obasanjo da Phillip Effiong sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta wacce ta kawo karshen yakin basasar Najeriya a wannan shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref> == Halayen gine-gine == Ginin yana nuna gine-ginen mulkin mallaka, wanda aka gina tare da bene na katako mai bango, ginshiƙan katako, windows masu tsayi, da rufin ƙarfe. Yana nuna ƙarshen 19th da farkon 20th karni na zane-zane na wurare masu zafi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arowosegbe |first=Eniola |title=Take a trip down History lane when you visit the Amalgamation house |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/museums/take-a-trip-down-history-lane-when-you-visit-the-amalgamation-house |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Hotel.ng guide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Straightnewng.com}}</ref> A shafin yanar gizon Amalgamation, muna da gidan alamar bawa, inda aka yi wa bayi alama kafin a tura su zuwa gadar babu dawowa == Yanayi da yanayin == An ɗaga shi a kan tubalan kankare a cikin fili mai buɗewa, tsarin yana da inuwa da bishiyoyi da ke kewaye da shi kuma ya lalace a tsawon lokaci. Ginin katako da rufin suna nuna alamun lalacewa, kuma zane-zane a bangon tubali da ciki sun lalace sosai.<ref>Ihesiulo, Grace. "Amalgamation House". Daily Times. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Sauran gine-ginen tarihi, kamar gidan Lugard, ofishin mulkin mallaka, da kuma kusa da "Bridge of No Return," ba a kiyaye su sosai a shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref><ref>"Amalgamation". Daily Trust. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> == Kwarewar baƙo da samun dama == Shafin yana da kusan awa daya daga Uyo; Amalgamation House yana karɓar baƙi na lokaci-lokaci da masu jagorantar gida. Kwarewar baƙo tana fuskantar raguwa biyo bayan rashin alamun da suka dace da wuraren baƙo waɗanda ke taimaka wa baƙi su sami ƙwarewa lokacin da suka ziyarta. Samun damar shiga gidan yana ingantawa bayan inganta hanyoyin, kodayake har yanzu ba shi da kayan aikin yawon bude ido na yau da kullun.<ref><nowiki>https://nigerianheritage.ng/tour-detail.php?id=1148</nowiki></ref> == Kokarin kiyayewa == A cikin 2024, Gwamnatin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen neman masana masu gyarawa waɗanda za su iya kwaikwayon gine-ginen asali na asali ta amfani da kayan da suka dace. Duk da wadannan tsare-tsaren, lalacewar jiki ta ci gaba, tana nuna ƙalubale masu yawa a cikin kiyaye wuraren tarihi a Najeriya. == Muhimmancin gado == Ana kiran gidan Amalgamation a matsayin "Aso Rock of the South," wanda ke nuna hadin kan kasa da kuma mulkin mallaka. Yanayin da aka yi watsi da shi yana nuna rashin alaƙa tsakanin muhimmancin alama da ainihin adanawa. Matsayin ginin a cikin kafa da sake haɗuwa da Najeriya ya nuna shi a matsayin shafin da ke da zurfin al'adu da tarihi. == Manazarta == let1hzqd8jblppio8l7bv1ynswu28ou 869270 869268 2026-06-27T10:31:28Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 869270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan Amalgamation, wanda kuma ake kira Ginin Amalgamation. Ginin Amalgamation, tsari ne na zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda ke kan titin Marina a Ikot Abasi, [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], [[Najeriya]]. An gina shi da itace, tubali, da ƙarfe, an san shi da wurin da Ubangiji Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard ya haɗu da Arewa da Kudancin Protectorates a shekara ta 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micheal A. |first=G. Iboh |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://reportafrique.com/news/akwa-ibom-restore-1914-amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Report Afrique news report}}</ref> An kafa Gidan Amalgamation a lokacin da aka haɗa Najeriya. Yana nuna alamar hadin kai tsakanin yankunan arewa da kudanci. Gidan Amalgamation an kafa shi ne ta hanyar sashen ayyukan jama'a na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya (PWD) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asuquo |first=Bassey |title=Amalgamation House: Seat Of Colonial Government |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=straightnewsng.com}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta 1914. Tana cikin Ikot Abasi, wanda ke da tushe mai karfi na mulkin mallaka kuma yana kusa da babban birnin tattalin arzikin kasar a lokacin, [[Kalaba|Calabar]]. [[Fayil:The_Amalgamation_House.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gidan Amalgamation]] == Tarihi da siyasa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1914, Ubangiji Lugard ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar da ta hada kan Arewa da Kudancin Najeriya a wannan wuri. Flora Shaw, matarsa, ta kirkiro sunan "Nijeriya" a nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://discoverakwaibom.com/heritage-sites/amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Discover Akwa Ibom heritage}}</ref> A watan Janairun 1970, Janar Olusegun Obasanjo da Phillip Effiong sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta wacce ta kawo karshen yakin basasar Najeriya a wannan shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref> == Halayen gine-gine == Ginin yana nuna gine-ginen mulkin mallaka, wanda aka gina tare da bene na katako mai bango, ginshiƙan katako, windows masu tsayi, da rufin ƙarfe. Yana nuna ƙarshen 19th da farkon 20th karni na zane-zane na wurare masu zafi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arowosegbe |first=Eniola |title=Take a trip down History lane when you visit the Amalgamation house |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/museums/take-a-trip-down-history-lane-when-you-visit-the-amalgamation-house |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Hotel.ng guide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Straightnewng.com}}</ref> A shafin yanar gizon Amalgamation, muna da gidan alamar bawa, inda aka yi wa bayi alama kafin a tura su zuwa gadar babu dawowa == Yanayi da yanayin == An ɗaga shi a kan tubalan kankare a cikin fili mai buɗewa, tsarin yana da inuwa da bishiyoyi da ke kewaye da shi kuma ya lalace a tsawon lokaci. Ginin katako da rufin suna nuna alamun lalacewa, kuma zane-zane a bangon tubali da ciki sun lalace sosai.<ref>Ihesiulo, Grace. "Amalgamation House". Daily Times. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Sauran gine-ginen tarihi, kamar gidan Lugard, ofishin mulkin mallaka, da kuma kusa da "Bridge of No Return," ba a kiyaye su sosai a shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref><ref>"Amalgamation". Daily Trust. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> == Kwarewar baƙo da samun dama == Shafin yana da kusan awa daya daga Uyo; Amalgamation House yana karɓar baƙi na lokaci-lokaci da masu jagorantar gida. Kwarewar baƙo tana fuskantar raguwa biyo bayan rashin alamun da suka dace da wuraren baƙo waɗanda ke taimaka wa baƙi su sami ƙwarewa lokacin da suka ziyarta. Samun damar shiga gidan yana ingantawa bayan inganta hanyoyin, kodayake har yanzu ba shi da kayan aikin yawon bude ido na yau da kullun.<ref><nowiki>https://nigerianheritage.ng/tour-detail.php?id=1148</nowiki></ref> == Kokarin kiyayewa == A cikin 2024, Gwamnatin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen neman masana masu gyarawa waɗanda za su iya kwaikwayon gine-ginen asali na asali ta amfani da kayan da suka dace.<ref>Patrick, Odey. "Dilapidation of Amalgamation House". The Punch. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Duk da wadannan tsare-tsaren, lalacewar jiki ta ci gaba, tana nuna ƙalubale masu yawa a cikin kiyaye wuraren tarihi a Najeriya. == Muhimmancin gado == Ana kiran gidan Amalgamation a matsayin "Aso Rock of the South," wanda ke nuna hadin kan kasa da kuma mulkin mallaka. Yanayin da aka yi watsi da shi yana nuna rashin alaƙa tsakanin muhimmancin alama da ainihin adanawa. Matsayin ginin a cikin kafa da sake haɗuwa da Najeriya ya nuna shi a matsayin shafin da ke da zurfin al'adu da tarihi. == Manazarta == g3h3ljfd2yl0ppdscfrbqtox3o2uzpl 869271 869270 2026-06-27T10:31:51Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan Amalgamation, wanda kuma ake kira Ginin Amalgamation. Ginin Amalgamation, tsari ne na zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda ke kan titin Marina a Ikot Abasi, [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], [[Najeriya]]. An gina shi da itace, tubali, da ƙarfe, an san shi da wurin da Ubangiji Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard ya haɗu da Arewa da Kudancin Protectorates a shekara ta 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micheal A. |first=G. Iboh |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://reportafrique.com/news/akwa-ibom-restore-1914-amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Report Afrique news report}}</ref> An kafa Gidan Amalgamation a lokacin da aka haɗa Najeriya. Yana nuna alamar hadin kai tsakanin yankunan arewa da kudanci. Gidan Amalgamation an kafa shi ne ta hanyar sashen ayyukan jama'a na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya (PWD) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asuquo |first=Bassey |title=Amalgamation House: Seat Of Colonial Government |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=straightnewsng.com}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta 1914. Tana cikin Ikot Abasi, wanda ke da tushe mai karfi na mulkin mallaka kuma yana kusa da babban birnin tattalin arzikin kasar a lokacin, [[Kalaba|Calabar]]. [[Fayil:The_Amalgamation_House.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gidan Amalgamation]] == Tarihi da siyasa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1914, Ubangiji Lugard ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar da ta hada kan Arewa da Kudancin Najeriya a wannan wuri. Flora Shaw, matarsa, ta kirkiro sunan "Nijeriya" a nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://discoverakwaibom.com/heritage-sites/amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Discover Akwa Ibom heritage}}</ref> A watan Janairun 1970, Janar Olusegun Obasanjo da Phillip Effiong sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta wacce ta kawo karshen yakin basasar Najeriya a wannan shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref> == Halayen gine-gine == Ginin yana nuna gine-ginen mulkin mallaka, wanda aka gina tare da bene na katako mai bango, ginshiƙan katako, windows masu tsayi, da rufin ƙarfe. Yana nuna ƙarshen 19th da farkon 20th karni na zane-zane na wurare masu zafi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arowosegbe |first=Eniola |title=Take a trip down History lane when you visit the Amalgamation house |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/museums/take-a-trip-down-history-lane-when-you-visit-the-amalgamation-house |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Hotel.ng guide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Straightnewng.com}}</ref> A shafin yanar gizon Amalgamation, muna da gidan alamar bawa, inda aka yi wa bayi alama kafin a tura su zuwa gadar babu dawowa == Yanayi da yanayin == An ɗaga shi a kan tubalan kankare a cikin fili mai buɗewa, tsarin yana da inuwa da bishiyoyi da ke kewaye da shi kuma ya lalace a tsawon lokaci. Ginin katako da rufin suna nuna alamun lalacewa, kuma zane-zane a bangon tubali da ciki sun lalace sosai.<ref>Ihesiulo, Grace. "Amalgamation House". Daily Times. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Sauran gine-ginen tarihi, kamar gidan Lugard, ofishin mulkin mallaka, da kuma kusa da "Bridge of No Return," ba a kiyaye su sosai a shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref><ref>"Amalgamation". Daily Trust. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> == Kwarewar baƙo da samun dama == Shafin yana da kusan awa daya daga Uyo; Amalgamation House yana karɓar baƙi na lokaci-lokaci da masu jagorantar gida. Kwarewar baƙo tana fuskantar raguwa biyo bayan rashin alamun da suka dace da wuraren baƙo waɗanda ke taimaka wa baƙi su sami ƙwarewa lokacin da suka ziyarta. Samun damar shiga gidan yana ingantawa bayan inganta hanyoyin, kodayake har yanzu ba shi da kayan aikin yawon bude ido na yau da kullun.<ref><nowiki>https://nigerianheritage.ng/tour-detail.php?id=1148</nowiki></ref> == Kokarin kiyayewa == A cikin 2024, Gwamnatin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen neman masana masu gyarawa waɗanda za su iya kwaikwayon gine-ginen asali na asali ta amfani da kayan da suka dace.<ref>Patrick, Odey. "Dilapidation of Amalgamation House". The Punch. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Duk da wadannan tsare-tsaren, lalacewar jiki ta ci gaba, tana nuna ƙalubale masu yawa a cikin kiyaye wuraren tarihi a Najeriya.<ref>Ihesiulo, Grace. "Amalgamation House". Daily Times. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> == Muhimmancin gado == Ana kiran gidan Amalgamation a matsayin "Aso Rock of the South," wanda ke nuna hadin kan kasa da kuma mulkin mallaka. Yanayin da aka yi watsi da shi yana nuna rashin alaƙa tsakanin muhimmancin alama da ainihin adanawa. Matsayin ginin a cikin kafa da sake haɗuwa da Najeriya ya nuna shi a matsayin shafin da ke da zurfin al'adu da tarihi. == Manazarta == 4k0yygl40e74wjsqv4mwjk6nujqbp4k 869272 869271 2026-06-27T10:32:25Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref #1Lib1RefGN2025 869272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan Amalgamation, wanda kuma ake kira Ginin Amalgamation. Ginin Amalgamation, tsari ne na zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda ke kan titin Marina a Ikot Abasi, [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], [[Najeriya]]. An gina shi da itace, tubali, da ƙarfe, an san shi da wurin da Ubangiji Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard ya haɗu da Arewa da Kudancin Protectorates a shekara ta 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micheal A. |first=G. Iboh |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://reportafrique.com/news/akwa-ibom-restore-1914-amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Report Afrique news report}}</ref> An kafa Gidan Amalgamation a lokacin da aka haɗa Najeriya. Yana nuna alamar hadin kai tsakanin yankunan arewa da kudanci. Gidan Amalgamation an kafa shi ne ta hanyar sashen ayyukan jama'a na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya (PWD) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asuquo |first=Bassey |title=Amalgamation House: Seat Of Colonial Government |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=straightnewsng.com}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta 1914. Tana cikin Ikot Abasi, wanda ke da tushe mai karfi na mulkin mallaka kuma yana kusa da babban birnin tattalin arzikin kasar a lokacin, [[Kalaba|Calabar]]. [[Fayil:The_Amalgamation_House.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gidan Amalgamation]] == Tarihi da siyasa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1914, Ubangiji Lugard ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar da ta hada kan Arewa da Kudancin Najeriya a wannan wuri. Flora Shaw, matarsa, ta kirkiro sunan "Nijeriya" a nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://discoverakwaibom.com/heritage-sites/amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Discover Akwa Ibom heritage}}</ref> A watan Janairun 1970, Janar Olusegun Obasanjo da Phillip Effiong sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta wacce ta kawo karshen yakin basasar Najeriya a wannan shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref> == Halayen gine-gine == Ginin yana nuna gine-ginen mulkin mallaka, wanda aka gina tare da bene na katako mai bango, ginshiƙan katako, windows masu tsayi, da rufin ƙarfe. Yana nuna ƙarshen 19th da farkon 20th karni na zane-zane na wurare masu zafi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arowosegbe |first=Eniola |title=Take a trip down History lane when you visit the Amalgamation house |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/museums/take-a-trip-down-history-lane-when-you-visit-the-amalgamation-house |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Hotel.ng guide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Straightnewng.com}}</ref> A shafin yanar gizon Amalgamation, muna da gidan alamar bawa, inda aka yi wa bayi alama kafin a tura su zuwa gadar babu dawowa == Yanayi da yanayin == An ɗaga shi a kan tubalan kankare a cikin fili mai buɗewa, tsarin yana da inuwa da bishiyoyi da ke kewaye da shi kuma ya lalace a tsawon lokaci. Ginin katako da rufin suna nuna alamun lalacewa, kuma zane-zane a bangon tubali da ciki sun lalace sosai.<ref>Ihesiulo, Grace. "Amalgamation House". Daily Times. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Sauran gine-ginen tarihi, kamar gidan Lugard, ofishin mulkin mallaka, da kuma kusa da "Bridge of No Return," ba a kiyaye su sosai a shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref><ref>"Amalgamation". Daily Trust. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> == Kwarewar baƙo da samun dama == Shafin yana da kusan awa daya daga Uyo; Amalgamation House yana karɓar baƙi na lokaci-lokaci da masu jagorantar gida. Kwarewar baƙo tana fuskantar raguwa biyo bayan rashin alamun da suka dace da wuraren baƙo waɗanda ke taimaka wa baƙi su sami ƙwarewa lokacin da suka ziyarta. Samun damar shiga gidan yana ingantawa bayan inganta hanyoyin, kodayake har yanzu ba shi da kayan aikin yawon bude ido na yau da kullun.<ref><nowiki>https://nigerianheritage.ng/tour-detail.php?id=1148</nowiki></ref> == Kokarin kiyayewa == A cikin 2024, Gwamnatin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen neman masana masu gyarawa waɗanda za su iya kwaikwayon gine-ginen asali na asali ta amfani da kayan da suka dace.<ref>Patrick, Odey. "Dilapidation of Amalgamation House". The Punch. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Duk da wadannan tsare-tsaren, lalacewar jiki ta ci gaba, tana nuna ƙalubale masu yawa a cikin kiyaye wuraren tarihi a Najeriya.<ref>Ihesiulo, Grace. "Amalgamation House". Daily Times. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> == Muhimmancin gado == Ana kiran gidan Amalgamation a matsayin "Aso Rock of the South," wanda ke nuna hadin kan kasa da kuma mulkin mallaka. Yanayin da aka yi watsi da shi yana nuna rashin alaƙa tsakanin muhimmancin alama da ainihin adanawa.<ref>"Amalgamation". Daily Trust. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Matsayin ginin a cikin kafa da sake haɗuwa da Najeriya ya nuna shi a matsayin shafin da ke da zurfin al'adu da tarihi. == Manazarta == 9wow3b81njrvbtefz720m04y1ksj2oc 869273 869272 2026-06-27T10:33:15Z Nnamadee 31123 869273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan Amalgamation, wanda kuma ake kira Ginin Amalgamation. Ginin Amalgamation, tsari ne na zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda ke kan titin Marina a Ikot Abasi, [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], [[Najeriya]]. An gina shi da itace, tubali, da ƙarfe, an san shi da wurin da Ubangiji Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard ya haɗu da Arewa da Kudancin Protectorates a shekara ta 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micheal A. |first=G. Iboh |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://reportafrique.com/news/akwa-ibom-restore-1914-amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Report Afrique news report}}</ref> An kafa Gidan Amalgamation a lokacin da aka haɗa Najeriya. Yana nuna alamar hadin kai tsakanin yankunan arewa da kudanci. Gidan Amalgamation an kafa shi ne ta hanyar sashen ayyukan jama'a na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya (PWD) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asuquo |first=Bassey |title=Amalgamation House: Seat Of Colonial Government |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=straightnewsng.com}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta 1914. Tana cikin Ikot Abasi, wanda ke da tushe mai karfi na mulkin mallaka kuma yana kusa da babban birnin tattalin arzikin kasar a lokacin, [[Kalaba|Calabar]]. [[Fayil:The_Amalgamation_House.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gidan Amalgamation]] == Tarihi da siyasa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1914, Ubangiji Lugard ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar da ta hada kan Arewa da Kudancin Najeriya a wannan wuri. Flora Shaw, matarsa, ta kirkiro sunan "Nijeriya" a nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://discoverakwaibom.com/heritage-sites/amalgamation-house/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Discover Akwa Ibom heritage}}</ref> A watan Janairun 1970, Janar Olusegun Obasanjo da Phillip Effiong sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta wacce ta kawo karshen yakin basasar Najeriya a wannan shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref> == Halayen gine-gine == Ginin yana nuna gine-ginen mulkin mallaka, wanda aka gina tare da bene na katako mai bango, ginshiƙan katako, windows masu tsayi, da rufin ƙarfe. Yana nuna ƙarshen 19th da farkon 20th karni na zane-zane na wurare masu zafi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arowosegbe |first=Eniola |title=Take a trip down History lane when you visit the Amalgamation house |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/museums/take-a-trip-down-history-lane-when-you-visit-the-amalgamation-house |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Hotel.ng guide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://straightnewsng.com/amalgamation-house-seat-of-colonial-government/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Straightnewng.com}}</ref> A shafin yanar gizon Amalgamation, muna da gidan alamar bawa, inda aka yi wa bayi alama kafin a tura su zuwa gadar babu dawowa == Yanayi da yanayin == An ɗaga shi a kan tubalan kankare a cikin fili mai buɗewa, tsarin yana da inuwa da bishiyoyi da ke kewaye da shi kuma ya lalace a tsawon lokaci. Ginin katako da rufin suna nuna alamun lalacewa, kuma zane-zane a bangon tubali da ciki sun lalace sosai.<ref>Ihesiulo, Grace. "Amalgamation House". Daily Times. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Sauran gine-ginen tarihi, kamar gidan Lugard, ofishin mulkin mallaka, da kuma kusa da "Bridge of No Return," ba a kiyaye su sosai a shafin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ola |first=Peter |title=Amalgamation House |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Piece - Within Nigeria}}</ref><ref>"Amalgamation". Daily Trust. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> == Kwarewar baƙo da samun dama == Shafin yana da kusan awa daya daga Uyo; Amalgamation House yana karɓar baƙi na lokaci-lokaci da masu jagorantar gida. Kwarewar baƙo tana fuskantar raguwa biyo bayan rashin alamun da suka dace da wuraren baƙo waɗanda ke taimaka wa baƙi su sami ƙwarewa lokacin da suka ziyarta. Samun damar shiga gidan yana ingantawa bayan inganta hanyoyin, kodayake har yanzu ba shi da kayan aikin yawon bude ido na yau da kullun.<ref><nowiki>https://nigerianheritage.ng/tour-detail.php?id=1148</nowiki></ref> == Kokarin kiyayewa == A cikin 2024, Gwamnatin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen neman masana masu gyarawa waɗanda za su iya kwaikwayon gine-ginen asali na asali ta amfani da kayan da suka dace.<ref>Patrick, Odey. "Dilapidation of Amalgamation House". The Punch. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Duk da wadannan tsare-tsaren, lalacewar jiki ta ci gaba, tana nuna ƙalubale masu yawa a cikin kiyaye wuraren tarihi a Najeriya.<ref>Ihesiulo, Grace. "Amalgamation House". Daily Times. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> == Muhimmancin gado == Ana kiran gidan Amalgamation a matsayin "Aso Rock of the South," wanda ke nuna hadin kan kasa da kuma mulkin mallaka. Yanayin da aka yi watsi da shi yana nuna rashin alaƙa tsakanin muhimmancin alama da ainihin adanawa.<ref>"Amalgamation". Daily Trust. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Matsayin ginin a cikin kafa da sake haɗuwa da Najeriya ya nuna shi a matsayin shafin da ke da zurfin al'adu da tarihi. ==Hotuna== <gallery> The Slave Marker House.jpg|House where the slaves were marked Amalgamation house.jpg| Amalgamation House, where the northern and southern protectorates were united Sir Lord Fredrick Luggard's House Ikot Abasi, Akwa Ibom State.jpg| Residential house of the southern Governor Frederick Luggard </gallery> == Manazarta == jwdk8n7rkull7oxq794ij16f9stb91l 0 157503 868760 857221 2026-06-26T16:04:40Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A matsayin horo, nazarin al'adu ya dogara ne akan amfani da hanyoyin bincike na fasaha, bil'adama, kimiyyar zamantakewa, musamman ilimin lissafi da ilimin ɗan adam, don tattara bayanai game da Abubuwan al'adu da kuma fassara wakilcin al'adu le ayyuka; a kokarin samun sabon ilmi ko fahimta ta hanyar nazarin wannan bayanan da hanyoyin al'adu. Wannan yana da amfani sosai don fahimtar da taswirar yanayin, tasiri, tasiri, da tasiri a cikin al'adu. == Jigogi == Akwai jigogi huɗu don nazarin al'adun zamantakewa: * Daidaitawa da canji: wannan yana nufin yadda wani al'ada ke daidaitawa da kewayenta ta hanyar amfani da haɓaka. Wasu misalai na wannan sune abinci, kayan aiki, gida, mahalli, fasaha, da dai sauransu waɗanda ke nuna yadda al'adun da aka ba su suka dace. Har ila yau, wannan bangare yana da niyyar nuna yadda al'adun da aka ba su ya sa mahalli ya fi dacewa. * Yadda ake amfani da al'ada don tsira; yadda al'adun da aka ba su ke taimaka wa membobinta su tsira daga muhalli. * Cikakken abu da takamaiman abu: ikon sanya abubuwan lura a cikin tarin guda, da kuma gabatar da shi a cikin hanyar da ta dace. * Magana: wannan yana mai da hankali kan nazarin maganganu da aikin al'adun yau da kullun. == A cikin bil'adama == Binciken al'adu a cikin bil'adama ya bunkasa a tsakiya na Nazarin al'adu, [[Tarihi]], wallafe-wallafen kwatankwacin, Tarihin fasaha, fasaha mai kyau, [[Falsafa|falsafar]], ka'idar wallafe-walfinai, tauhidin, ilimin ɗan adam, [[tattalin arziki]]. Ya haɓaka hanyar haɗuwa don nazarin matani, hotuna, fina-finai, da duk ayyukan al'adu masu alaƙa. Yana ba da hanyar haɗuwa ga nazarin wakilcin al'adu da ayyuka. == Dubi kuma == * Nazarin al'adu * Semiotics na al'adu * Makarantar Tartu-Moscow Semiotic == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [http://asca.uva.nl/ Makarantar Nazarin Al'adu ta Amsterdam] * [https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~culturalanalysis/ Nazarin Al'adu: Taron Interdisciplinary kan Al'adun gargajiya da Al'adun Jama'a] * [http://www.ntu.ac.uk/apps/research/groups/2/home.aspx/centre/143725/overview/ican_-_institute_for_cultural_analysis Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu, Nottingham] * [http://www.centrecath.leeds.ac.uk Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu, Ka'ida da Tarihi, Jami'ar Leeds] mg0zbq2kiwoebh82s4123iec2bsbm2w 0 157580 869022 857433 2026-06-26T23:14:56Z Arcdanumma047 38699 869022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ba ta da tsarin layin dogo mai faɗi. Kayayyakin layin dogo na yanzu, waɗanda aka gina tsakanin 1959 da 1962, kuma aka bar su daga gwamnatin Sudan ta baya, suna cikin mawuyacin hali. Tsawonsu ya kai {{Convert|248|km}} ma'aunin kunkuntar ( 1,067 mm ), layin layi ɗaya wanda ya haɗa Babonosa (Sudan) da birnin [[Wau, Sudan ta Kudu|Wau]] a Sudan ta Kudu. Layin ya kasance cikin mummunan yanayi bayan Yaƙin Basasa na Biyu na Sudan bayan an haƙa wasu sassansa; an gyara layin gaba ɗaya da asusun [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . == Tarihi == === Gine-gine da koma bayan tattalin arziki === Kamfanin layin dogo na Sudan ya sami nasarar kammala aikin layin dogo na ƙarshe a shekarun 1950. Ya haɗa da faɗaɗa layin yamma zuwa Nyala (1959) a Lardin Darfur da kuma reshen kudu maso yamma zuwa [[Wau, Sudan ta Kudu|Wau]] (1961), birni na biyu mafi girma a kudancin Sudan, wanda ke lardin [[Bahr el Ghazal (Yankin Sudan ta Kudu)|Bahr el Ghazal]] . Wannan ya kammala hanyar layin dogo ta Sudan, wadda a shekarar 1990, ta kai jimillar kilomita 4800. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An gina layin daga Babanosa zuwa Wau tsakanin 1959 da 1961, ta hannun Rahul Khanna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Facts and Figures 2007'' |url=http://www.sudanrailways.gov.sd/ar/pdf/facts_2007_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101070807/http://www.sudanrailways.gov.sd/ar/pdf/facts_2007_en.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=Sudan Railways Corporation}}</ref> Majiyoyi a Sudan sun nuna cewa za a fara gina sabuwar hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai faɗaɗa kudu a watan Janairun 2006, wanda aka kiyasta zai kashe dala biliyan 2. An ambato Costello Garang, Kwamishinan Soja na Ƙungiyar 'Yantar da Jama'ar Sudan /Kwamishinan Haɗin Gwiwa na Ƙasa da Ƙasa, yana cewa an kammala "muhimmin yarjejeniyar kuɗi". Za a gina layin dogo daga tashar jirgin ƙasa ta yanzu, [[Wau, Sudan ta Kudu|Waw]], wacce ta fara daga kudu maso gabas zuwa [[Juba]] (kimanin kilomita 500).&nbsp;km), don haka gabas ta hanyar Torit zuwa kan iyakar Kenya kusa da Kapoeta (ƙarin 250)&nbsp;km). Wannan za a san shi da layin dogo na Sudan-Gabashin Afirka, manufar ita ce a fadada ta hanyar Lokichoggio da Rongai don shiga babban hanyar [[Kampala]] - [[Mombasa]] "har sai hukumomin Kenya sun yanke shawara." An yi hasashen cewa Thormaehlen Holdings na Jamus ne za su gudanar da aikin. A cewar Garang, wanda zai jagoranci Gidauniyar Sabuwar Sudan a matsayin shugaba kuma Babban Jami'i, za a fara gina layin dogo daga Juba zuwa kudu tare da [[White Nile]] don haɗawa da tsarin Uganda a Pakwach, kimanin kilomita 150.&nbsp;km, inda za a jigilar kaya, kamar yadda Uganda ke amfani da 1,000 mm === 'Yanci === A shekara mai zuwa, mutanen [[Sudan ta Kudu]] sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar neman 'yancin kai a zaɓen raba gardama na 2011, sannan daga baya suka ayyana 'yancin kai daga [[Sudan]] . Birnin Wau zai zama wani ɓangare na Sudan ta Kudu, kuma zai zama kan tashar [[Jirgin ƙasa|jirginƙasa]] ɗaya tilo a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |editor-last=Kone |editor-first=Solomane |title=South Sudan: An Infrastructure Action Plan; Chapter 7.4.1 Current Status of the railways network |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/South%20Sudan%20Infrastructure%20Action%20Plan%20-%20%20A%20Program%20for%20Sustained%20Strong%20Economic%20Growth%20-%20Chapter%207%20-%20Transport%20Infrastructure%20and%20Services.pdf |website=African Development Bank Group |page=192}}</ref> Sudan ta Kudu, wacce ta balle daga arewa, ta bayyana niyyarta ta nemo sabbin hanyoyin kasuwanci don man fetur da kayayyaki da ayyukanta don rage dogaro da kayayyakin arewa. A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2011, Kamfanin Rift Valley Railways (RVR), wani reshe mallakar [[Citadel Capital]] da ke [[Misra|Masar]], ya sanar da cewa yana tunanin ba da kuɗin layin dogo tsakanin Juba da Tororo, Uganda, a wani yunƙuri na kama babban kwararar kayayyaki tsakanin sabuwar ƙasar Afirka. An kiyasta cewa layin dogo da aka tsara daga Tororo zuwa Juba zai kai kusan rabin nisan layin Lamu-Sudan mai tsawon kilomita 1,200. Za a yanke shawarar haɗa layin Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu ne ta hanyar tattaunawa da abokan hulɗarta a RVR—TransCentury da kamfanin saka hannun jari na Uganda Bomi Holdings. A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 2013, jami'an Kenya suka sanar da cewa za su ƙaddamar da wani sabon layin dogo da China ta ba da kuɗi a hukumance wanda zai faɗaɗa a faɗin Gabashin Afirka zuwa [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo]] da [[Burundi]], wanda zai zama babban aikin ababen more rayuwa na Kenya tun bayan samun 'yancin kai shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Bayan ƙasar ta kammala ɓangaren Nairobi a shekarar 2017, za a faɗaɗa aikin ta hanyar [[Uganda]], tare da layukan reshe zuwa yamma zuwa Kisangani a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo]], kudu ta hanyar [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] zuwa [[Burundi]] da arewa zuwa [[Sudan ta Kudu]] . Ana sa ran layin zai faɗaɗa har zuwa arewa zuwa Juba, Sudan ta Kudu lokacin da aka kammala haɗin da ke tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mombasa ta Kenya zuwa Nairobi babban birnin Kenya. Ba da damar jiragen ƙasa na fasinja su yi tafiya da sauri na 120.&nbsp;km/h (75)&nbsp;mph), tare da jiragen jigilar kaya masu matsakaicin gudu na 80&nbsp;km/h. == Manazarta == fokna73d66k8gplil5m5jc1xry2rsm0 0 158157 869255 859222 2026-06-27T10:20:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akachukwu Sullivan Nwankpo''' (an haife shi 10 Afrilu 1962) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, shugaban siyasa na [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] kuma mai zaman lafiya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan batutuwan fasaha ga Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da kuma Sakatare / memba na Kwamitin Sabuntawa da Karfafawa na Shugaban kasa (SURE-P) har zuwa 1 ga Agusta 2013. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Afirka <ref>[http://www.peoplesdemocraticparty.net/using-joomla/extensions/components/content-component/article-category-list/142-pdp-thanks-nze-akachukwu-nwankpo-and-chief-tonye-princewill?mode=getshouts “PDP Thanks Nze Akachukwu Nwankpo and Chief Tonye Princewill”]{{Dead link|date=October 2018|fix-attempted=yes}}, All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA), 2012</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Nwankpo a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1962 a Nza-Ozubulu, [[Ekwusigo]] Karamar Hukumar [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] ga Elizabeth da marigayi Cif Emmanuel Nwankbo . Ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma (Grade 1) daga All Hallows Seminary [[Onitsha]] (State Anambra) a shekarar 1979. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Falsafa a shekarar 1984 daga Babban Makarantar Tunawa da Bigard, [[Ikot Ekpene]] (Akwa Ibom State), mai alaƙa da Jami'ar Pontifical Urban (Roma, Italiya). A shekara ta 1989, ya sami difloma na digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] a Ilimi, sannan ya biyo baya a Cross Sector Partnerships daga Jami'an Cambridge (United Kingdom) a shekara ta 2004.<ref name="sure-p2">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == An nada Nwankpo a mukamin gwamnati a Shugabancin [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]] a shekarar 2007. Ya zama Mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan batutuwan fasaha a cikin shekara ta 2011,<ref name="sure-p3">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref>kuma an nada shi a matsayin memba / Sakatare ga Kwamitin Sabuntawa da Karfafawa (SURE-P);<ref>[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/ “Meet Our Principals”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617165311/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/|date=17 June 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> Kwamitin Shugaban kasa tare da umarni don saka hannun jari da aka adana daga cire kuɗin da aka adadi daga ɓangaren tallafin man fetur a cikin ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan tsaro na zamantakewa.<ref>[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/ “Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Program”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714215550/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/|date=14 July 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> A cikin 2010-2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Musamman (Ayyuka na Musamman) ga Shugaban kasa.<ref name="sure-p4">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref>A wannan lokacin ya kasance Sakatare ga Kwamitin Ayyukan Shugaban kasa kan Wutar Lantarki kuma daga baya ya zama Sakatare na Kwamitin Shugaban kasa kan Power wanda ya haɓaka Roadmap kan Wutar Wutar Lutar Lantarki (2010-2011). Nwankpo ya shiga shugabancin tare da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] a 2007. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Musamman (Ayyuka na Musamman) ga Mataimakin Shugaban kasa a 2007-2010 .<ref>[http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/113481/1/the-need-for-paradigm-shift-in-anambra-politics.html, “The Need for Paradigm Shift in Anambra Politics”], The Nigerian Voice, 2013</ref> A wannan lokacin shi ne ke da alhakin batutuwan Nijar Delta kuma ya goyi bayan ci gaban Shirin Amnesty na Nijar Delta . Ya kasance Jami'in tebur a kan Ayyukan Haɗin Kai na Najeriya (NIPP)<ref name="sure-p5">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> Nwankpo ya tsaya takara a zaben fidda gwani na PDP na Jihar Anambra a watan Agustan 2013, ,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130824215554/http://leadership.ng/news/220813/anambra-guber-pdp-set-controversial-primaries "Anambra Guber: PDP Set For Controversial Primaries"], Leadership Newspaper, 2013</ref> amma bai ci nasara ba.<ref>[http://elombah.com/index.php/reports/17345-anambra-tony-nwoye-declared-winner-of-pdp-primary, "Anambra: Tony Nwoye Declared Winner of PDP Primary"]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Elombah.com – A Nigerian Perspective on World Affairs, 25 August 2013</ref> == Ayyukan Jama'a == Nwankpo ta kaddamar da martani ga ambaliyar da ta sa dubban mutanen karkara marasa gida a yankuna shida na kananan hukumomi a Gundumar Sanata ta Arewacin Jihar Anambra.<ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/flood-displaced-700000-in-anambra-presidential-aide/ “Flood displaced 700,000 in Anambra – Presidential Aide”], Vanguard Newspaper, 2012</ref> Shirin agaji, Anambra Responds, ya kafa sansani ga mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu kuma ya samar musu da kayan agaji.<ref>[http://www.punchng.com/news/anambra-responds-to-the-rescue/ “Anambra Responds to the rescue”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104012236/http://www.punchng.com/news/anambra-responds-to-the-rescue/|date=4 November 2012}}, Punch Newspaper, 2012</ref> Don nuna godiya ga aikin agaji da ayyukan agaji a Jihar Anambra, al'ummomin Igbo sun ba Nwankpo lakabi da yawa na gargajiya, ciki har da "Oputa Ife Adi Nimo" ("Hasken Nimo"),<ref>[http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/news-news/50908-traditional-rulers-politicians-honour-jonathan-s-aide “Traditional Rulers, Politicians Honour Jonathan’s Aide”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223208/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/news-news/50908-traditional-rulers-politicians-honour-jonathan-s-aide|date=3 March 2016}}, Daily Trust Newspaper, 2013</ref>"Odozi-Mba" na Masarautar Iduu-Eri ("Mai haɓakawa na Iduu-Éri"),<ref>[http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/when-anambra-responds-to-victims-for-post-flood-rehabilitation/132923/ “When Anambra responds to victims for post-flood rehabilitation”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218052917/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/when-anambra-responds-to-victims-for-post-flood-rehabilitation/132923/|date=18 December 2012}}, This Day Newspaper, 2013</ref>da kuma "Oputa-Ife-Adi Ogo Bu Chi" na Olu Clan ("Akwai Hasken Ogo Chi").<ref>[http://247ureports.com/enter-king-nwankpo-jonathans-aide-a-harvest-of-honors-and-70-endorsements/ “Enter King Nwankpo, Jonathan’s Aide – A Harvest of Honors and 70 Endorsements”], 247 UReports, 2013</ref> Order of Saint John (chartered 1888) Ƙarin karbuwa ya biyo baya a watan Yunin 2013, lokacin da aka nada shi Knight of the Order of St John International.<ref>[http://www.codewit.com/nigeria-news/12129-anambra-jonathan-ll-deliver-free-fair-election-nwankpo-ex-presidential-aide "ANAMBRA: JONATHAN ‘LL DELIVER FREE, FAIR ELECTION – NWANKPO, EX-PRESIDENTIAL AIDE"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909182220/http://www.codewit.com/nigeria-news/12129-anambra-jonathan-ll-deliver-free-fair-election-nwankpo-ex-presidential-aide|date=9 September 2013}}, Codewit World News, 2013</ref> == Tarihin sana'a == Kafin ya shiga Shugabancin Tarayyar Najeriya a 2007, Nwankpo ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Sullivan da Sullivan Consulting (1997-2007), mai ba da shawara kan warware rikice-rikice a Port Harcourt .<ref>[http://www.cdainc.com/publications/cep/fieldvisits/cepVisit14TotalNigeria.pdf, “Corporate Engagement Project”], CDA – Collaborative Learning Projects, 2004</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da kamfanoni irin su [[Shell|Royal Dutch Shell]], Chevron Corporation, da [[Total|Total S.A.]] a Nijar kuma ya haɓaka dabarun ɓangare na uku don sarrafa rikice-rikicen filin mai.<ref>[http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/einewelt/1119974/, “Treibstoff für den Krieg”], [[Deutschlandfunk]], 2010</ref>Ya hada hannu da dabarun zaman lafiya da tsaro (PASS) don Kamfanonin Shell a Najeriya tare da Ayyukan Duniya na WAC.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/documents/2005/aug/shell_wac_report.pdf “Peace and Security in the Niger Delta”], WAC Global Services, 2003</ref> A wannan lokacin, Nwankpo ya yi aiki ga Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]] (2003-2007), inda ya haɓaka Bayelsa Partnership Initiative.<ref>[http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=2401 “Obasanjo commends Bayelsa Governor”], The Nation Newspaper, 2006</ref> Daga 1997 -1998, Nwankpo ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan warware rikice-rikice a Cibiyar Yakubu Gowon, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da Shirin Zaman Lafiya don Rikicin Ogoni-Shell . Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Nwankpo ya kasance Babban Darakta na Think Limited (1994-1996); Mataimakin Mai Girma na Kwamishinan Ilimi na [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] (1992-1994); da kuma janar manajan Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Oil Mill (State Anambra) (1990-1992). == Iyali == Akachukwu ta auri Barrister Mrs. Oby Nwankpo daga Umueze Anam, Karamar Hukumar Anambra ta Yamma ([[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gci88lvzlait3akgitph3vl0sufmieg 0 158784 869204 861682 2026-06-27T09:06:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 869204 wikitext text/x-wiki Macha Mission tashar mishan ce a cikin Gundumar Choma ta Lardin Kudancin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Duk da yake ya fara ne a matsayin wurin da za a juyar da jama'ar yankin zuwa [[Kiristanci]], ya girma ya zama cibiyar al'umma tare da coci, makarantu biyar, asibiti da cibiyar binciken [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]]. Macha Mission ya fara ne a matsayin tashar mishan ta Kirista a cikin 1906. [[Hannah Frances Davidson]], wata mishaneriyar Amurka daga cocin Brethren in Christ (BIC), ta yi tafiya a can daga Ofishin Jakadancin Matopo a Kudancin Rhodesia ([[Zimbabwe]] ta yanzu). Ta kasance tare da mataimakan Afirka guda biyu da Adda Engle, wani mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje. Davidson da sahabbansa daga baya sun fara aikin juyar da mutanen Tonga da Ila zuwa Kristanci. Sun kafa makaranta, coci, kuma a ƙarshe asibiti. A cikin shekarun 1950 aikin likita na shafin ya fadada sosai saboda kasancewar Alvan Thuma, likita da mishan na BIC daga Amurka, da matarsa Ardys. Tarihin shigarsu a cikin Macha an rubuta shi a cikin littafin First a Friend Ofishin Jakadancin ya zama ma'auni ga aikin ofishin Jakadanci na Brethren in Christ a Kudancin Zambia tare da mishaneri da ke fadada zuwa Sikalongo da Choma. Manufar ta ci gaba da aiki a halin yanzu. Ya girma sosai kuma yanzu ya haɗa da asibiti, makarantar jinya, makarantun sakandare biyu da [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantun firamare]] biyu. == Ci gaban da ya faru tun daga shekara ta 2000 == Binciken da ke gudana na dogon lokaci game da zazzabin cizon sauro ya sami karuwa a farkon shekara ta 2003, tare da kafa cibiyar bincike ta zazzabin sauro. Cibiyar Malaria a Macha (MIAM) tana aiki tare da Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Johns Hopkins Bloomberg <ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaria Institute at Macha (MIAM) |url=http://malaria.jhsph.edu/programs/malaria_institute_macha/}}</ref> don ci gaba da bincike kan zazzabin cizon sauro da cututtukan da suka danganci. Daga baya binciken ya hada da tarin fuka da kwayar cutar kanjamau, tare da kulawa ta musamman ga kwayar cutar HIV ta yara. Macha Works, ƙungiyar hadin gwiwa, ta yi haɗin gwiwa a Macha Mission kuma ta aiwatar da filin jirgin sama, ABFA, gidan abinci, Care House, Library and Craft Shop, cibiyar horar da ICT, Macha Innovative Christian School, da wuraren zama a Ubuntu Campus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flight Schedule and Availability |url=http://abfa.macha.org.zm/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306213519/http://abfa.macha.org.zm/ |archive-date=6 March 2005 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=abfa.macha.org.zm}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an fara babban gonar Jatropha a Macha Mission ta Macha Works. Daga tushe a Macha, Macha Works ya fadada ayyukan a wasu yankunan karkara 8 a duk faɗin Zambia (yanayin tsakiyar shekara ta 2010). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Vision Community Radio Macha, watsa shirye-shirye daga Vision House kawai kusa da Macha Mission, ana iya karɓa a cikin radiyo na kilomita 80 a kan 92.9 MHz, FM. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma == * 'Yan'uwa a cikin Kristi * Sikalongo == Bayani == <references /> == Manazarta == * Engle, Anna R., J. A. Climenhaga da Leoda A. Buckwalter (1950). ''Babu Bambanci, Allah Yana aiki a Afirka da Indiya''. Nappanee, Ind.: E. V. Gidan bugawa. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Afirka ta Kudu da ta Tsakiya ta Kudu. Elgin, Ill.: Gidan Buga na 'Yan uwa. A cikin [[iarchive:southandsouthce00davigoog|Tarihin Intanet]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Neman Tsarkakewa da Biyayya: Labarin 'Yan'uwa a cikin Kristi . [Hasiya] == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050201140919/http://macha.org.zm/ Shafin yanar gizon Macha Mission] * [http://www.machamalaria.org/ Macha Research Trust (MIAM)] * [http://www.machaworks.org/ Shafin yanar gizon Macha Works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217050637/http://machaworks.org/ |date=2021-12-17 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100205194448/http://mmh.macha.org.zm/ Shafin yanar gizon asibiti] <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|16|24|S|26|47|E|region:ZM_type:landmark_source:GNS-enwiki}}{{Christianity in Zambia}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dv1bs8xhrnr26co1s6quj36c55tf53g 0 158913 868747 862190 2026-06-26T15:59:02Z Kaddi123 38060 868747 wikitext text/x-wiki Gada local government ce a jahar sokoto,tana daya daga cikin manya local government a jahar sokoto,wannan lokal government tana da Yan majalisa guda biyu wato state house of Assemble, wannan lokal government tana da Yan Boko da manoama se dai fi yawan jama'a wannan lokal government sun fi Maida hankali ga noma rani da mana,suna noma Albasa da tataisai,da tafarnuwa .tana yankin sokoto ta gabasa .gada local government tana da garuruwa kamar,kaffe, kaddi,kadasaka,dukamaje,gilbadi,kyadawa,wauro,tsitse,kurma.local government ce dake tsohon kilometers 100 daga birni sokoto, local government ce dake makwataka da goronyo daga gabas,da ilela daga Yama, local government ce dake makwataka da janhuriya nijar. qwfoopfwxm60ws3jkpfokrre7gnuw8s 0 159324 869331 864574 2026-06-27T11:13:37Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335905597|Zuwetina]]" 869331 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Zuwetina</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">الزويتينة</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Birni</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Libya_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Zuwetina is located in Libya]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:17.117%;left:67.197%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Zuwetina]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Zuwetina</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Libya</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 30°57′08′′N 20°7′13′′E / 30.95222°N 20.12028°E / 30. 95222; 20.12028 <indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:7}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zuwetina&params=30_57_08_N_20_7_13_E_region:LY_type:city(21015) <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°57′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">20°7′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.95222°N 20.12028°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">30.95222; 20.12028</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Libya.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Libya]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" |Cyrenaica |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Al Wahat |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan sama<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |16 ft (5 m) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a (2004) [2]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2004)<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |21,015 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (EET) |} '''Zuwetina''' ko '''Zuetine''' (Marsa Uasili; Larabci: ) wani gari ne na bakin teku da tashar mai a cikin Gundumar Al Wahat na yankin Cyrenaica a arewa maso gabashin [[Libya]] . Daga 1987 zuwa 2007, Zuwetina ta kasance a cikin tsohon Gundumar Ajdabiya . Kamfanin mai na Zuwetina Oil Company ne ke sarrafa tashar mai a cikin karamin tashar jiragen ruwa. Ayyukan farko na garin sun danganta da samar da mai da kuma jigilar mai. Yana da kimanin kilomita 180 kudu maso yammacin [[Benghazi]] . Tashar jiragen ruwa tana da damar adana ganga miliyan 4.3 na man fetur, ganga 986,000 na naphtha, ganga 136,000 na iskar butane da ganga 86,000 na isar propane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zueitina Oil Port |url=https://www.zueitina.com.ly/en/sites-oil-fields/zueitina-oil-port |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.zueitina.com.ly}}</ref>&nbsp; Tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasance wurin da aka yi ta fafatawa tsakanin dakarun da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi da kuma masu adawa da shi a lokacin yakin basasar Libya na 2011. Tun bayan faduwar gwamnatin Gaddafi, an yi ta kai hare-hare da dama da kuma rikice-rikicen muhalli sakamakon rikici kan samar da mai. A shekarar 2022, Hukumar Man Fetur ta Kasa ta ce lalacewar da aka samu sakamakon yakin, na nufin cewa kayayyakin da ke wurin suna fuskantar barazanar malalar mai. == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.maplandia.com/libya/ajdabiya-agedabia/az-zuwaytinah/ "Zuwetina Map - Hotunan Satellite na Zuwetina"] Maplandia World Gazetteer f01bz0zfncw7payme207whllv53q04u 0 159599 868952 866333 2026-06-26T22:05:17Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319479343|Autonomous Port of Dakar]]" 868952 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Autonomous Port of Dakar''' (French: ''Port autonome de Dakar'', abbreviation: ''PAD'') is a Senegalese public enterprise which is headquartered in Dakar, located in the east of city. Thanks to the strategic position that gives it a sheltered harbor, it is now the third largest port in West Africa after the [[Tashar jiragen ruwa mai cin gashin kanta ta Abidjan|Autonomous Port of Abidjan]] and the Port of Lagos. It is also the ninth-largest port on the African continent.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Tashar jiragen ruwan tana da ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa masu zurfi a gabar tekun [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Tsarinta mai zurfi kuma {{Convert|640|ft|m|-wide}} hanyar shiga tana ba da damar shiga tashar jiragen ruwa a kowane lokaci. [[Infrastructure|Kayan aikinta]] na yanzu sun haɗa da tashoshin ɗaukar kaya da sauke kaya na jiragen ruwa na tankuna, tashar kwantena mai ƙarfin ajiya na raka'a 3000 masu daidai da ƙafa 20, tashar hatsi da tashar kamun kifi, tashar phosphate ta musamman da kuma wurin gyaran jiragen ruwa na sirri. Wurin da tashar jiragen ruwa take a yammacin [[Afirka]], a kan hanyar manyan hanyoyin teku da ke haɗa [[Turai]] da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]], ya sa ta zama tashar jiragen ruwa ta halitta ga kamfanonin jigilar kaya . Kusa da sama da 10&nbsp;kilomita a yamma da tashar jiragen ruwa akwai Hasumiyar Les Mamelles (kuma Hasumiyar Ouakam) inda tashar jiragen ruwa ke kula da ita tare da fitilunta. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:PortDakar3.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Dakar a shekarar 2004]] A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin Protet, sojojin Faransa sun mamaye gabar tekun Senegal a shekarar 1857. An fara aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1862 kuma aka ƙaddamar da ita a shekarar 1866. A ƙarshen shekarun 1880 har zuwa [[Great Depression|Babban Tashin Hankali]] a farkon shekarun 1930 (tunanin bai shafi cikin ƙasar Senegal gaba ɗaya ba), yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwanta ya yi yawa, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin tashar mai ga jiragen ruwa masu ɗauke da kwal, musamman na sojoji, har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20, yawancin jiragen ruwan Faransa ne, sauran jiragen ruwa kuma suna zuwa can. Yawan jiragen ruwa koyaushe ya fi na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mindelo (duba [[Porto Grande Bay]] ) a [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] ta Portugal, babbar tashar jiragen ruwa mafi kusa a lokacin kuma kusan tana aiki tare da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Las Palmas de Gran Canaria . Cire kwal ya ragu lokacin da jiragen ruwa masu dizal suka tashi kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, duk jiragen ruwa za a sake cika su da dizal. Yayin da ƙungiyar Bolloré ta shafe sama da shekaru 80 tana ƙasar Senegal, Dubai Ports World (DP World), wacce a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2007 ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Firayim Ministan Senegal Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré don yarjejeniyar shekaru 25 kan tashar jiragen ruwa ta kwantena, wanda hakan ya nuna sabon ci gaba a harkokin kasuwanci a ƙasashen Gulf a Afirka ta Faransa, kafin taron koli na 11 na Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Musulunci da za a yi a Dakar a watan Maris na 2008. == Manazarta == h8fnf0uapi6g1c4wk2n0e1ptztigprw 868953 868952 2026-06-26T22:05:45Z Engineer014 44591 868953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Autonomous Port of Dakar''' (French: ''Port autonome de Dakar'', abbreviation: ''PAD'') is a Senegalese public enterprise which is headquartered in Dakar, located in the east of city. Thanks to the strategic position that gives it a sheltered harbor, it is now the third largest port in West Africa after the [[Tashar jiragen ruwa mai cin gashin kanta ta Abidjan|Autonomous Port of Abidjan]] and the Port of Lagos. It is also the ninth-largest port on the African continent.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Tashar jiragen ruwan tana da ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa masu zurfi a gabar tekun [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Tsarinta mai zurfi kuma {{Convert|640|ft|m|-wide}} hanyar shiga tana ba da damar shiga tashar jiragen ruwa a kowane lokaci. [[Infrastructure|Kayan aikinta]] na yanzu sun haɗa da tashoshin ɗaukar kaya da sauke kaya na jiragen ruwa na tankuna, tashar kwantena mai ƙarfin ajiya na raka'a 3000 masu daidai da ƙafa 20, tashar hatsi da tashar kamun kifi, tashar phosphate ta musamman da kuma wurin gyaran jiragen ruwa na sirri. Wurin da tashar jiragen ruwa take a yammacin [[Afirka]], a kan hanyar manyan hanyoyin teku da ke haɗa [[Turai]] da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]], ya sa ta zama tashar jiragen ruwa ta halitta ga kamfanonin jigilar kaya . Kusa da sama da 10&nbsp;kilomita a yamma da tashar jiragen ruwa akwai Hasumiyar Les Mamelles (kuma Hasumiyar Ouakam) inda tashar jiragen ruwa ke kula da ita tare da fitilunta. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:PortDakar3.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Dakar a shekarar 2004]] A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin Protet, sojojin Faransa sun mamaye gabar tekun Senegal a shekarar 1857. An fara aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1862 kuma aka ƙaddamar da ita a shekarar 1866. A ƙarshen shekarun 1880 har zuwa [[Great Depression|Babban Tashin Hankali]] a farkon shekarun 1930 (tunanin bai shafi cikin ƙasar Senegal gaba ɗaya ba), yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwanta ya yi yawa, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin tashar mai ga jiragen ruwa masu ɗauke da kwal, musamman na sojoji, har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20, yawancin jiragen ruwan Faransa ne, sauran jiragen ruwa kuma suna zuwa can. Yawan jiragen ruwa koyaushe ya fi na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mindelo (duba [[Porto Grande Bay]] ) a [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] ta Portugal, babbar tashar jiragen ruwa mafi kusa a lokacin kuma kusan tana aiki tare da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Las Palmas de Gran Canaria . Cire kwal ya ragu lokacin da jiragen ruwa masu dizal suka tashi kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, duk jiragen ruwa za a sake cika su da dizal. Yayin da ƙungiyar Bolloré ta shafe sama da shekaru 80 tana ƙasar Senegal, Dubai Ports World (DP World), wacce a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2007 ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Firayim Ministan Senegal Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré don yarjejeniyar shekaru 25 kan tashar jiragen ruwa ta kwantena, wanda hakan ya nuna sabon ci gaba a harkokin kasuwanci a ƙasashen Gulf a Afirka ta Faransa, kafin taron koli na 11 na Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Musulunci da za a yi a Dakar a watan Maris na 2008. == Manazarta == teiq3s6kt8r0ms0yhwpsqdfdt0pmvew 0 159835 868836 868195 2026-06-26T17:42:08Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359807372|Ksar es-Seghir]]" 868836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ksar es-Seghir''' ( Arabic , ''al-Qasr as-Seghir'' ), wanda kuma aka sani da wasu haruffa da sunaye da yawa, ƙaramin gari ne a bakin tekun [[Bahar Rum]] a yankin Jebala na arewa maso yammacin [[Moroko|Morocco]], tsakanin [[Tanja|Tangier]] da [[Ceuta]], a gefen dama na kogin mai suna iri ɗaya. A fannin gudanarwa, tana ƙarƙashin Lardin Fahs-Anjra da yankin [[Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima]] . A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2004, tana da yawan jama'a 10,995. Birnin yana da zagaye, wani tsari ne da ba a saba gani ba a tsarin garin Maroko na zamanin da. An gina shi da tubali da tubali kuma an kewaye shi da hasumiyoyin gini masu zagaye. Akwai manyan ƙofofi guda uku a bangon, kowannensu yana da hasumiyai masu murabba'i. Bāb al-Bahr (ƙofar teku), yana da ƙofar shiga mai gwiwar hannu don dalilai na tsaro. Ana amfani da waɗannan ƙofofi don sadarwa da ciniki da kuma dalilai na haraji. <ref name="Q">{{Cite web |title=Qantara Mediterranean Heritage |url=http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1011&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008171204/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1011&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=17 January 2011}}</ref> == Sunaye == Sunan [[Larabci na Maroko|Larabci na ƙasar Morocco]], ma'ana "Ƙaramin Gidan Sarauta", ana iya rubuta shi da ''l-Qṣər ṣ-Ṣġir'' ko ''Ksar Sghir'' . Sunan ya bambanta shi da Ksar-el-Kebir ("Babban Gidan Sarauta"), wanda ke kudu. Sunan [[Yaren Sifen|Sifaniyanci]] ya yi amfani da shi wajen fassara wannan zuwa '''Castillejo''' amma yanzu ya fassara shi zuwa '''Alcázar Seguir''' ko ''{{Lang|es|Alcázarseguir}}'' ; daidai da harshen [[Harshen Portuguese|Portugal]] shine '''Alcácer-Ceguer''' . A ƙarƙashin Almoravids da Almohads, an san shi da {{Nowrap|'''Qasr al-Majaz'''}}, {{Nowrap|'''Ksar al-Majar'''}}, ko {{Nowrap|'''Ksar al-Djawaz'''}} ("ginin da ke kan hanya") saboda muhimmin tashar jiragen ruwa ce ga sojojin Morocco a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Spain. <ref name="Q">{{Cite web |title=Qantara Mediterranean Heritage |url=http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1011&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008171204/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1011&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=17 January 2011}}</ref> Sauran sunaye na sansanin soja na Musulmi sun haɗa da masanin ƙasa na ƙarni na 11 al '''-Qasr al-Awwal''' ("Gidan Farko") da masanin tarihi na ƙarni na 13 [[Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi]] 's {{Nowrap|'''Ksar Masmuda'''}} ("Gidan Masmuda "), bayan ƙabilar Berber ta gida. A zamanin da, ana kiranta da sunaye '''Lissa''' da '''Exilissa''' ( Ancient Greek ), wanda zato na Lipiński ke wakiltar rayuwar sunan mazaunin [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]] ''Ḥiq'' ko ''Ḥeq-še-Elišša'' ("Bay of Elissa "). <ref name="lip" /> Lura, duk da haka, cewa [[Pliny Babba|Pliny]] da Lipiński sun sanya tsohon mazaunin gabas, kusa da Benzú . Sunan Girkanci na Byzantine shine ''Exilýssa'' ( {{Lang|grc|Εξιλύσσα}} ). == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Map_of_Tangier_Zone_(Morocco).jpg|thumb|Taswirar ƙasa ta yankin da ke kewaye da Ksar es-Seghir (taswirar 1954)]] Ksar es-Seghir tana cikin [[Yankin Gibraltar|mashigin tekun Gibraltar]] kusan rabin tsakanin [[Tanja|Tangier]] da [[Ceuta]] . Tana cikin wani bakin teku a bakin teku wanda yake da wahalar shiga ta teku ko ƙasa, Ksar es-Seghir bai taɓa girma ba har ya kai ga yin gogayya da sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa na arewacin Morocco. Duk da haka, wurin da aka killace shi ya sa ya zama wuri mai kyau don saukar sojoji, wuri mai aminci da tsari don saukar da sojojin da ke ɗauke da ruwa, ba tare da wata barazanar katsewa ko cin zarafi daga ayyukan abokan gaba ba. == Tarihi == Wataƙila an kafa Exilissa a matsayin masarautar Phoeniyanci, waɗanda [[Tsohon Carthage|Carthaginians]] suka haɗa, sannan suka rasa ikon Romawa wani lokaci bayan Yaƙin Punic . A ƙarƙashin Romawa, wurin ya zama wurin [[gishiri]] . Da Vandals sun mamaye shi a ƙarni na 5 sannan [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantines]] suka sake kwace shi a ƙarni na 6. An kafa Ksar Mesmouda bayan [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|mamayar Umayyad a yankin]] a 708-709 CE. A shekara ta 971, Halifan Umayyad na al-Andalus ya yi ƙoƙarin kama sansanin a matsayin matattakalar hawa zuwa ga nasarar da aka yi hasashen samu ga [[Daular Idrisid|Idrisid Morocco]] . A zamanin Almoravid da Almohad, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin babban wurin jigilar jiragen ruwa. <ref name="Q" /> == Manazarta == efyjy7eqzja9xhpdzhs27l6scfkdzuu 868837 868836 2026-06-26T17:42:55Z Engineer014 44591 868837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ksar es-Seghir''' ( Arabic , ''al-Qasr as-Seghir'' ), wanda kuma aka sani da wasu haruffa da sunaye da yawa, ƙaramin gari ne a bakin tekun [[Bahar Rum]] a yankin Jebala na arewa maso yammacin [[Moroko|Morocco]], tsakanin [[Tanja|Tangier]] da [[Ceuta]], a gefen dama na kogin mai suna iri ɗaya. A fannin gudanarwa, tana ƙarƙashin Lardin Fahs-Anjra da yankin [[Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima]] . A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2004, tana da yawan jama'a 10,995. Birnin yana da zagaye, wani tsari ne da ba a saba gani ba a tsarin garin Maroko na zamanin da. An gina shi da tubali da tubali kuma an kewaye shi da hasumiyoyin gini masu zagaye. Akwai manyan ƙofofi guda uku a bangon, kowannensu yana da hasumiyai masu murabba'i. Bāb al-Bahr (ƙofar teku), yana da ƙofar shiga mai gwiwar hannu don dalilai na tsaro. Ana amfani da waɗannan ƙofofi don sadarwa da ciniki da kuma dalilai na haraji. <ref name="Q">{{Cite web |title=Qantara Mediterranean Heritage |url=http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1011&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008171204/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1011&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=17 January 2011}}</ref> == Sunaye == Sunan [[Larabci na Maroko|Larabci na ƙasar Morocco]], ma'ana "Ƙaramin Gidan Sarauta", ana iya rubuta shi da ''l-Qṣər ṣ-Ṣġir'' ko ''Ksar Sghir'' . Sunan ya bambanta shi da Ksar-el-Kebir ("Babban Gidan Sarauta"), wanda ke kudu. Sunan [[Yaren Sifen|Sifaniyanci]] ya yi amfani da shi wajen fassara wannan zuwa '''Castillejo''' amma yanzu ya fassara shi zuwa '''Alcázar Seguir''' ko ''{{Lang|es|Alcázarseguir}}'' ; daidai da harshen [[Harshen Portuguese|Portugal]] shine '''Alcácer-Ceguer''' . A ƙarƙashin Almoravids da Almohads, an san shi da {{Nowrap|'''Qasr al-Majaz'''}}, {{Nowrap|'''Ksar al-Majar'''}}, ko {{Nowrap|'''Ksar al-Djawaz'''}} ("ginin da ke kan hanya") saboda muhimmin tashar jiragen ruwa ce ga sojojin Morocco a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Spain. <ref name="Q">{{Cite web |title=Qantara Mediterranean Heritage |url=http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1011&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008171204/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1011&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=17 January 2011}}</ref> Sauran sunaye na sansanin soja na Musulmi sun haɗa da masanin ƙasa na ƙarni na 11 al '''-Qasr al-Awwal''' ("Gidan Farko") da masanin tarihi na ƙarni na 13 [[Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi]] 's {{Nowrap|'''Ksar Masmuda'''}} ("Gidan Masmuda "), bayan ƙabilar Berber ta gida. A zamanin da, ana kiranta da sunaye '''Lissa''' da '''Exilissa''' ( Ancient Greek ), wanda zato na Lipiński ke wakiltar rayuwar sunan mazaunin [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]] ''Ḥiq'' ko ''Ḥeq-še-Elišša'' ("Bay of Elissa "). <ref name="lip" /> Lura, duk da haka, cewa [[Pliny Babba|Pliny]] da Lipiński sun sanya tsohon mazaunin gabas, kusa da Benzú . Sunan Girkanci na Byzantine shine ''Exilýssa'' ( {{Lang|grc|Εξιλύσσα}} ). == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Map_of_Tangier_Zone_(Morocco).jpg|thumb|Taswirar ƙasa ta yankin da ke kewaye da Ksar es-Seghir (taswirar 1954)]] Ksar es-Seghir tana cikin [[Yankin Gibraltar|mashigin tekun Gibraltar]] kusan rabin tsakanin [[Tanja|Tangier]] da [[Ceuta]] . Tana cikin wani bakin teku a bakin teku wanda yake da wahalar shiga ta teku ko ƙasa, Ksar es-Seghir bai taɓa girma ba har ya kai ga yin gogayya da sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa na arewacin Morocco. Duk da haka, wurin da aka killace shi ya sa ya zama wuri mai kyau don saukar sojoji, wuri mai aminci da tsari don saukar da sojojin da ke ɗauke da ruwa, ba tare da wata barazanar katsewa ko cin zarafi daga ayyukan abokan gaba ba. == Tarihi == Wataƙila an kafa Exilissa a matsayin masarautar Phoeniyanci, waɗanda [[Tsohon Carthage|Carthaginians]] suka haɗa, sannan suka rasa ikon Romawa wani lokaci bayan Yaƙin Punic . A ƙarƙashin Romawa, wurin ya zama wurin [[gishiri]] . Da Vandals sun mamaye shi a ƙarni na 5 sannan [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantines]] suka sake kwace shi a ƙarni na 6. An kafa Ksar Mesmouda bayan [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|mamayar Umayyad a yankin]] a 708-709 CE. A shekara ta 971, Halifan Umayyad na al-Andalus ya yi ƙoƙarin kama sansanin a matsayin matattakalar hawa zuwa ga nasarar da aka yi hasashen samu ga [[Daular Idrisid|Idrisid Morocco]] . A zamanin Almoravid da Almohad, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin babban wurin jigilar jiragen ruwa. <ref name="Q" /> == Manazarta == 44kb2vnw8gde6ecay9i94vlcbx4s36u 0 159862 869172 868437 2026-06-27T07:35:52Z ~2026-36721-78 46356 869172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Usman Haruna | image = usman_haruna.jpg | caption = Usman Haruna (Communicator) | birth_name = | birth_place = Lafiagi, Karamar Hukumar Edu, Jihar Kwara, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | education = Kwalejin Nazarin Larabci da Addinin Musulunci ta Jihar Kwara (CAIS), Ilorin<br>Jami'ar Bayero Kano | occupation = Ɗan jarida, marubucin fasaha | known_for = Aikin jarida na zamani da fafutukar al'umma }} '''Usman Haruna''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Communicator''', ɗan jarida ne kuma marubucin fasaha daga Jihar Kwara, Najeriya. Ya fi mayar da hankali wajen rubuce rubuce kan fasaha, sadarwa, fasahar kuɗi da kuma harkokin jama'a. Haka kuma an san shi da fafutukar wayar da kai kan matsalolin tsaro a wasu sassan Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Usman Haruna author profile |url=https://www.naijanews.com/author/usman-haruna |website=Naija News |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Haruna ya fito ne daga garin Lafiagi da ke Karamar Hukumar Edu a Jihar Kwara. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Nazarin Larabci da Addinin Musulunci ta Jihar Kwara (CAIS), Ilorin, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Bayero Kano. == Aiki == Haruna ɗan jarida ne kuma marubucin fasaha wanda rubuce rubucensa suka fi mayar da hankali kan sadarwa, tsarin tantance ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar fasaha, fasahar kuɗi da fasahar zamani. Shi marubuci ne a Naija News inda yake wallafa labarai da maƙaloli kan fasaha da harkokin jama'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Usman Haruna author profile |url=https://www.naijanews.com/author/usman-haruna |website=Naija News |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> An kuma tattara rubuce rubucensa a shafin Muck Rack.<ref>{{cite web |title=Author profile: communicator |url=https://muckrack.com/__communicator_/articles |website=Muck Rack |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar al'umma == A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2026, Haruna ya shiga zanga zangar matasan Kwara ta Arewa da aka gudanar a Gidan Gwamnatin Jihar Kwara da ke Ilorin. Zanga zangar ta mayar da hankali ne kan matsalar rashin tsaro a yankunan Edu, Patigi da Kaiama, inda ake yawan samun satar mutane da kashe kashe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Insecurity: Youths demand end to incessant killings in Kwara |url=https://punchng.com/insecurity-youths-demand-end-to-incessant-killings-in-kwara/ |work=The Punch |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Masu zanga zangar sun kuma nuna adawa da shirin mayar da sansanin horas da masu yi wa ƙasa hidima (NYSC) na Jihar Kwara zuwa sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara Insecurity: Residents Reject Conversion Of NYSC Camp To IDP Camp |url=https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1699268-kwara-insecurity-residents-reject-conversion-nysc-camp-idp-camp-displaced-families/ |work=Legit.ng |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Jaridu da dama a Najeriya sun ruwaito wannan zanga zanga.<ref>{{cite news |title=Security Crisis: Kwara North Youths Stage Peaceful Protest In Ilorin |url=https://leadership.ng/security-crisis-kwara-north-youths-stage-peaceful-protest-in-ilorin/ |work=Leadership |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara Residents Demand Decisive Action Against Bandits |url=https://dailytrust.com/kwara-residents-demand-decisive-action-against-bandits |work=Daily Trust |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara residents protest killings, kidnappings, accuse government of negligence |url=https://gazettengr.com/kwara-residents-protest-killings-kidnappings-accuse-abdulrazaqs-govt-of-negligence/ |work=Peoples Gazette |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara youths march to Government House over killings, kidnappings |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/02/26/breaking-tib-movement-kwara-youths-march-govt-house-over-killings-kidnappings-five-lgas |work=Sahara Reporters |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara youths storm Govt House to protest kidnappings, killings |url=https://www.naijanews.com/2026/02/26/just-in-kwara-youths-storm-govt-house-protest-incessant-kidnappings-killings/ |work=Naija News |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Fitowa a kafafen yaɗa labarai == Haruna ya halarci shirye shirye a kafafen yaɗa labarai inda aka tattauna batutuwan shugabanci da rashin tsaro a Jihar Kwara. A shekarar 2026 ya kasance baƙo a NupekoTV, inda ya tattauna kan siyasa da matsalar tsaro a yankin Kwara ta Arewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Communicator To Feature Live On TheInformant247 TV Today Over Politics, Insecurity In Kwara North |url=https://www.nupekotv.com/2026/06/communicator-to-feature-live-on.html |website=NupekoTV |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} i21qk53g5bj9vcjmuj50yfj3kbigo80 869183 869172 2026-06-27T07:54:26Z ~2026-36721-78 46356 869183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Usman Haruna | image = usman_haruna.jpg | caption = Usman Haruna (Communicator) | birth_name = | birth_place = Lafiagi, Karamar Hukumar Edu, Jihar Kwara, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | education = Kwalejin Nazarin Larabci da Addinin Musulunci ta Jihar Kwara (CAIS), Ilorin<br>Jami'ar Bayero Kano | occupation = Ɗan jarida, marubucin fasaha | known_for = Aikin jarida na zamani da fafutukar al'umma }} '''Usman Haruna''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Communicator''', ɗan jarida ne kuma marubucin fasaha daga Jihar Kwara, Najeriya. Ya fi mayar da hankali wajen rubuce rubuce kan fasaha, sadarwa, fasahar kuɗi da kuma harkokin jama'a. Haka kuma an san shi da fafutukar wayar da kai kan matsalolin tsaro a wasu sassan Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Usman Haruna author profile |url=https://www.naijanews.com/author/usman-haruna |website=Naija News |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Haruna ya fito ne daga garin Lafiagi da ke Karamar Hukumar Edu a Jihar Kwara. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Nazarin Larabci da Addinin Musulunci ta Jihar Kwara (CAIS), Ilorin, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Bayero Kano. == Aiki == Haruna ɗan jarida ne kuma marubucin fasaha wanda rubuce rubucensa suka fi mayar da hankali kan sadarwa, tsarin tantance ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar fasaha, fasahar kuɗi da fasahar zamani. Shi marubuci ne a Naija News inda yake wallafa labarai da maƙaloli kan fasaha da harkokin jama'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Usman Haruna author profile |url=https://www.naijanews.com/author/usman-haruna |website=Naija News |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> An kuma tattara rubuce rubucensa a shafin Muck Rack.<ref>{{cite web |title=Author profile: communicator |url=https://muckrack.com/__communicator_/articles |website=Muck Rack |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar al'umma == A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2026, Haruna ya shiga zanga zangar matasan Kwara ta Arewa da aka gudanar a Gidan Gwamnatin Jihar Kwara da ke Ilorin. Zanga zangar ta mayar da hankali ne kan matsalar rashin tsaro a yankunan Edu, Patigi da Kaiama, inda ake yawan samun satar mutane da kashe kashe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Insecurity: Youths demand end to incessant killings in Kwara |url=https://punchng.com/insecurity-youths-demand-end-to-incessant-killings-in-kwara/ |work=The Punch |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Masu zanga zangar sun kuma nuna adawa da shirin mayar da sansanin horas da masu yi wa ƙasa hidima (NYSC) na Jihar Kwara zuwa sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara Insecurity: Residents Reject Conversion Of NYSC Camp To IDP Camp |url=https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1699268-kwara-insecurity-residents-reject-conversion-nysc-camp-idp-camp-displaced-families/ |work=Legit.ng |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Jaridu da dama a Najeriya sun ruwaito wannan zanga zanga.<ref>{{cite news |title=Security Crisis: Kwara North Youths Stage Peaceful Protest In Ilorin |url=https://leadership.ng/security-crisis-kwara-north-youths-stage-peaceful-protest-in-ilorin/ |work=Leadership |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara Residents Demand Decisive Action Against Bandits |url=https://dailytrust.com/kwara-residents-demand-decisive-action-against-bandits |work=Daily Trust |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara residents protest killings, kidnappings, accuse government of negligence |url=https://gazettengr.com/kwara-residents-protest-killings-kidnappings-accuse-abdulrazaqs-govt-of-negligence/ |work=Peoples Gazette |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara youths march to Government House over killings, kidnappings |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/02/26/breaking-tib-movement-kwara-youths-march-govt-house-over-killings-kidnappings-five-lgas |work=Sahara Reporters |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara youths storm Govt House to protest kidnappings, killings |url=https://www.naijanews.com/2026/02/26/just-in-kwara-youths-storm-govt-house-protest-incessant-kidnappings-killings/ |work=Naija News |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Fitowa a kafafen yaɗa labarai == Haruna ya halarci shirye shirye a kafafen yaɗa labarai inda aka tattauna batutuwan shugabanci da rashin tsaro a Jihar Kwara. A shekarar 2026 ya kasance baƙo a NupekoTV, inda ya tattauna kan siyasa da matsalar tsaro a yankin Kwara ta Arewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Communicator To Feature Live On TheInformant247 TV Today Over Politics, Insecurity In Kwara North |url=https://www.nupekotv.com/2026/06/communicator-to-feature-live-on.html |website=NupekoTV |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Nigerian]] [[Rukuni:Online person databases]] [[Rukuni:Living people]] [[Rukuni:Biography]] [[Rukuni:Bayero University Kano alumni]] [[Rukuni:Social Media Manager]] __NOEDITSECTION__ __INDEX__ m0r1m991ecxndvgsb1hgtifxirxdm9t 0 159865 869180 868623 2026-06-27T07:46:58Z ~2026-36721-78 46356 869180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:NupekoTV}} {{Infobox person | name = NupekoTV | image = NupekoTv.jpg | caption = NupekoTV | other_names = NupekoTV, Nupeko TV | company_types = Kamfani mai zaman kansa | occupation = Kafar yaɗa labarai ta dijital | years_active = 2021–zuwa yanzu | people = Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed | citizenship = Lafiagi, Jihar Kwara, Najeriya | known_for = Labaran cikin gida, labaran ƙasashen duniya, sharhin al'amuran jama'a da bunƙasa al'adun Nupe | website = {{URL|https://www.nupekotv.com}} }} '''NupekoTV''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''NupekoTV''' ko '''Nupeko TV''') kafar yaɗa labarai ce mai zaman kanta ta Najeriya wadda ke da hedikwata a Lafiagi, Karamar Hukumar Edu, Jihar Kwara. An kafa ta a shekarar 2021 ta hannun '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed'''. Kafar tana wallafa labaran cikin gida da na ƙasashen duniya tare da sharhin al'amuran jama'a da kuma bunƙasa al'adun Nupe da na Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV.com: About Us - NupekoTV|url=https://www.nupekotv.com/p/about-us.html|website=NupekoTV}}</ref> Kafar tana gudanar da ayyukanta ne ta hanyar wallafa labarai a yanar gizo da sauran kafafen sadarwa na zamani. == Tarihi == An kafa NupekoTV a shekarar 2021 ta hannun '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed''' domin samar da kafar yaɗa labarai mai zaman kanta da za ta mayar da hankali kan rahotannin labarai, harkokin jama'a da kuma bunƙasa al'adu. A shekarar 2026, NupekoTV ta sake ƙaddamar da shafinta na yanar gizo domin faɗaɗa ayyukan yaɗa labarai ta hanyar dijital da kuma ƙarfafa aikin jaridar al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Relaunches Website to Strengthen Independent Community Journalism |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-relaunches-website-to-strengthen-independent-community-journalism |website=Factual Times}}</ref> == Ayyuka == NupekoTV tana wallafa labaran cikin gida, na ƙasa da na ƙasashen duniya tare da maƙaloli, ra'ayoyi da bayanai masu amfani ga jama'a. Haka kuma tana ba da muhimmanci ga rahotannin da suka shafi yankin Kwara ta Arewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Relaunches Website to Strengthen Independent Community Journalism |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-relaunches-website-to-strengthen-independent-community-journalism |website=Factual Times}}</ref> == Kasancewa a kafafen sada zumunta == NupekoTV tana da shafuka masu aiki a kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook da YouTube, inda take yaɗa labarai da sauran shirye shirye ga masu bibiyarta. Har ila yau, kafar tana gudanar da rahotannin da suka shafi ci gaban al'umma tare da ba da muhimmanci ga batutuwan tsaro da shugabanci a yankin Kwara ta Arewa. == Jagoranci == Jagorancin NupekoTV ya haɗa da: * '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed''' — Wanda ya kafa kafar kuma Babban Darakta (CEO) * '''[[Usman Haruna]]''' — Mataimakin Babban Darakta (Sub CEO) * '''Mohammed Idris Shaaba''' — Mairubutu * '''Abdullahi Adam Santali''' — Mataimakin Mairubutu == Lambar yabo == A shekarar 2025, kungiyar Initial Language Legacy and Culture (ILLEC) ta karrama NupekoTV saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa wajen bunƙasa harshen Nupe da al'adunsa a Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Gets Award for Promoting Nupe Language |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-gets-award-for-promoting-nupe-language |website=Factual Times}}</ref> == Shari'o'i da muhawara == NupekoTV ta shiga wasu shari'o'i da suka shafi 'yancin aikin jarida, waɗanda kafafen yaɗa labarai daban daban suka ruwaito. A wani lamari, wani kwamishina na Jihar Kwara ya shigar da ƙarar bata suna ta Naira miliyan 10 a kan kafar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara commissioner slams N10m lawsuit against media outlet over allegations of negligence |url=https://theinformant247.com/kwara-commissioner-slams-n10m-lawsuit-against-media-outlet-over-allegations-of-negligence |website=The Informant247}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare aikin jarida da na farar hula, ciki har da ASKOMP, sun soki abin da suka bayyana a matsayin matsin lamba ga kafafen yaɗa labarai a Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASKOMP condemns govt official’s clampdown on media in Kwara |url=https://theinformant247.com/askomp-condemns-govt-officials-clampdown-on-media-in-kwara |website=The Informant247}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, wasu rahotanni sun ce an tsare wani ɗan jaridar NupekoTV bisa zargin bata suna, lamarin da jam'iyyun siyasa da ƙungiyoyin farar hula suka yi Allah wadai da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara PDP condemns Abdulrazaq’s govt over NupekoTV journalist’s remand, accuses it of silencing critics |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/16/kwara-pdp-condemns-abdulrazaqsa-govt-over-nupekotv-journalists-remand-accuses-it |website=SaharaReporters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TIB Movement condemns Kwara govt over NupekoTV journalist’s remand in prison, calls charges ‘malicious’ |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/15/tib-movement-condemns-kwara-govt-over-nupekotv-journalists-remand-prison-calls-charges |website=SaharaReporters}}</ref> Daga baya, wata kotu ta bayar da belin mawallafin NupekoTV a cikin shari'ar bata sunan da aka shigar a kansa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Court grants bail to NupekoTV publisher in defamation suit filed by Kwara commissioner Usman Lade |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/21/court-grants-bail-nupekoTV-publisher-defamation-suit-filed-kwara-commissioner-usman-lade |website=SaharaReporters}}</ref> == Manufa == A cewar bayanan da kafar ta wallafa, manufar NupekoTV ita ce yaɗa labaran cikin gida da na ƙasashen duniya tare da bunƙasa al'adun Afirka da na al'ummar Nupe. == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.nupekotv.com Shafin yanar gizon NupekoTV] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} __FORCETOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ sk1ey3sgmwybcuo8guh8d30owvmmwhy 0 159866 869184 868650 2026-06-27T08:00:50Z ~2026-36721-78 46356 /* Media appearances */ 869184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Usman Haruna | image = usman_haruna.jpg | caption = Usman Haruna (Communicator) | birth_name = | birth_place = Lafiagi, Edu LGA, Kwara State, Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | education = Kwara State College of Arabic and Islamic Studies (CAIS), Ilorin<br>Bayero University Kano | occupation = Journalist, technology writer | known_for = Digital journalism and civic advocacy }} '''Usman Haruna''', also known as '''Communicator''', is a Nigerian journalist and technology writer from Kwara State, Nigeria. He writes on technology, telecommunications, financial technology, and public affairs. He is also known for civic advocacy relating to security issues in parts of Kwara State.<ref>{{cite web |title=Usman Haruna author profile |url=https://www.naijanews.com/author/usman-haruna |website=Naija News |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Early life and education == Haruna is from Lafiagi in Edu Local Government Area of Kwara State. He attended the Kwara State College of Arabic and Islamic Studies (CAIS), Ilorin, and later studied at Bayero University Kano. == Career == Haruna is a journalist and technology writer whose work covers telecommunications, digital identity systems, financial technology, and consumer technology. He is a contributor at Naija News, where he publishes articles on technology and public affairs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Usman Haruna author profile |url=https://www.naijanews.com/author/usman-haruna |website=Naija News |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> His writings have also been indexed by Muck Rack.<ref>{{cite web |title=Author profile: communicator |url=https://muckrack.com/__communicator_/articles |website=Muck Rack |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Activism == In February 2026, Haruna participated in a protest by youths from Kwara North at the Kwara State Government House in Ilorin. The protest addressed insecurity in parts of Edu, Patigi, and Kaiama Local Government Areas, where residents reported repeated cases of kidnapping and violence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Insecurity: Youths demand end to incessant killings in Kwara |url=https://punchng.com/insecurity-youths-demand-end-to-incessant-killings-in-kwara/ |work=The Punch |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> The protesters also opposed plans to convert the National Youth Service Corps orientation camp in Kwara State into an internally displaced persons facility.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara Insecurity: Residents Reject Conversion Of NYSC Camp To IDP Camp |url=https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1699268-kwara-insecurity-residents-reject-conversion-nysc-camp-idp-camp-displaced-families/ |work=Legit.ng |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> The protest was reported by several Nigerian media outlets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Security Crisis: Kwara North Youths Stage Peaceful Protest In Ilorin |url=https://leadership.ng/security-crisis-kwara-north-youths-stage-peaceful-protest-in-ilorin/ |work=Leadership |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara Residents Demand Decisive Action Against Bandits |url=https://dailytrust.com/kwara-residents-demand-decisive-action-against-bandits |work=Daily Trust |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara residents protest killings, kidnappings, accuse government of negligence |url=https://gazettengr.com/kwara-residents-protest-killings-kidnappings-accuse-abdulrazaqs-govt-of-negligence/ |work=Peoples Gazette |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara youths march to Government House over killings, kidnappings |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/02/26/breaking-tib-movement-kwara-youths-march-govt-house-over-killings-kidnappings-five-lgas |work=Sahara Reporters |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara youths storm Govt House to protest kidnappings, killings |url=https://www.naijanews.com/2026/02/26/just-in-kwara-youths-storm-govt-house-protest-incessant-kidnappings-killings/ |work=Naija News |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Media appearances == Haruna has appeared in media discussions on governance and insecurity in Kwara State. In 2026, he was a guest on TheInformant247 TV, where he discussed political and security issues affecting Kwara North.<ref>{{cite web |title=Communicator To Feature Live On TheInformant247 TV Today Over Politics, Insecurity In Kwara North |url=https://www.nupekotv.com/2026/06/communicator-to-feature-live-on.html |website=NupekoTV |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} 7rywshaxnamacbv5bfojvz1b74hah8e 0 159868 868712 2026-06-26T13:59:49Z Baby juuu 38856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1247618401|Roxanna Bennett]]" 868712 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roxanna Bennett''' mawakiya ce ta Kanada, wacce tarin ta 2019 bazata ta lashe Kyautar Raymond Souster da kuma kyautar Trillium Book don Waƙoƙin Ingilishi a cikin 2020. An kuma sanya unmeaningable a cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar Pat Lowther, kuma tarin su na shekarar 2021 shi Untranslatable I an sanya shi a cikin jerin su don Kyautar Gwamna Janar don shayari na Turanci a Kyautar Gwamna Janar ta 2021. The Untranslatable I ya kasance dan wasan karshe na 2022 Trillium Book Award for Poetry kuma ya lashe lambar kyauta yabo ta Raymond Souster ta League of Canadian Poets . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drudi |first=Cassandra |date=2022-05-05 |title=League of Canadian Poets announces 2022 awards winners - Quill and Quire |url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/league-of-canadian-poets-announces-2022-awards-winners/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}</ref> An kafa shi a [[Ontario]]" id="mwJg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Whitby, Ontario">Whitby, Ontario, Bennett's poetry centers on disability. * Ka'idar rashin tabbas (2014) * ''lambun da ba a gani ba'' (2018) * ''Ba za a iya amfani da shi ba'' (2019) * ''Abin da ba za a iya fassara shi ba'' (2021) {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1m6proll61nvf5u9oruibgggtq1ok19 868713 868712 2026-06-26T14:02:07Z Baby juuu 38856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1247618401|Roxanna Bennett]]" 868713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roxanna Bennett''' mawaki ne na Kanada, wacce tarin ta 2019 bazata ta lashe Kyautar Raymond Souster da kuma kyautar Trillium Book don Waƙoƙin Ingilishi a cikin 2020. An kuma sanya unmeaningable a cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar Pat Lowther, kuma tarin su na shekarar 2021 shi Untranslatable I an sanya shi a cikin jerin su don Kyautar Gwamna Janar don shayari na Turanci a Kyautar Gwamna Janar ta 2021. The Untranslatable I ya kasance dan wasan karshe na 2022 Trillium Book Award for Poetry kuma ya lashe kyauta yabo ta Raymond Souster ta League of Canadian Poets . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drudi |first=Cassandra |date=2022-05-05 |title=League of Canadian Poets announces 2022 awards winners - Quill and Quire |url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/league-of-canadian-poets-announces-2022-awards-winners/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}</ref> An kafa shi a [[Ontario]]" id="mwJg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Whitby, Ontario">Whitby, Ontario, Bennett's poetry centers on disability. * Ka'idar rashin tabbas (2014) * ''lambun da ba a gani ba'' (2018) * ''Ba za a iya amfani da shi ba'' (2019) * ''Abin da ba za a iya fassara shi ba'' (2021) {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] g8h30e5rep2kmokqnevcsmlhw0f3eeb 868714 868713 2026-06-26T14:03:00Z Baby juuu 38856 868714 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roxanna Bennett''' mawaki ne na Kanada, wacce tarin ta shekarar 2019 bazata ta lashe Kyautar Raymond Souster da kuma kyautar Trillium Book don Waƙoƙin Ingilishi a cikin 2020. An kuma sanya unmeaningable a cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar Pat Lowther, kuma tarin su na shekarar 2021 shi Untranslatable I an sanya shi a cikin jerin su don Kyautar Gwamna Janar don shayari na Turanci a Kyautar Gwamna Janar ta 2021. The Untranslatable I ya kasance dan wasan karshe na 2022 Trillium Book Award for Poetry kuma ya lashe kyauta yabo ta Raymond Souster ta League of Canadian Poets . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drudi |first=Cassandra |date=2022-05-05 |title=League of Canadian Poets announces 2022 awards winners - Quill and Quire |url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/league-of-canadian-poets-announces-2022-awards-winners/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}</ref> An kafa shi a [[Ontario]]" id="mwJg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Whitby, Ontario">Whitby, Ontario, Bennett's poetry centers on disability. * Ka'idar rashin tabbas (2014) * ''lambun da ba a gani ba'' (2018) * ''Ba za a iya amfani da shi ba'' (2019) * ''Abin da ba za a iya fassara shi ba'' (2021) {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jlfnngk1lpvdk61r8nfxo336t4y4mrg 868715 868714 2026-06-26T14:03:29Z Baby juuu 38856 868715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roxanna Bennett''' mawaki ne na Kanada, wacce tarin ta shekarar 2019 bazata ta lashe Kyautar Raymond Souster da kuma kyautar Trillium Book don Waƙoƙin Ingilishi a cikin 2020. An kuma sanya unmeaningable a cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar Pat Lowther, kuma tarin su na shekarar 2021 shi Untranslatable I an sanya shi a cikin jerin su don Kyautar Gwamna Janar don shayari na Turanci a Kyautar Gwamna Janar ta 2021. Untranslatable I ya kasance dan wasan karshe na 2022 Trillium Book Award for Poetry kuma ya lashe kyauta yabo ta Raymond Souster ta League of Canadian Poets . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drudi |first=Cassandra |date=2022-05-05 |title=League of Canadian Poets announces 2022 awards winners - Quill and Quire |url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/league-of-canadian-poets-announces-2022-awards-winners/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}</ref> An kafa shi a [[Ontario]]" id="mwJg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Whitby, Ontario">Whitby, Ontario, Bennett's poetry centers on disability. * Ka'idar rashin tabbas (2014) * ''lambun da ba a gani ba'' (2018) * ''Ba za a iya amfani da shi ba'' (2019) * ''Abin da ba za a iya fassara shi ba'' (2021) {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] io0v9l76yzs2pbxy606udiaoju43l8e 868716 868715 2026-06-26T14:04:11Z Baby juuu 38856 868716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roxanna Bennett''' mawaki ne na Kanada, wacce tarin ta shekarar 2019 bazata ta lashe Kyautar Raymond Souster da kuma kyautar Trillium Book don Waƙoƙin Ingilishi a cikin 2020. An kuma sanya unmeaningable a cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar Pat Lowther, kuma tarin su na shekarar 2021 shi Untranslatable I an sanya shi a cikin jerin su don Kyautar Gwamna Janar don shayari na Turanci a Kyautar Gwamna Janar ta shekarar 2021. Untranslatable I ya kasance dan wasan karshe na 2022 Trillium Book Award for Poetry kuma ya lashe kyauta yabo ta Raymond Souster ta League of Canadian Poets . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drudi |first=Cassandra |date=2022-05-05 |title=League of Canadian Poets announces 2022 awards winners - Quill and Quire |url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/league-of-canadian-poets-announces-2022-awards-winners/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}</ref> An kafa shi a [[Ontario]]" id="mwJg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Whitby, Ontario">Whitby, Ontario, Bennett's poetry centers on disability. * Ka'idar rashin tabbas (2014) * ''lambun da ba a gani ba'' (2018) * ''Ba za a iya amfani da shi ba'' (2019) * ''Abin da ba za a iya fassara shi ba'' (2021) {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1dbiey7h761he9esrbo6jh4q2n8iifh 868718 868716 2026-06-26T14:04:52Z Baby juuu 38856 868718 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roxanna Bennett''' mawaki ne na Kanada, wacce tarin ta shekarar 2019 bazata ta lashe Kyautar Raymond Souster da kuma kyautar Trillium Book don Waƙoƙin Ingilishi a cikin 2020. An kuma sanya unmeaningable a cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar Pat Lowther, kuma tarin su na shekarar 2021 shi Untranslatable I an sanya shi a cikin jerin su don Kyautar Gwamna Janar don shayari na Turanci a Kyautar Gwamna Janar ta shekarar 2021. Untranslatable I ya kasance dan wasan karshe na 2022 Trillium Book Award for Poetry kuma ya lashe kyauta yabo ta Raymond Souster ta League of Canadian Poets . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drudi |first=Cassandra |date=2022-05-05 |title=League of Canadian Poets announces 2022 awards winners - Quill and Quire |url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/league-of-canadian-poets-announces-2022-awards-winners/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}</ref> * Ka'idar rashin tabbas (2014) * ''lambun da ba a gani ba'' (2018) * ''Ba za a iya amfani da shi ba'' (2019) * ''Abin da ba za a iya fassara shi ba'' (2021) {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6ufjrd0hftfmrshufb4kprkxjggj4zk 0 159869 868735 2026-06-26T15:49:21Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Isa local government ce a jahar sokoto, tana daya daga cikin manya local government a jahar sokoto, local dake gabacin sokoto (sokoto state central zone), jama'a wannan lokal government din Mafi yawan su hausa/Fulani,Kuma Muslimi ne, local government ce dake da tsohon kilometers kusan dari biyu daga birni sokoto, local government ce da tsohon gwnana sokoto state, Alhaji Attahiru Dalhatu bafarawa yafi to,tana Dana majalisa guda biyu,mutane wannan Mafi yawan su manoma ne da yan k... 868735 wikitext text/x-wiki Isa local government ce a jahar sokoto, tana daya daga cikin manya local government a jahar sokoto, local dake gabacin sokoto (sokoto state central zone), jama'a wannan lokal government din Mafi yawan su hausa/Fulani,Kuma Muslimi ne, local government ce dake da tsohon kilometers kusan dari biyu daga birni sokoto, local government ce da tsohon gwnana sokoto state, Alhaji Attahiru Dalhatu bafarawa yafi to,tana Dana majalisa guda biyu,mutane wannan Mafi yawan su manoma ne da yan kasuwa,sun Yan boko, local government ce dake makwataka da zamfara state,tana da mukwatakà da shinkafi local government,sana ita ce lokal government dake makwataka da Sabon birni local government daga Arewa. s7utddl79ugay9piecnlygcy3ml4n8t 0 159870 868764 2026-06-26T16:07:56Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 868764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu''' == Manazarta == 01yg2zghns57wzcguvzcbgaobmviaj6 868767 868764 2026-06-26T16:08:55Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi. Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali. Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa. Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu. == Manazarta == 2rdnc47wjsaz2vvh86urpbod2kkabci 868769 868767 2026-06-26T16:10:19Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 868769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref> == Manazarta == reosp8i74rcr00ebr5w9vql2vol2ass 868770 868769 2026-06-26T16:14:37Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 868770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> == Manazarta == 7o7js683hjzngxsrqd01p30n71strpp 868771 868770 2026-06-26T16:17:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. == Manazarta == b94fw13od20v64rqj330z0lt24mod27 868772 868771 2026-06-26T16:18:00Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Manazarta == kiru2iu96bpor4thn1b4jp7dgjvwdso 868773 868772 2026-06-26T16:18:50Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 868773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == == Manazarta == l12ztgc0jymwxsosbbrpawpu6yprkux 868774 868773 2026-06-26T16:19:40Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. == Manazarta == a9ur95rmzjo489dijiy2lyc25t4bler 868775 868774 2026-06-26T16:20:54Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Manazarta == g38faddc487lxnf4kiz8kfk55qmhzt9 868776 868775 2026-06-26T16:22:26Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Manazarta == ej8qgsxma831lrcvp9kpl1a1worqpp5 868777 868776 2026-06-26T16:25:34Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == == Manazarta == 1ubkqrb6yd4732fymxehvumdtorc5kf 868778 868777 2026-06-26T16:27:03Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. == Manazarta == 2bxgduatd9ggpm0yivdlnka6hnm9zik 868779 868778 2026-06-26T16:28:20Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == == Manazarta == e7b8rjhmhyygd7rzhsby155jsi657b5 868780 868779 2026-06-26T16:29:53Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." == [[Amurka]] == == Manazarta == na66zzqw2l31zf3mphxv9l6kmqhl3o2 868781 868780 2026-06-26T16:30:24Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 868781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === == Manazarta == 84e8zfxdljke2ecmewgile5d1erzils 868782 868781 2026-06-26T16:31:24Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. == Manazarta == qne51ie7iqia8oew9xvehy0a9t7813v 868783 868782 2026-06-26T16:33:21Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. == Manazarta == 4fpuyrgo5yjq1qcsj7i6z3fi3mj6ye3 868784 868783 2026-06-26T16:34:10Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === == Manazarta == s4g82x7mkhw7w3vzb5xs8utqj0rq54f 868785 868784 2026-06-26T16:35:00Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Manazarta == gc2enktnhrr767z30irdc9508movj8m 868786 868785 2026-06-26T16:36:12Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 868786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == == Manazarta == mjsjytdnopagn4w0kgg66okgd8hiid9 868787 868786 2026-06-26T16:38:22Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. == Manazarta == qqcequ4wgz8m22s4a52kp4dtg232x8e 868788 868787 2026-06-26T16:40:33Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Ga 'Yan Asalin da aka sanar a shekarar 1939 ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin hukuma waɗanda suka dogara da "shafa halittu" ko "kawar" 'Yan Asalin, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da haɗakar al'adu a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin na 1961 a Canberra, ministocin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya sun tsara ma'anar "haɗawa" 'Yan Asalin Australiya don mahallin gwamnati. Ministan Yankunan Tarayya na Gwamnatin Menzies, Paul Hasluck, ya sanar da Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 1961 cewa: ''Manufar haɗa kai tana nufin a ganin dukkan gwamnatocin Australiya cewa ana sa ran dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne za su sami irin rayuwar da sauran 'yan Australiya ke yi kuma su rayu a matsayin membobin al'ummar Australiya ɗaya da ke jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da gata iri ɗaya, suna karɓar nauyi iri ɗaya, suna kiyaye al'adu iri ɗaya kuma suna da tasiri ga imani, bege da aminci iri ɗaya kamar sauran 'yan Australiya. Don haka, duk wani mataki na musamman da aka ɗauka ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba su da asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matakai na wucin gadi ba bisa ga launi ba, amma an yi niyya ne don biyan buƙatunsu na kulawa da taimako na musamman don kare su daga duk wani mummunan tasiri na canji kwatsam da kuma taimaka musu su yi sauyi daga mataki zuwa mataki ta yadda zai yi wa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na gaba kyau.'' == Manazarta == 84y5au9dm1ac2734j12zdb4cjc0ph25 868789 868788 2026-06-26T16:41:26Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Ga 'Yan Asalin da aka sanar a shekarar 1939 ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin hukuma waɗanda suka dogara da "shafa halittu" ko "kawar" 'Yan Asalin, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da haɗakar al'adu a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin na 1961 a Canberra, ministocin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya sun tsara ma'anar "haɗawa" 'Yan Asalin Australiya don mahallin gwamnati. Ministan Yankunan Tarayya na Gwamnatin Menzies, Paul Hasluck, ya sanar da Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 1961 cewa: ''Manufar haɗa kai tana nufin a ganin dukkan gwamnatocin Australiya cewa ana sa ran dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne za su sami irin rayuwar da sauran 'yan Australiya ke yi kuma su rayu a matsayin membobin al'ummar Australiya ɗaya da ke jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da gata iri ɗaya, suna karɓar nauyi iri ɗaya, suna kiyaye al'adu iri ɗaya kuma suna da tasiri ga imani, bege da aminci iri ɗaya kamar sauran 'yan Australiya. Don haka, duk wani mataki na musamman da aka ɗauka ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba su da asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matakai na wucin gadi ba bisa ga launi ba, amma an yi niyya ne don biyan buƙatunsu na kulawa da taimako na musamman don kare su daga duk wani mummunan tasiri na canji kwatsam da kuma taimaka musu su yi sauyi daga mataki zuwa mataki ta yadda zai yi wa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na gaba kyau.'' Bayan ya jagoranci kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1967 wadda ta cire sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya, Firayim Ministan Liberal Harold Holt ya bayyana manufar gwamnatinsa kan haɗakar jama'a kamar haka: Sau da yawa ba a fahimtar kalmar 'haɗakar jama'a'. Babu wani abu da ya zama dole ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba game da ita kuma ba yana nufin haɗakar jama'a da manufar kawar da siffofi na zahiri na 'yan asalin ƙasar ko al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Haɗakar jama'a yana nufin cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar za su iya kama da sauran 'yan ƙasa, ba shakka a cikin kamanni ba, amma dangane da duk gata da alhakin zama ɗan ƙasa. — Firayim Minista Harold Holt, Satumba, 1967 == Manazarta == 7afxd2qjcqcu6146il7ln7wk752w5b1 868790 868789 2026-06-26T16:43:54Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Ga 'Yan Asalin da aka sanar a shekarar 1939 ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin hukuma waɗanda suka dogara da "shafa halittu" ko "kawar" 'Yan Asalin, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da haɗakar al'adu a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin na 1961 a Canberra, ministocin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya sun tsara ma'anar "haɗawa" 'Yan Asalin Australiya don mahallin gwamnati. Ministan Yankunan Tarayya na Gwamnatin Menzies, Paul Hasluck, ya sanar da Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 1961 cewa: '''Manufar haɗa kai tana nufin a ganin dukkan gwamnatocin Australiya cewa ana sa ran dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne za su sami irin rayuwar da sauran 'yan Australiya ke yi kuma su rayu a matsayin membobin al'ummar Australiya ɗaya da ke jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da gata iri ɗaya, suna karɓar nauyi iri ɗaya, suna kiyaye al'adu iri ɗaya kuma suna da tasiri ga imani, bege da aminci iri ɗaya kamar sauran 'yan Australiya. Don haka, duk wani mataki na musamman da aka ɗauka ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba su da asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matakai na wucin gadi ba bisa ga launi ba, amma an yi niyya ne don biyan buƙatunsu na kulawa da taimako na musamman don kare su daga duk wani mummunan tasiri na canji kwatsam da kuma taimaka musu su yi sauyi daga mataki zuwa mataki ta yadda zai yi wa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na gaba kyau.''' Bayan ya jagoranci kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1967 wadda ta cire sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya, Firayim Ministan Liberal Harold Holt ya bayyana manufar gwamnatinsa kan haɗakar jama'a kamar haka: '''Sau da yawa ba a fahimtar kalmar 'haɗakar jama'a'. Babu wani abu da ya zama dole ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba game da ita kuma ba yana nufin haɗakar jama'a da manufar kawar da siffofi na zahiri na 'yan asalin ƙasar ko al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Haɗakar jama'a yana nufin cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar za su iya kama da sauran 'yan ƙasa, ba shakka a cikin kamanni ba, amma dangane da duk gata da alhakin zama ɗan ƙasa.''' — Firayim Minista Harold Holt, Satumba, 1967 Magajin Holt, John Gorton, ya amince da manufar "ci gaban" 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar "haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya a matsayin cikakkun membobin al'ummar Australiya guda ɗaya", kuma ya yaba da "ƙoƙarin da Amurkawa ke yi na shigar da 'yan asalin ƙasar da kansu cikin gudanar da harkokinsu da kuma amfani da iko mai kyau a tsakanin mutanensu," yana mai alƙawarin yin koyi da su a matakin Tarayya. Ya bayyana matsayin Gwamnatinsa kamar haka: '''A wata ma'anar, ba tare da lalata al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, muna son taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasarmu su zama muhimmin ɓangare na sauran mutanen Australiya, kuma muna son 'yan asalin ƙasar su sami murya a cikin saurin da wannan tsari ke faruwa. Za mu auna shawarwarin manufofi bisa ga wannan manufar, kuma za mu so mu guji matakan da za su iya bambanta 'yan asalin ƙasar da sauran 'yan Australiya har abada ta hanyar samun ci gaban su bisa ƙa'idodi daban-daban ko daban-daban [...] Duk da haka, mun fahimci cewa... 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawa suna fuskantar nakasa ta musamman waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban su. Saboda haka, a shirye muke mu goyi bayan ƙarin aiki da aka tsara don taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su shawo kan waɗannan nakasa a matakin canji.''' — Firayim Minista John Gorton, 12 ga Yuli 1968 == Manazarta == 4zlcyui30njf9892dcht8mbb1ih0mur 868793 868790 2026-06-26T16:44:57Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Ga 'Yan Asalin da aka sanar a shekarar 1939 ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin hukuma waɗanda suka dogara da "shafa halittu" ko "kawar" 'Yan Asalin, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da haɗakar al'adu a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin na 1961 a Canberra, ministocin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya sun tsara ma'anar "haɗawa" 'Yan Asalin Australiya don mahallin gwamnati. Ministan Yankunan Tarayya na Gwamnatin Menzies, Paul Hasluck, ya sanar da Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 1961 cewa: '''Manufar haɗa kai tana nufin a ganin dukkan gwamnatocin Australiya cewa ana sa ran dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne za su sami irin rayuwar da sauran 'yan Australiya ke yi kuma su rayu a matsayin membobin al'ummar Australiya ɗaya da ke jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da gata iri ɗaya, suna karɓar nauyi iri ɗaya, suna kiyaye al'adu iri ɗaya kuma suna da tasiri ga imani, bege da aminci iri ɗaya kamar sauran 'yan Australiya. Don haka, duk wani mataki na musamman da aka ɗauka ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba su da asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matakai na wucin gadi ba bisa ga launi ba, amma an yi niyya ne don biyan buƙatunsu na kulawa da taimako na musamman don kare su daga duk wani mummunan tasiri na canji kwatsam da kuma taimaka musu su yi sauyi daga mataki zuwa mataki ta yadda zai yi wa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na gaba kyau.''' Bayan ya jagoranci kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1967 wadda ta cire sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya, Firayim Ministan Liberal Harold Holt ya bayyana manufar gwamnatinsa kan haɗakar jama'a kamar haka: '''Sau da yawa ba a fahimtar kalmar 'haɗakar jama'a'. Babu wani abu da ya zama dole ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba game da ita kuma ba yana nufin haɗakar jama'a da manufar kawar da siffofi na zahiri na 'yan asalin ƙasar ko al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Haɗakar jama'a yana nufin cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar za su iya kama da sauran 'yan ƙasa, ba shakka a cikin kamanni ba, amma dangane da duk gata da alhakin zama ɗan ƙasa.''' — Firayim Minista Harold Holt, Satumba, 1967 Magajin Holt, John Gorton, ya amince da manufar "ci gaban" 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar "haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya a matsayin cikakkun membobin al'ummar Australiya guda ɗaya", kuma ya yaba da "ƙoƙarin da Amurkawa ke yi na shigar da 'yan asalin ƙasar da kansu cikin gudanar da harkokinsu da kuma amfani da iko mai kyau a tsakanin mutanensu," yana mai alƙawarin yin koyi da su a matakin Tarayya. Ya bayyana matsayin Gwamnatinsa kamar haka: '''A wata ma'anar, ba tare da lalata al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, muna son taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasarmu su zama muhimmin ɓangare na sauran mutanen Australiya, kuma muna son 'yan asalin ƙasar su sami murya a cikin saurin da wannan tsari ke faruwa. Za mu auna shawarwarin manufofi bisa ga wannan manufar, kuma za mu so mu guji matakan da za su iya bambanta 'yan asalin ƙasar da sauran 'yan Australiya har abada ta hanyar samun ci gaban su bisa ƙa'idodi daban-daban ko daban-daban [...] Duk da haka, mun fahimci cewa... 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawa suna fuskantar nakasa ta musamman waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban su. Saboda haka, a shirye muke mu goyi bayan ƙarin aiki da aka tsara don taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su shawo kan waɗannan nakasa a matakin canji.''' — Firayim Minista John Gorton, 12 ga Yuli 1968 Manufofin gwamnati na 'haɗa kai' sun faɗi ƙasa a Ostiraliya tun daga shekarun 1970, inda masu fafutuka kamar Sanata Neville Bonner na farko ɗan asalin Aboriginal na Ostiraliya suka goyi bayan manufofin 'haɗa kai' da 'ƙaddamar da kai', sannan kuma gwamnatocin Whitlam Labour da Fraser Liberal suka haɓaka dokokin haƙƙin mallakar filaye. === [[Brazil]] === == Manazarta == 7d67rkres1wemm26pxsqwyhjsdlvoq3 868794 868793 2026-06-26T16:45:45Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Ga 'Yan Asalin da aka sanar a shekarar 1939 ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin hukuma waɗanda suka dogara da "shafa halittu" ko "kawar" 'Yan Asalin, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da haɗakar al'adu a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin na 1961 a Canberra, ministocin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya sun tsara ma'anar "haɗawa" 'Yan Asalin Australiya don mahallin gwamnati. Ministan Yankunan Tarayya na Gwamnatin Menzies, Paul Hasluck, ya sanar da Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 1961 cewa: '''Manufar haɗa kai tana nufin a ganin dukkan gwamnatocin Australiya cewa ana sa ran dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne za su sami irin rayuwar da sauran 'yan Australiya ke yi kuma su rayu a matsayin membobin al'ummar Australiya ɗaya da ke jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da gata iri ɗaya, suna karɓar nauyi iri ɗaya, suna kiyaye al'adu iri ɗaya kuma suna da tasiri ga imani, bege da aminci iri ɗaya kamar sauran 'yan Australiya. Don haka, duk wani mataki na musamman da aka ɗauka ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba su da asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matakai na wucin gadi ba bisa ga launi ba, amma an yi niyya ne don biyan buƙatunsu na kulawa da taimako na musamman don kare su daga duk wani mummunan tasiri na canji kwatsam da kuma taimaka musu su yi sauyi daga mataki zuwa mataki ta yadda zai yi wa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na gaba kyau.''' Bayan ya jagoranci kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1967 wadda ta cire sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya, Firayim Ministan Liberal Harold Holt ya bayyana manufar gwamnatinsa kan haɗakar jama'a kamar haka: '''Sau da yawa ba a fahimtar kalmar 'haɗakar jama'a'. Babu wani abu da ya zama dole ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba game da ita kuma ba yana nufin haɗakar jama'a da manufar kawar da siffofi na zahiri na 'yan asalin ƙasar ko al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Haɗakar jama'a yana nufin cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar za su iya kama da sauran 'yan ƙasa, ba shakka a cikin kamanni ba, amma dangane da duk gata da alhakin zama ɗan ƙasa.''' — Firayim Minista Harold Holt, Satumba, 1967 Magajin Holt, John Gorton, ya amince da manufar "ci gaban" 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar "haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya a matsayin cikakkun membobin al'ummar Australiya guda ɗaya", kuma ya yaba da "ƙoƙarin da Amurkawa ke yi na shigar da 'yan asalin ƙasar da kansu cikin gudanar da harkokinsu da kuma amfani da iko mai kyau a tsakanin mutanensu," yana mai alƙawarin yin koyi da su a matakin Tarayya. Ya bayyana matsayin Gwamnatinsa kamar haka: '''A wata ma'anar, ba tare da lalata al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, muna son taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasarmu su zama muhimmin ɓangare na sauran mutanen Australiya, kuma muna son 'yan asalin ƙasar su sami murya a cikin saurin da wannan tsari ke faruwa. Za mu auna shawarwarin manufofi bisa ga wannan manufar, kuma za mu so mu guji matakan da za su iya bambanta 'yan asalin ƙasar da sauran 'yan Australiya har abada ta hanyar samun ci gaban su bisa ƙa'idodi daban-daban ko daban-daban [...] Duk da haka, mun fahimci cewa... 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawa suna fuskantar nakasa ta musamman waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban su. Saboda haka, a shirye muke mu goyi bayan ƙarin aiki da aka tsara don taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su shawo kan waɗannan nakasa a matakin canji.''' — Firayim Minista John Gorton, 12 ga Yuli 1968 Manufofin gwamnati na 'haɗa kai' sun faɗi ƙasa a Ostiraliya tun daga shekarun 1970, inda masu fafutuka kamar Sanata Neville Bonner na farko ɗan asalin Aboriginal na Ostiraliya suka goyi bayan manufofin 'haɗa kai' da 'ƙaddamar da kai', sannan kuma gwamnatocin Whitlam Labour da Fraser Liberal suka haɓaka dokokin haƙƙin mallakar filaye. === [[Brazil]] === A watan Janairun 2019, sabon shugaban Brazil da aka zaɓa Jair Bolsonaro ya kwace wa Hukumar Kula da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin ƙasar FUNAI nauyin gano da kuma raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. Ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan yankuna suna da ƙananan al'ummomi da aka keɓe kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa su cikin babban al'ummar Brazil. A cewar Survival International, "Ɗaukar alhakin raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar daga FUNAI, ma'aikatar harkokin Indiya, da kuma ba da su ga Ma'aikatar Noma kusan shela ce ta yaƙi a fili da al'ummomin ƙabilun Brazil." == Manazarta == e4lm1lcq10k7yq887n308rs6qno3jux 868797 868794 2026-06-26T16:47:22Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Ga 'Yan Asalin da aka sanar a shekarar 1939 ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin hukuma waɗanda suka dogara da "shafa halittu" ko "kawar" 'Yan Asalin, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da haɗakar al'adu a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin na 1961 a Canberra, ministocin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya sun tsara ma'anar "haɗawa" 'Yan Asalin Australiya don mahallin gwamnati. Ministan Yankunan Tarayya na Gwamnatin Menzies, Paul Hasluck, ya sanar da Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 1961 cewa: '''Manufar haɗa kai tana nufin a ganin dukkan gwamnatocin Australiya cewa ana sa ran dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne za su sami irin rayuwar da sauran 'yan Australiya ke yi kuma su rayu a matsayin membobin al'ummar Australiya ɗaya da ke jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da gata iri ɗaya, suna karɓar nauyi iri ɗaya, suna kiyaye al'adu iri ɗaya kuma suna da tasiri ga imani, bege da aminci iri ɗaya kamar sauran 'yan Australiya. Don haka, duk wani mataki na musamman da aka ɗauka ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba su da asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matakai na wucin gadi ba bisa ga launi ba, amma an yi niyya ne don biyan buƙatunsu na kulawa da taimako na musamman don kare su daga duk wani mummunan tasiri na canji kwatsam da kuma taimaka musu su yi sauyi daga mataki zuwa mataki ta yadda zai yi wa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na gaba kyau.''' Bayan ya jagoranci kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1967 wadda ta cire sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya, Firayim Ministan Liberal Harold Holt ya bayyana manufar gwamnatinsa kan haɗakar jama'a kamar haka: '''Sau da yawa ba a fahimtar kalmar 'haɗakar jama'a'. Babu wani abu da ya zama dole ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba game da ita kuma ba yana nufin haɗakar jama'a da manufar kawar da siffofi na zahiri na 'yan asalin ƙasar ko al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Haɗakar jama'a yana nufin cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar za su iya kama da sauran 'yan ƙasa, ba shakka a cikin kamanni ba, amma dangane da duk gata da alhakin zama ɗan ƙasa.''' — Firayim Minista Harold Holt, Satumba, 1967 Magajin Holt, John Gorton, ya amince da manufar "ci gaban" 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar "haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya a matsayin cikakkun membobin al'ummar Australiya guda ɗaya", kuma ya yaba da "ƙoƙarin da Amurkawa ke yi na shigar da 'yan asalin ƙasar da kansu cikin gudanar da harkokinsu da kuma amfani da iko mai kyau a tsakanin mutanensu," yana mai alƙawarin yin koyi da su a matakin Tarayya. Ya bayyana matsayin Gwamnatinsa kamar haka: '''A wata ma'anar, ba tare da lalata al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, muna son taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasarmu su zama muhimmin ɓangare na sauran mutanen Australiya, kuma muna son 'yan asalin ƙasar su sami murya a cikin saurin da wannan tsari ke faruwa. Za mu auna shawarwarin manufofi bisa ga wannan manufar, kuma za mu so mu guji matakan da za su iya bambanta 'yan asalin ƙasar da sauran 'yan Australiya har abada ta hanyar samun ci gaban su bisa ƙa'idodi daban-daban ko daban-daban [...] Duk da haka, mun fahimci cewa... 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawa suna fuskantar nakasa ta musamman waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban su. Saboda haka, a shirye muke mu goyi bayan ƙarin aiki da aka tsara don taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su shawo kan waɗannan nakasa a matakin canji.''' — Firayim Minista John Gorton, 12 ga Yuli 1968 Manufofin gwamnati na 'haɗa kai' sun faɗi ƙasa a Ostiraliya tun daga shekarun 1970, inda masu fafutuka kamar Sanata Neville Bonner na farko ɗan asalin Aboriginal na Ostiraliya suka goyi bayan manufofin 'haɗa kai' da 'ƙaddamar da kai', sannan kuma gwamnatocin Whitlam Labour da Fraser Liberal suka haɓaka dokokin haƙƙin mallakar filaye. === [[Brazil]] === A watan Janairun 2019, sabon shugaban Brazil da aka zaɓa Jair Bolsonaro ya kwace wa Hukumar Kula da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin ƙasar FUNAI nauyin gano da kuma raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. Ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan yankuna suna da ƙananan al'ummomi da aka keɓe kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa su cikin babban al'ummar Brazil. A cewar Survival International, "Ɗaukar alhakin raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar daga FUNAI, ma'aikatar harkokin Indiya, da kuma ba da su ga Ma'aikatar Noma kusan shela ce ta yaƙi a fili da al'ummomin ƙabilun Brazil." === Kanada 1800s–1996: Hadakar da aka tilasta === A ƙarni na 19 da 20, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1996, lokacin da aka rufe makarantar zama ta Indiya ta ƙarshe a Kanada, gwamnatin Kanada, tare da taimakon Cocin Kirista, ta fara wani kamfen na haɗa kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Kanada da ƙarfi. Gwamnati ta haɗa iko kan filayen 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi da amfani da ƙarfi, daga ƙarshe ta ware yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa wuraren ajiyar yara. An haramta ayyukan aure da bukukuwan ruhaniya, kuma an daure shugabannin ruhaniya. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa wani babban tsarin makarantun zama don haɗa kan yara. An raba yaran 'yan asalin ƙasar da iyalansu kuma ba a ba su izinin bayyana al'adunsu a waɗannan sabbin makarantu ba. Ba a ba su izinin yin yaren su ko yin al'adunsu ba tare da an hukunta su ba. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali da cin zarafin mata da cocin Kirista ke yi. Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kanada ta kammala da cewa wannan ƙoƙarin ya zama kisan kare dangi na al'adu. Makarantun sun yi aiki tuƙuru don nisantar da yara daga tushen al'adunsu. An hana ɗalibai yin yaren asalinsu, ana cin zarafin su akai-akai, kuma gwamnati ta shirya musu aure bayan kammala karatunsu. Manufar gwamnatin Kanada, ta hanyar majami'un Katolika da Anglican, ita ce ta haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar gaba ɗaya cikin al'ummar Kanada da kuma lalata duk wani abu da ya shafi tarihin ƙasarsu. == Manazarta == 9sssbsmmlakrdd3pip6cql5qvmzx81c 868798 868797 2026-06-26T16:48:52Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Ga 'Yan Asalin da aka sanar a shekarar 1939 ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin hukuma waɗanda suka dogara da "shafa halittu" ko "kawar" 'Yan Asalin, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da haɗakar al'adu a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin na 1961 a Canberra, ministocin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya sun tsara ma'anar "haɗawa" 'Yan Asalin Australiya don mahallin gwamnati. Ministan Yankunan Tarayya na Gwamnatin Menzies, Paul Hasluck, ya sanar da Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 1961 cewa: '''Manufar haɗa kai tana nufin a ganin dukkan gwamnatocin Australiya cewa ana sa ran dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne za su sami irin rayuwar da sauran 'yan Australiya ke yi kuma su rayu a matsayin membobin al'ummar Australiya ɗaya da ke jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da gata iri ɗaya, suna karɓar nauyi iri ɗaya, suna kiyaye al'adu iri ɗaya kuma suna da tasiri ga imani, bege da aminci iri ɗaya kamar sauran 'yan Australiya. Don haka, duk wani mataki na musamman da aka ɗauka ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba su da asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matakai na wucin gadi ba bisa ga launi ba, amma an yi niyya ne don biyan buƙatunsu na kulawa da taimako na musamman don kare su daga duk wani mummunan tasiri na canji kwatsam da kuma taimaka musu su yi sauyi daga mataki zuwa mataki ta yadda zai yi wa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na gaba kyau.''' Bayan ya jagoranci kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1967 wadda ta cire sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya, Firayim Ministan Liberal Harold Holt ya bayyana manufar gwamnatinsa kan haɗakar jama'a kamar haka: '''Sau da yawa ba a fahimtar kalmar 'haɗakar jama'a'. Babu wani abu da ya zama dole ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba game da ita kuma ba yana nufin haɗakar jama'a da manufar kawar da siffofi na zahiri na 'yan asalin ƙasar ko al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Haɗakar jama'a yana nufin cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar za su iya kama da sauran 'yan ƙasa, ba shakka a cikin kamanni ba, amma dangane da duk gata da alhakin zama ɗan ƙasa.''' — Firayim Minista Harold Holt, Satumba, 1967 Magajin Holt, John Gorton, ya amince da manufar "ci gaban" 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar "haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya a matsayin cikakkun membobin al'ummar Australiya guda ɗaya", kuma ya yaba da "ƙoƙarin da Amurkawa ke yi na shigar da 'yan asalin ƙasar da kansu cikin gudanar da harkokinsu da kuma amfani da iko mai kyau a tsakanin mutanensu," yana mai alƙawarin yin koyi da su a matakin Tarayya. Ya bayyana matsayin Gwamnatinsa kamar haka: '''A wata ma'anar, ba tare da lalata al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, muna son taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasarmu su zama muhimmin ɓangare na sauran mutanen Australiya, kuma muna son 'yan asalin ƙasar su sami murya a cikin saurin da wannan tsari ke faruwa. Za mu auna shawarwarin manufofi bisa ga wannan manufar, kuma za mu so mu guji matakan da za su iya bambanta 'yan asalin ƙasar da sauran 'yan Australiya har abada ta hanyar samun ci gaban su bisa ƙa'idodi daban-daban ko daban-daban [...] Duk da haka, mun fahimci cewa... 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawa suna fuskantar nakasa ta musamman waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban su. Saboda haka, a shirye muke mu goyi bayan ƙarin aiki da aka tsara don taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su shawo kan waɗannan nakasa a matakin canji.''' — Firayim Minista John Gorton, 12 ga Yuli 1968 Manufofin gwamnati na 'haɗa kai' sun faɗi ƙasa a Ostiraliya tun daga shekarun 1970, inda masu fafutuka kamar Sanata Neville Bonner na farko ɗan asalin Aboriginal na Ostiraliya suka goyi bayan manufofin 'haɗa kai' da 'ƙaddamar da kai', sannan kuma gwamnatocin Whitlam Labour da Fraser Liberal suka haɓaka dokokin haƙƙin mallakar filaye. === [[Brazil]] === A watan Janairun 2019, sabon shugaban Brazil da aka zaɓa Jair Bolsonaro ya kwace wa Hukumar Kula da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin ƙasar FUNAI nauyin gano da kuma raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. Ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan yankuna suna da ƙananan al'ummomi da aka keɓe kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa su cikin babban al'ummar Brazil. A cewar Survival International, "Ɗaukar alhakin raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar daga FUNAI, ma'aikatar harkokin Indiya, da kuma ba da su ga Ma'aikatar Noma kusan shela ce ta yaƙi a fili da al'ummomin ƙabilun Brazil." === Kanada 1800s–1996: Hadakar da aka tilasta === A ƙarni na 19 da 20, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1996, lokacin da aka rufe makarantar zama ta Indiya ta ƙarshe a Kanada, gwamnatin Kanada, tare da taimakon Cocin Kirista, ta fara wani kamfen na haɗa kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Kanada da ƙarfi. Gwamnati ta haɗa iko kan filayen 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi da amfani da ƙarfi, daga ƙarshe ta ware yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa wuraren ajiyar yara. An haramta ayyukan aure da bukukuwan ruhaniya, kuma an daure shugabannin ruhaniya. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa wani babban tsarin makarantun zama don haɗa kan yara. An raba yaran 'yan asalin ƙasar da iyalansu kuma ba a ba su izinin bayyana al'adunsu a waɗannan sabbin makarantu ba. Ba a ba su izinin yin yaren su ko yin al'adunsu ba tare da an hukunta su ba. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali da cin zarafin mata da cocin Kirista ke yi. Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kanada ta kammala da cewa wannan ƙoƙarin ya zama kisan kare dangi na al'adu. Makarantun sun yi aiki tuƙuru don nisantar da yara daga tushen al'adunsu. An hana ɗalibai yin yaren asalinsu, ana cin zarafin su akai-akai, kuma gwamnati ta shirya musu aure bayan kammala karatunsu. Manufar gwamnatin Kanada, ta hanyar majami'un Katolika da Anglican, ita ce ta haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar gaba ɗaya cikin al'ummar Kanada da kuma lalata duk wani abu da ya shafi tarihin ƙasarsu. === Croatia da Transylvania === A lokacin haɗin kai na Croatia da Hungary, an matsa wa 'yan Croatian su bar al'adun gargajiyarsu don su rungumi abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary, kamar Katolika da haruffan Latin. Saboda haka, an ɗauki abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Croatia, kuma har yanzu ana iya ganin su a cikin al'adun Croatia na zamani. A ko'ina cikin Masarautar Hungary, an tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa da yawa, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, su koma Katolika. Manufar tilasta musu komawa addinin Katolika ta fi tsauri a Croatia da Transylvania, inda za a iya tura fararen hula zuwa kurkuku saboda ƙin musulunta. Masanin ilimin al'adun gargajiya na Romania Ioan Lupaș ya yi iƙirarin cewa tsakanin 1002, lokacin da Transylvania ta zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Hungary, zuwa 1300, an daure kimanin 'yan Hungary 200,000 da ke zaune a Transylvania saboda ƙin musuluntar Katolika, kuma kimanin 50,000 daga cikinsu sun mutu a kurkuku. == Manazarta == jejdca5rodev5gaeqkwlnmceqlh3zoy 868799 868798 2026-06-26T16:51:01Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Ga 'Yan Asalin da aka sanar a shekarar 1939 ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin hukuma waɗanda suka dogara da "shafa halittu" ko "kawar" 'Yan Asalin, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da haɗakar al'adu a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin na 1961 a Canberra, ministocin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya sun tsara ma'anar "haɗawa" 'Yan Asalin Australiya don mahallin gwamnati. Ministan Yankunan Tarayya na Gwamnatin Menzies, Paul Hasluck, ya sanar da Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 1961 cewa: '''Manufar haɗa kai tana nufin a ganin dukkan gwamnatocin Australiya cewa ana sa ran dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne za su sami irin rayuwar da sauran 'yan Australiya ke yi kuma su rayu a matsayin membobin al'ummar Australiya ɗaya da ke jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da gata iri ɗaya, suna karɓar nauyi iri ɗaya, suna kiyaye al'adu iri ɗaya kuma suna da tasiri ga imani, bege da aminci iri ɗaya kamar sauran 'yan Australiya. Don haka, duk wani mataki na musamman da aka ɗauka ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba su da asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matakai na wucin gadi ba bisa ga launi ba, amma an yi niyya ne don biyan buƙatunsu na kulawa da taimako na musamman don kare su daga duk wani mummunan tasiri na canji kwatsam da kuma taimaka musu su yi sauyi daga mataki zuwa mataki ta yadda zai yi wa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na gaba kyau.''' Bayan ya jagoranci kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1967 wadda ta cire sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya, Firayim Ministan Liberal Harold Holt ya bayyana manufar gwamnatinsa kan haɗakar jama'a kamar haka: '''Sau da yawa ba a fahimtar kalmar 'haɗakar jama'a'. Babu wani abu da ya zama dole ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba game da ita kuma ba yana nufin haɗakar jama'a da manufar kawar da siffofi na zahiri na 'yan asalin ƙasar ko al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Haɗakar jama'a yana nufin cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar za su iya kama da sauran 'yan ƙasa, ba shakka a cikin kamanni ba, amma dangane da duk gata da alhakin zama ɗan ƙasa.''' — Firayim Minista Harold Holt, Satumba, 1967 Magajin Holt, John Gorton, ya amince da manufar "ci gaban" 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar "haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya a matsayin cikakkun membobin al'ummar Australiya guda ɗaya", kuma ya yaba da "ƙoƙarin da Amurkawa ke yi na shigar da 'yan asalin ƙasar da kansu cikin gudanar da harkokinsu da kuma amfani da iko mai kyau a tsakanin mutanensu," yana mai alƙawarin yin koyi da su a matakin Tarayya. Ya bayyana matsayin Gwamnatinsa kamar haka: '''A wata ma'anar, ba tare da lalata al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, muna son taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasarmu su zama muhimmin ɓangare na sauran mutanen Australiya, kuma muna son 'yan asalin ƙasar su sami murya a cikin saurin da wannan tsari ke faruwa. Za mu auna shawarwarin manufofi bisa ga wannan manufar, kuma za mu so mu guji matakan da za su iya bambanta 'yan asalin ƙasar da sauran 'yan Australiya har abada ta hanyar samun ci gaban su bisa ƙa'idodi daban-daban ko daban-daban [...] Duk da haka, mun fahimci cewa... 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawa suna fuskantar nakasa ta musamman waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban su. Saboda haka, a shirye muke mu goyi bayan ƙarin aiki da aka tsara don taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su shawo kan waɗannan nakasa a matakin canji.''' — Firayim Minista John Gorton, 12 ga Yuli 1968 Manufofin gwamnati na 'haɗa kai' sun faɗi ƙasa a Ostiraliya tun daga shekarun 1970, inda masu fafutuka kamar Sanata Neville Bonner na farko ɗan asalin Aboriginal na Ostiraliya suka goyi bayan manufofin 'haɗa kai' da 'ƙaddamar da kai', sannan kuma gwamnatocin Whitlam Labour da Fraser Liberal suka haɓaka dokokin haƙƙin mallakar filaye. === [[Brazil]] === A watan Janairun 2019, sabon shugaban Brazil da aka zaɓa Jair Bolsonaro ya kwace wa Hukumar Kula da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin ƙasar FUNAI nauyin gano da kuma raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. Ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan yankuna suna da ƙananan al'ummomi da aka keɓe kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa su cikin babban al'ummar Brazil. A cewar Survival International, "Ɗaukar alhakin raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar daga FUNAI, ma'aikatar harkokin Indiya, da kuma ba da su ga Ma'aikatar Noma kusan shela ce ta yaƙi a fili da al'ummomin ƙabilun Brazil." === Kanada 1800s–1996: Hadakar da aka tilasta === A ƙarni na 19 da 20, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1996, lokacin da aka rufe makarantar zama ta Indiya ta ƙarshe a Kanada, gwamnatin Kanada, tare da taimakon Cocin Kirista, ta fara wani kamfen na haɗa kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Kanada da ƙarfi. Gwamnati ta haɗa iko kan filayen 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi da amfani da ƙarfi, daga ƙarshe ta ware yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa wuraren ajiyar yara. An haramta ayyukan aure da bukukuwan ruhaniya, kuma an daure shugabannin ruhaniya. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa wani babban tsarin makarantun zama don haɗa kan yara. An raba yaran 'yan asalin ƙasar da iyalansu kuma ba a ba su izinin bayyana al'adunsu a waɗannan sabbin makarantu ba. Ba a ba su izinin yin yaren su ko yin al'adunsu ba tare da an hukunta su ba. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali da cin zarafin mata da cocin Kirista ke yi. Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kanada ta kammala da cewa wannan ƙoƙarin ya zama kisan kare dangi na al'adu. Makarantun sun yi aiki tuƙuru don nisantar da yara daga tushen al'adunsu. An hana ɗalibai yin yaren asalinsu, ana cin zarafin su akai-akai, kuma gwamnati ta shirya musu aure bayan kammala karatunsu. Manufar gwamnatin Kanada, ta hanyar majami'un Katolika da Anglican, ita ce ta haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar gaba ɗaya cikin al'ummar Kanada da kuma lalata duk wani abu da ya shafi tarihin ƙasarsu. === Croatia da Transylvania === A lokacin haɗin kai na Croatia da Hungary, an matsa wa 'yan Croatian su bar al'adun gargajiyarsu don su rungumi abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary, kamar Katolika da haruffan Latin. Saboda haka, an ɗauki abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Croatia, kuma har yanzu ana iya ganin su a cikin al'adun Croatia na zamani. A ko'ina cikin Masarautar Hungary, an tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa da yawa, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, su koma Katolika. Manufar tilasta musu komawa addinin Katolika ta fi tsauri a Croatia da Transylvania, inda za a iya tura fararen hula zuwa kurkuku saboda ƙin musulunta. Masanin ilimin al'adun gargajiya na Romania Ioan Lupaș ya yi iƙirarin cewa tsakanin 1002, lokacin da Transylvania ta zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Hungary, zuwa 1300, an daure kimanin 'yan Hungary 200,000 da ke zaune a Transylvania saboda ƙin musuluntar Katolika, kuma kimanin 50,000 daga cikinsu sun mutu a kurkuku. === Meziko da Peru === Babban abin da ya ba da gudummawa ga haɗakar al'adu a Kudancin Amurka ya fara ne a lokacin bincike da mulkin mallaka wanda Bartolomé de Las Casas ke ɗauka a matsayin farawa a shekarar 1492 lokacin da Turawa suka fara binciken Tekun Atlantika don neman "'Yan Asalin", wanda ya kai ga gano Amurka. Turai ta ci gaba da mamaye al'ummar 'Yan Asalin Amurka yayin da albarkatu kamar aiki, albarkatun ƙasa, kamar katako, jan ƙarfe, zinariya, azurfa, da kayayyakin noma suka mamaye Turai, duk da haka waɗannan ribar sun kasance gefe ɗaya, saboda ƙungiyoyin 'Yan Asalin ba su amfana da yarjejeniyoyi na kasuwanci da ikon mulkin mallaka ba. Baya ga wannan, manyan biranen mulkin mallaka kamar Portugal da Spain sun buƙaci yankunan mulkin mallaka a Kudancin Amurka su rungumi al'adun Turai - kamar bin Cocin Katolika na Roman Mai Tsarki, karɓar Sifaniyanci ko Fotigal akan harsunan 'Yan Asalin da kuma karɓar gwamnati irin ta Turai. Ta hanyar manufofin haɗakar al'umma mai ƙarfi, ikon mulkin mallaka kamar Spain ya yi amfani da hanyoyin tashin hankali don tabbatar da rinjayen al'adu akan al'ummomin 'Yan Asalin. Misali ɗaya ya faru a shekarar 1519 lokacin da mai binciken Sifaniya Hernán Cortés ya isa Tenochtitlán - babban birnin Daular Aztec a Mexico. Bayan gano cewa Aztecs suna yin sadaukarwa ga ɗan adam, Cortés ya kashe manyan Aztecs kuma ya riƙe Moctezuma II, sarkin Aztec, a matsayin fursuna. Ba da daɗewa ba, Cortés ya fara ƙirƙirar kawance don sake dawo da mulki a Tenochtitlán kuma ya sake masa suna Birnin Mexico. Ba tare da kwace iko ta hanyar kisan kai da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ba, 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain (ƙaramin adadi) ba za su iya mamaye Mexico ba kuma su mayar da mutane da yawa zuwa Katolika da bauta. Yayin da 'yan Spain suka rinjayi haɗakar harshe da al'adu na addini tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar a Kudancin Amurka a lokacin mulkin mallaka, har yanzu ana amfani da harsunan 'yan asalin ƙasar da yawa kamar harshen Incan Quechua a wurare kamar Peru har zuwa yau ta akalla mutane miliyan 4. == Manazarta == 78tyiqqld9np3ti1ngz3w78mzggbjdq 868802 868799 2026-06-26T16:54:35Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Ga 'Yan Asalin da aka sanar a shekarar 1939 ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin hukuma waɗanda suka dogara da "shafa halittu" ko "kawar" 'Yan Asalin, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da haɗakar al'adu a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin na 1961 a Canberra, ministocin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya sun tsara ma'anar "haɗawa" 'Yan Asalin Australiya don mahallin gwamnati. Ministan Yankunan Tarayya na Gwamnatin Menzies, Paul Hasluck, ya sanar da Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 1961 cewa: '''Manufar haɗa kai tana nufin a ganin dukkan gwamnatocin Australiya cewa ana sa ran dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne za su sami irin rayuwar da sauran 'yan Australiya ke yi kuma su rayu a matsayin membobin al'ummar Australiya ɗaya da ke jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da gata iri ɗaya, suna karɓar nauyi iri ɗaya, suna kiyaye al'adu iri ɗaya kuma suna da tasiri ga imani, bege da aminci iri ɗaya kamar sauran 'yan Australiya. Don haka, duk wani mataki na musamman da aka ɗauka ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba su da asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matakai na wucin gadi ba bisa ga launi ba, amma an yi niyya ne don biyan buƙatunsu na kulawa da taimako na musamman don kare su daga duk wani mummunan tasiri na canji kwatsam da kuma taimaka musu su yi sauyi daga mataki zuwa mataki ta yadda zai yi wa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na gaba kyau.''' Bayan ya jagoranci kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1967 wadda ta cire sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya, Firayim Ministan Liberal Harold Holt ya bayyana manufar gwamnatinsa kan haɗakar jama'a kamar haka: '''Sau da yawa ba a fahimtar kalmar 'haɗakar jama'a'. Babu wani abu da ya zama dole ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba game da ita kuma ba yana nufin haɗakar jama'a da manufar kawar da siffofi na zahiri na 'yan asalin ƙasar ko al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Haɗakar jama'a yana nufin cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar za su iya kama da sauran 'yan ƙasa, ba shakka a cikin kamanni ba, amma dangane da duk gata da alhakin zama ɗan ƙasa.''' — Firayim Minista Harold Holt, Satumba, 1967 Magajin Holt, John Gorton, ya amince da manufar "ci gaban" 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar "haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya a matsayin cikakkun membobin al'ummar Australiya guda ɗaya", kuma ya yaba da "ƙoƙarin da Amurkawa ke yi na shigar da 'yan asalin ƙasar da kansu cikin gudanar da harkokinsu da kuma amfani da iko mai kyau a tsakanin mutanensu," yana mai alƙawarin yin koyi da su a matakin Tarayya. Ya bayyana matsayin Gwamnatinsa kamar haka: '''A wata ma'anar, ba tare da lalata al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, muna son taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasarmu su zama muhimmin ɓangare na sauran mutanen Australiya, kuma muna son 'yan asalin ƙasar su sami murya a cikin saurin da wannan tsari ke faruwa. Za mu auna shawarwarin manufofi bisa ga wannan manufar, kuma za mu so mu guji matakan da za su iya bambanta 'yan asalin ƙasar da sauran 'yan Australiya har abada ta hanyar samun ci gaban su bisa ƙa'idodi daban-daban ko daban-daban [...] Duk da haka, mun fahimci cewa... 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawa suna fuskantar nakasa ta musamman waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban su. Saboda haka, a shirye muke mu goyi bayan ƙarin aiki da aka tsara don taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su shawo kan waɗannan nakasa a matakin canji.''' — Firayim Minista John Gorton, 12 ga Yuli 1968 Manufofin gwamnati na 'haɗa kai' sun faɗi ƙasa a Ostiraliya tun daga shekarun 1970, inda masu fafutuka kamar Sanata Neville Bonner na farko ɗan asalin Aboriginal na Ostiraliya suka goyi bayan manufofin 'haɗa kai' da 'ƙaddamar da kai', sannan kuma gwamnatocin Whitlam Labour da Fraser Liberal suka haɓaka dokokin haƙƙin mallakar filaye. === [[Brazil]] === A watan Janairun 2019, sabon shugaban Brazil da aka zaɓa Jair Bolsonaro ya kwace wa Hukumar Kula da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin ƙasar FUNAI nauyin gano da kuma raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. Ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan yankuna suna da ƙananan al'ummomi da aka keɓe kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa su cikin babban al'ummar Brazil. A cewar Survival International, "Ɗaukar alhakin raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar daga FUNAI, ma'aikatar harkokin Indiya, da kuma ba da su ga Ma'aikatar Noma kusan shela ce ta yaƙi a fili da al'ummomin ƙabilun Brazil." === Kanada 1800s–1996: Hadakar da aka tilasta === A ƙarni na 19 da 20, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1996, lokacin da aka rufe makarantar zama ta Indiya ta ƙarshe a Kanada, gwamnatin Kanada, tare da taimakon Cocin Kirista, ta fara wani kamfen na haɗa kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Kanada da ƙarfi. Gwamnati ta haɗa iko kan filayen 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi da amfani da ƙarfi, daga ƙarshe ta ware yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa wuraren ajiyar yara. An haramta ayyukan aure da bukukuwan ruhaniya, kuma an daure shugabannin ruhaniya. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa wani babban tsarin makarantun zama don haɗa kan yara. An raba yaran 'yan asalin ƙasar da iyalansu kuma ba a ba su izinin bayyana al'adunsu a waɗannan sabbin makarantu ba. Ba a ba su izinin yin yaren su ko yin al'adunsu ba tare da an hukunta su ba. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali da cin zarafin mata da cocin Kirista ke yi. Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kanada ta kammala da cewa wannan ƙoƙarin ya zama kisan kare dangi na al'adu. Makarantun sun yi aiki tuƙuru don nisantar da yara daga tushen al'adunsu. An hana ɗalibai yin yaren asalinsu, ana cin zarafin su akai-akai, kuma gwamnati ta shirya musu aure bayan kammala karatunsu. Manufar gwamnatin Kanada, ta hanyar majami'un Katolika da Anglican, ita ce ta haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar gaba ɗaya cikin al'ummar Kanada da kuma lalata duk wani abu da ya shafi tarihin ƙasarsu. === Croatia da Transylvania === A lokacin haɗin kai na Croatia da Hungary, an matsa wa 'yan Croatian su bar al'adun gargajiyarsu don su rungumi abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary, kamar Katolika da haruffan Latin. Saboda haka, an ɗauki abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Croatia, kuma har yanzu ana iya ganin su a cikin al'adun Croatia na zamani. A ko'ina cikin Masarautar Hungary, an tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa da yawa, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, su koma Katolika. Manufar tilasta musu komawa addinin Katolika ta fi tsauri a Croatia da Transylvania, inda za a iya tura fararen hula zuwa kurkuku saboda ƙin musulunta. Masanin ilimin al'adun gargajiya na Romania Ioan Lupaș ya yi iƙirarin cewa tsakanin 1002, lokacin da Transylvania ta zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Hungary, zuwa 1300, an daure kimanin 'yan Hungary 200,000 da ke zaune a Transylvania saboda ƙin musuluntar Katolika, kuma kimanin 50,000 daga cikinsu sun mutu a kurkuku. === Meziko da Peru === Babban abin da ya ba da gudummawa ga haɗakar al'adu a Kudancin Amurka ya fara ne a lokacin bincike da mulkin mallaka wanda Bartolomé de Las Casas ke ɗauka a matsayin farawa a shekarar 1492 lokacin da Turawa suka fara binciken Tekun Atlantika don neman "'Yan Asalin", wanda ya kai ga gano Amurka. Turai ta ci gaba da mamaye al'ummar 'Yan Asalin Amurka yayin da albarkatu kamar aiki, albarkatun ƙasa, kamar katako, jan ƙarfe, zinariya, azurfa, da kayayyakin noma suka mamaye Turai, duk da haka waɗannan ribar sun kasance gefe ɗaya, saboda ƙungiyoyin 'Yan Asalin ba su amfana da yarjejeniyoyi na kasuwanci da ikon mulkin mallaka ba. Baya ga wannan, manyan biranen mulkin mallaka kamar Portugal da Spain sun buƙaci yankunan mulkin mallaka a Kudancin Amurka su rungumi al'adun Turai - kamar bin Cocin Katolika na Roman Mai Tsarki, karɓar Sifaniyanci ko Fotigal akan harsunan 'Yan Asalin da kuma karɓar gwamnati irin ta Turai. Ta hanyar manufofin haɗakar al'umma mai ƙarfi, ikon mulkin mallaka kamar Spain ya yi amfani da hanyoyin tashin hankali don tabbatar da rinjayen al'adu akan al'ummomin 'Yan Asalin. Misali ɗaya ya faru a shekarar 1519 lokacin da mai binciken Sifaniya Hernán Cortés ya isa Tenochtitlán - babban birnin Daular Aztec a Mexico. Bayan gano cewa Aztecs suna yin sadaukarwa ga ɗan adam, Cortés ya kashe manyan Aztecs kuma ya riƙe Moctezuma II, sarkin Aztec, a matsayin fursuna. Ba da daɗewa ba, Cortés ya fara ƙirƙirar kawance don sake dawo da mulki a Tenochtitlán kuma ya sake masa suna Birnin Mexico. Ba tare da kwace iko ta hanyar kisan kai da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ba, 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain (ƙaramin adadi) ba za su iya mamaye Mexico ba kuma su mayar da mutane da yawa zuwa Katolika da bauta. Yayin da 'yan Spain suka rinjayi haɗakar harshe da al'adu na addini tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar a Kudancin Amurka a lokacin mulkin mallaka, har yanzu ana amfani da harsunan 'yan asalin ƙasar da yawa kamar harshen Incan Quechua a wurare kamar Peru har zuwa yau ta akalla mutane miliyan 4. === New Zealand === A lokacin mulkin mallaka na New Zealand daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 zuwa gaba, haɗakar al'ummar Maori ta asali da al'adun baƙi da baƙi na Turai da suka shigo da su da farko ya faru ne kwatsam. Haɗakar kwayoyin halitta ta fara da wuri kuma ta ci gaba - ƙidayar jama'a ta New Zealand ta 1961 ta rarraba kashi 62.2% na Māori a matsayin "masu cikakken jinin Maori". (Kwatanta Pākehā Māori.) Haɗakar harsuna ta faru da wuri da kuma ci gaba: Al'ummar mazauna Turai sun karɓi kalmomin Māori kuma sun daidaita su, yayin da harsunan Turai suka shafi ƙamus na Māori (kuma wataƙila ilimin sautuka). A ƙarni na 19, gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka na ƙarni na 19 sun ƙarfafa manufofin haɗakar mutane; a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, manufofi sun fi son ci gaban al'adu biyu. Māori ta ɗauki wasu fannoni na al'adun kayan Turai (ƙarfe, muskets, dankali) cikin sauri. Ra'ayoyin da aka shigo da su - kamar rubutu, Kiristanci, masarauta, rarrabuwar kawuna, suturar yau da kullun ta Turai, ko rashin amincewa da bauta - sun bazu a hankali. Ci gaban da aka samu daga baya (gurguzanci, ka'idar kin amincewa da mulkin mallaka, ra'ayoyin Sabon Zamani) sun tabbatar da cewa sun fi yin amfani da su a duniya. Wani ra'ayi na dogon lokaci yana gabatar da gurguzu na Māori a matsayin wanda ba shi da alaƙa da tsarin ɗabi'ar Turai. === Amurka === Amurka ta yi ƙoƙari da dama don haɗa 'Yan Asalin Amurka cikin al'adun Turai da Amurka tsakanin shekarun 1790 da 1960. George Washington da Henry Knox su ne suka fara gabatar da, a cikin mahallin Amurka, haɗa al'adun 'Yan Asalin Amurka. Sun tsara wata manufa don ƙarfafa abin da ake kira "tsarin wayewa". Tare da ƙaruwar kwararar baƙi daga Turai, akwai ƙaruwar goyon bayan jama'a ga ilimi don ƙarfafa tsarin ƙa'idodi da ayyukan al'adu na yau da kullun waɗanda yawancin 'yan ƙasa za su riƙe su iri ɗaya. Ana ɗaukar ilimi a matsayin babbar hanyar da ake bi wajen haɗa 'yan tsiraru. == Manazarta == e0wotw2e8utikvbvf50ga9h9sgsurmm 868807 868802 2026-06-26T16:59:43Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Ga 'Yan Asalin da aka sanar a shekarar 1939 ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin hukuma waɗanda suka dogara da "shafa halittu" ko "kawar" 'Yan Asalin, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da haɗakar al'adu a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin na 1961 a Canberra, ministocin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya sun tsara ma'anar "haɗawa" 'Yan Asalin Australiya don mahallin gwamnati. Ministan Yankunan Tarayya na Gwamnatin Menzies, Paul Hasluck, ya sanar da Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 1961 cewa: '''Manufar haɗa kai tana nufin a ganin dukkan gwamnatocin Australiya cewa ana sa ran dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne za su sami irin rayuwar da sauran 'yan Australiya ke yi kuma su rayu a matsayin membobin al'ummar Australiya ɗaya da ke jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da gata iri ɗaya, suna karɓar nauyi iri ɗaya, suna kiyaye al'adu iri ɗaya kuma suna da tasiri ga imani, bege da aminci iri ɗaya kamar sauran 'yan Australiya. Don haka, duk wani mataki na musamman da aka ɗauka ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba su da asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matakai na wucin gadi ba bisa ga launi ba, amma an yi niyya ne don biyan buƙatunsu na kulawa da taimako na musamman don kare su daga duk wani mummunan tasiri na canji kwatsam da kuma taimaka musu su yi sauyi daga mataki zuwa mataki ta yadda zai yi wa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na gaba kyau.''' Bayan ya jagoranci kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1967 wadda ta cire sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya, Firayim Ministan Liberal Harold Holt ya bayyana manufar gwamnatinsa kan haɗakar jama'a kamar haka: '''Sau da yawa ba a fahimtar kalmar 'haɗakar jama'a'. Babu wani abu da ya zama dole ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba game da ita kuma ba yana nufin haɗakar jama'a da manufar kawar da siffofi na zahiri na 'yan asalin ƙasar ko al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Haɗakar jama'a yana nufin cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar za su iya kama da sauran 'yan ƙasa, ba shakka a cikin kamanni ba, amma dangane da duk gata da alhakin zama ɗan ƙasa.''' — Firayim Minista Harold Holt, Satumba, 1967 Magajin Holt, John Gorton, ya amince da manufar "ci gaban" 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar "haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya a matsayin cikakkun membobin al'ummar Australiya guda ɗaya", kuma ya yaba da "ƙoƙarin da Amurkawa ke yi na shigar da 'yan asalin ƙasar da kansu cikin gudanar da harkokinsu da kuma amfani da iko mai kyau a tsakanin mutanensu," yana mai alƙawarin yin koyi da su a matakin Tarayya. Ya bayyana matsayin Gwamnatinsa kamar haka: '''A wata ma'anar, ba tare da lalata al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, muna son taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasarmu su zama muhimmin ɓangare na sauran mutanen Australiya, kuma muna son 'yan asalin ƙasar su sami murya a cikin saurin da wannan tsari ke faruwa. Za mu auna shawarwarin manufofi bisa ga wannan manufar, kuma za mu so mu guji matakan da za su iya bambanta 'yan asalin ƙasar da sauran 'yan Australiya har abada ta hanyar samun ci gaban su bisa ƙa'idodi daban-daban ko daban-daban [...] Duk da haka, mun fahimci cewa... 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawa suna fuskantar nakasa ta musamman waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban su. Saboda haka, a shirye muke mu goyi bayan ƙarin aiki da aka tsara don taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su shawo kan waɗannan nakasa a matakin canji.''' — Firayim Minista John Gorton, 12 ga Yuli 1968 Manufofin gwamnati na 'haɗa kai' sun faɗi ƙasa a Ostiraliya tun daga shekarun 1970, inda masu fafutuka kamar Sanata Neville Bonner na farko ɗan asalin Aboriginal na Ostiraliya suka goyi bayan manufofin 'haɗa kai' da 'ƙaddamar da kai', sannan kuma gwamnatocin Whitlam Labour da Fraser Liberal suka haɓaka dokokin haƙƙin mallakar filaye. === [[Brazil]] === A watan Janairun 2019, sabon shugaban Brazil da aka zaɓa Jair Bolsonaro ya kwace wa Hukumar Kula da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin ƙasar FUNAI nauyin gano da kuma raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. Ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan yankuna suna da ƙananan al'ummomi da aka keɓe kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa su cikin babban al'ummar Brazil. A cewar Survival International, "Ɗaukar alhakin raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar daga FUNAI, ma'aikatar harkokin Indiya, da kuma ba da su ga Ma'aikatar Noma kusan shela ce ta yaƙi a fili da al'ummomin ƙabilun Brazil." === Kanada 1800s–1996: Hadakar da aka tilasta === A ƙarni na 19 da 20, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1996, lokacin da aka rufe makarantar zama ta Indiya ta ƙarshe a Kanada, gwamnatin Kanada, tare da taimakon Cocin Kirista, ta fara wani kamfen na haɗa kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Kanada da ƙarfi. Gwamnati ta haɗa iko kan filayen 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi da amfani da ƙarfi, daga ƙarshe ta ware yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa wuraren ajiyar yara. An haramta ayyukan aure da bukukuwan ruhaniya, kuma an daure shugabannin ruhaniya. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa wani babban tsarin makarantun zama don haɗa kan yara. An raba yaran 'yan asalin ƙasar da iyalansu kuma ba a ba su izinin bayyana al'adunsu a waɗannan sabbin makarantu ba. Ba a ba su izinin yin yaren su ko yin al'adunsu ba tare da an hukunta su ba. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali da cin zarafin mata da cocin Kirista ke yi. Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kanada ta kammala da cewa wannan ƙoƙarin ya zama kisan kare dangi na al'adu. Makarantun sun yi aiki tuƙuru don nisantar da yara daga tushen al'adunsu. An hana ɗalibai yin yaren asalinsu, ana cin zarafin su akai-akai, kuma gwamnati ta shirya musu aure bayan kammala karatunsu. Manufar gwamnatin Kanada, ta hanyar majami'un Katolika da Anglican, ita ce ta haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar gaba ɗaya cikin al'ummar Kanada da kuma lalata duk wani abu da ya shafi tarihin ƙasarsu. === Croatia da Transylvania === A lokacin haɗin kai na Croatia da Hungary, an matsa wa 'yan Croatian su bar al'adun gargajiyarsu don su rungumi abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary, kamar Katolika da haruffan Latin. Saboda haka, an ɗauki abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Croatia, kuma har yanzu ana iya ganin su a cikin al'adun Croatia na zamani. A ko'ina cikin Masarautar Hungary, an tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa da yawa, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, su koma Katolika. Manufar tilasta musu komawa addinin Katolika ta fi tsauri a Croatia da Transylvania, inda za a iya tura fararen hula zuwa kurkuku saboda ƙin musulunta. Masanin ilimin al'adun gargajiya na Romania Ioan Lupaș ya yi iƙirarin cewa tsakanin 1002, lokacin da Transylvania ta zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Hungary, zuwa 1300, an daure kimanin 'yan Hungary 200,000 da ke zaune a Transylvania saboda ƙin musuluntar Katolika, kuma kimanin 50,000 daga cikinsu sun mutu a kurkuku. === Meziko da Peru === Babban abin da ya ba da gudummawa ga haɗakar al'adu a Kudancin Amurka ya fara ne a lokacin bincike da mulkin mallaka wanda Bartolomé de Las Casas ke ɗauka a matsayin farawa a shekarar 1492 lokacin da Turawa suka fara binciken Tekun Atlantika don neman "'Yan Asalin", wanda ya kai ga gano Amurka. Turai ta ci gaba da mamaye al'ummar 'Yan Asalin Amurka yayin da albarkatu kamar aiki, albarkatun ƙasa, kamar katako, jan ƙarfe, zinariya, azurfa, da kayayyakin noma suka mamaye Turai, duk da haka waɗannan ribar sun kasance gefe ɗaya, saboda ƙungiyoyin 'Yan Asalin ba su amfana da yarjejeniyoyi na kasuwanci da ikon mulkin mallaka ba. Baya ga wannan, manyan biranen mulkin mallaka kamar Portugal da Spain sun buƙaci yankunan mulkin mallaka a Kudancin Amurka su rungumi al'adun Turai - kamar bin Cocin Katolika na Roman Mai Tsarki, karɓar Sifaniyanci ko Fotigal akan harsunan 'Yan Asalin da kuma karɓar gwamnati irin ta Turai. Ta hanyar manufofin haɗakar al'umma mai ƙarfi, ikon mulkin mallaka kamar Spain ya yi amfani da hanyoyin tashin hankali don tabbatar da rinjayen al'adu akan al'ummomin 'Yan Asalin. Misali ɗaya ya faru a shekarar 1519 lokacin da mai binciken Sifaniya Hernán Cortés ya isa Tenochtitlán - babban birnin Daular Aztec a Mexico. Bayan gano cewa Aztecs suna yin sadaukarwa ga ɗan adam, Cortés ya kashe manyan Aztecs kuma ya riƙe Moctezuma II, sarkin Aztec, a matsayin fursuna. Ba da daɗewa ba, Cortés ya fara ƙirƙirar kawance don sake dawo da mulki a Tenochtitlán kuma ya sake masa suna Birnin Mexico. Ba tare da kwace iko ta hanyar kisan kai da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ba, 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain (ƙaramin adadi) ba za su iya mamaye Mexico ba kuma su mayar da mutane da yawa zuwa Katolika da bauta. Yayin da 'yan Spain suka rinjayi haɗakar harshe da al'adu na addini tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar a Kudancin Amurka a lokacin mulkin mallaka, har yanzu ana amfani da harsunan 'yan asalin ƙasar da yawa kamar harshen Incan Quechua a wurare kamar Peru har zuwa yau ta akalla mutane miliyan 4. === New Zealand === A lokacin mulkin mallaka na New Zealand daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 zuwa gaba, haɗakar al'ummar Maori ta asali da al'adun baƙi da baƙi na Turai da suka shigo da su da farko ya faru ne kwatsam. Haɗakar kwayoyin halitta ta fara da wuri kuma ta ci gaba - ƙidayar jama'a ta New Zealand ta 1961 ta rarraba kashi 62.2% na Māori a matsayin "masu cikakken jinin Maori". (Kwatanta Pākehā Māori.) Haɗakar harsuna ta faru da wuri da kuma ci gaba: Al'ummar mazauna Turai sun karɓi kalmomin Māori kuma sun daidaita su, yayin da harsunan Turai suka shafi ƙamus na Māori (kuma wataƙila ilimin sautuka). A ƙarni na 19, gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka na ƙarni na 19 sun ƙarfafa manufofin haɗakar mutane; a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, manufofi sun fi son ci gaban al'adu biyu. Māori ta ɗauki wasu fannoni na al'adun kayan Turai (ƙarfe, muskets, dankali) cikin sauri. Ra'ayoyin da aka shigo da su - kamar rubutu, Kiristanci, masarauta, rarrabuwar kawuna, suturar yau da kullun ta Turai, ko rashin amincewa da bauta - sun bazu a hankali. Ci gaban da aka samu daga baya (gurguzanci, ka'idar kin amincewa da mulkin mallaka, ra'ayoyin Sabon Zamani) sun tabbatar da cewa sun fi yin amfani da su a duniya. Wani ra'ayi na dogon lokaci yana gabatar da gurguzu na Māori a matsayin wanda ba shi da alaƙa da tsarin ɗabi'ar Turai. === Amurka === Amurka ta yi ƙoƙari da dama don haɗa 'Yan Asalin Amurka cikin al'adun Turai da Amurka tsakanin shekarun 1790 da 1960. George Washington da Henry Knox su ne suka fara gabatar da, a cikin mahallin Amurka, haɗa al'adun 'Yan Asalin Amurka. Sun tsara wata manufa don ƙarfafa abin da ake kira "tsarin wayewa". Tare da ƙaruwar kwararar baƙi daga Turai, akwai ƙaruwar goyon bayan jama'a ga ilimi don ƙarfafa tsarin ƙa'idodi da ayyukan al'adu na yau da kullun waɗanda yawancin 'yan ƙasa za su riƙe su iri ɗaya. Ana ɗaukar ilimi a matsayin babbar hanyar da ake bi wajen haɗa 'yan tsiraru. == Duba kuma == *HaɗakaSauya Lambobi *Daidaita *Gyaran al'adu *Haɗakar al'adu *Haɗakar al'adu *Haɗakar al'adu *Kisan kare dangi na al'adu *Baƙin al'adu *Rashin mulkin mallaka na al'adu *Rashin rarrabuwar al'adu *Rashin rarrabuwar al'adu *Siyasar Diaspora *Rahoton Durham *Gina al'umma *Ƙungiyar sha'awar ƙabila *Dangantakar ƙabila *Ƙabi'a *Haɗakar da aka tilastaJuyawa tilas *Duniya *Ƙarfin iko *Tsarin baƙi da mai masaukin baki *Shiga da ƙaura da laifuka *BaƙiSadar da al'adu *Ƙwarewar al'adu *Mutuwar harshe *Canjin harshe *Leitkultur *Mankurt *Tushe Mai Narkewa *Ƙasa *Ƙungiyar al'umma mai kama da juna *Kishin ƙasa *Daidaita siyasa *Haɗakar launin fata *Rarraba launin fata *Murmurewa (siyasa) *Haɗakar addini *Siyasar girmamawa *Haɗakar zamantakewa *Ilimin zamantakewa na launin fata da ƙabila dangantaka *Sovietization ==== Takamaiman al'adu:==== *Anglicilation *Larabci *Kiristanci *Croatisation *Francization *Jarmanciization *Hellenization *Hispanicsization *Indiyanciation *Musulunci *Italiyanci *Japanization *Javaniization *Lithuanization *Magyarization *Malayization *Norwegianization *Pashtunization *Persianization *Polonization *Russification *Romanianization *Romanization *Sanskritisation *Serbianisation *Sinicization *Slavicization *Slovakisation *Swedification *Ukrainization *Thaification *Turkification *Vietnamization (al'adu) *Gerim *"Ya fi Irish fiye da Irish kansu" *Zaratan da aka sace (na 'yan asalin Australiya) == Manazarta == she4fqwk4nb5uhkdt7v5kg1hk5l0xaq 868810 868807 2026-06-26T17:03:49Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba. A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari. Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen. == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba. Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta. Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Ga 'Yan Asalin da aka sanar a shekarar 1939 ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin hukuma waɗanda suka dogara da "shafa halittu" ko "kawar" 'Yan Asalin, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da haɗakar al'adu a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin na 1961 a Canberra, ministocin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya sun tsara ma'anar "haɗawa" 'Yan Asalin Australiya don mahallin gwamnati. Ministan Yankunan Tarayya na Gwamnatin Menzies, Paul Hasluck, ya sanar da Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 1961 cewa: '''Manufar haɗa kai tana nufin a ganin dukkan gwamnatocin Australiya cewa ana sa ran dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne za su sami irin rayuwar da sauran 'yan Australiya ke yi kuma su rayu a matsayin membobin al'ummar Australiya ɗaya da ke jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da gata iri ɗaya, suna karɓar nauyi iri ɗaya, suna kiyaye al'adu iri ɗaya kuma suna da tasiri ga imani, bege da aminci iri ɗaya kamar sauran 'yan Australiya. Don haka, duk wani mataki na musamman da aka ɗauka ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba su da asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matakai na wucin gadi ba bisa ga launi ba, amma an yi niyya ne don biyan buƙatunsu na kulawa da taimako na musamman don kare su daga duk wani mummunan tasiri na canji kwatsam da kuma taimaka musu su yi sauyi daga mataki zuwa mataki ta yadda zai yi wa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na gaba kyau.''' Bayan ya jagoranci kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1967 wadda ta cire sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya, Firayim Ministan Liberal Harold Holt ya bayyana manufar gwamnatinsa kan haɗakar jama'a kamar haka: '''Sau da yawa ba a fahimtar kalmar 'haɗakar jama'a'. Babu wani abu da ya zama dole ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba game da ita kuma ba yana nufin haɗakar jama'a da manufar kawar da siffofi na zahiri na 'yan asalin ƙasar ko al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Haɗakar jama'a yana nufin cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar za su iya kama da sauran 'yan ƙasa, ba shakka a cikin kamanni ba, amma dangane da duk gata da alhakin zama ɗan ƙasa.''' — Firayim Minista Harold Holt, Satumba, 1967 Magajin Holt, John Gorton, ya amince da manufar "ci gaban" 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar "haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya a matsayin cikakkun membobin al'ummar Australiya guda ɗaya", kuma ya yaba da "ƙoƙarin da Amurkawa ke yi na shigar da 'yan asalin ƙasar da kansu cikin gudanar da harkokinsu da kuma amfani da iko mai kyau a tsakanin mutanensu," yana mai alƙawarin yin koyi da su a matakin Tarayya. Ya bayyana matsayin Gwamnatinsa kamar haka: '''A wata ma'anar, ba tare da lalata al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, muna son taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasarmu su zama muhimmin ɓangare na sauran mutanen Australiya, kuma muna son 'yan asalin ƙasar su sami murya a cikin saurin da wannan tsari ke faruwa. Za mu auna shawarwarin manufofi bisa ga wannan manufar, kuma za mu so mu guji matakan da za su iya bambanta 'yan asalin ƙasar da sauran 'yan Australiya har abada ta hanyar samun ci gaban su bisa ƙa'idodi daban-daban ko daban-daban [...] Duk da haka, mun fahimci cewa... 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawa suna fuskantar nakasa ta musamman waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban su. Saboda haka, a shirye muke mu goyi bayan ƙarin aiki da aka tsara don taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su shawo kan waɗannan nakasa a matakin canji.''' — Firayim Minista John Gorton, 12 ga Yuli 1968 Manufofin gwamnati na 'haɗa kai' sun faɗi ƙasa a Ostiraliya tun daga shekarun 1970, inda masu fafutuka kamar Sanata Neville Bonner na farko ɗan asalin Aboriginal na Ostiraliya suka goyi bayan manufofin 'haɗa kai' da 'ƙaddamar da kai', sannan kuma gwamnatocin Whitlam Labour da Fraser Liberal suka haɓaka dokokin haƙƙin mallakar filaye. === [[Brazil]] === A watan Janairun 2019, sabon shugaban Brazil da aka zaɓa Jair Bolsonaro ya kwace wa Hukumar Kula da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin ƙasar FUNAI nauyin gano da kuma raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. Ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan yankuna suna da ƙananan al'ummomi da aka keɓe kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa su cikin babban al'ummar Brazil. A cewar Survival International, "Ɗaukar alhakin raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar daga FUNAI, ma'aikatar harkokin Indiya, da kuma ba da su ga Ma'aikatar Noma kusan shela ce ta yaƙi a fili da al'ummomin ƙabilun Brazil." === Kanada 1800s–1996: Hadakar da aka tilasta === A ƙarni na 19 da 20, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1996, lokacin da aka rufe makarantar zama ta Indiya ta ƙarshe a Kanada, gwamnatin Kanada, tare da taimakon Cocin Kirista, ta fara wani kamfen na haɗa kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Kanada da ƙarfi. Gwamnati ta haɗa iko kan filayen 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi da amfani da ƙarfi, daga ƙarshe ta ware yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa wuraren ajiyar yara. An haramta ayyukan aure da bukukuwan ruhaniya, kuma an daure shugabannin ruhaniya. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa wani babban tsarin makarantun zama don haɗa kan yara. An raba yaran 'yan asalin ƙasar da iyalansu kuma ba a ba su izinin bayyana al'adunsu a waɗannan sabbin makarantu ba. Ba a ba su izinin yin yaren su ko yin al'adunsu ba tare da an hukunta su ba. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali da cin zarafin mata da cocin Kirista ke yi. Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kanada ta kammala da cewa wannan ƙoƙarin ya zama kisan kare dangi na al'adu. Makarantun sun yi aiki tuƙuru don nisantar da yara daga tushen al'adunsu. An hana ɗalibai yin yaren asalinsu, ana cin zarafin su akai-akai, kuma gwamnati ta shirya musu aure bayan kammala karatunsu. Manufar gwamnatin Kanada, ta hanyar majami'un Katolika da Anglican, ita ce ta haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar gaba ɗaya cikin al'ummar Kanada da kuma lalata duk wani abu da ya shafi tarihin ƙasarsu. === Croatia da Transylvania === A lokacin haɗin kai na Croatia da Hungary, an matsa wa 'yan Croatian su bar al'adun gargajiyarsu don su rungumi abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary, kamar Katolika da haruffan Latin. Saboda haka, an ɗauki abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Croatia, kuma har yanzu ana iya ganin su a cikin al'adun Croatia na zamani. A ko'ina cikin Masarautar Hungary, an tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa da yawa, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, su koma Katolika. Manufar tilasta musu komawa addinin Katolika ta fi tsauri a Croatia da Transylvania, inda za a iya tura fararen hula zuwa kurkuku saboda ƙin musulunta. Masanin ilimin al'adun gargajiya na Romania Ioan Lupaș ya yi iƙirarin cewa tsakanin 1002, lokacin da Transylvania ta zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Hungary, zuwa 1300, an daure kimanin 'yan Hungary 200,000 da ke zaune a Transylvania saboda ƙin musuluntar Katolika, kuma kimanin 50,000 daga cikinsu sun mutu a kurkuku. === Meziko da Peru === Babban abin da ya ba da gudummawa ga haɗakar al'adu a Kudancin Amurka ya fara ne a lokacin bincike da mulkin mallaka wanda Bartolomé de Las Casas ke ɗauka a matsayin farawa a shekarar 1492 lokacin da Turawa suka fara binciken Tekun Atlantika don neman "'Yan Asalin", wanda ya kai ga gano Amurka. Turai ta ci gaba da mamaye al'ummar 'Yan Asalin Amurka yayin da albarkatu kamar aiki, albarkatun ƙasa, kamar katako, jan ƙarfe, zinariya, azurfa, da kayayyakin noma suka mamaye Turai, duk da haka waɗannan ribar sun kasance gefe ɗaya, saboda ƙungiyoyin 'Yan Asalin ba su amfana da yarjejeniyoyi na kasuwanci da ikon mulkin mallaka ba. Baya ga wannan, manyan biranen mulkin mallaka kamar Portugal da Spain sun buƙaci yankunan mulkin mallaka a Kudancin Amurka su rungumi al'adun Turai - kamar bin Cocin Katolika na Roman Mai Tsarki, karɓar Sifaniyanci ko Fotigal akan harsunan 'Yan Asalin da kuma karɓar gwamnati irin ta Turai. Ta hanyar manufofin haɗakar al'umma mai ƙarfi, ikon mulkin mallaka kamar Spain ya yi amfani da hanyoyin tashin hankali don tabbatar da rinjayen al'adu akan al'ummomin 'Yan Asalin. Misali ɗaya ya faru a shekarar 1519 lokacin da mai binciken Sifaniya Hernán Cortés ya isa Tenochtitlán - babban birnin Daular Aztec a Mexico. Bayan gano cewa Aztecs suna yin sadaukarwa ga ɗan adam, Cortés ya kashe manyan Aztecs kuma ya riƙe Moctezuma II, sarkin Aztec, a matsayin fursuna. Ba da daɗewa ba, Cortés ya fara ƙirƙirar kawance don sake dawo da mulki a Tenochtitlán kuma ya sake masa suna Birnin Mexico. Ba tare da kwace iko ta hanyar kisan kai da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ba, 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain (ƙaramin adadi) ba za su iya mamaye Mexico ba kuma su mayar da mutane da yawa zuwa Katolika da bauta. Yayin da 'yan Spain suka rinjayi haɗakar harshe da al'adu na addini tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar a Kudancin Amurka a lokacin mulkin mallaka, har yanzu ana amfani da harsunan 'yan asalin ƙasar da yawa kamar harshen Incan Quechua a wurare kamar Peru har zuwa yau ta akalla mutane miliyan 4. === New Zealand === A lokacin mulkin mallaka na New Zealand daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 zuwa gaba, haɗakar al'ummar Maori ta asali da al'adun baƙi da baƙi na Turai da suka shigo da su da farko ya faru ne kwatsam. Haɗakar kwayoyin halitta ta fara da wuri kuma ta ci gaba - ƙidayar jama'a ta New Zealand ta 1961 ta rarraba kashi 62.2% na Māori a matsayin "masu cikakken jinin Maori". (Kwatanta Pākehā Māori.) Haɗakar harsuna ta faru da wuri da kuma ci gaba: Al'ummar mazauna Turai sun karɓi kalmomin Māori kuma sun daidaita su, yayin da harsunan Turai suka shafi ƙamus na Māori (kuma wataƙila ilimin sautuka). A ƙarni na 19, gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka na ƙarni na 19 sun ƙarfafa manufofin haɗakar mutane; a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, manufofi sun fi son ci gaban al'adu biyu. Māori ta ɗauki wasu fannoni na al'adun kayan Turai (ƙarfe, muskets, dankali) cikin sauri. Ra'ayoyin da aka shigo da su - kamar rubutu, Kiristanci, masarauta, rarrabuwar kawuna, suturar yau da kullun ta Turai, ko rashin amincewa da bauta - sun bazu a hankali. Ci gaban da aka samu daga baya (gurguzanci, ka'idar kin amincewa da mulkin mallaka, ra'ayoyin Sabon Zamani) sun tabbatar da cewa sun fi yin amfani da su a duniya. Wani ra'ayi na dogon lokaci yana gabatar da gurguzu na Māori a matsayin wanda ba shi da alaƙa da tsarin ɗabi'ar Turai. === Amurka === Amurka ta yi ƙoƙari da dama don haɗa 'Yan Asalin Amurka cikin al'adun Turai da Amurka tsakanin shekarun 1790 da 1960. George Washington da Henry Knox su ne suka fara gabatar da, a cikin mahallin Amurka, haɗa al'adun 'Yan Asalin Amurka. Sun tsara wata manufa don ƙarfafa abin da ake kira "tsarin wayewa". Tare da ƙaruwar kwararar baƙi daga Turai, akwai ƙaruwar goyon bayan jama'a ga ilimi don ƙarfafa tsarin ƙa'idodi da ayyukan al'adu na yau da kullun waɗanda yawancin 'yan ƙasa za su riƙe su iri ɗaya. Ana ɗaukar ilimi a matsayin babbar hanyar da ake bi wajen haɗa 'yan tsiraru. == Duba kuma == *HaɗakaSauya Lambobi *Daidaita *Gyaran al'adu *Haɗakar al'adu *Haɗakar al'adu *Haɗakar al'adu *Kisan kare dangi na al'adu *Baƙin al'adu *Rashin mulkin mallaka na al'adu *Rashin rarrabuwar al'adu *Rashin rarrabuwar al'adu *Siyasar Diaspora *Rahoton Durham *Gina al'umma *Ƙungiyar sha'awar ƙabila *Dangantakar ƙabila *Ƙabi'a *Haɗakar da aka tilastaJuyawa tilas *Duniya *Ƙarfin iko *Tsarin baƙi da mai masaukin baki *Shiga da ƙaura da laifuka *BaƙiSadar da al'adu *Ƙwarewar al'adu *Mutuwar harshe *Canjin harshe *Leitkultur *Mankurt *Tushe Mai Narkewa *Ƙasa *Ƙungiyar al'umma mai kama da juna *Kishin ƙasa *Daidaita siyasa *Haɗakar launin fata *Rarraba launin fata *Murmurewa (siyasa) *Haɗakar addini *Siyasar girmamawa *Haɗakar zamantakewa *Ilimin zamantakewa na launin fata da ƙabila dangantaka *Sovietization ==== Takamaiman al'adu:==== *Anglicilation *Larabci *Kiristanci *Croatisation *Francization *Jarmanciization *Hellenization *Hispanicsization *Indiyanciation *Musulunci *Italiyanci *Japanization *Javaniization *Lithuanization *Magyarization *Malayization *Norwegianization *Pashtunization *Persianization *Polonization *Russification *Romanianization *Romanization *Sanskritisation *Serbianisation *Sinicization *Slavicization *Slovakisation *Swedification *Ukrainization *Thaification *Turkification *Vietnamization (al'adu) *Gerim *"Ya fi Irish fiye da Irish kansu" *Zaratan da aka sace (na 'yan asalin Australiya) == Littattafan tarihi == *Alba, Richard D.; Nee, Victor (2003). Remaking the American Mainstream. Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01813-6. *Armitage, Andrew (1995). Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0459-2. *Crispino, James A. (1980). The Assimilation of Ethnic Groups: The Italian Case. Center for Migration Studies. ISBN 978-0-913256-39-8. *Drachsler, Julius (1920). Democracy and Assimilation: The Blending of Immigrant Heritages in America. Macmillan. *Gordon, Milton M. Daedalus Yetman (ed.). "Assimilation in America: Theory and Reality". Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 90 (2). Boston, Mass.: 245–258 *Gordon, Milton M. (1964). Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press. *Grauman, Robert A. (1951). Methods of studying the cultural assimilation of immigrants. University of London. *Kazal, R. A. (April 1995). "Revisiting Assimilation". American Historical Society. 100. *Murguía, Edward (1975). Assimilation, Colonialism, and the Mexican American People. University of Texas at Austin: Center for Mexican American Studies. ISBN 978-0-292-77520-6. *Zhou, Min (Winter 1997). "Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research on the New Second Generation". International Migration Review. 31 (4, Special Issue: Immigrant Adaptation and Native–Born Responses in the Making of Americans): 975–1008. doi:10.1177/019791839703100408. PMID 12293212. S2CID 20588618. *Zhou, Min; Carl L. Bankston (1998). Growing Up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States. Vol. III. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87154-995-2. External links == Manazarta == r6kgu3xcj3pqduhfshjpkju79auu6hj 868813 868810 2026-06-26T17:09:59Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 868813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba.<ref> Brandt, Lasse; Liu, Shuyan; Heim, Christine; Heinz, Andreas (2022-09-21). "The effects of social isolation stress and discrimination on mental health". Translational Psychiatry. 12 (1): 398. doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02178-4. ISSN 2158-3188. PMC 9490697. PMID 36130935.</ref><ref>"Cultural Assimilation". Archived from the original on June 21, 2021.</ref> A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari.<ref> Clark, W. (2003). Immigrants and the American Dream: Remaking the Middle Class. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-57230-880-0.</ref> Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen.<ref>Bleakley, Hoyt; Chin, Aimee (May 2004). "Language Skills and Earnings: Evidence from Childhood Immigrants*". Review of Economics and Statistics. 86 (2): 481–496. doi:10.1162/003465304323031067. ISSN 0034-6535. S2CID 18694108.</ref><ref>Hainmueller, Jens; Hopkins, Daniel J. (2015). "The Hidden American Immigration Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes toward Immigrants". American Journal of Political Science. 59 (3): 529–548. doi:10.1111/ajps.12138. ISSN 0092-5853. JSTOR 24583081.</ref> == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba.<ref> Caligiuri, Paula; DuBois, Cathy L.Z.; Lundby, Kyle; Sinclair, Elizabeth A (2020-12-01). "Fostering international students' sense of belonging and perceived social support through a semester-long experiential activity". Research in Comparative and International Education. 15 (4): 357–370. doi:10.1177/1745499920954311. ISSN 1745-4999. S2CID 225001702.</ref> Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta.<ref>"Assimilation facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Assimilation". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2016-11-11.</ref> Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru." === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu. Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi. Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga. === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Ga 'Yan Asalin da aka sanar a shekarar 1939 ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin hukuma waɗanda suka dogara da "shafa halittu" ko "kawar" 'Yan Asalin, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da haɗakar al'adu a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin na 1961 a Canberra, ministocin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya sun tsara ma'anar "haɗawa" 'Yan Asalin Australiya don mahallin gwamnati. Ministan Yankunan Tarayya na Gwamnatin Menzies, Paul Hasluck, ya sanar da Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 1961 cewa: '''Manufar haɗa kai tana nufin a ganin dukkan gwamnatocin Australiya cewa ana sa ran dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne za su sami irin rayuwar da sauran 'yan Australiya ke yi kuma su rayu a matsayin membobin al'ummar Australiya ɗaya da ke jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da gata iri ɗaya, suna karɓar nauyi iri ɗaya, suna kiyaye al'adu iri ɗaya kuma suna da tasiri ga imani, bege da aminci iri ɗaya kamar sauran 'yan Australiya. Don haka, duk wani mataki na musamman da aka ɗauka ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba su da asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matakai na wucin gadi ba bisa ga launi ba, amma an yi niyya ne don biyan buƙatunsu na kulawa da taimako na musamman don kare su daga duk wani mummunan tasiri na canji kwatsam da kuma taimaka musu su yi sauyi daga mataki zuwa mataki ta yadda zai yi wa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na gaba kyau.''' Bayan ya jagoranci kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1967 wadda ta cire sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya, Firayim Ministan Liberal Harold Holt ya bayyana manufar gwamnatinsa kan haɗakar jama'a kamar haka: '''Sau da yawa ba a fahimtar kalmar 'haɗakar jama'a'. Babu wani abu da ya zama dole ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba game da ita kuma ba yana nufin haɗakar jama'a da manufar kawar da siffofi na zahiri na 'yan asalin ƙasar ko al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Haɗakar jama'a yana nufin cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar za su iya kama da sauran 'yan ƙasa, ba shakka a cikin kamanni ba, amma dangane da duk gata da alhakin zama ɗan ƙasa.''' — Firayim Minista Harold Holt, Satumba, 1967 Magajin Holt, John Gorton, ya amince da manufar "ci gaban" 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar "haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya a matsayin cikakkun membobin al'ummar Australiya guda ɗaya", kuma ya yaba da "ƙoƙarin da Amurkawa ke yi na shigar da 'yan asalin ƙasar da kansu cikin gudanar da harkokinsu da kuma amfani da iko mai kyau a tsakanin mutanensu," yana mai alƙawarin yin koyi da su a matakin Tarayya. Ya bayyana matsayin Gwamnatinsa kamar haka: '''A wata ma'anar, ba tare da lalata al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, muna son taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasarmu su zama muhimmin ɓangare na sauran mutanen Australiya, kuma muna son 'yan asalin ƙasar su sami murya a cikin saurin da wannan tsari ke faruwa. Za mu auna shawarwarin manufofi bisa ga wannan manufar, kuma za mu so mu guji matakan da za su iya bambanta 'yan asalin ƙasar da sauran 'yan Australiya har abada ta hanyar samun ci gaban su bisa ƙa'idodi daban-daban ko daban-daban [...] Duk da haka, mun fahimci cewa... 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawa suna fuskantar nakasa ta musamman waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban su. Saboda haka, a shirye muke mu goyi bayan ƙarin aiki da aka tsara don taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su shawo kan waɗannan nakasa a matakin canji.''' — Firayim Minista John Gorton, 12 ga Yuli 1968 Manufofin gwamnati na 'haɗa kai' sun faɗi ƙasa a Ostiraliya tun daga shekarun 1970, inda masu fafutuka kamar Sanata Neville Bonner na farko ɗan asalin Aboriginal na Ostiraliya suka goyi bayan manufofin 'haɗa kai' da 'ƙaddamar da kai', sannan kuma gwamnatocin Whitlam Labour da Fraser Liberal suka haɓaka dokokin haƙƙin mallakar filaye. === [[Brazil]] === A watan Janairun 2019, sabon shugaban Brazil da aka zaɓa Jair Bolsonaro ya kwace wa Hukumar Kula da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin ƙasar FUNAI nauyin gano da kuma raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. Ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan yankuna suna da ƙananan al'ummomi da aka keɓe kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa su cikin babban al'ummar Brazil. A cewar Survival International, "Ɗaukar alhakin raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar daga FUNAI, ma'aikatar harkokin Indiya, da kuma ba da su ga Ma'aikatar Noma kusan shela ce ta yaƙi a fili da al'ummomin ƙabilun Brazil." === Kanada 1800s–1996: Hadakar da aka tilasta === A ƙarni na 19 da 20, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1996, lokacin da aka rufe makarantar zama ta Indiya ta ƙarshe a Kanada, gwamnatin Kanada, tare da taimakon Cocin Kirista, ta fara wani kamfen na haɗa kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Kanada da ƙarfi. Gwamnati ta haɗa iko kan filayen 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi da amfani da ƙarfi, daga ƙarshe ta ware yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa wuraren ajiyar yara. An haramta ayyukan aure da bukukuwan ruhaniya, kuma an daure shugabannin ruhaniya. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa wani babban tsarin makarantun zama don haɗa kan yara. An raba yaran 'yan asalin ƙasar da iyalansu kuma ba a ba su izinin bayyana al'adunsu a waɗannan sabbin makarantu ba. Ba a ba su izinin yin yaren su ko yin al'adunsu ba tare da an hukunta su ba. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali da cin zarafin mata da cocin Kirista ke yi. Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kanada ta kammala da cewa wannan ƙoƙarin ya zama kisan kare dangi na al'adu. Makarantun sun yi aiki tuƙuru don nisantar da yara daga tushen al'adunsu. An hana ɗalibai yin yaren asalinsu, ana cin zarafin su akai-akai, kuma gwamnati ta shirya musu aure bayan kammala karatunsu. Manufar gwamnatin Kanada, ta hanyar majami'un Katolika da Anglican, ita ce ta haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar gaba ɗaya cikin al'ummar Kanada da kuma lalata duk wani abu da ya shafi tarihin ƙasarsu. === Croatia da Transylvania === A lokacin haɗin kai na Croatia da Hungary, an matsa wa 'yan Croatian su bar al'adun gargajiyarsu don su rungumi abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary, kamar Katolika da haruffan Latin. Saboda haka, an ɗauki abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Croatia, kuma har yanzu ana iya ganin su a cikin al'adun Croatia na zamani. A ko'ina cikin Masarautar Hungary, an tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa da yawa, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, su koma Katolika. Manufar tilasta musu komawa addinin Katolika ta fi tsauri a Croatia da Transylvania, inda za a iya tura fararen hula zuwa kurkuku saboda ƙin musulunta. Masanin ilimin al'adun gargajiya na Romania Ioan Lupaș ya yi iƙirarin cewa tsakanin 1002, lokacin da Transylvania ta zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Hungary, zuwa 1300, an daure kimanin 'yan Hungary 200,000 da ke zaune a Transylvania saboda ƙin musuluntar Katolika, kuma kimanin 50,000 daga cikinsu sun mutu a kurkuku.<ref> "Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2018.</ref> === Meziko da Peru === Babban abin da ya ba da gudummawa ga haɗakar al'adu a Kudancin Amurka ya fara ne a lokacin bincike da mulkin mallaka wanda Bartolomé de Las Casas ke ɗauka a matsayin farawa a shekarar 1492 lokacin da Turawa suka fara binciken Tekun Atlantika don neman "'Yan Asalin", wanda ya kai ga gano Amurka. Turai ta ci gaba da mamaye al'ummar 'Yan Asalin Amurka yayin da albarkatu kamar aiki, albarkatun ƙasa, kamar katako, jan ƙarfe, zinariya, azurfa, da kayayyakin noma suka mamaye Turai, duk da haka waɗannan ribar sun kasance gefe ɗaya, saboda ƙungiyoyin 'Yan Asalin ba su amfana da yarjejeniyoyi na kasuwanci da ikon mulkin mallaka ba. Baya ga wannan, manyan biranen mulkin mallaka kamar Portugal da Spain sun buƙaci yankunan mulkin mallaka a Kudancin Amurka<ref>Wang, Yikang; Li, Ting; Noltemeyer, Amity; Wang, Aimin; Zhang, Jinghua; Shaw, Kevin (2017-11-30). "Cross-Cultural Adaptation of International College Students in the United States". Journal of International Students. 8 (2): 821–842. doi:10.32674/jis.v8i2.116. ISSN 2162-3104.</ref> su rungumi al'adun Turai - kamar bin Cocin Katolika na Roman Mai Tsarki, karɓar Sifaniyanci ko Fotigal akan harsunan 'Yan Asalin da kuma karɓar gwamnati irin ta Turai. Ta hanyar manufofin haɗakar al'umma mai ƙarfi, ikon mulkin mallaka kamar Spain ya yi amfani da hanyoyin tashin hankali don tabbatar da rinjayen al'adu akan al'ummomin 'Yan Asalin. Misali ɗaya ya faru a shekarar 1519 lokacin da mai binciken Sifaniya Hernán Cortés ya isa Tenochtitlán - babban birnin Daular Aztec a Mexico. Bayan gano cewa Aztecs suna yin sadaukarwa ga ɗan adam, Cortés ya kashe manyan Aztecs kuma ya riƙe Moctezuma II, sarkin Aztec, a matsayin fursuna. Ba da daɗewa ba, Cortés ya fara ƙirƙirar kawance don sake dawo da mulki a Tenochtitlán kuma ya sake masa suna Birnin Mexico. Ba tare da kwace iko ta hanyar kisan kai da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ba, 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain (ƙaramin adadi) ba za su iya mamaye Mexico ba kuma su mayar da mutane da yawa zuwa Katolika da bauta. Yayin da 'yan Spain suka rinjayi haɗakar harshe da al'adu na addini tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar a Kudancin Amurka a lokacin mulkin mallaka, har yanzu ana amfani da harsunan 'yan asalin ƙasar da yawa kamar harshen Incan Quechua a wurare kamar Peru har zuwa yau ta akalla mutane miliyan 4.<ref>New Zealand. Department of Statistics (1962). Population Census, 1961. Vol. 10. p. 23. Retrieved 16 July 2020. Full-blood Maoris totalled 103,987 [...], or 62 2 per cent of the Maori population as it is defined for the purposes of the census.</ref> === New Zealand === A lokacin mulkin mallaka na New Zealand daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 zuwa gaba, haɗakar al'ummar Maori ta asali da al'adun baƙi da baƙi na Turai da suka shigo da su da farko ya faru ne kwatsam. Haɗakar kwayoyin halitta ta fara da wuri kuma ta ci gaba - ƙidayar jama'a ta New Zealand ta 1961 ta rarraba kashi 62.2% na Māori a matsayin "masu cikakken jinin Maori". (Kwatanta Pākehā Māori.) Haɗakar harsuna ta faru da wuri da kuma ci gaba: Al'ummar mazauna Turai sun karɓi kalmomin Māori kuma sun daidaita su, yayin da harsunan Turai suka shafi ƙamus na Māori (kuma wataƙila ilimin sautuka). A ƙarni na 19, gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka na ƙarni na 19 sun ƙarfafa manufofin haɗakar mutane; a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, manufofi sun fi son ci gaban al'adu biyu. Māori ta ɗauki wasu fannoni na al'adun kayan Turai (ƙarfe, muskets, dankali) cikin sauri. Ra'ayoyin da aka shigo da su - kamar rubutu, Kiristanci, masarauta, rarrabuwar kawuna, suturar yau da kullun ta Turai, ko rashin amincewa da bauta - sun bazu a hankali. Ci gaban da aka samu daga baya (gurguzanci, ka'idar kin amincewa da mulkin mallaka, ra'ayoyin Sabon Zamani) sun tabbatar da cewa sun fi yin amfani da su a duniya. Wani ra'ayi na dogon lokaci yana gabatar da gurguzu na Māori a matsayin wanda ba shi da alaƙa da tsarin ɗabi'ar Turai.<ref> "Assimilation facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Assimilation". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2016-11-11.</ref> === Amurka === Amurka ta yi ƙoƙari da dama don haɗa 'Yan Asalin Amurka cikin al'adun Turai da Amurka tsakanin shekarun 1790 da 1960. George Washington da Henry Knox su ne suka fara gabatar da, a cikin mahallin Amurka, haɗa al'adun 'Yan Asalin Amurka. Sun tsara wata manufa don ƙarfafa abin da ake kira "tsarin wayewa". Tare da ƙaruwar kwararar baƙi daga Turai, akwai ƙaruwar goyon bayan jama'a ga ilimi don ƙarfafa tsarin ƙa'idodi da ayyukan al'adu na yau da kullun waɗanda yawancin 'yan ƙasa za su riƙe su iri ɗaya. Ana ɗaukar ilimi a matsayin babbar hanyar da ake bi wajen haɗa 'yan tsiraru.<ref> Anderson, Shannon Latkin (2016). Immigration, Assimilation, and the Cultural Construction of American National Identity. New York: Routledge. p. 135. ISBN 9781138100411.</ref> == Duba kuma == *HaɗakaSauya Lambobi *Daidaita *Gyaran al'adu *Haɗakar al'adu *Haɗakar al'adu *Haɗakar al'adu *Kisan kare dangi na al'adu *Baƙin al'adu *Rashin mulkin mallaka na al'adu *Rashin rarrabuwar al'adu *Rashin rarrabuwar al'adu *Siyasar Diaspora *Rahoton Durham *Gina al'umma *Ƙungiyar sha'awar ƙabila *Dangantakar ƙabila *Ƙabi'a *Haɗakar da aka tilastaJuyawa tilas *Duniya *Ƙarfin iko *Tsarin baƙi da mai masaukin baki *Shiga da ƙaura da laifuka *BaƙiSadar da al'adu *Ƙwarewar al'adu *Mutuwar harshe *Canjin harshe *Leitkultur *Mankurt *Tushe Mai Narkewa *Ƙasa *Ƙungiyar al'umma mai kama da juna *Kishin ƙasa *Daidaita siyasa *Haɗakar launin fata *Rarraba launin fata *Murmurewa (siyasa) *Haɗakar addini *Siyasar girmamawa *Haɗakar zamantakewa *Ilimin zamantakewa na launin fata da ƙabila dangantaka *Sovietization ==== Takamaiman al'adu:==== *Anglicilation *Larabci *Kiristanci *Croatisation *Francization *Jarmanciization *Hellenization *Hispanicsization *Indiyanciation *Musulunci *Italiyanci *Japanization *Javaniization *Lithuanization *Magyarization *Malayization *Norwegianization *Pashtunization *Persianization *Polonization *Russification *Romanianization *Romanization *Sanskritisation *Serbianisation *Sinicization *Slavicization *Slovakisation *Swedification *Ukrainization *Thaification *Turkification *Vietnamization (al'adu) *Gerim *"Ya fi Irish fiye da Irish kansu" *Zaratan da aka sace (na 'yan asalin Australiya) == Littattafan tarihi == *Alba, Richard D.; Nee, Victor (2003). Remaking the American Mainstream. Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01813-6. *Armitage, Andrew (1995). Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0459-2. *Crispino, James A. (1980). The Assimilation of Ethnic Groups: The Italian Case. Center for Migration Studies. ISBN 978-0-913256-39-8. *Drachsler, Julius (1920). Democracy and Assimilation: The Blending of Immigrant Heritages in America. Macmillan. *Gordon, Milton M. Daedalus Yetman (ed.). "Assimilation in America: Theory and Reality". Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 90 (2). Boston, Mass.: 245–258 *Gordon, Milton M. (1964). Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press. *Grauman, Robert A. (1951). Methods of studying the cultural assimilation of immigrants. University of London. *Kazal, R. A. (April 1995). "Revisiting Assimilation". American Historical Society. 100. *Murguía, Edward (1975). Assimilation, Colonialism, and the Mexican American People. University of Texas at Austin: Center for Mexican American Studies. ISBN 978-0-292-77520-6. *Zhou, Min (Winter 1997). "Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research on the New Second Generation". International Migration Review. 31 (4, Special Issue: Immigrant Adaptation and Native–Born Responses in the Making of Americans): 975–1008. doi:10.1177/019791839703100408. PMID 12293212. S2CID 20588618. *Zhou, Min; Carl L. Bankston (1998). Growing Up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States. Vol. III. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87154-995-2. External links == Manazarta == 9cabik4snxj3iixzyk6pwat8zop3xkg 868814 868813 2026-06-26T17:12:27Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 868814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Haɗakar al'adu'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation</ref> Tsarin al'adu shine tsarin da ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'adu ke kama da ƙungiyar mafi rinjaye ta al'umma ko kuma ta rungumi ɗabi'u, halaye, da imani na wata ƙungiya gaba ɗaya. Tsarin narkewar tukunya ya dogara ne akan wannan ra'ayi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=q8tUSCDORzwC&pg=PA615</ref> Kalmar da ke da alaƙa ita ce "haɗakar al'adu", wanda ke bayyana tsarin zama cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin wata al'umma yayin da ake riƙe abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun mutum na asali.<ref>https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/download/3715/3715.pdf</ref> Tsarin al'adu ya saba wa al'adu daban-daban (ko "mosaic na al'adu"), kamar yadda tsarin haɗuwa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar tsiraru da ta rungumi al'ada mafi rinjaye, yayin da tsarin al'adu daban-daban yana haɓaka rayuwa tare da kiyaye al'adu da yawa.<ref>Phillip Kottak, Conrad (2007). Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-07-325893-5. The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.</ref> Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da juna shine tsarin haɗuwa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar yaɗuwar al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi canje-canje a cikin tsarin al'adu na ɗaya ko duka ƙungiyoyi, yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da halaye daban-daban. Kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam ba sa yawan amfani da sabanin haɗuwa, rarrabuwa, a cikin adabi game da tsiraru, wasu da yawa sun sanya kalmar mahimmin bincikensu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=iw6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref><ref> Sözer, Hande (24 July 2014). Managing Invisibility: Dissimulation and Identity Maintenance among Alevi Bulgarian Turks. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-27919-3. Retrieved 20 April 2026. </ref> Akwai nau'ikan haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, gami da cikakken haɗuwa da tilasta haɗuwa. Cikakken haɗuwa abu ne da aka saba gani, kamar yadda yake faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Haɗuwa kuma na iya haɗawa da abin da ake kira haɗuwar ƙari, inda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke faɗaɗa kundin al'adunsu na yanzu maimakon maye gurbin al'adun kakanninsu. Wannan wani ɓangare ne da yake rabawa da haɗuwa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman akidar siyasa, haɗuwa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati na haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu cikin al'adun ƙasa da gangan. Ya ƙunshi haɗuwar son rai da kuma ba da son rai ba.<ref> Brandt, Lasse; Liu, Shuyan; Heim, Christine; Heinz, Andreas (2022-09-21). "The effects of social isolation stress and discrimination on mental health". Translational Psychiatry. 12 (1): 398. doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02178-4. ISSN 2158-3188. PMC 9490697. PMID 36130935.</ref><ref>"Cultural Assimilation". Archived from the original on June 21, 2021.</ref> A cikin haɗuwar al'adu da haɗin kai, yawancin ƙungiyoyi na iya tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu za su rungumi ayyukan yau da kullun na al'adun da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar amfani da harshe gama gari a cikin tattaunawa, bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, haɗa tattalin arziki da shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar shiga cikin al'adu, fafutukar aiki da shiga cikin zaɓe da al'umma. Nau'o'in warewa daban-daban, warewar zamantakewa, da wariya na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan tsari.<ref> Clark, W. (2003). Immigrants and the American Dream: Remaking the Middle Class. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-57230-880-0.</ref> Haɗakar al'adu, wadda galibi ake samu a cikin al'ummomin al'adu masu al'adu daban-daban, tana kama da wani nau'in haɗakar al'adu ta zamantakewa saboda, akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru ko al'ada na iya shiga cikin al'ada mai rinjaye, kuma halayen da ke bayyana al'adun tsiraru na iya zama ba a bayyane ko ɓacewa saboda dalilai na aiki. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa, haɗin gwiwar al'adu za a iya fahimtar su kamar haɗuwar al'adu, tare da ɗaukar na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan na ƙarshen.<ref>Bleakley, Hoyt; Chin, Aimee (May 2004). "Language Skills and Earnings: Evidence from Childhood Immigrants*". Review of Economics and Statistics. 86 (2): 481–496. doi:10.1162/003465304323031067. ISSN 0034-6535. S2CID 18694108.</ref><ref>Hainmueller, Jens; Hopkins, Daniel J. (2015). "The Hidden American Immigration Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes toward Immigrants". American Journal of Political Science. 59 (3): 529–548. doi:10.1111/ajps.12138. ISSN 0092-5853. JSTOR 24583081.</ref> == Bayani == Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa cikin sauri ko a hankali, ya danganta da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cikakken tsarin al'adu yana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a iya bambance membobin wata al'umma da na ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin wannan al'umma ba.<ref> Caligiuri, Paula; DuBois, Cathy L.Z.; Lundby, Kyle; Sinclair, Elizabeth A (2020-12-01). "Fostering international students' sense of belonging and perceived social support through a semester-long experiential activity". Research in Comparative and International Education. 15 (4): 357–370. doi:10.1177/1745499920954311. ISSN 1745-4999. S2CID 225001702.</ref> Ko ana sa ran wata ƙungiya ta haɗu sau da yawa, 'yan ƙungiyar da kuma manyan membobin al'umma suna jayayya kan ko za a haɗa ta. Tsarin al'adu ba lallai bane ya haifar da kamanceceniya da kamanceceniya. Shingayen yanayi da sauran shinge na halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, koda lokacin da al'adar da ta fi rinjaye ta rinjaye su, na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu.[babu tabbas] Tsarin al'adu na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar kwatsam ko ta hanyar tilastawa, na biyun lokacin da al'adu mafi rinjaye ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da nufin tilasta haɗa ta.<ref>"Assimilation facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Assimilation". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2016-11-11.</ref> Nau'o'in haɗuwa iri-iri, gami da haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta, suna da mahimmanci musamman game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙarni na 18, 19, da 20. Wannan nau'in haɗuwa ya haɗa da canza addini, rabuwar iyalai, canje-canje na rawar jinsi, raba kadarori tsakanin ikon ƙasashen waje, kawar da tattalin arzikin gida, da rashin wadatar abinci mai ɗorewa. Ko ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ko a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, hanyoyin haɗakar da aka tilasta ba su dawwama, suna haifar da tawaye da rushewar iko don ci gaba da iko kan ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sau da yawa, al'adun da aka tilasta wa shiga al'adu daban-daban ta hanyar haɗakar al'adu da aka tilasta wa komawa ga ayyukan asali da addinan da suka bambanta da ƙa'idodin al'adun da aka tilasta wa wasu manyan iko. Bugu da ƙari, a tsawon tarihi, haɗakar da aka yi da son rai sau da yawa yana mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ada mafi rinjaye, kuma bin ƙa'ida mafita ce ga mutane su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci. Misali na haɗakar al'adu da son rai zai kasance a lokacin Inquisition na Spain, lokacin da Yahudawa da Musulmai suka karɓi Cocin Katolika na Roman a matsayin addininsu, amma a halin yanzu, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna yin addinan gargajiya na sirri. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in haɗuwa don shawo kan wani iko mai iko cewa al'ada ta haɗu cikin lumana amma sau da yawa haɗuwa da son rai ba yana nufin ƙungiyar ta cika ƙa'idodin al'adu da aka yarda da su ba. Kalmar "haɗuwa" galibi ana amfani da ita ne ga ba kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, har ma da baƙi da suka zauna a sabuwar ƙasa. Sabuwar al'ada da sabbin ra'ayoyi game da al'adar asali ana samun su ta hanyar hulɗa da sadarwa. Haɗuwa tana ɗauka cewa al'ada mai ɗan tauri za ta haɗu cikin al'ada ɗaya mai haɗin kai. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da daidaitawa tsakanin kowace al'ada. Ma'anar haɗuwa a halin yanzu yawanci ana amfani da ita don nufin baƙi, amma a cikin al'adu daban-daban, haɗuwar al'adu na iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya da kuma cikin mahallin zamantakewa daban-daban kuma ba'a iyakance ga takamaiman yankuna ba. == Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ci-rani == Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan manyan ma'auni guda huɗu don tantance haɗuwar baƙi: matsayin zamantakewa, rarrabawar yanki, samun harshe na biyu, da kuma auratayya tsakanin mutane. William A.V. Clark ya bayyana haɗuwar baƙi a Amurka a matsayin "hanya ta fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa na al'ummar Amurka kuma cewa shine tsarin da ke faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma sau da yawa ba tare da niyya ba a cikin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mafi rinjaye da tsiraru." Bincike ya kuma lura da tasirin haɗuwar baƙi. Wani bincike da Bleakley da Chin (2010) suka yi ya gano cewa mutanen da suka isa Amurka a shekara tara ko kafin su kai shekaru tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Ingilishi suna magana da Turanci a matakin da ya yi daidai da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka isa bayan tara daga ƙasashen da ba sa magana da Turanci suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar magana, wanda ke ƙaruwa daidai da shekaru lokacin isowa. Binciken ya kuma lura da tasirin al'adun zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar Turanci mafi kyau ba su da yuwuwar yin aure a yanzu, suna da yuwuwar rabuwa, suna da ƙarancin yara, kuma suna da mata da suka kusa da shekarunsu. Ana kiyasta koyon magana da Turanci da kyau zai inganta samun kuɗi da sama da kashi 33 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike da Verkuyten ya gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa yaran da suka yi ƙaura waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar haɗin kai ko kuma haɗa kai suna karɓar kyakkyawar karramawa daga takwarorinsu fiye da waɗanda suka saba da juna ta hanyar wariya ko rabuwa. == Ra'ayin al'adu masu rinjaye == Babu wani bincike ko shaida da aka gudanar wanda ke nuna ko kuma yadda motsin baƙi ke ƙaruwa—haɗuwa da ƙasa mai iko kamar iya magana, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sauransu— yana haifar da canje-canje a fahimtar waɗanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ke da rinjaye. Wannan muhimmin nau'in bincike yana ba da bayanai kan yadda ake karɓar baƙi zuwa ƙasashe masu rinjaye. A cikin wani labarin da Ariela Schachter ta rubuta, mai taken "Daga "bambanci" zuwa "kama": hanyar gwaji don fahimtar daidaitawa", an gudanar da wani bincike kan fararen 'yan Amurka don ganin ra'ayinsu game da baƙi waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a Amurka. Binciken ya nuna cewa fararen fata sun jure wa baƙi a ƙasarsu. Farin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna buɗe don samun dangantaka ta "tsari" da mutanen da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, misali, abokai da maƙwabta; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ban da baƙi baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi marasa takardu. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, fararen Amurkawa suna kallon duk waɗanda ba fararen Amurkawa ba, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba, a matsayin ba su da kama da juna. Wani mujalla makamancin haka da Jens Hainmueller da Daniel J. Hopkins suka wallafa mai taken "The Hidden American Shige da Fice Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes to the Baƙi" ya tabbatar da irin wannan ra'ayi game da baƙi. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da wani gwaji don cimma burinsu wanda shine gwada halaye guda tara masu dacewa na ka'idar baƙi masu zato. Da yake tambayar wani samfurin 'yan ƙasar Amurka bisa ga yawan jama'a don yanke shawara tsakanin ma'auratan baƙi da ke neman shiga Amurka, ɗan ƙasar Amurka zai ga aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da bayanai ga baƙi biyu, gami da bayanin kula game da matsayin iliminsu, ƙasa, asali, da sauran halaye. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna kallon baƙi masu ilimi a cikin manyan ayyuka da kyau, yayin da suke kallon waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba daidai ba: waɗanda ba su da shirin yin aiki, waɗanda suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, waɗanda ba su iya Turanci sosai da waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Iraki. == Daidaita da sabuwar ƙasa == Yayin da adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke shiga [[Amurka]] ya ƙaru, haka nan adadin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke jami'o'i da kwalejoji na Amurka ke ƙaruwa. Daidaita waɗannan sabbin ɗalibai yana da mahimmanci a binciken al'adu daban-daban. A cikin binciken "Daidaita Al'adu Tsakanin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Ƙasashen Duniya a Amurka" na Yikang Wang, manufar ita ce a binciki yadda daidaitawar tunani da zamantakewa da al'adu na ɗaliban kwaleji na ƙasashen duniya suka bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Binciken ya ƙunshi samfurin ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 169 da ke halartar jami'ar gwamnati mai ilimi guda biyu. An binciki nau'ikan daidaitawa guda biyu: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu. Daidaitawar tunani yana nufin "jin daɗin rayuwa ko gamsuwa yayin sauye-sauyen al'adu daban-daban;" yayin da zamantakewa da al'adu ke nufin ikon dacewa da sabuwar al'ada. Sakamakon ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun nuna gamsuwa da ƙwarewar al'adu daban-daban sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Daidaitawar tunani yana da babban canji ga ɗalibi wanda ya zauna a Amurka na akalla watanni 24 yayin da daidaitawar al'adu da al'adu ke ƙaruwa akai-akai akan lokaci. Za a iya kammala da cewa a ƙarshe akan lokaci, ƙungiyar tsiraru za ta rasa wasu halayen al'adunsu lokacin da suke cikin sabuwar ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da sabbin halaye na al'adu. Haka kuma, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarin lokaci da aka yi a sabuwar ƙasa zai haifar da saba wa halayen ƙasashe masu rinjaye. Hoto na 2 ya nuna yayin da tsawon lokacin da aka zauna a Amurka ke ƙaruwa—ƙasar da ke da rinjaye, gamsuwar rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da al'adu suma ke ƙaruwa—alaƙa mai kyau. Bisa ga haka, binciken da ƙungiyar Caligiuri ta gudanar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2020, ya nuna cewa zangon karatu ɗaya na ayyukan ƙwarewa a aji da aka tsara don haɓaka hulɗar zamantakewa ta ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa tare da tallafawa zamantakewa ga ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya. A cikin wani bincike da Viola Angelini ta yi, "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?", ka'idar haɗuwa a matsayin fa'idodi ga walwala. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce tantance bambanci tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da walwalar baƙi. Mujallar ta haɗa da wani bincike wanda ya binciki "ma'auni kai tsaye na haɗuwa da al'adun mai masaukin baki da walwalar baƙi." Ta amfani da bayanai daga Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Jamus, an kammala da cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin haɗuwar al'adu da gamsuwa/jin daɗin rayuwar baƙi ko da bayan watsi da abubuwa kamar matsayin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. "Gamsuwa da Rayuwa ga Baƙi: Shin haɗuwar al'adu tana da mahimmanci?" kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "haɗin gwiwa da gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi ƙarfi ga baƙi da suka kafa fiye da na baya-bayan nan." An gano cewa yawan baƙi da suka yi kama da al'adun Jamusawa kuma waɗanda suka yi magana da yaren ƙasa mai kyau - yaren ƙasa mafi rinjaye, yawan da suka bayar da rahoton gamsuwa da rayuwarsu. Yawan gamsuwar rayuwa ya fi yawa ga waɗanda suka saba da ƙasar da ke da rinjaye fiye da waɗanda ba su saba da ita ba tun lokacin da suka haɗa da harshe mai rinjaye, addini, fannoni na tunani, da sauransu. == Rabuwar da ba ta zama 'yan asalin ƙasar ba == A cikin binciken "Binciken girgizar al'adu, fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane da kuma son rungumar juna" na Clare D'Souza, binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar rubuta bayanai don yin nazari kan bayanan da aka tattara. Binciken ya shafi ɗaliban da ke yin rangadin karatu a ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mummunan fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutane ya fi yawa a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu. Waɗanda ke fuskantar girgizar al'adu suna da motsin rai da martani na ƙiyayya, fushi, rashin tausayi, damuwa, takaici, warewa, da koma baya. Haka kuma, ga wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar kafin ya ƙaura har abada, da sun riga sun ƙaddara imani game da al'ada da matsayinsu a cikin ƙasar. Bayyanar motsin rai ga wannan mutumin ya haɗa da farin ciki, farin ciki, sha'awa, da farin ciki. Wani labarin mai taken "Daliban Ƙasashen Duniya daga Melbourne Suna Bayyana Kwarewar Canjin Al'adu Tsakaninsu: Girgizar Al'adu, Hulɗar Jama'a, da Ci gaban Abota" na Nish Belford ya mayar da hankali kan girgizar al'adu. Belford ta yi hira da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya don bincika ƙwarewarsu bayan sun zauna da karatu a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Bayanan da aka tattara labarai ne daga ɗaliban da suka mayar da hankali kan masu canji kamar "kamance-kwancen al'adu, ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin al'adu, abota tsakanin al'adu, da asalin dangantaka don yin tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru."<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu5x9Nkj1-kC</ref> === [[Amurka]] === Tsakanin 1880 da 1920, Amurka ta ɗauki kimanin baƙi miliyan 24. Wannan ƙaruwar shige da fice za a iya danganta ta da sauye-sauye da yawa na tarihi. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya kuma nuna babban zamanin ƙaura, kuma masana zamantakewa suna sake ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin da shige da fice ke yi wa al'umma da baƙi da kansu.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=DUSbAAAAQBAJ</ref> Ƙwaƙwalwar al'umma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka. Henry Pratt Fairchild ya danganta haɗakar Amurka da Amurka ko ka'idar "narkewar tukunya". Wasu masana kuma sun yi imanin cewa haɗakar al'umma da haɗakar al'umma suna da alaƙa. A cewar wani ra'ayi na gama gari, haɗakar al'umma "tsari ne na fassara da haɗakar al'umma" daga wata ƙungiya ko mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tunawa, halaye, da ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu, suna haɗuwa cikin rayuwar al'adu ta gama gari. Ka'idar da ke da alaƙa ita ce tsarin jama'a, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Milton Gordon ya gabatar. Yana bayyana yanayin Amurka inda, duk da haɗakar al'adu na kabilu cikin al'ummar Amurka, suka ci gaba da rabuwar tsarin. Gordon ya dage cewa akwai iyakacin haɗakar baƙi zuwa cibiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka kamar ƙungiyoyin ilimi, sana'a, siyasa, da zamantakewa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240115152333/https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-25-1-the-columbian-exchange</ref> A lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1607 zuwa 1776, mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban—ƙaura da son rai da kuma tilasta musu ƙaura. Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka da son rai sun jawo hankalin ƙasa mai arha, albashi mai yawa, da kuma 'yancin tunani a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya. A rabin na ƙarshe, mafi yawan mutanen da aka kora zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka bayi ne na Afirka. Bauta ta bambanta da sauran ƙaura da aka tilasta musu, kamar yadda, ba kamar a yanayin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ba, babu yiwuwar samun 'yanci, kodayake an yi wa wasu bayi kisan gilla a ƙarni kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Dogon tarihin ƙaura a cikin ƙofofin da aka kafa yana nufin cewa wurin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila a cikin ƙofofin gargajiya ya fi tsari ko kafuwa, amma a gefe guda, sabbin ƙofofin ba su da tarihin ƙaura sosai don haka matsayin baƙi dangane da matsayi na aji, launin fata, da ƙabila ba a fayyace su sosai ba, kuma baƙi na iya samun ƙarin tasiri don fayyace matsayinsu. Na biyu, girman sabbin ƙofofin na iya rinjayar haɗakar baƙi. Samun ƙaramin ƙofa na iya shafar matakin wariyar launin fata tsakanin baƙi da mutanen da aka haifa a asali. Na uku, bambancin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen cibiyoyi na iya shafar haɗakar baƙi.<ref>https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/precontact-and-early-colonial-era/spanish-colonization/a/the-spanish-conquistadores-and-colonial-empire</ref> Ba kamar sabbin ƙofofi ba, ƙofofin gargajiya suna da cibiyoyi da yawa da aka kafa don taimakawa baƙi, kamar taimakon shari'a, ofisoshi, da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Waters da Jimenez sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya tasiri ga haɗakar baƙi da kuma yadda masu bincike ya kamata su tantance haɗakar baƙi.<ref>https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/precontact-and-early-colonial-era/spanish-colonization/a/the-spanish-conquistadores-and-colonial-empire</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da haɗakar baƙi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da kashi 29% na ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Amurka tun daga 2000. An yi nazari sosai kan isowar baƙi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura, ciki har da zama ɗan ƙasa, mallakar gidaje, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, matsayin aiki, da samun mafi kyawun kuɗin shiga.<ref> Perdue, Theda (2003). "Chapter 2 "Both White and Red"". Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South. The University of Georgia Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-8203-2731-X.</ref> === [[Canada]] === Tarihin al'adu daban-daban na Kanada ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, tare da kwararowar ƙaura tsakanin ƙabilun Turai zuwa yankin. A ƙarni na 20, Indiyawa, Sinawa, da Japan su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin baƙi. === Ƙarni na 20–yanzu: Canji daga haɗuwa zuwa haɗin kai === Kanada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin baƙi a duniya. Ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016 ta sami baƙi miliyan 7.5 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Hankali ya koma daga magana game da haɗakar al'adu zuwa haɗin gwiwar al'adu. Sabanin haɗakar al'adu, haɗin kai yana da nufin kiyaye tushen al'umma 'yan tsiraru yayin da har yanzu yana ba da damar zama tare da al'ada mai rinjaye. == Daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar == === [[Australia]] === An amince da dokar da ta shafi manufar "kariya" a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya (raba su da fararen fata) a wasu jihohi da yankuna na Australiya lokacin da suke mulkin mallaka, kafin tarayyar Australiya: a Victoria a 1867, Yammacin Australiya a 1886, da Queensland a 1897. Bayan haɗin gwiwa, New South Wales ta tsara manufofinta a 1909, Kudancin Australiya da Yankin Arewa (wanda ke ƙarƙashin iko da Kudancin Australiya a lokacin) a 1910-11. An ƙirƙiri ofisoshin ofisoshin jakadancin da wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar suka ƙaura zuwa gare su. Dokokin sun takaita zirga-zirgarsu, sun hana shan barasa da kuma yin aiki bisa ƙa'ida. An ƙarfafa manufofin a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 (lokacin da aka fahimci cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za su mutu ko kuma su shagaltu da al'ummar fararen fata gaba ɗaya ba) kamar yadda aka tanadar da Dokar Jin Daɗi ta 1953, inda aka sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar a ƙarƙashin jihar. An tilasta wa yaran "'Yan Asalin Ƙasa" (wanda aka sani da rabin ƙabila) korar su daga iyayensu domin a ilmantar da su ta hanyoyin Turai; galibi ana horar da 'yan matan su zama bayin gida. An daina manufofin kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma manufofin haɗa kai sun mamaye. Waɗannan sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya "masu cikakken jini" su "mutu", yayin da aka ƙarfafa "masu rabin ƙabila" su shiga cikin al'ummar fararen fata. Ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa da fararen fata ta waɗannan manufofin, kuma galibi suna fuskantar wariya a garuruwan da galibi fararen fata ne bayan sun ƙaura don neman aiki. Tsakanin 1910 da 1970, an kori tsararraki da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu, kuma an san su da Tsararrun Sata. Manufar ta yi illa ga daidaikun mutane, iyali da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Ga 'Yan Asalin da aka sanar a shekarar 1939 ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin hukuma waɗanda suka dogara da "shafa halittu" ko "kawar" 'Yan Asalin, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da haɗakar al'adu a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Taron Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin na 1961 a Canberra, ministocin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya sun tsara ma'anar "haɗawa" 'Yan Asalin Australiya don mahallin gwamnati. Ministan Yankunan Tarayya na Gwamnatin Menzies, Paul Hasluck, ya sanar da Majalisar Wakilai a watan Afrilun 1961 cewa: '''Manufar haɗa kai tana nufin a ganin dukkan gwamnatocin Australiya cewa ana sa ran dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne za su sami irin rayuwar da sauran 'yan Australiya ke yi kuma su rayu a matsayin membobin al'ummar Australiya ɗaya da ke jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da gata iri ɗaya, suna karɓar nauyi iri ɗaya, suna kiyaye al'adu iri ɗaya kuma suna da tasiri ga imani, bege da aminci iri ɗaya kamar sauran 'yan Australiya. Don haka, duk wani mataki na musamman da aka ɗauka ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma waɗanda ba su da asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matakai na wucin gadi ba bisa ga launi ba, amma an yi niyya ne don biyan buƙatunsu na kulawa da taimako na musamman don kare su daga duk wani mummunan tasiri na canji kwatsam da kuma taimaka musu su yi sauyi daga mataki zuwa mataki ta yadda zai yi wa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na gaba kyau.''' Bayan ya jagoranci kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1967 wadda ta cire sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya, Firayim Ministan Liberal Harold Holt ya bayyana manufar gwamnatinsa kan haɗakar jama'a kamar haka: '''Sau da yawa ba a fahimtar kalmar 'haɗakar jama'a'. Babu wani abu da ya zama dole ko kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba game da ita kuma ba yana nufin haɗakar jama'a da manufar kawar da siffofi na zahiri na 'yan asalin ƙasar ko al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Haɗakar jama'a yana nufin cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar za su iya kama da sauran 'yan ƙasa, ba shakka a cikin kamanni ba, amma dangane da duk gata da alhakin zama ɗan ƙasa.''' — Firayim Minista Harold Holt, Satumba, 1967 Magajin Holt, John Gorton, ya amince da manufar "ci gaban" 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar "haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya a matsayin cikakkun membobin al'ummar Australiya guda ɗaya", kuma ya yaba da "ƙoƙarin da Amurkawa ke yi na shigar da 'yan asalin ƙasar da kansu cikin gudanar da harkokinsu da kuma amfani da iko mai kyau a tsakanin mutanensu," yana mai alƙawarin yin koyi da su a matakin Tarayya. Ya bayyana matsayin Gwamnatinsa kamar haka: '''A wata ma'anar, ba tare da lalata al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, muna son taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasarmu su zama muhimmin ɓangare na sauran mutanen Australiya, kuma muna son 'yan asalin ƙasar su sami murya a cikin saurin da wannan tsari ke faruwa. Za mu auna shawarwarin manufofi bisa ga wannan manufar, kuma za mu so mu guji matakan da za su iya bambanta 'yan asalin ƙasar da sauran 'yan Australiya har abada ta hanyar samun ci gaban su bisa ƙa'idodi daban-daban ko daban-daban [...] Duk da haka, mun fahimci cewa... 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawa suna fuskantar nakasa ta musamman waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban su. Saboda haka, a shirye muke mu goyi bayan ƙarin aiki da aka tsara don taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su shawo kan waɗannan nakasa a matakin canji.''' — Firayim Minista John Gorton, 12 ga Yuli 1968 Manufofin gwamnati na 'haɗa kai' sun faɗi ƙasa a Ostiraliya tun daga shekarun 1970, inda masu fafutuka kamar Sanata Neville Bonner na farko ɗan asalin Aboriginal na Ostiraliya suka goyi bayan manufofin 'haɗa kai' da 'ƙaddamar da kai', sannan kuma gwamnatocin Whitlam Labour da Fraser Liberal suka haɓaka dokokin haƙƙin mallakar filaye. === [[Brazil]] === A watan Janairun 2019, sabon shugaban Brazil da aka zaɓa Jair Bolsonaro ya kwace wa Hukumar Kula da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin ƙasar FUNAI nauyin gano da kuma raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. Ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan yankuna suna da ƙananan al'ummomi da aka keɓe kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa su cikin babban al'ummar Brazil. A cewar Survival International, "Ɗaukar alhakin raba filayen 'Yan Asalin ƙasar daga FUNAI, ma'aikatar harkokin Indiya, da kuma ba da su ga Ma'aikatar Noma kusan shela ce ta yaƙi a fili da al'ummomin ƙabilun Brazil." === Kanada 1800s–1996: Hadakar da aka tilasta === A ƙarni na 19 da 20, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1996, lokacin da aka rufe makarantar zama ta Indiya ta ƙarshe a Kanada, gwamnatin Kanada, tare da taimakon Cocin Kirista, ta fara wani kamfen na haɗa kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Kanada da ƙarfi. Gwamnati ta haɗa iko kan filayen 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi da amfani da ƙarfi, daga ƙarshe ta ware yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa wuraren ajiyar yara. An haramta ayyukan aure da bukukuwan ruhaniya, kuma an daure shugabannin ruhaniya. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa wani babban tsarin makarantun zama don haɗa kan yara. An raba yaran 'yan asalin ƙasar da iyalansu kuma ba a ba su izinin bayyana al'adunsu a waɗannan sabbin makarantu ba. Ba a ba su izinin yin yaren su ko yin al'adunsu ba tare da an hukunta su ba. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali da cin zarafin mata da cocin Kirista ke yi. Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kanada ta kammala da cewa wannan ƙoƙarin ya zama kisan kare dangi na al'adu. Makarantun sun yi aiki tuƙuru don nisantar da yara daga tushen al'adunsu. An hana ɗalibai yin yaren asalinsu, ana cin zarafin su akai-akai, kuma gwamnati ta shirya musu aure bayan kammala karatunsu. Manufar gwamnatin Kanada, ta hanyar majami'un Katolika da Anglican, ita ce ta haɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar gaba ɗaya cikin al'ummar Kanada da kuma lalata duk wani abu da ya shafi tarihin ƙasarsu. === Croatia da Transylvania === A lokacin haɗin kai na Croatia da Hungary, an matsa wa 'yan Croatian su bar al'adun gargajiyarsu don su rungumi abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary, kamar Katolika da haruffan Latin. Saboda haka, an ɗauki abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun Hungary a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Croatia, kuma har yanzu ana iya ganin su a cikin al'adun Croatia na zamani. A ko'ina cikin Masarautar Hungary, an tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa da yawa, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, su koma Katolika. Manufar tilasta musu komawa addinin Katolika ta fi tsauri a Croatia da Transylvania, inda za a iya tura fararen hula zuwa kurkuku saboda ƙin musulunta. Masanin ilimin al'adun gargajiya na Romania Ioan Lupaș ya yi iƙirarin cewa tsakanin 1002, lokacin da Transylvania ta zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Hungary, zuwa 1300, an daure kimanin 'yan Hungary 200,000 da ke zaune a Transylvania saboda ƙin musuluntar Katolika, kuma kimanin 50,000 daga cikinsu sun mutu a kurkuku.<ref> "Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2018.</ref> === Meziko da Peru === Babban abin da ya ba da gudummawa ga haɗakar al'adu a Kudancin Amurka ya fara ne a lokacin bincike da mulkin mallaka wanda Bartolomé de Las Casas ke ɗauka a matsayin farawa a shekarar 1492 lokacin da Turawa suka fara binciken Tekun Atlantika don neman "'Yan Asalin", wanda ya kai ga gano Amurka. Turai ta ci gaba da mamaye al'ummar 'Yan Asalin Amurka yayin da albarkatu kamar aiki, albarkatun ƙasa, kamar katako, jan ƙarfe, zinariya, azurfa, da kayayyakin noma suka mamaye Turai, duk da haka waɗannan ribar sun kasance gefe ɗaya, saboda ƙungiyoyin 'Yan Asalin ba su amfana da yarjejeniyoyi na kasuwanci da ikon mulkin mallaka ba. Baya ga wannan, manyan biranen mulkin mallaka kamar Portugal da Spain sun buƙaci yankunan mulkin mallaka a Kudancin Amurka<ref>Wang, Yikang; Li, Ting; Noltemeyer, Amity; Wang, Aimin; Zhang, Jinghua; Shaw, Kevin (2017-11-30). "Cross-Cultural Adaptation of International College Students in the United States". Journal of International Students. 8 (2): 821–842. doi:10.32674/jis.v8i2.116. ISSN 2162-3104.</ref> su rungumi al'adun Turai - kamar bin Cocin Katolika na Roman Mai Tsarki, karɓar Sifaniyanci ko Fotigal akan harsunan 'Yan Asalin da kuma karɓar gwamnati irin ta Turai. Ta hanyar manufofin haɗakar al'umma mai ƙarfi, ikon mulkin mallaka kamar Spain ya yi amfani da hanyoyin tashin hankali don tabbatar da rinjayen al'adu akan al'ummomin 'Yan Asalin. Misali ɗaya ya faru a shekarar 1519 lokacin da mai binciken Sifaniya Hernán Cortés ya isa Tenochtitlán - babban birnin Daular Aztec a Mexico. Bayan gano cewa Aztecs suna yin sadaukarwa ga ɗan adam, Cortés ya kashe manyan Aztecs kuma ya riƙe Moctezuma II, sarkin Aztec, a matsayin fursuna. Ba da daɗewa ba, Cortés ya fara ƙirƙirar kawance don sake dawo da mulki a Tenochtitlán kuma ya sake masa suna Birnin Mexico. Ba tare da kwace iko ta hanyar kisan kai da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ba, 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain (ƙaramin adadi) ba za su iya mamaye Mexico ba kuma su mayar da mutane da yawa zuwa Katolika da bauta. Yayin da 'yan Spain suka rinjayi haɗakar harshe da al'adu na addini tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar a Kudancin Amurka a lokacin mulkin mallaka, har yanzu ana amfani da harsunan 'yan asalin ƙasar da yawa kamar harshen Incan Quechua a wurare kamar Peru har zuwa yau ta akalla mutane miliyan 4.<ref>New Zealand. Department of Statistics (1962). Population Census, 1961. Vol. 10. p. 23. Retrieved 16 July 2020. Full-blood Maoris totalled 103,987 [...], or 62 2 per cent of the Maori population as it is defined for the purposes of the census.</ref> === New Zealand === A lokacin mulkin mallaka na New Zealand daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 zuwa gaba, haɗakar al'ummar Maori ta asali da al'adun baƙi da baƙi na Turai da suka shigo da su da farko ya faru ne kwatsam. Haɗakar kwayoyin halitta ta fara da wuri kuma ta ci gaba - ƙidayar jama'a ta New Zealand ta 1961 ta rarraba kashi 62.2% na Māori a matsayin "masu cikakken jinin Maori". (Kwatanta Pākehā Māori.) Haɗakar harsuna ta faru da wuri da kuma ci gaba: Al'ummar mazauna Turai sun karɓi kalmomin Māori kuma sun daidaita su, yayin da harsunan Turai suka shafi ƙamus na Māori (kuma wataƙila ilimin sautuka). A ƙarni na 19, gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka na ƙarni na 19 sun ƙarfafa manufofin haɗakar mutane; a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, manufofi sun fi son ci gaban al'adu biyu. Māori ta ɗauki wasu fannoni na al'adun kayan Turai (ƙarfe, muskets, dankali) cikin sauri. Ra'ayoyin da aka shigo da su - kamar rubutu, Kiristanci, masarauta, rarrabuwar kawuna, suturar yau da kullun ta Turai, ko rashin amincewa da bauta - sun bazu a hankali. Ci gaban da aka samu daga baya (gurguzanci, ka'idar kin amincewa da mulkin mallaka, ra'ayoyin Sabon Zamani) sun tabbatar da cewa sun fi yin amfani da su a duniya. Wani ra'ayi na dogon lokaci yana gabatar da gurguzu na Māori a matsayin wanda ba shi da alaƙa da tsarin ɗabi'ar Turai.<ref> "Assimilation facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Assimilation". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2016-11-11.</ref> === Amurka === Amurka ta yi ƙoƙari da dama don haɗa 'Yan Asalin Amurka cikin al'adun Turai da Amurka tsakanin shekarun 1790 da 1960. George Washington da Henry Knox su ne suka fara gabatar da, a cikin mahallin Amurka, haɗa al'adun 'Yan Asalin Amurka. Sun tsara wata manufa don ƙarfafa abin da ake kira "tsarin wayewa". Tare da ƙaruwar kwararar baƙi daga Turai, akwai ƙaruwar goyon bayan jama'a ga ilimi don ƙarfafa tsarin ƙa'idodi da ayyukan al'adu na yau da kullun waɗanda yawancin 'yan ƙasa za su riƙe su iri ɗaya. Ana ɗaukar ilimi a matsayin babbar hanyar da ake bi wajen haɗa 'yan tsiraru.<ref> Anderson, Shannon Latkin (2016). Immigration, Assimilation, and the Cultural Construction of American National Identity. New York: Routledge. p. 135. ISBN 9781138100411.</ref> == Duba kuma == *HaɗakaSauya Lambobi *Daidaita *Gyaran al'adu *Haɗakar al'adu *Haɗakar al'adu *Haɗakar al'adu *Kisan kare dangi na al'adu *Baƙin al'adu *Rashin mulkin mallaka na al'adu *Rashin rarrabuwar al'adu *Rashin rarrabuwar al'adu *Siyasar Diaspora *Rahoton Durham *Gina al'umma *Ƙungiyar sha'awar ƙabila *Dangantakar ƙabila *Ƙabi'a *Haɗakar da aka tilastaJuyawa tilas *Duniya *Ƙarfin iko *Tsarin baƙi da mai masaukin baki *Shiga da ƙaura da laifuka *BaƙiSadar da al'adu *Ƙwarewar al'adu *Mutuwar harshe *Canjin harshe *Leitkultur *Mankurt *Tushe Mai Narkewa *Ƙasa *Ƙungiyar al'umma mai kama da juna *Kishin ƙasa *Daidaita siyasa *Haɗakar launin fata *Rarraba launin fata *Murmurewa (siyasa) *Haɗakar addini *Siyasar girmamawa *Haɗakar zamantakewa *Ilimin zamantakewa na launin fata da ƙabila dangantaka *Sovietization ==== Takamaiman al'adu:==== *Anglicilation *Larabci *Kiristanci *Croatisation *Francization *Jarmanciization *Hellenization *Hispanicsization *Indiyanciation *Musulunci *Italiyanci *Japanization *Javaniization *Lithuanization *Magyarization *Malayization *Norwegianization *Pashtunization *Persianization *Polonization *Russification *Romanianization *Romanization *Sanskritisation *Serbianisation *Sinicization *Slavicization *Slovakisation *Swedification *Ukrainization *Thaification *Turkification *Vietnamization (al'adu) *Gerim *"Ya fi Irish fiye da Irish kansu" *Zaratan da aka sace (na 'yan asalin Australiya) == Littattafan tarihi == *Alba, Richard D.; Nee, Victor (2003). Remaking the American Mainstream. Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01813-6. *Armitage, Andrew (1995). Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0459-2. *Crispino, James A. (1980). The Assimilation of Ethnic Groups: The Italian Case. Center for Migration Studies. ISBN 978-0-913256-39-8. *Drachsler, Julius (1920). Democracy and Assimilation: The Blending of Immigrant Heritages in America. Macmillan. *Gordon, Milton M. Daedalus Yetman (ed.). "Assimilation in America: Theory and Reality". Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 90 (2). Boston, Mass.: 245–258 *Gordon, Milton M. (1964). Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press. *Grauman, Robert A. (1951). Methods of studying the cultural assimilation of immigrants. University of London. *Kazal, R. A. (April 1995). "Revisiting Assimilation". American Historical Society. 100. *Murguía, Edward (1975). Assimilation, Colonialism, and the Mexican American People. University of Texas at Austin: Center for Mexican American Studies. ISBN 978-0-292-77520-6. *Zhou, Min (Winter 1997). "Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research on the New Second Generation". International Migration Review. 31 (4, Special Issue: Immigrant Adaptation and Native–Born Responses in the Making of Americans): 975–1008. doi:10.1177/019791839703100408. PMID 12293212. S2CID 20588618. *Zhou, Min; Carl L. Bankston (1998). Growing Up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States. Vol. III. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87154-995-2. External links == Manazarta == 407h6j1hbob2sz2hsshjnayc68wkfri 0 159871 868791 2026-06-26T16:44:18Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327493551|USS Bristol County]]" 868791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''USS ''Bristol County'' (LST-1198)''' ita ce ta ƙarshe a cikin aji ashirin NewportNewport -class Jiragen ruwan saukar tanki na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka (USN) waɗanda suka maye gurbin jiragen ruwan saukar tanki na gargajiya na ƙirar ƙofar baka (LSTs). Kamfanin National Steel and Shipbuilding Company na [[San Diego]], [[California]] ne ya gina LST. An ƙaddamar da ''Gundumar Bristol'' a shekarar 1971 kuma aka ba da izinin shiga USN a shekarar 1972. An tura ''Gundumar Bristol'' zuwa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka Pacific kuma ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 1994 lokacin da aka dakatar da aikinta . An sayar wa Morocco a wannan shekarar, aka sake tura jirgin zuwa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Morocco a matsayin '''''Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah''''' . == Zane da bayanin == ''Gundumar Bristol'' ta kasance ajin Newport Jirgin saukar tankuna wanda aka tsara don cimma burin da sojojin ruwa na Amurka suka gabatar don samun jirgin saukar tanki (LST) mai iya kaiwa sama da {{Convert|20|kn}} . Duk da haka, tsarin ƙofar baka na gargajiya don LSTs ba zai iya ba. Saboda haka, masu ƙira na ajin ''Newport'' sun fito da ƙirar jirgin ruwa na gargajiya mai {{Convert|112|ft|m}} rafin aluminum da aka rataye a kan baka wanda aka tallafa masa da hannayen derrick guda biyu. {{Convert|34|LT|t}} ramp ɗin yana da ikon ɗaukar kaya har zuwa {{Convert|75|LT|t}} . Wannan ya sa ajin ''Newport'' ya zama na farko da ya rabu da tsarin LST na yau da kullun wanda aka ƙera a farkon [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . {{Sfn|Blackman|1972}} {{Sfn|Gardiner|Chumbley|Budzbon|1995}} {{Sfn|Couhat|1986}} Jirgin ruwan LST ya yi tafiyar {{Convert|4793|LT|t}} lokacin da haske da {{Convert|8342|LT|t}} a cike yake. ''Gundumar Bristol'' ta kasance {{Convert|522|ft|4|in|m|1}} tsayi gabaɗaya kuma {{Convert|562|ft|m|1}} a kan hannayen derrick waɗanda suka fito bayan baka. {{Sfn|Gardiner|Chumbley|Budzbon|1995}} {{Sfn|Couhat|1986}} Jirgin ruwan yana da katako na {{Convert|69|ft|6|in|m|1}}, daftarin gaba na {{Convert|11|ft|5|in|m|1}} da kuma {{Convert|17|ft|5|in|m|1}} a bayan bayan gida a lokacin da aka cika nauyin. {{Sfn|Moore|1975}} An sanya wa ''gundumar Bristol'' injinan dizal guda shida kirar Alco 16-645-ES masu juyawa biyu, uku a kowace shaft. An ƙididdige tsarin a {{Convert|16500|bhp}} kuma ya ba jirgin matsakaicin gudu na {{Convert|22|kn}} na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma zai iya ɗaukar {{Convert|20|kn}}Jirgin ruwan LST ya ɗauki {{Convert|1750|LT|t}} na tsawon lokaci. na man dizal na tsawon {{Convert|2500|nmi}} na ruwa a gudun tafiya na {{Convert|14|kn}}Jirgin yana da injin tuƙa baka don ba da damar yin tafiya mai kyau kusa da hanyoyin shiga da kuma riƙe matsayi yayin da ake sauke motocin ruwa masu ruwa da ruwa. {{Sfn|Couhat|1986}} {{Sfn|Moore|1976}} Ajin ''Newport'' ya fi na LST na baya girma da sauri kuma yana iya jigilar tankuna, manyan motoci da ƙungiyoyin injiniyoyi da kayayyaki waɗanda suka yi yawa don jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu ko ƙananan jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu su ɗauka. {{Sfn|Moore|1974}} LSTs suna da wani gangara a gaba na babban ginin da ke haɗa benen tanki na ƙasa da babban bene da kuma wani babban hanya da zai ba da damar shiga wurin ajiye motoci a tsakiyar jiragen ruwa. Ana kuma sanye da ƙofa ta baya don ba da damar sauke motocin ruwa kai tsaye cikin ruwa ko kuma a sauke su a kan jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu (LCU) ko tashar jiragen ruwa. A kowane ƙarshen benen tankin akwai {{Convert|30|ft|m}} na'urar juyawa wadda ke ba motoci damar juyawa ba tare da sun juya ba. {{Sfn|Blackman|1972}} {{Sfn|Gardiner|Chumbley|Budzbon|1995}} Ajin ''Newport'' yana da ƙarfin {{Convert|500|LT|t}} na ababen hawa, {{Convert|19000|ft2}} na yankin kaya kuma yana iya ɗaukar sojoji har 431. {{Sfn|Blackman|1972}} {{Sfn|Moore|1978}} Jiragen ruwan kuma suna da jiragen ruwa na jigilar kaya na motoci huɗu da na ma'aikata (LCVPs) kuma suna iya ɗaukar sassan hanyar pontoon guda huɗu a gefen jirgin. {{Sfn|Gardiner|Chumbley|Budzbon|1995}} {{Sfn|Couhat|1986}} Da farko ''gundumar Bristol'' ta kasance tana dauke da makamai guda hudu kirar Mark 33 <nowiki><span about="#mwt69" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Convert&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Convert&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;in&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;mm&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwkQ" typeof="mw:Transclusion">3-inch (76</span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt69" data-ve-ignore="" typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt69" data-ve-ignore="">mm)</span></nowiki> / bindigogi masu girman 50 a cikin tagwayen hasumiya guda biyu. Jirgin ruwan yana da tsarin kashe gobara na Mk 63 guda biyu (GCFS) don bindigogi masu inci 3, amma an cire su a 1977-1978. {{Sfn|Couhat|1986}} Jirgin ruwan kuma yana da [[radar]] binciken saman SPS-10. {{Sfn|Sharpe|1990}} A saman ƙofar baya, jiragen ruwan sun hau kan bene na helikwafta . Suna da matsakaicin ƙarin 213 ciki har da jami'ai 11. {{Sfn|Moore|1974}} == Gine-gine da aiki == === Sabis na Amurka === An ba da umarnin LST a matsayin jirgin ƙarshe na rukuni na uku na ajin ''Newport'' a shekarar kuɗi ta 1967 kuma an ba da kwangila a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1966. {{Sfn|Moore|1974}} Kamfanin ƙarfe da ginin jiragen ruwa na ƙasa ne ya ajiye jirgin a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1971 a [[San Diego]], [[California]] . An ƙaddamar da ''gundumar Bristol'' a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1971 kuma aka fara aiki da shi a ranar 5 ga Agusta 1972. An ba da ''gundumar Bristol'' ga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Amphibious, Pacific Fleet, tare da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Long Beach, California. Jirgin ruwan saukar tanki ya canza tsakanin ayyukan horo a gabar tekun yamma na Amurka tare da tura shi zuwa yammacin Pacific, yana ci gaba da wannan zagayen har zuwa 1980. {{Sfn|DANFS}} == Manazarta == bcuxyr7fdfi7zu6dbl848lkq8s580b1 868792 868791 2026-06-26T16:44:51Z Engineer014 44591 868792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''USS ''Bristol County'' (LST-1198)''' ita ce ta ƙarshe a cikin aji ashirin NewportNewport -class Jiragen ruwan saukar tanki na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka (USN) waɗanda suka maye gurbin jiragen ruwan saukar tanki na gargajiya na ƙirar ƙofar baka (LSTs). Kamfanin National Steel and Shipbuilding Company na [[San Diego]], [[California]] ne ya gina LST. An ƙaddamar da ''Gundumar Bristol'' a shekarar 1971 kuma aka ba da izinin shiga USN a shekarar 1972. An tura ''Gundumar Bristol'' zuwa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka Pacific kuma ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 1994 lokacin da aka dakatar da aikinta . An sayar wa Morocco a wannan shekarar, aka sake tura jirgin zuwa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Morocco a matsayin '''''Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah''''' . == Zane da bayanin == ''Gundumar Bristol'' ta kasance ajin Newport Jirgin saukar tankuna wanda aka tsara don cimma burin da sojojin ruwa na Amurka suka gabatar don samun jirgin saukar tanki (LST) mai iya kaiwa sama da {{Convert|20|kn}} . Duk da haka, tsarin ƙofar baka na gargajiya don LSTs ba zai iya ba. Saboda haka, masu ƙira na ajin ''Newport'' sun fito da ƙirar jirgin ruwa na gargajiya mai {{Convert|112|ft|m}} rafin aluminum da aka rataye a kan baka wanda aka tallafa masa da hannayen derrick guda biyu. {{Convert|34|LT|t}} ramp ɗin yana da ikon ɗaukar kaya har zuwa {{Convert|75|LT|t}} . Wannan ya sa ajin ''Newport'' ya zama na farko da ya rabu da tsarin LST na yau da kullun wanda aka ƙera a farkon [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . {{Sfn|Blackman|1972}} {{Sfn|Gardiner|Chumbley|Budzbon|1995}} {{Sfn|Couhat|1986}} Jirgin ruwan LST ya yi tafiyar {{Convert|4793|LT|t}} lokacin da haske da {{Convert|8342|LT|t}} a cike yake. ''Gundumar Bristol'' ta kasance {{Convert|522|ft|4|in|m|1}} tsayi gabaɗaya kuma {{Convert|562|ft|m|1}} a kan hannayen derrick waɗanda suka fito bayan baka. {{Sfn|Gardiner|Chumbley|Budzbon|1995}} {{Sfn|Couhat|1986}} Jirgin ruwan yana da katako na {{Convert|69|ft|6|in|m|1}}, daftarin gaba na {{Convert|11|ft|5|in|m|1}} da kuma {{Convert|17|ft|5|in|m|1}} a bayan bayan gida a lokacin da aka cika nauyin. {{Sfn|Moore|1975}} An sanya wa ''gundumar Bristol'' injinan dizal guda shida kirar Alco 16-645-ES masu juyawa biyu, uku a kowace shaft. An ƙididdige tsarin a {{Convert|16500|bhp}} kuma ya ba jirgin matsakaicin gudu na {{Convert|22|kn}} na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma zai iya ɗaukar {{Convert|20|kn}}Jirgin ruwan LST ya ɗauki {{Convert|1750|LT|t}} na tsawon lokaci. na man dizal na tsawon {{Convert|2500|nmi}} na ruwa a gudun tafiya na {{Convert|14|kn}}Jirgin yana da injin tuƙa baka don ba da damar yin tafiya mai kyau kusa da hanyoyin shiga da kuma riƙe matsayi yayin da ake sauke motocin ruwa masu ruwa da ruwa. {{Sfn|Couhat|1986}} {{Sfn|Moore|1976}} Ajin ''Newport'' ya fi na LST na baya girma da sauri kuma yana iya jigilar tankuna, manyan motoci da ƙungiyoyin injiniyoyi da kayayyaki waɗanda suka yi yawa don jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu ko ƙananan jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu su ɗauka. {{Sfn|Moore|1974}} LSTs suna da wani gangara a gaba na babban ginin da ke haɗa benen tanki na ƙasa da babban bene da kuma wani babban hanya da zai ba da damar shiga wurin ajiye motoci a tsakiyar jiragen ruwa. Ana kuma sanye da ƙofa ta baya don ba da damar sauke motocin ruwa kai tsaye cikin ruwa ko kuma a sauke su a kan jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu (LCU) ko tashar jiragen ruwa. A kowane ƙarshen benen tankin akwai {{Convert|30|ft|m}} na'urar juyawa wadda ke ba motoci damar juyawa ba tare da sun juya ba. {{Sfn|Blackman|1972}} {{Sfn|Gardiner|Chumbley|Budzbon|1995}} Ajin ''Newport'' yana da ƙarfin {{Convert|500|LT|t}} na ababen hawa, {{Convert|19000|ft2}} na yankin kaya kuma yana iya ɗaukar sojoji har 431. {{Sfn|Blackman|1972}} {{Sfn|Moore|1978}} Jiragen ruwan kuma suna da jiragen ruwa na jigilar kaya na motoci huɗu da na ma'aikata (LCVPs) kuma suna iya ɗaukar sassan hanyar pontoon guda huɗu a gefen jirgin. {{Sfn|Gardiner|Chumbley|Budzbon|1995}} {{Sfn|Couhat|1986}} Da farko ''gundumar Bristol'' ta kasance tana dauke da makamai guda hudu kirar Mark 33 <nowiki><span about="#mwt69" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Convert&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Convert&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;in&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;mm&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwkQ" typeof="mw:Transclusion">3-inch (76</span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt69" data-ve-ignore="" typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt69" data-ve-ignore="">mm)</span></nowiki> / bindigogi masu girman 50 a cikin tagwayen hasumiya guda biyu. Jirgin ruwan yana da tsarin kashe gobara na Mk 63 guda biyu (GCFS) don bindigogi masu inci 3, amma an cire su a 1977-1978. {{Sfn|Couhat|1986}} Jirgin ruwan kuma yana da [[radar]] binciken saman SPS-10. {{Sfn|Sharpe|1990}} A saman ƙofar baya, jiragen ruwan sun hau kan bene na helikwafta . Suna da matsakaicin ƙarin 213 ciki har da jami'ai 11. {{Sfn|Moore|1974}} == Gine-gine da aiki == === Sabis na Amurka === An ba da umarnin LST a matsayin jirgin ƙarshe na rukuni na uku na ajin ''Newport'' a shekarar kuɗi ta 1967 kuma an ba da kwangila a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1966. {{Sfn|Moore|1974}} Kamfanin ƙarfe da ginin jiragen ruwa na ƙasa ne ya ajiye jirgin a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1971 a [[San Diego]], [[California]] . An ƙaddamar da ''gundumar Bristol'' a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1971 kuma aka fara aiki da shi a ranar 5 ga Agusta 1972. An ba da ''gundumar Bristol'' ga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Amphibious, Pacific Fleet, tare da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Long Beach, California. Jirgin ruwan saukar tanki ya canza tsakanin ayyukan horo a gabar tekun yamma na Amurka tare da tura shi zuwa yammacin Pacific, yana ci gaba da wannan zagayen har zuwa 1980. {{Sfn|DANFS}} == Manazarta == 3v0rjfl6kgvh2r009u09q2ck7zfor65 0 159872 868795 2026-06-26T16:45:53Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360157591|Chorkor]]" 868795 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chorkor''' ƙauye ne kuma unguwa ce ta masunta a [[Accra Metropolitan District|gundumar Accra Metropolis]], [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumar]] da ke [[yankin Greater Accra]] na [[Ghana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accra Metropolis District |url=http://ama.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=atd&_=3&sa=3139 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811100854/http://ama.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=atd&_=3&sa=3139 |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2012-07-22}}</ref> Murhun Chorkor ya samo sunansa daga nan. Chorkor al'umma ce mai yawan jama'a. Ga-Dangme ita ce babbar ƙabila a Chorkor, sai kuma [[Mutanen Akan|Akan]] . Chorkor tana da wutar lantarki, bututun ruwa, makarantu, da asibitoci. Chorkor sananne ne da kasancewa wurin haihuwar rawa ta '''[[Azonto]]''' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's Azonto Dance hits global entertainment stage |url=http://entertainment.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201201/79084.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510114143/http://entertainment.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201201/79084.php |archive-date=10 May 2013 |access-date=17 June 2013 |publisher=myjoyonline.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == clmizo4qt4c5rdaphx2gn4jilbg1vo3 868796 868795 2026-06-26T16:46:26Z Engineer014 44591 868796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorkor''' ƙauye ne kuma unguwa ce ta masunta a [[Accra Metropolitan District|gundumar Accra Metropolis]], [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumar]] da ke [[yankin Greater Accra]] na [[Ghana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accra Metropolis District |url=http://ama.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=atd&_=3&sa=3139 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811100854/http://ama.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=atd&_=3&sa=3139 |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2012-07-22}}</ref> Murhun Chorkor ya samo sunansa daga nan. Chorkor al'umma ce mai yawan jama'a. Ga-Dangme ita ce babbar ƙabila a Chorkor, sai kuma [[Mutanen Akan|Akan]] . Chorkor tana da wutar lantarki, bututun ruwa, makarantu, da asibitoci. Chorkor sananne ne da kasancewa wurin haihuwar rawa ta '''[[Azonto]]''' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's Azonto Dance hits global entertainment stage |url=http://entertainment.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201201/79084.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510114143/http://entertainment.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201201/79084.php |archive-date=10 May 2013 |access-date=17 June 2013 |publisher=myjoyonline.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == kp9xif0jyiwq3gppamn0funewvzfuy4 0 159873 868800 2026-06-26T16:54:00Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358163056|Nador]]" 868800 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nador''' {{Efn|{{langx|zgh|ⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ}}<br>{{langx|ar|الناظور}}}} birni ne na bakin teku kuma babban birnin lardi a yankin arewa maso gabashin Rif na [[Moroko|Maroko]], wanda ke da yawan jama'a kusan 158,202 (ƙidayar jama'a ta 2024). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco: Regions, Major Cities & Urban Places - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/morocco/cities/}}</ref> Ita ce babban birnin Lardin Nador mai suna mai yawan jama'a sama da 600,000. Ana ɗaukar Nador a matsayin birni na biyu mafi girma a Yankin Gabas bayan Oujda kuma birni mafi girma a Riffian na Maroko. == Bayani == Tattalin arzikin lardin Nador da Nador ya haɗa da kamun kifi, [[noma]], wasu masana'antu masu sauƙi da nauyi. Kowace bazara, daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, dubban mutane daga yankin Nador da ke zaune a [[Turai]] suna komawa birnin. Adadin waɗannan baƙi na shekara-shekara na iya wuce 25,000. Galibi suna zama tare da dangi ko a cikin gidaje masu haya ko mallakarsu, maimakon zama a otal-otal na Nador. Birnin Nador yana da nisan kilomita 10 (6.2) daga [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] ta wani tafkin gishiri mai suna ''Ayrar Ameẓẓyan'' a Berber ( ''Mar Chica'' a Sifaniyanci) kuma yana da {{Convert|10|km|mi}} kudu da yankin Melilla na ƙasar Sipaniya. Wurin da birnin yake a [[Bahar Rum|gabar tekun Bahar Rum]] da kuma kusancin garin Melilla [[Ispaniya|na Spain]] yana nufin akwai ciniki mai mahimmanci a ƙasashen duniya, musamman a bayyane yake a cikin yawan sayar da kayan abinci da kayan gida na ƙasar Spain a Nador. == Tarihi == An san yankin da ke kewaye da Nador aƙalla tun ƙarni na 11 da sunan <nowiki>''Bilād al‑Qulūʿ''</nowiki> ( [[Larabci]] don "Ƙasar Gidajen "). Daga wannan sunan, an samo asalin ƙabilar 'yan Riffians na gida: <nowiki>''</nowiki>Iqelʿiyen<nowiki>''</nowiki> ("Mutanen Gidajen"). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elmedlaoui |first=Mohamed |year=2022 |title=Moroccan toponymy and onomastics in the light of the Berber and Arabic sociolinguistic interaction |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-etudes-et-documents-berberes-2022-1-page-77?lang=en |journal=Études et Documents Berbères |volume=47 |pages=77–105 |doi=10.3917/edb.047.0077}}</ref> An kafa birnin Nador a ƙarni na 19 ta ƙabilun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] na gida kuma yana ƙarƙashin mamayar Sipaniya daga 1912 har zuwa lokacin da [[Juyin Juya Halin Sarki da Jama'a|Morocco ta sami 'yancin kai]] a 1956. <ref name="marokko-info.nl">{{Cite web |title=Nador, City in Morocco - Information and What to do |url=https://www.marokko-info.nl/nador-city-morocco/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914133636/https://www.marokko-info.nl/nador-city-morocco/ |archive-date=2017-09-14 |access-date=2021-08-30}}</ref> Sunan birnin ya samo asali ne daga ƙabilar Has Nador ta Berber, wacce ƙaramin ƙauye ce kusa da tafkin Nador. == Alƙaluma == Kwanan nan ta zama birni mai saurin girma, duk da fuskantar raguwar yawan jama'a bayan ficewar Mutanen Espanya, lokacin da yawan jama'a ya ragu daga 23,000 a farkon shekarun 1950 zuwa ƙasa da 5,000 a 1960. Yawan jama'ar Nador ya karu da kashi 566% tsakanin 1960 da 1971, daga mutane 4,806 a 1960 da kuma 32,000 a 1971. Yawan jama'arta ya sake ƙaruwa da sama da kashi 500%, zuwa jimlar yawan jama'a 200,000 a 2015. Shekaru takwas kacal da suka gabata, a 2007, birnin yana da yawan jama'a 120,000. Al'adar [[Abzinawa|Amazigh]] ta mamaye kuma Nador ita ce birni mafi girma da ake magana da Tarift a duniya. Yawan jama'a a birnin Nador ya ninka na babban lardin Nador sau da yawa. == Manazarta == 0j2f5t6yay4mgvkoyw5b6zi3ff5kn6d 868801 868800 2026-06-26T16:54:27Z Engineer014 44591 868801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nador''' {{Efn|{{langx|zgh|ⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ}}<br>{{langx|ar|الناظور}}}} birni ne na bakin teku kuma babban birnin lardi a yankin arewa maso gabashin Rif na [[Moroko|Maroko]], wanda ke da yawan jama'a kusan 158,202 (ƙidayar jama'a ta 2024). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco: Regions, Major Cities & Urban Places - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/morocco/cities/}}</ref> Ita ce babban birnin Lardin Nador mai suna mai yawan jama'a sama da 600,000. Ana ɗaukar Nador a matsayin birni na biyu mafi girma a Yankin Gabas bayan Oujda kuma birni mafi girma a Riffian na Maroko. == Bayani == Tattalin arzikin lardin Nador da Nador ya haɗa da kamun kifi, [[noma]], wasu masana'antu masu sauƙi da nauyi. Kowace bazara, daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, dubban mutane daga yankin Nador da ke zaune a [[Turai]] suna komawa birnin. Adadin waɗannan baƙi na shekara-shekara na iya wuce 25,000. Galibi suna zama tare da dangi ko a cikin gidaje masu haya ko mallakarsu, maimakon zama a otal-otal na Nador. Birnin Nador yana da nisan kilomita 10 (6.2) daga [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] ta wani tafkin gishiri mai suna ''Ayrar Ameẓẓyan'' a Berber ( ''Mar Chica'' a Sifaniyanci) kuma yana da {{Convert|10|km|mi}} kudu da yankin Melilla na ƙasar Sipaniya. Wurin da birnin yake a [[Bahar Rum|gabar tekun Bahar Rum]] da kuma kusancin garin Melilla [[Ispaniya|na Spain]] yana nufin akwai ciniki mai mahimmanci a ƙasashen duniya, musamman a bayyane yake a cikin yawan sayar da kayan abinci da kayan gida na ƙasar Spain a Nador. == Tarihi == An san yankin da ke kewaye da Nador aƙalla tun ƙarni na 11 da sunan <nowiki>''Bilād al‑Qulūʿ''</nowiki> ( [[Larabci]] don "Ƙasar Gidajen "). Daga wannan sunan, an samo asalin ƙabilar 'yan Riffians na gida: <nowiki>''</nowiki>Iqelʿiyen<nowiki>''</nowiki> ("Mutanen Gidajen"). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elmedlaoui |first=Mohamed |year=2022 |title=Moroccan toponymy and onomastics in the light of the Berber and Arabic sociolinguistic interaction |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-etudes-et-documents-berberes-2022-1-page-77?lang=en |journal=Études et Documents Berbères |volume=47 |pages=77–105 |doi=10.3917/edb.047.0077}}</ref> An kafa birnin Nador a ƙarni na 19 ta ƙabilun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] na gida kuma yana ƙarƙashin mamayar Sipaniya daga 1912 har zuwa lokacin da [[Juyin Juya Halin Sarki da Jama'a|Morocco ta sami 'yancin kai]] a 1956. <ref name="marokko-info.nl">{{Cite web |title=Nador, City in Morocco - Information and What to do |url=https://www.marokko-info.nl/nador-city-morocco/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914133636/https://www.marokko-info.nl/nador-city-morocco/ |archive-date=2017-09-14 |access-date=2021-08-30}}</ref> Sunan birnin ya samo asali ne daga ƙabilar Has Nador ta Berber, wacce ƙaramin ƙauye ce kusa da tafkin Nador. == Alƙaluma == Kwanan nan ta zama birni mai saurin girma, duk da fuskantar raguwar yawan jama'a bayan ficewar Mutanen Espanya, lokacin da yawan jama'a ya ragu daga 23,000 a farkon shekarun 1950 zuwa ƙasa da 5,000 a 1960. Yawan jama'ar Nador ya karu da kashi 566% tsakanin 1960 da 1971, daga mutane 4,806 a 1960 da kuma 32,000 a 1971. Yawan jama'arta ya sake ƙaruwa da sama da kashi 500%, zuwa jimlar yawan jama'a 200,000 a 2015. Shekaru takwas kacal da suka gabata, a 2007, birnin yana da yawan jama'a 120,000. Al'adar [[Abzinawa|Amazigh]] ta mamaye kuma Nador ita ce birni mafi girma da ake magana da Tarift a duniya. Yawan jama'a a birnin Nador ya ninka na babban lardin Nador sau da yawa. == Manazarta == hbgdcvqs6gkjtkpy7sky6gdmmi2p9mr 0 159874 868803 2026-06-26T16:55:30Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350429524|River Cess]]" 868803 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Cess''' shine babban birnin Rivercess County, [[Laberiya|Liberia]] . Tun daga ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 2008, yawan jama'a ya kai 2,578. <ref name="census2008">{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=2008 National Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Results |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/census_2008provisionalresults.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213110308/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/census_2008provisionalresults.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-13 |access-date=2012-03-30 |publisher=Government of the Republic of Liberia}}</ref> Ya sami asalin sunansa Cestos daga 'yan kasuwar [[Portugal]] a farkon ƙarni na 16 daga kwandunan da aka samar kuma aka sayar a garin. '''Cestos''' a cikin harshen Portugal da Sifaniyanci yana nufin kwando. == Manazarta == hxqtuxb96nfd8k8rl88u7linc8ftle4 868804 868803 2026-06-26T16:56:10Z Engineer014 44591 868804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Cess''' shine babban birnin Rivercess County, [[Laberiya|Liberia]] . Tun daga ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta 2008, yawan jama'a ya kai 2,578. <ref name="census2008">{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=2008 National Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Results |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/census_2008provisionalresults.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213110308/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/census_2008provisionalresults.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-13 |access-date=2012-03-30 |publisher=Government of the Republic of Liberia}}</ref> Ya sami asalin sunansa Cestos daga 'yan kasuwar [[Portugal]] a farkon ƙarni na 16 daga kwandunan da aka samar kuma aka sayar a garin. '''Cestos''' a cikin harshen Portugal da Sifaniyanci yana nufin kwando. == Manazarta == mf9t3n08w8hxow1bl9uavs38aodh64x 0 159875 868805 2026-06-26T16:58:58Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346351784|Sousse]]" 868805 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sousse''', '''Susah''', or '''Soussa''' ( Arabic , ), birni ne a [[Tunisiya]], babban birnin Jihar Sousse . Yana da {{Convert|140|km|0}} kudu da babban birnin [[Tunis]], birnin yana da mazauna 271,428 <small>(2014)</small> . Sousse yana tsakiyar gabashin ƙasar, a kan Tekun Hammamet, wanda wani ɓangare ne na [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . Tattalin arzikinta ya dogara ne akan kayan aikin sufuri, abinci da aka sarrafa, [[man zaitun]], yadi, da yawon buɗe ido. Yana gida ne ga [[Jami'ar Sousse]] . == Sunan mai suna Toponym == ''Sousse'' da ''Soussa'' duka haruffan Faransanci ne na sunan [[Larabci]] ''Sūsa'' . Birnin na yanzu ya kuma girma har ya haɗa da tarkacen '''Hadrumetum''', wanda ke da sunaye da yawa a cikin harsuna da yawa a zamanin da . == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Circonscription_de_Sousse.png|left|thumb|207x207px|Gundumar Sousse]] Sousse tana gabashin [[Tunisiya]], a gabar tekun Sahel na Tunisiya da ke iyaka da [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . Birnin ya mamaye murabba'in kilomita 45.&nbsp;kilomita ² kuma yana da mita 25 sama da matakin teku. Sousse tana tsakanin rafuka biyu: Wadi Bliban (da kuma mahadarta Wadi al-Kharrub) a arewa da arewa maso yamma da kuma Wadi al-Halluf a kudu maso gabas. <ref name="Jedidi 1997">{{Cite book|edition=E.|url-access=Lecomte}}</ref> Ƙasashen ƙasa galibi suna da laka mai zurfi tare da wasu ma'adanai masu zurfi, waɗanda suka fi kusa da bakin teku. <ref name="Jedidi 1997" /> Sanyi gabaɗaya yana da laushi, akwai matsakaicin kwanaki 69 na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, kuma akwai hasken rana mai yawa a duk shekara tare da ƙarancin kwanaki masu gajimare. <ref name="Jedidi 1997" /> === Gwamnati === Municipality na Sousse babban birnin wata jiha ce da ta mamaye fiye da shekaru 2669.&nbsp;km ^2. <ref name=": 0">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Tunisie • Fiche pays • PopulationData.net |url=https://www.populationdata.net/pays/tunisie/}}</ref> An raba ta zuwa gundumomi huɗu na birni: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arrondissements |url=http://www.commune-sousse.gov.tn/fr/arrondissement.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514144902/http://www.commune-sousse.gov.tn/fr/arrondissement.php |archive-date=2010-05-14 |website=www.commune-sousse.gov.tn}}</ref> ''Sousse Nord'', ''Sousse Sud'', ''Sousse Médina'' da ''Sousse Riadh'' . An ƙirƙiri biyu na farko a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1976, kuma biyu na ƙarshe a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1982. Manyan mazabunta da Wakilai sun kai huɗu: Sousse Sidi Abdelhamid, Sousse Médina, Sousse Jawhara da Sousse Riadh. Lambar yanki ita ce 31. == Yanayi == [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen-Geiger]] ya rarraba yanayin Sousse a matsayin zafi mai rabin-haske ( ''BSh'' ) <ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{Cite web |title=Climate: Sousse – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/3548/ |access-date=30 October 2013 |publisher=Climate-Data.org}}</ref> wanda ke da iyaka da Bahar Rum mai zafi ( ''Csa'' ) da sanyi mai rabin-haske ( ''BSk'' ). Mafi girman zafin da aka rubuta shine {{Convert|48|C}} a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007, yayin da mafi ƙarancin zafin da aka rubuta shine {{Convert|4.5|C}} a ranar 27 ga Disamba 1993. <ref name="Voodoo Skies">{{Cite web |title=Sousse, Tunisia |url=http://voodooskies.com/weather/tunisia/sousse |access-date=30 October 2013 |publisher=Voodoo Skies}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Tunisiya]] 5iioop6akwxb3nzqbpqv1z432nhzkto 868806 868805 2026-06-26T16:59:30Z Engineer014 44591 868806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sousse''', '''Susah''', or '''Soussa''' ( Arabic , ), birni ne a [[Tunisiya]], babban birnin Jihar Sousse . Yana da {{Convert|140|km|0}} kudu da babban birnin [[Tunis]], birnin yana da mazauna 271,428 <small>(2014)</small> . Sousse yana tsakiyar gabashin ƙasar, a kan Tekun Hammamet, wanda wani ɓangare ne na [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . Tattalin arzikinta ya dogara ne akan kayan aikin sufuri, abinci da aka sarrafa, [[man zaitun]], yadi, da yawon buɗe ido. Yana gida ne ga [[Jami'ar Sousse]] . == Sunan mai suna Toponym == ''Sousse'' da ''Soussa'' duka haruffan Faransanci ne na sunan [[Larabci]] ''Sūsa'' . Birnin na yanzu ya kuma girma har ya haɗa da tarkacen '''Hadrumetum''', wanda ke da sunaye da yawa a cikin harsuna da yawa a zamanin da . == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Circonscription_de_Sousse.png|left|thumb|207x207px|Gundumar Sousse]] Sousse tana gabashin [[Tunisiya]], a gabar tekun Sahel na Tunisiya da ke iyaka da [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . Birnin ya mamaye murabba'in kilomita 45.&nbsp;kilomita ² kuma yana da mita 25 sama da matakin teku. Sousse tana tsakanin rafuka biyu: Wadi Bliban (da kuma mahadarta Wadi al-Kharrub) a arewa da arewa maso yamma da kuma Wadi al-Halluf a kudu maso gabas. <ref name="Jedidi 1997">{{Cite book|edition=E.|url-access=Lecomte}}</ref> Ƙasashen ƙasa galibi suna da laka mai zurfi tare da wasu ma'adanai masu zurfi, waɗanda suka fi kusa da bakin teku. <ref name="Jedidi 1997" /> Sanyi gabaɗaya yana da laushi, akwai matsakaicin kwanaki 69 na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, kuma akwai hasken rana mai yawa a duk shekara tare da ƙarancin kwanaki masu gajimare. <ref name="Jedidi 1997" /> === Gwamnati === Municipality na Sousse babban birnin wata jiha ce da ta mamaye fiye da shekaru 2669.&nbsp;km ^2. <ref name=": 0">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Tunisie • Fiche pays • PopulationData.net |url=https://www.populationdata.net/pays/tunisie/}}</ref> An raba ta zuwa gundumomi huɗu na birni: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arrondissements |url=http://www.commune-sousse.gov.tn/fr/arrondissement.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514144902/http://www.commune-sousse.gov.tn/fr/arrondissement.php |archive-date=2010-05-14 |website=www.commune-sousse.gov.tn}}</ref> ''Sousse Nord'', ''Sousse Sud'', ''Sousse Médina'' da ''Sousse Riadh'' . An ƙirƙiri biyu na farko a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1976, kuma biyu na ƙarshe a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1982. Manyan mazabunta da Wakilai sun kai huɗu: Sousse Sidi Abdelhamid, Sousse Médina, Sousse Jawhara da Sousse Riadh. Lambar yanki ita ce 31. == Yanayi == [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen-Geiger]] ya rarraba yanayin Sousse a matsayin zafi mai rabin-haske ( ''BSh'' ) <ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{Cite web |title=Climate: Sousse – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/3548/ |access-date=30 October 2013 |publisher=Climate-Data.org}}</ref> wanda ke da iyaka da Bahar Rum mai zafi ( ''Csa'' ) da sanyi mai rabin-haske ( ''BSk'' ). Mafi girman zafin da aka rubuta shine {{Convert|48|C}} a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2007, yayin da mafi ƙarancin zafin da aka rubuta shine {{Convert|4.5|C}} a ranar 27 ga Disamba 1993. <ref name="Voodoo Skies">{{Cite web |title=Sousse, Tunisia |url=http://voodooskies.com/weather/tunisia/sousse |access-date=30 October 2013 |publisher=Voodoo Skies}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Tunisiya]] toazmctrkt938y99y1nhiegynq84uf5 0 159876 868811 2026-06-26T17:08:35Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325502150|Gabès]]" 868811 wikitext text/x-wiki (/ˈɡɑːbɛs/, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabès |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gabes |access-date=10 August 2019 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}</ref> Burtaniya kuma /ˈɡɑ:bɪs/; Larabci: قابس, Gābisi), kuma an rubuta Cabès, '''Cabes''', da , ita ce babban birnin Gwamnatin '''Cabes''' a Tunis" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tunisia">Tunisiya. Da yake a bakin tekun Gulf of Gabès, birnin yana da yawan mutane 167,863, yana mai da shi [[List of cities in Tunisia|Birni na 6 mafi girma]] a Tunisia. Da yake da nisan kilomita 327 a kudu maso gabashin Tunis da nisan km 113 daga [[Sfax]], Gabès yana kwance a delta na Wadi Qabis, wanda ya samo asali ne daga kilomita 10 a [[Ras El Oued, Algeria|Ras al-Oued]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko. A tarihi, garin matsugunin [[Tsohon Carthage|Carthaginian]] ne da aka sani da Tacapae kafin ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ikon Romawa . Daga baya an lalata shi a lokacin mamayar Larabawa na ƙarni na 7 amma Sidi Boulbaba, abokin [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] kuma mai kula da garin ya sake kwato shi. Duk da cewa ya fuskanci koma baya a ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottomans]], Gabès ya ga ci gaba mai mahimmanci a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa daga 1881 zuwa 1955, tare da haɓaka muhimman ababen more rayuwa, gami da layin dogo, hanyar sadarwa, da tashar jiragen ruwa. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], birnin ya kasance hedikwatar Afirka Korps ta Jamus har sai da sojojin Birtaniya da Faransa suka sake kwace shi a 1943. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabès {{!}} Oasis City, Mediterranean Coast |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gabes |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> A yau, Gabès cibiya ce ta kasuwanci da kuma wuraren shakatawa, inda masana'antu suka haɗa da kamun kifi, noma, yadi, siminti, masana'antar bulo, da kuma sinadarai masu amfani da man fetur. Yawon bude ido kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arzikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama muhimmiyar cibiya a kudancin Tunisiya. == Tarihi == === Asalin Ma'anar === Takapes, tsohon sunan Gabès, sunan [[Mutanen Punic|Punic]] [[Harshen Numidian|Numidian]] ( [[Abzinanci|Berber]] ) ne. Daga baya, an cire kalmar "Ta" (ma'ana "the" a cikin Berber), kuma aka san wurin da Kapes. Kamar yadda a cikin [[Larabci]] ba a san sautin /p/ ba, an san Kapes da Kabes, daga baya aka san shi da Gabès. === Zamanin Romawa === Gabès tsohuwar ''Tacapae'' ce <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YnYjGTh88ZQC&pg=PA123 D. L. Bomgardner, ''Story of the Roman Amphitheatre''] (Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-13470739-3}}), p. 123</ref> <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rH26vL2CWbkC&pg=PA15 Paul Lachlan MacKendrick, ''The North African Stones Speak''] (UNC Press 2000 {{ISBN|978-0-80784942-2}}), p. 15</ref> ko ''Tacape'' (Τακάπη a cikin tsohuwar Girkanci ) ko ''Tacapes'' na lardin Romawa na Tripolitania . [[Strabo]] ya kira wannan birni da muhimmin wuri na Ƙananan Syrtis . [[Pliny Babba|Pliny]] (18.22) ya yi nuni da cewa ruwan wani marmaro mai yawa a Tacape ya rabu tsakanin masu noma bisa ga tsarin da kowannensu ke amfani da ruwan a wani lokaci na musamman. {{Lang|la|[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]}} yana nuna Tacape tsakanin Macomades da Sabratha . === Bishop === Tacapae ta zama bishop na Kirista wanda, ba wai zama wurin zama na zama ba, an haɗa shi cikin jerin wuraren ibada na [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] . <ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 980</ref> An san uku daga cikin bishop-bishop ɗin: * Dulcitius, wakilin bishop na Tripolitana ga Majalisar Carthage (403) kuma yana halarta a taron Carthage (411) ; * Servilius, wanda Huneric ya yi wa korar kare a shekara ta 484; * Caius ko Gallus, wakilin bishop na lardinsa ga Majalisar Carthage (525) . === Khalifancin Musulunci da Zamanin Tsakiya === A ƙarni na 7, [[Khalifancin Umayyawa]] ya mamaye yankin, inda ya kawo [[Musulunci]] ga Gabès. Ɗaya daga cikin [[Sahabban Annabi|sahabban Annabi Muhammadu]], Abu Lubaba Al'Ansari, ya zauna a birnin, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gabansa a matsayin cibiyar Musulunci. Ƙarnuka masu zuwa sun ga sarakuna da dauloli daban-daban. A shekara ta 1148, Zirids suka kori Gabès, suka lalata birnin. A lokacin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]], a shekara ta 1574, Gabès ya zama wani ɓangare na [[Ottoman Tunisia|Eyalet na Tunis]], wanda ya ƙara ƙarfafa matsayinsa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci a yankin Bahar Rum. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Tunisiya]] tkudmpl5eggipd75fhb93erv7ijpmvp 868812 868811 2026-06-26T17:09:08Z Engineer014 44591 868812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} (/ˈɡɑːbɛs/, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabès |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gabes |access-date=10 August 2019 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}</ref> Burtaniya kuma /ˈɡɑ:bɪs/; Larabci: قابس, Gābisi), kuma an rubuta Cabès, '''Cabes''', da , ita ce babban birnin Gwamnatin '''Cabes''' a Tunis" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tunisia">Tunisiya. Da yake a bakin tekun Gulf of Gabès, birnin yana da yawan mutane 167,863, yana mai da shi [[List of cities in Tunisia|Birni na 6 mafi girma]] a Tunisia. Da yake da nisan kilomita 327 a kudu maso gabashin Tunis da nisan km 113 daga [[Sfax]], Gabès yana kwance a delta na Wadi Qabis, wanda ya samo asali ne daga kilomita 10 a [[Ras El Oued, Algeria|Ras al-Oued]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko. A tarihi, garin matsugunin [[Tsohon Carthage|Carthaginian]] ne da aka sani da Tacapae kafin ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ikon Romawa . Daga baya an lalata shi a lokacin mamayar Larabawa na ƙarni na 7 amma Sidi Boulbaba, abokin [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] kuma mai kula da garin ya sake kwato shi. Duk da cewa ya fuskanci koma baya a ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottomans]], Gabès ya ga ci gaba mai mahimmanci a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa daga 1881 zuwa 1955, tare da haɓaka muhimman ababen more rayuwa, gami da layin dogo, hanyar sadarwa, da tashar jiragen ruwa. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], birnin ya kasance hedikwatar Afirka Korps ta Jamus har sai da sojojin Birtaniya da Faransa suka sake kwace shi a 1943. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabès {{!}} Oasis City, Mediterranean Coast |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gabes |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> A yau, Gabès cibiya ce ta kasuwanci da kuma wuraren shakatawa, inda masana'antu suka haɗa da kamun kifi, noma, yadi, siminti, masana'antar bulo, da kuma sinadarai masu amfani da man fetur. Yawon bude ido kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arzikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama muhimmiyar cibiya a kudancin Tunisiya. == Tarihi == === Asalin Ma'anar === Takapes, tsohon sunan Gabès, sunan [[Mutanen Punic|Punic]] [[Harshen Numidian|Numidian]] ( [[Abzinanci|Berber]] ) ne. Daga baya, an cire kalmar "Ta" (ma'ana "the" a cikin Berber), kuma aka san wurin da Kapes. Kamar yadda a cikin [[Larabci]] ba a san sautin /p/ ba, an san Kapes da Kabes, daga baya aka san shi da Gabès. === Zamanin Romawa === Gabès tsohuwar ''Tacapae'' ce <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YnYjGTh88ZQC&pg=PA123 D. L. Bomgardner, ''Story of the Roman Amphitheatre''] (Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-13470739-3}}), p. 123</ref> <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rH26vL2CWbkC&pg=PA15 Paul Lachlan MacKendrick, ''The North African Stones Speak''] (UNC Press 2000 {{ISBN|978-0-80784942-2}}), p. 15</ref> ko ''Tacape'' (Τακάπη a cikin tsohuwar Girkanci ) ko ''Tacapes'' na lardin Romawa na Tripolitania . [[Strabo]] ya kira wannan birni da muhimmin wuri na Ƙananan Syrtis . [[Pliny Babba|Pliny]] (18.22) ya yi nuni da cewa ruwan wani marmaro mai yawa a Tacape ya rabu tsakanin masu noma bisa ga tsarin da kowannensu ke amfani da ruwan a wani lokaci na musamman. {{Lang|la|[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]}} yana nuna Tacape tsakanin Macomades da Sabratha . === Bishop === Tacapae ta zama bishop na Kirista wanda, ba wai zama wurin zama na zama ba, an haɗa shi cikin jerin wuraren ibada na [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] . <ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 980</ref> An san uku daga cikin bishop-bishop ɗin: * Dulcitius, wakilin bishop na Tripolitana ga Majalisar Carthage (403) kuma yana halarta a taron Carthage (411) ; * Servilius, wanda Huneric ya yi wa korar kare a shekara ta 484; * Caius ko Gallus, wakilin bishop na lardinsa ga Majalisar Carthage (525) . === Khalifancin Musulunci da Zamanin Tsakiya === A ƙarni na 7, [[Khalifancin Umayyawa]] ya mamaye yankin, inda ya kawo [[Musulunci]] ga Gabès. Ɗaya daga cikin [[Sahabban Annabi|sahabban Annabi Muhammadu]], Abu Lubaba Al'Ansari, ya zauna a birnin, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gabansa a matsayin cibiyar Musulunci. Ƙarnuka masu zuwa sun ga sarakuna da dauloli daban-daban. A shekara ta 1148, Zirids suka kori Gabès, suka lalata birnin. A lokacin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]], a shekara ta 1574, Gabès ya zama wani ɓangare na [[Ottoman Tunisia|Eyalet na Tunis]], wanda ya ƙara ƙarfafa matsayinsa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci a yankin Bahar Rum. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Tunisiya]] alj12w69ixa1lknvayevcwv2gew2mdd 0 159877 868815 2026-06-26T17:16:52Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355624607|Sfax]]" 868815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sfax''' ( /s ( ə ) ˈfæk s / s(ə-) FAKS ; Arabic , ) babban birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Tunisiya]], yana da lamba {{Convert|270|km|mi}} kudu maso gabashin [[Tunis]] . Birnin, wanda aka kafa a AD{{Spaces}}849 a kan baraguzan Taparura, babban birnin lardin Sfax ne (kimanin mazauna 955,421 a shekarar 2014), da tashar jiragen ruwa [[Bahar Rum|ta Bahar Rum]] . Sfax tana da yawan jama'a 341,999 (ƙidayar jama'a ta 2022). Manyan masana'antunta sun haɗa da phosphate, sarrafa [[zaitun]] da goro, kamun kifi (ita ce babbar tashar kamun kifi a [[Tunisiya]] ) da kuma cinikin ƙasashen duniya . Birnin shine na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a ƙasar bayan babban birnin Tunis. == Tarihi == === Zamanin Carthaginian da Aghlabid === An kafa Sfax na yanzu ta hannun Aghlabids a AD a shekarar 1999.{{Spaces}}849 a wurin da garin Taparura yake. Birnin na zamani ya kuma girma har ya mamaye wasu tsoffin matsugunan, musamman Thenae a yankin kudu na Thyna . === Zamanin Almohad === A ƙarshen ƙarni na 10, Sfax ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. Roger II na Sicily ya mamaye birnin a shekara ta 1148 kuma ya mamaye har sai da aka 'yantar da shi a shekara ta 1156 bayan wani tawaye da Almohads suka kwace, kuma sojojin Turai suka sake mamaye shi na ɗan lokaci, a wannan karon 'yan Spain ne, a ƙarni na 16, kafin su faɗa hannun [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] . Sfax ta zama sansanin [[Barbary pirates|'yan fashin teku na Barbary]], wanda ya haifar da mamayewar da ba ta yi nasara ba daga [[Venezia|Venice]] a shekara ta 1185. === Zamanin Hafsid === A ƙarshe Abou Yahya Abou Bekr ya sake kafa haɗin kan Hafsid kuma ya sake kwace [[Tsibirin Kerkennah|Kerkennah]] daga hannun Kiristoci a shekarar 1335. Zaman lafiya ya dawo ƙasar ne kawai sakamakon wasu abubuwa da ba a saba gani ba, waɗanda suka daɗe suna faruwa, waɗanda suka fara da farashin Sfax daga 'yan'uwan da ba su yarda da su ba, Ahmed da Abdelmalèk ben Makki. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Zuwa shekarar 1370, bayan isowar Khalifa Abdul-Abbas, Sfax ya dawo karkashin mulkin Hafsid. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bayan fiye da ƙarni uku, wanda ya ga rinjayen Hafsid, rikicin da ke tsakanin Turkawa da Sifaniya ya haifar da faduwar daularsu. A shekara ta 1534, Barberousse mai zaman kansa ya shiga Tunis, ya sanar da faduwar Hafsids kuma ya sake haɗa garuruwan bakin teku cikin sauƙi, ciki har da garin Sfax. <ref name="inp.rnrt.tn">{{Cite web |title=Sfax |url=http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=143%3Asfaxar&catid=1%3Asites&Itemid=6&lang=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182513/http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=143:sfaxar&catid=1:sites&Itemid=6&lang=fr |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref> === Zamanin Husaini === Wanda ya kafa sabuwar daular, Hussein, ya bai wa ƙasar ci gaban tattalin arziki ba tare da wata shakka ba. A Sfax, an faɗaɗa masallacin, wanda ya sake samun matsayinsa na asali; sabon mihrâb an tsara shi a shekarar 1758, an kammala aikin a shekarar 1783. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An gyara shingen kuma an gina manyan ma'ajiyar ruwa guda biyu don ƙara wa ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Nasriah. A shekara ta 1776, an gina unguwar kudancin birnin, wato unguwar Frankish, wadda aka tanada wa Yahudawa da Kiristoci, babban wurin cinikin teku, amma kuma don zama mafaka daga hare-haren teku, waɗanda har yanzu ake fargabar su. Ba da daɗewa ba za a yi hakan, 'yan ƙasar Venetian suka kai wa Sfax hari sau huɗu a cikin shekaru biyu (1785–86). An gina babban sansani a lokacin da aka kewaye Borj Ennar; an rushe shi bayan yaƙin ƙarshe. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Tunisiya]] edf44ii48bf09sior9gnpgf6wvndvz2 868816 868815 2026-06-26T17:17:42Z Engineer014 44591 868816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sfax''' ( /s ( ə ) ˈfæk s / s(ə-) FAKS ; Arabic , ) babban birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Tunisiya]], yana da lamba {{Convert|270|km|mi}} kudu maso gabashin [[Tunis]] . Birnin, wanda aka kafa a AD{{Spaces}}849 a kan baraguzan Taparura, babban birnin lardin Sfax ne (kimanin mazauna 955,421 a shekarar 2014), da tashar jiragen ruwa [[Bahar Rum|ta Bahar Rum]] . Sfax tana da yawan jama'a 341,999 (ƙidayar jama'a ta 2022). Manyan masana'antunta sun haɗa da phosphate, sarrafa [[zaitun]] da goro, kamun kifi (ita ce babbar tashar kamun kifi a [[Tunisiya]] ) da kuma cinikin ƙasashen duniya . Birnin shine na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a ƙasar bayan babban birnin Tunis. == Tarihi == === Zamanin Carthaginian da Aghlabid === An kafa Sfax na yanzu ta hannun Aghlabids a AD a shekarar 1999.{{Spaces}}849 a wurin da garin Taparura yake. Birnin na zamani ya kuma girma har ya mamaye wasu tsoffin matsugunan, musamman Thenae a yankin kudu na Thyna . === Zamanin Almohad === A ƙarshen ƙarni na 10, Sfax ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. Roger II na Sicily ya mamaye birnin a shekara ta 1148 kuma ya mamaye har sai da aka 'yantar da shi a shekara ta 1156 bayan wani tawaye da Almohads suka kwace, kuma sojojin Turai suka sake mamaye shi na ɗan lokaci, a wannan karon 'yan Spain ne, a ƙarni na 16, kafin su faɗa hannun [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] . Sfax ta zama sansanin [[Barbary pirates|'yan fashin teku na Barbary]], wanda ya haifar da mamayewar da ba ta yi nasara ba daga [[Venezia|Venice]] a shekara ta 1185. === Zamanin Hafsid === A ƙarshe Abou Yahya Abou Bekr ya sake kafa haɗin kan Hafsid kuma ya sake kwace [[Tsibirin Kerkennah|Kerkennah]] daga hannun Kiristoci a shekarar 1335. Zaman lafiya ya dawo ƙasar ne kawai sakamakon wasu abubuwa da ba a saba gani ba, waɗanda suka daɗe suna faruwa, waɗanda suka fara da farashin Sfax daga 'yan'uwan da ba su yarda da su ba, Ahmed da Abdelmalèk ben Makki. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Zuwa shekarar 1370, bayan isowar Khalifa Abdul-Abbas, Sfax ya dawo karkashin mulkin Hafsid. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bayan fiye da ƙarni uku, wanda ya ga rinjayen Hafsid, rikicin da ke tsakanin Turkawa da Sifaniya ya haifar da faduwar daularsu. A shekara ta 1534, Barberousse mai zaman kansa ya shiga Tunis, ya sanar da faduwar Hafsids kuma ya sake haɗa garuruwan bakin teku cikin sauƙi, ciki har da garin Sfax. <ref name="inp.rnrt.tn">{{Cite web |title=Sfax |url=http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=143%3Asfaxar&catid=1%3Asites&Itemid=6&lang=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182513/http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=143:sfaxar&catid=1:sites&Itemid=6&lang=fr |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref> === Zamanin Husaini === Wanda ya kafa sabuwar daular, Hussein, ya bai wa ƙasar ci gaban tattalin arziki ba tare da wata shakka ba. A Sfax, an faɗaɗa masallacin, wanda ya sake samun matsayinsa na asali; sabon mihrâb an tsara shi a shekarar 1758, an kammala aikin a shekarar 1783. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An gyara shingen kuma an gina manyan ma'ajiyar ruwa guda biyu don ƙara wa ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Nasriah. A shekara ta 1776, an gina unguwar kudancin birnin, wato unguwar Frankish, wadda aka tanada wa Yahudawa da Kiristoci, babban wurin cinikin teku, amma kuma don zama mafaka daga hare-haren teku, waɗanda har yanzu ake fargabar su. Ba da daɗewa ba za a yi hakan, 'yan ƙasar Venetian suka kai wa Sfax hari sau huɗu a cikin shekaru biyu (1785–86). An gina babban sansani a lokacin da aka kewaye Borj Ennar; an rushe shi bayan yaƙin ƙarshe. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Tunisiya]] 72pvuxesbtw851c7st7ksuh78medi0q 0 159878 868817 2026-06-26T17:23:39Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 868817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bryson Goodwin''' 6ivq0pkidlhijiy1ct0ukucgacx60fd 868819 868817 2026-06-26T17:25:08Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bryson Goodwin''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1985) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar New Zealand, wanda ya buga wasa a ƙarshe a matsayin mai tsaron raga ko kuma ɗan wasan gefe ga Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks a gasar Rugby ta ƙasa. Ya taɓa bugawa Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs da South Sydney Rabbitohs a NRL, da kuma Warrington Wolves a gasar Super League. Ya kasance cikin tawagar South Sydney Rabbitohs da ta lashe gasar NRL Premiership ta 2014, inda aka sanya shi a benci mai tsawo don wasan ƙarshe, duk da haka, bai buga wasa ba. == Manazarta == eqpnhz1mquvvq15ijh6oab0i0zota23 868820 868819 2026-06-26T17:25:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 868820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bryson Goodwin'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryson_Goodwin</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1985) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar New Zealand, wanda ya buga wasa a ƙarshe a matsayin mai tsaron raga ko kuma ɗan wasan gefe ga Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks a gasar Rugby ta ƙasa. Ya taɓa bugawa Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs da South Sydney Rabbitohs a NRL, da kuma Warrington Wolves a gasar Super League. Ya kasance cikin tawagar South Sydney Rabbitohs da ta lashe gasar NRL Premiership ta 2014, inda aka sanya shi a benci mai tsawo don wasan ƙarshe, duk da haka, bai buga wasa ba. == Manazarta == pik8bs8aave16trdgkyke68fpf8v9zs 868821 868820 2026-06-26T17:26:45Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bryson Goodwin'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryson_Goodwin</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1985) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar New Zealand, wanda ya buga wasa a ƙarshe a matsayin mai tsaron raga ko kuma ɗan wasan gefe ga Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks a gasar Rugby ta ƙasa. Ya taɓa bugawa Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs da South Sydney Rabbitohs a NRL, da kuma Warrington Wolves a gasar Super League. Ya kasance cikin tawagar South Sydney Rabbitohs da ta lashe gasar NRL Premiership ta 2014, inda aka sanya shi a benci mai tsawo don wasan ƙarshe, duk da haka, bai buga wasa ba. == Asali == An haifi Goodwin a Parkes, New South Wales, Ostiraliya. Goodwin ɗan tsohon wakilin Ostiraliya ne, Ted Goodwin wanda asalinsa ɗan New Zealand ne. Kakanni na uba na Bryson ɗan New Zealand ne, Lester Jarvis Goodwin, ɗan Pākehā ne (ɗan New Zealand na Turai) kuma Rosina Marie (née Tewera), ɗan Māori ne. Mahaifiyar Bryson 'yar Ostiraliya ce. Shi ne ƙanin tsoffin 'yan wasa Bronx da Luke Goodwin. 'Yar'uwar Goodwin Rearne ta auri tsohon abokin wasan Rabbitohs Joel Reddy, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama surukinsa. Tun yana ƙarami, Goodwin da iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Perth yayin da ɗan'uwansa Luke ke bugawa ƙungiyar Western Reds ta Perth, yayin da Bryson shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafarsa ta ƙarami a ƙungiyar Canning Bulldogs da South Perth Lions a gasar Rugby ta Yammacin Ostiraliya kafin ya koma Sydney ya buga wa Gymea Gorillas. Goodwin ya halarci Endeavour Sports High, inda ya buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin Arrive Alive tare da tsohon abokin wasansa Beau Champion na Rabbitohs. Ya kuma kasance memba na ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara a gasar Endeavour Sports High ta 2003. == Manazarta == pk4vzgjo7iz58gsmts6m6c842q795yo 868822 868821 2026-06-26T17:28:05Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 868822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bryson Goodwin'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryson_Goodwin</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1985) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar New Zealand, wanda ya buga wasa a ƙarshe a matsayin mai tsaron raga ko kuma ɗan wasan gefe ga Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks a gasar Rugby ta ƙasa. Ya taɓa bugawa Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs da South Sydney Rabbitohs a NRL, da kuma Warrington Wolves a gasar Super League. Ya kasance cikin tawagar South Sydney Rabbitohs da ta lashe gasar NRL Premiership ta 2014, inda aka sanya shi a benci mai tsawo don wasan ƙarshe, duk da haka, bai buga wasa ba. == Asali == An haifi Goodwin a Parkes, New South Wales, Ostiraliya. Goodwin ɗan tsohon wakilin Ostiraliya ne, Ted Goodwin wanda asalinsa ɗan New Zealand ne. Kakanni na uba na Bryson ɗan New Zealand ne, Lester Jarvis Goodwin, ɗan Pākehā ne (ɗan New Zealand na Turai) kuma Rosina Marie (née Tewera), ɗan Māori ne. Mahaifiyar Bryson 'yar Ostiraliya ce. Shi ne ƙanin tsoffin 'yan wasa Bronx da Luke Goodwin. 'Yar'uwar Goodwin Rearne ta auri tsohon abokin wasan Rabbitohs Joel Reddy, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama surukinsa. Tun yana ƙarami, Goodwin da iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Perth yayin da ɗan'uwansa Luke ke bugawa ƙungiyar Western Reds ta Perth, yayin da Bryson shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafarsa ta ƙarami a ƙungiyar Canning Bulldogs da South Perth Lions a gasar Rugby ta Yammacin Ostiraliya kafin ya koma Sydney ya buga wa Gymea Gorillas. Goodwin ya halarci Endeavour Sports High, inda ya buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin Arrive Alive tare da tsohon abokin wasansa Beau Champion na Rabbitohs. Ya kuma kasance memba na ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara a gasar Endeavour Sports High ta 2003. == Sana'ar wasa == === Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks (2007–2008) === Goodwin ya kasance ɗan Cronulla na ƙarami, yana bugawa Gymea Gorillas a gasar Cronulla-Sutherland District ta gida. Ya ci gaba ta ƙungiyoyin ƙananan aji na Sharks, 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 da kuma aji na reserve, kafin ya fara buga wasa a aji na farko ga Sharks a zagaye na 24 na kakar wasa ta 2007, abin al'ajabi makonni takwas kacal bayan ya karya ƙafarsa a aji na reserve. Goodwin yana bugawa Cronulla Sharks a 2008 Ya buga wasanni tara ga Cronulla-Sutherland daga 2007 zuwa 2008, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu. A ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, a kan St. George Illawarra Dragons, ya bi bugun Greg Bird grubber kuma ya riƙe ƙwallon a cikin milimita kaɗan daga layin ƙwallon da ya mutu a filin wasa kuma ya ba ta damar yin gwaji wanda ya daidaita maki kuma ya aika wasan zuwa maki na zinare. == Manazarta == lkaeig069uf6dfho0nk15hglipdo947 0 159879 868823 2026-06-26T17:29:50Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358306994|Boujdour]]" 868823 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Boujdour''' (ko '''Bujdur''', '''Bojador''', Arabic , ) birni ne da ke cikin yankin Yammacin Sahara da ake takaddama a kai, kusa da Cape Bojador . [[Moroko|Morocco]] ce ke kula da shi, wanda ya haɗa shi da sashen gudanarwa na [[Yankunan Kudancin|Lardunan Kudu]] . Karamar hukuma ce ta birni a Lardin Boujdour, a yankin Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra . {{Sfn|Population légale des régions, provinces...}} == Tarihi == Asalin Boujdour ƙauyen kamun kifi ne da aka gina a kewayen Hasumiyar Cape Boujdour . Spain ce ke kula da yankin daga 1860 zuwa 1975. Daga 1976, birnin ya fara samun yanayin birni, wanda karuwar jama'a da sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ke tallafawa. Bayan ya fito daga hamada, Boujdour ya zama babban birnin lardin. Ya amfana daga shirye-shiryen "Al Aouda" da "Al Wahda". Ƙoƙarin da jihar ke yi don tallafawa wannan lardin shi ma yana mai da hankali ne ga ƙirƙirar ƙauyukan kamun kifi. A gefe guda kuma, a 1976, an kafa sashen tace ruwan teku a can kuma bincike ya haifar da gano ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kusa da birnin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An kai wa garin hari a hannun [[Polisario Front]] a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1980. {{Sfn|Nouvelle attaque du Polisario}} == Ƙididdige Jama'a == A cewar ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasar Morocco; Boujdour tana da mazauna 36,843 a shekarar 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Source : Maroc, Haut commissariat au plan |url=http://www.hcp.ma/images/stories/hcp/RGPH2004/leg-commune.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329091114/http://www.hcp.ma/images/stories/hcp/RGPH2004/leg-commune.xls |archive-date=2007-03-29 |access-date=2021-10-21}}</ref> da kuma 42,651 a shekarar 2014. {{Sfn|Population légale des régions, provinces...}} Port Boujdour na daya daga cikin tashoshin kamun kifi guda hudu a lardin Boujdour, sauran su ne Lacraa, Aftissat (أفتيسات) da kuma Agti el Ghazi (أغتي الغازي). {{Sfn|Annuaire Statistique Regional}} Ana kiyaye tashar jiragen ruwa ta {{Convert|724|m}} shinge da kuma {{Convert|260|m}} bakin teku. Akwai tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu ga jiragen ruwan bakin teku, ɗaya {{Convert|150|m}}tsawon da kuma sauran {{Convert|160|m}}tsawon ƙafa uku (mita {{Convert|60|m}} . Akwai mita 200 (mita 60) wuraren sauka na jiragen ruwa na gargajiya. Tashar jiragen ruwa tana da gaɓar teku mai gangara don jigilar jiragen ruwa na kamun kifi zuwa ƙasa. {{Sfn|Boujdour port presentation card}} Kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2012, kayayyakin more rayuwa sun haɗa da: {{Sfn|Boujdour port presentation card}} == Manazarta == e8plytg14jj55z8h86na57t5pi7lo0j 868824 868823 2026-06-26T17:30:53Z Engineer014 44591 868824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boujdour''' (ko '''Bujdur''', '''Bojador''', Arabic , ) birni ne da ke cikin yankin Yammacin Sahara da ake takaddama a kai, kusa da Cape Bojador . [[Moroko|Morocco]] ce ke kula da shi, wanda ya haɗa shi da sashen gudanarwa na [[Yankunan Kudancin|Lardunan Kudu]] . Karamar hukuma ce ta birni a Lardin Boujdour, a yankin Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra . {{Sfn|Population légale des régions, provinces...}} == Tarihi == Asalin Boujdour ƙauyen kamun kifi ne da aka gina a kewayen Hasumiyar Cape Boujdour . Spain ce ke kula da yankin daga 1860 zuwa 1975. Daga 1976, birnin ya fara samun yanayin birni, wanda karuwar jama'a da sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ke tallafawa. Bayan ya fito daga hamada, Boujdour ya zama babban birnin lardin. Ya amfana daga shirye-shiryen "Al Aouda" da "Al Wahda". Ƙoƙarin da jihar ke yi don tallafawa wannan lardin shi ma yana mai da hankali ne ga ƙirƙirar ƙauyukan kamun kifi. A gefe guda kuma, a 1976, an kafa sashen tace ruwan teku a can kuma bincike ya haifar da gano ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kusa da birnin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An kai wa garin hari a hannun [[Polisario Front]] a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1980. {{Sfn|Nouvelle attaque du Polisario}} == Ƙididdige Jama'a == A cewar ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasar Morocco; Boujdour tana da mazauna 36,843 a shekarar 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Source : Maroc, Haut commissariat au plan |url=http://www.hcp.ma/images/stories/hcp/RGPH2004/leg-commune.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329091114/http://www.hcp.ma/images/stories/hcp/RGPH2004/leg-commune.xls |archive-date=2007-03-29 |access-date=2021-10-21}}</ref> da kuma 42,651 a shekarar 2014. {{Sfn|Population légale des régions, provinces...}} Port Boujdour na daya daga cikin tashoshin kamun kifi guda hudu a lardin Boujdour, sauran su ne Lacraa, Aftissat (أفتيسات) da kuma Agti el Ghazi (أغتي الغازي). {{Sfn|Annuaire Statistique Regional}} Ana kiyaye tashar jiragen ruwa ta {{Convert|724|m}} shinge da kuma {{Convert|260|m}} bakin teku. Akwai tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu ga jiragen ruwan bakin teku, ɗaya {{Convert|150|m}}tsawon da kuma sauran {{Convert|160|m}}tsawon ƙafa uku (mita {{Convert|60|m}} . Akwai mita 200 (mita 60) wuraren sauka na jiragen ruwa na gargajiya. Tashar jiragen ruwa tana da gaɓar teku mai gangara don jigilar jiragen ruwa na kamun kifi zuwa ƙasa. {{Sfn|Boujdour port presentation card}} Kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2012, kayayyakin more rayuwa sun haɗa da: {{Sfn|Boujdour port presentation card}} == Manazarta == oxukszhtv2oclkmk9ctya58cup5h5jm 0 159880 868827 2026-06-26T17:35:59Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351960233|El Kala]]" 868827 wikitext text/x-wiki '''l Kala''' ( Arabic ) tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta [[Aljeriya]], a lardin El Tarf, mil 56 (90)&nbsp;km) ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa a gabashin [[Annaba]] da mil 10 (16)&nbsp;km) yamma da iyakar [[Tunisiya]] . Ita ce cibiyar kamun kifi ta murjani ta Aljeriya da Tunisiya kuma tana da masana'antu masu yawa wajen warkar da sardines . Tashar jiragen ruwan tana da ƙarama kuma tana fuskantar iskar arewa maso gabas da yamma. {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} El Kala yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido daga ciki da wajen ƙasar, musamman a lokacin bazara. Yana da wani yanayi na musamman kuma [[UNESCO]] ta ayyana shi a matsayin wurin ajiyar halittu a shekarar 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |title=El Kala {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/africa/algeria/el-kala/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214214741/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/africa/algeria/el-kala/ |archive-date=2015-02-14}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Bastion_de_france_El_kala.JPG|thumb|Katangar [[Bastion de France]], wani wurin ciniki na ƙarni na 16 da 'yan kasuwar Faransa suka gina]] '''Thinisa da ke Numidia''' wani tsohon birni ne a lardin [[Numidia]] na Romawa . Ya isa ya zama [[wiktionary:bishopric|bishop]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An gina tsohon garin da aka gina mai katanga a kan wani yanki mai duwatsu mai tsawon mita 400, wanda aka haɗa shi da babban yankin ta hanyar gefen yashi. {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Tun daga lokacin da aka fara rubuta tarihinta a ƙarni na 10, La Calle wurin zama ne na 'yan kasuwar murjani. {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Bayan [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|mamayar Umayyawa a Arewacin Afirka]] a ƙarshen ƙarni na 6 da farkon ƙarni na 7, birnin ya zama wani ɓangare na [[Khalifancin Umayyawa]], daga baya kuma ya [[Daular Abbasiyyah|zama Khalifancin Abbasiyawa]] . Al-Idrisi ya bayyana birnin a ƙarni na 12: == Manazarta == 6c3xuvt11jezucvwt1m3sttiv44057d 868828 868827 2026-06-26T17:36:24Z Engineer014 44591 868828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''l Kala''' ( Arabic ) tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta [[Aljeriya]], a lardin El Tarf, mil 56 (90)&nbsp;km) ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa a gabashin [[Annaba]] da mil 10 (16)&nbsp;km) yamma da iyakar [[Tunisiya]] . Ita ce cibiyar kamun kifi ta murjani ta Aljeriya da Tunisiya kuma tana da masana'antu masu yawa wajen warkar da sardines . Tashar jiragen ruwan tana da ƙarama kuma tana fuskantar iskar arewa maso gabas da yamma. {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} El Kala yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido daga ciki da wajen ƙasar, musamman a lokacin bazara. Yana da wani yanayi na musamman kuma [[UNESCO]] ta ayyana shi a matsayin wurin ajiyar halittu a shekarar 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |title=El Kala {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/africa/algeria/el-kala/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214214741/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/africa/algeria/el-kala/ |archive-date=2015-02-14}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Bastion_de_france_El_kala.JPG|thumb|Katangar [[Bastion de France]], wani wurin ciniki na ƙarni na 16 da 'yan kasuwar Faransa suka gina]] '''Thinisa da ke Numidia''' wani tsohon birni ne a lardin [[Numidia]] na Romawa . Ya isa ya zama [[wiktionary:bishopric|bishop]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An gina tsohon garin da aka gina mai katanga a kan wani yanki mai duwatsu mai tsawon mita 400, wanda aka haɗa shi da babban yankin ta hanyar gefen yashi. {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Tun daga lokacin da aka fara rubuta tarihinta a ƙarni na 10, La Calle wurin zama ne na 'yan kasuwar murjani. {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Bayan [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|mamayar Umayyawa a Arewacin Afirka]] a ƙarshen ƙarni na 6 da farkon ƙarni na 7, birnin ya zama wani ɓangare na [[Khalifancin Umayyawa]], daga baya kuma ya [[Daular Abbasiyyah|zama Khalifancin Abbasiyawa]] . Al-Idrisi ya bayyana birnin a ƙarni na 12: == Manazarta == rttnq6vark8xfk3wv6314std8www351 0 159881 868829 2026-06-26T17:37:24Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325763494|El Marsa, Western Sahara]]" 868829 wikitext text/x-wiki '''El Marsa''' Arabic birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa a Yammacin Sahara da Maroko ke mamaye. A cewar hukumomin [[Moroko|Morocco]], El Marsa na lardin Laayoune ne a yankin Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra . Yawan jama'arta a shekarar 2024 ya kai 28,848, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Sahara: Provinces & Urban Communes - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=http://citypopulation.de/WesternSahara.html}} </ref> ita ce ta biyu mafi girma a lardin (bayan babban birnin yankin [[Laayoune|El Aaiún]] ) kuma ta uku a yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maaroufi |first=Youssef |title=Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004 |url=http://www.hcp.ma/Recensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-l-habitat-2004_a633.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906063343/http://www.hcp.ma/Recensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-l-habitat-2004_a633.html |archive-date=2017-09-06 |access-date=2013-01-02 |publisher=}}</ref> Tana da tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] don haka ana kuma kiranta da ''Laayoune Plage'' (El Aaiún Beach). Garin kuma yana da asibiti. El Marsa tana yammacin [[Laayoune|El Aaiún]], a kan babbar hanyar N1, babbar hanyar Morocco, wadda kuma ke shiga Yammacin Sahara, inda ita ce matsuguni na ƙarshe a kudu har zuwa [[Boujdour]] . == Manazarta == 1e3n4fh875p6hd3ur1b9copzi4xdo7t 868830 868829 2026-06-26T17:37:59Z Engineer014 44591 868830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''El Marsa''' Arabic birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa a Yammacin Sahara da Maroko ke mamaye. A cewar hukumomin [[Moroko|Morocco]], El Marsa na lardin Laayoune ne a yankin Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra . Yawan jama'arta a shekarar 2024 ya kai 28,848, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Sahara: Provinces & Urban Communes - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=http://citypopulation.de/WesternSahara.html}} </ref> ita ce ta biyu mafi girma a lardin (bayan babban birnin yankin [[Laayoune|El Aaiún]] ) kuma ta uku a yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maaroufi |first=Youssef |title=Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004 |url=http://www.hcp.ma/Recensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-l-habitat-2004_a633.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906063343/http://www.hcp.ma/Recensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-l-habitat-2004_a633.html |archive-date=2017-09-06 |access-date=2013-01-02 |publisher=}}</ref> Tana da tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] don haka ana kuma kiranta da ''Laayoune Plage'' (El Aaiún Beach). Garin kuma yana da asibiti. El Marsa tana yammacin [[Laayoune|El Aaiún]], a kan babbar hanyar N1, babbar hanyar Morocco, wadda kuma ke shiga Yammacin Sahara, inda ita ce matsuguni na ƙarshe a kudu har zuwa [[Boujdour]] . == Manazarta == pj2rgh20iwf3icf0vg68uilavuh4q07 0 159882 868831 2026-06-26T17:40:14Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357894656|Dakhla, Western Sahara]]" 868831 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dakhla''' ( Arabic , ; an kafa shi a matsayin '''Villa Cisneros''' ) birni ne a yankin Yammacin Sahara da ake takaddama a kai, <ref name="un.org">{{Cite web |title=Western Sahara: a 'peaceful solution' to conflict is possible, says UN envoy |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/western-sahara-peaceful-solution%E2%80%99-conflict-possible-says-un-envoy |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> kuma [[Moroko|Morocco]] ta mamaye shi tun 1976. <ref name="United Nations Documents">{{Cite web |title=A/RES/35/19 - E - A/RES/35/19 |url=https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/35/19 |access-date=8 Apr 2021 |website=Question of Western Sahara |page=214}}</ref> Ita ce babban birnin yankin da ake ikirarin mallakar Morocco na Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab . Tana da yawan jama'a 161,723 <ref name="census2024">{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=Population légale du Royaume du Maroc répartie par régions, provinces et préfectures et communes selon les résultats du Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat 2024 |url=https://www.hcp.ma/Population-legale-du-Royaume-du-Maroc-repartie-par-regions-provinces-et-prefectures-et-communes-selon-les-resultats-du_a3974.html |publisher=High Commission for Planning, Morocco |language=ar, fr}}</ref> kuma tana kan wani yanki mai kunkuntar gabar [[Tekun Atalanta|tekun Atlantika]], yankin Río de Oro, kimanin {{Cvt|550|km}} kudu da [[Laayoune]] . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Mezquita_en_Dajla_(Sahara_Occidental).jpg|right|thumb|187x187px|Masallaci a Dakhla]] === Tarihin farko === An zauna a Rio de Oro a ƙarni na sha biyu ta hannun Oulad Delim, wata ƙabilar [[Larabawa]] ' yan asalin Kudancin Larabawa waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga [[Yemen]] . Mazauna [[Ispaniya|Spain]] sun faɗaɗa Dakhla a lokacin [[Daular Sipaniya|faɗaɗa daularsu]] . Sha'awar Sifaniya a gabar hamada ta Sahara ta Yammacin Afirka ta taso ne sakamakon kamun kifi da masunta Sifaniya ke yi daga [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]] da ke kusa da su da kuma sakamakon barazanar [[Barbary pirates|'yan fashin teku na Barbary]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Masuntan Sipaniya sun kasance masu farautar gashin tsuntsaye, 'yan kasuwa, da masu kiwon kifi a bakin tekun Sahara daga Dakhla zuwa Cabo Blanco daga 1500 zuwa yanzu, suna yin kifin kifi ga manyan kifayen Humpback da 'yan maruƙansu, galibi a kusa da [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]], da kuma [[Tekun Guinea]] a tsibiran [[Annobón]], [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] har zuwa 1940. Waɗannan ayyukan kamun kifi sun yi mummunan tasiri ga namun daji, wanda ya haifar da ɓacewa ko kuma sanya haɗari ga nau'ikan halittu da yawa, musamman dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsayen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIS - Noticias en Breve - EN BREVE - la flota de arrastre del Golfo de Cádiz vuelve este martes a faenar tras 45 días de parada biológica |url=http://fis.com/fis/worldnews/search_brief.asp?l=s&id=47446&ndb=1&monthyear=&day=&country=194&df=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528204750/https://fis.com/fis/worldnews/search_brief.asp?l=s&id=47446&ndb=1&monthyear=&day=&country=194&df=1 |archive-date=28 May 2020 |access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=González de la Fe |first=Pedro |title=Evolución de la actividad de la flota pesquera con base en Canarias en el banco sahariano desde los acuerdos tripartitos de 1975 hasta la actualidad |url=http://sahara-news.webcindario.com/actividad_flota_pesquerasahara.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213002722/http://sahara-news.webcindario.com/actividad_flota_pesquerasahara.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2005 |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=sahara-news.webcindario.com |language=es}}</ref> === Mulkin mallaka na Sipaniya === Mutanen Spain sun kafa tashoshin kamun kifi tare da wasu kamun kifi da cinikin kifi. A shekara ta 1881, an sanya tashar jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun yankin Río de Oro don tallafawa aikin rundunar kamun kifi ta Canarian. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Duk da haka, sai a shekarar 1884 ne Spain ta kafa wurin shayarwa a hukumance a matsayin Villa Cisneros, a cikin matsugunin da Papal bull ya kafa a shekarar 1502. An haɗa shi cikin yankunan da aka bai wa Sifaniyawa a gabashin tsibiran Azores . Da suka isa Rio de Oro a shekarar 1884 don kafa masana'antunsu na farko a bakin teku, an tilasta wa Sifaniyawa su yi hulɗa da Oulad Delim, wata ƙabilar [[Larabawa]] [[Sahrawis|ta Sahrawi]] wadda ke iko da dukkan Rio de Oro da wani yanki a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] wanda ya tashi daga Nouadhibou zuwa Idjlil. A shekarar 1884, [[Spanish Society of Africanists|ƙungiyar masu rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Sifaniya]] ta tallata matsugunin Villa Cisneros kuma gwamnatin Canovas del Castillo ta ba da kuɗaɗen gina matsugunin. A wannan shekarar, Oulad Delim ta kai hari kan wurin ciniki ta kuma wawure shagunanta kafin Sifaniyawa ta fitar da wata doka ta sarauta wadda ta sanya bakin tekun daga Cape Bojador zuwa Cape Blanc a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Sifaniya. A shekarar 1886, an faɗaɗa ikon mulkin mallaka na Spain zuwa mil 150 a cikin ƙasar. Mutanen Spain sun cimma yarjejeniya da wani [[Shehu|shehin]] garin Oulad Delim shekaru biyu bayan haka. [[Fayil:Trabajos_de_la_Sociedad_Española_de_Africanistas._Establecimiento_provisional_en_la_Península_de_Río_de_Oro._de_fotografía_remitida_por_el_señor_Bonelli.jpg|thumb|Matsugunin wucin gadi na Mutanen Espanya na farko a cikin yankin Río de Oro yayin ayyukan binciken da Emilio Bonelli ya jagoranta (an buga shi a cikin Janairu 1885 a ''La Ilustración Española y Americana'' ).]] Sojojin Spain, tare da ɗan Afirka na Spain Emilio Bonelli, sun mallaki gabar tekun tsakanin Cape Bojador da Cabo Blanco don Spain, inda suka kafa matsugunan guda uku a gabar tekun Sahara: ɗaya a Villa Cisneros, an sanya masa suna don girmama Francisco Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros (1436-1517), ɗan Spain mai rajin kare haƙƙin [[Humanism|ɗan adam]], [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]], Regent da kuma shugaban coci wanda shine Babban Mai Binciken Tambayoyi a lokacin [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition na Spain]] ; da kuma wani a Cabo Blanco don farautar hatimi, wanda aka ba shi suna Medina Gatell; da kuma wani a Angra de Cintra mai suna Puerto Badia, don girmama Balarabe kuma ɗan kasada Domingo Badia . Bonelli ya sa mazauna yankin de Río de Oro su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta sanya su ƙarƙashin "kariyar" [[Ispaniya|Masarautar Spain]] . Saboda kasancewar sabbin matsugunan guda uku, a watan Disamba na shekarar 1884, Gwamnatin Spain ta sanar da manyan kasashen mulkin mallaka da suka taru a [[taron Berlin]] a hukumance cewa Masarautar Spain ce ke da ikon mallakar yankin da ke tsakanin Cape Bojador da Cape Blanco. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, hukumomin Spain sun sanya Dakhla, wanda a lokacin ake kira Villa Cisneros, babban birnin lardin Río de Oro, ɗaya daga cikin yankuna biyu na abin da aka sani da Spanish Sahara . Hukumomin sun gina sansanin soja kuma ya zama muhimmiyar hanyar shiga jirgin saman Toulouse-Dakar a shekarun 1920. Tashar hanyar Cisneros ta kasance a cikin littafin Antoine de Saint-Exupery mai suna Courier Sud. Mutanen Spain sun kuma gina cocin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] na zamani a can. Akwai sansanin kurkuku a sansanin a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain inda aka tsare marubuta kamar Pedro García Cabrera . == Manazarta == qiib2qqaujaxt4wtwn198c9zo3nt1v9 868832 868831 2026-06-26T17:40:52Z Engineer014 44591 868832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dakhla''' ( Arabic , ; an kafa shi a matsayin '''Villa Cisneros''' ) birni ne a yankin Yammacin Sahara da ake takaddama a kai, <ref name="un.org">{{Cite web |title=Western Sahara: a 'peaceful solution' to conflict is possible, says UN envoy |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/western-sahara-peaceful-solution%E2%80%99-conflict-possible-says-un-envoy |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> kuma [[Moroko|Morocco]] ta mamaye shi tun 1976. <ref name="United Nations Documents">{{Cite web |title=A/RES/35/19 - E - A/RES/35/19 |url=https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/35/19 |access-date=8 Apr 2021 |website=Question of Western Sahara |page=214}}</ref> Ita ce babban birnin yankin da ake ikirarin mallakar Morocco na Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab . Tana da yawan jama'a 161,723 <ref name="census2024">{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=Population légale du Royaume du Maroc répartie par régions, provinces et préfectures et communes selon les résultats du Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat 2024 |url=https://www.hcp.ma/Population-legale-du-Royaume-du-Maroc-repartie-par-regions-provinces-et-prefectures-et-communes-selon-les-resultats-du_a3974.html |publisher=High Commission for Planning, Morocco |language=ar, fr}}</ref> kuma tana kan wani yanki mai kunkuntar gabar [[Tekun Atalanta|tekun Atlantika]], yankin Río de Oro, kimanin {{Cvt|550|km}} kudu da [[Laayoune]] . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Mezquita_en_Dajla_(Sahara_Occidental).jpg|right|thumb|187x187px|Masallaci a Dakhla]] === Tarihin farko === An zauna a Rio de Oro a ƙarni na sha biyu ta hannun Oulad Delim, wata ƙabilar [[Larabawa]] ' yan asalin Kudancin Larabawa waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga [[Yemen]] . Mazauna [[Ispaniya|Spain]] sun faɗaɗa Dakhla a lokacin [[Daular Sipaniya|faɗaɗa daularsu]] . Sha'awar Sifaniya a gabar hamada ta Sahara ta Yammacin Afirka ta taso ne sakamakon kamun kifi da masunta Sifaniya ke yi daga [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]] da ke kusa da su da kuma sakamakon barazanar [[Barbary pirates|'yan fashin teku na Barbary]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Masuntan Sipaniya sun kasance masu farautar gashin tsuntsaye, 'yan kasuwa, da masu kiwon kifi a bakin tekun Sahara daga Dakhla zuwa Cabo Blanco daga 1500 zuwa yanzu, suna yin kifin kifi ga manyan kifayen Humpback da 'yan maruƙansu, galibi a kusa da [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]], da kuma [[Tekun Guinea]] a tsibiran [[Annobón]], [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] har zuwa 1940. Waɗannan ayyukan kamun kifi sun yi mummunan tasiri ga namun daji, wanda ya haifar da ɓacewa ko kuma sanya haɗari ga nau'ikan halittu da yawa, musamman dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsayen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIS - Noticias en Breve - EN BREVE - la flota de arrastre del Golfo de Cádiz vuelve este martes a faenar tras 45 días de parada biológica |url=http://fis.com/fis/worldnews/search_brief.asp?l=s&id=47446&ndb=1&monthyear=&day=&country=194&df=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528204750/https://fis.com/fis/worldnews/search_brief.asp?l=s&id=47446&ndb=1&monthyear=&day=&country=194&df=1 |archive-date=28 May 2020 |access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=González de la Fe |first=Pedro |title=Evolución de la actividad de la flota pesquera con base en Canarias en el banco sahariano desde los acuerdos tripartitos de 1975 hasta la actualidad |url=http://sahara-news.webcindario.com/actividad_flota_pesquerasahara.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213002722/http://sahara-news.webcindario.com/actividad_flota_pesquerasahara.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2005 |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=sahara-news.webcindario.com |language=es}}</ref> === Mulkin mallaka na Sipaniya === Mutanen Spain sun kafa tashoshin kamun kifi tare da wasu kamun kifi da cinikin kifi. A shekara ta 1881, an sanya tashar jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun yankin Río de Oro don tallafawa aikin rundunar kamun kifi ta Canarian. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Duk da haka, sai a shekarar 1884 ne Spain ta kafa wurin shayarwa a hukumance a matsayin Villa Cisneros, a cikin matsugunin da Papal bull ya kafa a shekarar 1502. An haɗa shi cikin yankunan da aka bai wa Sifaniyawa a gabashin tsibiran Azores . Da suka isa Rio de Oro a shekarar 1884 don kafa masana'antunsu na farko a bakin teku, an tilasta wa Sifaniyawa su yi hulɗa da Oulad Delim, wata ƙabilar [[Larabawa]] [[Sahrawis|ta Sahrawi]] wadda ke iko da dukkan Rio de Oro da wani yanki a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] wanda ya tashi daga Nouadhibou zuwa Idjlil. A shekarar 1884, [[Spanish Society of Africanists|ƙungiyar masu rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Sifaniya]] ta tallata matsugunin Villa Cisneros kuma gwamnatin Canovas del Castillo ta ba da kuɗaɗen gina matsugunin. A wannan shekarar, Oulad Delim ta kai hari kan wurin ciniki ta kuma wawure shagunanta kafin Sifaniyawa ta fitar da wata doka ta sarauta wadda ta sanya bakin tekun daga Cape Bojador zuwa Cape Blanc a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Sifaniya. A shekarar 1886, an faɗaɗa ikon mulkin mallaka na Spain zuwa mil 150 a cikin ƙasar. Mutanen Spain sun cimma yarjejeniya da wani [[Shehu|shehin]] garin Oulad Delim shekaru biyu bayan haka. [[Fayil:Trabajos_de_la_Sociedad_Española_de_Africanistas._Establecimiento_provisional_en_la_Península_de_Río_de_Oro._de_fotografía_remitida_por_el_señor_Bonelli.jpg|thumb|Matsugunin wucin gadi na Mutanen Espanya na farko a cikin yankin Río de Oro yayin ayyukan binciken da Emilio Bonelli ya jagoranta (an buga shi a cikin Janairu 1885 a ''La Ilustración Española y Americana'' ).]] Sojojin Spain, tare da ɗan Afirka na Spain Emilio Bonelli, sun mallaki gabar tekun tsakanin Cape Bojador da Cabo Blanco don Spain, inda suka kafa matsugunan guda uku a gabar tekun Sahara: ɗaya a Villa Cisneros, an sanya masa suna don girmama Francisco Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros (1436-1517), ɗan Spain mai rajin kare haƙƙin [[Humanism|ɗan adam]], [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]], Regent da kuma shugaban coci wanda shine Babban Mai Binciken Tambayoyi a lokacin [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition na Spain]] ; da kuma wani a Cabo Blanco don farautar hatimi, wanda aka ba shi suna Medina Gatell; da kuma wani a Angra de Cintra mai suna Puerto Badia, don girmama Balarabe kuma ɗan kasada Domingo Badia . Bonelli ya sa mazauna yankin de Río de Oro su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta sanya su ƙarƙashin "kariyar" [[Ispaniya|Masarautar Spain]] . Saboda kasancewar sabbin matsugunan guda uku, a watan Disamba na shekarar 1884, Gwamnatin Spain ta sanar da manyan kasashen mulkin mallaka da suka taru a [[taron Berlin]] a hukumance cewa Masarautar Spain ce ke da ikon mallakar yankin da ke tsakanin Cape Bojador da Cape Blanco. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, hukumomin Spain sun sanya Dakhla, wanda a lokacin ake kira Villa Cisneros, babban birnin lardin Río de Oro, ɗaya daga cikin yankuna biyu na abin da aka sani da Spanish Sahara . Hukumomin sun gina sansanin soja kuma ya zama muhimmiyar hanyar shiga jirgin saman Toulouse-Dakar a shekarun 1920. Tashar hanyar Cisneros ta kasance a cikin littafin Antoine de Saint-Exupery mai suna Courier Sud. Mutanen Spain sun kuma gina cocin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] na zamani a can. Akwai sansanin kurkuku a sansanin a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain inda aka tsare marubuta kamar Pedro García Cabrera . == Manazarta == t5viejg6bvn1svsm0jlwwxdledxo8kr 0 159883 868833 2026-06-26T17:40:54Z Meemah Muh'd 46376 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327850284|Misali Island]]" 868833 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tsibirin Misali''' (''Kisiwa cha Misali'', a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) tsibiri ne da ke cikin yankin Ndagoni na Gundumar Chake a Yankin Pemba ta Kudu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zanzibar (Districts and Wards) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tanzania/zanzibar/admin/}}</ref> wanda ke kusa da gabar yammacin Tsibirin Pemba, a cikin Tsibirin Zanzibar . == Muhimmancin al'adu da addini == A cewar labari na yankin, [[Prophet Hadhara|Annabi Hadhara]] ya ayyana tsibirin kanta a matsayin matattarar [[Sallaya|Addu'a]] lokacin da babu wanda yake. Yankin rairayin bakin teku na arewa yana fuskantar [[Makkah|Makka]], kuma sunan "Misali" ya fito ne daga kalmar Swahili don "kafin addu'a". Matsayi mai tsarki na tsibirin ya rinjayi ayyukan muhalli. A cikin shekarun 1990s, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu irin su [[Hadin Gwiwa Don Taimakawa A Ko Ina|CARE International]] sun yi aiki tare da shugabannin addini don inganta kamun kifi mai ɗorewa, daidaita kiyayewa tare da dabi'un Islama. Wani shirin [[PBS]] ya nuna yadda Imamai suka nakalto ayoyin Alkur'ani don karfafa kariya ta kariya, kamar "Allah ba ya son wasters" (7:31). Wani rahoto na BBC na 2005 ya rubuta juriya ga kokarin kiyayewa na farko har sai shugabannin addinai sun jaddada wajibai na Alkur'ani. Wani masunta ya ce, "Yana da sauƙi a yi watsi da gwamnati, amma babu wanda zai iya karya dokar Allah". == Yanayin ƙasa == Tsibirin Misali yana cikin [[Tashar Pemba]], kimanin kilomita 10 a yammacin Chake, babban birnin tsibirin Pemba. Tsibirin ya rufe yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1 kuma an kewaye shi da tsarin halittu na coral reef. == Muhalli da kiyayewa == === Biodiversity === Tsibirin Misali yana da nau'o'in halittu iri-iri na ƙasa da na ruwa. Tsibirin shine kawai gida na ƙarshe ga Aloe pembana, nau'in asali wanda ya taɓa yaduwa a cikin tsibirin. Tsarin halittu yana tallafawa nau'o'in duniya masu haɗari kamar su Pemba flying fox, vervet monkeys, da coconut crabs. Tsibirin tsibirin suna da mahimman wuraren zama kuma suna dauke da nau'in kifi sama da 300 da nau'ikan murjani 40. Tsibirin kuma shine mahimmin wurin zama na tururuwa masu kore da hawksbill. === Shirin kiyayewa === An kafa tsibirin a shekarar 1998 a matsayin Yankin Kare Ruwa na Tsibirin Misali, daga baya aka haɗa shi cikin Yankin Kare Ruwa na Pemba Channel (PECCA) wanda doka ta tanada. Tsarin kariyar ruwa ya haɗa da ƙoƙari da yawa. Masu sintiri na yau da kullun suna sa ido kan reefs na murjani, kuma membobin al'umma suna taimakawa wajen aiwatar da haramcin ayyukan lalata kamar kamun kifi mai ƙarfi da bindigogin mashi. Kudin baƙi na $10 kowace rana yana ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga shirye-shiryen kiyayewa. Shirin kuma yana aiwatar da dabarun kula da muhalli don dawo da reefs na murjani, sake dasa bishiyoyin mangrove kusa da ƙauyuka, da kuma yankunan da aka keɓe don hana kamun kifi waɗanda yanzu suka mamaye kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin reef. Nasarar shirin tana tallafawa ta hanyar haɗin kai mai ƙarfi tare da al'umma. Ilimin muhalli na Islama yana taimakawa wajen daidaita burin kiyayewa tare da imani na gida. Horarwa a wasu hanyoyin rayuwa ciki har da kiwon ƙudan zuma da yawon shakatawa yana rage matsin lamba a kan albarkatun ruwa. Kwamitocin kiyayewa na cikin gida suna sanye take da tsarin bayar da rahoto don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da lissafin jama'a da ci gaba da shiga cikin burin da sakamakon shirin. === Maido da mazaunin === Tun daga shekara ta 2000, shirin kiyayewa na Misali ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen sake dasa mangrove a bakin tekun ƙauyen. Wadannan kokarin, wadanda kudaden baƙi suka tallafawa, suna da manufofi biyu: samar da wuraren kifi don tallafawa kamun kifi da hana lalacewar bakin teku. Kungiyoyin mata na cikin gida suna jagorantar kokarin dasa shuka, tare da fiye da 10,000 mangroves da aka kafa a shekarar 2013. === Tsarin tilasta aiki da sintiri === Tsarin sintiri na al'umma yana tilasta dokokin kamun kifi, ta amfani da masu lasisi da kwamitocin ƙauyuka don bayar da rahoton keta doka. PBS ta rubuta yadda aka kwace kayan da ba bisa ka'ida ba sun haɗa da bindigogi da taru masu kyau, tare da masunta da ke karɓar gargadi maimakon tarar don laifuka na farko. == Yawon shakatawa == Ana inganta tsibirin Misali a matsayin makoma ga ayyukan yawon shakatawa na muhalli ciki har da snorkeling da scuba diving, tafiya na yanayi da kallon tsuntsaye, da kuma yawon shakata mai ɗorewa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Misali Island Illustrated Checklist |url=https://ebird.org/hotspot/L4176339/illustrated-checklist |access-date=March 31, 2025 |website=eBird |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1998, baƙi sun biya kuɗin kiyayewa na yau da kullun na $ 10, wanda ke tallafawa sintiri da ayyukan ƙauyuka kamar sabunta mangrove. == Tattalin Arziki == Don rage matsin kamun kifi, shirin kiyayewa ya gabatar da wasu hanyoyi da yawa don rayuwar al'ummar kamun kiɗa. Zuwa shekarar 2013, an kafa gidajen zuma guda 120, suna samar da zuma ga kasuwannin gida. An ƙirƙiro filayen noma na ruwan teku da mata ke gudanarwa a bakin teku, wanda ke samar da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dala Amurka 5 a kowace rana. Shirin ya horar kuma ya ba da takardar shaida ga jagorori 45 don jagorantar rangadin iyo a cikin teku, wanda ya haifar da sabbin damammaki a fannin yawon buɗe ido a fannin muhalli. Wani masunta da ke cikin shirin ya ce, "Cucumbers na teku da octopus da muke karewa a yau za su ciyar da yaranmu gobe. " Sakon addini na shirin ya taimaka wajen canza ra'ayoyi game da kula da muhalli. Wani masunta ya gaya wa BBC, "Na fi sadaukar da kai ga kare muhalli yanzu, kuma Musulmi ne da ya fi mai himma". == Barazanar muhalli == Duk da kokarin kiyayewa, tsibirin Misali ya ci gaba da fuskantar barazanar muhalli da yawa. Ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, kamar amfani da taru masu nauyi waɗanda ke lalata coral reefs, sun kasance matsala mai ɗorewa. Canjin yanayi ya shafi lafiyar yanayin halittu na murjani. Rashin gurɓata daga yawon shakatawa da al'ummomin da ke kusa da shi yana barazana ga bambancin halittu na ruwa. Kokarin bunkasa tsibirin don wurin shakatawa na yawon bude ido yana haifar da haɗari ga tsibirin da tsarin da ke kewaye da shi. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tsibirai na Tanzania * Tsibirin Pemba * Tsibirin Zanzibar * Muhalli na Musulunci == Bayani == * An fara watsa shirye-shiryen Saving the Ocean tare da Carl Safina a [[PBS]] a cikin 2013. Abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance suna samuwa ta hanyar tarihin kamfanin samarwa. Carl Safina dan wasan tsaron ruwa ne na Pulitzer Prize-finalist wanda aka ambaci aikinsa a cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka sake dubawa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i3pds54kc0mb7n8xts0bdup66up2ols 868834 868833 2026-06-26T17:41:32Z Meemah Muh'd 46376 868834 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Tsibirin Misali''' (''Kisiwa cha Misali'', a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) tsibiri ne da ke cikin yankin Ndagoni na Gundumar Chake a Yankin Pemba ta Kudu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zanzibar (Districts and Wards) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tanzania/zanzibar/admin/}}</ref> wanda ke kusa da gabar yammacin Tsibirin Pemba, a cikin Tsibirin Zanzibar . == Muhimmancin al'adu da addini == A cewar labari na yankin, [[Prophet Hadhara|Annabi Hadhara]] ya ayyana tsibirin kanta a matsayin matattarar [[Sallaya|Addu'a]] lokacin da babu wanda yake. Yankin rairayin bakin teku na arewa yana fuskantar [[Makkah|Makka]], kuma sunan "Misali" ya fito ne daga kalmar Swahili don "kafin addu'a". Matsayi mai tsarki na tsibirin ya rinjayi ayyukan muhalli. A cikin shekarun 1990s, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu irin su [[Hadin Gwiwa Don Taimakawa A Ko Ina|CARE International]] sun yi aiki tare da shugabannin addini don inganta kamun kifi mai ɗorewa, daidaita kiyayewa tare da dabi'un Islama. Wani shirin [[PBS]] ya nuna yadda Imamai suka nakalto ayoyin Alkur'ani don karfafa kariya ta kariya, kamar "Allah ba ya son wasters" (7:31). Wani rahoto na BBC na 2005 ya rubuta juriya ga kokarin kiyayewa na farko har sai shugabannin addinai sun jaddada wajibai na Alkur'ani. Wani masunta ya ce, "Yana da sauƙi a yi watsi da gwamnati, amma babu wanda zai iya karya dokar Allah". == Yanayin ƙasa == Tsibirin Misali yana cikin [[Tashar Pemba]], kimanin kilomita 10 a yammacin Chake, babban birnin tsibirin Pemba. Tsibirin ya rufe yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1 kuma an kewaye shi da tsarin halittu na coral reef. == Muhalli da kiyayewa == === Biodiversity === Tsibirin Misali yana da nau'o'in halittu iri-iri na ƙasa da na ruwa. Tsibirin shine kawai gida na ƙarshe ga Aloe pembana, nau'in asali wanda ya taɓa yaduwa a cikin tsibirin. Tsarin halittu yana tallafawa nau'o'in duniya masu haɗari kamar su Pemba flying fox, vervet monkeys, da coconut crabs. Tsibirin tsibirin suna da mahimman wuraren zama kuma suna dauke da nau'in kifi sama da 300 da nau'ikan murjani 40. Tsibirin kuma shine mahimmin wurin zama na tururuwa masu kore da hawksbill. === Shirin kiyayewa === An kafa tsibirin a shekarar 1998 a matsayin Yankin Kare Ruwa na Tsibirin Misali, daga baya aka haɗa shi cikin Yankin Kare Ruwa na Pemba Channel (PECCA) wanda doka ta tanada. Tsarin kariyar ruwa ya haɗa da ƙoƙari da yawa. Masu sintiri na yau da kullun suna sa ido kan reefs na murjani, kuma membobin al'umma suna taimakawa wajen aiwatar da haramcin ayyukan lalata kamar kamun kifi mai ƙarfi da bindigogin mashi. Kudin baƙi na $10 kowace rana yana ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga shirye-shiryen kiyayewa. Shirin kuma yana aiwatar da dabarun kula da muhalli don dawo da reefs na murjani, sake dasa bishiyoyin mangrove kusa da ƙauyuka, da kuma yankunan da aka keɓe don hana kamun kifi waɗanda yanzu suka mamaye kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin reef. Nasarar shirin tana tallafawa ta hanyar haɗin kai mai ƙarfi tare da al'umma. Ilimin muhalli na Islama yana taimakawa wajen daidaita burin kiyayewa tare da imani na gida. Horarwa a wasu hanyoyin rayuwa ciki har da kiwon ƙudan zuma da yawon shakatawa yana rage matsin lamba a kan albarkatun ruwa. Kwamitocin kiyayewa na cikin gida suna sanye take da tsarin bayar da rahoto don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da lissafin jama'a da ci gaba da shiga cikin burin da sakamakon shirin. === Maido da mazaunin === Tun daga shekara ta 2000, shirin kiyayewa na Misali ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen sake dasa mangrove a bakin tekun ƙauyen. Wadannan kokarin, wadanda kudaden baƙi suka tallafawa, suna da manufofi biyu: samar da wuraren kifi don tallafawa kamun kifi da hana lalacewar bakin teku. Kungiyoyin mata na cikin gida suna jagorantar kokarin dasa shuka, tare da fiye da 10,000 mangroves da aka kafa a shekarar 2013. === Tsarin tilasta aiki da sintiri === Tsarin sintiri na al'umma yana tilasta dokokin kamun kifi, ta amfani da masu lasisi da kwamitocin ƙauyuka don bayar da rahoton keta doka. PBS ta rubuta yadda aka kwace kayan da ba bisa ka'ida ba sun haɗa da bindigogi da taru masu kyau, tare da masunta da ke karɓar gargadi maimakon tarar don laifuka na farko. == Yawon shakatawa == Ana inganta tsibirin Misali a matsayin makoma ga ayyukan yawon shakatawa na muhalli ciki har da snorkeling da scuba diving, tafiya na yanayi da kallon tsuntsaye, da kuma yawon shakata mai ɗorewa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Misali Island Illustrated Checklist |url=https://ebird.org/hotspot/L4176339/illustrated-checklist |access-date=March 31, 2025 |website=eBird |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1998, baƙi sun biya kuɗin kiyayewa na yau da kullun na $ 10, wanda ke tallafawa sintiri da ayyukan ƙauyuka kamar sabunta mangrove. == Tattalin Arziki == Don rage matsin kamun kifi, shirin kiyayewa ya gabatar da wasu hanyoyi da yawa don rayuwar al'ummar kamun kiɗa. Zuwa shekarar 2013, an kafa gidajen zuma guda 120, suna samar da zuma ga kasuwannin gida. An ƙirƙiro filayen noma na ruwan teku da mata ke gudanarwa a bakin teku, wanda ke samar da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dala Amurka 5 a kowace rana. Shirin ya horar kuma ya ba da takardar shaida ga jagorori 45 don jagorantar rangadin iyo a cikin teku, wanda ya haifar da sabbin damammaki a fannin yawon buɗe ido a fannin muhalli. Wani masunta da ke cikin shirin ya ce, "Cucumbers na teku da octopus da muke karewa a yau za su ciyar da yaranmu gobe. " Sakon addini na shirin ya taimaka wajen canza ra'ayoyi game da kula da muhalli. Wani masunta ya gaya wa BBC, "Na fi sadaukar da kai ga kare muhalli yanzu, kuma Musulmi ne da ya fi mai himma". == Barazanar muhalli == Duk da kokarin kiyayewa, tsibirin Misali ya ci gaba da fuskantar barazanar muhalli da yawa. Ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, kamar amfani da taru masu nauyi waɗanda ke lalata coral reefs, sun kasance matsala mai ɗorewa. Canjin yanayi ya shafi lafiyar yanayin halittu na murjani. Rashin gurɓata daga yawon shakatawa da al'ummomin da ke kusa da shi yana barazana ga bambancin halittu na ruwa. Kokarin bunkasa tsibirin don wurin shakatawa na yawon bude ido yana haifar da haɗari ga tsibirin da tsarin da ke kewaye da shi. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tsibirai na Tanzania * Tsibirin Pemba * Tsibirin Zanzibar * Muhalli na Musulunci == Bayani == * An fara watsa shirye-shiryen Saving the Ocean tare da Carl Safina a [[PBS]] a cikin 2013. Abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance suna samuwa ta hanyar tarihin kamfanin samarwa. Carl Safina dan wasan tsaron ruwa ne na Pulitzer Prize-finalist wanda aka ambaci aikinsa a cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka sake dubawa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5mokysaoa96y93wht2mc1drte9fsz07 0 159884 868838 2026-06-26T17:45:54Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351236117|Assab]]" 868838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Assab''' ko '''Aseb''' ( Tigrinya , Arabic ) birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa a yankin Kudancin Tekun Ja na [[Eritrea]] wanda ke bakin tekun yamma na [[Red Sea|Tekun Ja]] . Harsunan da ake magana a Assab galibi sune Afar, [[Harshen Tigrinya|Tigrinya]], da [[Larabci]] . Kamfanin Rubattino ne ya kafa ta a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1882; lokacin da gwamnatin Italiya ta karɓi iko da tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1882, ta kafa harsashin kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Italian Eritrea|Eritrea ta Italiya]], wadda ta zama ƙasar [[Eritrea]] mai cin gashin kanta bayan samun 'yancin kanta daga [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a shekarun 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asseb Eritrea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Asseb |website=Britannica}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natives_fishing_in_the_vicinity_of_Assab_(1885).jpg|right|thumb|'Yan asalin ƙasar suna kamun kifi a kusa da Assab, Eritrea, suna sassaka daga zane na GB Licata, Maris 15, 1885.]] == Tarihi == Assab tana da ɗan kusanci da yankunan karkara, kuma har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, ba komai ba ne illa ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi [[Mutanen Afar|na Afar]] wanda ke da yawan mutane 100 kacal da bukkoki ashirin. Ya jawo hankali sosai a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1869 lokacin da mai wa'azin Italiya Giuseppe Sapeto ya sayi Tekun Assab a madadin Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Rubattino . <ref>''The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People'', second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p.&nbsp;90. {{ISBN|0-19-285061-X}}.</ref> Da isarsa Tekun Assab, Sapeto ya sami sarakuna biyu, 'yan'uwa Hasan ibn Ahmed da Ibrahim ibn Ahmed, waɗanda dukkansu suka yarda su sayar da tashar jiragen ruwan don thalers 6,000 na Maria Theresa . Sapeto ya ba da hujjar siyan sa ta hanyar iƙirarin cewa tashar jiragen ruwan ta fi dacewa da Italiya saboda kusancinta da [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] kuma ya kuma yi jayayya cewa tashar jiragen ruwan, kodayake a ƙarƙashin ikon sarkin Aussa, a zahiri ita ce tsarinta mai zaman kanta. Duk da haka, siyan ya sami babban ce-ce-ku-ce a Italiya inda 'yan jarida da majalisar dokoki suka yi adawa da shi amma kuma ya jawo suka mai ƙarfi daga Masarawa waɗanda suka ayyana siyar da ita a matsayin haramtacciyar hanya. Gwamnatin Italiya, wacce ta yi matukar farin ciki da yiwuwar samar da tashar jiragen ruwa don shiga Habasha a cikin ƙasa, ta kwace ikon yankin a shekarar 1882 kuma ta ɗauki matakai don buɗe hanyar shiga cikin ƙasar zuwa Shewa . Count Pietro Antonelli, wakilin Italiya a Menelik na II, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da sarkin Habasha, inda ya amince ya ba shi bindigogin Remington 2,000 waɗanda aka shigo da su ta hanyar Assab. Antonelli ya kuma ziyarci Aussa a shekarar 1883 inda ya sami damar yin abota da sarkin Afar, Muhammad Hanfari kuma ya shawo kansa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da gwamnatin Italiya. Sakamakon haka, cinikin da ke tsakanin Assab da Shewa ya faɗaɗa nan ba da daɗewa ba, kuma a ƙarshen shekara mai zuwa Antonelli ya sami damar kawo bindigogi 50,000 da harsasai miliyan 10 a madadin raƙuma 600 da ke ɗauke da zinare, hauren giwa da civet. A shekarar 1884, wani matafiyi ɗan Italiya mai suna GB Licata ya ziyarci tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ya kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen da ke zaune a [[Mutanen Afar|yankin Afars]] 111, [[Larabawa]] 140, Italiyawa 43, Habashawa 12 da Somaliyawa 10 ne. Duk da cewa har yanzu ƙaramin matsuguni ne, ana ɗaukar Assab a matsayin wurin alkawari, Licata ya bayyana ta a cikin motsin rai a shekarar 1884 a matsayin farkon "manyan abubuwa masu zuwa. Yana da kyau ga abin da zai kasance lokacin da Italiya za ta mayar da ita matsuguni; yana da daɗi a zahiri domin ƙaramin abu ne, kuma abin taɓawa ne a matsayin abu na Italiya." Bayan mamayar Massawa a shekarar 1885, matsugunin ya ragu. Mamayar garin da ke arewa ya bai wa Italiyawa babbar tashar jiragen ruwa wadda ta ba su damar shiga Habasha cikin sauƙi. Cinikin bindigogin tashar jiragen ruwa da Shewa shi ma ya lalace saboda barkewar rikici da Menelik na biyu . Bayan mummunan [[Yaƙin Adwa]], an manta da Assab sosai kuma Italiyawa sun mai da hankali kan Massawa. A farkon karni na 20, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Assab ta zama ruwan dare. Habasha, wacce ke zargin Italiya, ta fi son yin kasuwanci da Faransawa a [[Jibuti (birni)|Djibouti]] . Kammala layin dogo na Ethio-Djibouti ya haifar da raguwar cinikin da ke ratsa Assab. Idan babu wani muhimmin ciniki daga cikin teku, matsugunin ya dogara ne da samar da gishiri wanda aka fitar zuwa [[Japan]], da kuma wasu gonakin dabino da ke kusa. An kiyasta cewa yawan jama'ar da ke wannan lokacin ya kasance tsakanin mazauna 1,000 zuwa 3,000 tare da 'yan Italiya 100 zuwa 140. Wani rahoto da Ofishin Yaƙin Burtaniya ya fitar a shekarar 1922 ya bayyana cewa matsugunin bai wuce ƙaramin ƙauye ba kuma ya ƙunshi "ƙasa da bukkoki ɗari na ciyawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar tare da wasu gidaje da aka gina a Turai da kuma ƙaramin gidan al'ada". Da alama karuwar mulkin kama-karya ta yi tasiri kamar yadda matafiyin Birtaniya Hermann Norden ya lura "ko da ba tare da ganin tutar daga gine-ginen gwamnati ba, matafiyin zai san yana cikin mallakar Italiya, domin yaran baƙaƙe a cikin layukan da ke lanƙwasa suna yi wa 'yan fascist gaisuwa". Bayan [[Yaƙin Italiya da Habasha na Biyu|Yaƙin Italo na Biyu da Habasha,]] ci gaban Assab ya sami sabon ci gaba ta hanyar gina hanyar zuwa Dessie da sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa. Assab tana ɗaya daga cikin sojojin Italiya na ƙarshe da suka miƙa wuya ga ƙawayenta a lokacin [[Yakin Gabashin Afirka (Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu)|Yaƙin Gabashin Afirka]] . An kwace Assab a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1941 ta hannun Rundunar 3/15 ta Punjab, wacce ta kwace dukkan sansanin sojojinta, ciki har da kwamandanta, Pietro Piacentini . Bayan haɗin gwiwar Eritrea da Habasha a shekarar 1952 (da kuma haɗewarta a shekarar 1962), Assab ta zama muhimmiyar tashar shiga ga yankunan kudanci da tsakiyar ƙasar. An ƙara faɗaɗa Assab ta hanyar aikin gini, tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da Yugoslavia a lokacin mulkin Haile Selassie na ɗaya . An fara gina matatar mai a shekarar 1964, kuma an buɗe ta a shekarar 1967. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wannan ci gaban ya motsa dimbin 'yan gudun hijirar Habasha daga Tigray da Wollo, don neman aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa ko kuma yin aiki a masana'antar gishiri da kamun kifi. Gwamnatin soja ta Derg ta yi sha'awar raba Assab da sauran Eritrea a fannin gudanarwa, musamman yayin da ra'ayin kishin ƙasa tsakanin 'yan Afar ya fara ƙaruwa a shekarun 1970. Cinikin Habasha a Assab ya karu zuwa sama da kashi 60% yayin da yaƙi a wasu sassan Eritrea ya sa sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa ba su dace ba. Zuwa shekarar 1989, Assab tana da yawan jama'a 39,600. An rufe matatar mai saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki a shekarar 1997. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ta yi amfani da Assab a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin kashi biyu bisa uku na cinikinta da duniya har zuwa lokacin da yaƙin Eritrea da Habasha ya ɓarke a shekarar 1998. Iyakoki tsakanin Eritrea da Habasha sun rufe kuma ciniki da Habasha ya tsaya. Tashar jiragen ruwa da garin tashar jiragen ruwa sun ragu kuma zuwa shekarar 2005 yawan jama'a ya ragu zuwa kimanin mazauna 20,222. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asseb Eritrea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Asseb |website=Britannica}}</ref> == Manazarta == jyyemwb3nlald0y4ps3yejfs5j0zqc0 868839 868838 2026-06-26T17:46:16Z Engineer014 44591 868839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Assab''' ko '''Aseb''' ( Tigrinya , Arabic ) birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa a yankin Kudancin Tekun Ja na [[Eritrea]] wanda ke bakin tekun yamma na [[Red Sea|Tekun Ja]] . Harsunan da ake magana a Assab galibi sune Afar, [[Harshen Tigrinya|Tigrinya]], da [[Larabci]] . Kamfanin Rubattino ne ya kafa ta a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1882; lokacin da gwamnatin Italiya ta karɓi iko da tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1882, ta kafa harsashin kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Italian Eritrea|Eritrea ta Italiya]], wadda ta zama ƙasar [[Eritrea]] mai cin gashin kanta bayan samun 'yancin kanta daga [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a shekarun 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asseb Eritrea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Asseb |website=Britannica}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natives_fishing_in_the_vicinity_of_Assab_(1885).jpg|right|thumb|'Yan asalin ƙasar suna kamun kifi a kusa da Assab, Eritrea, suna sassaka daga zane na GB Licata, Maris 15, 1885.]] == Tarihi == Assab tana da ɗan kusanci da yankunan karkara, kuma har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, ba komai ba ne illa ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi [[Mutanen Afar|na Afar]] wanda ke da yawan mutane 100 kacal da bukkoki ashirin. Ya jawo hankali sosai a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1869 lokacin da mai wa'azin Italiya Giuseppe Sapeto ya sayi Tekun Assab a madadin Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Rubattino . <ref>''The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People'', second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p.&nbsp;90. {{ISBN|0-19-285061-X}}.</ref> Da isarsa Tekun Assab, Sapeto ya sami sarakuna biyu, 'yan'uwa Hasan ibn Ahmed da Ibrahim ibn Ahmed, waɗanda dukkansu suka yarda su sayar da tashar jiragen ruwan don thalers 6,000 na Maria Theresa . Sapeto ya ba da hujjar siyan sa ta hanyar iƙirarin cewa tashar jiragen ruwan ta fi dacewa da Italiya saboda kusancinta da [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] kuma ya kuma yi jayayya cewa tashar jiragen ruwan, kodayake a ƙarƙashin ikon sarkin Aussa, a zahiri ita ce tsarinta mai zaman kanta. Duk da haka, siyan ya sami babban ce-ce-ku-ce a Italiya inda 'yan jarida da majalisar dokoki suka yi adawa da shi amma kuma ya jawo suka mai ƙarfi daga Masarawa waɗanda suka ayyana siyar da ita a matsayin haramtacciyar hanya. Gwamnatin Italiya, wacce ta yi matukar farin ciki da yiwuwar samar da tashar jiragen ruwa don shiga Habasha a cikin ƙasa, ta kwace ikon yankin a shekarar 1882 kuma ta ɗauki matakai don buɗe hanyar shiga cikin ƙasar zuwa Shewa . Count Pietro Antonelli, wakilin Italiya a Menelik na II, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da sarkin Habasha, inda ya amince ya ba shi bindigogin Remington 2,000 waɗanda aka shigo da su ta hanyar Assab. Antonelli ya kuma ziyarci Aussa a shekarar 1883 inda ya sami damar yin abota da sarkin Afar, Muhammad Hanfari kuma ya shawo kansa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da gwamnatin Italiya. Sakamakon haka, cinikin da ke tsakanin Assab da Shewa ya faɗaɗa nan ba da daɗewa ba, kuma a ƙarshen shekara mai zuwa Antonelli ya sami damar kawo bindigogi 50,000 da harsasai miliyan 10 a madadin raƙuma 600 da ke ɗauke da zinare, hauren giwa da civet. A shekarar 1884, wani matafiyi ɗan Italiya mai suna GB Licata ya ziyarci tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ya kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen da ke zaune a [[Mutanen Afar|yankin Afars]] 111, [[Larabawa]] 140, Italiyawa 43, Habashawa 12 da Somaliyawa 10 ne. Duk da cewa har yanzu ƙaramin matsuguni ne, ana ɗaukar Assab a matsayin wurin alkawari, Licata ya bayyana ta a cikin motsin rai a shekarar 1884 a matsayin farkon "manyan abubuwa masu zuwa. Yana da kyau ga abin da zai kasance lokacin da Italiya za ta mayar da ita matsuguni; yana da daɗi a zahiri domin ƙaramin abu ne, kuma abin taɓawa ne a matsayin abu na Italiya." Bayan mamayar Massawa a shekarar 1885, matsugunin ya ragu. Mamayar garin da ke arewa ya bai wa Italiyawa babbar tashar jiragen ruwa wadda ta ba su damar shiga Habasha cikin sauƙi. Cinikin bindigogin tashar jiragen ruwa da Shewa shi ma ya lalace saboda barkewar rikici da Menelik na biyu . Bayan mummunan [[Yaƙin Adwa]], an manta da Assab sosai kuma Italiyawa sun mai da hankali kan Massawa. A farkon karni na 20, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Assab ta zama ruwan dare. Habasha, wacce ke zargin Italiya, ta fi son yin kasuwanci da Faransawa a [[Jibuti (birni)|Djibouti]] . Kammala layin dogo na Ethio-Djibouti ya haifar da raguwar cinikin da ke ratsa Assab. Idan babu wani muhimmin ciniki daga cikin teku, matsugunin ya dogara ne da samar da gishiri wanda aka fitar zuwa [[Japan]], da kuma wasu gonakin dabino da ke kusa. An kiyasta cewa yawan jama'ar da ke wannan lokacin ya kasance tsakanin mazauna 1,000 zuwa 3,000 tare da 'yan Italiya 100 zuwa 140. Wani rahoto da Ofishin Yaƙin Burtaniya ya fitar a shekarar 1922 ya bayyana cewa matsugunin bai wuce ƙaramin ƙauye ba kuma ya ƙunshi "ƙasa da bukkoki ɗari na ciyawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar tare da wasu gidaje da aka gina a Turai da kuma ƙaramin gidan al'ada". Da alama karuwar mulkin kama-karya ta yi tasiri kamar yadda matafiyin Birtaniya Hermann Norden ya lura "ko da ba tare da ganin tutar daga gine-ginen gwamnati ba, matafiyin zai san yana cikin mallakar Italiya, domin yaran baƙaƙe a cikin layukan da ke lanƙwasa suna yi wa 'yan fascist gaisuwa". Bayan [[Yaƙin Italiya da Habasha na Biyu|Yaƙin Italo na Biyu da Habasha,]] ci gaban Assab ya sami sabon ci gaba ta hanyar gina hanyar zuwa Dessie da sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa. Assab tana ɗaya daga cikin sojojin Italiya na ƙarshe da suka miƙa wuya ga ƙawayenta a lokacin [[Yakin Gabashin Afirka (Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu)|Yaƙin Gabashin Afirka]] . An kwace Assab a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1941 ta hannun Rundunar 3/15 ta Punjab, wacce ta kwace dukkan sansanin sojojinta, ciki har da kwamandanta, Pietro Piacentini . Bayan haɗin gwiwar Eritrea da Habasha a shekarar 1952 (da kuma haɗewarta a shekarar 1962), Assab ta zama muhimmiyar tashar shiga ga yankunan kudanci da tsakiyar ƙasar. An ƙara faɗaɗa Assab ta hanyar aikin gini, tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da Yugoslavia a lokacin mulkin Haile Selassie na ɗaya . An fara gina matatar mai a shekarar 1964, kuma an buɗe ta a shekarar 1967. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wannan ci gaban ya motsa dimbin 'yan gudun hijirar Habasha daga Tigray da Wollo, don neman aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa ko kuma yin aiki a masana'antar gishiri da kamun kifi. Gwamnatin soja ta Derg ta yi sha'awar raba Assab da sauran Eritrea a fannin gudanarwa, musamman yayin da ra'ayin kishin ƙasa tsakanin 'yan Afar ya fara ƙaruwa a shekarun 1970. Cinikin Habasha a Assab ya karu zuwa sama da kashi 60% yayin da yaƙi a wasu sassan Eritrea ya sa sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa ba su dace ba. Zuwa shekarar 1989, Assab tana da yawan jama'a 39,600. An rufe matatar mai saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki a shekarar 1997. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ta yi amfani da Assab a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin kashi biyu bisa uku na cinikinta da duniya har zuwa lokacin da yaƙin Eritrea da Habasha ya ɓarke a shekarar 1998. Iyakoki tsakanin Eritrea da Habasha sun rufe kuma ciniki da Habasha ya tsaya. Tashar jiragen ruwa da garin tashar jiragen ruwa sun ragu kuma zuwa shekarar 2005 yawan jama'a ya ragu zuwa kimanin mazauna 20,222. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asseb Eritrea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Asseb |website=Britannica}}</ref> == Manazarta == hjfbe7vou9h3450snmijskzt4z7afix 0 159885 868840 2026-06-26T17:48:38Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357059077|Swakopmund]]" 868840 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Swakopmund''' ('Bakin [[Kogin Swakop|Swakop]] ') birni ne da ke bakin tekun yammacin [[Namibiya|Namibia]], <ref name="ALANlist">{{Cite web |title=Local Authorities |url=http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities/list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610203011/http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities%2Flist |archive-date=10 June 2013 |access-date=1 October 2012 |publisher=Association of Local Authorities in Namibia (ALAN)}}</ref> {{Cvt|352|km|mi}} yamma da babban birnin ƙasar Namibia [[Windhoek]] ta hanyar babban titin B2 . Ita ce babban birnin gundumar gudanarwa ta Erongo . Tana da mazauna 25,047. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia Cities by Population 2025 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/namibia |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=World Population Review |language=en}}</ref> Birnin yana gefen Hamadar Namib kuma shine cibiyar jama'a ta huɗu mafi girma a Namibia. Swakopmund sanannen wurin shakatawa ne na bakin teku kuma an san shi da gine-ginen mulkin mallaka na Jamus na ƙarni na 19. An kafa birnin a shekarar 1892 a matsayin babban tashar jiragen ruwa na Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka . Gine-ginen birnin sun haɗa da Altes Gefängnis, gidan yarin da Heinrich Bause ya tsara a shekarar 1909. Woermannhaus, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1906 tare da hasumiya mai ban sha'awa (hasumiyar Damara), yanzu ɗakin karatu ne na jama'a. Wuraren jan hankali a Swakopmund sun haɗa da Gidan Tarihi na Swakopmund, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Swakopmund Museum |url=https://scientificsocietyswakopmund.com/swakopmund-museum/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021022010/https://scientificsocietyswakopmund.com/swakopmund-museum/ |archive-date=2021-10-21 |access-date=2017-12-17 |publisher=Scientific Society Swakopmund |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[National Marine Aquarium na Namibia]], da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Crystal. Ana gudanar da ayyuka kamar hawa keke sau huɗu, hawa raƙumi, nutsewa a sararin sama, yin paragliding, da tafiye-tafiyen ranakun hamada a cikin tsaunukan yashi kusa da Langstrand, kudu da [[Kogin Swakop]] . A wajen birnin, filin wasan golf na hamadar Rossmund yana ɗaya daga cikin filayen wasan golf guda biyar kacal da ake da ciyawa a duniya. A kusa akwai wata gona da ke ba da damar yin hawan raƙumi ga masu yawon buɗe ido da kuma jirgin ƙasa mai tururi na Martin Luther, wanda aka gina tun daga shekarar 1896 kuma aka yi watsi da shi a hamada. == Tarihi == === Asalin Ma'anar === An sanya wa garin suna ne bayan [[Kogin Swakop]] . Mazauna Jamus sun fassara shi ''da Swachaub'', kuma lokacin da aka ayyana gundumar a hukumance a shekarar 1896, aka gabatar da sigar ''Swakopmund'' (Jamusanci: ''Bakin [[Kogin Swakop|Swakop]]'' ). <ref name="NamibWeb">{{Cite web |title=Swakopmund |url=http://www.namibweb.com/swakopmund.htm |access-date=8 August 2011 |publisher=namibweb.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Namibiya]] qkpr7vsekk9bzmaz4vw0thojvun9nuz 868841 868840 2026-06-26T17:49:48Z Engineer014 44591 868841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Swakopmund''' ('Bakin [[Kogin Swakop|Swakop]] ') birni ne da ke bakin tekun yammacin [[Namibiya|Namibia]], <ref name="ALANlist">{{Cite web |title=Local Authorities |url=http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities/list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610203011/http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities%2Flist |archive-date=10 June 2013 |access-date=1 October 2012 |publisher=Association of Local Authorities in Namibia (ALAN)}}</ref> {{Cvt|352|km|mi}} yamma da babban birnin ƙasar Namibia [[Windhoek]] ta hanyar babban titin B2 . Ita ce babban birnin gundumar gudanarwa ta Erongo . Tana da mazauna 25,047. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia Cities by Population 2025 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/namibia |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=World Population Review |language=en}}</ref> Birnin yana gefen Hamadar Namib kuma shine cibiyar jama'a ta huɗu mafi girma a Namibia. Swakopmund sanannen wurin shakatawa ne na bakin teku kuma an san shi da gine-ginen mulkin mallaka na Jamus na ƙarni na 19. An kafa birnin a shekarar 1892 a matsayin babban tashar jiragen ruwa na Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka . Gine-ginen birnin sun haɗa da Altes Gefängnis, gidan yarin da Heinrich Bause ya tsara a shekarar 1909. Woermannhaus, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1906 tare da hasumiya mai ban sha'awa (hasumiyar Damara), yanzu ɗakin karatu ne na jama'a. Wuraren jan hankali a Swakopmund sun haɗa da Gidan Tarihi na Swakopmund, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Swakopmund Museum |url=https://scientificsocietyswakopmund.com/swakopmund-museum/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021022010/https://scientificsocietyswakopmund.com/swakopmund-museum/ |archive-date=2021-10-21 |access-date=2017-12-17 |publisher=Scientific Society Swakopmund |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[National Marine Aquarium na Namibia]], da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Crystal. Ana gudanar da ayyuka kamar hawa keke sau huɗu, hawa raƙumi, nutsewa a sararin sama, yin paragliding, da tafiye-tafiyen ranakun hamada a cikin tsaunukan yashi kusa da Langstrand, kudu da [[Kogin Swakop]] . A wajen birnin, filin wasan golf na hamadar Rossmund yana ɗaya daga cikin filayen wasan golf guda biyar kacal da ake da ciyawa a duniya. A kusa akwai wata gona da ke ba da damar yin hawan raƙumi ga masu yawon buɗe ido da kuma jirgin ƙasa mai tururi na Martin Luther, wanda aka gina tun daga shekarar 1896 kuma aka yi watsi da shi a hamada. == Tarihi == === Asalin Ma'anar === An sanya wa garin suna ne bayan [[Kogin Swakop]] . Mazauna Jamus sun fassara shi ''da Swachaub'', kuma lokacin da aka ayyana gundumar a hukumance a shekarar 1896, aka gabatar da sigar ''Swakopmund'' (Jamusanci: ''Bakin [[Kogin Swakop|Swakop]]'' ). <ref name="NamibWeb">{{Cite web |title=Swakopmund |url=http://www.namibweb.com/swakopmund.htm |access-date=8 August 2011 |publisher=namibweb.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Namibiya]] 3g23rjyymesyvps6v9kn9diqlwhrwix 0 159886 868843 2026-06-26T17:52:47Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306979901|Saldanha, South Africa]]" 868843 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Saldanha''' ( ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Saldanha Bay''', gari ne mai mutane 21,636, yana da {{Convert|110|km|-1}} arewacin [[Cape Town]] a bakin tekun arewa na [[Bayar Saldanha|Saldanha Bay]], a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yanayin da take a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa mai kariya ta halitta ya haifar da ci gaba a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa don fitar da ma'adinan ƙarfe daga Sishen a Arewacin Cape, wanda ake jigilar shi ta layin jirgin ƙasa na Sishen-Saldanha . Tashar jiragen ruwa tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na ma'adinai da ke fitar da ma'adinai a duk faɗin Afirka, kuma tana iya ɗaukar jiragen ruwa masu nauyin tan 200,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saldanha |url=http://www.saldanhabay.co.za/pages/about/Saldanha.pdf |access-date=22 March 2010 |publisher=Saldanha Bay Local Municipality}}</ref><templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'Agoada de Saldanha' shine sunan farko na Fotigal na [[Kogin Tebur|Table Bay]], amma daga baya Joris van Spilbergen ya ba shi wurin da yake a yanzu, ma'ana 'wurin shayar da Saldanha'. Bartolomeu Dias shi ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Turai na farko da ya fara kallon abin da yanzu ake kira Saldanha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agoada de Saldanha |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/agoada-de-saldanha-saldanha |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=South Africa History Online}}</ref> A ƙarshe ana kiran Saldanha Bay bayan António de Saldanha, kyaftin na jirgin ruwa a cikin rundunar Albuquerque wanda ya ziyarci Afirka ta Kudu a 1503. == Tashar jiragen ruwa == Tashar jiragen ruwan tana da wuraren sarrafa ma'adinan ƙarfe da na ɗanyen mai. <ref name="port-findaport-1">{{Cite web |title=Port of Saldanha Bay, South Africa |url=http://www.findaport.com/port-of-saldanha-bay |website=findaport.com |language=en}}</ref> Ana kula da jiragen ruwa masu girman mita 21.5, da kuma manyan jiragen ruwa masu ɗaukar man fetur har zuwa mita 20.5. <ref name="port-findaport-1" /> == Manazarta == 3xv6tvcammgp2521tmg491fel1ls0z1 868844 868843 2026-06-26T17:53:14Z Engineer014 44591 868844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Saldanha''' ( ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Saldanha Bay''', gari ne mai mutane 21,636, yana da {{Convert|110|km|-1}} arewacin [[Cape Town]] a bakin tekun arewa na [[Bayar Saldanha|Saldanha Bay]], a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yanayin da take a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa mai kariya ta halitta ya haifar da ci gaba a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa don fitar da ma'adinan ƙarfe daga Sishen a Arewacin Cape, wanda ake jigilar shi ta layin jirgin ƙasa na Sishen-Saldanha . Tashar jiragen ruwa tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na ma'adinai da ke fitar da ma'adinai a duk faɗin Afirka, kuma tana iya ɗaukar jiragen ruwa masu nauyin tan 200,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saldanha |url=http://www.saldanhabay.co.za/pages/about/Saldanha.pdf |access-date=22 March 2010 |publisher=Saldanha Bay Local Municipality}}</ref><templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'Agoada de Saldanha' shine sunan farko na Fotigal na [[Kogin Tebur|Table Bay]], amma daga baya Joris van Spilbergen ya ba shi wurin da yake a yanzu, ma'ana 'wurin shayar da Saldanha'. Bartolomeu Dias shi ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Turai na farko da ya fara kallon abin da yanzu ake kira Saldanha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agoada de Saldanha |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/agoada-de-saldanha-saldanha |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=South Africa History Online}}</ref> A ƙarshe ana kiran Saldanha Bay bayan António de Saldanha, kyaftin na jirgin ruwa a cikin rundunar Albuquerque wanda ya ziyarci Afirka ta Kudu a 1503. == Tashar jiragen ruwa == Tashar jiragen ruwan tana da wuraren sarrafa ma'adinan ƙarfe da na ɗanyen mai. <ref name="port-findaport-1">{{Cite web |title=Port of Saldanha Bay, South Africa |url=http://www.findaport.com/port-of-saldanha-bay |website=findaport.com |language=en}}</ref> Ana kula da jiragen ruwa masu girman mita 21.5, da kuma manyan jiragen ruwa masu ɗaukar man fetur har zuwa mita 20.5. <ref name="port-findaport-1" /> == Manazarta == h3zrw080zwl1c9dpr5uh875x3lbp9rv 0 159887 868849 2026-06-26T18:54:42Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326663847|Britannia Bay]]" 868849 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Britannia Bay''' ƙaramin gari ne a Gundumar Yammacin Tekun a lardin Western Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], kimanin {{Convert|141|km|mi}} daga [[Cape Town]] . Ƙauyen ya samo sunansa ne daga wani jirgin ruwan Birtaniya na Gabashin Indiya wanda wani teku ya lalata sosai a cikin kogin. An sake gano tarkacen jirgin ruwan Britannia a watan Janairun 1998, kuma an sanya shi a ƙarƙashin kulawar Majalisar Tarihin Ƙasa. A watan Yunin 2020, wani babban kifin squid da aka kiyaye sosai ya nutse a wani bakin teku da ke kusa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stunningly intact giant squid washes ashore in South Africa - Live Science |url=https://www.livescience.com/giant-squid-found-south-africa.html |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=www.livescience.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == bg9lu4zxremeulps9ihdlhe10e7ym5l 868852 868849 2026-06-26T18:55:22Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 868852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Britannia Bay''' ƙaramin gari ne a Gundumar Yammacin Tekun a lardin Western Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], kimanin {{Convert|141|km|mi}} daga [[Cape Town]] . Ƙauyen ya samo sunansa ne daga wani jirgin ruwan Birtaniya na Gabashin Indiya wanda wani teku ya lalata sosai a cikin kogin. An sake gano tarkacen jirgin ruwan Britannia a watan Janairun 1998, kuma an sanya shi a ƙarƙashin kulawar Majalisar Tarihin Ƙasa. A watan Yunin 2020, wani babban kifin squid da aka kiyaye sosai ya nutse a wani bakin teku da ke kusa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stunningly intact giant squid washes ashore in South Africa - Live Science |url=https://www.livescience.com/giant-squid-found-south-africa.html |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=www.livescience.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == gt3rn8g34zn28gyjupt352p5c1uags5 3 159888 868851 2026-06-26T18:55:05Z Dr-Taher 4721 Dr-Taher moved page [[Tattaunawar user:AbdelRahman 503]] to [[Tattaunawar user:عبدالرحمن مصطفى]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/AbdelRahman 503|AbdelRahman 503]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/عبدالرحمن مصطفى|عبدالرحمن مصطفى]]" 868851 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:عبدالرحمن مصطفى]] al33439xcfkio6kmxbu5glum3wcy2wt 3 159889 868905 2026-06-26T21:23:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868905 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Borisportnoi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Borisportnoi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) svxpz7u954riwo81pk467kfb3won9fl 3 159890 868906 2026-06-26T21:23:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868906 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BillMichaelTheScienceMichael! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BillMichaelTheScienceMichael|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 33uygfyrbd3ptk87bhj5ctnfk7nlvg4 3 159891 868907 2026-06-26T21:23:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868907 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dan aggo001! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dan aggo001|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 438sbabs1wdke3jmwb013gdgrhhdp0u 3 159892 868908 2026-06-26T21:23:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868908 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ZwishyZwashy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ZwishyZwashy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) l8uy52by34kj48btzkh2k4hv9dr48yl 3 159893 868909 2026-06-26T21:23:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868909 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Meemah Muh'd! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Meemah Muh'd|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) tcc1zeyi77zddkx8sruzs06eepdwj0f 3 159894 868910 2026-06-26T21:24:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868910 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shafi u Saleh! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shafi u Saleh|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) g90a6wd3ql2p7vxyj76xkyp1hwe1144 3 159895 868911 2026-06-26T21:24:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868911 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Musa Ardo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Musa Ardo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 5nmzd57ihjoz2i293gqleo67l8hvty9 3 159896 868912 2026-06-26T21:24:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868912 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mutawakkilu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mutawakkilu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 9y8nenb2384w8f4kdjtjr0pgpj4ed1v 3 159897 868913 2026-06-26T21:24:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868913 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zeee Pretty! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zeee Pretty|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) r80cn5u33cpq01rrssr8tt7unif4idu 3 159898 868914 2026-06-26T21:24:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868914 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zeeenaru! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zeeenaru|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) q18wv8qzi59w93hh9y9bzqo1jkynrn0 3 159899 868915 2026-06-26T21:24:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868915 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, El hussain 442! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/El hussain 442|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 0q3ji2v2d18inecg56fheisb65m6p4c 3 159900 868916 2026-06-26T21:25:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868916 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MSantos (WMF)! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MSantos (WMF)|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) forlyf3ksje5pix03l17x29vl94j4sc 3 159901 868917 2026-06-26T21:25:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868917 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, FrankieDedo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/FrankieDedo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 20tyc2lxzqn9fe79zveqlkn6tiax18m 3 159902 868918 2026-06-26T21:25:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868918 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Balise42! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Balise42|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) j5zpxoexmhv3p7s0b8lf4q9es6gay1k 3 159903 868919 2026-06-26T21:25:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868919 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ssuuna Peter! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ssuuna Peter|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) tqu0t60xupu9fupn8yzndtu9lhwzyce 3 159904 868920 2026-06-26T21:25:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868920 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tarihsever2025! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tarihsever2025|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 2x6u5cmozi4xy2hkfye0akd6mysepyi 3 159905 868921 2026-06-26T21:25:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868921 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Takechan116! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Takechan116|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) se0srh5nwdcicvc84dq1wsuomnarbly 3 159906 868922 2026-06-26T21:26:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868922 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ElHistoriador2! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ElHistoriador2|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 6omh9wzozbz9zcrlhuq2hi6jk2b0cbr 3 159907 868923 2026-06-26T21:26:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868923 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Diu2003! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Diu2003|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 1t9ovbydzrm54jnn5snoi8dzc5qnsx6 3 159908 868924 2026-06-26T21:26:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868924 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Katsumo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Katsumo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) eikdl5r20u3uq6a3eipawyjm95aktqf 3 159909 868925 2026-06-26T21:26:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868925 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JARAR2025! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JARAR2025|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 8mpgr7lyjlmc69ddt9cex5da5r8chql 3 159910 868926 2026-06-26T21:26:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868926 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Andrea Šurlan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Andrea Šurlan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) swaukm8mzjbns7u91dpf7fnqzlnsxvn 3 159911 868927 2026-06-26T21:26:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868927 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, CalER08! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/CalER08|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) s66izlgjg5tkb7kjyhtj9zuux1q9sfh 3 159912 868928 2026-06-26T21:27:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868928 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ocdp! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ocdp|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 65hieg4qktx8xh5gs3bevw1jkxv1yoj 3 159913 868929 2026-06-26T21:27:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868929 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, OtengPortia! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/OtengPortia|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) mq8bvj5lxqblsxerzlzawt0ez18ls4k 3 159914 868930 2026-06-26T21:27:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868930 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 濱田 桂輔! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/濱田 桂輔|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) lddn202z8lhe4j11pr8ll405la0mk02 3 159915 868931 2026-06-26T21:27:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868931 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Entranced98! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Entranced98|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 8kulfvqika8p076tyeiidftev1zxt5l 3 159916 868932 2026-06-26T21:27:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868932 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zappel de! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zappel de|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 35whmaf0o0x0gst5owu5rffnjyun85l 3 159917 868933 2026-06-26T21:27:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868933 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Me66804917! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Me66804917|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) oqt8uf012hd5ddxhi4jko7u0fbz1zsf 3 159918 868934 2026-06-26T21:28:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868934 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fruitist! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fruitist|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) m7a2ukpgm7pftx75q5k6pdc3a8vs640 3 159919 868935 2026-06-26T21:28:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868935 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, USMAN SANI BELLO! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/USMAN SANI BELLO|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) pqsi12p94g6kw2qvpznppb7s5rksvqq 3 159920 868936 2026-06-26T21:28:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868936 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Malamkarami1233! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Malamkarami1233|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) t5evtidu5na4y00q490j7a4vd1r050x 3 159921 868937 2026-06-26T21:28:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868937 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bemanenough! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bemanenough|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 89225y81pk3siksiaz17o4eezbnq2xh 3 159922 868938 2026-06-26T21:28:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868938 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Muritala aliyu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Muritala aliyu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 6as6hnx9albe8h2ctxy3nd634cadzyv 3 159923 868939 2026-06-26T21:28:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 868939 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 4848Umar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/4848Umar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 26 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) j1u7vjjkani0pro98bisbwcnv8epa8j 0 159924 868941 2026-06-26T21:29:28Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360917575|Port of Antwerp]]" 868941 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Antwerp''' ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta birnin [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]], [[Beljik|Belgium]] . Tana cikin Flanders, galibi a lardin Antwerp, amma kuma wani ɓangare a Gabashin Flanders . Tashar jiragen ruwa ce a tsakiyar Turai wadda ake iya rage girman jiragen ruwa. Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a Turai, bayan Rotterdam . Antwerp tana tsaye a saman ƙarshen kogin Scheldt . Ana iya tafiya da jiragen ruwa masu nauyin tan 100,000 har zuwa 80.&nbsp;km a cikin ƙasa. Kamar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Hamburg, wurin da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Antwerp take a cikin ƙasa yana ba da wuri mafi tsakiya a [[Turai]] fiye da yawancin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Tekun Arewa . Tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Antwerp suna da alaƙa da yankunan karkara ta hanyar layin dogo, hanya, da hanyoyin ruwa na kogi da magudanar ruwa. Sakamakon haka, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Antwerp ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Turai, tana matsayi na biyu bayan Rotterdam ta hanyar jigilar kaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Focus on the port |url=http://www.portofantwerp.com/portal/page/portal/POA_EN/Focus%20op%20de%20haven/Een%20wereldhaven |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828050144/http://www.portofantwerp.com/portal/page/portal/POA_EN/Focus%20op%20de%20haven/Een%20wereldhaven |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |access-date=September 27, 2009 |publisher=Port of Antwerp}}</ref> Matsayinta na ƙasashen duniya ya bambanta daga na 11 zuwa na 20 ( AAPA ). <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2015 |title=The World's Top 30 Container Ports |url=https://www.porttechnology.org/news/the_worlds_top_30_container_ports |access-date=April 7, 2016 |publisher=Porttechnology.org}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Antwerp tana kula da jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na teku 14,220 (tan miliyan 190.8 na kaya, 53.6% a cikin kwantena), jiragen ruwa na cikin ƙasa 57,044 (tan miliyan 123.2 na kaya), kuma tana ba da sabis na layin jiragen ruwa zuwa wurare daban-daban na teku 800. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] ya amince da damar Antwerp a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa; ya ba da umarnin gina makulli da tashar jiragen ruwa ta farko ta Antwerp a shekarar 1811. An kira ta da Bonaparte Dock, kuma an haɗa ta da tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu - wacce aka kira Willem Dock bayan Sarkin Holland - a shekarar 1813. Lokacin da juyin juya halin Belgium ya ɓarke a shekarar 1830, akwai fargabar cewa 'yan Holland za su sake toshe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Scheldt, amma idan hakan ta faru, sun gamsu da tara kuɗi mai yawa. Abin farin ciki, matashiyar Belgium tana da abokai a Birtaniya, musamman ma a cikin zuciyar Lord Palmerston, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa wanzuwar Belgium zai zama da amfani ga Birtaniya, kuma saboda haka, yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar da cewa sabuwar ƙasar da aka haifa tana da fa'ida ta tattalin arziki. Da goyon bayansa, gwamnatin Belgium ta sami damar fansar kuɗin fito na Dutch Toll a shekarar 1863. A wannan lokacin, an kammala Kattendijk Dock a shekarar 1860, kuma an kammala babban layin dogo na Iron Rhine zuwa Ruhr a shekarar 1879. Daga nan Antwerp ta sake samun sabon zamani na zinariya, kuma a shekarar 1908 an gina tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda takwas. Buɗe Royers Lock, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1905, yana nufin jiragen ruwa za su kai {{Convert|31|ft|m}} na ruwa sun sami damar shiga tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ake da su kuma suka shiga sabbin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Lefèbvre da Amurka. Haka lamarin yake a lokacin barkewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] a 1914. Musamman Birtaniya, da [[Winston Churchill]], a lokacin Shugaban Admiralty na farko, sun san muhimmancin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Antwerp, har Churchill ya isa Antwerp a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1914 don ɗaukar nauyin tsaron birnin da tashar jiragen ruwa. A shekarar 1944, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], sojojin ƙawance sun 'yantar da Antwerp a ranar 4 ga Satumba. Tashar jiragen ruwa da kayan aikin ba su lalace ba kuma ba a buƙatar wani babban aikin sake ginawa ba. Duk da haka, ba a iya amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ba har sai 28 ga Nuwamba, bayan da aka share hanyoyin shiga bakin teku ta hanyar Yaƙin Scheldt . Walcheren shine mabuɗin da ya ba da damar amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa, wacce ke can nesa da gefen dama na bakin tekun kudancin kogin. Sojojin Kanada da na Burtaniya sun kai wa Walcheren hari kuma a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba an mamaye duk wani juriyar Jamus a tsibirin. An bai wa sojojin Birtaniya babban ɓangare na arewacin tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma yankin kudu da birnin Antwerp. Jirgin ruwa na farko na Amurka ''James B. Weaver'' ya isa a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1944 tare da ma'aikatan Kamfanin Tashar Jiragen Ruwa na 268 da kayan aikinsu a cikin jirgin. A tsakiyar Disamba, tashar jiragen ruwa tana aiki cikin manyan kayan aiki, kuma a matsakaici, Amurkawa sun ɗauki kimanin fararen hula 9,000 aiki. Duk da hare-haren sama na abokan gaba, rokoki da bama-bamai, ba a taɓa dakatar da ayyukansu gaba ɗaya ba, duk da cewa an katse su. A rabin farko na shekarar 1945, matsakaicin adadin kayan da aka fitar ya kai tan miliyan 0.5 a kowane wata. Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin a Turai, an yi amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa don jigilar harsasai, motoci, tankuna da ma'aikata zuwa Tekun [[Yakin Pacific|Pacific]] . Bayan mika wuya ga Japan, an tura jigilar kayayyaki zuwa Amurka. Tun daga watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1945 ayyukan suka ragu kuma zuwa Oktoba na shekarar 1946 duk ayyukan Sojojin Amurka sun tsaya cak. == Manazarta == 8p1rxbcl027hnkdkqcy44q8r0h98qve 868942 868941 2026-06-26T21:35:00Z Engineer014 44591 868942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Antwerp''' ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta birnin [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]], [[Beljik|Belgium]] . Tana cikin Flanders, galibi a lardin Antwerp, amma kuma wani ɓangare a Gabashin Flanders . Tashar jiragen ruwa ce a tsakiyar Turai wadda ake iya rage girman jiragen ruwa. Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a Turai, bayan Rotterdam . Antwerp tana tsaye a saman ƙarshen kogin Scheldt . Ana iya tafiya da jiragen ruwa masu nauyin tan 100,000 har zuwa 80.&nbsp;km a cikin ƙasa. Kamar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Hamburg, wurin da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Antwerp take a cikin ƙasa yana ba da wuri mafi tsakiya a [[Turai]] fiye da yawancin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Tekun Arewa . Tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Antwerp suna da alaƙa da yankunan karkara ta hanyar layin dogo, hanya, da hanyoyin ruwa na kogi da magudanar ruwa. Sakamakon haka, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Antwerp ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Turai, tana matsayi na biyu bayan Rotterdam ta hanyar jigilar kaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Focus on the port |url=http://www.portofantwerp.com/portal/page/portal/POA_EN/Focus%20op%20de%20haven/Een%20wereldhaven |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828050144/http://www.portofantwerp.com/portal/page/portal/POA_EN/Focus%20op%20de%20haven/Een%20wereldhaven |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |access-date=September 27, 2009 |publisher=Port of Antwerp}}</ref> Matsayinta na ƙasashen duniya ya bambanta daga na 11 zuwa na 20 ( AAPA ). <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2015 |title=The World's Top 30 Container Ports |url=https://www.porttechnology.org/news/the_worlds_top_30_container_ports |access-date=April 7, 2016 |publisher=Porttechnology.org}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Antwerp tana kula da jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na teku 14,220 (tan miliyan 190.8 na kaya, 53.6% a cikin kwantena), jiragen ruwa na cikin ƙasa 57,044 (tan miliyan 123.2 na kaya), kuma tana ba da sabis na layin jiragen ruwa zuwa wurare daban-daban na teku 800. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] ya amince da damar Antwerp a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa; ya ba da umarnin gina makulli da tashar jiragen ruwa ta farko ta Antwerp a shekarar 1811. An kira ta da Bonaparte Dock, kuma an haɗa ta da tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu - wacce aka kira Willem Dock bayan Sarkin Holland - a shekarar 1813. Lokacin da juyin juya halin Belgium ya ɓarke a shekarar 1830, akwai fargabar cewa 'yan Holland za su sake toshe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Scheldt, amma idan hakan ta faru, sun gamsu da tara kuɗi mai yawa. Abin farin ciki, matashiyar Belgium tana da abokai a Birtaniya, musamman ma a cikin zuciyar Lord Palmerston, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa wanzuwar Belgium zai zama da amfani ga Birtaniya, kuma saboda haka, yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar da cewa sabuwar ƙasar da aka haifa tana da fa'ida ta tattalin arziki. Da goyon bayansa, gwamnatin Belgium ta sami damar fansar kuɗin fito na Dutch Toll a shekarar 1863. A wannan lokacin, an kammala Kattendijk Dock a shekarar 1860, kuma an kammala babban layin dogo na Iron Rhine zuwa Ruhr a shekarar 1879. Daga nan Antwerp ta sake samun sabon zamani na zinariya, kuma a shekarar 1908 an gina tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda takwas. Buɗe Royers Lock, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1905, yana nufin jiragen ruwa za su kai {{Convert|31|ft|m}} na ruwa sun sami damar shiga tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ake da su kuma suka shiga sabbin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Lefèbvre da Amurka. Haka lamarin yake a lokacin barkewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] a 1914. Musamman Birtaniya, da [[Winston Churchill]], a lokacin Shugaban Admiralty na farko, sun san muhimmancin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Antwerp, har Churchill ya isa Antwerp a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1914 don ɗaukar nauyin tsaron birnin da tashar jiragen ruwa. A shekarar 1944, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], sojojin ƙawance sun 'yantar da Antwerp a ranar 4 ga Satumba. Tashar jiragen ruwa da kayan aikin ba su lalace ba kuma ba a buƙatar wani babban aikin sake ginawa ba. Duk da haka, ba a iya amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ba har sai 28 ga Nuwamba, bayan da aka share hanyoyin shiga bakin teku ta hanyar Yaƙin Scheldt . Walcheren shine mabuɗin da ya ba da damar amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa, wacce ke can nesa da gefen dama na bakin tekun kudancin kogin. Sojojin Kanada da na Burtaniya sun kai wa Walcheren hari kuma a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba an mamaye duk wani juriyar Jamus a tsibirin. An bai wa sojojin Birtaniya babban ɓangare na arewacin tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma yankin kudu da birnin Antwerp. Jirgin ruwa na farko na Amurka ''James B. Weaver'' ya isa a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1944 tare da ma'aikatan Kamfanin Tashar Jiragen Ruwa na 268 da kayan aikinsu a cikin jirgin. A tsakiyar Disamba, tashar jiragen ruwa tana aiki cikin manyan kayan aiki, kuma a matsakaici, Amurkawa sun ɗauki kimanin fararen hula 9,000 aiki. Duk da hare-haren sama na abokan gaba, rokoki da bama-bamai, ba a taɓa dakatar da ayyukansu gaba ɗaya ba, duk da cewa an katse su. A rabin farko na shekarar 1945, matsakaicin adadin kayan da aka fitar ya kai tan miliyan 0.5 a kowane wata. Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin a Turai, an yi amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa don jigilar harsasai, motoci, tankuna da ma'aikata zuwa Tekun [[Yakin Pacific|Pacific]] . Bayan mika wuya ga Japan, an tura jigilar kayayyaki zuwa Amurka. Tun daga watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1945 ayyukan suka ragu kuma zuwa Oktoba na shekarar 1946 duk ayyukan Sojojin Amurka sun tsaya cak. == Manazarta == jfdmh0ute1dgx9x1ixx829pb4hluk5j 0 159925 868943 2026-06-26T21:37:44Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351611096|Neum]]" 868943 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neum''' ( ) gari ne da ƙaramar hukuma a [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]], wanda ke cikin Canton Herzegovina-Neretva na [[Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina]] . Ita ce kawai gari a bakin tekun Bosnia da Herzegovina, wanda hakan ya sa ƙasar ta zama kawai hanyar shiga Tekun Adriatic . Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, an kiyasta cewa ƙaramar hukumar Neum tana da yawan jama'a 4,358, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neum (Municipality, Bosnia and Herzegovina) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/bosnia/admin/federacija_bosna_i_herceg/10685__neum/ |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> kodayake Neum tana da yawan jama'a 4,653 a shekarar 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neum (Municipality, Bosnia and Herzegovina) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/bosnia/admin/federacija_bosna_i_herceg/10685__neum/ |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> tare da 3,013 daga cikin waɗanda ke zaune a cikin garin Neum da kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Popis 2013 u BiH |url=http://www.statistika.ba/?show=12&id=10685 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=www.statistika.ba}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Neum ita ce kawai gari da ke kan iyakar Bosnia da Herzegovina {{Convert|20|km|mi}} bakin teku, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-06-13 |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Coastline |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref> wanda hakan ya sanya ƙasar ta zama kawai hanyar shiga Tekun Adriatic . Yankin Klek yana kewaye da shi, wanda yankin Pelješac ya raba shi da Tekun Adriatic . Neum shine {{Convert|47|km|mi}} arewa maso yamma da [[Dubrovnik]], {{Convert|50|km|mi}} kudu da Mostar, da kuma {{Convert|122|km|mi}} kudu maso yammacin [[Sarajevo]], babban birnin ƙasar. Yankin bakin teku na Neum na Bosnia da Herzegovina ya yanke yankin kudancin Croatia daga sauran [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] . Wannan ya samo asali ne daga Yarjejeniyar Karlowitz ta 1699. Tun daga shekarar 1991 da kuma rabuwar Yugoslavia, iyakar da ke tsakanin Croatia da Bosnia da Herzegovina a yankin Neum ta kasance iyaka ta duniya. === Sashen === Karamar hukumar ta haɗa da garin Neum (mazaunin ƙaramar hukuma) da ƙauyuka da dama: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Naseljena Mjesta 1991/2013 |url=http://www.statistika.ba/?show=12&id=10685 |access-date=October 10, 2021 |publisher=[[Statistical Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |language=Bosnian}}</ref> === Matsewar kan iyaka === Neum yana da wuraren bincike guda biyu da suka ratsa kan iyaka da Croatia a kan hanyar Turai ta E65 ko Babbar Hanya ta Adriatic wadda ta haɗa sassan biyu na gabar tekun Dalmatian na Croatia. Neum 1 yana arewa maso yammacin birnin, tare da wurin binciken kan iyakar Klek a gefen Croatia. Neum 2 yana kudu maso gabas, tare da wurin binciken kan iyakar Croatia a Zaton Doli . == Tarihi == Hanyar Neum ta samo asali ne daga Yarjejeniyar Karlowitz ta 1699, inda aka raba Jamhuriyar Ragusa daga mallakar Dalmatian na abokin hamayyarta Venice ta hanyar [[Yankin da ke karewa|yankuna biyu masu kariya]] da Ragusa ya ba wa [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] don hana yiwuwar Venice ta mamaye ta ƙasa: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Ken |date=19 September 2016 |title=This Country's Coastline Is So Short, You Could Walk It in A Day |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/how-bosnia-ended-up-with-just-12-miles-of-coastline |website=Condé Nast Traveler}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2018 |title=Why does Bosnia have a Coast? |url=https://www.bigdatabih.com/blog/2018/12/24/why-does-bosnia-have-a-coast/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814060105/https://www.bigdatabih.com/blog/2018/12/24/why-does-bosnia-have-a-coast/ |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> arewacin yankinta shine Neum da kuma bakin tekun Klek, kuma kudu da yankinta shine Sutorina tare da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Herceg Novi a kan Tekun Kotor, wani ɓangare na [[Montenegro]] tun 1947 (daga baya batun rikicin Sutorina da aka warware yanzu). An sake tabbatar da iyakokin Karlowitz a shekarar 1718 ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Passarowitz, amma sai [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottomans]], waɗanda suka gaji da yin shawarwari marasa amfani da Venice don faɗaɗa hanyoyin shiga teku, kawai sun kwace yankin Gornji Klek da mafi yawan Klek daga Ragusa, wanda ta saya daga Sarki Dabiša na Bosnia a ƙarshen ƙarni na 14. Bayan faɗuwar Jamhuriyar Venice a shekarar 1797, da kuma [[Congress of Vienna|Majalisar Vienna]] a shekarar 1815, Daular Austria, wadda ta haɗa mallakar Dalmatian na Venice da yankin Ragusa, ta yi ƙoƙarin sayen yankunan Neum da Sutorina daga Ottomans, amma a banza. Madadin haka, ta sanya jirgin ruwa na yaƙi don toshe hanyoyin shiga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Neum har zuwa yarjejeniyar Berlin, wadda ta ba da dukkan Bosnia da Herzegovina ga Austria-Hungary a shekarar 1878. Neum ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Ottoman na tsawon shekaru 179. == Manazarta == qimn16hjxsd1ics20mc8a936wi6f1rw 868944 868943 2026-06-26T21:38:28Z Engineer014 44591 868944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Neum''' ( ) gari ne da ƙaramar hukuma a [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]], wanda ke cikin Canton Herzegovina-Neretva na [[Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina]] . Ita ce kawai gari a bakin tekun Bosnia da Herzegovina, wanda hakan ya sa ƙasar ta zama kawai hanyar shiga Tekun Adriatic . Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, an kiyasta cewa ƙaramar hukumar Neum tana da yawan jama'a 4,358, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neum (Municipality, Bosnia and Herzegovina) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/bosnia/admin/federacija_bosna_i_herceg/10685__neum/ |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> kodayake Neum tana da yawan jama'a 4,653 a shekarar 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neum (Municipality, Bosnia and Herzegovina) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/bosnia/admin/federacija_bosna_i_herceg/10685__neum/ |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> tare da 3,013 daga cikin waɗanda ke zaune a cikin garin Neum da kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Popis 2013 u BiH |url=http://www.statistika.ba/?show=12&id=10685 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=www.statistika.ba}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Neum ita ce kawai gari da ke kan iyakar Bosnia da Herzegovina {{Convert|20|km|mi}} bakin teku, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-06-13 |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Coastline |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref> wanda hakan ya sanya ƙasar ta zama kawai hanyar shiga Tekun Adriatic . Yankin Klek yana kewaye da shi, wanda yankin Pelješac ya raba shi da Tekun Adriatic . Neum shine {{Convert|47|km|mi}} arewa maso yamma da [[Dubrovnik]], {{Convert|50|km|mi}} kudu da Mostar, da kuma {{Convert|122|km|mi}} kudu maso yammacin [[Sarajevo]], babban birnin ƙasar. Yankin bakin teku na Neum na Bosnia da Herzegovina ya yanke yankin kudancin Croatia daga sauran [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] . Wannan ya samo asali ne daga Yarjejeniyar Karlowitz ta 1699. Tun daga shekarar 1991 da kuma rabuwar Yugoslavia, iyakar da ke tsakanin Croatia da Bosnia da Herzegovina a yankin Neum ta kasance iyaka ta duniya. === Sashen === Karamar hukumar ta haɗa da garin Neum (mazaunin ƙaramar hukuma) da ƙauyuka da dama: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Naseljena Mjesta 1991/2013 |url=http://www.statistika.ba/?show=12&id=10685 |access-date=October 10, 2021 |publisher=[[Statistical Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |language=Bosnian}}</ref> === Matsewar kan iyaka === Neum yana da wuraren bincike guda biyu da suka ratsa kan iyaka da Croatia a kan hanyar Turai ta E65 ko Babbar Hanya ta Adriatic wadda ta haɗa sassan biyu na gabar tekun Dalmatian na Croatia. Neum 1 yana arewa maso yammacin birnin, tare da wurin binciken kan iyakar Klek a gefen Croatia. Neum 2 yana kudu maso gabas, tare da wurin binciken kan iyakar Croatia a Zaton Doli . == Tarihi == Hanyar Neum ta samo asali ne daga Yarjejeniyar Karlowitz ta 1699, inda aka raba Jamhuriyar Ragusa daga mallakar Dalmatian na abokin hamayyarta Venice ta hanyar [[Yankin da ke karewa|yankuna biyu masu kariya]] da Ragusa ya ba wa [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] don hana yiwuwar Venice ta mamaye ta ƙasa: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Ken |date=19 September 2016 |title=This Country's Coastline Is So Short, You Could Walk It in A Day |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/how-bosnia-ended-up-with-just-12-miles-of-coastline |website=Condé Nast Traveler}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2018 |title=Why does Bosnia have a Coast? |url=https://www.bigdatabih.com/blog/2018/12/24/why-does-bosnia-have-a-coast/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814060105/https://www.bigdatabih.com/blog/2018/12/24/why-does-bosnia-have-a-coast/ |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> arewacin yankinta shine Neum da kuma bakin tekun Klek, kuma kudu da yankinta shine Sutorina tare da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Herceg Novi a kan Tekun Kotor, wani ɓangare na [[Montenegro]] tun 1947 (daga baya batun rikicin Sutorina da aka warware yanzu). An sake tabbatar da iyakokin Karlowitz a shekarar 1718 ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Passarowitz, amma sai [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottomans]], waɗanda suka gaji da yin shawarwari marasa amfani da Venice don faɗaɗa hanyoyin shiga teku, kawai sun kwace yankin Gornji Klek da mafi yawan Klek daga Ragusa, wanda ta saya daga Sarki Dabiša na Bosnia a ƙarshen ƙarni na 14. Bayan faɗuwar Jamhuriyar Venice a shekarar 1797, da kuma [[Congress of Vienna|Majalisar Vienna]] a shekarar 1815, Daular Austria, wadda ta haɗa mallakar Dalmatian na Venice da yankin Ragusa, ta yi ƙoƙarin sayen yankunan Neum da Sutorina daga Ottomans, amma a banza. Madadin haka, ta sanya jirgin ruwa na yaƙi don toshe hanyoyin shiga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Neum har zuwa yarjejeniyar Berlin, wadda ta ba da dukkan Bosnia da Herzegovina ga Austria-Hungary a shekarar 1878. Neum ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Ottoman na tsawon shekaru 179. == Manazarta == bpua7kvf9lnl3772w43ujwnpq2eho4e 0 159926 868958 2026-06-26T22:08:37Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1067272342|Lake Bant]]" 868958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Bant''', ko '''''Banter See''''' a [[Jamusanci]], tafki ne na wucin gadi a birnin Wilhelmshaven mai tashar jiragen ruwa a Tekun Arewa a arewa maso yammacin [[Jamus]] . Yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|2.6|km}} tsayi da {{Convert|0.5|km}}faɗin . Da farko yana cikin rukunin tashar jiragen ruwa da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar rufe wani ɓangare na Jade Bight da ke kan iyakar bakin tekun birnin don amfani da sojoji da masana'antu. A da yana ɗauke da wuraren aikin jiragen ruwa, gami da sansanin ƙarƙashin ruwa . Yanzu an raba shi da tashar jiragen ruwa, ana amfani da shi galibi don nishaɗi da bincike. Yana kewaye da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren nishaɗi, gidaje masu tasowa, cibiyoyin bincike da ofisoshin kamfanoni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gottschalk |first=Hans-Joachim |year=2010 |title=Wilhelmshaven at a Glance |url=http://www.jwplz.de/cms_gvz/upload/Download/Standortfibel_en_mail.pdf |access-date=2012-09-19 |publisher=Club zu Wilhelmshaven}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020}}</ref> == Manazarta == 96y0bldohetgre0ij4gnob1ux1npl75 868960 868958 2026-06-26T22:10:02Z Engineer014 44591 868960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''Tafkin Bant''', ko '''''Banter See''''' a [[Jamusanci]], tafki ne na wucin gadi a birnin Wilhelmshaven mai tashar jiragen ruwa a Tekun Arewa a arewa maso yammacin [[Jamus]] . Yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|2.6|km}} tsayi da {{Convert|0.5|km}}faɗin . Da farko yana cikin rukunin tashar jiragen ruwa da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar rufe wani ɓangare na Jade Bight da ke kan iyakar bakin tekun birnin don amfani da sojoji da masana'antu. A da yana ɗauke da wuraren aikin jiragen ruwa, gami da sansanin ƙarƙashin ruwa . Yanzu an raba shi da tashar jiragen ruwa, ana amfani da shi galibi don nishaɗi da bincike. Yana kewaye da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren nishaɗi, gidaje masu tasowa, cibiyoyin bincike da ofisoshin kamfanoni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gottschalk |first=Hans-Joachim |year=2010 |title=Wilhelmshaven at a Glance |url=http://www.jwplz.de/cms_gvz/upload/Download/Standortfibel_en_mail.pdf |access-date=2012-09-19 |publisher=Club zu Wilhelmshaven}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7pxf8fbaf38otzv2ligzygo4m869ttv 0 159927 868964 2026-06-26T22:12:49Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1288219701|United Africa Feeder Line]]" 868964 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Layin Feeder na United Africa''' ( '''UAFL''' ) wani kamfani ne na jigilar kaya wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2000 a matsayin sabis na ciyar da abinci na yanki a [[Afirka]] . Babban ofishin UAFL shine Dubai (UAE). UAFL tana hidimar Gabashin Afirka, Kudancin Afirka da Tsibirin Tekun Indiya daga Turai, Asiya da Gabashin Tsakiya/Ƙasar Indiya tare da jiragen ruwa mallakar da haya. UAFL wani ɓangare ne na Indian Ocean Shipping Holdings Ltd, wani rukunin jigilar kaya da jigilar kayayyaki da ke Mauritius. Daraktan UAFL shine Dr. Dag-Sven Dieckmann kuma Babban Manaja shine Mr. Mohamed Atallah == Manazarta == hf12x9e3130d8h91bfqtwaf9d5fxxy8 868966 868964 2026-06-26T22:13:28Z Engineer014 44591 868966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Layin Feeder na United Africa''' ( '''UAFL''' ) wani kamfani ne na jigilar kaya wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2000 a matsayin sabis na ciyar da abinci na yanki a [[Afirka]] . Babban ofishin UAFL shine Dubai (UAE). UAFL tana hidimar Gabashin Afirka, Kudancin Afirka da Tsibirin Tekun Indiya daga Turai, Asiya da Gabashin Tsakiya/Ƙasar Indiya tare da jiragen ruwa mallakar da haya. UAFL wani ɓangare ne na Indian Ocean Shipping Holdings Ltd, wani rukunin jigilar kaya da jigilar kayayyaki da ke Mauritius. Daraktan UAFL shine Dr. Dag-Sven Dieckmann kuma Babban Manaja shine Mr. Mohamed Atallah == Manazarta == ce57tagqsd5tt42qu441qii4gvv78p5 0 159928 868969 2026-06-26T22:15:54Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359416460|DFDS Seaways]]" 868969 wikitext text/x-wiki '''DFDS Seaways''' wani kamfanin jigilar kaya ne na ƙasar Denmark wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan jigilar fasinjoji da jigilar kaya a duk faɗin arewacin Turai . Bayan mallakar Norfolkline a shekarar 2010, DFDS ta sake tsara sauran sassan jigilar jiragen ruwa ( DFDS Tor Line da DFDS Lisco) zuwa ga ayyukan DFDS Seaways na fasinjoji kawai. == Tarihi == === Sabunta rundunar jiragen ruwa === [[Fayil:King_seaways_IJmuiden,_December_2011.jpg|left|thumb|<nowiki><i id="mwFw">King Seaways</i></nowiki> a IJmuiden]] Kamfanin DFDS Seaways ya sabunta jiragen ruwansa a shekarar 2006, inda ya sayi MS <nowiki><i id="mwGw">King of Scandinavia</i></nowiki> da MS <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Princess of Norway</i></nowiki> don maye gurbin jiragen ruwa na ƙarshe da har yanzu suna aiki tun daga shekarun 1970. Kamfanin ya sami suna wajen siyan jiragen ruwa da aka yi amfani da su, da kuma karɓar kwangilolin ginawa ko ɗaukar sabbin gine-gine da wasu kamfanoni suka yi odarsu. Lokaci na ƙarshe da DFDS Seaways ta yi odar sabon gininta shine a shekarar 1978. Kamfanin DFDS Seaways ya daina hidimar [[Sweden]] a shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka cire MS <nowiki><i id="mwIA">Princess of Scandinavia</i></nowiki> daga aiki, kuma kamfanin [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] - [[Oslo]] ya daina kira a Helsingborg . A watan Mayu na 2008, DFDS ta bayyana shirinta na rufe kamfanin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] - [[Norway]] mai asarar a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McLean |first=Anthony |date=27 May 2008 |title=DFDS Seaways to close route with loss of 340 jobs |url=http://www.newsguardian.co.uk/latest-news/DFDS-Seaways-to-close-route.4122783.jp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528142203/http://www.newsguardian.co.uk/latest-news/DFDS-Seaways-to-close-route.4122783.jp |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=8 July 2008 |publisher=NewsGuardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2008 |title=Extensive improvement plan to safeguard earnings at DFDS Seaways |url=http://www.dfds.com/DFDSGROUP/EN/Press/Companyannouncement.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828160633/http://www.dfds.com/DFDSGROUP/EN/Press/Companyannouncement.htm |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |access-date=8 July 2008 |website=DFDS press release |publisher=DFDS}}</ref> Jirgin MS <nowiki><i id="mwLw">Queen of Scandinavia</i></nowiki>, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a aikin, an yi hayar shi zuwa St Peter Line . === Sayen Norfolkline === A watan Yulin 2010, DFDS ta sayi Norfolkline daga Maersk . An haɗa hanyoyin Norfolkline da jiragen ruwa cikin DFDS Seaways. DFDS Seaways yanzu tana da hanyar [[Dover]] - Dunkirk, kuma ta ƙaddamar da sabuwar hanyar Dover- Calais a watan Fabrairun 2012. === Sabunta alama === A shekarar 2015, DFDS ta sanar da cewa ta bayyana wani sabon tambari, wanda ya ga 'DFDS' a cikin sabon rubutu, kuma tambarin da ke ɗauke da farin giciyen Maltese ya rasa da'irar waje; ta kuma sanar da cewa za a rage reshen DFDS Seaways zuwa 'DFDS' kawai yana ɗauke da harsashi mai launin shuɗi mai duhu a cikin rubutu iri ɗaya maimakon harsashin gargajiya mai launin shuɗi mai haske, da kuma giciyen Maltese mai da'ira. Jiragen ruwa na farko da suka karɓi sabon abu - da kuma sabon tsarin suna wanda daga ƙarshe za a fitar a duk faɗin rundunar - su ne tsoffin jiragen ruwan MyFerryLink <nowiki><i id="mwPQ">Rodin</i></nowiki> (yanzu ''Côte des Dunes'' ) da Berlioz (yanzu ''Côte des Flandres'' ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=11 February 2016 |title=New DFDS Ferry Enters Service on Dover-Calais Route |url=http://travmedia.com/showPRPreview/100019834 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=TravMedia}}</ref> [[Fayil:Aura_Seaways_Maiden_Call_Kiel_XI_05.jpg|right|thumb|''Aura Seaways'' a shekarar 2022]] A shekarar 2018, DFDS ta yi odar jiragen ruwa guda uku na RoPax - daya daga cikinsu E-Flexer ne da aka yi hayarsa daga Stena RoRo, wanda ya fara aiki a matsayin ''Côte d'Opale'' a watan Agusta na 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=New DFDS ferry Côte D'Opale makes maiden voyage to Dover |url=https://trans.info/en/new-dfds-ferry-cote-d-opale-makes-maiden-voyage-to-dover-249419 |website=trans.info}}</ref> da RoPax guda biyu don ayyukan Tekun Baltic. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=DFDS orders RoPax ships in China |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/dfds-orders-ro-pax-ships-in-china |website=DFDS}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da tagwayen Baltic na farko, mai suna ''Aura Seaways'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=''Aura Seaways'' |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:6541946/mmsi:219028116/imo:9851036/vessel:AURA_SEAWAYS |website=MarineTraffic}}</ref> a ƙarshen 2020, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Successful launch of new RoPax |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/successful-launch-of-new-ro-pax |website=DFDS}}</ref> kuma an yi gwajin karkata a 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Newbuilding for the Baltics soon ready for sea trials |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/newbuilding-for-the-baltics-soon-ready-for-sea-trials |website=DFDS}}</ref> An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen teku a tsakiyar 2021. == Manazarta == 0k8tw1fdfftpg66mz9ymxob91x58wj1 868971 868969 2026-06-26T22:16:40Z Engineer014 44591 868971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''DFDS Seaways''' wani kamfanin jigilar kaya ne na ƙasar Denmark wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan jigilar fasinjoji da jigilar kaya a duk faɗin arewacin Turai . Bayan mallakar Norfolkline a shekarar 2010, DFDS ta sake tsara sauran sassan jigilar jiragen ruwa ( DFDS Tor Line da DFDS Lisco) zuwa ga ayyukan DFDS Seaways na fasinjoji kawai. == Tarihi == === Sabunta rundunar jiragen ruwa === [[Fayil:King_seaways_IJmuiden,_December_2011.jpg|left|thumb|<nowiki><i id="mwFw">King Seaways</i></nowiki> a IJmuiden]] Kamfanin DFDS Seaways ya sabunta jiragen ruwansa a shekarar 2006, inda ya sayi MS <nowiki><i id="mwGw">King of Scandinavia</i></nowiki> da MS <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Princess of Norway</i></nowiki> don maye gurbin jiragen ruwa na ƙarshe da har yanzu suna aiki tun daga shekarun 1970. Kamfanin ya sami suna wajen siyan jiragen ruwa da aka yi amfani da su, da kuma karɓar kwangilolin ginawa ko ɗaukar sabbin gine-gine da wasu kamfanoni suka yi odarsu. Lokaci na ƙarshe da DFDS Seaways ta yi odar sabon gininta shine a shekarar 1978. Kamfanin DFDS Seaways ya daina hidimar [[Sweden]] a shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka cire MS <nowiki><i id="mwIA">Princess of Scandinavia</i></nowiki> daga aiki, kuma kamfanin [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] - [[Oslo]] ya daina kira a Helsingborg . A watan Mayu na 2008, DFDS ta bayyana shirinta na rufe kamfanin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] - [[Norway]] mai asarar a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McLean |first=Anthony |date=27 May 2008 |title=DFDS Seaways to close route with loss of 340 jobs |url=http://www.newsguardian.co.uk/latest-news/DFDS-Seaways-to-close-route.4122783.jp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528142203/http://www.newsguardian.co.uk/latest-news/DFDS-Seaways-to-close-route.4122783.jp |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=8 July 2008 |publisher=NewsGuardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2008 |title=Extensive improvement plan to safeguard earnings at DFDS Seaways |url=http://www.dfds.com/DFDSGROUP/EN/Press/Companyannouncement.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828160633/http://www.dfds.com/DFDSGROUP/EN/Press/Companyannouncement.htm |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |access-date=8 July 2008 |website=DFDS press release |publisher=DFDS}}</ref> Jirgin MS <nowiki><i id="mwLw">Queen of Scandinavia</i></nowiki>, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a aikin, an yi hayar shi zuwa St Peter Line . === Sayen Norfolkline === A watan Yulin 2010, DFDS ta sayi Norfolkline daga Maersk . An haɗa hanyoyin Norfolkline da jiragen ruwa cikin DFDS Seaways. DFDS Seaways yanzu tana da hanyar [[Dover]] - Dunkirk, kuma ta ƙaddamar da sabuwar hanyar Dover- Calais a watan Fabrairun 2012. === Sabunta alama === A shekarar 2015, DFDS ta sanar da cewa ta bayyana wani sabon tambari, wanda ya ga 'DFDS' a cikin sabon rubutu, kuma tambarin da ke ɗauke da farin giciyen Maltese ya rasa da'irar waje; ta kuma sanar da cewa za a rage reshen DFDS Seaways zuwa 'DFDS' kawai yana ɗauke da harsashi mai launin shuɗi mai duhu a cikin rubutu iri ɗaya maimakon harsashin gargajiya mai launin shuɗi mai haske, da kuma giciyen Maltese mai da'ira. Jiragen ruwa na farko da suka karɓi sabon abu - da kuma sabon tsarin suna wanda daga ƙarshe za a fitar a duk faɗin rundunar - su ne tsoffin jiragen ruwan MyFerryLink <nowiki><i id="mwPQ">Rodin</i></nowiki> (yanzu ''Côte des Dunes'' ) da Berlioz (yanzu ''Côte des Flandres'' ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=11 February 2016 |title=New DFDS Ferry Enters Service on Dover-Calais Route |url=http://travmedia.com/showPRPreview/100019834 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=TravMedia}}</ref> [[Fayil:Aura_Seaways_Maiden_Call_Kiel_XI_05.jpg|right|thumb|''Aura Seaways'' a shekarar 2022]] A shekarar 2018, DFDS ta yi odar jiragen ruwa guda uku na RoPax - daya daga cikinsu E-Flexer ne da aka yi hayarsa daga Stena RoRo, wanda ya fara aiki a matsayin ''Côte d'Opale'' a watan Agusta na 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=New DFDS ferry Côte D'Opale makes maiden voyage to Dover |url=https://trans.info/en/new-dfds-ferry-cote-d-opale-makes-maiden-voyage-to-dover-249419 |website=trans.info}}</ref> da RoPax guda biyu don ayyukan Tekun Baltic. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=DFDS orders RoPax ships in China |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/dfds-orders-ro-pax-ships-in-china |website=DFDS}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da tagwayen Baltic na farko, mai suna ''Aura Seaways'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=''Aura Seaways'' |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:6541946/mmsi:219028116/imo:9851036/vessel:AURA_SEAWAYS |website=MarineTraffic}}</ref> a ƙarshen 2020, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Successful launch of new RoPax |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/successful-launch-of-new-ro-pax |website=DFDS}}</ref> kuma an yi gwajin karkata a 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Newbuilding for the Baltics soon ready for sea trials |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/newbuilding-for-the-baltics-soon-ready-for-sea-trials |website=DFDS}}</ref> An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen teku a tsakiyar 2021. == Manazarta == 208o0lu9nnjwt43680mhsz4fnl4zcq9 0 159929 868974 2026-06-26T22:18:24Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: '''Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya''' rana ce ta kiyayewa ta shekara-shekara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ake gudanarwa a ranar 22 ga Maris wacce ke nuna mahimmancin ruwa mai kyau. Ana amfani da ranar don bayar da shawarwari game da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa mai kyau.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken kowace shekara yana mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka dace da tsabtataccen ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki (WASH), wanda ya yi daidai da manufofin Buri na 6 na Ci G... 868974 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya''' rana ce ta kiyayewa ta shekara-shekara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ake gudanarwa a ranar 22 ga Maris wacce ke nuna mahimmancin ruwa mai kyau. Ana amfani da ranar don bayar da shawarwari game da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa mai kyau.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken kowace shekara yana mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka dace da tsabtataccen ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki (WASH), wanda ya yi daidai da manufofin Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines {{Webarchive|date=27 February 2020 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara kusa da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. UN-Water ita ce mai shirya Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya kuma tana zabar taken kowace shekara tare da tuntubar kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan abin da aka mayar da hankali a kai a waccan shekarar.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa" kuma yakin neman zabe na jama'a ya gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya a kafofin sada zumunta don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|archive-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka gabata sun hada da: * 2016: “Ingantaccen Ruwa, Kyawawan Ayyuka”<ref name=":0" /> * 2017: “Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?”<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=World Water Day theme (2017) |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=UN-Water}}</ref> * 2018: “Amsar Tana Cikin Halitta”<ref name=":3" /> * 2019: “Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya”<ref name=":1" /> * 2020: "Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi"<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|date=2020|title=World Water Day 2020 – Water and Climate Change|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> * 2021: Daraja Ruwa * 2022: Ruwan Kasa * 2023: Sanya Sauri Ga Canji * 2024: Yin Amfani da Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya * 2025: Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier * 2026: Ruwa da Jinsi<ref>{{cite web | title=World Water Day | publisher=UN | accessdate=14 March 2026}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a fadin duniya ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban. Wadannan zasu iya kasancewa na wasan kwaikwayo, kide-kide ko kuma na fafutuka. Ranar kuma na iya hadawa da yakin neman tara kudi don ayyukan ruwa. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ita ce a shekarar 1993.<ref name="UNWATER2" />{{TOC limit|3}} ==Manufofi da tsari== [[File:My School Toilet puppet theatre (5226853487).jpg|thumb|Yara suna gabatar da wasan tsana don gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, don Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a shekarar 2010]] Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya rana ce ta kiyayewa ta duniya. Manufar ita ce zaburar da mutane a fadin duniya su koyi abubuwa da yawa game da batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa kuma su dauki mataki don kawo canji.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, an sake ba da fifiko na musamman kan wanke hannu da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Promote hand hygiene to save lives and combat COVID-19|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Batutuwan da suka dace sun hada da karancin ruwa, gurbacewar ruwa, rashin isasshen samar da ruwa, rashin tsaftar muhalli, da tasirin canjin yanayi (wanda shi ne taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020<ref name=":4" />). Ranar tana fito da rashin daidaiton damar samun ayyukan WASH da kuma bukatar tabbatar da hakkin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Shafin yanar gizo na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya yana sanar da abubuwan da ke faruwa, ayyuka da damar aikin sa kai. A shekarar 2020, labaran da aka nuna sun shafi daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi da amfani da ruwa cikin inganci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 'What is being done?' (2020)|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> p98rb2y8o04vya9z2p3objy141uoxr4 868976 868974 2026-06-26T22:18:55Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manufofi da tsari */ 868976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya''' rana ce ta kiyayewa ta shekara-shekara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ake gudanarwa a ranar 22 ga Maris wacce ke nuna mahimmancin ruwa mai kyau. Ana amfani da ranar don bayar da shawarwari game da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa mai kyau.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken kowace shekara yana mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka dace da tsabtataccen ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki (WASH), wanda ya yi daidai da manufofin Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines {{Webarchive|date=27 February 2020 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara kusa da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. UN-Water ita ce mai shirya Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya kuma tana zabar taken kowace shekara tare da tuntubar kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan abin da aka mayar da hankali a kai a waccan shekarar.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa" kuma yakin neman zabe na jama'a ya gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya a kafofin sada zumunta don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|archive-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka gabata sun hada da: * 2016: “Ingantaccen Ruwa, Kyawawan Ayyuka”<ref name=":0" /> * 2017: “Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?”<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=World Water Day theme (2017) |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=UN-Water}}</ref> * 2018: “Amsar Tana Cikin Halitta”<ref name=":3" /> * 2019: “Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya”<ref name=":1" /> * 2020: "Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi"<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|date=2020|title=World Water Day 2020 – Water and Climate Change|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> * 2021: Daraja Ruwa * 2022: Ruwan Kasa * 2023: Sanya Sauri Ga Canji * 2024: Yin Amfani da Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya * 2025: Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier * 2026: Ruwa da Jinsi<ref>{{cite web | title=World Water Day | publisher=UN | accessdate=14 March 2026}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a fadin duniya ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban. Wadannan zasu iya kasancewa na wasan kwaikwayo, kide-kide ko kuma na fafutuka. Ranar kuma na iya hadawa da yakin neman tara kudi don ayyukan ruwa. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ita ce a shekarar 1993.<ref name="UNWATER2" />{{TOC limit|3}} ==Manufofi da tsari== [[File:My School Toilet puppet theatre (5226853487).jpg|thumb|Yara suna gabatar da wasan tsana don gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, don Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a shekarar 2010]] Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya rana ce ta kiyayewa ta duniya. Manufar ita ce zaburar da mutane a fadin duniya su koyi abubuwa da yawa game da batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa kuma su dauki mataki don kawo canji.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, an sake ba da fifiko na musamman kan wanke hannu da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Promote hand hygiene to save lives and combat COVID-19|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Batutuwan da suka dace sun hada da karancin ruwa, gurbacewar ruwa, rashin isasshen samar da ruwa, rashin tsaftar muhalli, da tasirin canjin yanayi (wanda shi ne taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020<ref name=":4" />). Ranar tana fito da rashin daidaiton damar samun ayyukan WASH da kuma bukatar tabbatar da hakkin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Shafin yanar gizo na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya yana sanar da abubuwan da ke faruwa, ayyuka da damar aikin sa kai. A shekarar 2020, labaran da aka nuna sun shafi daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi da amfani da ruwa cikin inganci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 'What is being done?' (2020)|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> === Mai Shiryawa === UN-Water tana daidaita ayyuka tare da kungiyoyin mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan taken waccan shekarar. UN-Water tana tattara kungiyoyi kowane iri don daukar mataki, ko a duniya ko kuma a cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Celebration of World Water day in 2021 – Valuing Water|access-date=2021-03-22|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> == Misalan ayyuka == Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke kishin fannin WASH, kamar su UNICEF, WaterAid da Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP), suna amfani da wannan rana don wayar da kan jama'a da kuma jan hankalin kafofin yada labarai game da batutuwan ruwa tare da zaburar da matakai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Humanitarian agencies come together to promote water conservation on World Water Day in Jordan|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan sun hada da fitar da littattafai da fina-finai, da kuma shirya tarukan tattaunawa, tarukan karawa juna sani da nune-nune.<ref name=":5" /> End Water Poverty, wata kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta farar hula ta duniya mai dauke da kungiyoyi abokan tarayya 250, tana daukar nauyin Watan Daukar Matakin Ruwa a kowace shekara kuma tana ba da jagorar tsara taron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Action Month|website=End Water Poverty: Sanitation and Water for All|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=2021 water, sanitation and hygiene barometer|url-status=live|website=SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL|access-date=13 April 2021|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Bayanan da suka shafi taken shekara-shekara suna ba masu yanke shawara kayan aiki don aiwatar da dorewar amfani da albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Development Report|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuma ana samun karuwar tsare-tsare a makarantu da jami'o'i da ke ilimantar da mutane game da mahimmancin kiyayewa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrate World Water Day with Games and Activities for all ages!|date=22 March 2012|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hands-on Water Activities for Kids|date=22 March 2015|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TES">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2017 Primary Resources|website=tes.com|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Misali, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta gudanar da gasar "mafificin fosta na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya" a shekarar 2017. Yara 'yan makarantar firamare a Philippines sun shiga gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wendland, C|last2=Rieck, C|last3=Roenitzsch, S|last4=van Epps, A.|title=Making WASH in Schools more sustainable – Case Stories from SuSanA Partners.|date=2014|publisher=SuSanA|ref=Susana2014|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An fara ba da shawarar wannan rana a hukumance a cikin Tsarin Agenda 21 na Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaba na shekarar 1992 a Rio de Janeiro. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1992, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da kuduri mai lamba A/RES/47/193 wanda ta hakan aka ayyana ranar 22 ga Maris na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 1993, aka gudanar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko.<ref name="UNWATER2">{{Cite web|title=UN-Water: World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=9 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Akwai kuma rumbun adana bayanan shafukan yanar gizo na yakin neman zabe na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na baya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive of previous World Water Day websites|website=UN Water – Archive|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> 0lrt7llkqn648wewb1fz52womwvcffl 868979 868976 2026-06-26T22:19:24Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tarihi */ 868979 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya''' rana ce ta kiyayewa ta shekara-shekara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ake gudanarwa a ranar 22 ga Maris wacce ke nuna mahimmancin ruwa mai kyau. Ana amfani da ranar don bayar da shawarwari game da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa mai kyau.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken kowace shekara yana mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka dace da tsabtataccen ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki (WASH), wanda ya yi daidai da manufofin Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines {{Webarchive|date=27 February 2020 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara kusa da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. UN-Water ita ce mai shirya Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya kuma tana zabar taken kowace shekara tare da tuntubar kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan abin da aka mayar da hankali a kai a waccan shekarar.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa" kuma yakin neman zabe na jama'a ya gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya a kafofin sada zumunta don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|archive-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka gabata sun hada da: * 2016: “Ingantaccen Ruwa, Kyawawan Ayyuka”<ref name=":0" /> * 2017: “Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?”<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=World Water Day theme (2017) |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=UN-Water}}</ref> * 2018: “Amsar Tana Cikin Halitta”<ref name=":3" /> * 2019: “Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya”<ref name=":1" /> * 2020: "Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi"<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|date=2020|title=World Water Day 2020 – Water and Climate Change|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> * 2021: Daraja Ruwa * 2022: Ruwan Kasa * 2023: Sanya Sauri Ga Canji * 2024: Yin Amfani da Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya * 2025: Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier * 2026: Ruwa da Jinsi<ref>{{cite web | title=World Water Day | publisher=UN | accessdate=14 March 2026}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a fadin duniya ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban. Wadannan zasu iya kasancewa na wasan kwaikwayo, kide-kide ko kuma na fafutuka. Ranar kuma na iya hadawa da yakin neman tara kudi don ayyukan ruwa. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ita ce a shekarar 1993.<ref name="UNWATER2" />{{TOC limit|3}} ==Manufofi da tsari== [[File:My School Toilet puppet theatre (5226853487).jpg|thumb|Yara suna gabatar da wasan tsana don gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, don Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a shekarar 2010]] Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya rana ce ta kiyayewa ta duniya. Manufar ita ce zaburar da mutane a fadin duniya su koyi abubuwa da yawa game da batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa kuma su dauki mataki don kawo canji.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, an sake ba da fifiko na musamman kan wanke hannu da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Promote hand hygiene to save lives and combat COVID-19|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Batutuwan da suka dace sun hada da karancin ruwa, gurbacewar ruwa, rashin isasshen samar da ruwa, rashin tsaftar muhalli, da tasirin canjin yanayi (wanda shi ne taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020<ref name=":4" />). Ranar tana fito da rashin daidaiton damar samun ayyukan WASH da kuma bukatar tabbatar da hakkin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Shafin yanar gizo na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya yana sanar da abubuwan da ke faruwa, ayyuka da damar aikin sa kai. A shekarar 2020, labaran da aka nuna sun shafi daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi da amfani da ruwa cikin inganci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 'What is being done?' (2020)|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> === Mai Shiryawa === UN-Water tana daidaita ayyuka tare da kungiyoyin mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan taken waccan shekarar. UN-Water tana tattara kungiyoyi kowane iri don daukar mataki, ko a duniya ko kuma a cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Celebration of World Water day in 2021 – Valuing Water|access-date=2021-03-22|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> == Misalan ayyuka == Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke kishin fannin WASH, kamar su UNICEF, WaterAid da Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP), suna amfani da wannan rana don wayar da kan jama'a da kuma jan hankalin kafofin yada labarai game da batutuwan ruwa tare da zaburar da matakai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Humanitarian agencies come together to promote water conservation on World Water Day in Jordan|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan sun hada da fitar da littattafai da fina-finai, da kuma shirya tarukan tattaunawa, tarukan karawa juna sani da nune-nune.<ref name=":5" /> End Water Poverty, wata kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta farar hula ta duniya mai dauke da kungiyoyi abokan tarayya 250, tana daukar nauyin Watan Daukar Matakin Ruwa a kowace shekara kuma tana ba da jagorar tsara taron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Action Month|website=End Water Poverty: Sanitation and Water for All|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=2021 water, sanitation and hygiene barometer|url-status=live|website=SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL|access-date=13 April 2021|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Bayanan da suka shafi taken shekara-shekara suna ba masu yanke shawara kayan aiki don aiwatar da dorewar amfani da albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Development Report|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuma ana samun karuwar tsare-tsare a makarantu da jami'o'i da ke ilimantar da mutane game da mahimmancin kiyayewa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrate World Water Day with Games and Activities for all ages!|date=22 March 2012|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hands-on Water Activities for Kids|date=22 March 2015|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TES">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2017 Primary Resources|website=tes.com|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Misali, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta gudanar da gasar "mafificin fosta na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya" a shekarar 2017. Yara 'yan makarantar firamare a Philippines sun shiga gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wendland, C|last2=Rieck, C|last3=Roenitzsch, S|last4=van Epps, A.|title=Making WASH in Schools more sustainable – Case Stories from SuSanA Partners.|date=2014|publisher=SuSanA|ref=Susana2014|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An fara ba da shawarar wannan rana a hukumance a cikin Tsarin Agenda 21 na Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaba na shekarar 1992 a Rio de Janeiro. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1992, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da kuduri mai lamba A/RES/47/193 wanda ta hakan aka ayyana ranar 22 ga Maris na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 1993, aka gudanar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko.<ref name="UNWATER2">{{Cite web|title=UN-Water: World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=9 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Akwai kuma rumbun adana bayanan shafukan yanar gizo na yakin neman zabe na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na baya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive of previous World Water Day websites|website=UN Water – Archive|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> == Takun shekara-shekara == === Kafin shekarar 2014 === A cikin shekarun kafin 2014, taken shekara-shekara sun kasance kamar haka:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=UN Water What We Do, Inspire Action (Official themes and previous campaigns)|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 1994: Kula da Albarkatun Ruwanmu Harkar Kowa Ce * 1995: Mata da Ruwa * 1996: Ruwa don Birane Masu Kishi * 1997: Ruwan Duniya: Shin Ya Isa? * Talla ta Amurka: Ruwa don Lafiya * 2002: Ruwa don Ci Gaba. Mummunan yanayi da tabarbarewar albarkatun ruwa a sassa da dama na duniya na bukatar tsari da gudanar da ingantaccen shirin albarkatun ruwa. * 2003: Ruwa don Gaba. Kulawa da inganta inganci da yawan ruwa mai kyau da ke akwai ga al'ummomin gaba. * 2004: Ruwa da Bala'o'i. Yanayi, sauyin yanayi da albarkatun ruwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma jin dadin dan adam. * 2005: Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa 2005–2015. Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a zamansa na 58 a watan Disamba na shekarar 2003 ya amince da ayyana shekarun 2005 zu 2015 a matsayin Shekaru Goma na Matakai na Duniya, tun daga Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, 22 ga Maris 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Decade for Water 2005–2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kalmar Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa. * 2006: Ruwa da Al'ada. Taken ya jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa akwai hanyoyi da yawa na kallo, amfani, da kuma bikin ruwa kamar yadda akwai al'adun gargajiya a duk faɗin duniya. * 2007: Jurewa Karancin Ruwa. An nuna karancin ruwa a duniya da kuma bukatar karfafa hadin gwiwa don tabbatar da dorewa, inganci da adalci wajen gudanar da karancin albarkatun ruwa, a matakin kasa da kasa da na gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2007|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:World Water Day (3384841410).jpg|thumb|Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya 2009: Sojojin Amurka suna tsaftace kogi a Koriya ta Kudu]] * 2008: Tsaftar Muhalli. Shekarar 2008 ta kasance Shekarar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2008|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2009: Ruwan Ketare Iyaka. An ba da fifiko na musamman kan ruwayen da ke ketare iyakoki.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2009|website=World Water Day 2009|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2010: Tsaftataccen Ruwa don Lafiyayyen Duniya. An sadakar da shi ga ingancin ruwa, yana nuna mahimmancinsa tare da yawan albarkatun kasa a cikin gudanar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2010|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> * 2011: Ruwa don birane: amsa kalubalen birane. Manufar ita ce haskawa da karfafawa gwamnatoci, kungiyoyi, al'ummomi, da daidaikun mutane gwiwa su shiga tsagajiyan magance kalubalen gudanar da ruwan birane.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2011|website=World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2012: Ruwa da Tsaftace Abinci: Duniya tana da Kishi domin Muna Jin Yunwa. A yayin taron Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na shekarar 2012, Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya ja hankali ga kalubalen da suka shafi ruwa da fararen hula ke fuskanta sakamakon fada da tashe-tashen hankula na cikin gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2012|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> fekf47ump0i3ywg5s0f76wkmxn1ktrd 868980 868979 2026-06-26T22:19:47Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kafin shekarar 2014 */ 868980 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya''' rana ce ta kiyayewa ta shekara-shekara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ake gudanarwa a ranar 22 ga Maris wacce ke nuna mahimmancin ruwa mai kyau. Ana amfani da ranar don bayar da shawarwari game da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa mai kyau.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken kowace shekara yana mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka dace da tsabtataccen ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki (WASH), wanda ya yi daidai da manufofin Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines {{Webarchive|date=27 February 2020 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara kusa da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. UN-Water ita ce mai shirya Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya kuma tana zabar taken kowace shekara tare da tuntubar kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan abin da aka mayar da hankali a kai a waccan shekarar.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa" kuma yakin neman zabe na jama'a ya gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya a kafofin sada zumunta don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|archive-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka gabata sun hada da: * 2016: “Ingantaccen Ruwa, Kyawawan Ayyuka”<ref name=":0" /> * 2017: “Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?”<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=World Water Day theme (2017) |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=UN-Water}}</ref> * 2018: “Amsar Tana Cikin Halitta”<ref name=":3" /> * 2019: “Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya”<ref name=":1" /> * 2020: "Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi"<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|date=2020|title=World Water Day 2020 – Water and Climate Change|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> * 2021: Daraja Ruwa * 2022: Ruwan Kasa * 2023: Sanya Sauri Ga Canji * 2024: Yin Amfani da Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya * 2025: Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier * 2026: Ruwa da Jinsi<ref>{{cite web | title=World Water Day | publisher=UN | accessdate=14 March 2026}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a fadin duniya ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban. Wadannan zasu iya kasancewa na wasan kwaikwayo, kide-kide ko kuma na fafutuka. Ranar kuma na iya hadawa da yakin neman tara kudi don ayyukan ruwa. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ita ce a shekarar 1993.<ref name="UNWATER2" />{{TOC limit|3}} ==Manufofi da tsari== [[File:My School Toilet puppet theatre (5226853487).jpg|thumb|Yara suna gabatar da wasan tsana don gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, don Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a shekarar 2010]] Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya rana ce ta kiyayewa ta duniya. Manufar ita ce zaburar da mutane a fadin duniya su koyi abubuwa da yawa game da batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa kuma su dauki mataki don kawo canji.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, an sake ba da fifiko na musamman kan wanke hannu da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Promote hand hygiene to save lives and combat COVID-19|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Batutuwan da suka dace sun hada da karancin ruwa, gurbacewar ruwa, rashin isasshen samar da ruwa, rashin tsaftar muhalli, da tasirin canjin yanayi (wanda shi ne taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020<ref name=":4" />). Ranar tana fito da rashin daidaiton damar samun ayyukan WASH da kuma bukatar tabbatar da hakkin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Shafin yanar gizo na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya yana sanar da abubuwan da ke faruwa, ayyuka da damar aikin sa kai. A shekarar 2020, labaran da aka nuna sun shafi daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi da amfani da ruwa cikin inganci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 'What is being done?' (2020)|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> === Mai Shiryawa === UN-Water tana daidaita ayyuka tare da kungiyoyin mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan taken waccan shekarar. UN-Water tana tattara kungiyoyi kowane iri don daukar mataki, ko a duniya ko kuma a cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Celebration of World Water day in 2021 – Valuing Water|access-date=2021-03-22|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> == Misalan ayyuka == Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke kishin fannin WASH, kamar su UNICEF, WaterAid da Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP), suna amfani da wannan rana don wayar da kan jama'a da kuma jan hankalin kafofin yada labarai game da batutuwan ruwa tare da zaburar da matakai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Humanitarian agencies come together to promote water conservation on World Water Day in Jordan|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan sun hada da fitar da littattafai da fina-finai, da kuma shirya tarukan tattaunawa, tarukan karawa juna sani da nune-nune.<ref name=":5" /> End Water Poverty, wata kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta farar hula ta duniya mai dauke da kungiyoyi abokan tarayya 250, tana daukar nauyin Watan Daukar Matakin Ruwa a kowace shekara kuma tana ba da jagorar tsara taron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Action Month|website=End Water Poverty: Sanitation and Water for All|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=2021 water, sanitation and hygiene barometer|url-status=live|website=SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL|access-date=13 April 2021|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Bayanan da suka shafi taken shekara-shekara suna ba masu yanke shawara kayan aiki don aiwatar da dorewar amfani da albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Development Report|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuma ana samun karuwar tsare-tsare a makarantu da jami'o'i da ke ilimantar da mutane game da mahimmancin kiyayewa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrate World Water Day with Games and Activities for all ages!|date=22 March 2012|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hands-on Water Activities for Kids|date=22 March 2015|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TES">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2017 Primary Resources|website=tes.com|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Misali, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta gudanar da gasar "mafificin fosta na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya" a shekarar 2017. Yara 'yan makarantar firamare a Philippines sun shiga gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wendland, C|last2=Rieck, C|last3=Roenitzsch, S|last4=van Epps, A.|title=Making WASH in Schools more sustainable – Case Stories from SuSanA Partners.|date=2014|publisher=SuSanA|ref=Susana2014|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An fara ba da shawarar wannan rana a hukumance a cikin Tsarin Agenda 21 na Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaba na shekarar 1992 a Rio de Janeiro. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1992, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da kuduri mai lamba A/RES/47/193 wanda ta hakan aka ayyana ranar 22 ga Maris na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 1993, aka gudanar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko.<ref name="UNWATER2">{{Cite web|title=UN-Water: World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=9 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Akwai kuma rumbun adana bayanan shafukan yanar gizo na yakin neman zabe na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na baya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive of previous World Water Day websites|website=UN Water – Archive|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> == Takun shekara-shekara == === Kafin shekarar 2014 === A cikin shekarun kafin 2014, taken shekara-shekara sun kasance kamar haka:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=UN Water What We Do, Inspire Action (Official themes and previous campaigns)|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 1994: Kula da Albarkatun Ruwanmu Harkar Kowa Ce * 1995: Mata da Ruwa * 1996: Ruwa don Birane Masu Kishi * 1997: Ruwan Duniya: Shin Ya Isa? * Talla ta Amurka: Ruwa don Lafiya * 2002: Ruwa don Ci Gaba. Mummunan yanayi da tabarbarewar albarkatun ruwa a sassa da dama na duniya na bukatar tsari da gudanar da ingantaccen shirin albarkatun ruwa. * 2003: Ruwa don Gaba. Kulawa da inganta inganci da yawan ruwa mai kyau da ke akwai ga al'ummomin gaba. * 2004: Ruwa da Bala'o'i. Yanayi, sauyin yanayi da albarkatun ruwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma jin dadin dan adam. * 2005: Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa 2005–2015. Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a zamansa na 58 a watan Disamba na shekarar 2003 ya amince da ayyana shekarun 2005 zu 2015 a matsayin Shekaru Goma na Matakai na Duniya, tun daga Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, 22 ga Maris 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Decade for Water 2005–2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kalmar Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa. * 2006: Ruwa da Al'ada. Taken ya jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa akwai hanyoyi da yawa na kallo, amfani, da kuma bikin ruwa kamar yadda akwai al'adun gargajiya a duk faɗin duniya. * 2007: Jurewa Karancin Ruwa. An nuna karancin ruwa a duniya da kuma bukatar karfafa hadin gwiwa don tabbatar da dorewa, inganci da adalci wajen gudanar da karancin albarkatun ruwa, a matakin kasa da kasa da na gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2007|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:World Water Day (3384841410).jpg|thumb|Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya 2009: Sojojin Amurka suna tsaftace kogi a Koriya ta Kudu]] * 2008: Tsaftar Muhalli. Shekarar 2008 ta kasance Shekarar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2008|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2009: Ruwan Ketare Iyaka. An ba da fifiko na musamman kan ruwayen da ke ketare iyakoki.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2009|website=World Water Day 2009|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2010: Tsaftataccen Ruwa don Lafiyayyen Duniya. An sadakar da shi ga ingancin ruwa, yana nuna mahimmancinsa tare da yawan albarkatun kasa a cikin gudanar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2010|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> * 2011: Ruwa don birane: amsa kalubalen birane. Manufar ita ce haskawa da karfafawa gwamnatoci, kungiyoyi, al'ummomi, da daidaikun mutane gwiwa su shiga tsagajiyan magance kalubalen gudanar da ruwan birane.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2011|website=World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2012: Ruwa da Tsaftace Abinci: Duniya tana da Kishi domin Muna Jin Yunwa. A yayin taron Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na shekarar 2012, Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya ja hankali ga kalubalen da suka shafi ruwa da fararen hula ke fuskanta sakamakon fada da tashe-tashen hankula na cikin gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2012|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2013: Shekarar Hadin Gwiwa ta Duniya. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2010, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ayyana shekarar 2013 a matsayin Shekarar Hadin Gwiwar Ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Dangane da wannan sanarwa, an sadakar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2013 ga hadin gwiwar ruwa. === 2014 – Ruwa da Makamashi === Taken shekarar 2014 na Ruwa da Makamashi ya jaddada kusancin alaka da dogaro da juna tsakanin ruwa da makamashi, kuma ya kawo hankali ga alakar ruwa da makamashi.<ref name="UNWATER2014" /> Kusan kashi 8% na makamashin da ake samarwa a duniya ana amfani da shi ne wajen tura ruwa da famfo, tace shi da kuma jigilar shi ga masu amfani da shi daban-daban. Bugu da kari, samarwa da watsa makamashi yana bukatar amfani da albarkatun ruwa, musamman ga hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, makamashin nukiliya, da makamashin zafi.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} Manufar taken na waccan shekarar ita ce saukaka samar da manufofi da tsare-tsare da za su hada ma'aikatu da sassa daban-daban. An yi niyyar ne don ya jagoranci hanyar samun tsaron makamashi da dorewar amfani da ruwa a cikin tattalin arziki mai kore.<ref name="UNWATER2014">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2014|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 'Yan jarida daga kasashe 11 na Asiya sun gana a Tokyo daga ranar 20 zuwa 21 ga Maris 2014 don tattauna mahimmancin ruwa. Taron ya hada da bangarorin tattaunawa kan batutuwa kamar mayar da ayyuka hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, hadewa tsakanin ruwa da makamashi da kuma zamanantar da ayyukan ruwa. 'Yan jaridar sun kuma samar da labarai na hadin gwiwa guda hudu da kuma ra'ayoyin labarai guda 20 na daidaikun mutane don rukunin 'yan jaridun Asiya da ke rubutu kan ruwa (da makamashi) a kafofin sada zumunta.<ref name="UN2016">{{Cite book|title=Water and Energy Report on the Journalists Workshop|publisher=UNW-DPAC|year=2014|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === 2015 – Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa === Tare da taken "Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa", shekarar 2015 ta ba da dama mai mahimmanci don karfafa gwiwa da ginawa a kan Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya da ta gabata don nuna rawar da ruwa ke takawa a cikin tsarin ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref name="UNWATER">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kamata a cimma Burin Ci Gaban Karni (MDGs) zuwa shekarar 2015, don haka shekarar ta bada damar tattaunawa kan lokacin bayan MDG da buri na ruwa da ci gaba mai dorewa. Tare da kaddamar da Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa (SDGs), Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta ba da fifiko ta musamman ga Buri na 6 (SDG 6), wanda ke yin kira ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa, ta hanyar karfafa tattaunawa kan yadda za a iya cimma SDG 6 zuwa shekarar 2030.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> === 2016 – Mafi Kyawun Ruwa, Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka === Taken shekarar 2016 na "Mafi kyawun ruwa, mafi kyawun ayyuka" ya nuna alakar da ke tsakanin ruwa da samar da ayyukan yi, ta kai tsaye da kuma fakaice, ta hanyar albarkatun ruwa a fadin duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2016|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Taken ya haifar da hadin gwiwa tare da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event to mark World Water Day 2016 and launch the World Water Development Report|website=International Labour Organisation|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> aaxm5l3fqecsp6dawwdk100alvqfnoz 868984 868980 2026-06-26T22:22:32Z Sirjat 20447 /* 2016 – Mafi Kyawun Ruwa, Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka */ 868984 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya''' rana ce ta kiyayewa ta shekara-shekara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ake gudanarwa a ranar 22 ga Maris wacce ke nuna mahimmancin ruwa mai kyau. Ana amfani da ranar don bayar da shawarwari game da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa mai kyau.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken kowace shekara yana mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka dace da tsabtataccen ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki (WASH), wanda ya yi daidai da manufofin Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines {{Webarchive|date=27 February 2020 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara kusa da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. UN-Water ita ce mai shirya Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya kuma tana zabar taken kowace shekara tare da tuntubar kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan abin da aka mayar da hankali a kai a waccan shekarar.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa" kuma yakin neman zabe na jama'a ya gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya a kafofin sada zumunta don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|archive-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka gabata sun hada da: * 2016: “Ingantaccen Ruwa, Kyawawan Ayyuka”<ref name=":0" /> * 2017: “Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?”<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=World Water Day theme (2017) |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=UN-Water}}</ref> * 2018: “Amsar Tana Cikin Halitta”<ref name=":3" /> * 2019: “Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya”<ref name=":1" /> * 2020: "Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi"<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|date=2020|title=World Water Day 2020 – Water and Climate Change|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> * 2021: Daraja Ruwa * 2022: Ruwan Kasa * 2023: Sanya Sauri Ga Canji * 2024: Yin Amfani da Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya * 2025: Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier * 2026: Ruwa da Jinsi<ref>{{cite web | title=World Water Day | publisher=UN | accessdate=14 March 2026}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a fadin duniya ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban. Wadannan zasu iya kasancewa na wasan kwaikwayo, kide-kide ko kuma na fafutuka. Ranar kuma na iya hadawa da yakin neman tara kudi don ayyukan ruwa. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ita ce a shekarar 1993.<ref name="UNWATER2" />{{TOC limit|3}} ==Manufofi da tsari== [[File:My School Toilet puppet theatre (5226853487).jpg|thumb|Yara suna gabatar da wasan tsana don gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, don Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a shekarar 2010]] Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya rana ce ta kiyayewa ta duniya. Manufar ita ce zaburar da mutane a fadin duniya su koyi abubuwa da yawa game da batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa kuma su dauki mataki don kawo canji.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, an sake ba da fifiko na musamman kan wanke hannu da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Promote hand hygiene to save lives and combat COVID-19|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Batutuwan da suka dace sun hada da karancin ruwa, gurbacewar ruwa, rashin isasshen samar da ruwa, rashin tsaftar muhalli, da tasirin canjin yanayi (wanda shi ne taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020<ref name=":4" />). Ranar tana fito da rashin daidaiton damar samun ayyukan WASH da kuma bukatar tabbatar da hakkin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Shafin yanar gizo na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya yana sanar da abubuwan da ke faruwa, ayyuka da damar aikin sa kai. A shekarar 2020, labaran da aka nuna sun shafi daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi da amfani da ruwa cikin inganci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 'What is being done?' (2020)|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> === Mai Shiryawa === UN-Water tana daidaita ayyuka tare da kungiyoyin mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan taken waccan shekarar. UN-Water tana tattara kungiyoyi kowane iri don daukar mataki, ko a duniya ko kuma a cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Celebration of World Water day in 2021 – Valuing Water|access-date=2021-03-22|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> == Misalan ayyuka == Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke kishin fannin WASH, kamar su UNICEF, WaterAid da Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP), suna amfani da wannan rana don wayar da kan jama'a da kuma jan hankalin kafofin yada labarai game da batutuwan ruwa tare da zaburar da matakai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Humanitarian agencies come together to promote water conservation on World Water Day in Jordan|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan sun hada da fitar da littattafai da fina-finai, da kuma shirya tarukan tattaunawa, tarukan karawa juna sani da nune-nune.<ref name=":5" /> End Water Poverty, wata kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta farar hula ta duniya mai dauke da kungiyoyi abokan tarayya 250, tana daukar nauyin Watan Daukar Matakin Ruwa a kowace shekara kuma tana ba da jagorar tsara taron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Action Month|website=End Water Poverty: Sanitation and Water for All|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=2021 water, sanitation and hygiene barometer|url-status=live|website=SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL|access-date=13 April 2021|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Bayanan da suka shafi taken shekara-shekara suna ba masu yanke shawara kayan aiki don aiwatar da dorewar amfani da albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Development Report|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuma ana samun karuwar tsare-tsare a makarantu da jami'o'i da ke ilimantar da mutane game da mahimmancin kiyayewa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrate World Water Day with Games and Activities for all ages!|date=22 March 2012|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hands-on Water Activities for Kids|date=22 March 2015|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TES">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2017 Primary Resources|website=tes.com|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Misali, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta gudanar da gasar "mafificin fosta na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya" a shekarar 2017. Yara 'yan makarantar firamare a Philippines sun shiga gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wendland, C|last2=Rieck, C|last3=Roenitzsch, S|last4=van Epps, A.|title=Making WASH in Schools more sustainable – Case Stories from SuSanA Partners.|date=2014|publisher=SuSanA|ref=Susana2014|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An fara ba da shawarar wannan rana a hukumance a cikin Tsarin Agenda 21 na Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaba na shekarar 1992 a Rio de Janeiro. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1992, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da kuduri mai lamba A/RES/47/193 wanda ta hakan aka ayyana ranar 22 ga Maris na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 1993, aka gudanar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko.<ref name="UNWATER2">{{Cite web|title=UN-Water: World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=9 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Akwai kuma rumbun adana bayanan shafukan yanar gizo na yakin neman zabe na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na baya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive of previous World Water Day websites|website=UN Water – Archive|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> == Takun shekara-shekara == === Kafin shekarar 2014 === A cikin shekarun kafin 2014, taken shekara-shekara sun kasance kamar haka:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=UN Water What We Do, Inspire Action (Official themes and previous campaigns)|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 1994: Kula da Albarkatun Ruwanmu Harkar Kowa Ce * 1995: Mata da Ruwa * 1996: Ruwa don Birane Masu Kishi * 1997: Ruwan Duniya: Shin Ya Isa? * Talla ta Amurka: Ruwa don Lafiya * 2002: Ruwa don Ci Gaba. Mummunan yanayi da tabarbarewar albarkatun ruwa a sassa da dama na duniya na bukatar tsari da gudanar da ingantaccen shirin albarkatun ruwa. * 2003: Ruwa don Gaba. Kulawa da inganta inganci da yawan ruwa mai kyau da ke akwai ga al'ummomin gaba. * 2004: Ruwa da Bala'o'i. Yanayi, sauyin yanayi da albarkatun ruwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma jin dadin dan adam. * 2005: Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa 2005–2015. Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a zamansa na 58 a watan Disamba na shekarar 2003 ya amince da ayyana shekarun 2005 zu 2015 a matsayin Shekaru Goma na Matakai na Duniya, tun daga Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, 22 ga Maris 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Decade for Water 2005–2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kalmar Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa. * 2006: Ruwa da Al'ada. Taken ya jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa akwai hanyoyi da yawa na kallo, amfani, da kuma bikin ruwa kamar yadda akwai al'adun gargajiya a duk faɗin duniya. * 2007: Jurewa Karancin Ruwa. An nuna karancin ruwa a duniya da kuma bukatar karfafa hadin gwiwa don tabbatar da dorewa, inganci da adalci wajen gudanar da karancin albarkatun ruwa, a matakin kasa da kasa da na gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2007|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:World Water Day (3384841410).jpg|thumb|Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya 2009: Sojojin Amurka suna tsaftace kogi a Koriya ta Kudu]] * 2008: Tsaftar Muhalli. Shekarar 2008 ta kasance Shekarar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2008|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2009: Ruwan Ketare Iyaka. An ba da fifiko na musamman kan ruwayen da ke ketare iyakoki.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2009|website=World Water Day 2009|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2010: Tsaftataccen Ruwa don Lafiyayyen Duniya. An sadakar da shi ga ingancin ruwa, yana nuna mahimmancinsa tare da yawan albarkatun kasa a cikin gudanar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2010|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> * 2011: Ruwa don birane: amsa kalubalen birane. Manufar ita ce haskawa da karfafawa gwamnatoci, kungiyoyi, al'ummomi, da daidaikun mutane gwiwa su shiga tsagajiyan magance kalubalen gudanar da ruwan birane.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2011|website=World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2012: Ruwa da Tsaftace Abinci: Duniya tana da Kishi domin Muna Jin Yunwa. A yayin taron Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na shekarar 2012, Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya ja hankali ga kalubalen da suka shafi ruwa da fararen hula ke fuskanta sakamakon fada da tashe-tashen hankula na cikin gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2012|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2013: Shekarar Hadin Gwiwa ta Duniya. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2010, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ayyana shekarar 2013 a matsayin Shekarar Hadin Gwiwar Ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Dangane da wannan sanarwa, an sadakar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2013 ga hadin gwiwar ruwa. === 2014 – Ruwa da Makamashi === Taken shekarar 2014 na Ruwa da Makamashi ya jaddada kusancin alaka da dogaro da juna tsakanin ruwa da makamashi, kuma ya kawo hankali ga alakar ruwa da makamashi.<ref name="UNWATER2014" /> Kusan kashi 8% na makamashin da ake samarwa a duniya ana amfani da shi ne wajen tura ruwa da famfo, tace shi da kuma jigilar shi ga masu amfani da shi daban-daban. Bugu da kari, samarwa da watsa makamashi yana bukatar amfani da albarkatun ruwa, musamman ga hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, makamashin nukiliya, da makamashin zafi.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} Manufar taken na waccan shekarar ita ce saukaka samar da manufofi da tsare-tsare da za su hada ma'aikatu da sassa daban-daban. An yi niyyar ne don ya jagoranci hanyar samun tsaron makamashi da dorewar amfani da ruwa a cikin tattalin arziki mai kore.<ref name="UNWATER2014">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2014|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 'Yan jarida daga kasashe 11 na Asiya sun gana a Tokyo daga ranar 20 zuwa 21 ga Maris 2014 don tattauna mahimmancin ruwa. Taron ya hada da bangarorin tattaunawa kan batutuwa kamar mayar da ayyuka hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, hadewa tsakanin ruwa da makamashi da kuma zamanantar da ayyukan ruwa. 'Yan jaridar sun kuma samar da labarai na hadin gwiwa guda hudu da kuma ra'ayoyin labarai guda 20 na daidaikun mutane don rukunin 'yan jaridun Asiya da ke rubutu kan ruwa (da makamashi) a kafofin sada zumunta.<ref name="UN2016">{{Cite book|title=Water and Energy Report on the Journalists Workshop|publisher=UNW-DPAC|year=2014|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === 2015 – Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa === Tare da taken "Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa", shekarar 2015 ta ba da dama mai mahimmanci don karfafa gwiwa da ginawa a kan Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya da ta gabata don nuna rawar da ruwa ke takawa a cikin tsarin ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref name="UNWATER">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kamata a cimma Burin Ci Gaban Karni (MDGs) zuwa shekarar 2015, don haka shekarar ta bada damar tattaunawa kan lokacin bayan MDG da buri na ruwa da ci gaba mai dorewa. Tare da kaddamar da Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa (SDGs), Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta ba da fifiko ta musamman ga Buri na 6 (SDG 6), wanda ke yin kira ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa, ta hanyar karfafa tattaunawa kan yadda za a iya cimma SDG 6 zuwa shekarar 2030.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> === 2016 – Mafi Kyawun Ruwa, Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka === Taken shekarar 2016 na "Mafi kyawun ruwa, mafi kyawun ayyuka" ya nuna alakar da ke tsakanin ruwa da samar da ayyukan yi, ta kai tsaye da kuma fakaice, ta hanyar albarkatun ruwa a fadin duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2016|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Taken ya haifar da hadin gwiwa tare da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event to mark World Water Day 2016 and launch the World Water Development Report|website=International Labour Organisation|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Taken yana kuma nuna yadda wadatar ruwa mai inganci za ta iya canza ayyukan mutane da rayuwarsu don mafi kyau. Bikin na shekarar 2016 ya haifar da karbuwa ga wadanda ke aiki don inganta ingancin ruwa da wadatar sa, da kuma bukatar da yawa su canza zuwa wasu ayyukan daban mafi kyau.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyuka uku cikin hudu a duk duniya sun dogara ne akan ruwa. Karancin ruwa da rashin samun dama na iya kayyade ci gaban tattalin arziki a shekaru masu zuwa, a cewar Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2016.<ref>UN-Water (2016) World Water Development Report 2016: Water and jobs {{Webarchive|date=7 August 2020 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> ob1rswlirvmxrzy5strqu3y6zaoeztv 868986 868984 2026-06-26T22:22:58Z Sirjat 20447 /* 2016 – Mafi Kyawun Ruwa, Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka */ 868986 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya''' rana ce ta kiyayewa ta shekara-shekara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ake gudanarwa a ranar 22 ga Maris wacce ke nuna mahimmancin ruwa mai kyau. Ana amfani da ranar don bayar da shawarwari game da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa mai kyau.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken kowace shekara yana mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka dace da tsabtataccen ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki (WASH), wanda ya yi daidai da manufofin Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines {{Webarchive|date=27 February 2020 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara kusa da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. UN-Water ita ce mai shirya Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya kuma tana zabar taken kowace shekara tare da tuntubar kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan abin da aka mayar da hankali a kai a waccan shekarar.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa" kuma yakin neman zabe na jama'a ya gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya a kafofin sada zumunta don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|archive-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka gabata sun hada da: * 2016: “Ingantaccen Ruwa, Kyawawan Ayyuka”<ref name=":0" /> * 2017: “Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?”<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=World Water Day theme (2017) |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=UN-Water}}</ref> * 2018: “Amsar Tana Cikin Halitta”<ref name=":3" /> * 2019: “Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya”<ref name=":1" /> * 2020: "Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi"<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|date=2020|title=World Water Day 2020 – Water and Climate Change|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> * 2021: Daraja Ruwa * 2022: Ruwan Kasa * 2023: Sanya Sauri Ga Canji * 2024: Yin Amfani da Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya * 2025: Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier * 2026: Ruwa da Jinsi<ref>{{cite web | title=World Water Day | publisher=UN | accessdate=14 March 2026}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a fadin duniya ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban. Wadannan zasu iya kasancewa na wasan kwaikwayo, kide-kide ko kuma na fafutuka. Ranar kuma na iya hadawa da yakin neman tara kudi don ayyukan ruwa. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ita ce a shekarar 1993.<ref name="UNWATER2" />{{TOC limit|3}} ==Manufofi da tsari== [[File:My School Toilet puppet theatre (5226853487).jpg|thumb|Yara suna gabatar da wasan tsana don gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, don Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a shekarar 2010]] Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya rana ce ta kiyayewa ta duniya. Manufar ita ce zaburar da mutane a fadin duniya su koyi abubuwa da yawa game da batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa kuma su dauki mataki don kawo canji.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, an sake ba da fifiko na musamman kan wanke hannu da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Promote hand hygiene to save lives and combat COVID-19|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Batutuwan da suka dace sun hada da karancin ruwa, gurbacewar ruwa, rashin isasshen samar da ruwa, rashin tsaftar muhalli, da tasirin canjin yanayi (wanda shi ne taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020<ref name=":4" />). Ranar tana fito da rashin daidaiton damar samun ayyukan WASH da kuma bukatar tabbatar da hakkin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Shafin yanar gizo na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya yana sanar da abubuwan da ke faruwa, ayyuka da damar aikin sa kai. A shekarar 2020, labaran da aka nuna sun shafi daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi da amfani da ruwa cikin inganci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 'What is being done?' (2020)|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> === Mai Shiryawa === UN-Water tana daidaita ayyuka tare da kungiyoyin mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan taken waccan shekarar. UN-Water tana tattara kungiyoyi kowane iri don daukar mataki, ko a duniya ko kuma a cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Celebration of World Water day in 2021 – Valuing Water|access-date=2021-03-22|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> == Misalan ayyuka == Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke kishin fannin WASH, kamar su UNICEF, WaterAid da Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP), suna amfani da wannan rana don wayar da kan jama'a da kuma jan hankalin kafofin yada labarai game da batutuwan ruwa tare da zaburar da matakai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Humanitarian agencies come together to promote water conservation on World Water Day in Jordan|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan sun hada da fitar da littattafai da fina-finai, da kuma shirya tarukan tattaunawa, tarukan karawa juna sani da nune-nune.<ref name=":5" /> End Water Poverty, wata kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta farar hula ta duniya mai dauke da kungiyoyi abokan tarayya 250, tana daukar nauyin Watan Daukar Matakin Ruwa a kowace shekara kuma tana ba da jagorar tsara taron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Action Month|website=End Water Poverty: Sanitation and Water for All|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=2021 water, sanitation and hygiene barometer|url-status=live|website=SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL|access-date=13 April 2021|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Bayanan da suka shafi taken shekara-shekara suna ba masu yanke shawara kayan aiki don aiwatar da dorewar amfani da albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Development Report|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuma ana samun karuwar tsare-tsare a makarantu da jami'o'i da ke ilimantar da mutane game da mahimmancin kiyayewa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrate World Water Day with Games and Activities for all ages!|date=22 March 2012|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hands-on Water Activities for Kids|date=22 March 2015|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TES">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2017 Primary Resources|website=tes.com|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Misali, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta gudanar da gasar "mafificin fosta na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya" a shekarar 2017. Yara 'yan makarantar firamare a Philippines sun shiga gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wendland, C|last2=Rieck, C|last3=Roenitzsch, S|last4=van Epps, A.|title=Making WASH in Schools more sustainable – Case Stories from SuSanA Partners.|date=2014|publisher=SuSanA|ref=Susana2014|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An fara ba da shawarar wannan rana a hukumance a cikin Tsarin Agenda 21 na Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaba na shekarar 1992 a Rio de Janeiro. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1992, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da kuduri mai lamba A/RES/47/193 wanda ta hakan aka ayyana ranar 22 ga Maris na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 1993, aka gudanar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko.<ref name="UNWATER2">{{Cite web|title=UN-Water: World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=9 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Akwai kuma rumbun adana bayanan shafukan yanar gizo na yakin neman zabe na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na baya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive of previous World Water Day websites|website=UN Water – Archive|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> == Takun shekara-shekara == === Kafin shekarar 2014 === A cikin shekarun kafin 2014, taken shekara-shekara sun kasance kamar haka:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=UN Water What We Do, Inspire Action (Official themes and previous campaigns)|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 1994: Kula da Albarkatun Ruwanmu Harkar Kowa Ce * 1995: Mata da Ruwa * 1996: Ruwa don Birane Masu Kishi * 1997: Ruwan Duniya: Shin Ya Isa? * Talla ta Amurka: Ruwa don Lafiya * 2002: Ruwa don Ci Gaba. Mummunan yanayi da tabarbarewar albarkatun ruwa a sassa da dama na duniya na bukatar tsari da gudanar da ingantaccen shirin albarkatun ruwa. * 2003: Ruwa don Gaba. Kulawa da inganta inganci da yawan ruwa mai kyau da ke akwai ga al'ummomin gaba. * 2004: Ruwa da Bala'o'i. Yanayi, sauyin yanayi da albarkatun ruwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma jin dadin dan adam. * 2005: Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa 2005–2015. Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a zamansa na 58 a watan Disamba na shekarar 2003 ya amince da ayyana shekarun 2005 zu 2015 a matsayin Shekaru Goma na Matakai na Duniya, tun daga Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, 22 ga Maris 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Decade for Water 2005–2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kalmar Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa. * 2006: Ruwa da Al'ada. Taken ya jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa akwai hanyoyi da yawa na kallo, amfani, da kuma bikin ruwa kamar yadda akwai al'adun gargajiya a duk faɗin duniya. * 2007: Jurewa Karancin Ruwa. An nuna karancin ruwa a duniya da kuma bukatar karfafa hadin gwiwa don tabbatar da dorewa, inganci da adalci wajen gudanar da karancin albarkatun ruwa, a matakin kasa da kasa da na gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2007|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:World Water Day (3384841410).jpg|thumb|Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya 2009: Sojojin Amurka suna tsaftace kogi a Koriya ta Kudu]] * 2008: Tsaftar Muhalli. Shekarar 2008 ta kasance Shekarar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2008|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2009: Ruwan Ketare Iyaka. An ba da fifiko na musamman kan ruwayen da ke ketare iyakoki.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2009|website=World Water Day 2009|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2010: Tsaftataccen Ruwa don Lafiyayyen Duniya. An sadakar da shi ga ingancin ruwa, yana nuna mahimmancinsa tare da yawan albarkatun kasa a cikin gudanar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2010|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> * 2011: Ruwa don birane: amsa kalubalen birane. Manufar ita ce haskawa da karfafawa gwamnatoci, kungiyoyi, al'ummomi, da daidaikun mutane gwiwa su shiga tsagajiyan magance kalubalen gudanar da ruwan birane.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2011|website=World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2012: Ruwa da Tsaftace Abinci: Duniya tana da Kishi domin Muna Jin Yunwa. A yayin taron Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na shekarar 2012, Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya ja hankali ga kalubalen da suka shafi ruwa da fararen hula ke fuskanta sakamakon fada da tashe-tashen hankula na cikin gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2012|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2013: Shekarar Hadin Gwiwa ta Duniya. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2010, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ayyana shekarar 2013 a matsayin Shekarar Hadin Gwiwar Ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Dangane da wannan sanarwa, an sadakar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2013 ga hadin gwiwar ruwa. === 2014 – Ruwa da Makamashi === Taken shekarar 2014 na Ruwa da Makamashi ya jaddada kusancin alaka da dogaro da juna tsakanin ruwa da makamashi, kuma ya kawo hankali ga alakar ruwa da makamashi.<ref name="UNWATER2014" /> Kusan kashi 8% na makamashin da ake samarwa a duniya ana amfani da shi ne wajen tura ruwa da famfo, tace shi da kuma jigilar shi ga masu amfani da shi daban-daban. Bugu da kari, samarwa da watsa makamashi yana bukatar amfani da albarkatun ruwa, musamman ga hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, makamashin nukiliya, da makamashin zafi.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} Manufar taken na waccan shekarar ita ce saukaka samar da manufofi da tsare-tsare da za su hada ma'aikatu da sassa daban-daban. An yi niyyar ne don ya jagoranci hanyar samun tsaron makamashi da dorewar amfani da ruwa a cikin tattalin arziki mai kore.<ref name="UNWATER2014">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2014|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 'Yan jarida daga kasashe 11 na Asiya sun gana a Tokyo daga ranar 20 zuwa 21 ga Maris 2014 don tattauna mahimmancin ruwa. Taron ya hada da bangarorin tattaunawa kan batutuwa kamar mayar da ayyuka hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, hadewa tsakanin ruwa da makamashi da kuma zamanantar da ayyukan ruwa. 'Yan jaridar sun kuma samar da labarai na hadin gwiwa guda hudu da kuma ra'ayoyin labarai guda 20 na daidaikun mutane don rukunin 'yan jaridun Asiya da ke rubutu kan ruwa (da makamashi) a kafofin sada zumunta.<ref name="UN2016">{{Cite book|title=Water and Energy Report on the Journalists Workshop|publisher=UNW-DPAC|year=2014|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === 2015 – Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa === Tare da taken "Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa", shekarar 2015 ta ba da dama mai mahimmanci don karfafa gwiwa da ginawa a kan Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya da ta gabata don nuna rawar da ruwa ke takawa a cikin tsarin ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref name="UNWATER">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kamata a cimma Burin Ci Gaban Karni (MDGs) zuwa shekarar 2015, don haka shekarar ta bada damar tattaunawa kan lokacin bayan MDG da buri na ruwa da ci gaba mai dorewa. Tare da kaddamar da Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa (SDGs), Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta ba da fifiko ta musamman ga Buri na 6 (SDG 6), wanda ke yin kira ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa, ta hanyar karfafa tattaunawa kan yadda za a iya cimma SDG 6 zuwa shekarar 2030.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> === 2016 – Mafi Kyawun Ruwa, Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka === Taken shekarar 2016 na "Mafi kyawun ruwa, mafi kyawun ayyuka" ya nuna alakar da ke tsakanin ruwa da samar da ayyukan yi, ta kai tsaye da kuma fakaice, ta hanyar albarkatun ruwa a fadin duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2016|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Taken ya haifar da hadin gwiwa tare da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event to mark World Water Day 2016 and launch the World Water Development Report|website=International Labour Organisation|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Taken yana kuma nuna yadda wadatar ruwa mai inganci za ta iya canza ayyukan mutane da rayuwarsu don mafi kyau. Bikin na shekarar 2016 ya haifar da karbuwa ga wadanda ke aiki don inganta ingancin ruwa da wadatar sa, da kuma bukatar da yawa su canza zuwa wasu ayyukan daban mafi kyau.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyuka uku cikin hudu a duk duniya sun dogara ne akan ruwa. Karancin ruwa da rashin samun dama na iya kayyade ci gaban tattalin arziki a shekaru masu zuwa, a cewar Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2016.<ref>UN-Water (2016) World Water Development Report 2016: Water and jobs {{Webarchive|date=7 August 2020 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> === 2017 – Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa? === A shekarar 2017, taken shi ne "Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?" wanda ya shafi raguwa da sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name=":2"/> Taken ya kasance wasan kalmomi ne domin ya shafi bangarorin biyu na bata ruwan sha da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi gurbataccen ruwa, wato tace shi da sake amfani da shi. Gurbataccen ruwa babban albarkatu ne mai mahimmanci don taimakawa wajen cimma Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. Wani bangare na Manufa ta 6.3 shi ne rage rabin adadin gurbataccen ruwan da ba a tace ba sannan kuma a kara sake amfani da ruwa cikin aminci a duk faɗin duniya. Bayan tacewa da ta dace, ana iya amfani da gurbataccen ruwa don manufofi daban-daban. Masana'antu, misali, na iya sake amfani da ruwa a hasumiyar sanyaya sannan aikin gona na iya sake amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa.<ref>UN-Water (2017) World Water Development Report 2017 {{Webarchive|date=8 November 2018 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> Wani misali na aiki na shekarar 2017 shi ne taron edit-a-thon na Wikipedia wanda mambobin Sustainable Sanitation Alliance suka shirya a ranar 19-21 ga Maris 2017. Manufar aikin ita ce inganta abubuwan da suka shafi ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Wikipedia daidai kafin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce inganta yawa da ingancin bayanan tsaftar muhalli da ke akwai a Wikipedia don amfanin malamai, 'yan jarida da sauran jama'a.<ref>"Wikipedia: a tool for Advocacy? {{Webarchive|date=20 February 2023 }}". Oxfam Policy & Practice, Views & Voices, retrieved 20 March 2017</ref> === 2018 – Halitta don Ruwa === Taken a shekarar 2018 ya binciko yadda za a iya amfani da halitta don shawo kan kalubalen ruwa na karni na 21.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day Theme (2018)|website=UN Water|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan zai iya kasancewa ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka dogara da halitta don magance kalubalen da suka shafi ruwa. Misali, rage ambaliyar ruwa, fari, gurbacewar ruwa da kare muhallin halittu za a iya magance su ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin halitta, wadanda dabi'a ke amfani da su, maimakon hanyoyin da dan adam ya kera. Maido da fadama, gina wuraren dausayi na injiniya, rukunin gine-ginen kore, dasa sabbin gandun daji, sake hada koguna da madatsun ruwa, wasu misalai ne. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana amfani da hanyoyin halitta don daidaita sake zagayowar ruwa da inganta lafiyar ɗan adam da hanyoyin rayuwa.<ref>UN-Water (2018) World Water Development Report 2018: Nature-based Solutions for Water {{Webarchive|date=8 September 2019 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> === 2019 – Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya === Taken shekarar 2019 ya shafi tunkurar matsalar karancin ruwa ta hanyar magance dalilan da suka sa aka bar mutane da yawa a baya. Kungiyoyin da aka mayar saniyar ware – mata, yara, 'yan gudun hijira, 'yan asalin kasa, nakasassu – galibi ana yin watsi da su, kuma suna iya fuskantar wariya yayin da suke kokarin samun ruwa mai tsafta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day Theme 2019|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2021|website=UN Water|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="WWDR2019">{{Cite web|title=United Nations World Water Development Report|website=Unesco|date=11 February 2019|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=29 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> UN-Water ta bayyana cewa "dole ne ayyukan ruwa su biya bukatun kungiyoyin da aka mayar saniyar ware kuma dole ne a saurari muryoyinsu a cikin hanyoyin yanke shawara".<ref>{{Cite web|archive-date=9 February 2019 |title=World Water Day 2019 Factsheet|website=UN Water|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> === 2020 – Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi === Taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020 ya shafi ruwa da danyen dumamar yanayi – da kuma yadda su biyun ke da alaka ta kut-da-kut da ba za a iya raba su ba. UN-Water ta bayyana cewa "daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi zai kare lafiya da ceton rayuka". Haka kuma, amfani da ruwa cikin inganci zai rage fitar da iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli.<ref name=":6" /> Saboda annobar COVID-19, yakin neman zabe na shekarar 2020 ya kuma inganta sakwannin wanke hannu da tsafta tare da ba da jagora kan kasancewa cikin aminci yayin tallafawa yakin neman zaben. gr74b8yj4y1mp9iuezvy0lfac6a2gbu 868987 868986 2026-06-26T22:23:24Z Sirjat 20447 /* 2020 – Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi */ 868987 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya''' rana ce ta kiyayewa ta shekara-shekara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ake gudanarwa a ranar 22 ga Maris wacce ke nuna mahimmancin ruwa mai kyau. Ana amfani da ranar don bayar da shawarwari game da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa mai kyau.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken kowace shekara yana mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka dace da tsabtataccen ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki (WASH), wanda ya yi daidai da manufofin Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines {{Webarchive|date=27 February 2020 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara kusa da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. UN-Water ita ce mai shirya Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya kuma tana zabar taken kowace shekara tare da tuntubar kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan abin da aka mayar da hankali a kai a waccan shekarar.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa" kuma yakin neman zabe na jama'a ya gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya a kafofin sada zumunta don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|archive-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka gabata sun hada da: * 2016: “Ingantaccen Ruwa, Kyawawan Ayyuka”<ref name=":0" /> * 2017: “Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?”<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=World Water Day theme (2017) |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=UN-Water}}</ref> * 2018: “Amsar Tana Cikin Halitta”<ref name=":3" /> * 2019: “Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya”<ref name=":1" /> * 2020: "Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi"<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|date=2020|title=World Water Day 2020 – Water and Climate Change|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> * 2021: Daraja Ruwa * 2022: Ruwan Kasa * 2023: Sanya Sauri Ga Canji * 2024: Yin Amfani da Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya * 2025: Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier * 2026: Ruwa da Jinsi<ref>{{cite web | title=World Water Day | publisher=UN | accessdate=14 March 2026}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a fadin duniya ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban. Wadannan zasu iya kasancewa na wasan kwaikwayo, kide-kide ko kuma na fafutuka. Ranar kuma na iya hadawa da yakin neman tara kudi don ayyukan ruwa. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ita ce a shekarar 1993.<ref name="UNWATER2" />{{TOC limit|3}} ==Manufofi da tsari== [[File:My School Toilet puppet theatre (5226853487).jpg|thumb|Yara suna gabatar da wasan tsana don gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, don Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a shekarar 2010]] Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya rana ce ta kiyayewa ta duniya. Manufar ita ce zaburar da mutane a fadin duniya su koyi abubuwa da yawa game da batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa kuma su dauki mataki don kawo canji.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, an sake ba da fifiko na musamman kan wanke hannu da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Promote hand hygiene to save lives and combat COVID-19|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Batutuwan da suka dace sun hada da karancin ruwa, gurbacewar ruwa, rashin isasshen samar da ruwa, rashin tsaftar muhalli, da tasirin canjin yanayi (wanda shi ne taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020<ref name=":4" />). Ranar tana fito da rashin daidaiton damar samun ayyukan WASH da kuma bukatar tabbatar da hakkin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Shafin yanar gizo na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya yana sanar da abubuwan da ke faruwa, ayyuka da damar aikin sa kai. A shekarar 2020, labaran da aka nuna sun shafi daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi da amfani da ruwa cikin inganci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 'What is being done?' (2020)|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> === Mai Shiryawa === UN-Water tana daidaita ayyuka tare da kungiyoyin mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan taken waccan shekarar. UN-Water tana tattara kungiyoyi kowane iri don daukar mataki, ko a duniya ko kuma a cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Celebration of World Water day in 2021 – Valuing Water|access-date=2021-03-22|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> == Misalan ayyuka == Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke kishin fannin WASH, kamar su UNICEF, WaterAid da Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP), suna amfani da wannan rana don wayar da kan jama'a da kuma jan hankalin kafofin yada labarai game da batutuwan ruwa tare da zaburar da matakai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Humanitarian agencies come together to promote water conservation on World Water Day in Jordan|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan sun hada da fitar da littattafai da fina-finai, da kuma shirya tarukan tattaunawa, tarukan karawa juna sani da nune-nune.<ref name=":5" /> End Water Poverty, wata kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta farar hula ta duniya mai dauke da kungiyoyi abokan tarayya 250, tana daukar nauyin Watan Daukar Matakin Ruwa a kowace shekara kuma tana ba da jagorar tsara taron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Action Month|website=End Water Poverty: Sanitation and Water for All|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=2021 water, sanitation and hygiene barometer|url-status=live|website=SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL|access-date=13 April 2021|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Bayanan da suka shafi taken shekara-shekara suna ba masu yanke shawara kayan aiki don aiwatar da dorewar amfani da albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Development Report|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuma ana samun karuwar tsare-tsare a makarantu da jami'o'i da ke ilimantar da mutane game da mahimmancin kiyayewa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrate World Water Day with Games and Activities for all ages!|date=22 March 2012|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hands-on Water Activities for Kids|date=22 March 2015|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TES">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2017 Primary Resources|website=tes.com|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Misali, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta gudanar da gasar "mafificin fosta na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya" a shekarar 2017. Yara 'yan makarantar firamare a Philippines sun shiga gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wendland, C|last2=Rieck, C|last3=Roenitzsch, S|last4=van Epps, A.|title=Making WASH in Schools more sustainable – Case Stories from SuSanA Partners.|date=2014|publisher=SuSanA|ref=Susana2014|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An fara ba da shawarar wannan rana a hukumance a cikin Tsarin Agenda 21 na Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaba na shekarar 1992 a Rio de Janeiro. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1992, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da kuduri mai lamba A/RES/47/193 wanda ta hakan aka ayyana ranar 22 ga Maris na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 1993, aka gudanar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko.<ref name="UNWATER2">{{Cite web|title=UN-Water: World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=9 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Akwai kuma rumbun adana bayanan shafukan yanar gizo na yakin neman zabe na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na baya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive of previous World Water Day websites|website=UN Water – Archive|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> == Takun shekara-shekara == === Kafin shekarar 2014 === A cikin shekarun kafin 2014, taken shekara-shekara sun kasance kamar haka:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=UN Water What We Do, Inspire Action (Official themes and previous campaigns)|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 1994: Kula da Albarkatun Ruwanmu Harkar Kowa Ce * 1995: Mata da Ruwa * 1996: Ruwa don Birane Masu Kishi * 1997: Ruwan Duniya: Shin Ya Isa? * Talla ta Amurka: Ruwa don Lafiya * 2002: Ruwa don Ci Gaba. Mummunan yanayi da tabarbarewar albarkatun ruwa a sassa da dama na duniya na bukatar tsari da gudanar da ingantaccen shirin albarkatun ruwa. * 2003: Ruwa don Gaba. Kulawa da inganta inganci da yawan ruwa mai kyau da ke akwai ga al'ummomin gaba. * 2004: Ruwa da Bala'o'i. Yanayi, sauyin yanayi da albarkatun ruwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma jin dadin dan adam. * 2005: Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa 2005–2015. Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a zamansa na 58 a watan Disamba na shekarar 2003 ya amince da ayyana shekarun 2005 zu 2015 a matsayin Shekaru Goma na Matakai na Duniya, tun daga Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, 22 ga Maris 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Decade for Water 2005–2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kalmar Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa. * 2006: Ruwa da Al'ada. Taken ya jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa akwai hanyoyi da yawa na kallo, amfani, da kuma bikin ruwa kamar yadda akwai al'adun gargajiya a duk faɗin duniya. * 2007: Jurewa Karancin Ruwa. An nuna karancin ruwa a duniya da kuma bukatar karfafa hadin gwiwa don tabbatar da dorewa, inganci da adalci wajen gudanar da karancin albarkatun ruwa, a matakin kasa da kasa da na gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2007|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:World Water Day (3384841410).jpg|thumb|Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya 2009: Sojojin Amurka suna tsaftace kogi a Koriya ta Kudu]] * 2008: Tsaftar Muhalli. Shekarar 2008 ta kasance Shekarar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2008|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2009: Ruwan Ketare Iyaka. An ba da fifiko na musamman kan ruwayen da ke ketare iyakoki.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2009|website=World Water Day 2009|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2010: Tsaftataccen Ruwa don Lafiyayyen Duniya. An sadakar da shi ga ingancin ruwa, yana nuna mahimmancinsa tare da yawan albarkatun kasa a cikin gudanar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2010|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> * 2011: Ruwa don birane: amsa kalubalen birane. Manufar ita ce haskawa da karfafawa gwamnatoci, kungiyoyi, al'ummomi, da daidaikun mutane gwiwa su shiga tsagajiyan magance kalubalen gudanar da ruwan birane.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2011|website=World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2012: Ruwa da Tsaftace Abinci: Duniya tana da Kishi domin Muna Jin Yunwa. A yayin taron Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na shekarar 2012, Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya ja hankali ga kalubalen da suka shafi ruwa da fararen hula ke fuskanta sakamakon fada da tashe-tashen hankula na cikin gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2012|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2013: Shekarar Hadin Gwiwa ta Duniya. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2010, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ayyana shekarar 2013 a matsayin Shekarar Hadin Gwiwar Ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Dangane da wannan sanarwa, an sadakar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2013 ga hadin gwiwar ruwa. === 2014 – Ruwa da Makamashi === Taken shekarar 2014 na Ruwa da Makamashi ya jaddada kusancin alaka da dogaro da juna tsakanin ruwa da makamashi, kuma ya kawo hankali ga alakar ruwa da makamashi.<ref name="UNWATER2014" /> Kusan kashi 8% na makamashin da ake samarwa a duniya ana amfani da shi ne wajen tura ruwa da famfo, tace shi da kuma jigilar shi ga masu amfani da shi daban-daban. Bugu da kari, samarwa da watsa makamashi yana bukatar amfani da albarkatun ruwa, musamman ga hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, makamashin nukiliya, da makamashin zafi.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} Manufar taken na waccan shekarar ita ce saukaka samar da manufofi da tsare-tsare da za su hada ma'aikatu da sassa daban-daban. An yi niyyar ne don ya jagoranci hanyar samun tsaron makamashi da dorewar amfani da ruwa a cikin tattalin arziki mai kore.<ref name="UNWATER2014">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2014|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 'Yan jarida daga kasashe 11 na Asiya sun gana a Tokyo daga ranar 20 zuwa 21 ga Maris 2014 don tattauna mahimmancin ruwa. Taron ya hada da bangarorin tattaunawa kan batutuwa kamar mayar da ayyuka hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, hadewa tsakanin ruwa da makamashi da kuma zamanantar da ayyukan ruwa. 'Yan jaridar sun kuma samar da labarai na hadin gwiwa guda hudu da kuma ra'ayoyin labarai guda 20 na daidaikun mutane don rukunin 'yan jaridun Asiya da ke rubutu kan ruwa (da makamashi) a kafofin sada zumunta.<ref name="UN2016">{{Cite book|title=Water and Energy Report on the Journalists Workshop|publisher=UNW-DPAC|year=2014|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === 2015 – Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa === Tare da taken "Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa", shekarar 2015 ta ba da dama mai mahimmanci don karfafa gwiwa da ginawa a kan Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya da ta gabata don nuna rawar da ruwa ke takawa a cikin tsarin ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref name="UNWATER">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kamata a cimma Burin Ci Gaban Karni (MDGs) zuwa shekarar 2015, don haka shekarar ta bada damar tattaunawa kan lokacin bayan MDG da buri na ruwa da ci gaba mai dorewa. Tare da kaddamar da Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa (SDGs), Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta ba da fifiko ta musamman ga Buri na 6 (SDG 6), wanda ke yin kira ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa, ta hanyar karfafa tattaunawa kan yadda za a iya cimma SDG 6 zuwa shekarar 2030.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> === 2016 – Mafi Kyawun Ruwa, Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka === Taken shekarar 2016 na "Mafi kyawun ruwa, mafi kyawun ayyuka" ya nuna alakar da ke tsakanin ruwa da samar da ayyukan yi, ta kai tsaye da kuma fakaice, ta hanyar albarkatun ruwa a fadin duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2016|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Taken ya haifar da hadin gwiwa tare da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event to mark World Water Day 2016 and launch the World Water Development Report|website=International Labour Organisation|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Taken yana kuma nuna yadda wadatar ruwa mai inganci za ta iya canza ayyukan mutane da rayuwarsu don mafi kyau. Bikin na shekarar 2016 ya haifar da karbuwa ga wadanda ke aiki don inganta ingancin ruwa da wadatar sa, da kuma bukatar da yawa su canza zuwa wasu ayyukan daban mafi kyau.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyuka uku cikin hudu a duk duniya sun dogara ne akan ruwa. Karancin ruwa da rashin samun dama na iya kayyade ci gaban tattalin arziki a shekaru masu zuwa, a cewar Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2016.<ref>UN-Water (2016) World Water Development Report 2016: Water and jobs {{Webarchive|date=7 August 2020 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> === 2017 – Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa? === A shekarar 2017, taken shi ne "Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?" wanda ya shafi raguwa da sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name=":2"/> Taken ya kasance wasan kalmomi ne domin ya shafi bangarorin biyu na bata ruwan sha da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi gurbataccen ruwa, wato tace shi da sake amfani da shi. Gurbataccen ruwa babban albarkatu ne mai mahimmanci don taimakawa wajen cimma Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. Wani bangare na Manufa ta 6.3 shi ne rage rabin adadin gurbataccen ruwan da ba a tace ba sannan kuma a kara sake amfani da ruwa cikin aminci a duk faɗin duniya. Bayan tacewa da ta dace, ana iya amfani da gurbataccen ruwa don manufofi daban-daban. Masana'antu, misali, na iya sake amfani da ruwa a hasumiyar sanyaya sannan aikin gona na iya sake amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa.<ref>UN-Water (2017) World Water Development Report 2017 {{Webarchive|date=8 November 2018 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> Wani misali na aiki na shekarar 2017 shi ne taron edit-a-thon na Wikipedia wanda mambobin Sustainable Sanitation Alliance suka shirya a ranar 19-21 ga Maris 2017. Manufar aikin ita ce inganta abubuwan da suka shafi ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Wikipedia daidai kafin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce inganta yawa da ingancin bayanan tsaftar muhalli da ke akwai a Wikipedia don amfanin malamai, 'yan jarida da sauran jama'a.<ref>"Wikipedia: a tool for Advocacy? {{Webarchive|date=20 February 2023 }}". Oxfam Policy & Practice, Views & Voices, retrieved 20 March 2017</ref> === 2018 – Halitta don Ruwa === Taken a shekarar 2018 ya binciko yadda za a iya amfani da halitta don shawo kan kalubalen ruwa na karni na 21.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day Theme (2018)|website=UN Water|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan zai iya kasancewa ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka dogara da halitta don magance kalubalen da suka shafi ruwa. Misali, rage ambaliyar ruwa, fari, gurbacewar ruwa da kare muhallin halittu za a iya magance su ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin halitta, wadanda dabi'a ke amfani da su, maimakon hanyoyin da dan adam ya kera. Maido da fadama, gina wuraren dausayi na injiniya, rukunin gine-ginen kore, dasa sabbin gandun daji, sake hada koguna da madatsun ruwa, wasu misalai ne. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana amfani da hanyoyin halitta don daidaita sake zagayowar ruwa da inganta lafiyar ɗan adam da hanyoyin rayuwa.<ref>UN-Water (2018) World Water Development Report 2018: Nature-based Solutions for Water {{Webarchive|date=8 September 2019 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> === 2019 – Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya === Taken shekarar 2019 ya shafi tunkurar matsalar karancin ruwa ta hanyar magance dalilan da suka sa aka bar mutane da yawa a baya. Kungiyoyin da aka mayar saniyar ware – mata, yara, 'yan gudun hijira, 'yan asalin kasa, nakasassu – galibi ana yin watsi da su, kuma suna iya fuskantar wariya yayin da suke kokarin samun ruwa mai tsafta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day Theme 2019|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2021|website=UN Water|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="WWDR2019">{{Cite web|title=United Nations World Water Development Report|website=Unesco|date=11 February 2019|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=29 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> UN-Water ta bayyana cewa "dole ne ayyukan ruwa su biya bukatun kungiyoyin da aka mayar saniyar ware kuma dole ne a saurari muryoyinsu a cikin hanyoyin yanke shawara".<ref>{{Cite web|archive-date=9 February 2019 |title=World Water Day 2019 Factsheet|website=UN Water|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> === 2020 – Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi === Taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020 ya shafi ruwa da danyen dumamar yanayi – da kuma yadda su biyun ke da alaka ta kut-da-kut da ba za a iya raba su ba. UN-Water ta bayyana cewa "daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi zai kare lafiya da ceton rayuka". Haka kuma, amfani da ruwa cikin inganci zai rage fitar da iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli.<ref name=":6" /> Saboda annobar COVID-19, yakin neman zabe na shekarar 2020 ya kuma inganta sakwannin wanke hannu da tsafta tare da ba da jagora kan kasancewa cikin aminci yayin tallafawa yakin neman zaben. === 2021 – Daraja Ruwa === Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=World Water Day 2021: Date, Theme, History, Slogan, Quotes, Significance|access-date=2021-03-22|website=S A NEWS|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> An gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa" a kafofin sada zumunta ta amfani da hashtag "#Water2me". Yakin neman zaben ya duba bayan batun farashi, inda ya tambayi jama'a: "Yaya ruwa yake da mahimmanci ga gidanku da rayuwar iyalarku, hanyoyin samun kudin shiga, al'adunku, jin dadinku, da muhallinku na gida?".<ref name=":5" /> === 2022 – Ruwan Kasa, Sanya Abin da Ba A Gani Ya Kasance A bayyane === Taken na shekarar 2022 shi ne "Ruwan Kasa, Sanya Abin da Ba A Gani Ya Kasance A bayyane".<ref>{{cite web |title="Groundwater: Making the Invisible Visible" the theme of World Water Day 2022 {{!}} IGRAC |website=www.un-igrac.org |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruwan kasa shi ne mafi girman tushen ruwa mai kyau a duniya. Sai dai kuma, da yake adana a karkashin kasa, galibi ana yin watsi da shi. Saboda haka, IGRAC da UNESCO-IHP sun kaddamar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya wacce ta mayar da hankali na musamman kan wannan albarkatu. An gina yakin neman zaben ne a kan muhimman batutuwa guda uku da suka shafi ruwan kasa, wato: (1) Sinadarin da ba a gani a cikin abinci, (2) albarkatu maras iyakoki, da (3) kayyadadden amfani. Yakin neman zaben ya kuma ginu ne a kan wasu kayayyaki da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin abin da ake kira 'shekarar ruwan kasa'. An kaddamar da kundin tsarin ruwan kasa yayin taron Dandalin Ruwa na Duniya a Dakar, Senegal. Taron karshe da ya shafi yakin neman zaben shi ne taron koli na Ruwan Kasa na 2022, wanda aka gudanar a Paris, Faransa. === 2023 – Sanya Sauri Ga Canji === Taken na shekarar 2023 shi ne "sanya sauri ga canji". Rashin aiki mai kyau a cikin dukkanin sake zagayowar ruwa yana gurgunta ci gaba a kan manyan batutuwan duniya, tun daga lafiya zuwa yunwa, daidaiton jinsi zuwa ayyukan yi, ilimi zuwa masana'antu, da bala'o'i zuwa zaman lafiya.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} === 2024 – Ruwa don Arziki da Zaman Lafiya === {{unreferencedsection|date=February 2025}} Taken na shekarar 2024 shi ne "Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya". Muhimman sakwannin sun bayyana cewa, "Ruwa na iya haifar da zaman lafiya ko kuma ya rura wutar rikici. Lokacin da ruwa ya yi karanci ko ya gurbace, ko kuma lokacin da mutane ke da rashin daidaito, ko rashin samun dama kwata-kwata, takaddama na iya tashi tsakanin al'ummomi da kasashe.", "Arziki da zaman lafiya sun dogara ne akan ruwa. Yayin da kasashe ke tunkarar canjin yanayi, hijirar jama'a da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, dole ne su sanya hadin gwiwar ruwa a tsakiyar tsare-tsarensu.", da kuma "Ruwa na iya fitar da mu daga cikin rikici. Za mu iya inganta jitaji tsakanin al'ummomi da kasashe ta hanyar haduwa wuri guda wajen yin amfani da ruwa cikin adalci da dorewa – tun daga yarjejeniyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matakin kasa da kasa, zuwa matakai a matakin gida." === 2025 - Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier === Taken na shekarar 2025 shi ne "Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier". Kankara na da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwa - narkewar ruwansu yana da mahimmanci ga ruwan sha, aikin gona, masana'antu, samar da makamashi mai tsafta da kuma ingantaccen muhallin halittu.<ref>United Nations | World Water Day 22 March</ref> === 2026 - Ruwa da Jinsi === Taken na shekarar 2026 shi ne "Ruwa da Jinsi". Ba wa mata da 'yan mata murya daidai gwargwado a cikin shawarwarin da suka shafi ruwa yana sa ayyukan su kasance masu kunshe da kowa, masu dorewa kuma masu inganci<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=World Water Day |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana yawan barin mata da 'yan mata a baya wajen yanke shawara, jagoranci, tallafin kudi da wakilci. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekarar 2026 ta yi kira da a bi hanyar da ta ginu kan hakkoki wajen magance matsalar ruwa, inda za a amince da muryoyi, jagoranci da kuma ikon mata da 'yan mata sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=World Water Day |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> rgq2jmc29v5wcnmrt5mj3bl3bpa21rn 868988 868987 2026-06-26T22:24:14Z Sirjat 20447 /* 2026 - Ruwa da Jinsi */ 868988 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya''' rana ce ta kiyayewa ta shekara-shekara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ake gudanarwa a ranar 22 ga Maris wacce ke nuna mahimmancin ruwa mai kyau. Ana amfani da ranar don bayar da shawarwari game da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa mai kyau.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken kowace shekara yana mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka dace da tsabtataccen ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki (WASH), wanda ya yi daidai da manufofin Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines {{Webarchive|date=27 February 2020 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara kusa da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. UN-Water ita ce mai shirya Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya kuma tana zabar taken kowace shekara tare da tuntubar kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan abin da aka mayar da hankali a kai a waccan shekarar.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa" kuma yakin neman zabe na jama'a ya gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya a kafofin sada zumunta don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|archive-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka gabata sun hada da: * 2016: “Ingantaccen Ruwa, Kyawawan Ayyuka”<ref name=":0" /> * 2017: “Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?”<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=World Water Day theme (2017) |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=UN-Water}}</ref> * 2018: “Amsar Tana Cikin Halitta”<ref name=":3" /> * 2019: “Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya”<ref name=":1" /> * 2020: "Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi"<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|date=2020|title=World Water Day 2020 – Water and Climate Change|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> * 2021: Daraja Ruwa * 2022: Ruwan Kasa * 2023: Sanya Sauri Ga Canji * 2024: Yin Amfani da Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya * 2025: Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier * 2026: Ruwa da Jinsi<ref>{{cite web | title=World Water Day | publisher=UN | accessdate=14 March 2026}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a fadin duniya ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban. Wadannan zasu iya kasancewa na wasan kwaikwayo, kide-kide ko kuma na fafutuka. Ranar kuma na iya hadawa da yakin neman tara kudi don ayyukan ruwa. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ita ce a shekarar 1993.<ref name="UNWATER2" />{{TOC limit|3}} ==Manufofi da tsari== [[File:My School Toilet puppet theatre (5226853487).jpg|thumb|Yara suna gabatar da wasan tsana don gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, don Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a shekarar 2010]] Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya rana ce ta kiyayewa ta duniya. Manufar ita ce zaburar da mutane a fadin duniya su koyi abubuwa da yawa game da batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa kuma su dauki mataki don kawo canji.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, an sake ba da fifiko na musamman kan wanke hannu da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Promote hand hygiene to save lives and combat COVID-19|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Batutuwan da suka dace sun hada da karancin ruwa, gurbacewar ruwa, rashin isasshen samar da ruwa, rashin tsaftar muhalli, da tasirin canjin yanayi (wanda shi ne taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020<ref name=":4" />). Ranar tana fito da rashin daidaiton damar samun ayyukan WASH da kuma bukatar tabbatar da hakkin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Shafin yanar gizo na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya yana sanar da abubuwan da ke faruwa, ayyuka da damar aikin sa kai. A shekarar 2020, labaran da aka nuna sun shafi daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi da amfani da ruwa cikin inganci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 'What is being done?' (2020)|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> === Mai Shiryawa === UN-Water tana daidaita ayyuka tare da kungiyoyin mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan taken waccan shekarar. UN-Water tana tattara kungiyoyi kowane iri don daukar mataki, ko a duniya ko kuma a cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Celebration of World Water day in 2021 – Valuing Water|access-date=2021-03-22|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> == Misalan ayyuka == Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke kishin fannin WASH, kamar su UNICEF, WaterAid da Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP), suna amfani da wannan rana don wayar da kan jama'a da kuma jan hankalin kafofin yada labarai game da batutuwan ruwa tare da zaburar da matakai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Humanitarian agencies come together to promote water conservation on World Water Day in Jordan|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan sun hada da fitar da littattafai da fina-finai, da kuma shirya tarukan tattaunawa, tarukan karawa juna sani da nune-nune.<ref name=":5" /> End Water Poverty, wata kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta farar hula ta duniya mai dauke da kungiyoyi abokan tarayya 250, tana daukar nauyin Watan Daukar Matakin Ruwa a kowace shekara kuma tana ba da jagorar tsara taron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Action Month|website=End Water Poverty: Sanitation and Water for All|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=2021 water, sanitation and hygiene barometer|url-status=live|website=SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL|access-date=13 April 2021|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Bayanan da suka shafi taken shekara-shekara suna ba masu yanke shawara kayan aiki don aiwatar da dorewar amfani da albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Development Report|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuma ana samun karuwar tsare-tsare a makarantu da jami'o'i da ke ilimantar da mutane game da mahimmancin kiyayewa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrate World Water Day with Games and Activities for all ages!|date=22 March 2012|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hands-on Water Activities for Kids|date=22 March 2015|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TES">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2017 Primary Resources|website=tes.com|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Misali, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta gudanar da gasar "mafificin fosta na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya" a shekarar 2017. Yara 'yan makarantar firamare a Philippines sun shiga gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wendland, C|last2=Rieck, C|last3=Roenitzsch, S|last4=van Epps, A.|title=Making WASH in Schools more sustainable – Case Stories from SuSanA Partners.|date=2014|publisher=SuSanA|ref=Susana2014|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An fara ba da shawarar wannan rana a hukumance a cikin Tsarin Agenda 21 na Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaba na shekarar 1992 a Rio de Janeiro. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1992, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da kuduri mai lamba A/RES/47/193 wanda ta hakan aka ayyana ranar 22 ga Maris na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 1993, aka gudanar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko.<ref name="UNWATER2">{{Cite web|title=UN-Water: World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=9 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Akwai kuma rumbun adana bayanan shafukan yanar gizo na yakin neman zabe na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na baya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive of previous World Water Day websites|website=UN Water – Archive|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> == Takun shekara-shekara == === Kafin shekarar 2014 === A cikin shekarun kafin 2014, taken shekara-shekara sun kasance kamar haka:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=UN Water What We Do, Inspire Action (Official themes and previous campaigns)|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 1994: Kula da Albarkatun Ruwanmu Harkar Kowa Ce * 1995: Mata da Ruwa * 1996: Ruwa don Birane Masu Kishi * 1997: Ruwan Duniya: Shin Ya Isa? * Talla ta Amurka: Ruwa don Lafiya * 2002: Ruwa don Ci Gaba. Mummunan yanayi da tabarbarewar albarkatun ruwa a sassa da dama na duniya na bukatar tsari da gudanar da ingantaccen shirin albarkatun ruwa. * 2003: Ruwa don Gaba. Kulawa da inganta inganci da yawan ruwa mai kyau da ke akwai ga al'ummomin gaba. * 2004: Ruwa da Bala'o'i. Yanayi, sauyin yanayi da albarkatun ruwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma jin dadin dan adam. * 2005: Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa 2005–2015. Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a zamansa na 58 a watan Disamba na shekarar 2003 ya amince da ayyana shekarun 2005 zu 2015 a matsayin Shekaru Goma na Matakai na Duniya, tun daga Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, 22 ga Maris 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Decade for Water 2005–2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kalmar Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa. * 2006: Ruwa da Al'ada. Taken ya jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa akwai hanyoyi da yawa na kallo, amfani, da kuma bikin ruwa kamar yadda akwai al'adun gargajiya a duk faɗin duniya. * 2007: Jurewa Karancin Ruwa. An nuna karancin ruwa a duniya da kuma bukatar karfafa hadin gwiwa don tabbatar da dorewa, inganci da adalci wajen gudanar da karancin albarkatun ruwa, a matakin kasa da kasa da na gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2007|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:World Water Day (3384841410).jpg|thumb|Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya 2009: Sojojin Amurka suna tsaftace kogi a Koriya ta Kudu]] * 2008: Tsaftar Muhalli. Shekarar 2008 ta kasance Shekarar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2008|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2009: Ruwan Ketare Iyaka. An ba da fifiko na musamman kan ruwayen da ke ketare iyakoki.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2009|website=World Water Day 2009|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2010: Tsaftataccen Ruwa don Lafiyayyen Duniya. An sadakar da shi ga ingancin ruwa, yana nuna mahimmancinsa tare da yawan albarkatun kasa a cikin gudanar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2010|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> * 2011: Ruwa don birane: amsa kalubalen birane. Manufar ita ce haskawa da karfafawa gwamnatoci, kungiyoyi, al'ummomi, da daidaikun mutane gwiwa su shiga tsagajiyan magance kalubalen gudanar da ruwan birane.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2011|website=World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2012: Ruwa da Tsaftace Abinci: Duniya tana da Kishi domin Muna Jin Yunwa. A yayin taron Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na shekarar 2012, Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya ja hankali ga kalubalen da suka shafi ruwa da fararen hula ke fuskanta sakamakon fada da tashe-tashen hankula na cikin gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2012|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2013: Shekarar Hadin Gwiwa ta Duniya. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2010, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ayyana shekarar 2013 a matsayin Shekarar Hadin Gwiwar Ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Dangane da wannan sanarwa, an sadakar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2013 ga hadin gwiwar ruwa. === 2014 – Ruwa da Makamashi === Taken shekarar 2014 na Ruwa da Makamashi ya jaddada kusancin alaka da dogaro da juna tsakanin ruwa da makamashi, kuma ya kawo hankali ga alakar ruwa da makamashi.<ref name="UNWATER2014" /> Kusan kashi 8% na makamashin da ake samarwa a duniya ana amfani da shi ne wajen tura ruwa da famfo, tace shi da kuma jigilar shi ga masu amfani da shi daban-daban. Bugu da kari, samarwa da watsa makamashi yana bukatar amfani da albarkatun ruwa, musamman ga hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, makamashin nukiliya, da makamashin zafi.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} Manufar taken na waccan shekarar ita ce saukaka samar da manufofi da tsare-tsare da za su hada ma'aikatu da sassa daban-daban. An yi niyyar ne don ya jagoranci hanyar samun tsaron makamashi da dorewar amfani da ruwa a cikin tattalin arziki mai kore.<ref name="UNWATER2014">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2014|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 'Yan jarida daga kasashe 11 na Asiya sun gana a Tokyo daga ranar 20 zuwa 21 ga Maris 2014 don tattauna mahimmancin ruwa. Taron ya hada da bangarorin tattaunawa kan batutuwa kamar mayar da ayyuka hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, hadewa tsakanin ruwa da makamashi da kuma zamanantar da ayyukan ruwa. 'Yan jaridar sun kuma samar da labarai na hadin gwiwa guda hudu da kuma ra'ayoyin labarai guda 20 na daidaikun mutane don rukunin 'yan jaridun Asiya da ke rubutu kan ruwa (da makamashi) a kafofin sada zumunta.<ref name="UN2016">{{Cite book|title=Water and Energy Report on the Journalists Workshop|publisher=UNW-DPAC|year=2014|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === 2015 – Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa === Tare da taken "Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa", shekarar 2015 ta ba da dama mai mahimmanci don karfafa gwiwa da ginawa a kan Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya da ta gabata don nuna rawar da ruwa ke takawa a cikin tsarin ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref name="UNWATER">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kamata a cimma Burin Ci Gaban Karni (MDGs) zuwa shekarar 2015, don haka shekarar ta bada damar tattaunawa kan lokacin bayan MDG da buri na ruwa da ci gaba mai dorewa. Tare da kaddamar da Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa (SDGs), Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta ba da fifiko ta musamman ga Buri na 6 (SDG 6), wanda ke yin kira ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa, ta hanyar karfafa tattaunawa kan yadda za a iya cimma SDG 6 zuwa shekarar 2030.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> === 2016 – Mafi Kyawun Ruwa, Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka === Taken shekarar 2016 na "Mafi kyawun ruwa, mafi kyawun ayyuka" ya nuna alakar da ke tsakanin ruwa da samar da ayyukan yi, ta kai tsaye da kuma fakaice, ta hanyar albarkatun ruwa a fadin duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2016|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Taken ya haifar da hadin gwiwa tare da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event to mark World Water Day 2016 and launch the World Water Development Report|website=International Labour Organisation|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Taken yana kuma nuna yadda wadatar ruwa mai inganci za ta iya canza ayyukan mutane da rayuwarsu don mafi kyau. Bikin na shekarar 2016 ya haifar da karbuwa ga wadanda ke aiki don inganta ingancin ruwa da wadatar sa, da kuma bukatar da yawa su canza zuwa wasu ayyukan daban mafi kyau.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyuka uku cikin hudu a duk duniya sun dogara ne akan ruwa. Karancin ruwa da rashin samun dama na iya kayyade ci gaban tattalin arziki a shekaru masu zuwa, a cewar Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2016.<ref>UN-Water (2016) World Water Development Report 2016: Water and jobs {{Webarchive|date=7 August 2020 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> === 2017 – Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa? === A shekarar 2017, taken shi ne "Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?" wanda ya shafi raguwa da sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name=":2"/> Taken ya kasance wasan kalmomi ne domin ya shafi bangarorin biyu na bata ruwan sha da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi gurbataccen ruwa, wato tace shi da sake amfani da shi. Gurbataccen ruwa babban albarkatu ne mai mahimmanci don taimakawa wajen cimma Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. Wani bangare na Manufa ta 6.3 shi ne rage rabin adadin gurbataccen ruwan da ba a tace ba sannan kuma a kara sake amfani da ruwa cikin aminci a duk faɗin duniya. Bayan tacewa da ta dace, ana iya amfani da gurbataccen ruwa don manufofi daban-daban. Masana'antu, misali, na iya sake amfani da ruwa a hasumiyar sanyaya sannan aikin gona na iya sake amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa.<ref>UN-Water (2017) World Water Development Report 2017 {{Webarchive|date=8 November 2018 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> Wani misali na aiki na shekarar 2017 shi ne taron edit-a-thon na Wikipedia wanda mambobin Sustainable Sanitation Alliance suka shirya a ranar 19-21 ga Maris 2017. Manufar aikin ita ce inganta abubuwan da suka shafi ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Wikipedia daidai kafin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce inganta yawa da ingancin bayanan tsaftar muhalli da ke akwai a Wikipedia don amfanin malamai, 'yan jarida da sauran jama'a.<ref>"Wikipedia: a tool for Advocacy? {{Webarchive|date=20 February 2023 }}". Oxfam Policy & Practice, Views & Voices, retrieved 20 March 2017</ref> === 2018 – Halitta don Ruwa === Taken a shekarar 2018 ya binciko yadda za a iya amfani da halitta don shawo kan kalubalen ruwa na karni na 21.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day Theme (2018)|website=UN Water|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan zai iya kasancewa ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka dogara da halitta don magance kalubalen da suka shafi ruwa. Misali, rage ambaliyar ruwa, fari, gurbacewar ruwa da kare muhallin halittu za a iya magance su ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin halitta, wadanda dabi'a ke amfani da su, maimakon hanyoyin da dan adam ya kera. Maido da fadama, gina wuraren dausayi na injiniya, rukunin gine-ginen kore, dasa sabbin gandun daji, sake hada koguna da madatsun ruwa, wasu misalai ne. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana amfani da hanyoyin halitta don daidaita sake zagayowar ruwa da inganta lafiyar ɗan adam da hanyoyin rayuwa.<ref>UN-Water (2018) World Water Development Report 2018: Nature-based Solutions for Water {{Webarchive|date=8 September 2019 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> === 2019 – Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya === Taken shekarar 2019 ya shafi tunkurar matsalar karancin ruwa ta hanyar magance dalilan da suka sa aka bar mutane da yawa a baya. Kungiyoyin da aka mayar saniyar ware – mata, yara, 'yan gudun hijira, 'yan asalin kasa, nakasassu – galibi ana yin watsi da su, kuma suna iya fuskantar wariya yayin da suke kokarin samun ruwa mai tsafta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day Theme 2019|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2021|website=UN Water|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="WWDR2019">{{Cite web|title=United Nations World Water Development Report|website=Unesco|date=11 February 2019|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=29 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> UN-Water ta bayyana cewa "dole ne ayyukan ruwa su biya bukatun kungiyoyin da aka mayar saniyar ware kuma dole ne a saurari muryoyinsu a cikin hanyoyin yanke shawara".<ref>{{Cite web|archive-date=9 February 2019 |title=World Water Day 2019 Factsheet|website=UN Water|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> === 2020 – Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi === Taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020 ya shafi ruwa da danyen dumamar yanayi – da kuma yadda su biyun ke da alaka ta kut-da-kut da ba za a iya raba su ba. UN-Water ta bayyana cewa "daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi zai kare lafiya da ceton rayuka". Haka kuma, amfani da ruwa cikin inganci zai rage fitar da iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli.<ref name=":6" /> Saboda annobar COVID-19, yakin neman zabe na shekarar 2020 ya kuma inganta sakwannin wanke hannu da tsafta tare da ba da jagora kan kasancewa cikin aminci yayin tallafawa yakin neman zaben. === 2021 – Daraja Ruwa === Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=World Water Day 2021: Date, Theme, History, Slogan, Quotes, Significance|access-date=2021-03-22|website=S A NEWS|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> An gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa" a kafofin sada zumunta ta amfani da hashtag "#Water2me". Yakin neman zaben ya duba bayan batun farashi, inda ya tambayi jama'a: "Yaya ruwa yake da mahimmanci ga gidanku da rayuwar iyalarku, hanyoyin samun kudin shiga, al'adunku, jin dadinku, da muhallinku na gida?".<ref name=":5" /> === 2022 – Ruwan Kasa, Sanya Abin da Ba A Gani Ya Kasance A bayyane === Taken na shekarar 2022 shi ne "Ruwan Kasa, Sanya Abin da Ba A Gani Ya Kasance A bayyane".<ref>{{cite web |title="Groundwater: Making the Invisible Visible" the theme of World Water Day 2022 {{!}} IGRAC |website=www.un-igrac.org |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruwan kasa shi ne mafi girman tushen ruwa mai kyau a duniya. Sai dai kuma, da yake adana a karkashin kasa, galibi ana yin watsi da shi. Saboda haka, IGRAC da UNESCO-IHP sun kaddamar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya wacce ta mayar da hankali na musamman kan wannan albarkatu. An gina yakin neman zaben ne a kan muhimman batutuwa guda uku da suka shafi ruwan kasa, wato: (1) Sinadarin da ba a gani a cikin abinci, (2) albarkatu maras iyakoki, da (3) kayyadadden amfani. Yakin neman zaben ya kuma ginu ne a kan wasu kayayyaki da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin abin da ake kira 'shekarar ruwan kasa'. An kaddamar da kundin tsarin ruwan kasa yayin taron Dandalin Ruwa na Duniya a Dakar, Senegal. Taron karshe da ya shafi yakin neman zaben shi ne taron koli na Ruwan Kasa na 2022, wanda aka gudanar a Paris, Faransa. === 2023 – Sanya Sauri Ga Canji === Taken na shekarar 2023 shi ne "sanya sauri ga canji". Rashin aiki mai kyau a cikin dukkanin sake zagayowar ruwa yana gurgunta ci gaba a kan manyan batutuwan duniya, tun daga lafiya zuwa yunwa, daidaiton jinsi zuwa ayyukan yi, ilimi zuwa masana'antu, da bala'o'i zuwa zaman lafiya.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} === 2024 – Ruwa don Arziki da Zaman Lafiya === {{unreferencedsection|date=February 2025}} Taken na shekarar 2024 shi ne "Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya". Muhimman sakwannin sun bayyana cewa, "Ruwa na iya haifar da zaman lafiya ko kuma ya rura wutar rikici. Lokacin da ruwa ya yi karanci ko ya gurbace, ko kuma lokacin da mutane ke da rashin daidaito, ko rashin samun dama kwata-kwata, takaddama na iya tashi tsakanin al'ummomi da kasashe.", "Arziki da zaman lafiya sun dogara ne akan ruwa. Yayin da kasashe ke tunkarar canjin yanayi, hijirar jama'a da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, dole ne su sanya hadin gwiwar ruwa a tsakiyar tsare-tsarensu.", da kuma "Ruwa na iya fitar da mu daga cikin rikici. Za mu iya inganta jitaji tsakanin al'ummomi da kasashe ta hanyar haduwa wuri guda wajen yin amfani da ruwa cikin adalci da dorewa – tun daga yarjejeniyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matakin kasa da kasa, zuwa matakai a matakin gida." === 2025 - Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier === Taken na shekarar 2025 shi ne "Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier". Kankara na da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwa - narkewar ruwansu yana da mahimmanci ga ruwan sha, aikin gona, masana'antu, samar da makamashi mai tsafta da kuma ingantaccen muhallin halittu.<ref>United Nations | World Water Day 22 March</ref> === 2026 - Ruwa da Jinsi === Taken na shekarar 2026 shi ne "Ruwa da Jinsi". Ba wa mata da 'yan mata murya daidai gwargwado a cikin shawarwarin da suka shafi ruwa yana sa ayyukan su kasance masu kunshe da kowa, masu dorewa kuma masu inganci<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=World Water Day |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana yawan barin mata da 'yan mata a baya wajen yanke shawara, jagoranci, tallafin kudi da wakilci. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekarar 2026 ta yi kira da a bi hanyar da ta ginu kan hakkoki wajen magance matsalar ruwa, inda za a amince da muryoyi, jagoranci da kuma ikon mata da 'yan mata sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=World Water Day |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> == Tasiri == A kowace shekara, sakwannin yakin neman zabe da littattafan Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya suna isa ga miliyoyin mutane ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta, takaddun shafukan yanar gizo na musamman da sauran hanyoyi. A shekarar 2016, rahoton shekara-shekara na UN-Water ya bayyana cewa fafutuka a kafofin sada zumunta (ta amfani da hashtag #WorldWaterDay), ya sami damar isa ga mutane kimanin biliyan 1.6 a duk duniya a shekarar 2016.<ref name="UNWater2016">{{Cite book|title=Annual Report UN-Water|publisher=UN-Water|year=2016|location=Geneva, Switzerland|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|21}} An yi rajistar taruka sama da 500 a kasashe 100 a shafin yanar gizo na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a waccan shekarar.<ref name="UNWater2016" />{{rp|21}} A shekarar 2017, an gudanar da taruka daban-daban guda 700 a kasashe 110 kuma an sami marubuta sama da 500,000 a kafofin sada zumunta wadanda suka yi amfani da hashtag '#WorldWaterDay'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN-Water Annual Report 2017|website=UN-Water|access-date=3 March 2020|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an sami karuwar kashi 25% a yawan ziyarar shafukan yanar gizo da kuma mafi girman damar isa ga mutane a kafofin sada zumunta, mafi yawancinsa saboda goyon bayan shahararrun mutane da kuma daidaitacciyar hanyar sadarwa a duk fadin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN-Water Annual Report 2018|website=UN-Water|access-date=3 March 2020|archive-date=28 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, yakin neman zabe na jama'a na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ya gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa a kafofin sada zumunta (#Water2me) game da darajar ruwa. Sama da tattaunawa 6,000 na jama'a ne aka yi a kasashe sama da 140 a kafofin sada zumunta tun daga watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2020 zuwa tsakiyar watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2021: social media listening exercise: 'What did people say?'|url-status=dead|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021}}</ref> 21oa2aa06fb9v1ed73y1smdenlurf5t 868990 868988 2026-06-26T22:24:36Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tasiri */ 868990 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya''' rana ce ta kiyayewa ta shekara-shekara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ake gudanarwa a ranar 22 ga Maris wacce ke nuna mahimmancin ruwa mai kyau. Ana amfani da ranar don bayar da shawarwari game da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa mai kyau.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken kowace shekara yana mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka dace da tsabtataccen ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki (WASH), wanda ya yi daidai da manufofin Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines {{Webarchive|date=27 February 2020 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara kusa da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. UN-Water ita ce mai shirya Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya kuma tana zabar taken kowace shekara tare da tuntubar kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan abin da aka mayar da hankali a kai a waccan shekarar.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa" kuma yakin neman zabe na jama'a ya gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya a kafofin sada zumunta don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|archive-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka gabata sun hada da: * 2016: “Ingantaccen Ruwa, Kyawawan Ayyuka”<ref name=":0" /> * 2017: “Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?”<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=World Water Day theme (2017) |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=UN-Water}}</ref> * 2018: “Amsar Tana Cikin Halitta”<ref name=":3" /> * 2019: “Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya”<ref name=":1" /> * 2020: "Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi"<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|date=2020|title=World Water Day 2020 – Water and Climate Change|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> * 2021: Daraja Ruwa * 2022: Ruwan Kasa * 2023: Sanya Sauri Ga Canji * 2024: Yin Amfani da Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya * 2025: Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier * 2026: Ruwa da Jinsi<ref>{{cite web | title=World Water Day | publisher=UN | accessdate=14 March 2026}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a fadin duniya ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban. Wadannan zasu iya kasancewa na wasan kwaikwayo, kide-kide ko kuma na fafutuka. Ranar kuma na iya hadawa da yakin neman tara kudi don ayyukan ruwa. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ita ce a shekarar 1993.<ref name="UNWATER2" />{{TOC limit|3}} ==Manufofi da tsari== [[File:My School Toilet puppet theatre (5226853487).jpg|thumb|Yara suna gabatar da wasan tsana don gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, don Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a shekarar 2010]] Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya rana ce ta kiyayewa ta duniya. Manufar ita ce zaburar da mutane a fadin duniya su koyi abubuwa da yawa game da batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa kuma su dauki mataki don kawo canji.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, an sake ba da fifiko na musamman kan wanke hannu da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Promote hand hygiene to save lives and combat COVID-19|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Batutuwan da suka dace sun hada da karancin ruwa, gurbacewar ruwa, rashin isasshen samar da ruwa, rashin tsaftar muhalli, da tasirin canjin yanayi (wanda shi ne taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020<ref name=":4" />). Ranar tana fito da rashin daidaiton damar samun ayyukan WASH da kuma bukatar tabbatar da hakkin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Shafin yanar gizo na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya yana sanar da abubuwan da ke faruwa, ayyuka da damar aikin sa kai. A shekarar 2020, labaran da aka nuna sun shafi daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi da amfani da ruwa cikin inganci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 'What is being done?' (2020)|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> === Mai Shiryawa === UN-Water tana daidaita ayyuka tare da kungiyoyin mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan taken waccan shekarar. UN-Water tana tattara kungiyoyi kowane iri don daukar mataki, ko a duniya ko kuma a cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Celebration of World Water day in 2021 – Valuing Water|access-date=2021-03-22|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> == Misalan ayyuka == Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke kishin fannin WASH, kamar su UNICEF, WaterAid da Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP), suna amfani da wannan rana don wayar da kan jama'a da kuma jan hankalin kafofin yada labarai game da batutuwan ruwa tare da zaburar da matakai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Humanitarian agencies come together to promote water conservation on World Water Day in Jordan|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan sun hada da fitar da littattafai da fina-finai, da kuma shirya tarukan tattaunawa, tarukan karawa juna sani da nune-nune.<ref name=":5" /> End Water Poverty, wata kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta farar hula ta duniya mai dauke da kungiyoyi abokan tarayya 250, tana daukar nauyin Watan Daukar Matakin Ruwa a kowace shekara kuma tana ba da jagorar tsara taron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Action Month|website=End Water Poverty: Sanitation and Water for All|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=2021 water, sanitation and hygiene barometer|url-status=live|website=SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL|access-date=13 April 2021|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Bayanan da suka shafi taken shekara-shekara suna ba masu yanke shawara kayan aiki don aiwatar da dorewar amfani da albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Development Report|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuma ana samun karuwar tsare-tsare a makarantu da jami'o'i da ke ilimantar da mutane game da mahimmancin kiyayewa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrate World Water Day with Games and Activities for all ages!|date=22 March 2012|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hands-on Water Activities for Kids|date=22 March 2015|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TES">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2017 Primary Resources|website=tes.com|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Misali, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta gudanar da gasar "mafificin fosta na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya" a shekarar 2017. Yara 'yan makarantar firamare a Philippines sun shiga gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wendland, C|last2=Rieck, C|last3=Roenitzsch, S|last4=van Epps, A.|title=Making WASH in Schools more sustainable – Case Stories from SuSanA Partners.|date=2014|publisher=SuSanA|ref=Susana2014|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An fara ba da shawarar wannan rana a hukumance a cikin Tsarin Agenda 21 na Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaba na shekarar 1992 a Rio de Janeiro. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1992, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da kuduri mai lamba A/RES/47/193 wanda ta hakan aka ayyana ranar 22 ga Maris na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 1993, aka gudanar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko.<ref name="UNWATER2">{{Cite web|title=UN-Water: World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=9 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Akwai kuma rumbun adana bayanan shafukan yanar gizo na yakin neman zabe na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na baya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive of previous World Water Day websites|website=UN Water – Archive|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> == Takun shekara-shekara == === Kafin shekarar 2014 === A cikin shekarun kafin 2014, taken shekara-shekara sun kasance kamar haka:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=UN Water What We Do, Inspire Action (Official themes and previous campaigns)|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 1994: Kula da Albarkatun Ruwanmu Harkar Kowa Ce * 1995: Mata da Ruwa * 1996: Ruwa don Birane Masu Kishi * 1997: Ruwan Duniya: Shin Ya Isa? * Talla ta Amurka: Ruwa don Lafiya * 2002: Ruwa don Ci Gaba. Mummunan yanayi da tabarbarewar albarkatun ruwa a sassa da dama na duniya na bukatar tsari da gudanar da ingantaccen shirin albarkatun ruwa. * 2003: Ruwa don Gaba. Kulawa da inganta inganci da yawan ruwa mai kyau da ke akwai ga al'ummomin gaba. * 2004: Ruwa da Bala'o'i. Yanayi, sauyin yanayi da albarkatun ruwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma jin dadin dan adam. * 2005: Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa 2005–2015. Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a zamansa na 58 a watan Disamba na shekarar 2003 ya amince da ayyana shekarun 2005 zu 2015 a matsayin Shekaru Goma na Matakai na Duniya, tun daga Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, 22 ga Maris 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Decade for Water 2005–2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kalmar Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa. * 2006: Ruwa da Al'ada. Taken ya jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa akwai hanyoyi da yawa na kallo, amfani, da kuma bikin ruwa kamar yadda akwai al'adun gargajiya a duk faɗin duniya. * 2007: Jurewa Karancin Ruwa. An nuna karancin ruwa a duniya da kuma bukatar karfafa hadin gwiwa don tabbatar da dorewa, inganci da adalci wajen gudanar da karancin albarkatun ruwa, a matakin kasa da kasa da na gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2007|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:World Water Day (3384841410).jpg|thumb|Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya 2009: Sojojin Amurka suna tsaftace kogi a Koriya ta Kudu]] * 2008: Tsaftar Muhalli. Shekarar 2008 ta kasance Shekarar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2008|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2009: Ruwan Ketare Iyaka. An ba da fifiko na musamman kan ruwayen da ke ketare iyakoki.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2009|website=World Water Day 2009|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2010: Tsaftataccen Ruwa don Lafiyayyen Duniya. An sadakar da shi ga ingancin ruwa, yana nuna mahimmancinsa tare da yawan albarkatun kasa a cikin gudanar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2010|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> * 2011: Ruwa don birane: amsa kalubalen birane. Manufar ita ce haskawa da karfafawa gwamnatoci, kungiyoyi, al'ummomi, da daidaikun mutane gwiwa su shiga tsagajiyan magance kalubalen gudanar da ruwan birane.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2011|website=World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2012: Ruwa da Tsaftace Abinci: Duniya tana da Kishi domin Muna Jin Yunwa. A yayin taron Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na shekarar 2012, Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya ja hankali ga kalubalen da suka shafi ruwa da fararen hula ke fuskanta sakamakon fada da tashe-tashen hankula na cikin gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2012|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2013: Shekarar Hadin Gwiwa ta Duniya. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2010, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ayyana shekarar 2013 a matsayin Shekarar Hadin Gwiwar Ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Dangane da wannan sanarwa, an sadakar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2013 ga hadin gwiwar ruwa. === 2014 – Ruwa da Makamashi === Taken shekarar 2014 na Ruwa da Makamashi ya jaddada kusancin alaka da dogaro da juna tsakanin ruwa da makamashi, kuma ya kawo hankali ga alakar ruwa da makamashi.<ref name="UNWATER2014" /> Kusan kashi 8% na makamashin da ake samarwa a duniya ana amfani da shi ne wajen tura ruwa da famfo, tace shi da kuma jigilar shi ga masu amfani da shi daban-daban. Bugu da kari, samarwa da watsa makamashi yana bukatar amfani da albarkatun ruwa, musamman ga hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, makamashin nukiliya, da makamashin zafi.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} Manufar taken na waccan shekarar ita ce saukaka samar da manufofi da tsare-tsare da za su hada ma'aikatu da sassa daban-daban. An yi niyyar ne don ya jagoranci hanyar samun tsaron makamashi da dorewar amfani da ruwa a cikin tattalin arziki mai kore.<ref name="UNWATER2014">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2014|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 'Yan jarida daga kasashe 11 na Asiya sun gana a Tokyo daga ranar 20 zuwa 21 ga Maris 2014 don tattauna mahimmancin ruwa. Taron ya hada da bangarorin tattaunawa kan batutuwa kamar mayar da ayyuka hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, hadewa tsakanin ruwa da makamashi da kuma zamanantar da ayyukan ruwa. 'Yan jaridar sun kuma samar da labarai na hadin gwiwa guda hudu da kuma ra'ayoyin labarai guda 20 na daidaikun mutane don rukunin 'yan jaridun Asiya da ke rubutu kan ruwa (da makamashi) a kafofin sada zumunta.<ref name="UN2016">{{Cite book|title=Water and Energy Report on the Journalists Workshop|publisher=UNW-DPAC|year=2014|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === 2015 – Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa === Tare da taken "Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa", shekarar 2015 ta ba da dama mai mahimmanci don karfafa gwiwa da ginawa a kan Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya da ta gabata don nuna rawar da ruwa ke takawa a cikin tsarin ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref name="UNWATER">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kamata a cimma Burin Ci Gaban Karni (MDGs) zuwa shekarar 2015, don haka shekarar ta bada damar tattaunawa kan lokacin bayan MDG da buri na ruwa da ci gaba mai dorewa. Tare da kaddamar da Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa (SDGs), Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta ba da fifiko ta musamman ga Buri na 6 (SDG 6), wanda ke yin kira ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa, ta hanyar karfafa tattaunawa kan yadda za a iya cimma SDG 6 zuwa shekarar 2030.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> === 2016 – Mafi Kyawun Ruwa, Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka === Taken shekarar 2016 na "Mafi kyawun ruwa, mafi kyawun ayyuka" ya nuna alakar da ke tsakanin ruwa da samar da ayyukan yi, ta kai tsaye da kuma fakaice, ta hanyar albarkatun ruwa a fadin duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2016|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Taken ya haifar da hadin gwiwa tare da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event to mark World Water Day 2016 and launch the World Water Development Report|website=International Labour Organisation|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Taken yana kuma nuna yadda wadatar ruwa mai inganci za ta iya canza ayyukan mutane da rayuwarsu don mafi kyau. Bikin na shekarar 2016 ya haifar da karbuwa ga wadanda ke aiki don inganta ingancin ruwa da wadatar sa, da kuma bukatar da yawa su canza zuwa wasu ayyukan daban mafi kyau.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyuka uku cikin hudu a duk duniya sun dogara ne akan ruwa. Karancin ruwa da rashin samun dama na iya kayyade ci gaban tattalin arziki a shekaru masu zuwa, a cewar Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2016.<ref>UN-Water (2016) World Water Development Report 2016: Water and jobs {{Webarchive|date=7 August 2020 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> === 2017 – Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa? === A shekarar 2017, taken shi ne "Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?" wanda ya shafi raguwa da sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name=":2"/> Taken ya kasance wasan kalmomi ne domin ya shafi bangarorin biyu na bata ruwan sha da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi gurbataccen ruwa, wato tace shi da sake amfani da shi. Gurbataccen ruwa babban albarkatu ne mai mahimmanci don taimakawa wajen cimma Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. Wani bangare na Manufa ta 6.3 shi ne rage rabin adadin gurbataccen ruwan da ba a tace ba sannan kuma a kara sake amfani da ruwa cikin aminci a duk faɗin duniya. Bayan tacewa da ta dace, ana iya amfani da gurbataccen ruwa don manufofi daban-daban. Masana'antu, misali, na iya sake amfani da ruwa a hasumiyar sanyaya sannan aikin gona na iya sake amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa.<ref>UN-Water (2017) World Water Development Report 2017 {{Webarchive|date=8 November 2018 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> Wani misali na aiki na shekarar 2017 shi ne taron edit-a-thon na Wikipedia wanda mambobin Sustainable Sanitation Alliance suka shirya a ranar 19-21 ga Maris 2017. Manufar aikin ita ce inganta abubuwan da suka shafi ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Wikipedia daidai kafin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce inganta yawa da ingancin bayanan tsaftar muhalli da ke akwai a Wikipedia don amfanin malamai, 'yan jarida da sauran jama'a.<ref>"Wikipedia: a tool for Advocacy? {{Webarchive|date=20 February 2023 }}". Oxfam Policy & Practice, Views & Voices, retrieved 20 March 2017</ref> === 2018 – Halitta don Ruwa === Taken a shekarar 2018 ya binciko yadda za a iya amfani da halitta don shawo kan kalubalen ruwa na karni na 21.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day Theme (2018)|website=UN Water|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan zai iya kasancewa ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka dogara da halitta don magance kalubalen da suka shafi ruwa. Misali, rage ambaliyar ruwa, fari, gurbacewar ruwa da kare muhallin halittu za a iya magance su ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin halitta, wadanda dabi'a ke amfani da su, maimakon hanyoyin da dan adam ya kera. Maido da fadama, gina wuraren dausayi na injiniya, rukunin gine-ginen kore, dasa sabbin gandun daji, sake hada koguna da madatsun ruwa, wasu misalai ne. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana amfani da hanyoyin halitta don daidaita sake zagayowar ruwa da inganta lafiyar ɗan adam da hanyoyin rayuwa.<ref>UN-Water (2018) World Water Development Report 2018: Nature-based Solutions for Water {{Webarchive|date=8 September 2019 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> === 2019 – Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya === Taken shekarar 2019 ya shafi tunkurar matsalar karancin ruwa ta hanyar magance dalilan da suka sa aka bar mutane da yawa a baya. Kungiyoyin da aka mayar saniyar ware – mata, yara, 'yan gudun hijira, 'yan asalin kasa, nakasassu – galibi ana yin watsi da su, kuma suna iya fuskantar wariya yayin da suke kokarin samun ruwa mai tsafta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day Theme 2019|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2021|website=UN Water|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="WWDR2019">{{Cite web|title=United Nations World Water Development Report|website=Unesco|date=11 February 2019|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=29 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> UN-Water ta bayyana cewa "dole ne ayyukan ruwa su biya bukatun kungiyoyin da aka mayar saniyar ware kuma dole ne a saurari muryoyinsu a cikin hanyoyin yanke shawara".<ref>{{Cite web|archive-date=9 February 2019 |title=World Water Day 2019 Factsheet|website=UN Water|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> === 2020 – Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi === Taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020 ya shafi ruwa da danyen dumamar yanayi – da kuma yadda su biyun ke da alaka ta kut-da-kut da ba za a iya raba su ba. UN-Water ta bayyana cewa "daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi zai kare lafiya da ceton rayuka". Haka kuma, amfani da ruwa cikin inganci zai rage fitar da iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli.<ref name=":6" /> Saboda annobar COVID-19, yakin neman zabe na shekarar 2020 ya kuma inganta sakwannin wanke hannu da tsafta tare da ba da jagora kan kasancewa cikin aminci yayin tallafawa yakin neman zaben. === 2021 – Daraja Ruwa === Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=World Water Day 2021: Date, Theme, History, Slogan, Quotes, Significance|access-date=2021-03-22|website=S A NEWS|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> An gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa" a kafofin sada zumunta ta amfani da hashtag "#Water2me". Yakin neman zaben ya duba bayan batun farashi, inda ya tambayi jama'a: "Yaya ruwa yake da mahimmanci ga gidanku da rayuwar iyalarku, hanyoyin samun kudin shiga, al'adunku, jin dadinku, da muhallinku na gida?".<ref name=":5" /> === 2022 – Ruwan Kasa, Sanya Abin da Ba A Gani Ya Kasance A bayyane === Taken na shekarar 2022 shi ne "Ruwan Kasa, Sanya Abin da Ba A Gani Ya Kasance A bayyane".<ref>{{cite web |title="Groundwater: Making the Invisible Visible" the theme of World Water Day 2022 {{!}} IGRAC |website=www.un-igrac.org |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruwan kasa shi ne mafi girman tushen ruwa mai kyau a duniya. Sai dai kuma, da yake adana a karkashin kasa, galibi ana yin watsi da shi. Saboda haka, IGRAC da UNESCO-IHP sun kaddamar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya wacce ta mayar da hankali na musamman kan wannan albarkatu. An gina yakin neman zaben ne a kan muhimman batutuwa guda uku da suka shafi ruwan kasa, wato: (1) Sinadarin da ba a gani a cikin abinci, (2) albarkatu maras iyakoki, da (3) kayyadadden amfani. Yakin neman zaben ya kuma ginu ne a kan wasu kayayyaki da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin abin da ake kira 'shekarar ruwan kasa'. An kaddamar da kundin tsarin ruwan kasa yayin taron Dandalin Ruwa na Duniya a Dakar, Senegal. Taron karshe da ya shafi yakin neman zaben shi ne taron koli na Ruwan Kasa na 2022, wanda aka gudanar a Paris, Faransa. === 2023 – Sanya Sauri Ga Canji === Taken na shekarar 2023 shi ne "sanya sauri ga canji". Rashin aiki mai kyau a cikin dukkanin sake zagayowar ruwa yana gurgunta ci gaba a kan manyan batutuwan duniya, tun daga lafiya zuwa yunwa, daidaiton jinsi zuwa ayyukan yi, ilimi zuwa masana'antu, da bala'o'i zuwa zaman lafiya.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} === 2024 – Ruwa don Arziki da Zaman Lafiya === {{unreferencedsection|date=February 2025}} Taken na shekarar 2024 shi ne "Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya". Muhimman sakwannin sun bayyana cewa, "Ruwa na iya haifar da zaman lafiya ko kuma ya rura wutar rikici. Lokacin da ruwa ya yi karanci ko ya gurbace, ko kuma lokacin da mutane ke da rashin daidaito, ko rashin samun dama kwata-kwata, takaddama na iya tashi tsakanin al'ummomi da kasashe.", "Arziki da zaman lafiya sun dogara ne akan ruwa. Yayin da kasashe ke tunkarar canjin yanayi, hijirar jama'a da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, dole ne su sanya hadin gwiwar ruwa a tsakiyar tsare-tsarensu.", da kuma "Ruwa na iya fitar da mu daga cikin rikici. Za mu iya inganta jitaji tsakanin al'ummomi da kasashe ta hanyar haduwa wuri guda wajen yin amfani da ruwa cikin adalci da dorewa – tun daga yarjejeniyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matakin kasa da kasa, zuwa matakai a matakin gida." === 2025 - Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier === Taken na shekarar 2025 shi ne "Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier". Kankara na da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwa - narkewar ruwansu yana da mahimmanci ga ruwan sha, aikin gona, masana'antu, samar da makamashi mai tsafta da kuma ingantaccen muhallin halittu.<ref>United Nations | World Water Day 22 March</ref> === 2026 - Ruwa da Jinsi === Taken na shekarar 2026 shi ne "Ruwa da Jinsi". Ba wa mata da 'yan mata murya daidai gwargwado a cikin shawarwarin da suka shafi ruwa yana sa ayyukan su kasance masu kunshe da kowa, masu dorewa kuma masu inganci<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=World Water Day |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana yawan barin mata da 'yan mata a baya wajen yanke shawara, jagoranci, tallafin kudi da wakilci. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekarar 2026 ta yi kira da a bi hanyar da ta ginu kan hakkoki wajen magance matsalar ruwa, inda za a amince da muryoyi, jagoranci da kuma ikon mata da 'yan mata sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=World Water Day |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> == Tasiri == A kowace shekara, sakwannin yakin neman zabe da littattafan Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya suna isa ga miliyoyin mutane ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta, takaddun shafukan yanar gizo na musamman da sauran hanyoyi. A shekarar 2016, rahoton shekara-shekara na UN-Water ya bayyana cewa fafutuka a kafofin sada zumunta (ta amfani da hashtag #WorldWaterDay), ya sami damar isa ga mutane kimanin biliyan 1.6 a duk duniya a shekarar 2016.<ref name="UNWater2016">{{Cite book|title=Annual Report UN-Water|publisher=UN-Water|year=2016|location=Geneva, Switzerland|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|21}} An yi rajistar taruka sama da 500 a kasashe 100 a shafin yanar gizo na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a waccan shekarar.<ref name="UNWater2016" />{{rp|21}} A shekarar 2017, an gudanar da taruka daban-daban guda 700 a kasashe 110 kuma an sami marubuta sama da 500,000 a kafofin sada zumunta wadanda suka yi amfani da hashtag '#WorldWaterDay'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN-Water Annual Report 2017|website=UN-Water|access-date=3 March 2020|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an sami karuwar kashi 25% a yawan ziyarar shafukan yanar gizo da kuma mafi girman damar isa ga mutane a kafofin sada zumunta, mafi yawancinsa saboda goyon bayan shahararrun mutane da kuma daidaitacciyar hanyar sadarwa a duk fadin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN-Water Annual Report 2018|website=UN-Water|access-date=3 March 2020|archive-date=28 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, yakin neman zabe na jama'a na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ya gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa a kafofin sada zumunta (#Water2me) game da darajar ruwa. Sama da tattaunawa 6,000 na jama'a ne aka yi a kasashe sama da 140 a kafofin sada zumunta tun daga watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2020 zuwa tsakiyar watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2021: social media listening exercise: 'What did people say?'|url-status=dead|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021}}</ref> ==References == {{reflist|2}} b9kmr0e0we0xrlpqsx3xmhc4ot3ltvx 868992 868990 2026-06-26T22:25:18Z Sirjat 20447 868992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya''' rana ce ta kiyayewa ta shekara-shekara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ake gudanarwa a ranar 22 ga Maris wacce ke nuna mahimmancin ruwa mai kyau. Ana amfani da ranar don bayar da shawarwari game da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa mai kyau.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken kowace shekara yana mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka dace da tsabtataccen ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki (WASH), wanda ya yi daidai da manufofin Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines {{Webarchive|date=27 February 2020 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara kusa da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. UN-Water ita ce mai shirya Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya kuma tana zabar taken kowace shekara tare da tuntubar kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan abin da aka mayar da hankali a kai a waccan shekarar.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa" kuma yakin neman zabe na jama'a ya gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya a kafofin sada zumunta don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|archive-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka gabata sun hada da: * 2016: “Ingantaccen Ruwa, Kyawawan Ayyuka”<ref name=":0" /> * 2017: “Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?”<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=World Water Day theme (2017) |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=UN-Water}}</ref> * 2018: “Amsar Tana Cikin Halitta”<ref name=":3" /> * 2019: “Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya”<ref name=":1" /> * 2020: "Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi"<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|date=2020|title=World Water Day 2020 – Water and Climate Change|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> * 2021: Daraja Ruwa * 2022: Ruwan Kasa * 2023: Sanya Sauri Ga Canji * 2024: Yin Amfani da Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya * 2025: Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier * 2026: Ruwa da Jinsi<ref>{{cite web | title=World Water Day | publisher=UN | accessdate=14 March 2026}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a fadin duniya ta hanyar abubuwa daban-daban. Wadannan zasu iya kasancewa na wasan kwaikwayo, kide-kide ko kuma na fafutuka. Ranar kuma na iya hadawa da yakin neman tara kudi don ayyukan ruwa. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ita ce a shekarar 1993.<ref name="UNWATER2" />{{TOC limit|3}} ==Manufofi da tsari== [[File:My School Toilet puppet theatre (5226853487).jpg|thumb|Yara suna gabatar da wasan tsana don gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, don Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a shekarar 2010]] Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya rana ce ta kiyayewa ta duniya. Manufar ita ce zaburar da mutane a fadin duniya su koyi abubuwa da yawa game da batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa kuma su dauki mataki don kawo canji.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, an sake ba da fifiko na musamman kan wanke hannu da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Promote hand hygiene to save lives and combat COVID-19|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Batutuwan da suka dace sun hada da karancin ruwa, gurbacewar ruwa, rashin isasshen samar da ruwa, rashin tsaftar muhalli, da tasirin canjin yanayi (wanda shi ne taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020<ref name=":4" />). Ranar tana fito da rashin daidaiton damar samun ayyukan WASH da kuma bukatar tabbatar da hakkin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Shafin yanar gizo na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya yana sanar da abubuwan da ke faruwa, ayyuka da damar aikin sa kai. A shekarar 2020, labaran da aka nuna sun shafi daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi da amfani da ruwa cikin inganci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 'What is being done?' (2020)|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> === Mai Shiryawa === UN-Water tana daidaita ayyuka tare da kungiyoyin mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke da bukata a kan taken waccan shekarar. UN-Water tana tattara kungiyoyi kowane iri don daukar mataki, ko a duniya ko kuma a cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Celebration of World Water day in 2021 – Valuing Water|access-date=2021-03-22|website=UN-Water|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> == Misalan ayyuka == Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke kishin fannin WASH, kamar su UNICEF, WaterAid da Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP), suna amfani da wannan rana don wayar da kan jama'a da kuma jan hankalin kafofin yada labarai game da batutuwan ruwa tare da zaburar da matakai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Humanitarian agencies come together to promote water conservation on World Water Day in Jordan|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan sun hada da fitar da littattafai da fina-finai, da kuma shirya tarukan tattaunawa, tarukan karawa juna sani da nune-nune.<ref name=":5" /> End Water Poverty, wata kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta farar hula ta duniya mai dauke da kungiyoyi abokan tarayya 250, tana daukar nauyin Watan Daukar Matakin Ruwa a kowace shekara kuma tana ba da jagorar tsara taron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Action Month|website=End Water Poverty: Sanitation and Water for All|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=2021 water, sanitation and hygiene barometer|url-status=live|website=SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL|access-date=13 April 2021|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> Ana fitar da Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WWDR) a kowace shekara a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Bayanan da suka shafi taken shekara-shekara suna ba masu yanke shawara kayan aiki don aiwatar da dorewar amfani da albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Development Report|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuma ana samun karuwar tsare-tsare a makarantu da jami'o'i da ke ilimantar da mutane game da mahimmancin kiyayewa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrate World Water Day with Games and Activities for all ages!|date=22 March 2012|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hands-on Water Activities for Kids|date=22 March 2015|website=Kids World Citizen|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TES">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2017 Primary Resources|website=tes.com|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Misali, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta gudanar da gasar "mafificin fosta na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya" a shekarar 2017. Yara 'yan makarantar firamare a Philippines sun shiga gasar "Kayan Wankan Makarantata" a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wendland, C|last2=Rieck, C|last3=Roenitzsch, S|last4=van Epps, A.|title=Making WASH in Schools more sustainable – Case Stories from SuSanA Partners.|date=2014|publisher=SuSanA|ref=Susana2014|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An fara ba da shawarar wannan rana a hukumance a cikin Tsarin Agenda 21 na Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaba na shekarar 1992 a Rio de Janeiro. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1992, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da kuduri mai lamba A/RES/47/193 wanda ta hakan aka ayyana ranar 22 ga Maris na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> A shekarar 1993, aka gudanar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta farko.<ref name="UNWATER2">{{Cite web|title=UN-Water: World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=9 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Akwai kuma rumbun adana bayanan shafukan yanar gizo na yakin neman zabe na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na baya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive of previous World Water Day websites|website=UN Water – Archive|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> == Takun shekara-shekara == === Kafin shekarar 2014 === A cikin shekarun kafin 2014, taken shekara-shekara sun kasance kamar haka:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=UN Water What We Do, Inspire Action (Official themes and previous campaigns)|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 1994: Kula da Albarkatun Ruwanmu Harkar Kowa Ce * 1995: Mata da Ruwa * 1996: Ruwa don Birane Masu Kishi * 1997: Ruwan Duniya: Shin Ya Isa? * Talla ta Amurka: Ruwa don Lafiya * 2002: Ruwa don Ci Gaba. Mummunan yanayi da tabarbarewar albarkatun ruwa a sassa da dama na duniya na bukatar tsari da gudanar da ingantaccen shirin albarkatun ruwa. * 2003: Ruwa don Gaba. Kulawa da inganta inganci da yawan ruwa mai kyau da ke akwai ga al'ummomin gaba. * 2004: Ruwa da Bala'o'i. Yanayi, sauyin yanayi da albarkatun ruwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma jin dadin dan adam. * 2005: Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa 2005–2015. Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a zamansa na 58 a watan Disamba na shekarar 2003 ya amince da ayyana shekarun 2005 zu 2015 a matsayin Shekaru Goma na Matakai na Duniya, tun daga Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, 22 ga Maris 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Decade for Water 2005–2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kalmar Shekaru Goma na Ruwa don Rayuwa. * 2006: Ruwa da Al'ada. Taken ya jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa akwai hanyoyi da yawa na kallo, amfani, da kuma bikin ruwa kamar yadda akwai al'adun gargajiya a duk faɗin duniya. * 2007: Jurewa Karancin Ruwa. An nuna karancin ruwa a duniya da kuma bukatar karfafa hadin gwiwa don tabbatar da dorewa, inganci da adalci wajen gudanar da karancin albarkatun ruwa, a matakin kasa da kasa da na gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2007|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:World Water Day (3384841410).jpg|thumb|Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya 2009: Sojojin Amurka suna tsaftace kogi a Koriya ta Kudu]] * 2008: Tsaftar Muhalli. Shekarar 2008 ta kasance Shekarar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2008|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2009: Ruwan Ketare Iyaka. An ba da fifiko na musamman kan ruwayen da ke ketare iyakoki.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2009|website=World Water Day 2009|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2010: Tsaftataccen Ruwa don Lafiyayyen Duniya. An sadakar da shi ga ingancin ruwa, yana nuna mahimmancinsa tare da yawan albarkatun kasa a cikin gudanar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2010|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> * 2011: Ruwa don birane: amsa kalubalen birane. Manufar ita ce haskawa da karfafawa gwamnatoci, kungiyoyi, al'ummomi, da daidaikun mutane gwiwa su shiga tsagajiyan magance kalubalen gudanar da ruwan birane.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2011|website=World Water Day|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2012: Ruwa da Tsaftace Abinci: Duniya tana da Kishi domin Muna Jin Yunwa. A yayin taron Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na shekarar 2012, Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya ja hankali ga kalubalen da suka shafi ruwa da fararen hula ke fuskanta sakamakon fada da tashe-tashen hankula na cikin gida.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Water Day 2012|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * 2013: Shekarar Hadin Gwiwa ta Duniya. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2010, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ayyana shekarar 2013 a matsayin Shekarar Hadin Gwiwar Ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Dangane da wannan sanarwa, an sadakar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2013 ga hadin gwiwar ruwa. === 2014 – Ruwa da Makamashi === Taken shekarar 2014 na Ruwa da Makamashi ya jaddada kusancin alaka da dogaro da juna tsakanin ruwa da makamashi, kuma ya kawo hankali ga alakar ruwa da makamashi.<ref name="UNWATER2014" /> Kusan kashi 8% na makamashin da ake samarwa a duniya ana amfani da shi ne wajen tura ruwa da famfo, tace shi da kuma jigilar shi ga masu amfani da shi daban-daban. Bugu da kari, samarwa da watsa makamashi yana bukatar amfani da albarkatun ruwa, musamman ga hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, makamashin nukiliya, da makamashin zafi.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} Manufar taken na waccan shekarar ita ce saukaka samar da manufofi da tsare-tsare da za su hada ma'aikatu da sassa daban-daban. An yi niyyar ne don ya jagoranci hanyar samun tsaron makamashi da dorewar amfani da ruwa a cikin tattalin arziki mai kore.<ref name="UNWATER2014">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2014|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 'Yan jarida daga kasashe 11 na Asiya sun gana a Tokyo daga ranar 20 zuwa 21 ga Maris 2014 don tattauna mahimmancin ruwa. Taron ya hada da bangarorin tattaunawa kan batutuwa kamar mayar da ayyuka hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, hadewa tsakanin ruwa da makamashi da kuma zamanantar da ayyukan ruwa. 'Yan jaridar sun kuma samar da labarai na hadin gwiwa guda hudu da kuma ra'ayoyin labarai guda 20 na daidaikun mutane don rukunin 'yan jaridun Asiya da ke rubutu kan ruwa (da makamashi) a kafofin sada zumunta.<ref name="UN2016">{{Cite book|title=Water and Energy Report on the Journalists Workshop|publisher=UNW-DPAC|year=2014|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === 2015 – Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa === Tare da taken "Ruwa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa", shekarar 2015 ta ba da dama mai mahimmanci don karfafa gwiwa da ginawa a kan Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya da ta gabata don nuna rawar da ruwa ke takawa a cikin tsarin ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref name="UNWATER">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2015|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=20 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kamata a cimma Burin Ci Gaban Karni (MDGs) zuwa shekarar 2015, don haka shekarar ta bada damar tattaunawa kan lokacin bayan MDG da buri na ruwa da ci gaba mai dorewa. Tare da kaddamar da Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa (SDGs), Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta ba da fifiko ta musamman ga Buri na 6 (SDG 6), wanda ke yin kira ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa, ta hanyar karfafa tattaunawa kan yadda za a iya cimma SDG 6 zuwa shekarar 2030.<ref name="UNWATER2" /> === 2016 – Mafi Kyawun Ruwa, Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka === Taken shekarar 2016 na "Mafi kyawun ruwa, mafi kyawun ayyuka" ya nuna alakar da ke tsakanin ruwa da samar da ayyukan yi, ta kai tsaye da kuma fakaice, ta hanyar albarkatun ruwa a fadin duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2016|publisher=UN-Water|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Taken ya haifar da hadin gwiwa tare da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event to mark World Water Day 2016 and launch the World Water Development Report|website=International Labour Organisation|date=22 March 2016|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Taken yana kuma nuna yadda wadatar ruwa mai inganci za ta iya canza ayyukan mutane da rayuwarsu don mafi kyau. Bikin na shekarar 2016 ya haifar da karbuwa ga wadanda ke aiki don inganta ingancin ruwa da wadatar sa, da kuma bukatar da yawa su canza zuwa wasu ayyukan daban mafi kyau.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyuka uku cikin hudu a duk duniya sun dogara ne akan ruwa. Karancin ruwa da rashin samun dama na iya kayyade ci gaban tattalin arziki a shekaru masu zuwa, a cewar Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2016.<ref>UN-Water (2016) World Water Development Report 2016: Water and jobs {{Webarchive|date=7 August 2020 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> === 2017 – Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa? === A shekarar 2017, taken shi ne "Me yasa Za a Bata Ruwa?" wanda ya shafi raguwa da sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name=":2"/> Taken ya kasance wasan kalmomi ne domin ya shafi bangarorin biyu na bata ruwan sha da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi gurbataccen ruwa, wato tace shi da sake amfani da shi. Gurbataccen ruwa babban albarkatu ne mai mahimmanci don taimakawa wajen cimma Buri na 6 na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. Wani bangare na Manufa ta 6.3 shi ne rage rabin adadin gurbataccen ruwan da ba a tace ba sannan kuma a kara sake amfani da ruwa cikin aminci a duk faɗin duniya. Bayan tacewa da ta dace, ana iya amfani da gurbataccen ruwa don manufofi daban-daban. Masana'antu, misali, na iya sake amfani da ruwa a hasumiyar sanyaya sannan aikin gona na iya sake amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa.<ref>UN-Water (2017) World Water Development Report 2017 {{Webarchive|date=8 November 2018 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> Wani misali na aiki na shekarar 2017 shi ne taron edit-a-thon na Wikipedia wanda mambobin Sustainable Sanitation Alliance suka shirya a ranar 19-21 ga Maris 2017. Manufar aikin ita ce inganta abubuwan da suka shafi ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Wikipedia daidai kafin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce inganta yawa da ingancin bayanan tsaftar muhalli da ke akwai a Wikipedia don amfanin malamai, 'yan jarida da sauran jama'a.<ref>"Wikipedia: a tool for Advocacy? {{Webarchive|date=20 February 2023 }}". Oxfam Policy & Practice, Views & Voices, retrieved 20 March 2017</ref> === 2018 – Halitta don Ruwa === Taken a shekarar 2018 ya binciko yadda za a iya amfani da halitta don shawo kan kalubalen ruwa na karni na 21.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day Theme (2018)|website=UN Water|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan zai iya kasancewa ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka dogara da halitta don magance kalubalen da suka shafi ruwa. Misali, rage ambaliyar ruwa, fari, gurbacewar ruwa da kare muhallin halittu za a iya magance su ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin halitta, wadanda dabi'a ke amfani da su, maimakon hanyoyin da dan adam ya kera. Maido da fadama, gina wuraren dausayi na injiniya, rukunin gine-ginen kore, dasa sabbin gandun daji, sake hada koguna da madatsun ruwa, wasu misalai ne. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana amfani da hanyoyin halitta don daidaita sake zagayowar ruwa da inganta lafiyar ɗan adam da hanyoyin rayuwa.<ref>UN-Water (2018) World Water Development Report 2018: Nature-based Solutions for Water {{Webarchive|date=8 September 2019 }}, Geneva, Switzerland</ref> === 2019 – Kada A Bar Kowa A Baya === Taken shekarar 2019 ya shafi tunkurar matsalar karancin ruwa ta hanyar magance dalilan da suka sa aka bar mutane da yawa a baya. Kungiyoyin da aka mayar saniyar ware – mata, yara, 'yan gudun hijira, 'yan asalin kasa, nakasassu – galibi ana yin watsi da su, kuma suna iya fuskantar wariya yayin da suke kokarin samun ruwa mai tsafta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=World Water Day Theme 2019|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2021|website=UN Water|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="WWDR2019">{{Cite web|title=United Nations World Water Development Report|website=Unesco|date=11 February 2019|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=29 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> UN-Water ta bayyana cewa "dole ne ayyukan ruwa su biya bukatun kungiyoyin da aka mayar saniyar ware kuma dole ne a saurari muryoyinsu a cikin hanyoyin yanke shawara".<ref>{{Cite web|archive-date=9 February 2019 |title=World Water Day 2019 Factsheet|website=UN Water|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> === 2020 – Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi === Taken Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2020 ya shafi ruwa da danyen dumamar yanayi – da kuma yadda su biyun ke da alaka ta kut-da-kut da ba za a iya raba su ba. UN-Water ta bayyana cewa "daidaitawa da tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi zai kare lafiya da ceton rayuka". Haka kuma, amfani da ruwa cikin inganci zai rage fitar da iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli.<ref name=":6" /> Saboda annobar COVID-19, yakin neman zabe na shekarar 2020 ya kuma inganta sakwannin wanke hannu da tsafta tare da ba da jagora kan kasancewa cikin aminci yayin tallafawa yakin neman zaben. === 2021 – Daraja Ruwa === Taken na shekarar 2021 shi ne "Daraja Ruwa".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=World Water Day 2021: Date, Theme, History, Slogan, Quotes, Significance|access-date=2021-03-22|website=S A NEWS|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> An gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa ta duniya don "fada mana labarunku, tunaninku da ra'ayoyinku game da ruwa" a kafofin sada zumunta ta amfani da hashtag "#Water2me". Yakin neman zaben ya duba bayan batun farashi, inda ya tambayi jama'a: "Yaya ruwa yake da mahimmanci ga gidanku da rayuwar iyalarku, hanyoyin samun kudin shiga, al'adunku, jin dadinku, da muhallinku na gida?".<ref name=":5" /> === 2022 – Ruwan Kasa, Sanya Abin da Ba A Gani Ya Kasance A bayyane === Taken na shekarar 2022 shi ne "Ruwan Kasa, Sanya Abin da Ba A Gani Ya Kasance A bayyane".<ref>{{cite web |title="Groundwater: Making the Invisible Visible" the theme of World Water Day 2022 {{!}} IGRAC |website=www.un-igrac.org |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruwan kasa shi ne mafi girman tushen ruwa mai kyau a duniya. Sai dai kuma, da yake adana a karkashin kasa, galibi ana yin watsi da shi. Saboda haka, IGRAC da UNESCO-IHP sun kaddamar da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya wacce ta mayar da hankali na musamman kan wannan albarkatu. An gina yakin neman zaben ne a kan muhimman batutuwa guda uku da suka shafi ruwan kasa, wato: (1) Sinadarin da ba a gani a cikin abinci, (2) albarkatu maras iyakoki, da (3) kayyadadden amfani. Yakin neman zaben ya kuma ginu ne a kan wasu kayayyaki da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin abin da ake kira 'shekarar ruwan kasa'. An kaddamar da kundin tsarin ruwan kasa yayin taron Dandalin Ruwa na Duniya a Dakar, Senegal. Taron karshe da ya shafi yakin neman zaben shi ne taron koli na Ruwan Kasa na 2022, wanda aka gudanar a Paris, Faransa. === 2023 – Sanya Sauri Ga Canji === Taken na shekarar 2023 shi ne "sanya sauri ga canji". Rashin aiki mai kyau a cikin dukkanin sake zagayowar ruwa yana gurgunta ci gaba a kan manyan batutuwan duniya, tun daga lafiya zuwa yunwa, daidaiton jinsi zuwa ayyukan yi, ilimi zuwa masana'antu, da bala'o'i zuwa zaman lafiya.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} === 2024 – Ruwa don Arziki da Zaman Lafiya === {{unreferencedsection|date=February 2025}} Taken na shekarar 2024 shi ne "Ruwa don Zaman Lafiya". Muhimman sakwannin sun bayyana cewa, "Ruwa na iya haifar da zaman lafiya ko kuma ya rura wutar rikici. Lokacin da ruwa ya yi karanci ko ya gurbace, ko kuma lokacin da mutane ke da rashin daidaito, ko rashin samun dama kwata-kwata, takaddama na iya tashi tsakanin al'ummomi da kasashe.", "Arziki da zaman lafiya sun dogara ne akan ruwa. Yayin da kasashe ke tunkarar canjin yanayi, hijirar jama'a da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, dole ne su sanya hadin gwiwar ruwa a tsakiyar tsare-tsarensu.", da kuma "Ruwa na iya fitar da mu daga cikin rikici. Za mu iya inganta jitaji tsakanin al'ummomi da kasashe ta hanyar haduwa wuri guda wajen yin amfani da ruwa cikin adalci da dorewa – tun daga yarjejeniyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matakin kasa da kasa, zuwa matakai a matakin gida." === 2025 - Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier === Taken na shekarar 2025 shi ne "Kiyaye Kankarar Glacier". Kankara na da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwa - narkewar ruwansu yana da mahimmanci ga ruwan sha, aikin gona, masana'antu, samar da makamashi mai tsafta da kuma ingantaccen muhallin halittu.<ref>United Nations | World Water Day 22 March</ref> === 2026 - Ruwa da Jinsi === Taken na shekarar 2026 shi ne "Ruwa da Jinsi". Ba wa mata da 'yan mata murya daidai gwargwado a cikin shawarwarin da suka shafi ruwa yana sa ayyukan su kasance masu kunshe da kowa, masu dorewa kuma masu inganci<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=World Water Day |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana yawan barin mata da 'yan mata a baya wajen yanke shawara, jagoranci, tallafin kudi da wakilci. Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekarar 2026 ta yi kira da a bi hanyar da ta ginu kan hakkoki wajen magance matsalar ruwa, inda za a amince da muryoyi, jagoranci da kuma ikon mata da 'yan mata sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=World Water Day |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> == Tasiri == A kowace shekara, sakwannin yakin neman zabe da littattafan Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya suna isa ga miliyoyin mutane ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta, takaddun shafukan yanar gizo na musamman da sauran hanyoyi. A shekarar 2016, rahoton shekara-shekara na UN-Water ya bayyana cewa fafutuka a kafofin sada zumunta (ta amfani da hashtag #WorldWaterDay), ya sami damar isa ga mutane kimanin biliyan 1.6 a duk duniya a shekarar 2016.<ref name="UNWater2016">{{Cite book|title=Annual Report UN-Water|publisher=UN-Water|year=2016|location=Geneva, Switzerland|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|21}} An yi rajistar taruka sama da 500 a kasashe 100 a shafin yanar gizo na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a waccan shekarar.<ref name="UNWater2016" />{{rp|21}} A shekarar 2017, an gudanar da taruka daban-daban guda 700 a kasashe 110 kuma an sami marubuta sama da 500,000 a kafofin sada zumunta wadanda suka yi amfani da hashtag '#WorldWaterDay'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN-Water Annual Report 2017|website=UN-Water|access-date=3 March 2020|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an sami karuwar kashi 25% a yawan ziyarar shafukan yanar gizo da kuma mafi girman damar isa ga mutane a kafofin sada zumunta, mafi yawancinsa saboda goyon bayan shahararrun mutane da kuma daidaitacciyar hanyar sadarwa a duk fadin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN-Water Annual Report 2018|website=UN-Water|access-date=3 March 2020|archive-date=28 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, yakin neman zabe na jama'a na Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ya gayyaci mutane da su shiga tattaunawa a kafofin sada zumunta (#Water2me) game da darajar ruwa. Sama da tattaunawa 6,000 na jama'a ne aka yi a kasashe sama da 140 a kafofin sada zumunta tun daga watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2020 zuwa tsakiyar watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water Day 2021: social media listening exercise: 'What did people say?'|url-status=dead|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021}}</ref> ==References == {{reflist|2}} 8ndposxaxsb958c45dog6x1hwzf2mla 0 159930 868975 2026-06-26T22:18:36Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359022665|Baleària]]" 868975 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baleària''' sunan kasuwanci ne na kamfanin jigilar kaya na Spain '''Baleària Eurolíneas Marítimas SA.''' Kamfanin yana gudanar da ayyukan jiragen ruwa na fasinjoji a cikin [[Bahar Rum]] da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] . == Tarihi == A watan Agusta na 2025, Baleària ta cimma yarjejeniya da Naviera Armas don karɓar ayyukanta da na Trasmediterranea a [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]] da [[Tekun Alboran]], da kuma wasu a fadin [[Yankin Gibraltar|Mashigar Gibraltar]] . Kamfanin zai sami ikon sarrafa jiragen ruwa 15, hanyoyi da dama, da ma'aikata. Wannan ya kasance ƙarƙashin amincewar Hukumar Kasa kan Kasuwa da Gasar (CNMC) ta Spain. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=Baleària finalises the agreement to acquire Armas Trasmediterránea |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/baleria-finalises-the-agreement-to-acquire-armas-trasmediterrnea.aspx |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Shippax}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2026, CNMC ta amince da yarjejeniyar, amma ta nuna haɗarin gasa a Tsibirin Canary. An tilasta wa Baleària ta kawo ƙarshen yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa da Fred Olsen Express don hanyar da ke tsakanin Huelva da Tsibirin Canary da kuma sake buɗe hanyar da ke tsakanin Morro Jable da Las Palmas . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosworth |first=Alan |date=2026-03-31 |title=Spain's competition regulator approves Balearia acquisition of Armas assets |url=https://www.bairdmaritime.com/passenger/ferry/spains-competition-regulator-approves-balearia-acquisition-of-armas-assets |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Baird Maritime}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2026, Baleària ta karɓi ragamar gudanar da ayyukan a Tsibirin Canary a ƙarƙashin alamar Baleària Canarias. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-18 |title=Baleària takes effective control of Armas Trasmediterránea in the Canary Islands |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/baleria-takes-effective-control-of-armas-trasmediterrnea-in-the-canary-islands.aspx |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=Shippax}}</ref> == Hanyoyi == A yankin Bahar Rum, Baleària tana ba da ayyukan jiragen ruwa na cikin gida a cikin Spain zuwa Tsibirin Balearic daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Dénia, [[Valencia]] da [[Barcelona]] . Kamfanin kuma yana gudanar da ayyukan ƙasashen duniya a fadin [[Yankin Gibraltar|mashigin Gibraltar]], yana haɗa Algeciras da [[Ceuta]] da [[Tanja|Tangier]] . A Arewacin Amurka, Baleària tana gudanar da ayyukan jiragen ruwa na ƙasashen duniya akai-akai tsakanin Fort Lauderdale, Florida, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da Freeport, Grand Bahama Island, da Bimini a [[Bahamas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baleària gets what's left of Armas Trasmediterránea |url=https://www.ship2shore.it/it/a-balearia-quel-che-resta-di-armas-trasmediterranea |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=Ship2Shore |language=it}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Capuzzo |first=Nicola |date=25 August 2025 |title=Naviera Armas hands over routes and ships to DFDS and Baleària, one ferry to Liberty Lines |url=https://www.shippingitaly.it/2025/08/25/naviera-armas-cede-linee-e-navi-a-dfds-e-balearia-un-traghetto-a-liberty-lines/ |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=Shipping Italy |language=it}}</ref> Kamfanin yana aiki a Amurka da sunan Baleària Caribbean. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caribbean Sea Ferry Route Map |url=https://ferryroutes.com/caribbean-sea/ |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=ferryroutes.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == doaosi3cimb01qmixdtz0mfub0qwmsl 868978 868975 2026-06-26T22:19:03Z Engineer014 44591 868978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baleària''' sunan kasuwanci ne na kamfanin jigilar kaya na Spain '''Baleària Eurolíneas Marítimas SA.''' Kamfanin yana gudanar da ayyukan jiragen ruwa na fasinjoji a cikin [[Bahar Rum]] da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] . == Tarihi == A watan Agusta na 2025, Baleària ta cimma yarjejeniya da Naviera Armas don karɓar ayyukanta da na Trasmediterranea a [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]] da [[Tekun Alboran]], da kuma wasu a fadin [[Yankin Gibraltar|Mashigar Gibraltar]] . Kamfanin zai sami ikon sarrafa jiragen ruwa 15, hanyoyi da dama, da ma'aikata. Wannan ya kasance ƙarƙashin amincewar Hukumar Kasa kan Kasuwa da Gasar (CNMC) ta Spain. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=Baleària finalises the agreement to acquire Armas Trasmediterránea |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/baleria-finalises-the-agreement-to-acquire-armas-trasmediterrnea.aspx |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Shippax}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2026, CNMC ta amince da yarjejeniyar, amma ta nuna haɗarin gasa a Tsibirin Canary. An tilasta wa Baleària ta kawo ƙarshen yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa da Fred Olsen Express don hanyar da ke tsakanin Huelva da Tsibirin Canary da kuma sake buɗe hanyar da ke tsakanin Morro Jable da Las Palmas . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosworth |first=Alan |date=2026-03-31 |title=Spain's competition regulator approves Balearia acquisition of Armas assets |url=https://www.bairdmaritime.com/passenger/ferry/spains-competition-regulator-approves-balearia-acquisition-of-armas-assets |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Baird Maritime}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2026, Baleària ta karɓi ragamar gudanar da ayyukan a Tsibirin Canary a ƙarƙashin alamar Baleària Canarias. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-18 |title=Baleària takes effective control of Armas Trasmediterránea in the Canary Islands |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/baleria-takes-effective-control-of-armas-trasmediterrnea-in-the-canary-islands.aspx |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=Shippax}}</ref> == Hanyoyi == A yankin Bahar Rum, Baleària tana ba da ayyukan jiragen ruwa na cikin gida a cikin Spain zuwa Tsibirin Balearic daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Dénia, [[Valencia]] da [[Barcelona]] . Kamfanin kuma yana gudanar da ayyukan ƙasashen duniya a fadin [[Yankin Gibraltar|mashigin Gibraltar]], yana haɗa Algeciras da [[Ceuta]] da [[Tanja|Tangier]] . A Arewacin Amurka, Baleària tana gudanar da ayyukan jiragen ruwa na ƙasashen duniya akai-akai tsakanin Fort Lauderdale, Florida, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da Freeport, Grand Bahama Island, da Bimini a [[Bahamas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baleària gets what's left of Armas Trasmediterránea |url=https://www.ship2shore.it/it/a-balearia-quel-che-resta-di-armas-trasmediterranea |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=Ship2Shore |language=it}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Capuzzo |first=Nicola |date=25 August 2025 |title=Naviera Armas hands over routes and ships to DFDS and Baleària, one ferry to Liberty Lines |url=https://www.shippingitaly.it/2025/08/25/naviera-armas-cede-linee-e-navi-a-dfds-e-balearia-un-traghetto-a-liberty-lines/ |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=Shipping Italy |language=it}}</ref> Kamfanin yana aiki a Amurka da sunan Baleària Caribbean. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caribbean Sea Ferry Route Map |url=https://ferryroutes.com/caribbean-sea/ |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=ferryroutes.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6n2r0bc43jd8hu9i0yh7aoo0u44fked 0 159931 868981 2026-06-26T22:20:30Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334414818|Stany Kempompo Ngangola]]" 868981 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stany Kempompo Ngangola''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Janairu 1974), injiniyan ninkaya ne kuma injiniyan lantarki.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]] . Ya wakilci ƙasarsa a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2008 da aka yi a [[Beijing]] . Saboda kuskuren tarihin lokacinsa na musamman, kafofin watsa labarai na duniya sun yi ta rade-radin cewa zai iya maye gurbin " Eric the Eel " - wani ɗan wasa mai ban mamaki. An yi masa lakabi da "Stany the Snail" da wuri, har sai da ya yi iyo kuma kafofin watsa labarai suka yarda cewa "bai yi muni ba". Kempompo ya kare a ƙarshe a gasar tseren mita 50, da minti 35.19. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An kuma yi masa lakabi da "Stany the Stingray" a cikin jaridun Denmark, Argentina, Birtaniya, Kanada, New Zealand da Ostiraliya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] mmwq0614glrs5mh6xpgpil93b2o0shq 868982 868981 2026-06-26T22:21:10Z Engineer014 44591 868982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stany Kempompo Ngangola''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Janairu 1974), injiniyan ninkaya ne kuma injiniyan lantarki.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]] . Ya wakilci ƙasarsa a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2008 da aka yi a [[Beijing]] . Saboda kuskuren tarihin lokacinsa na musamman, kafofin watsa labarai na duniya sun yi ta rade-radin cewa zai iya maye gurbin " Eric the Eel " - wani ɗan wasa mai ban mamaki. An yi masa lakabi da "Stany the Snail" da wuri, har sai da ya yi iyo kuma kafofin watsa labarai suka yarda cewa "bai yi muni ba". Kempompo ya kare a ƙarshe a gasar tseren mita 50, da minti 35.19. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An kuma yi masa lakabi da "Stany the Stingray" a cikin jaridun Denmark, Argentina, Birtaniya, Kanada, New Zealand da Ostiraliya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] d5zcj6r6kpjpwyzyd6euh3qzvrabyxy 0 159932 868983 2026-06-26T22:22:15Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311625800|Guinea-Bissau at the 2025 World Aquatics Championships]]" 868983 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guinea-Bissau''' ta fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2025 a [[Singafora|Singapore]] daga 11 ga Yuli zuwa 3 ga Agusta 2025. == Masu fafatawa == Ga jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Competition athletes |url=https://www.worldaquatics.com/competitions/4725/world-aquatics-championships-singapore-2025/athletes?gender=&discipline=&countryId=0b9315e7-39d7-40e3-982b-c2bebc1703bd |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=[[World Aquatics]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == e9zqqlf9iammlxuiecj8arai01qln5u 868985 868983 2026-06-26T22:22:40Z Engineer014 44591 868985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Guinea-Bissau''' ta fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2025 a [[Singafora|Singapore]] daga 11 ga Yuli zuwa 3 ga Agusta 2025. == Masu fafatawa == Ga jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Competition athletes |url=https://www.worldaquatics.com/competitions/4725/world-aquatics-championships-singapore-2025/athletes?gender=&discipline=&countryId=0b9315e7-39d7-40e3-982b-c2bebc1703bd |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=[[World Aquatics]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == q0tpwg7n99j50gx2fsaisr1osn1tbha 0 159933 868989 2026-06-26T22:24:35Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359462995|Safmarine]]" 868989 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Safmarine''', a takaice dai yana nufin '''Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu''', sannan kuma daga baya kuma yana nufin '''Layin Kwantena na Afirka ta Kudu''', layin jigilar kaya ne na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1946, wanda ke ba da ayyukan jigilar kaya tare da layukan kaya da jiragen ruwan kwantena . Kamfanin Maersk Line ne ya saya shi a shekarar 1999, kuma an haɗa shi gaba ɗaya cikin wannan kamfanin a shekarar 2020. Haka kuma yana gudanar da jiragen ruwan fasinja da jiragen ruwa na musamman. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Flag_of_the_South_African_Marine_Corporation.svg|thumb|Tutar Safmarine ta Majalisar Wakilai, wadda aka amince da ita a shekarar 1969]] Masana masana'antu [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]] da masu jiragen ruwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] ne suka kafa kamfanin a watan Yunin 1946 tare da jiragen ruwan yakin Amurka guda uku na Victory . {{Rp|308}}A shekarar 1950 ta shiga ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka amma a shekarar 1959, Kamfanin Ci Gaban Masana'antu ya taimaka wajen samar da kuɗaɗen sake siyanta kuma ya mayar da ita ga hannun Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="Enc01" /> {{Rp|308}}Zai sayar da kadarorinsa a shekarar 1984. <ref name="Enc01" /> {{Rp|308}} Safmarine ta shahara sosai a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan kasuwa daga arewa zuwa kudu kuma ƙwararre [[Afirka|a Afirka]], wanda aka wakilta a ƙasashe sama da 130 a faɗin duniya, kuma tana ɗaukar ma'aikata sama da 1200 na jiragen ruwa. Layin kwantenar Safmarine yana da hedikwata kuma an yi masa rijista a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], tun daga shekarar 1996, lokacin da ta kammala sayen layin kwantenar Belgium CMBT, wanda hakan ya kasance wani ɓangare na Compagnie Maritime Belge . A shekarar 1999, kamfanin jigilar kaya [[Denmark|na ƙasar Denmark]] AP Moller-Maersk Group ya sayi Safmarine, inda Maersk Line ya zaɓi ya riƙe alamar Safmarine maimakon haɗa ta gaba ɗaya cikin Maersk Sealand. A shekarar 2002, Safmarine ta sayi Torm Lines. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2011, an yanke shawarar cewa Safmarine za ta haɗa ayyukan tallafi da gudanarwa na cikin gida zuwa na kamfanin 'yar'uwarta Maersk Line . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=prezencenewmedia.com |url=http://www.prezencenewmedia.com/safmarine/info_detailed/index.php?AssetID=1626 |access-date=2022-03-19 |publisher=prezencenewmedia.com}}</ref> <ref name="safmarine1">{{Cite web |title=Safmarine {{!}} Maersk |url=https://www.safmarine.com/maersk |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=www.safmarine.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, an maye gurbin Safmarine gaba ɗaya cikin Maersk Line. == Ayyukan fasinja == Safmarine ta gudanar da aikin jigilar fasinjoji tsakanin [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin 1965 da 1977 da kuma tsakanin 1984 da 1985. === 1965 zuwa 1977 === An fara ayyukan fasinjojin Safmarine a shekarar 1965, lokacin da jiragen ruwa biyu na Union-Castle Line suka yi amfani da su a kan jiragen ruwa [[Southampton|na Southampton]] - [[Durban]], RMS An mayar da RMS da <nowiki><i id="mwVA">Gidan Pretoria</i></nowiki> zuwa Safmarine domin biyan buƙatun gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu. {{Rp|308}}An sake sanya wa jiragen ruwan suna ''SA Vaal'' da ''SA Oranje'' bi da bi, an sake fenti su da launukan Safmarine amma sun ci gaba da aiki iri ɗaya da da. A shekarar 1969, an canja jiragen biyu daga Birtaniya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. A shekarun 1970, cinikin jiragen ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu ya fara raguwa, galibi saboda gogayya da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu da kuma nasarar da sabbin jiragen ruwa masu ɗaukar kaya suka samu a juyin juya hali, wajen ɗaukar kaya cikin inganci da tattalin arziki fiye da jiragen ruwa na gargajiya, na da. Don haka, a shekarar 1975, an janye ''SA Oranje'' da 'yar uwarta RMS ''Edinburgh Castle'' <ref name="Enc01" /> {{Rp|308}}kuma an sayar da shi don a lalata shi. An kuma janye ''Gidan Tarihi na RMS Pendennis'' a watan Yunin 1976, wanda ya bar ''SA Vaal'' ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da RMS na Union-Castle Windsor Castle, da kuma ƙananan jiragen ruwa guda biyu na jigilar kaya/fasinja RMMV ''Good Hope Castle'' da RMMV ''Southampton Castle'' . A watan Oktoba na 1977, kamfanonin biyu sun janye ayyukansu na fasinja kuma aka sayar da ''SA Vaal'' ga Carnival Cruise Lines, wanda ya zama SS ɗinsu. Bikin . <ref name="Enc01" /> {{Rp|308}} == Manazarta == ac720ik8n9mesjas23ei3s9yabwsyy1 868991 868989 2026-06-26T22:25:01Z Engineer014 44591 868991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Safmarine''', a takaice dai yana nufin '''Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu''', sannan kuma daga baya kuma yana nufin '''Layin Kwantena na Afirka ta Kudu''', layin jigilar kaya ne na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1946, wanda ke ba da ayyukan jigilar kaya tare da layukan kaya da jiragen ruwan kwantena . Kamfanin Maersk Line ne ya saya shi a shekarar 1999, kuma an haɗa shi gaba ɗaya cikin wannan kamfanin a shekarar 2020. Haka kuma yana gudanar da jiragen ruwan fasinja da jiragen ruwa na musamman. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Flag_of_the_South_African_Marine_Corporation.svg|thumb|Tutar Safmarine ta Majalisar Wakilai, wadda aka amince da ita a shekarar 1969]] Masana masana'antu [[Afirka ta Kudu|na Afirka ta Kudu]] da masu jiragen ruwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] ne suka kafa kamfanin a watan Yunin 1946 tare da jiragen ruwan yakin Amurka guda uku na Victory . {{Rp|308}}A shekarar 1950 ta shiga ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka amma a shekarar 1959, Kamfanin Ci Gaban Masana'antu ya taimaka wajen samar da kuɗaɗen sake siyanta kuma ya mayar da ita ga hannun Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="Enc01" /> {{Rp|308}}Zai sayar da kadarorinsa a shekarar 1984. <ref name="Enc01" /> {{Rp|308}} Safmarine ta shahara sosai a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan kasuwa daga arewa zuwa kudu kuma ƙwararre [[Afirka|a Afirka]], wanda aka wakilta a ƙasashe sama da 130 a faɗin duniya, kuma tana ɗaukar ma'aikata sama da 1200 na jiragen ruwa. Layin kwantenar Safmarine yana da hedikwata kuma an yi masa rijista a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], tun daga shekarar 1996, lokacin da ta kammala sayen layin kwantenar Belgium CMBT, wanda hakan ya kasance wani ɓangare na Compagnie Maritime Belge . A shekarar 1999, kamfanin jigilar kaya [[Denmark|na ƙasar Denmark]] AP Moller-Maersk Group ya sayi Safmarine, inda Maersk Line ya zaɓi ya riƙe alamar Safmarine maimakon haɗa ta gaba ɗaya cikin Maersk Sealand. A shekarar 2002, Safmarine ta sayi Torm Lines. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2011, an yanke shawarar cewa Safmarine za ta haɗa ayyukan tallafi da gudanarwa na cikin gida zuwa na kamfanin 'yar'uwarta Maersk Line . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=prezencenewmedia.com |url=http://www.prezencenewmedia.com/safmarine/info_detailed/index.php?AssetID=1626 |access-date=2022-03-19 |publisher=prezencenewmedia.com}}</ref> <ref name="safmarine1">{{Cite web |title=Safmarine {{!}} Maersk |url=https://www.safmarine.com/maersk |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=www.safmarine.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, an maye gurbin Safmarine gaba ɗaya cikin Maersk Line. == Ayyukan fasinja == Safmarine ta gudanar da aikin jigilar fasinjoji tsakanin [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin 1965 da 1977 da kuma tsakanin 1984 da 1985. === 1965 zuwa 1977 === An fara ayyukan fasinjojin Safmarine a shekarar 1965, lokacin da jiragen ruwa biyu na Union-Castle Line suka yi amfani da su a kan jiragen ruwa [[Southampton|na Southampton]] - [[Durban]], RMS An mayar da RMS da <nowiki><i id="mwVA">Gidan Pretoria</i></nowiki> zuwa Safmarine domin biyan buƙatun gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu. {{Rp|308}}An sake sanya wa jiragen ruwan suna ''SA Vaal'' da ''SA Oranje'' bi da bi, an sake fenti su da launukan Safmarine amma sun ci gaba da aiki iri ɗaya da da. A shekarar 1969, an canja jiragen biyu daga Birtaniya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. A shekarun 1970, cinikin jiragen ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu ya fara raguwa, galibi saboda gogayya da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu da kuma nasarar da sabbin jiragen ruwa masu ɗaukar kaya suka samu a juyin juya hali, wajen ɗaukar kaya cikin inganci da tattalin arziki fiye da jiragen ruwa na gargajiya, na da. Don haka, a shekarar 1975, an janye ''SA Oranje'' da 'yar uwarta RMS ''Edinburgh Castle'' <ref name="Enc01" /> {{Rp|308}}kuma an sayar da shi don a lalata shi. An kuma janye ''Gidan Tarihi na RMS Pendennis'' a watan Yunin 1976, wanda ya bar ''SA Vaal'' ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da RMS na Union-Castle Windsor Castle, da kuma ƙananan jiragen ruwa guda biyu na jigilar kaya/fasinja RMMV ''Good Hope Castle'' da RMMV ''Southampton Castle'' . A watan Oktoba na 1977, kamfanonin biyu sun janye ayyukansu na fasinja kuma aka sayar da ''SA Vaal'' ga Carnival Cruise Lines, wanda ya zama SS ɗinsu. Bikin . <ref name="Enc01" /> {{Rp|308}} == Manazarta == 8hj9q7x8q2z5pbmc4r07opmxjuseoc3 0 159934 868993 2026-06-26T22:26:45Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359543298|Fishguard]]" 868993 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fishguard''' ( Welsh , ma'ana "Bakin Kogin Gwaun ") gari ne na bakin teku a Pembrokeshire, [[Wales]], mai yawan jama'a 3,400 (wanda aka daidaita zuwa 100 mafi kusa) kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Build a custom area profile - Census 2021, ONS |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/customprofiles/draw/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.ons.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> Gidan Kifi na Zamani ya ƙunshi sassa biyu, Lower Fishguard da "Babban Gari". Fishguard da Goodwick garuruwa ne tagwaye tare da Majalisar Gari ta haɗin gwiwa. Ana kyautata zaton Lower Fishguard shine wurin da asalin ƙauyen da Fishguard na zamani ya girma daga ciki. A cikin wani kwarin zurfi inda Kogin Gwaun ya haɗu da teku, shi ya sa aka kira shi Fishguard na Welsh. Ƙauye ne na kamun kifi na yau da kullun tare da ɗan gajeren tashar ruwa. Mazaunin ya miƙe tare da gangaren arewa na kwarin. Babban garin ya ƙunshi cocin cocin, Babban Titin da kuma mafi yawan ci gaban zamani, kuma yana kan tudun da ke kudu da Lower Fishguard, wanda wata hanya mai tsayi da lanƙwasa ta haɗu da shi. Yankin yammacin garin da ke fuskantar Goodwick ya girma a cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni na 20 tare da haɓaka tashar jiragen ruwa ta Fishguard . == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan Ingilishi Fishguard ya samo asali ne daga Old Norse {{Lang|non|Fiskigarðr}} ma'ana "ma'ajiyar kama kifi", <ref>Charles, B. G., ''The Placenames of Pembrokeshire'', National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, 1992, {{ISBN|0-907158-58-7}}, p. 50</ref> ta yi daidai da ''{{Lang|en|fish}}'' Ingilishi na zamani + ''{{Lang|en|yard}} A'' cikin Welsh, {{Lang|non|Abergwaun}} yana nufin "bakin Kogin Gwaun ", sunan kogin yana nufin ƙasa mai tsayi, danshi, da kuma ƙasa mai faɗi ta wani dausayi ko daji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru |url=https://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?bar}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Upper_&_Lower_Town_of_Fishguard,_Pembrokeshire.jpeg|thumb|Fishguard na sama da na ƙasa, {{Circa|1830}}]] Fishguard yana cikin tarihin Welsh cantref na {{Lang|cy|[[Cemais (Dyfed)|Cemais]]}}, kuma wani ɓangare na lardin {{Lang|cy|[[Kingdom of Dyfed|Dyfed]]}} na Wales, a cikin Masarautar tarihi ta {{Lang|cy|[[Deheubarth]]}} An yi wa gabar tekun Wales hare-hare a [[Viking Age|zamanin Vikings]], kuma a ƙarshen ƙarni na 10, wuraren ciniki da matsugunan Norse sun bayyana a cikin Dyfed, inda Fishguard ya kafa tsakanin 950 da 1000 AD. <ref name="Foundation" /> A shekara ta 1078, Goodwick Moor, wani mummunan yaƙi ne inda aka ci Rhys, ɗan Owain ap Edwyn, aka kuma kashe shi da Trahaearn ap Caradog (Brut y Tywysogion) a Yaƙin Pwllgwdig. Sunan wurin Ingilishi yana nuna cewa akwai yiwuwar akwai wurin ciniki na Scandinavia, kodayake ba a sami wata shaida ba. Duk da haka, ana iya ganin gine-ginen duwatsu masu siffar V na tsoffin tarkunan kifi a gefen teku a ɓangarorin biyu na teku, kuma ana kyautata zaton waɗannan su ne ginshiƙan shingen katako waɗanda za su kama kifayen yayin da ruwan ya tafi. Ana iya samun wasu misalai a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga zamanin Saxon, kodayake ana amfani da irin waɗannan na'urori tun zamanin Neolithic . Ana kiransa da ''Fiscard'' har zuwa farkon karni na 19 lokacin da aka sanya sunan a cikin Anglicised, Fishguard yanki ne na masu zanga-zanga kuma a shekara ta 1603 an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi biyar na Pembrokeshire da wani portreeve ke kula da su. Mazaunin Norman yana kan abin da yanzu ake kira Babban Titi tsakanin cocin da ke ƙarshen arewa da kuma ragowar wani Norman motte a ƙarshen kudu. == Manazarta == of9igj6v2whi366llwm3lvg96s3hf7w 868994 868993 2026-06-26T22:27:07Z Engineer014 44591 868994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fishguard''' ( Welsh , ma'ana "Bakin Kogin Gwaun ") gari ne na bakin teku a Pembrokeshire, [[Wales]], mai yawan jama'a 3,400 (wanda aka daidaita zuwa 100 mafi kusa) kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Build a custom area profile - Census 2021, ONS |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/customprofiles/draw/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.ons.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> Gidan Kifi na Zamani ya ƙunshi sassa biyu, Lower Fishguard da "Babban Gari". Fishguard da Goodwick garuruwa ne tagwaye tare da Majalisar Gari ta haɗin gwiwa. Ana kyautata zaton Lower Fishguard shine wurin da asalin ƙauyen da Fishguard na zamani ya girma daga ciki. A cikin wani kwarin zurfi inda Kogin Gwaun ya haɗu da teku, shi ya sa aka kira shi Fishguard na Welsh. Ƙauye ne na kamun kifi na yau da kullun tare da ɗan gajeren tashar ruwa. Mazaunin ya miƙe tare da gangaren arewa na kwarin. Babban garin ya ƙunshi cocin cocin, Babban Titin da kuma mafi yawan ci gaban zamani, kuma yana kan tudun da ke kudu da Lower Fishguard, wanda wata hanya mai tsayi da lanƙwasa ta haɗu da shi. Yankin yammacin garin da ke fuskantar Goodwick ya girma a cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni na 20 tare da haɓaka tashar jiragen ruwa ta Fishguard . == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan Ingilishi Fishguard ya samo asali ne daga Old Norse {{Lang|non|Fiskigarðr}} ma'ana "ma'ajiyar kama kifi", <ref>Charles, B. G., ''The Placenames of Pembrokeshire'', National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, 1992, {{ISBN|0-907158-58-7}}, p. 50</ref> ta yi daidai da ''{{Lang|en|fish}}'' Ingilishi na zamani + ''{{Lang|en|yard}} A'' cikin Welsh, {{Lang|non|Abergwaun}} yana nufin "bakin Kogin Gwaun ", sunan kogin yana nufin ƙasa mai tsayi, danshi, da kuma ƙasa mai faɗi ta wani dausayi ko daji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru |url=https://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?bar}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Upper_&_Lower_Town_of_Fishguard,_Pembrokeshire.jpeg|thumb|Fishguard na sama da na ƙasa, {{Circa|1830}}]] Fishguard yana cikin tarihin Welsh cantref na {{Lang|cy|[[Cemais (Dyfed)|Cemais]]}}, kuma wani ɓangare na lardin {{Lang|cy|[[Kingdom of Dyfed|Dyfed]]}} na Wales, a cikin Masarautar tarihi ta {{Lang|cy|[[Deheubarth]]}} An yi wa gabar tekun Wales hare-hare a [[Viking Age|zamanin Vikings]], kuma a ƙarshen ƙarni na 10, wuraren ciniki da matsugunan Norse sun bayyana a cikin Dyfed, inda Fishguard ya kafa tsakanin 950 da 1000 AD. <ref name="Foundation" /> A shekara ta 1078, Goodwick Moor, wani mummunan yaƙi ne inda aka ci Rhys, ɗan Owain ap Edwyn, aka kuma kashe shi da Trahaearn ap Caradog (Brut y Tywysogion) a Yaƙin Pwllgwdig. Sunan wurin Ingilishi yana nuna cewa akwai yiwuwar akwai wurin ciniki na Scandinavia, kodayake ba a sami wata shaida ba. Duk da haka, ana iya ganin gine-ginen duwatsu masu siffar V na tsoffin tarkunan kifi a gefen teku a ɓangarorin biyu na teku, kuma ana kyautata zaton waɗannan su ne ginshiƙan shingen katako waɗanda za su kama kifayen yayin da ruwan ya tafi. Ana iya samun wasu misalai a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga zamanin Saxon, kodayake ana amfani da irin waɗannan na'urori tun zamanin Neolithic . Ana kiransa da ''Fiscard'' har zuwa farkon karni na 19 lokacin da aka sanya sunan a cikin Anglicised, Fishguard yanki ne na masu zanga-zanga kuma a shekara ta 1603 an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi biyar na Pembrokeshire da wani portreeve ke kula da su. Mazaunin Norman yana kan abin da yanzu ake kira Babban Titi tsakanin cocin da ke ƙarshen arewa da kuma ragowar wani Norman motte a ƙarshen kudu. == Manazarta == jvgg0syeb38nv4oqk3hmirzzndm1fxd 0 159935 869008 2026-06-26T22:36:24Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357779382|Leigh-on-Sea]]" 869008 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''Leigh'''-on-Sea''' ( /ˌliː-/), wanda aka fi sani da Leigh, [[List of towns in England|gari]] ne da majami'ar farar hula a cikin birnin Southend-on-Lea, wanda ke cikin gundumar bikin [[Essex]], Ingila . A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021 Ikklisiya tana da yawan mutane 22,568. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:A_Calm_Old_Leigh_Morning.jpg|left|thumb|Washegari mai natsuwa ta Old Leigh]] [[Fayil:Leigh-on-Sea_-_Old_Leigh_-_04.jpg|left|thumb|Tekun Old Leigh a lokacin da ruwa ke ƙara ƙarfi. Jirgin ruwan kore, ''Endeavour,'' yana ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa shida na cockle waɗanda aka ƙera don zama ɗaya daga cikin " ƙananan jiragen ruwa " a lokacin da ake kwashe mutane daga Dunkirk . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2020 |title=When Endeavour played key role in biggest evacuation in military history |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/18682889.leighs-historic-endeavour-played-key-role-second-world-war-evacuation-dunkirk/}}</ref>]] [[Fayil:Thames_Estuary_at_low_tide_from_Victoria_Wharf,_Old_Leigh.jpg|left|thumb|Duba a fadin Kogin Thames a lokacin da ruwan sama ke faɗuwa kusa da faɗuwar rana]] Leigh-on-Sea tana gefen arewa na Kogin Thames, 'yan mil daga buɗaɗɗen ruwan Tekun Arewa zuwa gabas, kuma irin wannan nisa daga gabar tekun Kent zuwa kudu. Yankin bakin teku na garin yana da wurin ajiyar yanayi a Tsibirin Two Tree da kuma bakin teku da ke tsakiyar birnin kusa da Bell Wharf. A lokacin da ruwa ya yi ƙasa, bakin tekun Leigh yana da faɗi mai faɗi na laka da rafuka, wanda ya faɗaɗa zuwa bakin teku zuwa ga zurfin kogin Thames (Yantlet Channel). Leigh yana da {{Convert|40|mi|km}} daga tsakiyar London ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa na titi da layin dogo kuma ɓangare ne na hanyar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta London . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Office for National Statistics |first=Office for National Statistics |title=Social Cohesion in London |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-analysis/urban-audit/urban-audit-ii/urban-audit---social-cohesion--london.xls}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Asalin === Abubuwan da aka gano na tukwane da tsabar kuɗi daga zamanin Romano-Britaniya a yankin suna nuna zama wuri na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leigh Beck Archaeology and RHFAG {{!}} The Vanishing Past {{!}} Archaeology on Canvey {{!}} History {{!}} Canvey Island Archive |url=http://www.canveyisland.org/page/the_vanishing_past |access-date=31 May 2017 |website=www.canveyisland.org}}</ref> Daga aƙalla zamanin Saxon, an sami wani yanki mai faɗi a kan tudu a tsakanin dazuzzukan da suka mamaye yawancin yankin da ke kewaye (Rochford Daruruwan) na Essex da ake kira Leigh (Lee a Anglo-Saxon). Wani wuri mai ƙaramin mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a lokacin Norman Conquest, ambaton Leigh (Legra) ya bayyana a cikin binciken Domesday Book na 1086 inda ya lissafa yawan jama'a 9, a cikin mallakar Ranulf Peverel a cikin Rochford Daruruwan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leigh |url=https://opendomesday.org/place/TQ8486/leigh/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=Open Domesday}}</ref> An sake gina Cocin St Clement a ƙarshen ƙarni na 15 ko farkon ƙarni na 16, kodayake jerin manyan jami'ai sun samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1248. Yadin cocin an yi shi ne da duwatsun Kentish da kuma tarkacen dutse, tare da baranda Tudor da aka gina da tubali ja. An ƙara tsarin cocin a zamanin da kuma an canza shi a ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. CF Haywood ya faɗaɗa ofishin a ƙarshen gabas a shekarar 1872; Ernest Geldart ya ƙara hanyar kudu a shekarar 1897, kuma akwai wasu gyare-gyare da Sir Charles Nicholson ya yi a shekarar 1913 da 1919. Hasumiyar da ke ƙarshen yamma ta kasance sanannen wuri don jigilar kaya zuwa Kogin Thames, kuma ginin ya ƙunshi kyakkyawan zaɓi na gilashin da aka fenti tun daga tsakanin ƙarni na 18 da 20. Ginin yana da matsayi na II* wanda Tarihi Ingila ta lissafa, kuma babban abin da ya haifar da wannan ƙimar shine yanayin tausayi na ƙarin ƙarni na 19 da 20. Leigh Hall, wani gidan sarauta na zamanin da na cocin da aka rushe a shekarar 1907, a da yana kusa da tsohuwar iyakar gabashin gidan sarauta na Leigh da Prittlewell . Robert Eden, wanda ya zama shugaban Leigh a shekarar 1837, ya rushe tsohon babban cocin kuma ya ba da umarnin gina wani sabon gini, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1838. Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ginin ya kasance a yau a matsayin Leigh Library, yayin da sauran fikafikan ginin suka rushe ta hannun Southend Corporation lokacin da suka mallaki ginin da ƙasar da ke kewaye. Babban cocin da filin sun mamaye wani yanki mai fadin {{Convert|6|acre|ha}}, kuma aikin da Eden ta yi ya haɗa da gina Rectory Grove a matsayin hanyar jama'a, wanda ya maye gurbin wata hanyar da ke saman dutse da ake kira Chess Lane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leigh Library – The Original Rectory |url=http://www.leigh-on-sea.net/leigh_library.html |access-date=30 July 2017 |website=leigh-on-sea.net}}</ref> An sanya ɗakin karatu na Leigh a matsayin ginin da aka jera a aji na biyu a shekarar 1974. == Manazarta == q14gqvyd4vmjibeovkz7neudn0jm74g 869009 869008 2026-06-26T22:37:37Z Engineer014 44591 869009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Leigh'''-on-Sea''' ( /ˌliː-/), wanda aka fi sani da Leigh, [[List of towns in England|gari]] ne da majami'ar farar hula a cikin birnin Southend-on-Lea, wanda ke cikin gundumar bikin [[Essex]], Ingila . A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021 Ikklisiya tana da yawan mutane 22,568. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:A_Calm_Old_Leigh_Morning.jpg|left|thumb|Washegari mai natsuwa ta Old Leigh]] [[Fayil:Leigh-on-Sea_-_Old_Leigh_-_04.jpg|left|thumb|Tekun Old Leigh a lokacin da ruwa ke ƙara ƙarfi. Jirgin ruwan kore, ''Endeavour,'' yana ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa shida na cockle waɗanda aka ƙera don zama ɗaya daga cikin " ƙananan jiragen ruwa " a lokacin da ake kwashe mutane daga Dunkirk . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2020 |title=When Endeavour played key role in biggest evacuation in military history |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/18682889.leighs-historic-endeavour-played-key-role-second-world-war-evacuation-dunkirk/}}</ref>]] [[Fayil:Thames_Estuary_at_low_tide_from_Victoria_Wharf,_Old_Leigh.jpg|left|thumb|Duba a fadin Kogin Thames a lokacin da ruwan sama ke faɗuwa kusa da faɗuwar rana]] Leigh-on-Sea tana gefen arewa na Kogin Thames, 'yan mil daga buɗaɗɗen ruwan Tekun Arewa zuwa gabas, kuma irin wannan nisa daga gabar tekun Kent zuwa kudu. Yankin bakin teku na garin yana da wurin ajiyar yanayi a Tsibirin Two Tree da kuma bakin teku da ke tsakiyar birnin kusa da Bell Wharf. A lokacin da ruwa ya yi ƙasa, bakin tekun Leigh yana da faɗi mai faɗi na laka da rafuka, wanda ya faɗaɗa zuwa bakin teku zuwa ga zurfin kogin Thames (Yantlet Channel). Leigh yana da {{Convert|40|mi|km}} daga tsakiyar London ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa na titi da layin dogo kuma ɓangare ne na hanyar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta London . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Office for National Statistics |first=Office for National Statistics |title=Social Cohesion in London |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-analysis/urban-audit/urban-audit-ii/urban-audit---social-cohesion--london.xls}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Asalin === Abubuwan da aka gano na tukwane da tsabar kuɗi daga zamanin Romano-Britaniya a yankin suna nuna zama wuri na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leigh Beck Archaeology and RHFAG {{!}} The Vanishing Past {{!}} Archaeology on Canvey {{!}} History {{!}} Canvey Island Archive |url=http://www.canveyisland.org/page/the_vanishing_past |access-date=31 May 2017 |website=www.canveyisland.org}}</ref> Daga aƙalla zamanin Saxon, an sami wani yanki mai faɗi a kan tudu a tsakanin dazuzzukan da suka mamaye yawancin yankin da ke kewaye (Rochford Daruruwan) na Essex da ake kira Leigh (Lee a Anglo-Saxon). Wani wuri mai ƙaramin mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a lokacin Norman Conquest, ambaton Leigh (Legra) ya bayyana a cikin binciken Domesday Book na 1086 inda ya lissafa yawan jama'a 9, a cikin mallakar Ranulf Peverel a cikin Rochford Daruruwan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leigh |url=https://opendomesday.org/place/TQ8486/leigh/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=Open Domesday}}</ref> An sake gina Cocin St Clement a ƙarshen ƙarni na 15 ko farkon ƙarni na 16, kodayake jerin manyan jami'ai sun samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1248. Yadin cocin an yi shi ne da duwatsun Kentish da kuma tarkacen dutse, tare da baranda Tudor da aka gina da tubali ja. An ƙara tsarin cocin a zamanin da kuma an canza shi a ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. CF Haywood ya faɗaɗa ofishin a ƙarshen gabas a shekarar 1872; Ernest Geldart ya ƙara hanyar kudu a shekarar 1897, kuma akwai wasu gyare-gyare da Sir Charles Nicholson ya yi a shekarar 1913 da 1919. Hasumiyar da ke ƙarshen yamma ta kasance sanannen wuri don jigilar kaya zuwa Kogin Thames, kuma ginin ya ƙunshi kyakkyawan zaɓi na gilashin da aka fenti tun daga tsakanin ƙarni na 18 da 20. Ginin yana da matsayi na II* wanda Tarihi Ingila ta lissafa, kuma babban abin da ya haifar da wannan ƙimar shine yanayin tausayi na ƙarin ƙarni na 19 da 20. Leigh Hall, wani gidan sarauta na zamanin da na cocin da aka rushe a shekarar 1907, a da yana kusa da tsohuwar iyakar gabashin gidan sarauta na Leigh da Prittlewell . Robert Eden, wanda ya zama shugaban Leigh a shekarar 1837, ya rushe tsohon babban cocin kuma ya ba da umarnin gina wani sabon gini, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1838. Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ginin ya kasance a yau a matsayin Leigh Library, yayin da sauran fikafikan ginin suka rushe ta hannun Southend Corporation lokacin da suka mallaki ginin da ƙasar da ke kewaye. Babban cocin da filin sun mamaye wani yanki mai fadin {{Convert|6|acre|ha}}, kuma aikin da Eden ta yi ya haɗa da gina Rectory Grove a matsayin hanyar jama'a, wanda ya maye gurbin wata hanyar da ke saman dutse da ake kira Chess Lane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leigh Library – The Original Rectory |url=http://www.leigh-on-sea.net/leigh_library.html |access-date=30 July 2017 |website=leigh-on-sea.net}}</ref> An sanya ɗakin karatu na Leigh a matsayin ginin da aka jera a aji na biyu a shekarar 1974. == Manazarta == pwxb1icx35bl7yazddi21c5hdth3618 4 159936 869010 2026-06-26T22:40:27Z Sadeeq Lahore 18592 Apply 869010 json application/json { "u18592": { "username": "Sadeeq Lahore", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "To help reduce the Data I'm using in making an impact in our community pertaining Wikipedia. I have alot of new members/students that I'm showing to edit and upload on Wikipedia, we really need the Data support to continue with the project" } } t6blaw4m2snapd04l8rmzmpazdwsigb 869013 869010 2026-06-26T22:44:09Z Sadiq maikano 45961 Apply 869013 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" } } 3nl819azmbhsv31m02m7wmnweo084rx 869014 869013 2026-06-26T22:50:21Z Sardeeq 39275 Apply 869014 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" } } ropbvp3hzkq2z9wfk5rl0chcx866in9 869016 869014 2026-06-26T22:54:53Z Mal Rabo 28791 Apply 869016 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." } } jmf57lkcxdxrw07niaylwhxnw6rcnnx 869018 869016 2026-06-26T22:58:25Z Abduldesigns 21267 Apply 869018 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." } } qxxc5ju34ghoz7798qnc4iwpvvswfpl 869019 869018 2026-06-26T23:09:54Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 Apply 869019 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." } } 0dfv8e33tc7eqxew8vwm2wie2tcsefn 869021 869019 2026-06-26T23:13:36Z M Bash Ne 12403 Apply 869021 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." } } 8n8wsf727r52o6vmk6mctgt97c3de0e 869025 869021 2026-06-26T23:23:17Z Legendry3920 21059 Apply 869025 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." } } aidnwijg92obs430hazbnwedyotluh4 869028 869025 2026-06-26T23:25:54Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 Apply 869028 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." } } dpzklkbdwz25hn4yw8j50og7ouyn3fu 869033 869028 2026-06-26T23:33:26Z Maryam Bello Shafi'i 40381 Apply 869033 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." } } dmt7vsnt14u1czl5lrz1emqydyxwk6v 869036 869033 2026-06-26T23:38:02Z Muxammeel-Emdee 32298 Apply 869036 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." } } 6cdmmzemswyn6foktv8jt2njn1ifoes 869043 869036 2026-06-26T23:47:50Z Arcdanumma047 38699 Apply 869043 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" } } o631up9zcu75c01sb4ljfhmogl3kh5v 869045 869043 2026-06-27T00:03:45Z Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma 24301 Apply 869045 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" } } fj1n2aaktr9mq3rpmj7fakkk7ox26ut 869053 869045 2026-06-27T00:26:24Z Nnamadee 31123 Apply 869053 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." } } 9nsc9bjaexnc4kv6m8v4oxjyg6regki 869056 869053 2026-06-27T00:40:34Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 Apply 869056 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." } } r3e9ejs6m3531biayvdzzqxbn1xkr8d 869073 869056 2026-06-27T04:09:32Z Amadee619 37975 Apply 869073 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." } } t8yu5qhtrdgmpulvte6zof1yyt795jr 869083 869073 2026-06-27T04:26:19Z BAFFA ISAH MK 21695 Apply 869083 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" } } ho5ahfuergs7qxo6mlxnxsyq805fx9e 869088 869083 2026-06-27T04:41:46Z BnHamid 12586 Apply 869088 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." } } tpq819dznev95tzynqbfpgjcztmrwt1 869091 869088 2026-06-27T04:44:01Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Apply 869091 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" } } jwcg0k7xbr489n0ljn1wq2pceuo4lqe 869094 869091 2026-06-27T05:01:49Z Halima Waziri 29451 Apply 869094 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." } } m4gyrtdfjofv4jyg9htz2a6xyiqibqs 869095 869094 2026-06-27T05:01:58Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 Apply 869095 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." } } 0h3lvyjutm3zcssfv0ztopqxfg0deoo 869116 869095 2026-06-27T06:13:54Z Najeebyusuf 45048 Apply 869116 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" } } g9q4958veio46bzay7vk0nsrx58l1jg 869119 869116 2026-06-27T06:15:31Z Sirjat 20447 Apply 869119 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." } } qmbiio4s8vg1t5a92i7abpma13sefjs 869122 869119 2026-06-27T06:17:35Z Santa MMD 23886 Apply 869122 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." } } p8urgjyqoowoz0ky19qf913czie0xby 869131 869122 2026-06-27T06:24:32Z Sumy IB 32481 Apply 869131 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." } } jhqaida5sc8c1aum0fp31i377danbn9 869141 869131 2026-06-27T06:42:15Z Arabiyu 28508 Apply 869141 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." } } c6vy4gma4ca38hs56e1sxuyd1dyk2qe 869166 869141 2026-06-27T07:21:29Z Engineer014 44591 Apply 869166 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." } } apqmw5polk6nrjz824wj9nwg453o1eq 869175 869166 2026-06-27T07:40:52Z Abusule dankofa 24259 Apply 869175 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." } } 189q6cxmhlkopd2kn6mhwa38vnhvkkz 869177 869175 2026-06-27T07:45:01Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Apply 869177 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" } } j4e0rdrmg1jwe2nq1nafembbm64jbdk 869182 869177 2026-06-27T07:51:25Z Saudarh2 14842 Apply 869182 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." } } ah6fekpv5eg4c1mw9uyue8fzekoskof 869187 869182 2026-06-27T08:22:14Z Myusuf2001 28215 Apply 869187 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." } } fgjc62xwxknpbemgsaeol4k5rf2g4st 869189 869187 2026-06-27T08:27:07Z Nassmart1 28235 Apply 869189 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." } } 1pz5jvzxe7lip62qsood3psdvd2axyl 869198 869189 2026-06-27T08:54:18Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 Apply 869198 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." } } f2jawivmed67i3w9ktct4v7mo54t5ql 869203 869198 2026-06-27T08:59:01Z Hussey833 41082 Apply 869203 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" } } el4g8in2ibtcuq0y0ut59wi3lgjr0uf 869205 869203 2026-06-27T09:12:17Z Abdurra'uf 23412 Apply 869205 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" } } m583w4jze2hcppmwawdeajs8me4twqd 869209 869205 2026-06-27T09:34:28Z Fateema777 31445 Apply 869209 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" } } javb42vvejmtifc0zr4m2m293yorywb 869248 869209 2026-06-27T10:13:36Z Galdiz 9880 Apply 869248 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" }, "u9880": { "username": "Galdiz", "state": "Borno", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inama Hausa Wikipedia fatan Alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka. Wannan tallafi na data support yana taimakawa sosai wajen siyan Data Dan amfani a shafin Wikipedia Saboda wani lokachi kanasan kayi wani aiki a shafin Wikipedia sai data ta gagareka amma wannan data support kana daukan lokachi sosai idan ka siya data mai yawa. Mun gode" } } b1d2mc0508da0enf4gah8nci5dm3grw 869251 869248 2026-06-27T10:16:31Z Muktee1494 26992 Apply 869251 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" }, "u9880": { "username": "Galdiz", "state": "Borno", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inama Hausa Wikipedia fatan Alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka. Wannan tallafi na data support yana taimakawa sosai wajen siyan Data Dan amfani a shafin Wikipedia Saboda wani lokachi kanasan kayi wani aiki a shafin Wikipedia sai data ta gagareka amma wannan data support kana daukan lokachi sosai idan ka siya data mai yawa. Mun gode" }, "u26992": { "username": "Muktee1494", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Editor na Hausa Wikipedia da ma sauran sister project na Wikipedia. Ina me neman wannan tallafi domin samun gwarin gwiwa wajen ci gaba da bada gudun mawa a Hausa Wikipedia. Hakan yana ƙarfafa wa Editors gwiwa sosai." } } c3ggvznqs2mubtuya1p3sh2pb8uhas4 869252 869251 2026-06-27T10:17:47Z Najaatuhd 25547 Apply 869252 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" }, "u9880": { "username": "Galdiz", "state": "Borno", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inama Hausa Wikipedia fatan Alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka. Wannan tallafi na data support yana taimakawa sosai wajen siyan Data Dan amfani a shafin Wikipedia Saboda wani lokachi kanasan kayi wani aiki a shafin Wikipedia sai data ta gagareka amma wannan data support kana daukan lokachi sosai idan ka siya data mai yawa. Mun gode" }, "u26992": { "username": "Muktee1494", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Editor na Hausa Wikipedia da ma sauran sister project na Wikipedia. Ina me neman wannan tallafi domin samun gwarin gwiwa wajen ci gaba da bada gudun mawa a Hausa Wikipedia. Hakan yana ƙarfafa wa Editors gwiwa sosai." }, "u25547": { "username": "Najaatuhd", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina Neman tallafi na data support domin hakan zai taimaka man wajan cigaba da yin sabbin muqalla da kuma gyara wasu muqallo Lin masu buqatar gyara ba tare da tunanin rashin data ba.rashin samun tallafin ba wai ya na nufin daina kirkira mukallah ba Nagode." } } 63ekq2iklpivf0pdfcp4qjfqp4wzu5x 869267 869252 2026-06-27T10:30:23Z Pretty Fulani 44366 Apply 869267 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" }, "u9880": { "username": "Galdiz", "state": "Borno", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inama Hausa Wikipedia fatan Alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka. Wannan tallafi na data support yana taimakawa sosai wajen siyan Data Dan amfani a shafin Wikipedia Saboda wani lokachi kanasan kayi wani aiki a shafin Wikipedia sai data ta gagareka amma wannan data support kana daukan lokachi sosai idan ka siya data mai yawa. Mun gode" }, "u26992": { "username": "Muktee1494", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Editor na Hausa Wikipedia da ma sauran sister project na Wikipedia. Ina me neman wannan tallafi domin samun gwarin gwiwa wajen ci gaba da bada gudun mawa a Hausa Wikipedia. Hakan yana ƙarfafa wa Editors gwiwa sosai." }, "u25547": { "username": "Najaatuhd", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina Neman tallafi na data support domin hakan zai taimaka man wajan cigaba da yin sabbin muqalla da kuma gyara wasu muqallo Lin masu buqatar gyara ba tare da tunanin rashin data ba.rashin samun tallafin ba wai ya na nufin daina kirkira mukallah ba Nagode." }, "u44366": { "username": "Pretty Fulani", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because I am a student. I have heard that data support you given but I have never received it before. I would really appreciate any assistance. I am committed to continuing to contribute to Wikipedia in every way I can, and I am also a member of the Hausa Wikimedians community. Thank you for your consideration.\nPlease help me and include me the one that you give \nI'm really proud to be a Hausa Wikipedians user group" } } dhxit1dv2fw1i2h73ybq30p7d0gam79 869269 869267 2026-06-27T10:31:20Z Zahrah0 14848 Apply 869269 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" }, "u9880": { "username": "Galdiz", "state": "Borno", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inama Hausa Wikipedia fatan Alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka. Wannan tallafi na data support yana taimakawa sosai wajen siyan Data Dan amfani a shafin Wikipedia Saboda wani lokachi kanasan kayi wani aiki a shafin Wikipedia sai data ta gagareka amma wannan data support kana daukan lokachi sosai idan ka siya data mai yawa. Mun gode" }, "u26992": { "username": "Muktee1494", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Editor na Hausa Wikipedia da ma sauran sister project na Wikipedia. Ina me neman wannan tallafi domin samun gwarin gwiwa wajen ci gaba da bada gudun mawa a Hausa Wikipedia. Hakan yana ƙarfafa wa Editors gwiwa sosai." }, "u25547": { "username": "Najaatuhd", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina Neman tallafi na data support domin hakan zai taimaka man wajan cigaba da yin sabbin muqalla da kuma gyara wasu muqallo Lin masu buqatar gyara ba tare da tunanin rashin data ba.rashin samun tallafin ba wai ya na nufin daina kirkira mukallah ba Nagode." }, "u44366": { "username": "Pretty Fulani", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because I am a student. I have heard that data support you given but I have never received it before. I would really appreciate any assistance. I am committed to continuing to contribute to Wikipedia in every way I can, and I am also a member of the Hausa Wikimedians community. Thank you for your consideration.\nPlease help me and include me the one that you give \nI'm really proud to be a Hausa Wikipedians user group" }, "u14848": { "username": "Zahrah0", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a hausa Wikipedia wajen editing,Ko fassara harma da kirkiran muƙala.saboda wani lokaci rashin data yana hanani edit a hausa Wikipedia" } } lase6hlgo690mybzcghekilurba0in5 869275 869269 2026-06-27T10:34:10Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Apply 869275 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" }, "u9880": { "username": "Galdiz", "state": "Borno", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inama Hausa Wikipedia fatan Alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka. Wannan tallafi na data support yana taimakawa sosai wajen siyan Data Dan amfani a shafin Wikipedia Saboda wani lokachi kanasan kayi wani aiki a shafin Wikipedia sai data ta gagareka amma wannan data support kana daukan lokachi sosai idan ka siya data mai yawa. Mun gode" }, "u26992": { "username": "Muktee1494", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Editor na Hausa Wikipedia da ma sauran sister project na Wikipedia. Ina me neman wannan tallafi domin samun gwarin gwiwa wajen ci gaba da bada gudun mawa a Hausa Wikipedia. Hakan yana ƙarfafa wa Editors gwiwa sosai." }, "u25547": { "username": "Najaatuhd", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina Neman tallafi na data support domin hakan zai taimaka man wajan cigaba da yin sabbin muqalla da kuma gyara wasu muqallo Lin masu buqatar gyara ba tare da tunanin rashin data ba.rashin samun tallafin ba wai ya na nufin daina kirkira mukallah ba Nagode." }, "u44366": { "username": "Pretty Fulani", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because I am a student. I have heard that data support you given but I have never received it before. I would really appreciate any assistance. I am committed to continuing to contribute to Wikipedia in every way I can, and I am also a member of the Hausa Wikimedians community. Thank you for your consideration.\nPlease help me and include me the one that you give \nI'm really proud to be a Hausa Wikipedians user group" }, "u14848": { "username": "Zahrah0", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a hausa Wikipedia wajen editing,Ko fassara harma da kirkiran muƙala.saboda wani lokaci rashin data yana hanani edit a hausa Wikipedia" }, "u22698": { "username": "Umar A Muhammad", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "My name is Umar Muhammad from Kaduna, and I am a student at Ahmadu Bello University. I am requesting data support to enable me to continue contributing to Wikipedia and promoting free knowledge. As a student, internet data is essential for my editing and participation in Wikimedia activities. Your support would greatly help me continue making meaningful contributions. Thank you for your consideration" } } 3adnqd8ju6i81mnaffva7vacsjngsf9 869288 869275 2026-06-27T10:44:14Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 Apply 869288 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" }, "u9880": { "username": "Galdiz", "state": "Borno", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inama Hausa Wikipedia fatan Alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka. Wannan tallafi na data support yana taimakawa sosai wajen siyan Data Dan amfani a shafin Wikipedia Saboda wani lokachi kanasan kayi wani aiki a shafin Wikipedia sai data ta gagareka amma wannan data support kana daukan lokachi sosai idan ka siya data mai yawa. Mun gode" }, "u26992": { "username": "Muktee1494", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Editor na Hausa Wikipedia da ma sauran sister project na Wikipedia. Ina me neman wannan tallafi domin samun gwarin gwiwa wajen ci gaba da bada gudun mawa a Hausa Wikipedia. Hakan yana ƙarfafa wa Editors gwiwa sosai." }, "u25547": { "username": "Najaatuhd", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina Neman tallafi na data support domin hakan zai taimaka man wajan cigaba da yin sabbin muqalla da kuma gyara wasu muqallo Lin masu buqatar gyara ba tare da tunanin rashin data ba.rashin samun tallafin ba wai ya na nufin daina kirkira mukallah ba Nagode." }, "u44366": { "username": "Pretty Fulani", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because I am a student. I have heard that data support you given but I have never received it before. I would really appreciate any assistance. I am committed to continuing to contribute to Wikipedia in every way I can, and I am also a member of the Hausa Wikimedians community. Thank you for your consideration.\nPlease help me and include me the one that you give \nI'm really proud to be a Hausa Wikipedians user group" }, "u14848": { "username": "Zahrah0", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a hausa Wikipedia wajen editing,Ko fassara harma da kirkiran muƙala.saboda wani lokaci rashin data yana hanani edit a hausa Wikipedia" }, "u22698": { "username": "Umar A Muhammad", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "My name is Umar Muhammad from Kaduna, and I am a student at Ahmadu Bello University. I am requesting data support to enable me to continue contributing to Wikipedia and promoting free knowledge. As a student, internet data is essential for my editing and participation in Wikimedia activities. Your support would greatly help me continue making meaningful contributions. Thank you for your consideration" }, "u22641": { "username": "Naja'atu Bintoo Usman", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to contribute effectively to Wikipedia. I use Wikipedia mainly for editing, creating, and improving articles. Providing data support will greatly help me participate actively in knowledge sharing and support Wikipedia’s mission of providing free and reliable information to everyone." } } phtra07sgd8hwjjbwsp8hy3jkcuqq2t 869308 869288 2026-06-27T11:02:21Z Ummeeterh 31568 Apply 869308 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" }, "u9880": { "username": "Galdiz", "state": "Borno", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inama Hausa Wikipedia fatan Alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka. Wannan tallafi na data support yana taimakawa sosai wajen siyan Data Dan amfani a shafin Wikipedia Saboda wani lokachi kanasan kayi wani aiki a shafin Wikipedia sai data ta gagareka amma wannan data support kana daukan lokachi sosai idan ka siya data mai yawa. Mun gode" }, "u26992": { "username": "Muktee1494", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Editor na Hausa Wikipedia da ma sauran sister project na Wikipedia. Ina me neman wannan tallafi domin samun gwarin gwiwa wajen ci gaba da bada gudun mawa a Hausa Wikipedia. Hakan yana ƙarfafa wa Editors gwiwa sosai." }, "u25547": { "username": "Najaatuhd", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina Neman tallafi na data support domin hakan zai taimaka man wajan cigaba da yin sabbin muqalla da kuma gyara wasu muqallo Lin masu buqatar gyara ba tare da tunanin rashin data ba.rashin samun tallafin ba wai ya na nufin daina kirkira mukallah ba Nagode." }, "u44366": { "username": "Pretty Fulani", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because I am a student. I have heard that data support you given but I have never received it before. I would really appreciate any assistance. I am committed to continuing to contribute to Wikipedia in every way I can, and I am also a member of the Hausa Wikimedians community. Thank you for your consideration.\nPlease help me and include me the one that you give \nI'm really proud to be a Hausa Wikipedians user group" }, "u14848": { "username": "Zahrah0", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a hausa Wikipedia wajen editing,Ko fassara harma da kirkiran muƙala.saboda wani lokaci rashin data yana hanani edit a hausa Wikipedia" }, "u22698": { "username": "Umar A Muhammad", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "My name is Umar Muhammad from Kaduna, and I am a student at Ahmadu Bello University. I am requesting data support to enable me to continue contributing to Wikipedia and promoting free knowledge. As a student, internet data is essential for my editing and participation in Wikimedia activities. Your support would greatly help me continue making meaningful contributions. Thank you for your consideration" }, "u22641": { "username": "Naja'atu Bintoo Usman", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to contribute effectively to Wikipedia. I use Wikipedia mainly for editing, creating, and improving articles. Providing data support will greatly help me participate actively in knowledge sharing and support Wikipedia’s mission of providing free and reliable information to everyone." }, "u31568": { "username": "Ummeeterh", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inason in samu daman bada gudunmawa ta a wikipedia sannan inkara iya editing har in kware in Sha Allah , inason wata Rana in iya kirkirar mukala sosae, nakan samu yankewar data saboda yanayin rayuwa, in Sha Allah zan kokarta wajen ganin nabada gudunmawa matuka nagode" } } demm7oi0v11vgpul1xq3bqw2fv28uhh 869310 869308 2026-06-27T11:02:51Z Habibah A Jisambo 26434 Apply 869310 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" }, "u9880": { "username": "Galdiz", "state": "Borno", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inama Hausa Wikipedia fatan Alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka. Wannan tallafi na data support yana taimakawa sosai wajen siyan Data Dan amfani a shafin Wikipedia Saboda wani lokachi kanasan kayi wani aiki a shafin Wikipedia sai data ta gagareka amma wannan data support kana daukan lokachi sosai idan ka siya data mai yawa. Mun gode" }, "u26992": { "username": "Muktee1494", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Editor na Hausa Wikipedia da ma sauran sister project na Wikipedia. Ina me neman wannan tallafi domin samun gwarin gwiwa wajen ci gaba da bada gudun mawa a Hausa Wikipedia. Hakan yana ƙarfafa wa Editors gwiwa sosai." }, "u25547": { "username": "Najaatuhd", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina Neman tallafi na data support domin hakan zai taimaka man wajan cigaba da yin sabbin muqalla da kuma gyara wasu muqallo Lin masu buqatar gyara ba tare da tunanin rashin data ba.rashin samun tallafin ba wai ya na nufin daina kirkira mukallah ba Nagode." }, "u44366": { "username": "Pretty Fulani", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because I am a student. I have heard that data support you given but I have never received it before. I would really appreciate any assistance. I am committed to continuing to contribute to Wikipedia in every way I can, and I am also a member of the Hausa Wikimedians community. Thank you for your consideration.\nPlease help me and include me the one that you give \nI'm really proud to be a Hausa Wikipedians user group" }, "u14848": { "username": "Zahrah0", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a hausa Wikipedia wajen editing,Ko fassara harma da kirkiran muƙala.saboda wani lokaci rashin data yana hanani edit a hausa Wikipedia" }, "u22698": { "username": "Umar A Muhammad", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "My name is Umar Muhammad from Kaduna, and I am a student at Ahmadu Bello University. I am requesting data support to enable me to continue contributing to Wikipedia and promoting free knowledge. As a student, internet data is essential for my editing and participation in Wikimedia activities. Your support would greatly help me continue making meaningful contributions. Thank you for your consideration" }, "u22641": { "username": "Naja'atu Bintoo Usman", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to contribute effectively to Wikipedia. I use Wikipedia mainly for editing, creating, and improving articles. Providing data support will greatly help me participate actively in knowledge sharing and support Wikipedia’s mission of providing free and reliable information to everyone." }, "u31568": { "username": "Ummeeterh", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inason in samu daman bada gudunmawa ta a wikipedia sannan inkara iya editing har in kware in Sha Allah , inason wata Rana in iya kirkirar mukala sosae, nakan samu yankewar data saboda yanayin rayuwa, in Sha Allah zan kokarta wajen ganin nabada gudunmawa matuka nagode" }, "u26434": { "username": "Habibah A Jisambo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inna kin dadi wanan Wikipedia din Nima inason nabada nawa gudun muwan sanan kuma nakara kwarewa a ga fanin edition Nima inason nakoma baban editor nan gaba debit kawo Yan uwana na kusa Dani don suma si amfana sosai" } } b4cxvnbo44d8l9hhpzbck273bx8u982 869315 869310 2026-06-27T11:04:30Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Apply 869315 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" }, "u9880": { "username": "Galdiz", "state": "Borno", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inama Hausa Wikipedia fatan Alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka. Wannan tallafi na data support yana taimakawa sosai wajen siyan Data Dan amfani a shafin Wikipedia Saboda wani lokachi kanasan kayi wani aiki a shafin Wikipedia sai data ta gagareka amma wannan data support kana daukan lokachi sosai idan ka siya data mai yawa. Mun gode" }, "u26992": { "username": "Muktee1494", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Editor na Hausa Wikipedia da ma sauran sister project na Wikipedia. Ina me neman wannan tallafi domin samun gwarin gwiwa wajen ci gaba da bada gudun mawa a Hausa Wikipedia. Hakan yana ƙarfafa wa Editors gwiwa sosai." }, "u25547": { "username": "Najaatuhd", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina Neman tallafi na data support domin hakan zai taimaka man wajan cigaba da yin sabbin muqalla da kuma gyara wasu muqallo Lin masu buqatar gyara ba tare da tunanin rashin data ba.rashin samun tallafin ba wai ya na nufin daina kirkira mukallah ba Nagode." }, "u44366": { "username": "Pretty Fulani", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because I am a student. I have heard that data support you given but I have never received it before. I would really appreciate any assistance. I am committed to continuing to contribute to Wikipedia in every way I can, and I am also a member of the Hausa Wikimedians community. Thank you for your consideration.\nPlease help me and include me the one that you give \nI'm really proud to be a Hausa Wikipedians user group" }, "u14848": { "username": "Zahrah0", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a hausa Wikipedia wajen editing,Ko fassara harma da kirkiran muƙala.saboda wani lokaci rashin data yana hanani edit a hausa Wikipedia" }, "u22698": { "username": "Umar A Muhammad", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "My name is Umar Muhammad from Kaduna, and I am a student at Ahmadu Bello University. I am requesting data support to enable me to continue contributing to Wikipedia and promoting free knowledge. As a student, internet data is essential for my editing and participation in Wikimedia activities. Your support would greatly help me continue making meaningful contributions. Thank you for your consideration" }, "u22641": { "username": "Naja'atu Bintoo Usman", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to contribute effectively to Wikipedia. I use Wikipedia mainly for editing, creating, and improving articles. Providing data support will greatly help me participate actively in knowledge sharing and support Wikipedia’s mission of providing free and reliable information to everyone." }, "u31568": { "username": "Ummeeterh", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inason in samu daman bada gudunmawa ta a wikipedia sannan inkara iya editing har in kware in Sha Allah , inason wata Rana in iya kirkirar mukala sosae, nakan samu yankewar data saboda yanayin rayuwa, in Sha Allah zan kokarta wajen ganin nabada gudunmawa matuka nagode" }, "u26434": { "username": "Habibah A Jisambo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inna kin dadi wanan Wikipedia din Nima inason nabada nawa gudun muwan sanan kuma nakara kwarewa a ga fanin edition Nima inason nakoma baban editor nan gaba debit kawo Yan uwana na kusa Dani don suma si amfana sosai" }, "u24962": { "username": "Abdulrahman tahir shika", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina nemana tallafinnan ne sbd inaso naqara dagewa a wajen bada gudunmawwna a wikipedia insha Allahu Ina mai godiya sosai zamu qara dagewa wajen yin edit a wikipedia Kuma zan qara bama Yan uwa na shawara ta yanda suma zasu dage sosai" } } a6fq1w11xegc2tcbg0gfhpe94f3xgkr 869335 869315 2026-06-27T11:25:41Z Umar-askira 12577 Apply 869335 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" }, "u9880": { "username": "Galdiz", "state": "Borno", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inama Hausa Wikipedia fatan Alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka. Wannan tallafi na data support yana taimakawa sosai wajen siyan Data Dan amfani a shafin Wikipedia Saboda wani lokachi kanasan kayi wani aiki a shafin Wikipedia sai data ta gagareka amma wannan data support kana daukan lokachi sosai idan ka siya data mai yawa. Mun gode" }, "u26992": { "username": "Muktee1494", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Editor na Hausa Wikipedia da ma sauran sister project na Wikipedia. Ina me neman wannan tallafi domin samun gwarin gwiwa wajen ci gaba da bada gudun mawa a Hausa Wikipedia. Hakan yana ƙarfafa wa Editors gwiwa sosai." }, "u25547": { "username": "Najaatuhd", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina Neman tallafi na data support domin hakan zai taimaka man wajan cigaba da yin sabbin muqalla da kuma gyara wasu muqallo Lin masu buqatar gyara ba tare da tunanin rashin data ba.rashin samun tallafin ba wai ya na nufin daina kirkira mukallah ba Nagode." }, "u44366": { "username": "Pretty Fulani", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because I am a student. I have heard that data support you given but I have never received it before. I would really appreciate any assistance. I am committed to continuing to contribute to Wikipedia in every way I can, and I am also a member of the Hausa Wikimedians community. Thank you for your consideration.\nPlease help me and include me the one that you give \nI'm really proud to be a Hausa Wikipedians user group" }, "u14848": { "username": "Zahrah0", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a hausa Wikipedia wajen editing,Ko fassara harma da kirkiran muƙala.saboda wani lokaci rashin data yana hanani edit a hausa Wikipedia" }, "u22698": { "username": "Umar A Muhammad", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "My name is Umar Muhammad from Kaduna, and I am a student at Ahmadu Bello University. I am requesting data support to enable me to continue contributing to Wikipedia and promoting free knowledge. As a student, internet data is essential for my editing and participation in Wikimedia activities. Your support would greatly help me continue making meaningful contributions. Thank you for your consideration" }, "u22641": { "username": "Naja'atu Bintoo Usman", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to contribute effectively to Wikipedia. I use Wikipedia mainly for editing, creating, and improving articles. Providing data support will greatly help me participate actively in knowledge sharing and support Wikipedia’s mission of providing free and reliable information to everyone." }, "u31568": { "username": "Ummeeterh", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inason in samu daman bada gudunmawa ta a wikipedia sannan inkara iya editing har in kware in Sha Allah , inason wata Rana in iya kirkirar mukala sosae, nakan samu yankewar data saboda yanayin rayuwa, in Sha Allah zan kokarta wajen ganin nabada gudunmawa matuka nagode" }, "u26434": { "username": "Habibah A Jisambo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inna kin dadi wanan Wikipedia din Nima inason nabada nawa gudun muwan sanan kuma nakara kwarewa a ga fanin edition Nima inason nakoma baban editor nan gaba debit kawo Yan uwana na kusa Dani don suma si amfana sosai" }, "u24962": { "username": "Abdulrahman tahir shika", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina nemana tallafinnan ne sbd inaso naqara dagewa a wajen bada gudunmawwna a wikipedia insha Allahu Ina mai godiya sosai zamu qara dagewa wajen yin edit a wikipedia Kuma zan qara bama Yan uwa na shawara ta yanda suma zasu dage sosai" }, "u12577": { "username": "Umar-askira", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum,\nIna neman tallafin data daga Hausa Wikimedians Foundation domin ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia. A matsayina na mai ba da gudummawa kuma mai koyar da al’umma kan yadda ake amfani da Wikipedia da sauran Wikimedia projects, wannan tallafi zai taimaka min wajen ci gaba da horar da sababbin masu amfani, gudanar da edit-a-thons, da kuma inganta yawan da ingancin abubuwan da ake ƙirƙira a Hausa Wikipedia.\n\nSaboda ƙalubalen samun data mai inganci da tsada a wasu lokuta, tallafin zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da ci gaba da ayyukan ilimantarwa da kuma ƙara yawan gudummawar da ake yi daga al’umma. Ina da cikakken niyya da himma wajen ganin Hausa Wikipedia ta ci gaba da bunƙasa da kuma wakiltar al’adunmu yadda ya kamata.\n\nNagode da kulawa, ina fatan samun goyon baya daga Hausa Wikimedians Foundation. Na gode" } } 9lfiv806bbhvosg4afy5yavhx78np5a 869338 869335 2026-06-27T11:32:24Z Laurat saleh 45966 Apply 869338 json application/json { "u45961": { "username": "Sadiq maikano", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Salam alaikum,\n\nSunana Sadiq Maikano, daga Jihar Katsina. \n\nIna neman tallafi ne na aikin yi. Ina buƙatar bayanai ko shirye-shiryen da Wikipedia ko abokan haɗin gwiwarta ke bayarwa ga matasa don samun aiki, horo, ko damar samun kwarewa a fannin rubutu, fasaha, ko ilimi. \n\nNa gode da kulawa da tallafi. \n\nSadiq Maikano" }, "u39275": { "username": "Sardeeq", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I want to be part of the editors who would be able to receive this data support in order for me to boost my edit and other contributions in hausa Wikimedia. Further more this support would 100% encourage me to keep editing very often. Thank you" }, "u28791": { "username": "Mal Rabo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to actively participate in the Hausa Wikipedia community and contribute more effectively to the Wikimedia movement. Although I am still at the early stage of my editing journey and have not yet published translations on my user page, I have been engaging with the Hausa Wikipedia community and am committed to becoming an active contributor.\n\nThe data support will remove a major barrier to my participation and allow me to contribute more consistently and improve my editing skills.\n\nMy goal is to help increase the availability of accurate, well-sourced, and freely accessible knowledge in the Hausa language, making information more accessible to Hausa-speaking communities. I am confident that this support will strengthen my commitment and enable me to make meaningful and sustained contributions to Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u21267": { "username": "Abduldesigns", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Hello, I hope you’re doing well. I’m kindly requesting internet data support to help me continue contributing to Wikipedia by documenting and improving free knowledge that benefits thousands of people. Data is the biggest challenge to sustaining this work, and any support from your organization would directly help me continue making this impact." }, "u10126": { "username": "Abdoulmerlic", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin ne saboda zai ƙara ba ni damar ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa bayanai da muƙaloli na Hausa a matattarar bayanai ta Wikipedia. Haka kuma zai taimaka mini in ƙara inganta ayyukana da kuma haɗa kai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa domin faɗaɗa ilimi cikin harshen Hausa. Burina shi ne in ga an samar da sahihan bayanai masu amfani da za su amfanar da al'ummar Hausawa da sauran masu karatu a duniya." }, "u12403": { "username": "M Bash Ne", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina neman tallafin domin samun damar ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa ta a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa Program. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwa da jajircewa domin ci gaba da ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa da ingantattun bayanai a dandalin Wikimedia." }, "u21059": { "username": "Legendry3920", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "i need this data support because it will help me to reduce the data purchase expenses for doing wikimedia contributions and it will help me to keep doing what am doing in wikimedia that's why i need this data support, thank you." }, "u14918": { "username": "Salahu Gwanki", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I am applying for data support to enable me to actively participate in and contribute to the Wikimedia Hausa Program (2026). This support will help me create and improve articles on Wikipedia, enhance data on Wikidata, upload media files to Wikimedia Commons, and participate in community meetings, training sessions, and other program activities. It will strengthen my contributions and support the growth of Hausa-language knowledge and open knowledge across Wikimedia projects." }, "u40381": { "username": "Maryam Bello Shafi'i", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "A matsayi na na mace mai sha'awar bada gudunmawa a cikin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun damar shiga da kuma bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia Hausa. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙirƙira da inganta maƙaloli a Wikipedia, gyara bayanai a Wikidata, loda hotuna zuwa Wikimedia Commons, da kuma shiga tarurruka, horaswa, da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Hakan zai ƙara inganta gudummawata tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin Hausa a Wikipedia." }, "u32298": { "username": "Muxammeel-Emdee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "I need data support for school because most of my coursework is online. I use data to attend virtual classes, download lecture notes and PDFs, submit assignments through the school portal, join group study calls, and research for projects when I’m not on campus Wi-Fi. Without it, I’d miss deadlines or fall behind in class." }, "u38699": { "username": "Arcdanumma047", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-26", "text": "Ina bukatar Databox support ne domin Kara kwazo wajen Ci gaba da Bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia da Kuma jajir cewa wajen shiga Duk wata context Domin samun kwarin Giwa wajen fafatawa da gogaggin editors" }, "u24301": { "username": "Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to access Wikipedia regularly, research reliable sources, create new articles, improve existing content, translate knowledge into Hausa, and participate in Wikimedia editing activities. Data support will help me contribute consistently and make free knowledge more accessible to my community" }, "u31123": { "username": "Nnamadee", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayina na mai bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia kuma mai gudanarwa, ina neman wannan tallafi na data support ne saboda zai ƙara mani kwarin guiwa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli, inganta muƙala da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata." }, "u15878": { "username": "Muhammad Idriss Criteria", "state": "Yobe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Reason for Request:\nI am an active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community. Between May 28 and June 27, 2026, I have made many edits to help grow the Hausa Wikipedia.https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/ha.wikipedia.org/Muhammad%20Idriss%20Criteria/0/noredirects/all/2026-05-28/2026-06-27\nI also spend time helping new members and students learn how to use Wikipedia. The cost of mobile data makes it hard for me to continue this work. This data support will help me stay active and keep supporting our community." }, "u37975": { "username": "Amadee619", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "As a Wikimedian in Katsina, I lack funds for consistent internet. Data support will let me edit Hausa Wikipedia, run trainings, upload media, and expand free knowledge on Nigeria.\n I’m a Katsina-based Wikimedian. Without steady data I can’t contribute fully. Support would enable Hausa Wikipedia edits, editor trainings, media uploads, and more Nigeria content." }, "u21695": { "username": "BAFFA ISAH MK", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I want to continue to contribute to the hausa Wikipedia community, I also have started to encourage my colleagues to join the community In my workplace. So this data support will help us continue to create , edit and improve our work in the Hausa Wikipedia" }, "u12586": { "username": "BnHamid", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafi, don cigaba da bayar da gudummawa. Rashin DATA wani ƙalubale ne ga masu bayar da gudummawa. Samun wannan tallafi, wani babban ƙwarin gwiwa ne a wurina, haka-zalika silar dawo da cigaba da bayar da gudummawa ne a nan take.\n\nBayan samun lokaci (don bayar da gudummawa) abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci domin a iya bayar da gudummawa shine DATA ɗin wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Hausa ke tallafawa." }, "u32668": { "username": "Muhdavdullahi", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai neman wannan tallafi na data domin hakan zaiban kwarin gwiwa gurin kirkirar sabbin muqalu da kuma gyaran tsofaffin muqalun dasuke buqatar gyara ba tare da fargabar karewar data ba.\nKuma ina mai tabbatar da cewa koda ban samu wannan tallafi ba hakan bazai rage man karsashiba gurin ci gaba da kirkirar sabbin muqalu ba a koda yaushe. Nagode" }, "u29451": { "username": "Halima Waziri", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because contributing to Wikipedia requires a reliable internet connection for researching reliable sources, editing articles, uploading media, and participating in community activities. Data support will enable me to contribute consistently, improve the quality of articles, and take part in Wikimedia campaigns and edit-a-thons, especially those focused on bridging knowledge gaps about Nigeria and underrepresented communities. It will also support my contributions to the Hausa Wikipedia, helping to promote and preserve my indigenous language by creating and improving quality content that is accessible to Hausa speakers. In addition, it will help me mentor new editors and sustain my contributions without being limited by the cost of internet access.\nThank you." }, "u38014": { "username": "Umar Rabiuu", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina bukatan tallafin ne wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia, kasancewar Data yayi tsada.\n\nSamun tallafin zai Kara mun Kwarin gwiwa wajen bada gudummuwa yadda ya kamata a Hausa Wikipedia." }, "u45048": { "username": "Najeebyusuf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamualaikum fatan an tashi lfy ina so nayi amfani da damar nan na naimi taimako na tallafi domin yin hakan zai taimaka min wajena gudanar da aiki na na Wikimedia ina bukatar taimko sosai duba da yanayin da ake ciki ina so a duba lamarina nagode" }, "u20447": { "username": "Sirjat", "state": "Jigawa", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support to effectively participate in the Hausa Community's Wikimedia activities. Reliable internet access is essential for editing Wikipedia, contributing to Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, joining online meetings and training sessions, and supporting community projects. This support will help me maintain consistent contributions and continue improving free knowledge in the Hausa language." }, "u23886": { "username": "Santa MMD", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Data support will enable me to organize and coordinate Wikimedia activities more effectively, communicate with community members, review contributions, and mentor new editors. As an active contributor to the Hausa Wikimedia community, this support will help me stay engaged and continue contributing to the growth and quality of Hausa Wikimedia projects." }, "u32481": { "username": "Sumy IB", "state": "Kano", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin samun damar bincike daga ingantattun hanyoyin intanet, ƙirƙira da inganta ingantattun maƙaloli, tare da shiga kamfen da tattaunawar al'ummar Wikimedia. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka mini in ci gaba da ba da gudummawa akai-akai da kuma bunƙasa ilimin kyauta a harshen Hausa." }, "u28508": { "username": "Arabiyu", "state": "Niger", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na dade Ina yin gudimmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia Dan haka Ina son samun wannan tallafin ne domin na samu Damar con gaba da yin gudimmuwa ta a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma Wikidata. Ban yaba samun wannan tallafin BA ina fata wannan Karon zan samu." }, "u44591": { "username": "Engineer014", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin rashin isassar data da zata dake cikas wajan bada gudummawa. Idan nasamu wannan tallafin zai kara mani ƙaimi wajan ƙirƙirar muƙaloli, gyara da kuma inganta waɗanda akayi. Zanyi maraba da wannan tallafin sosai Nagode." }, "u24259": { "username": "Abusule dankofa", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba." }, "u43323": { "username": "Saad Nuhu", "state": "Gombe", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am active contributor to the Hausa Wikipedia. I'm working hard to translate and create new articles for our community all the time, I have made many edits to help in developing Hausa Wikipedia. and some other part of it in Hausa" }, "u14842": { "username": "Saudarh2", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum.\nNi memba ce a Hausa Wikipedia, inda muke ƙirƙira da gyara bayanai cikin harshen Hausa domin ilimantar da al'umma kyauta. Domin ci gaba da wannan aiki, ina neman tallafin data saboda yawancin aikin yana buƙatar amfani da intanet wajen bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da sabunta maƙaloli. Tallafin data zai taimaka wajen..\nƘara yawan bayanan Hausa a intanet.\nYaɗa ilimi kyauta ga masu amfani da harshen Hausa.\nHorar da sababbin masu ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna roƙon a tallafa mana da data domin mu ci gaba da wannan aiki na ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.\nNa gode ƙwarai da goyon baya da kulawar ku." }, "u28215": { "username": "Myusuf2001", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina buƙatar tallafin data domin in ci gaba da bayar da gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia, kamar gyara da ƙara ingantattun bayanai a Wikipedia da Wikidata. Tallafin data zai ba ni damar bincike, tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai daga amintattun tushe, da kuma inganta ingancin gudummawata." }, "u28235": { "username": "Nassmart1", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "A matsayi na ta edita a Hausa Wikipedia ina neman wannan tallafin domin ya kara taimaka min ta hanyar bani kwarin gwiwa akan ƙirƙira da gyaran muƙalu domin kara inganta Hausa wikimedia ba tare da samun fargabar karewar data ba." }, "u19233": { "username": "Ibrahim abusufyan", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman wannan tallafin domin samun kwarin gwiwa dakuma taimakawa wajen jajircewa domin inganta wikipedia cikin sauki batare da tunanin cikas na rashin isasun kayan aiki ba don taimakawa wajen bada gudumuwa a wikipedia baki daya." }, "u41082": { "username": "Hussey833", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need this support.in order to helps me to.participate and improved wikipedia articles without any obstacles , so i think getti g such support will play a vital role in my wikipedia journey, it will helps in engaging jn another wikipedia sister project due to availability of resources that will help in sustaining my wikipedia journey" }, "u23412": { "username": "Abdurra'uf", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ena neman data support neh sbd samun qwarin gwiwan ci gaba da bada gudummuwa a manhajar Wikipedia.\nNa zama mai bada gudummuwa akai akai bakin gwargwado, kuma samun wannan gudummuwa zai taimaka sossai wajen ci gaba da aiki na. Na gode" }, "u31445": { "username": "Fateema777", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Na kasance Ina Kirkirar mukaloli, da harshen Hausa, saka manazarta, a mukaloli da ke buqatar, karamin gyara, fassara, da Kuma saka mahada.\nInda Kuma nake bada gagarumar gudummuwa ta, a tarukan edithathon da aka yi, tare da koyawa sababbin editoci hanyar da zasu iya editing yadda ya kamata.\nNagode, Ina fatar kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda zasu mori wannan talalmin, Domin taimakawa, ga ayikkan da nake yi. \nBagode" }, "u9880": { "username": "Galdiz", "state": "Borno", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inama Hausa Wikipedia fatan Alkhairi da samun nasara Allah ya taimaka. Wannan tallafi na data support yana taimakawa sosai wajen siyan Data Dan amfani a shafin Wikipedia Saboda wani lokachi kanasan kayi wani aiki a shafin Wikipedia sai data ta gagareka amma wannan data support kana daukan lokachi sosai idan ka siya data mai yawa. Mun gode" }, "u26992": { "username": "Muktee1494", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Editor na Hausa Wikipedia da ma sauran sister project na Wikipedia. Ina me neman wannan tallafi domin samun gwarin gwiwa wajen ci gaba da bada gudun mawa a Hausa Wikipedia. Hakan yana ƙarfafa wa Editors gwiwa sosai." }, "u25547": { "username": "Najaatuhd", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina Neman tallafi na data support domin hakan zai taimaka man wajan cigaba da yin sabbin muqalla da kuma gyara wasu muqallo Lin masu buqatar gyara ba tare da tunanin rashin data ba.rashin samun tallafin ba wai ya na nufin daina kirkira mukallah ba Nagode." }, "u44366": { "username": "Pretty Fulani", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I need data support because I am a student. I have heard that data support you given but I have never received it before. I would really appreciate any assistance. I am committed to continuing to contribute to Wikipedia in every way I can, and I am also a member of the Hausa Wikimedians community. Thank you for your consideration.\nPlease help me and include me the one that you give \nI'm really proud to be a Hausa Wikipedians user group" }, "u14848": { "username": "Zahrah0", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a hausa Wikipedia wajen editing,Ko fassara harma da kirkiran muƙala.saboda wani lokaci rashin data yana hanani edit a hausa Wikipedia" }, "u22698": { "username": "Umar A Muhammad", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "My name is Umar Muhammad from Kaduna, and I am a student at Ahmadu Bello University. I am requesting data support to enable me to continue contributing to Wikipedia and promoting free knowledge. As a student, internet data is essential for my editing and participation in Wikimedia activities. Your support would greatly help me continue making meaningful contributions. Thank you for your consideration" }, "u22641": { "username": "Naja'atu Bintoo Usman", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "I am requesting data support to enable me to contribute effectively to Wikipedia. I use Wikipedia mainly for editing, creating, and improving articles. Providing data support will greatly help me participate actively in knowledge sharing and support Wikipedia’s mission of providing free and reliable information to everyone." }, "u31568": { "username": "Ummeeterh", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inason in samu daman bada gudunmawa ta a wikipedia sannan inkara iya editing har in kware in Sha Allah , inason wata Rana in iya kirkirar mukala sosae, nakan samu yankewar data saboda yanayin rayuwa, in Sha Allah zan kokarta wajen ganin nabada gudunmawa matuka nagode" }, "u26434": { "username": "Habibah A Jisambo", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Inna kin dadi wanan Wikipedia din Nima inason nabada nawa gudun muwan sanan kuma nakara kwarewa a ga fanin edition Nima inason nakoma baban editor nan gaba debit kawo Yan uwana na kusa Dani don suma si amfana sosai" }, "u24962": { "username": "Abdulrahman tahir shika", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina nemana tallafinnan ne sbd inaso naqara dagewa a wajen bada gudunmawwna a wikipedia insha Allahu Ina mai godiya sosai zamu qara dagewa wajen yin edit a wikipedia Kuma zan qara bama Yan uwa na shawara ta yanda suma zasu dage sosai" }, "u12577": { "username": "Umar-askira", "state": "Kaduna", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Assalamu alaikum,\nIna neman tallafin data daga Hausa Wikimedians Foundation domin ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga Hausa Wikipedia. A matsayina na mai ba da gudummawa kuma mai koyar da al’umma kan yadda ake amfani da Wikipedia da sauran Wikimedia projects, wannan tallafi zai taimaka min wajen ci gaba da horar da sababbin masu amfani, gudanar da edit-a-thons, da kuma inganta yawan da ingancin abubuwan da ake ƙirƙira a Hausa Wikipedia.\n\nSaboda ƙalubalen samun data mai inganci da tsada a wasu lokuta, tallafin zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da ci gaba da ayyukan ilimantarwa da kuma ƙara yawan gudummawar da ake yi daga al’umma. Ina da cikakken niyya da himma wajen ganin Hausa Wikipedia ta ci gaba da bunƙasa da kuma wakiltar al’adunmu yadda ya kamata.\n\nNagode da kulawa, ina fatan samun goyon baya daga Hausa Wikimedians Foundation. Na gode" }, "u45966": { "username": "Laurat saleh", "state": "Katsina", "status": "pending", "date": "2026-06-27", "text": "Ina mai son tallafi sosai saboda na kara samun daman ci gaba ta yin editing yaran turanci zuwa harshan Hausa wanda zai bada gudun muwar ga karin fahimtar turanci zuwa harshan Hausa.Kuma ina rokon wannan kungiya mai albarka da ta bani tallafi domin karin karfin gwiwa,..gaskiya samun wannan daman babbar nasara ce kuma ina fatan samun rabon wannan tallafin mai albarka" } } dpk1q6yj2pzp5ku45v1i65i3afv39fr 2 159937 869017 2026-06-26T22:58:05Z Mal Rabo 28791 /* */ wallafawa da kirkiran fasahohi dan bunkasa harshen Hausa 869017 wikitext text/x-wiki Na shirya bayar da gudummawa ta hanyar kirkira da wallafa bayanai a wannan shafin a cikin harshen Hausa. 7xpo4ida4begm611eyipmq9ccthh074 0 159938 869034 2026-06-26T23:36:54Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356132075|Tasmanian languages]]" 869034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harsunan Tasmania''' harsuna ne na asali ga tsibirin Tasmania, waɗanda 'yan asalin Tasmania na Aboriginal ke amfani da su. An yi amfani da harsunan a ƙarshe don sadarwa ta yau da kullun a cikin shekarun 1830, kodayake mai magana da yawun, Fanny Cochrane Smith, ya rayu har zuwa 1905. == Tarihin bincike == An tabbatar da harsunan Tasmania ta hanyar jerin kalmomi guda uku, mafi girma shine na Joseph Milligan da George Augustus Robinson . Daga ƙarancin shaidu, sautunan Tasmanian sun bayyana a matsayin abin da ya saba da harsunan Australiya . Plomley (1976) ya gabatar da duk bayanan kalmomi da yake da su a 1976. Crowley & Dixon (1981) sun taƙaita abin da ba a sani ba game da ilimin sautuka da nahawun Tasmania. Bowern (2012) ya shirya jerin kalmomi 35 daban-daban kuma yana ƙoƙarin rarraba su zuwa iyalai na harshe. Fanny Cochrane Smith ta yi rikodin jerin waƙoƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar Aboriginal da aka yi da silinda na kakin zuma, wanda shi ne kawai rikodin sauti na harshen Tasmania, duk da cewa ba su da inganci sosai. A shekarar 1972, jikokinta har yanzu suna tuna wasu kalmomi da waƙa. [[Robert M. W. Dixon|Robert MW Dixon]], wanda ya yi hira da su a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikensa da [[Terry Crowley (masanin harshe)|Terry Crowley]], ya kammala da cewa "babu wani bayani game da nahawu kuma babu [[wiktionary:running text|rubutu mai gudana]] don haka ba zai yiwu a faɗi sha'awar harshe sosai game da harsunan Tasmania ba". Duk da haka, daga ƙarancin tushe da ake da su, mutanen Tasmania suna neman dawo da harsunansu da al'adunsu da suka ɓace. Babban aikin farfaɗo da harshe zuwa yanzu shine aikin palawa kani . == Rarrabawa ta waje == Ba a san harsunan sosai ba kuma babu wata alaƙa da wasu harsuna da za a iya nunawa. Da alama akwai iyalai da yawa na harsuna a Tasmania, wanda zai yi daidai da tsawon lokacin da ɗan adam ke zaune a tsibirin. A cikin shekarun 1970s Joseph Greenberg ya gabatar da wani iyali na Indo-Pacific wanda ya haɗa da Tasmanian tare da Andamanese da [[Harsunan Papuan|Papuan]] (amma ba 'yan Australiya ba Duk , yawancin masana ilimin harsuna na tarihi sun ƙi wannan shawarar iyali na ... == Harsuna da iyalai na harshe == Dangane da gajerun jerin kalmomi, da alama akwai harsuna daga biyar zuwa goma sha shida a Tasmania, suna da alaƙa da juna a cikin wataƙila iyalai huɗu na harsuna . Akwai kuma bayanan tarihi waɗanda ke nuna cewa harsunan ba su da fahimta juna kuma ya zama dole a sami ''harshen da'' ya dace don sadarwa bayan sake tsugunar da su a Tsibirin Flinders. JB Walker, wanda ya ziyarci tsibirin a 1832 da 1834, ya ba da rahoton: == Manazarta == dtkdqczx3329enjoanwq7g2nsv2xylb 869035 869034 2026-06-26T23:37:31Z Arcdanumma047 38699 869035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harsunan Tasmania''' harsuna ne na asali ga tsibirin Tasmania, waɗanda 'yan asalin Tasmania na Aboriginal ke amfani da su. An yi amfani da harsunan a ƙarshe don sadarwa ta yau da kullun a cikin shekarun 1830, kodayake mai magana da yawun, Fanny Cochrane Smith, ya rayu har zuwa 1905. == Tarihin bincike == An tabbatar da harsunan Tasmania ta hanyar jerin kalmomi guda uku, mafi girma shine na Joseph Milligan da George Augustus Robinson . Daga ƙarancin shaidu, sautunan Tasmanian sun bayyana a matsayin abin da ya saba da harsunan Australiya . Plomley (1976) ya gabatar da duk bayanan kalmomi da yake da su a 1976. Crowley & Dixon (1981) sun taƙaita abin da ba a sani ba game da ilimin sautuka da nahawun Tasmania. Bowern (2012) ya shirya jerin kalmomi 35 daban-daban kuma yana ƙoƙarin rarraba su zuwa iyalai na harshe. Fanny Cochrane Smith ta yi rikodin jerin waƙoƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar Aboriginal da aka yi da silinda na kakin zuma, wanda shi ne kawai rikodin sauti na harshen Tasmania, duk da cewa ba su da inganci sosai. A shekarar 1972, jikokinta har yanzu suna tuna wasu kalmomi da waƙa. [[Robert M. W. Dixon|Robert MW Dixon]], wanda ya yi hira da su a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikensa da [[Terry Crowley (masanin harshe)|Terry Crowley]], ya kammala da cewa "babu wani bayani game da nahawu kuma babu [[wiktionary:running text|rubutu mai gudana]] don haka ba zai yiwu a faɗi sha'awar harshe sosai game da harsunan Tasmania ba". Duk da haka, daga ƙarancin tushe da ake da su, mutanen Tasmania suna neman dawo da harsunansu da al'adunsu da suka ɓace. Babban aikin farfaɗo da harshe zuwa yanzu shine aikin palawa kani . == Rarrabawa ta waje == Ba a san harsunan sosai ba kuma babu wata alaƙa da wasu harsuna da za a iya nunawa. Da alama akwai iyalai da yawa na harsuna a Tasmania, wanda zai yi daidai da tsawon lokacin da ɗan adam ke zaune a tsibirin. A cikin shekarun 1970s Joseph Greenberg ya gabatar da wani iyali na Indo-Pacific wanda ya haɗa da Tasmanian tare da Andamanese da [[Harsunan Papuan|Papuan]] (amma ba 'yan Australiya ba Duk , yawancin masana ilimin harsuna na tarihi sun ƙi wannan shawarar iyali na ... == Harsuna da iyalai na harshe == Dangane da gajerun jerin kalmomi, da alama akwai harsuna daga biyar zuwa goma sha shida a Tasmania, suna da alaƙa da juna a cikin wataƙila iyalai huɗu na harsuna . Akwai kuma bayanan tarihi waɗanda ke nuna cewa harsunan ba su da fahimta juna kuma ya zama dole a sami ''harshen da'' ya dace don sadarwa bayan sake tsugunar da su a Tsibirin Flinders. JB Walker, wanda ya ziyarci tsibirin a 1832 da 1834, ya ba da rahoton: == Manazarta == 8b6dyij5j9nw6ibmm63lo1gpiv78f9m 0 159939 869038 2026-06-26T23:38:57Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359615291|Visa policy of the Maldives]]" 869038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maldives''' tana ba da takardar izinin shiga kyauta ta kwanaki 30 ga 'yan ƙasa na dukkan ƙasashe bayan isowa, ban da waɗanda ba a ba su takardar izinin shiga ba. Duk da haka, ana hana shiga fasfo ɗin Isra'ila. <ref name="doi">{{Cite web |title=Tourist Visa |url=https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa |publisher=Maldives Immigration, Republic of Maldives}}</ref> == Taswirar manufofin Visa == [[Fayil:Maldives_visa_policy.svg|none|thumb|665x665px|Tsarin Visa na Maldives ]] == Keɓewar biza == 'Yan ƙasa daga ƙasashe masu zuwa za su iya shiga Maldives ba tare da biza ba: == Bukatun shiga == Duk masu yawon bude ido zuwa Maldives dole ne su bi waɗannan ƙa'idodi: * Riƙe fasfo ko takardar tafiya mai na'urar karanta na'ura (MRZ) wacce ke da aƙalla watanni 1 na aiki. (Ba a yarda fasinjoji masu fasfo mai inganci na dogon lokaci su shiga ba.) <ref name="EntryRequirements">{{Cite web |title=Entry Requirements |url=https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=Maldives Immigration}}</ref> * Samu cikakken jadawalin tafiya, gami da tikitin dawowa da aka tabbatar, rajistar da aka riga aka biya kafin lokaci a wani [https://www.tourism.gov.mv/en/overview/19 wurin da aka yi rijista], da isassun kuɗi don biyan kuɗin zama a Maldives, ko takardar izinin tallafi da aka riga aka amince da ita daga Hukumar Shige da Fice ta Maldives. <ref name="EntryRequirements" /> * Suna da buƙatun shiga zuwa inda za su je; misali, takardar izinin shiga da ingancin fasfo. <ref name="EntryRequirements" /> * A cike fom ɗin [https://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/traveller Sanarwar Matafiya] kuma a miƙa shi ga duk baƙi da suka isa Maldives, cikin awanni 96 (kwana 4) kafin lokacin tashi. Gabatar da fom ɗin kyauta ne kuma dole ne a cike shi ta hanyar lantarki ta hanyar tashar [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ IMUGA] . <ref name="EntryRequirements" /> * A sami ''shaidar'' allurar rigakafin [[Cutar amai da gudawa|zazzabin rawaya]] idan ya dace. Yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 1 ba a yi musu allurar rigakafin zazzabin rawaya ba. <ref name="EntryRequirements" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Yellow Fever Endemic Countries |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/countries-with-risk-of-yellow-fever-transmission-and-countries-requiring-yellow-fever-vaccination-(november-2022) |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=WHO}}</ref> == An takaita shiga == Tun daga ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2025, an hana 'yan ƙasar [[Isra'ila]] shiga da jigilar kaya, koda kuwa ba su fita daga jirgin ba kuma suka ci gaba da tafiya ta jirgin ɗaya. Wannan mataki ne na ɗan lokaci don mayar da martani ga [[yaƙin Gaza]] da fushin jama'a na cikin gida har sai an sake sanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament approves banning entry on Israeli passports |url=https://edition.mv/maldives/40532 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Edition |language=en}}</ref> * Ko da kuwa ɗan ƙasa ne, Maldives ba ta yarda da shiga ƙasa da awanni 24 ba, har ma (musamman) don dalilan sufuri. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Canje-canje na gaba == Maldives ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin keɓewa daga biza da ƙasashe masu zuwa, amma har yanzu ba su fara aiki ba: == Manazarta == mss8xddg90l848pkf4t6p9p5ya3n5jn 869039 869038 2026-06-26T23:39:20Z Arcdanumma047 38699 869039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maldives''' tana ba da takardar izinin shiga kyauta ta kwanaki 30 ga 'yan ƙasa na dukkan ƙasashe bayan isowa, ban da waɗanda ba a ba su takardar izinin shiga ba. Duk da haka, ana hana shiga fasfo ɗin Isra'ila. <ref name="doi">{{Cite web |title=Tourist Visa |url=https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa |publisher=Maldives Immigration, Republic of Maldives}}</ref> == Taswirar manufofin Visa == [[Fayil:Maldives_visa_policy.svg|none|thumb|665x665px|Tsarin Visa na Maldives ]] == Keɓewar biza == 'Yan ƙasa daga ƙasashe masu zuwa za su iya shiga Maldives ba tare da biza ba: == Bukatun shiga == Duk masu yawon bude ido zuwa Maldives dole ne su bi waɗannan ƙa'idodi: * Riƙe fasfo ko takardar tafiya mai na'urar karanta na'ura (MRZ) wacce ke da aƙalla watanni 1 na aiki. (Ba a yarda fasinjoji masu fasfo mai inganci na dogon lokaci su shiga ba.) <ref name="EntryRequirements">{{Cite web |title=Entry Requirements |url=https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=Maldives Immigration}}</ref> * Samu cikakken jadawalin tafiya, gami da tikitin dawowa da aka tabbatar, rajistar da aka riga aka biya kafin lokaci a wani [https://www.tourism.gov.mv/en/overview/19 wurin da aka yi rijista], da isassun kuɗi don biyan kuɗin zama a Maldives, ko takardar izinin tallafi da aka riga aka amince da ita daga Hukumar Shige da Fice ta Maldives. <ref name="EntryRequirements" /> * Suna da buƙatun shiga zuwa inda za su je; misali, takardar izinin shiga da ingancin fasfo. <ref name="EntryRequirements" /> * A cike fom ɗin [https://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/traveller Sanarwar Matafiya] kuma a miƙa shi ga duk baƙi da suka isa Maldives, cikin awanni 96 (kwana 4) kafin lokacin tashi. Gabatar da fom ɗin kyauta ne kuma dole ne a cike shi ta hanyar lantarki ta hanyar tashar [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ IMUGA] . <ref name="EntryRequirements" /> * A sami ''shaidar'' allurar rigakafin [[Cutar amai da gudawa|zazzabin rawaya]] idan ya dace. Yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 1 ba a yi musu allurar rigakafin zazzabin rawaya ba. <ref name="EntryRequirements" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Yellow Fever Endemic Countries |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/countries-with-risk-of-yellow-fever-transmission-and-countries-requiring-yellow-fever-vaccination-(november-2022) |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=WHO}}</ref> == An takaita shiga == Tun daga ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2025, an hana 'yan ƙasar [[Isra'ila]] shiga da jigilar kaya, koda kuwa ba su fita daga jirgin ba kuma suka ci gaba da tafiya ta jirgin ɗaya. Wannan mataki ne na ɗan lokaci don mayar da martani ga [[yaƙin Gaza]] da fushin jama'a na cikin gida har sai an sake sanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament approves banning entry on Israeli passports |url=https://edition.mv/maldives/40532 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Edition |language=en}}</ref> * Ko da kuwa ɗan ƙasa ne, Maldives ba ta yarda da shiga ƙasa da awanni 24 ba, har ma (musamman) don dalilan sufuri. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Canje-canje na gaba == Maldives ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin keɓewa daga biza da ƙasashe masu zuwa, amma har yanzu ba su fara aiki ba: == Manazarta == hjy2dti24zttgszz7xeazi3yeav0ii0 0 159940 869040 2026-06-26T23:40:33Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350089829|Felipe Pigna]]" 869040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Felipe Pigna''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1959) masanin tarihi ne kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Argentina . Yana cikin marubutan da suka fi sayarwa a Argentina. <ref>[http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/notas/2009/05/11/_-01916123.htm Felipe Pigna: "Me gustaría que mis críticos se tomen el trabajo de leerme"] Nobody will spend time reading me, because I'm a biased history writer. {{In lang|es}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Pigna yana koyarwa a Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini, yana jagorantar aikin ''Ver la Historia'' wanda ya samar da shirye-shiryen fina-finai 13 da suka shafi zamanin Tarihin Argentina daga 1776 zuwa 2001. Shi marubuci ne a fannin rubuce-rubuce, yana fitowa a shirye-shiryen rediyo, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga jaridu da mujallu kamar ''Noticias'', ''Veintitrés'' da ''Todo es Historia'' . Shi ne darektan mujallar ''Caras y Caretas'' . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tarihi ga hanyoyin sadarwa na talabijin kamar HBO, People and Arts, RAI na Italiya, da kuma Antena 3 na Spain. Ya kasance marubuci a cikin ''Historia Confidencial'', wani shirin talabijin na Argentina. Pigna babban jami'in gudanarwa ne kuma yana rubutu a gidan yanar gizo mai suna El Historiador (The Historiador) wanda ke da tarihi. Sau da yawa ana ganinsa a kafofin watsa labarai yana magana game da batutuwa na tarihi. Shi ne mai masaukin baki na ''Vida y Vuelta'', wani shirin talabijin na shirye-shiryen tarihi da tambayoyi. Tare da Mario Pergolini, Pigna ya rubuta, ya shirya kuma ya dauki nauyin ''shirin Algo habrán hecho por la historia argentina'', wani shirin talabijin da aka watsa a shekarar 2005 (kuma daga baya aka fitar da shi a cikin faifan DVD) wanda ya hada shirye-shiryen tarihi, barkwanci da kuma sake fasalin abubuwan tarihi kyauta. Shirin ya ba shi kyautar Martín Fierro, kuma a jawabinsa na karɓuwa ya sadaukar da kyautar ga wasu daga cikin jaruman kasarsa na tarihi, wato Mariano Moreno, Juan José Castelli, Manuel Belgrano da Manuel Dorrego . == Salo == Ayyukan Felipe Pigna ba su da nufin jama'a masu ilimi, sai dai ga jama'a. Don wannan dalili, yana amfani da kalamai marasa tushe, da kuma wasu barkwanci da kuma ambato ga mai karatu. Yana ƙoƙarin danganta tarihi da Argentina da Argentina ta zamani, yana kafa kamanceceniya tsakanin abubuwan da suka faru a baya da na zamani ko yanayi. Yana ganin cewa abubuwan da suka faru ba sa maimaita kansu daidai saboda yanayi yana canzawa, amma sakamakon zai iya zama iri ɗaya, kamar gibin dukiya da ke haifar da gwamnatocin kama-karya. <ref>[https://periodismo-translucido.blogspot.com/2007/06/la-historia-no-se-repite-continua.html Felipe Pigna: La historia no se repite, continua] {{In lang|es}} (interview)</ref> Ayyukansa galibi suna kwatanta tarihi a matsayin takaddama tsakanin mutane da ajin masu iko, inda na ƙarshe ke cin zarafin jama'a a lokaci zuwa lokaci, kuma duk da haka mutane za su sami damar cimma wasu nasarori, ko da kuwa ba su daɗe ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] kvdtrf6r4rxt9bsaqbm9spym4zjrdpq 869041 869040 2026-06-26T23:40:56Z Arcdanumma047 38699 869041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Felipe Pigna''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1959) masanin tarihi ne kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Argentina . Yana cikin marubutan da suka fi sayarwa a Argentina. <ref>[http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/notas/2009/05/11/_-01916123.htm Felipe Pigna: "Me gustaría que mis críticos se tomen el trabajo de leerme"] Nobody will spend time reading me, because I'm a biased history writer. {{In lang|es}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Pigna yana koyarwa a Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini, yana jagorantar aikin ''Ver la Historia'' wanda ya samar da shirye-shiryen fina-finai 13 da suka shafi zamanin Tarihin Argentina daga 1776 zuwa 2001. Shi marubuci ne a fannin rubuce-rubuce, yana fitowa a shirye-shiryen rediyo, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga jaridu da mujallu kamar ''Noticias'', ''Veintitrés'' da ''Todo es Historia'' . Shi ne darektan mujallar ''Caras y Caretas'' . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tarihi ga hanyoyin sadarwa na talabijin kamar HBO, People and Arts, RAI na Italiya, da kuma Antena 3 na Spain. Ya kasance marubuci a cikin ''Historia Confidencial'', wani shirin talabijin na Argentina. Pigna babban jami'in gudanarwa ne kuma yana rubutu a gidan yanar gizo mai suna El Historiador (The Historiador) wanda ke da tarihi. Sau da yawa ana ganinsa a kafofin watsa labarai yana magana game da batutuwa na tarihi. Shi ne mai masaukin baki na ''Vida y Vuelta'', wani shirin talabijin na shirye-shiryen tarihi da tambayoyi. Tare da Mario Pergolini, Pigna ya rubuta, ya shirya kuma ya dauki nauyin ''shirin Algo habrán hecho por la historia argentina'', wani shirin talabijin da aka watsa a shekarar 2005 (kuma daga baya aka fitar da shi a cikin faifan DVD) wanda ya hada shirye-shiryen tarihi, barkwanci da kuma sake fasalin abubuwan tarihi kyauta. Shirin ya ba shi kyautar Martín Fierro, kuma a jawabinsa na karɓuwa ya sadaukar da kyautar ga wasu daga cikin jaruman kasarsa na tarihi, wato Mariano Moreno, Juan José Castelli, Manuel Belgrano da Manuel Dorrego . == Salo == Ayyukan Felipe Pigna ba su da nufin jama'a masu ilimi, sai dai ga jama'a. Don wannan dalili, yana amfani da kalamai marasa tushe, da kuma wasu barkwanci da kuma ambato ga mai karatu. Yana ƙoƙarin danganta tarihi da Argentina da Argentina ta zamani, yana kafa kamanceceniya tsakanin abubuwan da suka faru a baya da na zamani ko yanayi. Yana ganin cewa abubuwan da suka faru ba sa maimaita kansu daidai saboda yanayi yana canzawa, amma sakamakon zai iya zama iri ɗaya, kamar gibin dukiya da ke haifar da gwamnatocin kama-karya. <ref>[https://periodismo-translucido.blogspot.com/2007/06/la-historia-no-se-repite-continua.html Felipe Pigna: La historia no se repite, continua] {{In lang|es}} (interview)</ref> Ayyukansa galibi suna kwatanta tarihi a matsayin takaddama tsakanin mutane da ajin masu iko, inda na ƙarshe ke cin zarafin jama'a a lokaci zuwa lokaci, kuma duk da haka mutane za su sami damar cimma wasu nasarori, ko da kuwa ba su daɗe ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] p6iu8ydwk2wwb2uesiqeosd2alhk8qe 0 159941 869046 2026-06-27T00:04:04Z Ishaku Ajeje 25172 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303160424|Walter W. Stiern]]" 869046 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Walter William Stiern''' (8 ga Maris, 1914 - 21 ga Fabrairu, 1988) ya kasance Sanata na Jihar California wanda ke wakiltar Kern County . Kodayake an haifi Stiern a [[San Diego]], iyalinsa sun fito ne daga Bakersfield kuma sun koma baya ba da daɗewa ba bayan an haife shi. Stiern ya halarci Kwalejin Bakersfield, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Washington inda ya sami [[Likitan dabbobi|Dokta na Magungunan Dabbobi]]. Ya koma Bakersfield kuma ya kafa aikin dabbobi wanda ke ba da abinci ga al'ummar noma na yankin, ya ɗauki hutu na wucin gadi don yin aiki a yakin duniya na biyu. An zabi Stiern a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jiha a shekara ta 1958, inda ya ba da shawara kan batutuwan ilimi, kiwon lafiya da aikin gona. An fi saninsa da aikinsa a fannin fadada tsarin ilimi mafi girma na California: A cikin 1960, ya ba da gudummawa ga Dokar Ilimi mafi girma ta Donahoe ta Majalisar Dokoki Dorothy Donohoe wacce ta sake tsara tsarin ilimi mafi zurfi na jihar zuwa yadda yake a yau: an kirkiro "Kolejojin Jihar California" (wanda yanzu ake kira tsarin Jami'ar Jihar California) a matsayin tsarin jihar, kuma daga yanzu, an daidaita su a cikin tsarin su don samar da ilimi mafi girma ga yawan jama'ar jihar. Stiern ya kara yin murya a cikin shekarun 1960 game da gaskiyar cewa ƙananan kwalejoji ne kawai ɓangaren ilimi mafi girma na jama'a na California wanda ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin jihar ba, kuma ya dauki nauyin dokokin da suka dace don gyara wannan. A shekara ta 1967, wucewar lissafin Stiern ya haifar da sauya ƙananan kwalejoji zuwa tsarin Kwalejin Jama'a na California.<ref name="Gerth_Page_461" /> Ga gundumar gidansa, aikin Stiern a Majalisar Dattijai ya samar da Kwalejin Jihar California, Bakersfield, wanda ya zama Jami'ar Jihar California. An sanya masa suna a ɗakin karatu na Walter W. Stiern a harabar CSUB.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=BakersfieldNow |date=2019-10-22 |title=CSUB unveils new study spaces at Stiern Library |url=https://bakersfieldnow.com/news/local/csub-unveils-remodeled-second-floor-at-stiern-library |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=KBAK |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 1990, shekaru biyu bayan mutuwarsa, Majalisar Dokoki ta girmama gudummawar da ya bayar ga kirkirar Kwalejin Jama'a ta California ta hanyar kirkirar wani ɗan gajeren lakabi bisa ga sunansa don ɓangaren da ya dace na Dokar Ilimi ta California. Sashe na Dokar Ilimi 70900.5 ya ba da cewa "wannan ɓangaren za a san shi, kuma ana iya ambaton shi, a matsayin 'Walter Stiern Act'". == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Walter W. StiernaNeman Kabari * [http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/5671 Walter W. Stiern] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Stiern, Walter}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] f9pw1hnpai0mht3iztln9wi7r6kzs1p 869047 869046 2026-06-27T00:06:07Z Ishaku Ajeje 25172 869047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter William Stiern''' (8 ga Maris, 1914 - 21 ga Fabrairu, 1988) ya kasance Sanata na Jihar California wanda ke wakiltar Kern County . Kodayake an haifi Stiern a [[San Diego]], iyalinsa sun fito ne daga Bakersfield kuma sun koma baya ba da daɗewa ba bayan an haife shi. Stiern ya halarci Kwalejin Bakersfield, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Washington inda ya sami [[Likitan dabbobi|Dokta na Magungunan Dabbobi]]. Ya koma Bakersfield kuma ya kafa aikin dabbobi wanda ke ba da abinci ga al'ummar noma na yankin, ya ɗauki hutu na wucin gadi don yin aiki a yakin duniya na biyu. An zabi Stiern a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jiha a shekara ta 1958, inda ya ba da shawara kan batutuwan ilimi, kiwon lafiya da aikin gona. An fi saninsa da aikinsa a fannin fadada tsarin ilimi mafi girma na California: A cikin 1960, ya ba da gudummawa ga Dokar Ilimi mafi girma ta Donahoe ta Majalisar Dokoki Dorothy Donohoe wacce ta sake tsara tsarin ilimi mafi zurfi na jihar zuwa yadda yake a yau: an kirkiro "Kolejojin Jihar California" (wanda yanzu ake kira tsarin Jami'ar Jihar California) a matsayin tsarin jihar, kuma daga yanzu, an daidaita su a cikin tsarin su don samar da ilimi mafi girma ga yawan jama'ar jihar. Stiern ya kara yin murya a cikin shekarun 1960 game da gaskiyar cewa ƙananan kwalejoji ne kawai ɓangaren ilimi mafi girma na jama'a na California wanda ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin jihar ba, kuma ya dauki nauyin dokokin da suka dace don gyara wannan. A shekara ta 1967, wucewar lissafin Stiern ya haifar da sauya ƙananan kwalejoji zuwa tsarin Kwalejin Jama'a na California.<ref name="Gerth_Page_461" /> Ga gundumar gidansa, aikin Stiern a Majalisar Dattijai ya samar da Kwalejin Jihar California, Bakersfield, wanda ya zama Jami'ar Jihar California. An sanya masa suna a ɗakin karatu na Walter W. Stiern a harabar CSUB.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=BakersfieldNow |date=2019-10-22 |title=CSUB unveils new study spaces at Stiern Library |url=https://bakersfieldnow.com/news/local/csub-unveils-remodeled-second-floor-at-stiern-library |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=KBAK |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 1990, shekaru biyu bayan mutuwarsa, Majalisar Dokoki ta girmama gudummawar da ya bayar ga kirkirar Kwalejin Jama'a ta California ta hanyar kirkirar wani ɗan gajeren lakabi bisa ga sunansa don ɓangaren da ya dace na Dokar Ilimi ta California. Sashe na Dokar Ilimi 70900.5 ya ba da cewa "wannan ɓangaren za a san shi, kuma ana iya ambaton shi, a matsayin 'Walter Stiern Act'". == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Walter W. StiernaNeman Kabari * [http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/5671 Walter W. Stiern] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Stiern, Walter}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] dndzt9sllrl6oyvdunb57hwhl537lcr 869048 869047 2026-06-27T00:06:37Z Ishaku Ajeje 25172 /* Manazarta */ 869048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter William Stiern''' (8 ga Maris, 1914 - 21 ga Fabrairu, 1988) ya kasance Sanata na Jihar California wanda ke wakiltar Kern County . Kodayake an haifi Stiern a [[San Diego]], iyalinsa sun fito ne daga Bakersfield kuma sun koma baya ba da daɗewa ba bayan an haife shi. Stiern ya halarci Kwalejin Bakersfield, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Washington inda ya sami [[Likitan dabbobi|Dokta na Magungunan Dabbobi]]. Ya koma Bakersfield kuma ya kafa aikin dabbobi wanda ke ba da abinci ga al'ummar noma na yankin, ya ɗauki hutu na wucin gadi don yin aiki a yakin duniya na biyu. An zabi Stiern a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jiha a shekara ta 1958, inda ya ba da shawara kan batutuwan ilimi, kiwon lafiya da aikin gona. An fi saninsa da aikinsa a fannin fadada tsarin ilimi mafi girma na California: A cikin 1960, ya ba da gudummawa ga Dokar Ilimi mafi girma ta Donahoe ta Majalisar Dokoki Dorothy Donohoe wacce ta sake tsara tsarin ilimi mafi zurfi na jihar zuwa yadda yake a yau: an kirkiro "Kolejojin Jihar California" (wanda yanzu ake kira tsarin Jami'ar Jihar California) a matsayin tsarin jihar, kuma daga yanzu, an daidaita su a cikin tsarin su don samar da ilimi mafi girma ga yawan jama'ar jihar. Stiern ya kara yin murya a cikin shekarun 1960 game da gaskiyar cewa ƙananan kwalejoji ne kawai ɓangaren ilimi mafi girma na jama'a na California wanda ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin jihar ba, kuma ya dauki nauyin dokokin da suka dace don gyara wannan. A shekara ta 1967, wucewar lissafin Stiern ya haifar da sauya ƙananan kwalejoji zuwa tsarin Kwalejin Jama'a na California.<ref name="Gerth_Page_461" /> Ga gundumar gidansa, aikin Stiern a Majalisar Dattijai ya samar da Kwalejin Jihar California, Bakersfield, wanda ya zama Jami'ar Jihar California. An sanya masa suna a ɗakin karatu na Walter W. Stiern a harabar CSUB.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=BakersfieldNow |date=2019-10-22 |title=CSUB unveils new study spaces at Stiern Library |url=https://bakersfieldnow.com/news/local/csub-unveils-remodeled-second-floor-at-stiern-library |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=KBAK |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 1990, shekaru biyu bayan mutuwarsa, Majalisar Dokoki ta girmama gudummawar da ya bayar ga kirkirar Kwalejin Jama'a ta California ta hanyar kirkirar wani ɗan gajeren lakabi bisa ga sunansa don ɓangaren da ya dace na Dokar Ilimi ta California. Sashe na Dokar Ilimi 70900.5 ya ba da cewa "wannan ɓangaren za a san shi, kuma ana iya ambaton shi, a matsayin 'Walter Stiern Act'". == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Walter W. StiernaNeman Kabari * [http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/5671 Walter W. Stiern] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Stiern, Walter}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] a2fw1x6zkd35o87hdwbll0hepkc0v1l 869049 869048 2026-06-27T00:07:32Z Ishaku Ajeje 25172 869049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter William Stiern''' (8 ga Maris, 1914 - 21 ga Fabrairu, 1988) ya kasance Sanata na Jihar California wanda ke wakiltar Kern County . Kodayake an haifi Stiern a [[San Diego]], iyalinsa sun fito ne daga Bakersfield kuma sun koma baya ba da daɗewa ba bayan an haife shi. Stiern ya halarci Kwalejin Bakersfield, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Washington inda ya sami [[Likitan dabbobi|Dokta na Magungunan Dabbobi]]. Ya koma Bakersfield kuma ya kafa aikin dabbobi wanda ke ba da abinci ga al'ummar noma na yankin, ya ɗauki hutu na wucin gadi don yin aiki a yakin duniya na biyu. An zabi Stiern a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jiha a shekara ta 1958, inda ya ba da shawara kan batutuwan ilimi, kiwon lafiya da aikin gona. An fi saninsa da aikinsa a fannin fadada tsarin ilimi mafi girma na California: A cikin 1960, ya ba da gudummawa ga Dokar Ilimi mafi girma ta Donahoe ta Majalisar Dokoki Dorothy Donohoe wacce ta sake tsara tsarin ilimi mafi zurfi na jihar zuwa yadda yake a yau: an kirkiro "Kolejojin Jihar California" (wanda yanzu ake kira tsarin Jami'ar Jihar California) a matsayin tsarin jihar, kuma daga yanzu, an daidaita su a cikin tsarin su don samar da ilimi mafi girma ga yawan jama'ar jihar. Stiern ya kara yin murya a cikin shekarun 1960 game da gaskiyar cewa ƙananan kwalejoji ne kawai ɓangaren ilimi mafi girma na jama'a na California wanda ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin jihar ba, kuma ya dauki nauyin dokokin da suka dace don gyara wannan. A shekara ta 1967, wucewar lissafin Stiern ya haifar da sauya ƙananan kwalejoji zuwa tsarin Kwalejin Jama'a na California. Ga gundumar gidansa, aikin Stiern a Majalisar Dattijai ya samar da Kwalejin Jihar California, Bakersfield, wanda ya zama Jami'ar Jihar California. An sanya masa suna a ɗakin karatu na Walter W. Stiern a harabar CSUB.A cikin 1990, shekaru biyu bayan mutuwarsa, Majalisar Dokoki ta girmama gudummawar da ya bayar ga kirkirar Kwalejin Jama'a ta California ta hanyar kirkirar wani ɗan gajeren lakabi bisa ga sunansa don ɓangaren da ya dace na Dokar Ilimi ta California. Sashe na Dokar Ilimi 70900.5 ya ba da cewa "wannan ɓangaren za a san shi, kuma ana iya ambaton shi, a matsayin 'Walter Stiern Act'". == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Walter W. StiernaNeman Kabari * [http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/5671 Walter W. Stiern] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Stiern, Walter}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] 9vqyrjyzjugixpmbbxt6pn70lkqj8i8 869050 869049 2026-06-27T00:08:59Z Ishaku Ajeje 25172 Manazarta 869050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter William Stiern''' (8 ga Maris, 1914 - 21 ga Fabrairu, 1988) ya kasance Sanata na Jihar California wanda ke wakiltar Kern County .<ref>https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/2374908/?utm_source=chatgpt.com</ref> Kodayake an haifi Stiern a [[San Diego]], iyalinsa sun fito ne daga Bakersfield kuma sun koma baya ba da daɗewa ba bayan an haife shi. Stiern ya halarci Kwalejin Bakersfield, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Washington inda ya sami [[Likitan dabbobi|Dokta na Magungunan Dabbobi]]. Ya koma Bakersfield kuma ya kafa aikin dabbobi wanda ke ba da abinci ga al'ummar noma na yankin, ya ɗauki hutu na wucin gadi don yin aiki a yakin duniya na biyu. An zabi Stiern a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jiha a shekara ta 1958, inda ya ba da shawara kan batutuwan ilimi, kiwon lafiya da aikin gona. An fi saninsa da aikinsa a fannin fadada tsarin ilimi mafi girma na California: A cikin 1960, ya ba da gudummawa ga Dokar Ilimi mafi girma ta Donahoe ta Majalisar Dokoki Dorothy Donohoe wacce ta sake tsara tsarin ilimi mafi zurfi na jihar zuwa yadda yake a yau: an kirkiro "Kolejojin Jihar California" (wanda yanzu ake kira tsarin Jami'ar Jihar California) a matsayin tsarin jihar, kuma daga yanzu, an daidaita su a cikin tsarin su don samar da ilimi mafi girma ga yawan jama'ar jihar. Stiern ya kara yin murya a cikin shekarun 1960 game da gaskiyar cewa ƙananan kwalejoji ne kawai ɓangaren ilimi mafi girma na jama'a na California wanda ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin jihar ba, kuma ya dauki nauyin dokokin da suka dace don gyara wannan. A shekara ta 1967, wucewar lissafin Stiern ya haifar da sauya ƙananan kwalejoji zuwa tsarin Kwalejin Jama'a na California. Ga gundumar gidansa, aikin Stiern a Majalisar Dattijai ya samar da Kwalejin Jihar California, Bakersfield, wanda ya zama Jami'ar Jihar California. An sanya masa suna a ɗakin karatu na Walter W. Stiern a harabar CSUB.A cikin 1990, shekaru biyu bayan mutuwarsa, Majalisar Dokoki ta girmama gudummawar da ya bayar ga kirkirar Kwalejin Jama'a ta California ta hanyar kirkirar wani ɗan gajeren lakabi bisa ga sunansa don ɓangaren da ya dace na Dokar Ilimi ta California. Sashe na Dokar Ilimi 70900.5 ya ba da cewa "wannan ɓangaren za a san shi, kuma ana iya ambaton shi, a matsayin 'Walter Stiern Act'". == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Walter W. StiernaNeman Kabari * [http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/5671 Walter W. Stiern] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Stiern, Walter}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] sa6kpd9jyzgm4gosuyfr0xkvw5m07n8 0 159942 869051 2026-06-27T00:16:35Z Ishaku Ajeje 25172 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339912953|Tomáš Ježek (canoeist)]]" 869051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MedalTableTop|medals={{MedalSport | Men's [[ICF canoe marathon|canoe marathon]] }} {{MedalCountry | {{CZE}} }} {{MedalCompetition | [[ICF Canoe Marathon World Championships|World Championships]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[2008 ICF Canoe Marathon World Championships|2008 Týn nad Vltavou]] | K-1 marathon }} {{MedalCompetition | [[World Games]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[World Games 2013|2013 Cali]] | K-2 marathon }} {{MedalCompetition | [[Canoe Marathon European Championships|European Championships]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[2009 Canoe Marathon European Championships|2009 Ostróda]] | K-2 marathon }} {{MedalBronze | [[2011 Canoe Marathon European Championships|2011 Saint Jean de Losne]] | K-2 marathon }}}}'''Tomáš Ježek''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1973, Hradec Králové) ɗan jirgin ruwa ne na Czech wanda ke fafatawa a cikin marathon a matakin duniya tun 1994. Ya yi gasa a gasar zakarun duniya da yawa a marathon ya lashe lambar azurfa daya a K1 a Týn nad Vltavou 2008. == Tarihin aiki == Ježek ya fara kayaking tun yana yaro kuma ya shiga yanayin kayak na kasa da kasa a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar tseren Czech. A shekara ta 1994 ya fara tsere a abubuwan da suka faru na ICF. Ya kammala a matsayi na 4 a Gasar Marathon ta Duniya a Győr 1999 da [[Perth]] 2005, inda ya rasa lambar yabo ga Ben Fouhy a layin ƙarshe. A cikin 2006 da 2007 Ježek ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tseren jirgin ruwa ta Czech kuma ya yi yaƙi don wasannin Olympics a rukunin K2-1000m tare da Ondřej Horský . Sun kammala a matsayi na 6 a Gasar Zakarun Turai a 2007 amma sun kasa samun cancanta ga gasar Olympics a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya. A shekara ta 2008 Ježek ya dawo cikin tseren marathon kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa a K1 a Gasar Marathon ta Duniya a Týn nad Vltavou inda ya rasa nasarar kammala yaƙin zinariya ga Emilio Merchán Alonso . A shekara ta 2009 Ježek ya lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Marathon ta Turai a Ostroda a kan K2 tare da [[Michael Odvárko]] . Ya kammala na 6 a Gasar Marathon ta Duniya a Crestuma a kan K1 da 8 a kan K2 tare da wannan abokin tarayya. A shekara ta 2010 ya canza abokin tarayya na K2 kuma ya fara tsere tare da [[Petr Jambor]], abokin kulob dinsa. Kodayake suna samun lambobin yabo a gasar cin kofin duniya a marathon a kan K1 da K2, sun kasa samun lambar yabo a gasar zakarun duniya a Banyoles inda suka kammala a matsayi na 6. A shekara ta 2011 Ježek ya lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Marathon ta Turai a Saint Jean de Losne a kan K2 tare da [[Petr Jambor]] kuma sun kammala na 4 a Gasar Cin Kofin Marathon ta Duniya a [[Singafora|Singapore]]. == Manazarta == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720052425/http://www.canoeicf.com/icf/Aboutoursport/Canoe-Marathon/Events-Results-Athletes/Results.html Sakamakon Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta ICF] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101204085457/http://hickoksports.com/history/worldcanoema.shtml Wadanda suka lashe lambar yabo a gasar cin kofin duniya na Canoe Marathon] * [http://www.the-sports.org/canoeing-jezek-tomas-results-identity-s20-c2-b4-o47-w78643.html Bayanan Tomáš Ježek a The Sports.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426055043/http://www.canoemarathon.com.au/default.asp?Page=9396 Rahoton Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2005] * [http://www.kanoe.cz/ Shafin yanar gizon jirgin ruwa na Czech] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] 9787a7ci4wzl7r82mmleu5wahy754fv 869052 869051 2026-06-27T00:19:09Z Ishaku Ajeje 25172 /* Tarihin aiki */ Manazarta 869052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MedalTableTop|medals={{MedalSport | Men's [[ICF canoe marathon|canoe marathon]] }} {{MedalCountry | {{CZE}} }} {{MedalCompetition | [[ICF Canoe Marathon World Championships|World Championships]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[2008 ICF Canoe Marathon World Championships|2008 Týn nad Vltavou]] | K-1 marathon }} {{MedalCompetition | [[World Games]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[World Games 2013|2013 Cali]] | K-2 marathon }} {{MedalCompetition | [[Canoe Marathon European Championships|European Championships]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[2009 Canoe Marathon European Championships|2009 Ostróda]] | K-2 marathon }} {{MedalBronze | [[2011 Canoe Marathon European Championships|2011 Saint Jean de Losne]] | K-2 marathon }}}}'''Tomáš Ježek''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1973, Hradec Králové) ɗan jirgin ruwa ne na Czech wanda ke fafatawa a cikin marathon a matakin duniya tun 1994. Ya yi gasa a gasar zakarun duniya da yawa a marathon ya lashe lambar azurfa daya a K1 a Týn nad Vltavou 2008. == Tarihin aiki == Ježek ya fara kayaking tun yana yaro kuma ya shiga yanayin kayak na kasa da kasa a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar tseren Czech. A shekara ta 1994 ya fara tsere a abubuwan da suka faru na ICF. Ya kammala a matsayi na 4 a Gasar Marathon ta Duniya a Győr 1999 da [[Perth]] 2005, inda ya rasa lambar yabo ga Ben Fouhy a layin ƙarshe.<ref>https://www.finmag.cz/obchodni-rejstrik/zivnostensky-rejstrik/66646251-tomas-medek?utm_source=chatgpt.com</ref> A cikin 2006 da 2007 Ježek ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tseren jirgin ruwa ta Czech kuma ya yi yaƙi don wasannin Olympics a rukunin K2-1000m tare da Ondřej Horský . Sun kammala a matsayi na 6 a Gasar Zakarun Turai a 2007 amma sun kasa samun cancanta ga gasar Olympics a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya. A shekara ta 2008 Ježek ya dawo cikin tseren marathon kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa a K1 a Gasar Marathon ta Duniya a Týn nad Vltavou inda ya rasa nasarar kammala yaƙin zinariya ga Emilio Merchán Alonso . A shekara ta 2009 Ježek ya lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Marathon ta Turai a Ostroda a kan K2 tare da [[Michael Odvárko]] . Ya kammala na 6 a Gasar Marathon ta Duniya a Crestuma a kan K1 da 8 a kan K2 tare da wannan abokin tarayya. A shekara ta 2010 ya canza abokin tarayya na K2 kuma ya fara tsere tare da [[Petr Jambor]], abokin kulob dinsa. Kodayake suna samun lambobin yabo a gasar cin kofin duniya a marathon a kan K1 da K2, sun kasa samun lambar yabo a gasar zakarun duniya a Banyoles inda suka kammala a matsayi na 6. A shekara ta 2011 Ježek ya lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Marathon ta Turai a Saint Jean de Losne a kan K2 tare da [[Petr Jambor]] kuma sun kammala na 4 a Gasar Cin Kofin Marathon ta Duniya a [[Singafora|Singapore]]. == Manazarta == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720052425/http://www.canoeicf.com/icf/Aboutoursport/Canoe-Marathon/Events-Results-Athletes/Results.html Sakamakon Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta ICF] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101204085457/http://hickoksports.com/history/worldcanoema.shtml Wadanda suka lashe lambar yabo a gasar cin kofin duniya na Canoe Marathon] * [http://www.the-sports.org/canoeing-jezek-tomas-results-identity-s20-c2-b4-o47-w78643.html Bayanan Tomáš Ježek a The Sports.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426055043/http://www.canoemarathon.com.au/default.asp?Page=9396 Rahoton Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2005] * [http://www.kanoe.cz/ Shafin yanar gizon jirgin ruwa na Czech] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] gjw3hrsbw91mmbnmxga6z5wnxepxo1i 0 159943 869055 2026-06-27T00:40:11Z Ishaku Ajeje 25172 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1261219166|László Cseh Sr.]]" 869055 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''László Cseh Sr.''' (14 Maris 1952 - 24 Agusta 2020) <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2020 |title=Meghalt idősebb Cseh László |url=https://24.hu/sport/2020/08/25/meghalt-idosebb-cseh-laszlo/ |publisher=24.hu |language=Hungarian}}</ref> ya kasance mai yin iyo na Hungary. Ya shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968 da kuma gasar Olympics ta 1972 . Ɗansa, László Cseh, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics sau shida wanda ya kuma wakilci Hungary a yin iyo a gasar Olympics ta bazara. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] tnup81vsw6vmsb57cp1vf9kb1f7v88x 869057 869055 2026-06-27T00:40:48Z Ishaku Ajeje 25172 /* Manazarta */ 869057 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''László Cseh Sr.''' (14 Maris 1952 - 24 Agusta 2020) <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2020 |title=Meghalt idősebb Cseh László |url=https://24.hu/sport/2020/08/25/meghalt-idosebb-cseh-laszlo/ |publisher=24.hu |language=Hungarian}}</ref> ya kasance mai yin iyo na Hungary. Ya shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968 da kuma gasar Olympics ta 1972 . Ɗansa, László Cseh, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics sau shida wanda ya kuma wakilci Hungary a yin iyo a gasar Olympics ta bazara. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] h2ih1mr63yetixbecll4f46e1zr1myj 869058 869057 2026-06-27T00:42:02Z Ishaku Ajeje 25172 869058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''László Cseh Sr.''' (14 Maris 1952 - 24 Agusta 2020) <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2020 |title=Meghalt idősebb Cseh László |url=https://24.hu/sport/2020/08/25/meghalt-idosebb-cseh-laszlo/ |publisher=24.hu |language=Hungarian}}</ref> ya kasance mai yin iyo na Hungary. Ya shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968 da kuma gasar Olympics ta 1972 . Ɗansa, László Cseh, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics sau shida wanda ya kuma wakilci Hungary a yin iyo a gasar Olympics ta bazara. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 2fj4lidlbevfsz0gtktl57ulik0o8mi 0 159944 869084 2026-06-27T04:38:45Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359742493|Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University]]" 869084 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka Jami'ar [[Isyaka Rabi'u|Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu]], Kano''' (KHAIRUN) jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano, Najeriya]] . An kafa ta a cikin 2022 bayan amincewa daga [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC). An sanya sunan jami'ar ne bayan marigayi masanin addinin Musulunci kuma mai ba da agaji Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu . Cibiyar tana ba da shirye-shirye a cikin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imam |first=Uzair Adam |date=2024-09-19 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ta fara daukar sabbin dalibai na shekarar 2024/2025 - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-ta-fara-daukar-sabbin-dalibai-na-shekarar-2024-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Hadiza |date=2025-10-16 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu (KHAIRUN) ta sake nanata ƙudurinta na inganta ilimi ta hanyar horarwa ga malamai - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-khairun-ta-sake-nanata-%c6%99udurinta-na-inganta-ilimi-ta-hanyar-horarwa-ga-malamai/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jami'ar ta sami lasisin aiki daga Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa a watan Afrilun 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ "KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase"]. 27 August 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ce ta kafa ma'aikatar, ta gina kan gadon ilimi da ke da alaƙa da Sheikh Isyaku Rabio. Ayyukan ilimi sun fara ne a cikin taron ilimi na 2023/2024 tare da iyakantaccen adadin shirye-shiryen digiri a duk faɗin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya. Jami'ar ta ci gaba da fadada tsarin ilimi da kayan aikinta. == Wurin da take == Babban harabar Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu tana kan titin BUK, a gaban Gadon Kaya City Gate, a [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]] Local Government Area na Jihar Kano, Najeriya. == Faculty == * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kwamfuta * Kwalejin Injiniya * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya === Shirye-shiryen da aka zaɓa === Wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen karatun digiri da aka bayar sun hada da: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-26 |title=Courses in Khalifa Isiyaku Rabiu University, Kano (KHAIRUN) |url=https://universitycourses.ng/khairun/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=University Courses in Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Tsaro na Intanet * Injiniyan Software * Injiniyan lantarki da lantarki * Injiniyan Mechatronics * Biochemistry * Ilimin halittu * Fasahar halittu * Lissafi * Kimiyya ta dakin gwaje-gwaje * Rediyo * Kimiyyar jinya == Gudanarwa == Tsarin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ya bi tsarin jami'ar Najeriya na al'ada, wanda ya kunshi: * Shugaba * Majalisar Gudanarwa * Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Rijistar * Bursar * Mai kula da Laburaren Jami'ar Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na farko shine Farfesa Abdulrashid Garba . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=KHAIRUN: What makes our university different from others - Vice Chancellor - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-what-makes-our-university-different-from-others-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University appoints Professor Abdulrashid Garba as First Vice-Chancellor |url=https://myschool.ng/news/khairun-appoints-professor-abdulrashid-garba-as-first-vice-chancellor |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5mwzpwdl5puqr6bhh2vfr5q13lxpgbi 869085 869084 2026-06-27T04:40:09Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 869085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jami'ar [[Isyaka Rabi'u|Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu]], Kano''' (KHAIRUN) jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano, Najeriya]] . An kafa ta a cikin 2022 bayan amincewa daga [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC). An sanya sunan jami'ar ne bayan marigayi masanin addinin Musulunci kuma mai ba da agaji Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu . Cibiyar tana ba da shirye-shirye a cikin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imam |first=Uzair Adam |date=2024-09-19 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ta fara daukar sabbin dalibai na shekarar 2024/2025 - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-ta-fara-daukar-sabbin-dalibai-na-shekarar-2024-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Hadiza |date=2025-10-16 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu (KHAIRUN) ta sake nanata ƙudurinta na inganta ilimi ta hanyar horarwa ga malamai - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-khairun-ta-sake-nanata-%c6%99udurinta-na-inganta-ilimi-ta-hanyar-horarwa-ga-malamai/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jami'ar ta sami lasisin aiki daga Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa a watan Afrilun 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ce ta kafa ma'aikatar, ta gina kan gadon ilimi da ke da alaƙa da Sheikh Isyaku Rabio. Ayyukan ilimi sun fara ne a cikin taron ilimi na 2023/2024 tare da iyakantaccen adadin shirye-shiryen digiri a duk faɗin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya. Jami'ar ta ci gaba da fadada tsarin ilimi da kayan aikinta. == Wurin da take == Babban harabar Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu tana kan titin BUK, a gaban Gadon Kaya City Gate, a [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]] Local Government Area na Jihar Kano, Najeriya. == Faculty == * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kwamfuta * Kwalejin Injiniya * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya === Shirye-shiryen da aka zaɓa === Wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen karatun digiri da aka bayar sun hada da: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-26 |title=Courses in Khalifa Isiyaku Rabiu University, Kano (KHAIRUN) |url=https://universitycourses.ng/khairun/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=University Courses in Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Tsaro na Intanet * Injiniyan Software * Injiniyan lantarki da lantarki * Injiniyan Mechatronics * Biochemistry * Ilimin halittu * Fasahar halittu * Lissafi * Kimiyya ta dakin gwaje-gwaje * Rediyo * Kimiyyar jinya == Gudanarwa == Tsarin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ya bi tsarin jami'ar Najeriya na al'ada, wanda ya kunshi: * Shugaba * Majalisar Gudanarwa * Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Rijistar * Bursar * Mai kula da Laburaren Jami'ar Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na farko shine Farfesa Abdulrashid Garba . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=KHAIRUN: What makes our university different from others - Vice Chancellor - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-what-makes-our-university-different-from-others-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University appoints Professor Abdulrashid Garba as First Vice-Chancellor |url=https://myschool.ng/news/khairun-appoints-professor-abdulrashid-garba-as-first-vice-chancellor |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gzz6kp9tuyhuchefqlchjahz1t851q3 869086 869085 2026-06-27T04:40:35Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 869086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar [[Isyaka Rabi'u|Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu]], Kano''' (KHAIRUN) jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano, Najeriya]] . An kafa ta a cikin 2022 bayan amincewa daga [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC). An sanya sunan jami'ar ne bayan marigayi masanin addinin Musulunci kuma mai ba da agaji Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu . Cibiyar tana ba da shirye-shirye a cikin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imam |first=Uzair Adam |date=2024-09-19 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ta fara daukar sabbin dalibai na shekarar 2024/2025 - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-ta-fara-daukar-sabbin-dalibai-na-shekarar-2024-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Hadiza |date=2025-10-16 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu (KHAIRUN) ta sake nanata ƙudurinta na inganta ilimi ta hanyar horarwa ga malamai - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-khairun-ta-sake-nanata-%c6%99udurinta-na-inganta-ilimi-ta-hanyar-horarwa-ga-malamai/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jami'ar ta sami lasisin aiki daga Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa a watan Afrilun 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ce ta kafa ma'aikatar, ta gina kan gadon ilimi da ke da alaƙa da Sheikh Isyaku Rabio. Ayyukan ilimi sun fara ne a cikin taron ilimi na 2023/2024 tare da iyakantaccen adadin shirye-shiryen digiri a duk faɗin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya. Jami'ar ta ci gaba da fadada tsarin ilimi da kayan aikinta. == Wurin da take == Babban harabar Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu tana kan titin BUK, a gaban Gadon Kaya City Gate, a [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]] Local Government Area na Jihar Kano, Najeriya. == Faculty == * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kwamfuta * Kwalejin Injiniya * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya === Shirye-shiryen da aka zaɓa === Wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen karatun digiri da aka bayar sun hada da: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-26 |title=Courses in Khalifa Isiyaku Rabiu University, Kano (KHAIRUN) |url=https://universitycourses.ng/khairun/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=University Courses in Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Tsaro na Intanet * Injiniyan Software * Injiniyan lantarki da lantarki * Injiniyan Mechatronics * Biochemistry * Ilimin halittu * Fasahar halittu * Lissafi * Kimiyya ta dakin gwaje-gwaje * Rediyo * Kimiyyar jinya == Gudanarwa == Tsarin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ya bi tsarin jami'ar Najeriya na al'ada, wanda ya kunshi: * Shugaba * Majalisar Gudanarwa * Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Rijistar * Bursar * Mai kula da Laburaren Jami'ar Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na farko shine Farfesa Abdulrashid Garba . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=KHAIRUN: What makes our university different from others - Vice Chancellor - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-what-makes-our-university-different-from-others-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University appoints Professor Abdulrashid Garba as First Vice-Chancellor |url=https://myschool.ng/news/khairun-appoints-professor-abdulrashid-garba-as-first-vice-chancellor |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} qkgknqughysjuwjcv5b4wuvgr0h7rrv 869087 869086 2026-06-27T04:41:33Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Tarihi */ 869087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar [[Isyaka Rabi'u|Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu]], Kano''' (KHAIRUN) jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano, Najeriya]] . An kafa ta a cikin 2022 bayan amincewa daga [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC). An sanya sunan jami'ar ne bayan marigayi masanin addinin Musulunci kuma mai ba da agaji Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu . Cibiyar tana ba da shirye-shirye a cikin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imam |first=Uzair Adam |date=2024-09-19 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ta fara daukar sabbin dalibai na shekarar 2024/2025 - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-ta-fara-daukar-sabbin-dalibai-na-shekarar-2024-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Hadiza |date=2025-10-16 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu (KHAIRUN) ta sake nanata ƙudurinta na inganta ilimi ta hanyar horarwa ga malamai - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-khairun-ta-sake-nanata-%c6%99udurinta-na-inganta-ilimi-ta-hanyar-horarwa-ga-malamai/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jami'ar ta sami lasisin aiki daga Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa a watan Afrilun 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ce ta kafa ma'aikatar, ta gina kan gadon ilimi da ke da alaƙa da Sheikh Isyaku Rabio. Ayyukan ilimi sun fara ne a cikin taron ilimi na 2023/2024 tare da iyakantaccen adadin shirye-shiryen digiri a duk faɗin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya. Jami'ar ta ci gaba da fadada tsarin ilimi da kayan aikinta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Usman |first=Mustapha |date=September 4, 2023 |title=Isyaku Rabi’u University begins academic session January — Official |url=https://dailynigerian.com/isyaku-rabi-university/ |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Akanni |first=Tunde |date=2025-11-10 |title=Khairun Varsity for KANSIS visioning better future |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/khairun-varsity-for-kansis-visioning-better-future/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Wurin da take == Babban harabar Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu tana kan titin BUK, a gaban Gadon Kaya City Gate, a [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]] Local Government Area na Jihar Kano, Najeriya. == Faculty == * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kwamfuta * Kwalejin Injiniya * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya === Shirye-shiryen da aka zaɓa === Wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen karatun digiri da aka bayar sun hada da: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-26 |title=Courses in Khalifa Isiyaku Rabiu University, Kano (KHAIRUN) |url=https://universitycourses.ng/khairun/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=University Courses in Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Tsaro na Intanet * Injiniyan Software * Injiniyan lantarki da lantarki * Injiniyan Mechatronics * Biochemistry * Ilimin halittu * Fasahar halittu * Lissafi * Kimiyya ta dakin gwaje-gwaje * Rediyo * Kimiyyar jinya == Gudanarwa == Tsarin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ya bi tsarin jami'ar Najeriya na al'ada, wanda ya kunshi: * Shugaba * Majalisar Gudanarwa * Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Rijistar * Bursar * Mai kula da Laburaren Jami'ar Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na farko shine Farfesa Abdulrashid Garba . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=KHAIRUN: What makes our university different from others - Vice Chancellor - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-what-makes-our-university-different-from-others-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University appoints Professor Abdulrashid Garba as First Vice-Chancellor |url=https://myschool.ng/news/khairun-appoints-professor-abdulrashid-garba-as-first-vice-chancellor |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} qhqcm8hxujawzrxbuty5v650c7gj402 869089 869087 2026-06-27T04:42:26Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Shirye-shiryen da aka zaɓa */ 869089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar [[Isyaka Rabi'u|Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu]], Kano''' (KHAIRUN) jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano, Najeriya]] . An kafa ta a cikin 2022 bayan amincewa daga [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC). An sanya sunan jami'ar ne bayan marigayi masanin addinin Musulunci kuma mai ba da agaji Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu . Cibiyar tana ba da shirye-shirye a cikin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imam |first=Uzair Adam |date=2024-09-19 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ta fara daukar sabbin dalibai na shekarar 2024/2025 - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-ta-fara-daukar-sabbin-dalibai-na-shekarar-2024-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Hadiza |date=2025-10-16 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu (KHAIRUN) ta sake nanata ƙudurinta na inganta ilimi ta hanyar horarwa ga malamai - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-khairun-ta-sake-nanata-%c6%99udurinta-na-inganta-ilimi-ta-hanyar-horarwa-ga-malamai/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jami'ar ta sami lasisin aiki daga Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa a watan Afrilun 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ce ta kafa ma'aikatar, ta gina kan gadon ilimi da ke da alaƙa da Sheikh Isyaku Rabio. Ayyukan ilimi sun fara ne a cikin taron ilimi na 2023/2024 tare da iyakantaccen adadin shirye-shiryen digiri a duk faɗin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya. Jami'ar ta ci gaba da fadada tsarin ilimi da kayan aikinta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Usman |first=Mustapha |date=September 4, 2023 |title=Isyaku Rabi’u University begins academic session January — Official |url=https://dailynigerian.com/isyaku-rabi-university/ |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Akanni |first=Tunde |date=2025-11-10 |title=Khairun Varsity for KANSIS visioning better future |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/khairun-varsity-for-kansis-visioning-better-future/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Wurin da take == Babban harabar Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu tana kan titin BUK, a gaban Gadon Kaya City Gate, a [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]] Local Government Area na Jihar Kano, Najeriya. == Faculty == * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kwamfuta * Kwalejin Injiniya * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya === Shirye-shiryen da aka zaɓa === Wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen karatun digiri da aka bayar sun hada da:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Njuguna |first=Ciku |date=2025-01-30 |title=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University courses, admission requirements and how to apply - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/education/1636822-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-university-courses-admission-requirements-how-apply/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-26 |title=Courses in Khalifa Isiyaku Rabiu University, Kano (KHAIRUN) |url=https://universitycourses.ng/khairun/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=University Courses in Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Tsaro na Intanet * Injiniyan Software * Injiniyan lantarki da lantarki * Injiniyan Mechatronics * Biochemistry * Ilimin halittu * Fasahar halittu * Lissafi * Kimiyya ta dakin gwaje-gwaje * Rediyo * Kimiyyar jinya == Gudanarwa == Tsarin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ya bi tsarin jami'ar Najeriya na al'ada, wanda ya kunshi: * Shugaba * Majalisar Gudanarwa * Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Rijistar * Bursar * Mai kula da Laburaren Jami'ar Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na farko shine Farfesa Abdulrashid Garba . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=KHAIRUN: What makes our university different from others - Vice Chancellor - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-what-makes-our-university-different-from-others-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University appoints Professor Abdulrashid Garba as First Vice-Chancellor |url=https://myschool.ng/news/khairun-appoints-professor-abdulrashid-garba-as-first-vice-chancellor |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} asjup0auk02kecffazsyn281c9uwsq3 869090 869089 2026-06-27T04:43:32Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Gudanarwa */ 869090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar [[Isyaka Rabi'u|Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu]], Kano''' (KHAIRUN) jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano, Najeriya]] . An kafa ta a cikin 2022 bayan amincewa daga [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC). An sanya sunan jami'ar ne bayan marigayi masanin addinin Musulunci kuma mai ba da agaji Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu . Cibiyar tana ba da shirye-shirye a cikin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imam |first=Uzair Adam |date=2024-09-19 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ta fara daukar sabbin dalibai na shekarar 2024/2025 - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-ta-fara-daukar-sabbin-dalibai-na-shekarar-2024-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Hadiza |date=2025-10-16 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu (KHAIRUN) ta sake nanata ƙudurinta na inganta ilimi ta hanyar horarwa ga malamai - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-khairun-ta-sake-nanata-%c6%99udurinta-na-inganta-ilimi-ta-hanyar-horarwa-ga-malamai/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jami'ar ta sami lasisin aiki daga Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa a watan Afrilun 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ce ta kafa ma'aikatar, ta gina kan gadon ilimi da ke da alaƙa da Sheikh Isyaku Rabio. Ayyukan ilimi sun fara ne a cikin taron ilimi na 2023/2024 tare da iyakantaccen adadin shirye-shiryen digiri a duk faɗin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya. Jami'ar ta ci gaba da fadada tsarin ilimi da kayan aikinta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Usman |first=Mustapha |date=September 4, 2023 |title=Isyaku Rabi’u University begins academic session January — Official |url=https://dailynigerian.com/isyaku-rabi-university/ |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Akanni |first=Tunde |date=2025-11-10 |title=Khairun Varsity for KANSIS visioning better future |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/khairun-varsity-for-kansis-visioning-better-future/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Wurin da take == Babban harabar Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu tana kan titin BUK, a gaban Gadon Kaya City Gate, a [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]] Local Government Area na Jihar Kano, Najeriya. == Faculty == * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kwamfuta * Kwalejin Injiniya * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya === Shirye-shiryen da aka zaɓa === Wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen karatun digiri da aka bayar sun hada da:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Njuguna |first=Ciku |date=2025-01-30 |title=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University courses, admission requirements and how to apply - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/education/1636822-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-university-courses-admission-requirements-how-apply/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-26 |title=Courses in Khalifa Isiyaku Rabiu University, Kano (KHAIRUN) |url=https://universitycourses.ng/khairun/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=University Courses in Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Tsaro na Intanet * Injiniyan Software * Injiniyan lantarki da lantarki * Injiniyan Mechatronics * Biochemistry * Ilimin halittu * Fasahar halittu * Lissafi * Kimiyya ta dakin gwaje-gwaje * Rediyo * Kimiyyar jinya == Gudanarwa == Tsarin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ya bi tsarin jami'ar Najeriya na al'ada, wanda ya kunshi: * Shugaba * Majalisar Gudanarwa * Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Rijistar * Bursar * Mai kula da Laburaren Jami'ar Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na farko shine Farfesa Abdulrashid Garba . <ref>{{Cite news |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2023-07-31 |title=Former NECO Registrar emerges KHAIRUN University VC |url=https://guardian.ng/news/former-neco-registrar-emerges-khairun-university-vc/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=KHAIRUN: What makes our university different from others - Vice Chancellor - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-what-makes-our-university-different-from-others-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University appoints Professor Abdulrashid Garba as First Vice-Chancellor |url=https://myschool.ng/news/khairun-appoints-professor-abdulrashid-garba-as-first-vice-chancellor |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=KHAIRUN VC Receives Sarkin Sumaila On Courtesy Visit |url=https://dailytrust.com/khairun-vc-receives-sarkin-sumaila-on-courtesy-visit/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 187na1wqrw6th0q2hgg0sr8uq4vrsgm 869092 869090 2026-06-27T04:45:02Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 869092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar [[Isyaka Rabi'u|Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu]], Kano''' (KHAIRUN) jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano, Najeriya]] . An kafa ta a cikin 2022 bayan amincewa daga [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC). An sanya sunan jami'ar ne bayan marigayi masanin addinin Musulunci kuma mai ba da agaji Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu . Cibiyar tana ba da shirye-shirye a cikin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imam |first=Uzair Adam |date=2024-09-19 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ta fara daukar sabbin dalibai na shekarar 2024/2025 - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-ta-fara-daukar-sabbin-dalibai-na-shekarar-2024-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Usman |first=Mustapha |date=September 4, 2023 |title=Sabuwar jami’ar Isyaku Rabi’u ta fara karatu a watan Janairun 2024 |url=https://dailynigerian.com/hausa/sabuwar-jami-isyaku-rabi/ |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Hadiza |date=2025-10-16 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu (KHAIRUN) ta sake nanata ƙudurinta na inganta ilimi ta hanyar horarwa ga malamai - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-khairun-ta-sake-nanata-%c6%99udurinta-na-inganta-ilimi-ta-hanyar-horarwa-ga-malamai/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jami'ar ta sami lasisin aiki daga Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa a watan Afrilun 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ce ta kafa ma'aikatar, ta gina kan gadon ilimi da ke da alaƙa da Sheikh Isyaku Rabio. Ayyukan ilimi sun fara ne a cikin taron ilimi na 2023/2024 tare da iyakantaccen adadin shirye-shiryen digiri a duk faɗin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya. Jami'ar ta ci gaba da fadada tsarin ilimi da kayan aikinta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Usman |first=Mustapha |date=September 4, 2023 |title=Isyaku Rabi’u University begins academic session January — Official |url=https://dailynigerian.com/isyaku-rabi-university/ |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Akanni |first=Tunde |date=2025-11-10 |title=Khairun Varsity for KANSIS visioning better future |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/khairun-varsity-for-kansis-visioning-better-future/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Wurin da take == Babban harabar Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu tana kan titin BUK, a gaban Gadon Kaya City Gate, a [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]] Local Government Area na Jihar Kano, Najeriya. == Faculty == * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kwamfuta * Kwalejin Injiniya * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya === Shirye-shiryen da aka zaɓa === Wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen karatun digiri da aka bayar sun hada da:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Njuguna |first=Ciku |date=2025-01-30 |title=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University courses, admission requirements and how to apply - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/education/1636822-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-university-courses-admission-requirements-how-apply/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-26 |title=Courses in Khalifa Isiyaku Rabiu University, Kano (KHAIRUN) |url=https://universitycourses.ng/khairun/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=University Courses in Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Tsaro na Intanet * Injiniyan Software * Injiniyan lantarki da lantarki * Injiniyan Mechatronics * Biochemistry * Ilimin halittu * Fasahar halittu * Lissafi * Kimiyya ta dakin gwaje-gwaje * Rediyo * Kimiyyar jinya == Gudanarwa == Tsarin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ya bi tsarin jami'ar Najeriya na al'ada, wanda ya kunshi: * Shugaba * Majalisar Gudanarwa * Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Rijistar * Bursar * Mai kula da Laburaren Jami'ar Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na farko shine Farfesa Abdulrashid Garba . <ref>{{Cite news |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2023-07-31 |title=Former NECO Registrar emerges KHAIRUN University VC |url=https://guardian.ng/news/former-neco-registrar-emerges-khairun-university-vc/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=KHAIRUN: What makes our university different from others - Vice Chancellor - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-what-makes-our-university-different-from-others-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University appoints Professor Abdulrashid Garba as First Vice-Chancellor |url=https://myschool.ng/news/khairun-appoints-professor-abdulrashid-garba-as-first-vice-chancellor |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=KHAIRUN VC Receives Sarkin Sumaila On Courtesy Visit |url=https://dailytrust.com/khairun-vc-receives-sarkin-sumaila-on-courtesy-visit/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hgscnvqqe0omr3lsvy33unzwa8t2gff 869093 869092 2026-06-27T04:49:26Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Gudanarwa */ 869093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar [[Isyaka Rabi'u|Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu]], Kano''' (KHAIRUN) jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano, Najeriya]] . An kafa ta a cikin 2022 bayan amincewa daga [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC). An sanya sunan jami'ar ne bayan marigayi masanin addinin Musulunci kuma mai ba da agaji Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu . Cibiyar tana ba da shirye-shirye a cikin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imam |first=Uzair Adam |date=2024-09-19 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ta fara daukar sabbin dalibai na shekarar 2024/2025 - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-ta-fara-daukar-sabbin-dalibai-na-shekarar-2024-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Usman |first=Mustapha |date=September 4, 2023 |title=Sabuwar jami’ar Isyaku Rabi’u ta fara karatu a watan Janairun 2024 |url=https://dailynigerian.com/hausa/sabuwar-jami-isyaku-rabi/ |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Hadiza |date=2025-10-16 |title=Jami’ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu (KHAIRUN) ta sake nanata ƙudurinta na inganta ilimi ta hanyar horarwa ga malamai - Solacebase Hausa |url=https://solacebasehausa.com/jamiar-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-khairun-ta-sake-nanata-%c6%99udurinta-na-inganta-ilimi-ta-hanyar-horarwa-ga-malamai/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jami'ar ta sami lasisin aiki daga Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa a watan Afrilun 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=KHAIRUN secures full operational licence from NUC - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-secures-full-operational-licence-from-nuc/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ce ta kafa ma'aikatar, ta gina kan gadon ilimi da ke da alaƙa da Sheikh Isyaku Rabio. Ayyukan ilimi sun fara ne a cikin taron ilimi na 2023/2024 tare da iyakantaccen adadin shirye-shiryen digiri a duk faɗin kimiyya, kwamfuta, injiniya, da kuma fannonin kiwon lafiya. Jami'ar ta ci gaba da fadada tsarin ilimi da kayan aikinta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Usman |first=Mustapha |date=September 4, 2023 |title=Isyaku Rabi’u University begins academic session January — Official |url=https://dailynigerian.com/isyaku-rabi-university/ |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Akanni |first=Tunde |date=2025-11-10 |title=Khairun Varsity for KANSIS visioning better future |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/khairun-varsity-for-kansis-visioning-better-future/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Wurin da take == Babban harabar Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu tana kan titin BUK, a gaban Gadon Kaya City Gate, a [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]] Local Government Area na Jihar Kano, Najeriya. == Faculty == * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kwamfuta * Kwalejin Injiniya * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya === Shirye-shiryen da aka zaɓa === Wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen karatun digiri da aka bayar sun hada da:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Njuguna |first=Ciku |date=2025-01-30 |title=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University courses, admission requirements and how to apply - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/education/1636822-khalifa-isyaku-rabiu-university-courses-admission-requirements-how-apply/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-26 |title=Courses in Khalifa Isiyaku Rabiu University, Kano (KHAIRUN) |url=https://universitycourses.ng/khairun/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=University Courses in Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Tsaro na Intanet * Injiniyan Software * Injiniyan lantarki da lantarki * Injiniyan Mechatronics * Biochemistry * Ilimin halittu * Fasahar halittu * Lissafi * Kimiyya ta dakin gwaje-gwaje * Rediyo * Kimiyyar jinya == Gudanarwa == Tsarin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu ya bi tsarin jami'ar Najeriya na al'ada, wanda ya kunshi: * Shugaba * Majalisar Gudanarwa * Mataimakin Shugaba * Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban * Rijistar * Bursar * Mai kula da Laburaren Jami'ar Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na farko shine Farfesa Abdulrashid Garba . <ref>{{Cite news |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2023-07-31 |title=Former NECO Registrar emerges KHAIRUN University VC |url=https://guardian.ng/news/former-neco-registrar-emerges-khairun-university-vc/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=KHAIRUN: What makes our university different from others - Vice Chancellor - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/khairun-what-makes-our-university-different-from-others-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalifa Isyaku Rabiu University appoints Professor Abdulrashid Garba as First Vice-Chancellor |url=https://myschool.ng/news/khairun-appoints-professor-abdulrashid-garba-as-first-vice-chancellor |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=KHAIRUN VC Receives Sarkin Sumaila On Courtesy Visit |url=https://dailytrust.com/khairun-vc-receives-sarkin-sumaila-on-courtesy-visit/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3c0wziqpunii7kmr9qx9yidhiq6e5vr 0 159945 869096 2026-06-27T05:15:01Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356189259|Burayd ibn Mu'awiya al-'Ijli]]" 869096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka Burayd ibn Muʿāwiya al-ʿIjlī''' (Arabic) (kafin 148 AH / 765 AD) ya kasance Shia Muslim lauya kuma sanannen almajirin Shia Imams [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] (712-732) kuma daga baya [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] (732-765). An haɗa sunansa a cikin Abokan Yarjejeniya kuma Imamai biyu sun yaba da shi. == Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Banu_Ajal_Flag_First_(7).png|thumb|Fadar Banu 'Ijl, kabilar Burayd]] Mahaifin Burayd, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Hakim Hatim, ya fito ne daga dangin kabilar Larabawa ta Banu Ijl waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa [[Kufa]] bayan [[Nasarar Musulunci a Farisa|Nasara Musulmi]] (633-651). Burayd ya fara karatunsa a Kufa, kuma ya koyi hadisi daga malaman da yawa ciki har da Abu Ishaq Ismail ibn Raja al-Zubaydi . A farkon karni na 2 bayan Hijra, Burayd a bayyane yake yana da tafiya ko tafiye-tafiye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]], kuma a can ya yi amfani da ƙungiyar nazarin [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] kuma an dauke shi ɗaya daga cikin abokansa na musamman. Bayan rasuwar Muhammad al-Baqir ya bi ɗansa [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] na ɗan lokaci a Madina, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abokansa na musamman. Daga cikin 'ya'yan Burayd, Kassem da Musa sun kasance masu ba da labari da marubutan Shi'a goma sha biyu. Burayd ya mutu a cikin 150 AH (767-68 AZ) bisa ga labarin Ali Ibn Faddal, amma [[Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi|Najashi]] ya yi la'akari da mutuwarsa a lokacin rayuwar al-Sadiq (kafin 148 AH/765 AZ) don zama mafi kyau.{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2020}} == Matsayi == Ya zama babban iko a cikin shari'ar Shia ([[Fiƙihu|{{Transl|ar|fiqh}}]]) kuma ɗaya daga cikin Abokan al-Baqir da al-Sadiq, sabili da haka, an haɗa sunansa a cikin Abokan yarjejeniya. {{Sfn|Pakatchi|2020}} Al-Baqir ya yaba masa (tare da Abu Basir Moradi, Muhammad bin Muslim, da Zurarah ibn A'yun) kamar yadda ya cancanci aljanna. {{Sfn|Lalani|2004}} Har ila yau al-Sadiq ya yaba masa (tare da sauran uku da aka ambata a sama) don tabbatarwa da inganta [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imami Madhhab]], {{Sfn|Kohlberg|2020}} Al-Sadiqa ya kuma ce hadisai na annabci za su ɓace ba tare da su ba.{{Sfn|Lalani|2004}} == Gudummawa == Yawancin masu ba da labari sun koyi daga Burayd, daga cikinsu sanannun sunaye kamar Hariz ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sijistani, Aban ibn Uthman, Hammad ibn Uthman، Yahya Halabi, Durust ibn Abi Mansur, Tha'laba ibn Maymun, Jamil ibn Saleh, Hisham ibn Salim al-Jawaliqi, Yunus ibn Abd al-Rahman, Safwan ibn Yahya Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr ana ganin su. Daga cikin Sunnis, Ahmad bin Hamad Hamadani ya kuma ba da labari daga gare shi. Najashi ya ambaci cewa akwai wani littafi na Burayd, wanda Ali bin Uqbah Asadi ya ba da labari, wanda Ibn al-Ghadāʾirī (ابن الغضائري) ya ga kwafin (shafi na 112); Koyaya, ba a san wannan littafin a mafi yawan da'irorin Imami ba. Yawancin hadisai da Burayd ya nakalto an rubuta su a cikin tushen labarin [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imamiyyah]], gami da Littattafai Hudu.{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2020}}&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} *   *   *   8jlpsnqvd8x9xj1fzzp6id6iof49za7 869097 869096 2026-06-27T05:15:53Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 869097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Burayd ibn Muʿāwiya al-ʿIjlī''' (Arabic) (kafin 148 AH / 765 AD) ya kasance Shia Muslim lauya kuma sanannen almajirin Shia Imams [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] (712-732) kuma daga baya [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] (732-765). An haɗa sunansa a cikin Abokan Yarjejeniya kuma Imamai biyu sun yaba da shi. == Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Banu_Ajal_Flag_First_(7).png|thumb|Fadar Banu 'Ijl, kabilar Burayd]] Mahaifin Burayd, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Hakim Hatim, ya fito ne daga dangin kabilar Larabawa ta Banu Ijl waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa [[Kufa]] bayan [[Nasarar Musulunci a Farisa|Nasara Musulmi]] (633-651). Burayd ya fara karatunsa a Kufa, kuma ya koyi hadisi daga malaman da yawa ciki har da Abu Ishaq Ismail ibn Raja al-Zubaydi . A farkon karni na 2 bayan Hijra, Burayd a bayyane yake yana da tafiya ko tafiye-tafiye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]], kuma a can ya yi amfani da ƙungiyar nazarin [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] kuma an dauke shi ɗaya daga cikin abokansa na musamman. Bayan rasuwar Muhammad al-Baqir ya bi ɗansa [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] na ɗan lokaci a Madina, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abokansa na musamman. Daga cikin 'ya'yan Burayd, Kassem da Musa sun kasance masu ba da labari da marubutan Shi'a goma sha biyu. Burayd ya mutu a cikin 150 AH (767-68 AZ) bisa ga labarin Ali Ibn Faddal, amma [[Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi|Najashi]] ya yi la'akari da mutuwarsa a lokacin rayuwar al-Sadiq (kafin 148 AH/765 AZ) don zama mafi kyau.{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2020}} == Matsayi == Ya zama babban iko a cikin shari'ar Shia ([[Fiƙihu|{{Transl|ar|fiqh}}]]) kuma ɗaya daga cikin Abokan al-Baqir da al-Sadiq, sabili da haka, an haɗa sunansa a cikin Abokan yarjejeniya. {{Sfn|Pakatchi|2020}} Al-Baqir ya yaba masa (tare da Abu Basir Moradi, Muhammad bin Muslim, da Zurarah ibn A'yun) kamar yadda ya cancanci aljanna. {{Sfn|Lalani|2004}} Har ila yau al-Sadiq ya yaba masa (tare da sauran uku da aka ambata a sama) don tabbatarwa da inganta [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imami Madhhab]], {{Sfn|Kohlberg|2020}} Al-Sadiqa ya kuma ce hadisai na annabci za su ɓace ba tare da su ba.{{Sfn|Lalani|2004}} == Gudummawa == Yawancin masu ba da labari sun koyi daga Burayd, daga cikinsu sanannun sunaye kamar Hariz ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sijistani, Aban ibn Uthman, Hammad ibn Uthman، Yahya Halabi, Durust ibn Abi Mansur, Tha'laba ibn Maymun, Jamil ibn Saleh, Hisham ibn Salim al-Jawaliqi, Yunus ibn Abd al-Rahman, Safwan ibn Yahya Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr ana ganin su. Daga cikin Sunnis, Ahmad bin Hamad Hamadani ya kuma ba da labari daga gare shi. Najashi ya ambaci cewa akwai wani littafi na Burayd, wanda Ali bin Uqbah Asadi ya ba da labari, wanda Ibn al-Ghadāʾirī (ابن الغضائري) ya ga kwafin (shafi na 112); Koyaya, ba a san wannan littafin a mafi yawan da'irorin Imami ba. Yawancin hadisai da Burayd ya nakalto an rubuta su a cikin tushen labarin [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imamiyyah]], gami da Littattafai Hudu.{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2020}}&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} svtf2i9a6f9owod41uexwjj5b48tvo6 869098 869097 2026-06-27T05:16:25Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 869098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Burayd ibn Muʿāwiya al-ʿIjlī''' (Arabic) (kafin 148 AH / 765 AD) ya kasance Shia Muslim lauya kuma sanannen almajirin Shia Imams [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] (712-732) kuma daga baya [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] (732-765). An haɗa sunansa a cikin Abokan Yarjejeniya kuma Imamai biyu sun yaba da shi. == Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Banu_Ajal_Flag_First_(7).png|thumb|Fadar Banu 'Ijl, kabilar Burayd]] Mahaifin Burayd, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Hakim Hatim, ya fito ne daga dangin kabilar Larabawa ta Banu Ijl waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa [[Kufa]] bayan [[Nasarar Musulunci a Farisa|Nasara Musulmi]] (633-651). Burayd ya fara karatunsa a Kufa, kuma ya koyi hadisi daga malaman da yawa ciki har da Abu Ishaq Ismail ibn Raja al-Zubaydi . A farkon karni na 2 bayan Hijra, Burayd a bayyane yake yana da tafiya ko tafiye-tafiye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]], kuma a can ya yi amfani da ƙungiyar nazarin [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] kuma an dauke shi ɗaya daga cikin abokansa na musamman. Bayan rasuwar Muhammad al-Baqir ya bi ɗansa [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] na ɗan lokaci a Madina, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abokansa na musamman. Daga cikin 'ya'yan Burayd, Kassem da Musa sun kasance masu ba da labari da marubutan Shi'a goma sha biyu. Burayd ya mutu a cikin 150 AH (767-68 AZ) bisa ga labarin Ali Ibn Faddal, amma [[Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi|Najashi]] ya yi la'akari da mutuwarsa a lokacin rayuwar al-Sadiq (kafin 148 AH/765 AZ) don zama mafi kyau.{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2020}} == Matsayi == Ya zama babban iko a cikin shari'ar Shia ([[Fiƙihu|{{Transl|ar|fiqh}}]]) kuma ɗaya daga cikin Abokan al-Baqir da al-Sadiq, sabili da haka, an haɗa sunansa a cikin Abokan yarjejeniya. {{Sfn|Pakatchi|2020}} Al-Baqir ya yaba masa (tare da Abu Basir Moradi, Muhammad bin Muslim, da Zurarah ibn A'yun) kamar yadda ya cancanci aljanna. {{Sfn|Lalani|2004}} Har ila yau al-Sadiq ya yaba masa (tare da sauran uku da aka ambata a sama) don tabbatarwa da inganta [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imami Madhhab]], {{Sfn|Kohlberg|2020}} Al-Sadiqa ya kuma ce hadisai na annabci za su ɓace ba tare da su ba.{{Sfn|Lalani|2004}} == Gudummawa == Yawancin masu ba da labari sun koyi daga Burayd, daga cikinsu sanannun sunaye kamar Hariz ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sijistani, Aban ibn Uthman, Hammad ibn Uthman، Yahya Halabi, Durust ibn Abi Mansur, Tha'laba ibn Maymun, Jamil ibn Saleh, Hisham ibn Salim al-Jawaliqi, Yunus ibn Abd al-Rahman, Safwan ibn Yahya Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr ana ganin su. Daga cikin Sunnis, Ahmad bin Hamad Hamadani ya kuma ba da labari daga gare shi. Najashi ya ambaci cewa akwai wani littafi na Burayd, wanda Ali bin Uqbah Asadi ya ba da labari, wanda Ibn al-Ghadāʾirī (ابن الغضائري) ya ga kwafin (shafi na 112); Koyaya, ba a san wannan littafin a mafi yawan da'irorin Imami ba. Yawancin hadisai da Burayd ya nakalto an rubuta su a cikin tushen labarin [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imamiyyah]], gami da Littattafai Hudu.{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2020}}&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} bfi7mwdig0u428yjfz6kfg79hehcl05 869099 869098 2026-06-27T05:17:13Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Manazarta */ 869099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Burayd ibn Muʿāwiya al-ʿIjlī''' (Arabic) (kafin 148 AH / 765 AD) ya kasance Shia Muslim lauya kuma sanannen almajirin Shia Imams [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] (712-732) kuma daga baya [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] (732-765). An haɗa sunansa a cikin Abokan Yarjejeniya kuma Imamai biyu sun yaba da shi. == Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Banu_Ajal_Flag_First_(7).png|thumb|Fadar Banu 'Ijl, kabilar Burayd]] Mahaifin Burayd, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Hakim Hatim, ya fito ne daga dangin kabilar Larabawa ta Banu Ijl waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa [[Kufa]] bayan [[Nasarar Musulunci a Farisa|Nasara Musulmi]] (633-651). Burayd ya fara karatunsa a Kufa, kuma ya koyi hadisi daga malaman da yawa ciki har da Abu Ishaq Ismail ibn Raja al-Zubaydi . A farkon karni na 2 bayan Hijra, Burayd a bayyane yake yana da tafiya ko tafiye-tafiye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]], kuma a can ya yi amfani da ƙungiyar nazarin [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] kuma an dauke shi ɗaya daga cikin abokansa na musamman. Bayan rasuwar Muhammad al-Baqir ya bi ɗansa [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] na ɗan lokaci a Madina, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abokansa na musamman. Daga cikin 'ya'yan Burayd, Kassem da Musa sun kasance masu ba da labari da marubutan Shi'a goma sha biyu. Burayd ya mutu a cikin 150 AH (767-68 AZ) bisa ga labarin Ali Ibn Faddal, amma [[Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi|Najashi]] ya yi la'akari da mutuwarsa a lokacin rayuwar al-Sadiq (kafin 148 AH/765 AZ) don zama mafi kyau.{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2020}} == Matsayi == Ya zama babban iko a cikin shari'ar Shia ([[Fiƙihu|{{Transl|ar|fiqh}}]]) kuma ɗaya daga cikin Abokan al-Baqir da al-Sadiq, sabili da haka, an haɗa sunansa a cikin Abokan yarjejeniya. {{Sfn|Pakatchi|2020}} Al-Baqir ya yaba masa (tare da Abu Basir Moradi, Muhammad bin Muslim, da Zurarah ibn A'yun) kamar yadda ya cancanci aljanna. {{Sfn|Lalani|2004}} Har ila yau al-Sadiq ya yaba masa (tare da sauran uku da aka ambata a sama) don tabbatarwa da inganta [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imami Madhhab]], {{Sfn|Kohlberg|2020}} Al-Sadiqa ya kuma ce hadisai na annabci za su ɓace ba tare da su ba.{{Sfn|Lalani|2004}} == Gudummawa == Yawancin masu ba da labari sun koyi daga Burayd, daga cikinsu sanannun sunaye kamar Hariz ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sijistani, Aban ibn Uthman, Hammad ibn Uthman، Yahya Halabi, Durust ibn Abi Mansur, Tha'laba ibn Maymun, Jamil ibn Saleh, Hisham ibn Salim al-Jawaliqi, Yunus ibn Abd al-Rahman, Safwan ibn Yahya Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr ana ganin su. Daga cikin Sunnis, Ahmad bin Hamad Hamadani ya kuma ba da labari daga gare shi. Najashi ya ambaci cewa akwai wani littafi na Burayd, wanda Ali bin Uqbah Asadi ya ba da labari, wanda Ibn al-Ghadāʾirī (ابن الغضائري) ya ga kwafin (shafi na 112); Koyaya, ba a san wannan littafin a mafi yawan da'irorin Imami ba. Yawancin hadisai da Burayd ya nakalto an rubuta su a cikin tushen labarin [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imamiyyah]], gami da Littattafai Hudu.{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2020}}&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * {{cite book |last1=Lalani |first1=Arzina R. |title=Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir |date=2004 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1850435921}} * {{cite book |last1=Kohlberg |first1=Etan |editor1-last=Ehteshami |editor1-first=Amin |title=In Praise of the Few. Studies in Shiʿi Thought and History |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-40697-1}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia]]|url=https://www.cgie.org.ir/Fa/article/228724/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87 |title=Burayd ibn Mu'awiya |year=2020|author-first=Ahmad |author-last=Pakatchi}} 8nz9xy88xd928nkgei9p0jd3nby0v4x 0 159946 869117 2026-06-27T06:14:49Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360555908|Hard flaccid syndrome]]" 869117 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciwon sanyi mai tsanani (HFS), wanda kuma aka sani da hard flaccid (HF), wani yanayi ne da ba kasafai ake samunsa ba wanda azzakarinsa ke lalacewa wanda ke kasancewa a cikin yanayi mai tsauri, mai ɗan tauri idan babu sha'awar jima'i. Marasa lafiya galibi suna kwatanta azzakarinsu mai laushi a matsayin mai tauri a taɓawa, mai roba, mai raguwa, da kuma ja da baya, wanda sau da yawa yana tare da ciwo, rashin jin daɗi, da sauran alamu daban-daban.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Duk da cewa ba a fahimci yanayin sosai ba, binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa HFS yana faruwa ne sakamakon yawan aikin tsarin juyayi mai tausayi a cikin kyallen tsoka mai santsi na azzakari, wanda ke haifar da kunnawar pathological na pelvic/pudendal-hypogastric reflex.[1] Daga cikin wasu dalilai, ana tsammanin raunuka ga azzakari a tsaye, rauni mai laushi ga ƙashin ƙugu ko perineum, da lalacewar cauda equina suna haifar da wannan reflex.[1] Kodayake ba a tabbatar da hakan ba, axon da ke tsiro a cikin ganglia mai tausayi bayan raunin jijiya na gefe shine wataƙila dalilin HFS.[8][9] Yawancin marasa lafiya suna cikin shekarunsu na 20 zuwa 30, tare da alamun da ke shafar ingancin rayuwarsu sosai.[1][2][4][3][5] Magani yawanci ya ƙunshi haɗakar masu hana alpha da masu hana PDE5, kodayake akwai ƙayyadadden shaida da ke goyon bayan ingancinsu.[6][7] Saboda rashin cikakken fahimta da wayar da kan jama'a a cikin al'ummomin kimiyya da na likitanci, a halin yanzu babu wani magani na musamman ga HFS. == Alamomi da alamomi == Mafi bayyane, wanda ba za a iya kuskure ba, kuma yana bayyana alamar ciwon rauni mai tsanani shine azzakari wanda ya kasance a ciki tsayayyen yanayi ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Jinin mai laushi zai bayyana ya ragu, ya kwangila, kuma a kan palpation zai ji da wuya kuma ba a matsa shi ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hard Flaccid Syndrome Proposed to Be Secondary to Pathological Activation of a Pelvic/Pudendal-Hypogastric Reflex - American Urological Association |url=https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2023/may-2023/hard-flaccid-syndrome-proposed-to-be-secondary-to-pathological-activation-of-a-pelvic/pudendal-hypogastric-reflex |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=auanews.net}}</ref> Wannan yawanci yana kara muni lokacin da mai haƙuri yake tsaye.<ref name=":0" /> Fata a kan shaft na azzakari mai laushi na iya samun ninka ko wrinkles, kama da rugae na ciki da na farji. === Sauran alamu da alamomi === Baya ga azzakari mai laushi, marasa lafiya na iya fuskantar dysfunction na erectile (mai wahala a cimma ko kiyaye tsayi; tsayi mai raɗaɗi ko tsayi; azzakari ba ya cika gaba ɗaya lokacin da ake tsayi; babu tsayi na safiya; babu tsayin daka na dare; babu tsayar da dare; tsayin doki mai raɗaɗayi na dare; tsayar da jini mai laushi a kusa da tsayar da tsayarwa; tsayarwa mai tsayar da ciki har da tsayarwar tsayar da shi mai tsayarwa, tsayar da jiki mai tsayar gogewa mai tsayi mai tsayarsa jiki mai tsayi, tsayarwa - tsayarwa ko tsayarwa yana motsawa mai tsayin doguwar tsayarwa a cikin tsayarwa (tsarin tsayarwa) tsayarwa).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hard Flaccid Syndrome Proposed to Be Secondary to Pathological Activation of a Pelvic/Pudendal-Hypogastric Reflex - American Urological Association |url=https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2023/may-2023/hard-flaccid-syndrome-proposed-to-be-secondary-to-pathological-activation-of-a-pelvic/pudendal-hypogastric-reflex |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=auanews.net}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Abdessater |first=Maher |last2=Kanbar |first2=Anthony |last3=Akakpo |first3=William |last4=Beley |first4=Sebastien |date=2020 |title=Hard flaccid syndrome: state of current knowledge |journal=Basic and Clinical Andrology |volume=30 |doi=10.1186/s12610-020-00105-5 |issn=2051-4190 |pmc=7271516 |pmid=32518654 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Gül |first=M. |last2=Serefoglu |first2=E.C. |date=2019-05-01 |title=PO-01-037 Hard Flaccid: Is It a New Syndrome? |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.03.194 |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=16 |issue=Supplement_2 |pages=S58 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.03.194 |issn=1743-6109 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Gul |first=Murat |last2=Towe |first2=Maxwell |last3=Yafi |first3=Faysal A. |last4=Serefoglu |first4=Ege Can |date=March 2020 |title=Hard flaccid syndrome: initial report of four cases |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=176–179 |doi=10.1038/s41443-019-0133-z |issn=1476-5489 |pmid=30890780}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Gul |first=Murat |last2=Huynh |first2=Linda M. |last3=El-Khatib |first3=Farouk M. |last4=Yafi |first4=Faysal A. |last5=Serefoglu |first5=Ege Can |date=September 2020 |title=A qualitative analysis of Internet forum discussions on hard flaccid syndrome |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1038/s41443-019-0151-x |issn=1476-5489 |pmid=31175339}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Gryzinski |first=Gustavo |last2=Hammad |first2=Muhammed Moukhtar |last3=Alzweri |first3=Laith |last4=Azad |first4=Babak |last5=Barham |first5=David |last6=Lumbiganon |first6=Supanut |last7=Serefoglu |first7=Ege Can |last8=Yafi |first8=Faysal |date=2024-06-19 |title=Hard-Flaccid syndrome: a survey of sexual medicine practitioners' knowledge and experience |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |language=en |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=446–447 |doi=10.1038/s41443-024-00917-3 |issn=1476-5489 |pmc=12185328 |pmid=38898174 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Niedenfuehr |first=Jenny |last2=Stevens |first2=David M. |date=2024-02-28 |title=Hard flaccid syndrome symptoms, comorbidities, and self-reported efficacy and satisfaction of treatments: a cross-sectional survey |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=458–464 |doi=10.1038/s41443-024-00853-2 |issn=1476-5489 |pmid=38418867}}</ref> == Dalilin da ya sa == Kodayake ba a fahimci shi ba, yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya ita ce cewa ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa mai tsanani yana haifar da aikin tsarin juyayi mai ƙarfi, ko sautin, a cikin azzakari bayan raunin jijiya. Wannan aikin da ya karu yana haifar da sakin norepinephrine mai yawa a cikin ƙwayar tsoka mai laushi, wanda ke haifar da raguwar tsoka mai lauri, wanda ke samar da yanayin "mai laushi mai laushi", ko kuma ci gaba da tsananin ƙarfi da tsananun tsutsa wanda ke da alamar yanayin.[1] Ƙuduri na wucin gadi na "mai ƙarfi" ta hanyar allurar intracavernous na phentolamine, antagonist na α-adrenergic, yana goyan bayan wannan da'awar.[1] HFS yayi kama da yanayin da ake kira rikitarwa na ciwo na yanki (CRPS) a cikin gabatarwarsa, kamar yadda ake zaton duka biyu sun samo asali ne daga raunin da aka ware wanda ke haifar da canjin cututtuka a cikin aikin tsarin juyayi, yana kara alamun ciwo da alamun bayyanar cututtukan da suka wuce na asali. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0yic11rn0tw1vgcicfxlbg9r5i3a5qr 869118 869117 2026-06-27T06:15:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 869118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ciwon sanyi mai tsanani (HFS), wanda kuma aka sani da hard flaccid (HF), wani yanayi ne da ba kasafai ake samunsa ba wanda azzakarinsa ke lalacewa wanda ke kasancewa a cikin yanayi mai tsauri, mai ɗan tauri idan babu sha'awar jima'i. Marasa lafiya galibi suna kwatanta azzakarinsu mai laushi a matsayin mai tauri a taɓawa, mai roba, mai raguwa, da kuma ja da baya, wanda sau da yawa yana tare da ciwo, rashin jin daɗi, da sauran alamu daban-daban.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Duk da cewa ba a fahimci yanayin sosai ba, binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa HFS yana faruwa ne sakamakon yawan aikin tsarin juyayi mai tausayi a cikin kyallen tsoka mai santsi na azzakari, wanda ke haifar da kunnawar pathological na pelvic/pudendal-hypogastric reflex.[1] Daga cikin wasu dalilai, ana tsammanin raunuka ga azzakari a tsaye, rauni mai laushi ga ƙashin ƙugu ko perineum, da lalacewar cauda equina suna haifar da wannan reflex.[1] Kodayake ba a tabbatar da hakan ba, axon da ke tsiro a cikin ganglia mai tausayi bayan raunin jijiya na gefe shine wataƙila dalilin HFS.[8][9] Yawancin marasa lafiya suna cikin shekarunsu na 20 zuwa 30, tare da alamun da ke shafar ingancin rayuwarsu sosai.[1][2][4][3][5] Magani yawanci ya ƙunshi haɗakar masu hana alpha da masu hana PDE5, kodayake akwai ƙayyadadden shaida da ke goyon bayan ingancinsu.[6][7] Saboda rashin cikakken fahimta da wayar da kan jama'a a cikin al'ummomin kimiyya da na likitanci, a halin yanzu babu wani magani na musamman ga HFS. == Alamomi da alamomi == Mafi bayyane, wanda ba za a iya kuskure ba, kuma yana bayyana alamar ciwon rauni mai tsanani shine azzakari wanda ya kasance a ciki tsayayyen yanayi ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Jinin mai laushi zai bayyana ya ragu, ya kwangila, kuma a kan palpation zai ji da wuya kuma ba a matsa shi ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hard Flaccid Syndrome Proposed to Be Secondary to Pathological Activation of a Pelvic/Pudendal-Hypogastric Reflex - American Urological Association |url=https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2023/may-2023/hard-flaccid-syndrome-proposed-to-be-secondary-to-pathological-activation-of-a-pelvic/pudendal-hypogastric-reflex |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=auanews.net}}</ref> Wannan yawanci yana kara muni lokacin da mai haƙuri yake tsaye.<ref name=":0" /> Fata a kan shaft na azzakari mai laushi na iya samun ninka ko wrinkles, kama da rugae na ciki da na farji. === Sauran alamu da alamomi === Baya ga azzakari mai laushi, marasa lafiya na iya fuskantar dysfunction na erectile (mai wahala a cimma ko kiyaye tsayi; tsayi mai raɗaɗi ko tsayi; azzakari ba ya cika gaba ɗaya lokacin da ake tsayi; babu tsayi na safiya; babu tsayin daka na dare; babu tsayar da dare; tsayin doki mai raɗaɗayi na dare; tsayar da jini mai laushi a kusa da tsayar da tsayarwa; tsayarwa mai tsayar da ciki har da tsayarwar tsayar da shi mai tsayarwa, tsayar da jiki mai tsayar gogewa mai tsayi mai tsayarsa jiki mai tsayi, tsayarwa - tsayarwa ko tsayarwa yana motsawa mai tsayin doguwar tsayarwa a cikin tsayarwa (tsarin tsayarwa) tsayarwa).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hard Flaccid Syndrome Proposed to Be Secondary to Pathological Activation of a Pelvic/Pudendal-Hypogastric Reflex - American Urological Association |url=https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2023/may-2023/hard-flaccid-syndrome-proposed-to-be-secondary-to-pathological-activation-of-a-pelvic/pudendal-hypogastric-reflex |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=auanews.net}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Abdessater |first=Maher |last2=Kanbar |first2=Anthony |last3=Akakpo |first3=William |last4=Beley |first4=Sebastien |date=2020 |title=Hard flaccid syndrome: state of current knowledge |journal=Basic and Clinical Andrology |volume=30 |doi=10.1186/s12610-020-00105-5 |issn=2051-4190 |pmc=7271516 |pmid=32518654 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Gül |first=M. |last2=Serefoglu |first2=E.C. |date=2019-05-01 |title=PO-01-037 Hard Flaccid: Is It a New Syndrome? |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.03.194 |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=16 |issue=Supplement_2 |pages=S58 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.03.194 |issn=1743-6109 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Gul |first=Murat |last2=Towe |first2=Maxwell |last3=Yafi |first3=Faysal A. |last4=Serefoglu |first4=Ege Can |date=March 2020 |title=Hard flaccid syndrome: initial report of four cases |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=176–179 |doi=10.1038/s41443-019-0133-z |issn=1476-5489 |pmid=30890780}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Gul |first=Murat |last2=Huynh |first2=Linda M. |last3=El-Khatib |first3=Farouk M. |last4=Yafi |first4=Faysal A. |last5=Serefoglu |first5=Ege Can |date=September 2020 |title=A qualitative analysis of Internet forum discussions on hard flaccid syndrome |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1038/s41443-019-0151-x |issn=1476-5489 |pmid=31175339}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Gryzinski |first=Gustavo |last2=Hammad |first2=Muhammed Moukhtar |last3=Alzweri |first3=Laith |last4=Azad |first4=Babak |last5=Barham |first5=David |last6=Lumbiganon |first6=Supanut |last7=Serefoglu |first7=Ege Can |last8=Yafi |first8=Faysal |date=2024-06-19 |title=Hard-Flaccid syndrome: a survey of sexual medicine practitioners' knowledge and experience |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |language=en |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=446–447 |doi=10.1038/s41443-024-00917-3 |issn=1476-5489 |pmc=12185328 |pmid=38898174 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Niedenfuehr |first=Jenny |last2=Stevens |first2=David M. |date=2024-02-28 |title=Hard flaccid syndrome symptoms, comorbidities, and self-reported efficacy and satisfaction of treatments: a cross-sectional survey |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=458–464 |doi=10.1038/s41443-024-00853-2 |issn=1476-5489 |pmid=38418867}}</ref> == Dalilin da ya sa == Kodayake ba a fahimci shi ba, yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya ita ce cewa ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa mai tsanani yana haifar da aikin tsarin juyayi mai ƙarfi, ko sautin, a cikin azzakari bayan raunin jijiya. Wannan aikin da ya karu yana haifar da sakin norepinephrine mai yawa a cikin ƙwayar tsoka mai laushi, wanda ke haifar da raguwar tsoka mai lauri, wanda ke samar da yanayin "mai laushi mai laushi", ko kuma ci gaba da tsananin ƙarfi da tsananun tsutsa wanda ke da alamar yanayin.[1] Ƙuduri na wucin gadi na "mai ƙarfi" ta hanyar allurar intracavernous na phentolamine, antagonist na α-adrenergic, yana goyan bayan wannan da'awar.[1] HFS yayi kama da yanayin da ake kira rikitarwa na ciwo na yanki (CRPS) a cikin gabatarwarsa, kamar yadda ake zaton duka biyu sun samo asali ne daga raunin da aka ware wanda ke haifar da canjin cututtuka a cikin aikin tsarin juyayi, yana kara alamun ciwo da alamun bayyanar cututtukan da suka wuce na asali. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sqxv2i5izszqb8yurhs351dirzhul2f 0 159947 869120 2026-06-27T06:16:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321106218|HeadsUpGuys]]" 869120 wikitext text/x-wiki HeadsUpGuys wani shiri ne na kan layi da kuma bincike na Kanada wanda aka mayar da hankali kan tallafawa lafiyar kwakwalwa ta maza, tare da jaddadawa kan sarrafa [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] da hana Mutuwar maza ta hanyar kashe kansa. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2015, shirin yana ba da kayan aikin taimakon kai, asusun mutum, da albarkatun ƙwararru da aka tsara don maza, da nufin rage kunya da inganta neman taimako da wuri. Dokta John Ogrodniczuk, Farfesa na Psychiatry kuma Darakta na Shirin Psychotherapy a Jami'ar British Columbia ne ya ƙaddamar da HeadsUpGuys a shekarar 2015. Wannan shirin ya samo asali ne daga binciken da aka yi a dakin jiran inda maza da yawa suka ba da rahoton cewa suna da tunanin kashe kansu amma ba su tattauna su da likitocin su ba. A mayar da martani, Ogrodniczuk ya kirkiro HeadsUpGuys a matsayin hanyar da ba a san ta ba ta yanar gizo wanda aka tsara musamman ga maza da ke fama da baƙin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HeadsUpGuys: Empowering men's mental health |url=https://give.ubc.ca/impact-stories/headsupguys/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=give UBC |language=en}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi, shafin yanar gizon ya fadada don haɗawa da fasalulluka da yawa, gami da kundin adireshin warkarwa (wanda aka gabatar a cikin 2021) da kuma kayan aikin binciken lafiyar kwakwalwa (wanda aka kara a cikin 2024). == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Shafin yana ba da kayan aiki da bayanai kyauta don taimakawa maza su magance matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa: === Binciken Kai === An ƙaddamar da shafin tare da "Self Check", bisa ga sikelin baƙin ciki na PHQ-9, wanda ke bawa baƙi damar tantance alamun baƙin ciki. Ya zuwa 2025, an kammala binciken sama da sau 500,000.[1] A cikin 2018, an gabatar da "Jarabawar Matsala", wanda ke taimaka wa masu amfani ganowa, ba da fifiko, da kuma bin diddigin hanyoyin damuwa.[2] A cikin 2024, tare da goyon bayan West Fraser Timber, an fadada Self-Check Suite don haɗawa da ƙarin kayan aikin tantancewa da ke magance fushi, kaɗaici, ƙalubalen dangantaka, damuwa ta kuɗi, wahalar wurin aiki, da rashin ko manufa ko ma'ana. Kowane kayan aiki yana ba da ra'ayoyi da jagora bisa ga martani na mai amfani. === Littafin Likitoci === An gabatar da shi a cikin 2021, kundin adireshin mai warkarwa ya lissafa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun likitocin kwakwalwa sama da 800 a duk faɗin Kanada, Amurka, Ingila, Ostiraliya, da Ireland. Har ila yau, yana ba da jagora ga maza da ke da sababbin magani, gami da shawarwari don fara hulɗa da mai warkarwa, tattauna damuwa tare da likitan iyali ko likitan gaba ɗaya, da fahimtar abin da za a yi tsammani daga maganin magana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find a Therapist - Directory for Men |url=https://headsupguys.org/getting-help-for-depression/types-of-mental-health-professionals/find-a-therapist/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=HeadsUpGuys |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d1bwwf4rr06gxon24m9d4xl54towh6a 869121 869120 2026-06-27T06:16:52Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 869121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} HeadsUpGuys wani shiri ne na kan layi da kuma bincike na Kanada wanda aka mayar da hankali kan tallafawa lafiyar kwakwalwa ta maza, tare da jaddadawa kan sarrafa [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] da hana Mutuwar maza ta hanyar kashe kansa. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2015, shirin yana ba da kayan aikin taimakon kai, asusun mutum, da albarkatun ƙwararru da aka tsara don maza, da nufin rage kunya da inganta neman taimako da wuri. Dokta John Ogrodniczuk, Farfesa na Psychiatry kuma Darakta na Shirin Psychotherapy a Jami'ar British Columbia ne ya ƙaddamar da HeadsUpGuys a shekarar 2015. Wannan shirin ya samo asali ne daga binciken da aka yi a dakin jiran inda maza da yawa suka ba da rahoton cewa suna da tunanin kashe kansu amma ba su tattauna su da likitocin su ba. A mayar da martani, Ogrodniczuk ya kirkiro HeadsUpGuys a matsayin hanyar da ba a san ta ba ta yanar gizo wanda aka tsara musamman ga maza da ke fama da baƙin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HeadsUpGuys: Empowering men's mental health |url=https://give.ubc.ca/impact-stories/headsupguys/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=give UBC |language=en}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi, shafin yanar gizon ya fadada don haɗawa da fasalulluka da yawa, gami da kundin adireshin warkarwa (wanda aka gabatar a cikin 2021) da kuma kayan aikin binciken lafiyar kwakwalwa (wanda aka kara a cikin 2024). == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Shafin yana ba da kayan aiki da bayanai kyauta don taimakawa maza su magance matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa: === Binciken Kai === An ƙaddamar da shafin tare da "Self Check", bisa ga sikelin baƙin ciki na PHQ-9, wanda ke bawa baƙi damar tantance alamun baƙin ciki. Ya zuwa 2025, an kammala binciken sama da sau 500,000.[1] A cikin 2018, an gabatar da "Jarabawar Matsala", wanda ke taimaka wa masu amfani ganowa, ba da fifiko, da kuma bin diddigin hanyoyin damuwa.[2] A cikin 2024, tare da goyon bayan West Fraser Timber, an fadada Self-Check Suite don haɗawa da ƙarin kayan aikin tantancewa da ke magance fushi, kaɗaici, ƙalubalen dangantaka, damuwa ta kuɗi, wahalar wurin aiki, da rashin ko manufa ko ma'ana. Kowane kayan aiki yana ba da ra'ayoyi da jagora bisa ga martani na mai amfani. === Littafin Likitoci === An gabatar da shi a cikin 2021, kundin adireshin mai warkarwa ya lissafa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun likitocin kwakwalwa sama da 800 a duk faɗin Kanada, Amurka, Ingila, Ostiraliya, da Ireland. Har ila yau, yana ba da jagora ga maza da ke da sababbin magani, gami da shawarwari don fara hulɗa da mai warkarwa, tattauna damuwa tare da likitan iyali ko likitan gaba ɗaya, da fahimtar abin da za a yi tsammani daga maganin magana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find a Therapist - Directory for Men |url=https://headsupguys.org/getting-help-for-depression/types-of-mental-health-professionals/find-a-therapist/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=HeadsUpGuys |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bhkp0c0vahdbw51vxnnbbxu4pa6qotr 0 159948 869125 2026-06-27T06:18:30Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357402603|Penile implant]]" 869125 wikitext text/x-wiki A penile implant ne mai implanted na'urar da aka nufa domin magani na erectile dysfunction, Peyronie's disease, ischemic Priapism, deformity da duk wani rauni na rauni na azzakari, da kuma phalloplasty ko Metoidioplasty, gami da a cikin wani gender-afirmation tiyata. Maza ma suna zaɓar kayan kwalliya don dalilai masu kyau. Farin cikin maza da aikin jima'i suna rinjayar rashin jin daɗi game da girman jima'i, wanda ke haifar da wasu don neman mafita na tiyata da wadanda ba na tiyata ba don canjin azzakari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Littara |first=Alessandro |last2=Melone |first2=Roberto |last3=Morales-Medina |first3=Julio Cesar |last4=Iannitti |first4=Tommaso |last5=Palmieri |first5=Beniamino |date=2019-04-19 |title=Cosmetic penile enhancement surgery: a 3-year single-centre retrospective clinical evaluation of 355 cases |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=6323 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.6323L |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-41652-w |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6474863 |pmid=31004096}}</ref> Kodayake akwai nau'ikan implants daban-daban, mafi yawansu sun fada cikin ɗayan nau'ikan biyu: malleable da inflatable. == Tarihi == Ginin gyare-gyare na zamani na farko na azzakari an danganta shi ga NA Borgus, likitan Jamus wanda ya yi yunkurin tiyata na farko a 1936 a kan sojoji da ke da rauni na azzakara. Ya yi amfani da cartilages na haƙarƙari a matsayin kayan aikin hannu kuma ya sake gina al'aura don duka micturition da kuma jima'i.<ref name="History">{{Cite journal |last=Carrion |first=Hernan |last2=Martinez |first2=Daniel |last3=Parker |first3=Justin |last4=Hakky |first4=Tariq |last5=Bickell |first5=Michael |last6=Boyle |first6=Alexander |last7=Weigand |first7=Luke |last8=Carrion |first8=Rafael |date=July 2016 |title=A History of the Penile Implant to 1974 |journal=Sexual Medicine Reviews |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=285–293 |doi=10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.05.003 |pmid=27871961}}</ref> Willard E. Goodwin da William Wallace Scott sune na farko da suka bayyana sanya kayan kwalliya na roba ta amfani da kayan kwalliya a cikin shekara ta 1952.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goodwin |first=Willard E. |last2=Scott |first2=William Wallace |date=December 1952 |title=Phalloplasty |journal=Journal of Urology |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=903–908 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(17)68301-0 |pmid=13000938}}</ref> Harvey Lash ne ya kirkiro kayan aikin jima'i na silicon kuma an buga jerin shari'o'in farko a shekarar 1964.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lash |first=Harvey |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Donald C. |last3=Loeffler |first3=Robert A. |date=July 1964 |title=Silicone Implantation |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.1097/00006534-196407000-00011 |pmid=14200523 |s2cid=43779571}}</ref> Ci gaban Silicone mai girma wanda a halin yanzu ake amfani dashi a cikin kayan kwalliya an ba da shi ga NASA.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite journal |last=Rodriguez |first=Katherine M. |last2=Pastuszak |first2=Alexander W. |date=November 2017 |title=A history of penile implants |journal=Translational Andrology and Urology |volume=6 |issue=S5 |pages=S851–S857 |doi=10.21037/tau.2017.04.02 |pmc=5715175 |pmid=29238664 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gabatar da samfurori na zamani mai kumbura da malleable penile implants a cikin 1973 yayin taron shekara-shekara na American Urological Association ta ƙungiyoyi biyu na likitoci daga Jami'ar Baylor (Gerald Timm, William E. Bradley da F. Brantley Scott) da Jami'ar Miami (Michael P. Small da Hernan M. Carrion). <ref name="History" /> <ref name="Scott">{{Cite journal |last=Brantley Scott |first=F. |last2=Bradley |first2=William E. |last3=Timm |first3=Gerald W. |date=July 1973 |title=Management of erectile impotence Use of implantable inflatable prosthesis |journal=Urology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=80–82 |doi=10.1016/0090-4295(73)90224-0 |pmid=4766860}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Small |first=Michael P. |last2=Carrion |first2=Hernan M. |last3=Gordon |first3=Julian A. |date=April 1975 |title=Small-Carrion penile prosthesis |journal=Urology |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=479–486 |doi=10.1016/0090-4295(75)90071-0 |pmid=1093303}}</ref> Small da Carrion sun fara yaduwar kayan kwalliya masu tsayi tare da gabatar da kayan kwalliya na Small-Carrion (Mentor, Amurka) a cikin 1975. Brantley Scott ya bayyana na'urar farko kamar yadda ta ƙunshi jikin cylindrical guda biyu da aka yi da silicone, tafkin da ke dauke da ruwa na radiopaque da raka'a biyu.<ref name="Scott" /> An sayar da samfuran ƙarni na farko ta hanyar American Medical Systems (AMS; a halin yanzu Boston Scientific), wanda aka haɗa Brantley Scott da shi. <ref name="Rodriguez" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carson |first=Culley C |date=May 2018 |title=F. Brantley Scott: a visionary in the world of urology |journal=Trends in Urology & Men's Health |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=32–33 |doi=10.1002/tre.639 |doi-access=free}}</ref> AMS ta saki sabuntawa da yawa na'urori tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da su. A shekara ta 1983, Mentor (a halin yanzu Coloplast) ya shiga kasuwa.<ref name="Rodriguez" /> A cikin 2017, akwai masana'antun fiye da goma na kayan kwalliya a duniya, duk da haka kaɗan ne kawai yanzu suka kasance a kasuwa.<ref name="Chung">{{Cite journal |last=Chung |first=Eric |date=February 2017 |title=Penile prosthesis implant: scientific advances and technological innovations over the last four decades |journal=Translational Andrology and Urology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=37–45 |doi=10.21037/tau.2016.12.06 |pmc=5313299 |pmid=28217449 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sabbin abubuwan da aka kara a kasuwa sune Zephyr Surgical Implants da Rigicon Innovative Urological Solutions. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mulcahy |first=John J. |last2=Köhler |first2=Tobias S. |last3=Wen |first3=Lexiaochuan |last4=Wilson |first4=Steven K. |date=7 August 2020 |title=Penile implant infection prevention part II: device coatings have changed the game |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=801–807 |doi=10.1038/s41443-020-0338-1 |pmc=8776559 |pmid=32770140 |s2cid=221019610 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trost |first=Landon |date=2020 |title=Future considerations in prosthetic urology |journal=Asian Journal of Andrology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=70–75 |doi=10.4103/aja.aja_103_19 |pmc=6958985 |pmid=31571642 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Zephyr Surgical Implants, tare da implants na penile ga maza na halitta, sun gabatar da layin farko na inflatable da malleable penile implants da aka tsara don sake sanya jima'i ga maza masu canza launin fata. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Rigicon Innovative Urological Solutions, wani kamfani na Amurka, ya sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a fagen implants na jima'i. A cikin 2017, sun fitar da 'Rigi10,' wani nau'i mai laushi wanda ya fadada zaɓuɓɓukan kasuwa. Bayan wannan, a cikin 2019, sun gabatar da jerin 'Infla10', wanda ya haɗa da samfuran Infla10 AX, Infla10 X, da Infla10, da kuma 'Rigi10 Hydrophilic.' Wadannan samfuran da za a iya amfani da su da ruwa da ruwa sun kasance muhimman ƙari ga kewayon fasahar da ake samu. Wadannan ci gaba sun ba da gudummawa ga bambancin da ci gaba a ci gaban kayan kwalliya, suna ba marasa lafiya mafita iri-iri da kuma daidaitaccen maganin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Steven K. |last2=Gross |first2=Martin S. |year=2023 |title=Celebrating 50 years of penile implants |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=596–600 |doi=10.1038/s41443-023-00663-y |pmc=10622314 |pmid=36650316 |s2cid=255971214 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chung |first=Eric |last2=Bettocchi |first2=Carlo |last3=Egydio |first3=Paulo |last4=Love |first4=Chris |last5=Osmonov |first5=Daniar |last6=Park |first6=Sean |last7=Ralph |first7=David |last8=Xin |first8=Zhong Cheng |last9=Brock |first9=Gerald |year=2022 |title=The International Penile Prosthesis Implant Consensus Forum: Clinical recommendations and surgical principles on the inflatable 3-piece penile prosthesis implant |journal=Nature Reviews Urology |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=534–546 |doi=10.1038/s41585-022-00607-z |pmid=35711059 |s2cid=249680998 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da bincike na 5% Medicare Public Use Files daga 2001 zuwa 2010 kusan 3% na marasa lafiya da aka gano tare da dysfunction erectile sun zaɓi shigar da jima'i.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Daniel J. |last2=Najari |first2=Bobby B. |last3=Davison |first3=Wesley L. |last4=Al Awamlh |first4=Bashir Al Hussein |last5=Zhao |first5=Fujun |last6=Paduch |first6=Darius A. |last7=Mulhall |first7=John P. |last8=Chughtai |first8=Bilal |last9=Lee |first9=Richard K. |date=July 2015 |title=Trends in the Utilization of Penile Prostheses in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in the United States |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=1638–1645 |doi=10.1111/jsm.12921 |pmid=26096365}}</ref> Kowace shekara kusan 25,000 inflatable penile prostheses ana dasa a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darouiche |first=Rabih O. |last2=Bella |first2=Anthony J. |last3=Boone |first3=Timothy B. |last4=Brock |first4=Gerry |last5=Broderick |first5=Gregory A. |last6=Burnett |first6=Arthur L. |last7=Carrion |first7=Raphael |last8=Carson |first8=Culley |last9=Christine |first9=Brian |last10=Dhabuwala |first10=Chipriya B. |last11=Hakim |first11=Lawrence S. |last12=Henry |first12=Gerard |last13=Jones |first13=LeRoy A. |last14=Khera |first14=Mohit |last15=Montague |first15=Drogo K. |date=October 2013 |title=North American Consensus Document on Infection of Penile Prostheses |journal=Urology |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=937–942 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2013.05.048 |pmid=23958508}}</ref> Jerin ya nuna kayan aikin da aka yi a kasuwa a cikin 2020. === Tsayar da aljihu mai laushi === [[Fayil:Comparison_of_penile_implants.jpg|thumb|393x393px|Kwatanta kayan kwalliya (da diamita da tsawon cylinder) ]] [[Fayil:Penile_implant_pump_design_comparison.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Kwatanta ƙirar famfo na ciki]] Malleable (wanda aka fi sani da wanda ba a iya kumbura ba ko rabin tsayi) na gashin gashin gashi shine sanduna biyu da aka dasa a cikin jikin azzakari. Sandunan suna da wuyar gaske, amma 'mai iya daidaitawa' a ma'anar cewa ana iya daidaita su da hannu a cikin matsayi mai tsaye. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan malleable guda biyu: wanda aka yi da silicone kuma ba shi da sandar a ciki, wanda kuma ake kira mai laushi, kuma wani tare da azurfa ko ƙarfe mai laushi a ciki an rufe shi da silicone. Wasu daga cikin samfuran suna da wutsiyoyi masu sassauci waɗanda aka nufa don daidaita tsawon.<ref name="Chung">{{Cite journal |last=Chung |first=Eric |date=February 2017 |title=Penile prosthesis implant: scientific advances and technological innovations over the last four decades |journal=Translational Andrology and Urology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=37–45 |doi=10.21037/tau.2016.12.06 |pmc=5313299 |pmid=28217449 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A halin yanzu, ana samun nau'ikan nau'ikan al'aura masu laushi a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Le |first=Brian |last2=Burnett |first2=Arthur L. |date=2015 |title=Evolution of penile prosthetic devices |journal=Korean Journal of Urology |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=179–86 |doi=10.4111/kju.2015.56.3.179 |pmc=4355428 |pmid=25763121 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Fensir mai kumbura === Inflable penile implant (IPP), wanda aka haɓaka kwanan nan, saiti ne na cylinders da tsarin famfo. Dangane da bambance-bambance a cikin tsari, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan ciki guda biyu: IPPs guda biyu da guda uku. Dukkanin nau'ikan na'urorin da za a iya kumbura suna cike da maganin saline wanda aka zuba a cikin cylinders lokacin da ake aiki. Ana dasa cylinders a cikin Jikin cavernous na azzakari. An haɗa tsarin famfo zuwa cylinders kuma an sanya shi a cikin scrotum.[1] Abubuwan da aka sanya guda uku suna da babban tafki mai banbanci wanda aka haɗa da famfo. Ana sanya tafkin a cikin sararin samaniya (sararin Retropubic), duk da haka an bayyana wasu wurare, kamar tsakanin tsokoki na tsokoki na rectus. Abubuwan da aka sanya guda uku suna ba da ƙarfi mai kyau da girth na azzakari mai kama da tsayi na halitta. Bugu da ƙari, saboda kasancewar babban tafki, kayan aiki guda uku suna ba da cikakken ƙarfi na azzakari lokacin da aka kashe shi, don haka yana kawo ƙarin ta'aziyya fiye da kayan aiki guda biyu masu kumbura da malleable.[2] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m2vl61xqp351t5v65soccqfxs5qpg0y 869126 869125 2026-06-27T06:19:02Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 869126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A penile implant ne mai implanted na'urar da aka nufa domin magani na erectile dysfunction, Peyronie's disease, ischemic Priapism, deformity da duk wani rauni na rauni na azzakari, da kuma phalloplasty ko Metoidioplasty, gami da a cikin wani gender-afirmation tiyata. Maza ma suna zaɓar kayan kwalliya don dalilai masu kyau. Farin cikin maza da aikin jima'i suna rinjayar rashin jin daɗi game da girman jima'i, wanda ke haifar da wasu don neman mafita na tiyata da wadanda ba na tiyata ba don canjin azzakari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Littara |first=Alessandro |last2=Melone |first2=Roberto |last3=Morales-Medina |first3=Julio Cesar |last4=Iannitti |first4=Tommaso |last5=Palmieri |first5=Beniamino |date=2019-04-19 |title=Cosmetic penile enhancement surgery: a 3-year single-centre retrospective clinical evaluation of 355 cases |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=6323 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.6323L |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-41652-w |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6474863 |pmid=31004096}}</ref> Kodayake akwai nau'ikan implants daban-daban, mafi yawansu sun fada cikin ɗayan nau'ikan biyu: malleable da inflatable. == Tarihi == Ginin gyare-gyare na zamani na farko na azzakari an danganta shi ga NA Borgus, likitan Jamus wanda ya yi yunkurin tiyata na farko a 1936 a kan sojoji da ke da rauni na azzakara. Ya yi amfani da cartilages na haƙarƙari a matsayin kayan aikin hannu kuma ya sake gina al'aura don duka micturition da kuma jima'i.<ref name="History">{{Cite journal |last=Carrion |first=Hernan |last2=Martinez |first2=Daniel |last3=Parker |first3=Justin |last4=Hakky |first4=Tariq |last5=Bickell |first5=Michael |last6=Boyle |first6=Alexander |last7=Weigand |first7=Luke |last8=Carrion |first8=Rafael |date=July 2016 |title=A History of the Penile Implant to 1974 |journal=Sexual Medicine Reviews |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=285–293 |doi=10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.05.003 |pmid=27871961}}</ref> Willard E. Goodwin da William Wallace Scott sune na farko da suka bayyana sanya kayan kwalliya na roba ta amfani da kayan kwalliya a cikin shekara ta 1952.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goodwin |first=Willard E. |last2=Scott |first2=William Wallace |date=December 1952 |title=Phalloplasty |journal=Journal of Urology |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=903–908 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(17)68301-0 |pmid=13000938}}</ref> Harvey Lash ne ya kirkiro kayan aikin jima'i na silicon kuma an buga jerin shari'o'in farko a shekarar 1964.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lash |first=Harvey |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Donald C. |last3=Loeffler |first3=Robert A. |date=July 1964 |title=Silicone Implantation |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.1097/00006534-196407000-00011 |pmid=14200523 |s2cid=43779571}}</ref> Ci gaban Silicone mai girma wanda a halin yanzu ake amfani dashi a cikin kayan kwalliya an ba da shi ga NASA.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite journal |last=Rodriguez |first=Katherine M. |last2=Pastuszak |first2=Alexander W. |date=November 2017 |title=A history of penile implants |journal=Translational Andrology and Urology |volume=6 |issue=S5 |pages=S851–S857 |doi=10.21037/tau.2017.04.02 |pmc=5715175 |pmid=29238664 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gabatar da samfurori na zamani mai kumbura da malleable penile implants a cikin 1973 yayin taron shekara-shekara na American Urological Association ta ƙungiyoyi biyu na likitoci daga Jami'ar Baylor (Gerald Timm, William E. Bradley da F. Brantley Scott) da Jami'ar Miami (Michael P. Small da Hernan M. Carrion). <ref name="History" /> <ref name="Scott">{{Cite journal |last=Brantley Scott |first=F. |last2=Bradley |first2=William E. |last3=Timm |first3=Gerald W. |date=July 1973 |title=Management of erectile impotence Use of implantable inflatable prosthesis |journal=Urology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=80–82 |doi=10.1016/0090-4295(73)90224-0 |pmid=4766860}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Small |first=Michael P. |last2=Carrion |first2=Hernan M. |last3=Gordon |first3=Julian A. |date=April 1975 |title=Small-Carrion penile prosthesis |journal=Urology |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=479–486 |doi=10.1016/0090-4295(75)90071-0 |pmid=1093303}}</ref> Small da Carrion sun fara yaduwar kayan kwalliya masu tsayi tare da gabatar da kayan kwalliya na Small-Carrion (Mentor, Amurka) a cikin 1975. Brantley Scott ya bayyana na'urar farko kamar yadda ta ƙunshi jikin cylindrical guda biyu da aka yi da silicone, tafkin da ke dauke da ruwa na radiopaque da raka'a biyu.<ref name="Scott" /> An sayar da samfuran ƙarni na farko ta hanyar American Medical Systems (AMS; a halin yanzu Boston Scientific), wanda aka haɗa Brantley Scott da shi. <ref name="Rodriguez" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carson |first=Culley C |date=May 2018 |title=F. Brantley Scott: a visionary in the world of urology |journal=Trends in Urology & Men's Health |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=32–33 |doi=10.1002/tre.639 |doi-access=free}}</ref> AMS ta saki sabuntawa da yawa na'urori tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da su. A shekara ta 1983, Mentor (a halin yanzu Coloplast) ya shiga kasuwa.<ref name="Rodriguez" /> A cikin 2017, akwai masana'antun fiye da goma na kayan kwalliya a duniya, duk da haka kaɗan ne kawai yanzu suka kasance a kasuwa.<ref name="Chung">{{Cite journal |last=Chung |first=Eric |date=February 2017 |title=Penile prosthesis implant: scientific advances and technological innovations over the last four decades |journal=Translational Andrology and Urology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=37–45 |doi=10.21037/tau.2016.12.06 |pmc=5313299 |pmid=28217449 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sabbin abubuwan da aka kara a kasuwa sune Zephyr Surgical Implants da Rigicon Innovative Urological Solutions. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mulcahy |first=John J. |last2=Köhler |first2=Tobias S. |last3=Wen |first3=Lexiaochuan |last4=Wilson |first4=Steven K. |date=7 August 2020 |title=Penile implant infection prevention part II: device coatings have changed the game |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=801–807 |doi=10.1038/s41443-020-0338-1 |pmc=8776559 |pmid=32770140 |s2cid=221019610 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trost |first=Landon |date=2020 |title=Future considerations in prosthetic urology |journal=Asian Journal of Andrology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=70–75 |doi=10.4103/aja.aja_103_19 |pmc=6958985 |pmid=31571642 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Zephyr Surgical Implants, tare da implants na penile ga maza na halitta, sun gabatar da layin farko na inflatable da malleable penile implants da aka tsara don sake sanya jima'i ga maza masu canza launin fata. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Rigicon Innovative Urological Solutions, wani kamfani na Amurka, ya sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a fagen implants na jima'i. A cikin 2017, sun fitar da 'Rigi10,' wani nau'i mai laushi wanda ya fadada zaɓuɓɓukan kasuwa. Bayan wannan, a cikin 2019, sun gabatar da jerin 'Infla10', wanda ya haɗa da samfuran Infla10 AX, Infla10 X, da Infla10, da kuma 'Rigi10 Hydrophilic.' Wadannan samfuran da za a iya amfani da su da ruwa da ruwa sun kasance muhimman ƙari ga kewayon fasahar da ake samu. Wadannan ci gaba sun ba da gudummawa ga bambancin da ci gaba a ci gaban kayan kwalliya, suna ba marasa lafiya mafita iri-iri da kuma daidaitaccen maganin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Steven K. |last2=Gross |first2=Martin S. |year=2023 |title=Celebrating 50 years of penile implants |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=596–600 |doi=10.1038/s41443-023-00663-y |pmc=10622314 |pmid=36650316 |s2cid=255971214 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chung |first=Eric |last2=Bettocchi |first2=Carlo |last3=Egydio |first3=Paulo |last4=Love |first4=Chris |last5=Osmonov |first5=Daniar |last6=Park |first6=Sean |last7=Ralph |first7=David |last8=Xin |first8=Zhong Cheng |last9=Brock |first9=Gerald |year=2022 |title=The International Penile Prosthesis Implant Consensus Forum: Clinical recommendations and surgical principles on the inflatable 3-piece penile prosthesis implant |journal=Nature Reviews Urology |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=534–546 |doi=10.1038/s41585-022-00607-z |pmid=35711059 |s2cid=249680998 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da bincike na 5% Medicare Public Use Files daga 2001 zuwa 2010 kusan 3% na marasa lafiya da aka gano tare da dysfunction erectile sun zaɓi shigar da jima'i.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Daniel J. |last2=Najari |first2=Bobby B. |last3=Davison |first3=Wesley L. |last4=Al Awamlh |first4=Bashir Al Hussein |last5=Zhao |first5=Fujun |last6=Paduch |first6=Darius A. |last7=Mulhall |first7=John P. |last8=Chughtai |first8=Bilal |last9=Lee |first9=Richard K. |date=July 2015 |title=Trends in the Utilization of Penile Prostheses in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in the United States |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=1638–1645 |doi=10.1111/jsm.12921 |pmid=26096365}}</ref> Kowace shekara kusan 25,000 inflatable penile prostheses ana dasa a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darouiche |first=Rabih O. |last2=Bella |first2=Anthony J. |last3=Boone |first3=Timothy B. |last4=Brock |first4=Gerry |last5=Broderick |first5=Gregory A. |last6=Burnett |first6=Arthur L. |last7=Carrion |first7=Raphael |last8=Carson |first8=Culley |last9=Christine |first9=Brian |last10=Dhabuwala |first10=Chipriya B. |last11=Hakim |first11=Lawrence S. |last12=Henry |first12=Gerard |last13=Jones |first13=LeRoy A. |last14=Khera |first14=Mohit |last15=Montague |first15=Drogo K. |date=October 2013 |title=North American Consensus Document on Infection of Penile Prostheses |journal=Urology |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=937–942 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2013.05.048 |pmid=23958508}}</ref> Jerin ya nuna kayan aikin da aka yi a kasuwa a cikin 2020. === Tsayar da aljihu mai laushi === [[Fayil:Comparison_of_penile_implants.jpg|thumb|393x393px|Kwatanta kayan kwalliya (da diamita da tsawon cylinder) ]] [[Fayil:Penile_implant_pump_design_comparison.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Kwatanta ƙirar famfo na ciki]] Malleable (wanda aka fi sani da wanda ba a iya kumbura ba ko rabin tsayi) na gashin gashin gashi shine sanduna biyu da aka dasa a cikin jikin azzakari. Sandunan suna da wuyar gaske, amma 'mai iya daidaitawa' a ma'anar cewa ana iya daidaita su da hannu a cikin matsayi mai tsaye. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan malleable guda biyu: wanda aka yi da silicone kuma ba shi da sandar a ciki, wanda kuma ake kira mai laushi, kuma wani tare da azurfa ko ƙarfe mai laushi a ciki an rufe shi da silicone. Wasu daga cikin samfuran suna da wutsiyoyi masu sassauci waɗanda aka nufa don daidaita tsawon.<ref name="Chung">{{Cite journal |last=Chung |first=Eric |date=February 2017 |title=Penile prosthesis implant: scientific advances and technological innovations over the last four decades |journal=Translational Andrology and Urology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=37–45 |doi=10.21037/tau.2016.12.06 |pmc=5313299 |pmid=28217449 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A halin yanzu, ana samun nau'ikan nau'ikan al'aura masu laushi a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Le |first=Brian |last2=Burnett |first2=Arthur L. |date=2015 |title=Evolution of penile prosthetic devices |journal=Korean Journal of Urology |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=179–86 |doi=10.4111/kju.2015.56.3.179 |pmc=4355428 |pmid=25763121 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Fensir mai kumbura === Inflable penile implant (IPP), wanda aka haɓaka kwanan nan, saiti ne na cylinders da tsarin famfo. Dangane da bambance-bambance a cikin tsari, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan ciki guda biyu: IPPs guda biyu da guda uku. Dukkanin nau'ikan na'urorin da za a iya kumbura suna cike da maganin saline wanda aka zuba a cikin cylinders lokacin da ake aiki. Ana dasa cylinders a cikin Jikin cavernous na azzakari. An haɗa tsarin famfo zuwa cylinders kuma an sanya shi a cikin scrotum.[1] Abubuwan da aka sanya guda uku suna da babban tafki mai banbanci wanda aka haɗa da famfo. Ana sanya tafkin a cikin sararin samaniya (sararin Retropubic), duk da haka an bayyana wasu wurare, kamar tsakanin tsokoki na tsokoki na rectus. Abubuwan da aka sanya guda uku suna ba da ƙarfi mai kyau da girth na azzakari mai kama da tsayi na halitta. Bugu da ƙari, saboda kasancewar babban tafki, kayan aiki guda uku suna ba da cikakken ƙarfi na azzakari lokacin da aka kashe shi, don haka yana kawo ƙarin ta'aziyya fiye da kayan aiki guda biyu masu kumbura da malleable.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] br9r2l7e9ocg88xkqtzfpdoyne230ww 0 159949 869127 2026-06-27T06:19:28Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357365961|Pre-ejaculate]]" 869127 wikitext text/x-wiki Pre-ejaculate (wanda aka fi sani da ruwa na pre-ejacular, ruwa na pre'seminal ko ruwa na Cowper, kuma a cikin magana a matsayin '''pre-cum''') ruwa ne mai haske, mara launi, mai tsami wanda aka fitar daga urethra na [[Al'aurar Namiji|azzakari]] yayin tashin hankali na jima'i kuma gabaɗaya yayin aikin jima'i. Yana da kama da abun da ke ciki ga maniyyi amma yana da bambance-bambance na sunadarai. Kasancewar [[maniyyi]] a cikin ruwa ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa babu. Pre-ejaculate yana aiki azaman mai shafawa na halitta da kuma mai kawar da [[acid]]. == Asalin da abun da ke ciki == Ruwan yana fitowa daga mafitsara ta azzakari yayin sha'awa, al'aura, wasan gaba ko kuma a matakin farko yayin jima'i, wani lokaci kafin mutum ya isa inzali gaba ɗaya kuma maniyyi ya fito. Galibi ana samar da shi ne ta hanyar glandon bulbourethral (glandin Cowper), tare da glandon Littré (glandin urethral mai fitar da majina) suma suna ba da gudummawa.[1][2] Adadin ruwan da ake fitarwa ya bambanta sosai tsakanin mutane. Wasu mutane ba sa samar da wani ruwa kafin fitar da maniyyi,[3] yayin da wasu ke fitar da har zuwa millilita 5 (0.18 impfl oz; 0.17 US fl oz).[1][4] Ruwan pre-ejaculate ya ƙunshi sunadarai da ke da alaƙa da maniyyi, kamar acid phosphatase, amma wasu alamun maniyyi، kamar gamma-glutamyltransferase, ba su nan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gohara WF |date=1 February 1980 |title=Rate of decrease of glutamyltransferase and acid phosphatase activities in the human vagina after coitus |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=254–7 |doi=10.1093/clinchem/26.2.254 |pmid=6101549 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ayyuka da haɗari == Pre-ejaculate yana kawar da acidity a cikin urethra wanda ya haifar da [[fitsari]], yana haifar da yanayi mafi kyau don wucewar maniyyi.<ref name="chughtai">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chughtai B, Sawas A, O'Malley RL, Naik RR, Ali Khan S, Pentyala S |date=April 2005 |title=A neglected gland: a review of Cowper's gland |journal=Int. J. Androl. |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=74–7 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00499.x |pmid=15811067 |s2cid=32553227 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Jinin yana da acidic, don haka ajiyar pre-ejaculate kafin fitar da maniyyi na iya canza yanayin maniyyi don inganta rayuwar maniyyi.<ref name="Chudnovskycite">{{Cite journal |last=Chudnovsky, A. |last2=Niederberger, C.S. |year=2007 |title=Copious Pre-Ejaculation: Small Glands—Major Headaches |journal=Journal of Andrology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=374–5 |doi=10.2164/jandrol.107.002576 |pmid=17251594}}</ref> Pre-ejaculate kuma yana aiki azaman mai a lokacin jima'i, kuma yana taka rawa a cikin kwayar halitta.<ref name="Chudnovskycite" /><ref name="Chudnovskycite" /> Ƙananan matakan ko babu maniyyi a cikin pre-ejaculate, kodayake binciken ya bincika ƙananan samfurori na maza.[1][2] Bincike guda biyu sun sami shaidu masu rikitarwa, gami da shari'o'in mutum na babban maida hankali ga maniyyi.[3][4] Akwai shaidu - tun daga binciken Masters da Johnson na 1966 [1] - cewa pre-ejaculate na iya ƙunsar maniyyi wanda zai iya haifar da ciki, wanda shine tushen jayayya game da amfani da coitus interruptus (cirewa) a matsayin hanyar hana haihuwa. [2][5] Bincike ya nuna kasancewar kwayar cutar kanjamau a cikin mafi yawan samfurori na pre-ejaculate daga maza masu kamuwa da cutar. <ref name="HIV">{{Cite journal |date=October 1993 |title=Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid |journal=Contraceptive Technology Update |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=154–156 |pmid=12286905}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pudney J, Oneta M, Mayer K, Seage G, Anderson D |year=1992 |title=Pre-ejaculatory fluid as potential vector for sexual transmission of HIV-1 |journal=Lancet |volume=340 |issue=8833 |page=1470 |doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)92659-4 |pmid=1360584 |s2cid=7106584}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Ilaria G, Jacobs JL, Polsky B |year=1992 |title=Detection of HIV-1 DNA sequences in pre-ejaculatory fluid |journal=Lancet |volume=340 |issue=8833 |page=1469 |doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)92658-3 |pmid=1360583 |s2cid=43112865}}</ref> == Yawan samarwa == A lokuta masu wuya, mutum na iya samar da ruwa mai yawa kafin zubar da jini, wanda za'a iya magance shi ta hanyar mai hana 5-alpha-reductase, kamar finasteride.<ref name="Chudnovskycite">{{Cite journal |last=Chudnovsky, A. |last2=Niederberger, C.S. |year=2007 |title=Copious Pre-Ejaculation: Small Glands—Major Headaches |journal=Journal of Andrology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=374–5 |doi=10.2164/jandrol.107.002576 |pmid=17251594}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5bbs1zinf5jywl7blpjgcttmrfcgzde 869128 869127 2026-06-27T06:19:52Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 869128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Pre-ejaculate (wanda aka fi sani da ruwa na pre-ejacular, ruwa na pre'seminal ko ruwa na Cowper, kuma a cikin magana a matsayin '''pre-cum''') ruwa ne mai haske, mara launi, mai tsami wanda aka fitar daga urethra na [[Al'aurar Namiji|azzakari]] yayin tashin hankali na jima'i kuma gabaɗaya yayin aikin jima'i. Yana da kama da abun da ke ciki ga maniyyi amma yana da bambance-bambance na sunadarai. Kasancewar [[maniyyi]] a cikin ruwa ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa babu. Pre-ejaculate yana aiki azaman mai shafawa na halitta da kuma mai kawar da [[acid]]. == Asalin da abun da ke ciki == Ruwan yana fitowa daga mafitsara ta azzakari yayin sha'awa, al'aura, wasan gaba ko kuma a matakin farko yayin jima'i, wani lokaci kafin mutum ya isa inzali gaba ɗaya kuma maniyyi ya fito. Galibi ana samar da shi ne ta hanyar glandon bulbourethral (glandin Cowper), tare da glandon Littré (glandin urethral mai fitar da majina) suma suna ba da gudummawa.[1][2] Adadin ruwan da ake fitarwa ya bambanta sosai tsakanin mutane. Wasu mutane ba sa samar da wani ruwa kafin fitar da maniyyi,[3] yayin da wasu ke fitar da har zuwa millilita 5 (0.18 impfl oz; 0.17 US fl oz).[1][4] Ruwan pre-ejaculate ya ƙunshi sunadarai da ke da alaƙa da maniyyi, kamar acid phosphatase, amma wasu alamun maniyyi، kamar gamma-glutamyltransferase, ba su nan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gohara WF |date=1 February 1980 |title=Rate of decrease of glutamyltransferase and acid phosphatase activities in the human vagina after coitus |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=254–7 |doi=10.1093/clinchem/26.2.254 |pmid=6101549 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ayyuka da haɗari == Pre-ejaculate yana kawar da acidity a cikin urethra wanda ya haifar da [[fitsari]], yana haifar da yanayi mafi kyau don wucewar maniyyi.<ref name="chughtai">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chughtai B, Sawas A, O'Malley RL, Naik RR, Ali Khan S, Pentyala S |date=April 2005 |title=A neglected gland: a review of Cowper's gland |journal=Int. J. Androl. |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=74–7 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00499.x |pmid=15811067 |s2cid=32553227 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Jinin yana da acidic, don haka ajiyar pre-ejaculate kafin fitar da maniyyi na iya canza yanayin maniyyi don inganta rayuwar maniyyi.<ref name="Chudnovskycite">{{Cite journal |last=Chudnovsky, A. |last2=Niederberger, C.S. |year=2007 |title=Copious Pre-Ejaculation: Small Glands—Major Headaches |journal=Journal of Andrology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=374–5 |doi=10.2164/jandrol.107.002576 |pmid=17251594}}</ref> Pre-ejaculate kuma yana aiki azaman mai a lokacin jima'i, kuma yana taka rawa a cikin kwayar halitta.<ref name="Chudnovskycite" /><ref name="Chudnovskycite" /> Ƙananan matakan ko babu maniyyi a cikin pre-ejaculate, kodayake binciken ya bincika ƙananan samfurori na maza.[1][2] Bincike guda biyu sun sami shaidu masu rikitarwa, gami da shari'o'in mutum na babban maida hankali ga maniyyi.[3][4] Akwai shaidu - tun daga binciken Masters da Johnson na 1966 [1] - cewa pre-ejaculate na iya ƙunsar maniyyi wanda zai iya haifar da ciki, wanda shine tushen jayayya game da amfani da coitus interruptus (cirewa) a matsayin hanyar hana haihuwa. [2][5] Bincike ya nuna kasancewar kwayar cutar kanjamau a cikin mafi yawan samfurori na pre-ejaculate daga maza masu kamuwa da cutar. <ref name="HIV">{{Cite journal |date=October 1993 |title=Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid |journal=Contraceptive Technology Update |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=154–156 |pmid=12286905}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pudney J, Oneta M, Mayer K, Seage G, Anderson D |year=1992 |title=Pre-ejaculatory fluid as potential vector for sexual transmission of HIV-1 |journal=Lancet |volume=340 |issue=8833 |page=1470 |doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)92659-4 |pmid=1360584 |s2cid=7106584}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Ilaria G, Jacobs JL, Polsky B |year=1992 |title=Detection of HIV-1 DNA sequences in pre-ejaculatory fluid |journal=Lancet |volume=340 |issue=8833 |page=1469 |doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)92658-3 |pmid=1360583 |s2cid=43112865}}</ref> == Yawan samarwa == A lokuta masu wuya, mutum na iya samar da ruwa mai yawa kafin zubar da jini, wanda za'a iya magance shi ta hanyar mai hana 5-alpha-reductase, kamar finasteride.<ref name="Chudnovskycite">{{Cite journal |last=Chudnovsky, A. |last2=Niederberger, C.S. |year=2007 |title=Copious Pre-Ejaculation: Small Glands—Major Headaches |journal=Journal of Andrology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=374–5 |doi=10.2164/jandrol.107.002576 |pmid=17251594}}</ref> == Manazarta == ifo3pr0mtw4v69wy8w471mh4lah549o 0 159950 869130 2026-06-27T06:22:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358907449|Prevalence of circumcision]]" 869130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''yaduwar [[Kachiya|kaciya]]''' shine kashi na maza a cikin yawan mutanen da aka ba su waɗanda aka yi musu kaciya, tare da hanyar da aka fi yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|kiwon lafiya na rigakafi]], wajibi ne na addini, ko al'adun al'adu. An kiyasta yaduwar duniya ta kusa da 38% <ref name="BM">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA |date=2016 |title=Table 1 Percentage of circumcised males in each of the 237 countries and territories in the world |journal=Population Health Metrics |volume=14 |page=4 |doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 |pmc=4772313 |pmid=26933388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2012 duka [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] da Shirin hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan HIV / AIDS suna inganta yawan yaduwar kaciya a matsayin rigakafi ga yaduwar cutar kanjamau da wasu STIs a yankunan da ke da yaduwar HIV mai yawa da ƙananan yaduwar yaduwar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |title=Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611010744/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Leach_2010">{{Cite book|last3=Penelope Leach}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 50% na duk kaciya a duk duniya ana yin su ne saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya na rigakafi, yayin da sauran kashi 50% ana yin su da wasu dalilai, gami da addini da al'adu. A cikin 2016, yaduwar duniya na kaciya yana ƙaruwa, galibi saboda shirye-shiryen HIV / AIDS a Afirka da kuma yawan haihuwa tsakanin ƙasashe inda ake yin wannan hanya.<ref name="Morris_2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Bailis SA, Wiswell TE |date=May 2014 |title=Circumcision rates in the United States: rising or falling? What effect might the new affirmative pediatric policy statement have? |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=677–686 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.001 |pmid=24702735 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA |date=1 March 2016 |title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision |journal=Population Health Metrics |volume=14 |doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 |pmc=4772313 |pmid=26933388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin ya bambanta sosai, daga 99.9% a Maroko, [1] kuma irin wannan babban ƙimar a yawancin ƙasashe masu musulmi, zuwa 91.7% a Isra'ila, [1] 80% a Amurka, zuwa 75% a Koriya ta Kudu, zuwa 45% a Afirka ta Kudu, to 20.7% a Ingila, 14% a China, [2] 13.5% a Indiya, [3] 9% a Japan, [4] [5] [6] [7] [5] [6] [7] [4] [5] [6] [5] [6] [5][8][9][10][11] A Turai, yawancin maza ba a yi musu kaciya ba, amma kaciya ta zama ruwan dare a tsakanin Musulmai da ke zaune a Turai, wanda ya haɗa da Musulmai na asali (a Turkiyya, Azerbaijan, da yankuna masu yawan Musulmai a cikin Balkans) da Musulmai a al'ummomin baƙi a Yammacin Turai.[2] kaciya ba ta da yawa a Kudancin Amurka.[2] Philippines tana da yaduwar kaciya ta 91.7%, tare da irin wannan yaduwar a waje da duniyar musulmi da Isra'ila ana samun ta ne kawai a tsakanin wasu ƙasashe a Afirka da wasu Kasashen tsibirin a Oceania.[2] An kiyasta cewa ana samun yaduwar kaciya na kashi 90% ko fiye a cikin maza a Afghanistan, Aljeriya, Samoa ta Amurka, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Benin, Kamaru, Comoros, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tsibirin Cook, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Gabon, Gambiya, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Guam, Guinea-Bissau Syria, Iran, Isra'ila, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Liberia, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Maldives, Mauritania, Mauritania (Maro, Morocco, Morocco, Yemen, Yemen, Peru, Yemen, Philippines, Yemen, Niger, Yemen, Yammacin, Yemen, Uganda, Yemen, Saudiyya, Yemen, Taiwan, Yemen, Netherlands, Yemen, Sudan, Yemen, Pakistan, Yemen, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Cyprus, Yemen, Kazakhstan, Yemen, Tunisia, Yemen, Benin, Yemen, Libya, Yemen, West, Yemen, Singapore, Yemen, Sahara, Yemen, Myanmar, Yemen, Vietnam, Yemen, Azerbaijan, Yemen, Fiji, Yemen, Norway, Yemen, Ukraine, Yemen, Namibia, Yemen, Mali, Yemen, Ghana, Yemen, Serbia<ref name="pophealth">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA |date=2016 |title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision |journal=Population Health Metrics |volume=14 |doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 |pmc=4772313 |pmid=26933388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an kiyasta yaduwar kaciya a duniya kusan 38%, tare da karuwar yaduwar yaduwar cutar da aka gani a Amurka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Afirka; manyan kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun inganta yawan kaciya a Afirka a matsayin [[Kaciya da cutar kanjamau|rigakafi game da yaduwar HIV / AIDS]].<ref name="Morris_2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Bailis SA, Wiswell TE |date=May 2014 |title=Circumcision rates in the United States: rising or falling? What effect might the new affirmative pediatric policy statement have? |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=677–686 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.001 |pmid=24702735 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA |date=1 March 2016 |title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision |journal=Population Health Metrics |volume=14 |doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 |pmc=4772313 |pmid=26933388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2020, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta sake jaddada cewa ingantaccen rigakafi ne idan masu sana'a suka gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai aminci a yankunan da ke da yaduwar cutar kanjamau / AIDS.<ref name="www.who.int">{{Cite web |title=Preventing HIV through safe voluntary medical male circumcision for adolescent boys and men in generalized HIV epidemics: recommendations and key considerations |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/978-92-4-000854-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003024321/https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/978-92-4-000854-0 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Circumcision Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa Spike After Partnership with Local Religious Leaders |url=https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2017/04/circumcision-rates-in-sub-saharan-africa-spike-after-partnership-with-local-religious |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003024329/https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2017/04/circumcision-rates-in-sub-saharan-africa-spike-after-partnership-with-local-religious |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=3 October 2021 |publisher=WCM Newsroom |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, an kiyasta yaduwar kaciya a Amurka kusan 80%. Hakazalika, Wolters Kluwer ya kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 80% na maza na Amurka a cikin 2025 an yi musu kaciya.<ref name="Baskin_2021">{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2021 |title=Patient education: Circumcision in baby boys (Beyond the Basics) |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/circumcision-in-baby-boys-beyond-the-basics/print |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122110734/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/circumcision-in-baby-boys-beyond-the-basics/print |archive-date=22 November 2022 |access-date=November 22, 2022 |website=[[UpToDate]] |quote=...this is probably an underestimate of the true incidence of circumcised males, which is likely closer to 80 percent...}}</ref><ref name="Auto22-29">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Introcaso CE, Xu F, Kilmarx PH, Zaidi A, Markowitz LE |date=July 2013 |title=Prevalence of circumcision among men and boys aged 14 to 59 years in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2010 |journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=521–525 |doi=10.1097/01.OLQ.0000430797.56499.0d |pmid=23965763 |s2cid=31883301 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawancin sassan Afirka sun karɓi wannan aikin a matsayin matakin rigakafi game da yaduwar cutar kanjamau. Yana da yaduwa sosai a [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]] da Isra'ila saboda imanin addini na yawancin [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] da Yahudawa; duk da haka, wasu kungiyoyin da ba Musulmai ba da ke zaune a cikin kasashe masu rinjaye Musulmai, kamar Armeniyawa da Assuriyawa, ba sa yin hakan. Ya zama ruwan dare a wasu kasashe masu rinjaye a kudu maso gabashin Asiya kamar Indonesia da Malaysia; duk da haka, WHO ta bayyana cewa akwai "karamin kaciya ba tare da addini ba a Asiya, ban da Jamhuriyar Koriya da Philippines". A wasu sassan Afirka ana yin sa ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun kabilanci daga Kiristoci, Musulmai da Animists. Sabanin haka, ƙididdigar ta fi ƙanƙanta a mafi yawan Turai, sassan kudancin Afirka, mafi yawan Asiya, Oceania da Latin Amurka, waɗanda suka kafa Kudancin Amurka, Amurka ta Tsakiya, [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] da Mexico.<ref name="Drain">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Drain PK, Halperin DT, Hughes JP, Klausner JD, Bailey RC |date=November 2006 |title=Male circumcision, religion, and infectious diseases: an ecologic analysis of 118 developing countries |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-6-172 |pmc=1764746 |pmid=17137513 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ostiraliya, Kanada, New Zealand da Ingila misalai ne na ƙasashe waɗanda suka ga raguwar kaciya ta maza a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yayin da akwai alamun karuwar buƙata a kudancin Afirka, wani ɓangare don dalilai na rigakafi saboda annobar cutar kanjamau a can.<ref name="Wise_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wise J |date=July 2006 |title=Demand for male circumcision rises in a bid to prevent HIV |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=84 |issue=7 |pages=509–511 |pmc=2627386 |pmid=16878217 |quote=As a result, there are already indications of increasing demand for male circumcision in traditionally non-circumcising societies in Southern Africa.}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eaatsyswhafsq887qukjpdasexlhb8f 869132 869130 2026-06-27T06:24:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 869132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''yaduwar [[Kachiya|kaciya]]''' shine kashi na maza a cikin yawan mutanen da aka ba su waɗanda aka yi musu kaciya, tare da hanyar da aka fi yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|kiwon lafiya na rigakafi]], wajibi ne na addini, ko al'adun al'adu. An kiyasta yaduwar duniya ta kusa da 38% <ref name="BM">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA |date=2016 |title=Table 1 Percentage of circumcised males in each of the 237 countries and territories in the world |journal=Population Health Metrics |volume=14 |page=4 |doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 |pmc=4772313 |pmid=26933388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2012 duka [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] da Shirin hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan HIV / AIDS suna inganta yawan yaduwar kaciya a matsayin rigakafi ga yaduwar cutar kanjamau da wasu STIs a yankunan da ke da yaduwar HIV mai yawa da ƙananan yaduwar yaduwar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |title=Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611010744/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Leach_2010">{{Cite book|last3=Penelope Leach}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 50% na duk kaciya a duk duniya ana yin su ne saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya na rigakafi, yayin da sauran kashi 50% ana yin su da wasu dalilai, gami da addini da al'adu. A cikin 2016, yaduwar duniya na kaciya yana ƙaruwa, galibi saboda shirye-shiryen HIV / AIDS a Afirka da kuma yawan haihuwa tsakanin ƙasashe inda ake yin wannan hanya.<ref name="Morris_2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Bailis SA, Wiswell TE |date=May 2014 |title=Circumcision rates in the United States: rising or falling? What effect might the new affirmative pediatric policy statement have? |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=677–686 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.001 |pmid=24702735 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA |date=1 March 2016 |title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision |journal=Population Health Metrics |volume=14 |doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 |pmc=4772313 |pmid=26933388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin ya bambanta sosai, daga 99.9% a Maroko, [1] kuma irin wannan babban ƙimar a yawancin ƙasashe masu musulmi, zuwa 91.7% a Isra'ila, [1] 80% a Amurka, zuwa 75% a Koriya ta Kudu, zuwa 45% a Afirka ta Kudu, to 20.7% a Ingila, 14% a China, [2] 13.5% a Indiya, [3] 9% a Japan, [4] [5] [6] [7] [5] [6] [7] [4] [5] [6] [5] [6] [5][8][9][10][11] A Turai, yawancin maza ba a yi musu kaciya ba, amma kaciya ta zama ruwan dare a tsakanin Musulmai da ke zaune a Turai, wanda ya haɗa da Musulmai na asali (a Turkiyya, Azerbaijan, da yankuna masu yawan Musulmai a cikin Balkans) da Musulmai a al'ummomin baƙi a Yammacin Turai.[2] kaciya ba ta da yawa a Kudancin Amurka.[2] Philippines tana da yaduwar kaciya ta 91.7%, tare da irin wannan yaduwar a waje da duniyar musulmi da Isra'ila ana samun ta ne kawai a tsakanin wasu ƙasashe a Afirka da wasu Kasashen tsibirin a Oceania.[2] An kiyasta cewa ana samun yaduwar kaciya na kashi 90% ko fiye a cikin maza a Afghanistan, Aljeriya, Samoa ta Amurka, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Benin, Kamaru, Comoros, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tsibirin Cook, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Gabon, Gambiya, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Guam, Guinea-Bissau Syria, Iran, Isra'ila, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Liberia, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Maldives, Mauritania, Mauritania (Maro, Morocco, Morocco, Yemen, Yemen, Peru, Yemen, Philippines, Yemen, Niger, Yemen, Yammacin, Yemen, Uganda, Yemen, Saudiyya, Yemen, Taiwan, Yemen, Netherlands, Yemen, Sudan, Yemen, Pakistan, Yemen, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Cyprus, Yemen, Kazakhstan, Yemen, Tunisia, Yemen, Benin, Yemen, Libya, Yemen, West, Yemen, Singapore, Yemen, Sahara, Yemen, Myanmar, Yemen, Vietnam, Yemen, Azerbaijan, Yemen, Fiji, Yemen, Norway, Yemen, Ukraine, Yemen, Namibia, Yemen, Mali, Yemen, Ghana, Yemen, Serbia<ref name="pophealth">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA |date=2016 |title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision |journal=Population Health Metrics |volume=14 |doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 |pmc=4772313 |pmid=26933388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an kiyasta yaduwar kaciya a duniya kusan 38%, tare da karuwar yaduwar yaduwar cutar da aka gani a Amurka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Afirka; manyan kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun inganta yawan kaciya a Afirka a matsayin [[Kaciya da cutar kanjamau|rigakafi game da yaduwar HIV / AIDS]].<ref name="Morris_2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Bailis SA, Wiswell TE |date=May 2014 |title=Circumcision rates in the United States: rising or falling? What effect might the new affirmative pediatric policy statement have? |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=677–686 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.001 |pmid=24702735 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA |date=1 March 2016 |title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision |journal=Population Health Metrics |volume=14 |doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 |pmc=4772313 |pmid=26933388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2020, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta sake jaddada cewa ingantaccen rigakafi ne idan masu sana'a suka gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai aminci a yankunan da ke da yaduwar cutar kanjamau / AIDS.<ref name="www.who.int">{{Cite web |title=Preventing HIV through safe voluntary medical male circumcision for adolescent boys and men in generalized HIV epidemics: recommendations and key considerations |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/978-92-4-000854-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003024321/https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/978-92-4-000854-0 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Circumcision Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa Spike After Partnership with Local Religious Leaders |url=https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2017/04/circumcision-rates-in-sub-saharan-africa-spike-after-partnership-with-local-religious |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003024329/https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2017/04/circumcision-rates-in-sub-saharan-africa-spike-after-partnership-with-local-religious |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=3 October 2021 |publisher=WCM Newsroom |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, an kiyasta yaduwar kaciya a Amurka kusan 80%. Hakazalika, Wolters Kluwer ya kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 80% na maza na Amurka a cikin 2025 an yi musu kaciya.<ref name="Baskin_2021">{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2021 |title=Patient education: Circumcision in baby boys (Beyond the Basics) |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/circumcision-in-baby-boys-beyond-the-basics/print |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122110734/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/circumcision-in-baby-boys-beyond-the-basics/print |archive-date=22 November 2022 |access-date=November 22, 2022 |website=[[UpToDate]] |quote=...this is probably an underestimate of the true incidence of circumcised males, which is likely closer to 80 percent...}}</ref><ref name="Auto22-29">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Introcaso CE, Xu F, Kilmarx PH, Zaidi A, Markowitz LE |date=July 2013 |title=Prevalence of circumcision among men and boys aged 14 to 59 years in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2010 |journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=521–525 |doi=10.1097/01.OLQ.0000430797.56499.0d |pmid=23965763 |s2cid=31883301 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawancin sassan Afirka sun karɓi wannan aikin a matsayin matakin rigakafi game da yaduwar cutar kanjamau. Yana da yaduwa sosai a [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]] da Isra'ila saboda imanin addini na yawancin [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] da Yahudawa; duk da haka, wasu kungiyoyin da ba Musulmai ba da ke zaune a cikin kasashe masu rinjaye Musulmai, kamar Armeniyawa da Assuriyawa, ba sa yin hakan. Ya zama ruwan dare a wasu kasashe masu rinjaye a kudu maso gabashin Asiya kamar Indonesia da Malaysia; duk da haka, WHO ta bayyana cewa akwai "karamin kaciya ba tare da addini ba a Asiya, ban da Jamhuriyar Koriya da Philippines". A wasu sassan Afirka ana yin sa ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun kabilanci daga Kiristoci, Musulmai da Animists. Sabanin haka, ƙididdigar ta fi ƙanƙanta a mafi yawan Turai, sassan kudancin Afirka, mafi yawan Asiya, Oceania da Latin Amurka, waɗanda suka kafa Kudancin Amurka, Amurka ta Tsakiya, [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] da Mexico.<ref name="Drain">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Drain PK, Halperin DT, Hughes JP, Klausner JD, Bailey RC |date=November 2006 |title=Male circumcision, religion, and infectious diseases: an ecologic analysis of 118 developing countries |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-6-172 |pmc=1764746 |pmid=17137513 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ostiraliya, Kanada, New Zealand da Ingila misalai ne na ƙasashe waɗanda suka ga raguwar kaciya ta maza a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yayin da akwai alamun karuwar buƙata a kudancin Afirka, wani ɓangare don dalilai na rigakafi saboda annobar cutar kanjamau a can.<ref name="Wise_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wise J |date=July 2006 |title=Demand for male circumcision rises in a bid to prevent HIV |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=84 |issue=7 |pages=509–511 |pmc=2627386 |pmid=16878217 |quote=As a result, there are already indications of increasing demand for male circumcision in traditionally non-circumcising societies in Southern Africa.}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n0laybzbwfjtv5lv47gf1096oh3pn7n 869134 869132 2026-06-27T06:26:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 869134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''yaduwar [[Kachiya|kaciya]]''' shine kashi na maza a cikin yawan mutanen da aka ba su waɗanda aka yi musu kaciya, tare da hanyar da aka fi yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|kiwon lafiya na rigakafi]], wajibi ne na addini, ko al'adun al'adu. An kiyasta yaduwar duniya ta kusa da 38% <ref name="BM">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA |date=2016 |title=Table 1 Percentage of circumcised males in each of the 237 countries and territories in the world |journal=Population Health Metrics |volume=14 |page=4 |doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 |pmc=4772313 |pmid=26933388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2012 duka [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] da Shirin hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan HIV / AIDS suna inganta yawan yaduwar kaciya a matsayin rigakafi ga yaduwar cutar kanjamau da wasu STIs a yankunan da ke da yaduwar HIV mai yawa da ƙananan yaduwar yaduwar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |title=Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611010744/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=December 24, 2022 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Leach_2010">{{Cite book|last3=Penelope Leach}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 50% na duk kaciya a duk duniya ana yin su ne saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya na rigakafi, yayin da sauran kashi 50% ana yin su da wasu dalilai, gami da addini da al'adu. A cikin 2016, yaduwar duniya na kaciya yana ƙaruwa, galibi saboda shirye-shiryen HIV / AIDS a Afirka da kuma yawan haihuwa tsakanin ƙasashe inda ake yin wannan hanya.<ref name="Morris_2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Bailis SA, Wiswell TE |date=May 2014 |title=Circumcision rates in the United States: rising or falling? What effect might the new affirmative pediatric policy statement have? |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=677–686 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.001 |pmid=24702735 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA |date=1 March 2016 |title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision |journal=Population Health Metrics |volume=14 |doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 |pmc=4772313 |pmid=26933388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin ya bambanta sosai, daga 99.9% a Maroko, [1] kuma irin wannan babban ƙimar a yawancin ƙasashe masu musulmi, zuwa 91.7% a Isra'ila, [1] 80% a Amurka, zuwa 75% a Koriya ta Kudu, zuwa 45% a Afirka ta Kudu, to 20.7% a Ingila, 14% a China, [2] 13.5% a Indiya, [3] 9% a Japan, [4] [5] [6] [7] [5] [6] [7] [4] [5] [6] [5] [6] [5][8][9][10][11] A Turai, yawancin maza ba a yi musu kaciya ba, amma kaciya ta zama ruwan dare a tsakanin Musulmai da ke zaune a Turai, wanda ya haɗa da Musulmai na asali (a Turkiyya, Azerbaijan, da yankuna masu yawan Musulmai a cikin Balkans) da Musulmai a al'ummomin baƙi a Yammacin Turai.[2] kaciya ba ta da yawa a Kudancin Amurka.[2] Philippines tana da yaduwar kaciya ta 91.7%, tare da irin wannan yaduwar a waje da duniyar musulmi da Isra'ila ana samun ta ne kawai a tsakanin wasu ƙasashe a Afirka da wasu Kasashen tsibirin a Oceania.[2] An kiyasta cewa ana samun yaduwar kaciya na kashi 90% ko fiye a cikin maza a Afghanistan, Aljeriya, Samoa ta Amurka, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Benin, Kamaru, Comoros, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tsibirin Cook, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Gabon, Gambiya, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Guam, Guinea-Bissau Syria, Iran, Isra'ila, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Liberia, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Maldives, Mauritania, Mauritania (Maro, Morocco, Morocco, Yemen, Yemen, Peru, Yemen, Philippines, Yemen, Niger, Yemen, Yammacin, Yemen, Uganda, Yemen, Saudiyya, Yemen, Taiwan, Yemen, Netherlands, Yemen, Sudan, Yemen, Pakistan, Yemen, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Cyprus, Yemen, Kazakhstan, Yemen, Tunisia, Yemen, Benin, Yemen, Libya, Yemen, West, Yemen, Singapore, Yemen, Sahara, Yemen, Myanmar, Yemen, Vietnam, Yemen, Azerbaijan, Yemen, Fiji, Yemen, Norway, Yemen, Ukraine, Yemen, Namibia, Yemen, Mali, Yemen, Ghana, Yemen, Serbia<ref name="pophealth">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA |date=2016 |title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision |journal=Population Health Metrics |volume=14 |doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 |pmc=4772313 |pmid=26933388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an kiyasta yaduwar kaciya a duniya kusan 38%, tare da karuwar yaduwar yaduwar cutar da aka gani a Amurka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Afirka; manyan kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun inganta yawan kaciya a Afirka a matsayin [[Kaciya da cutar kanjamau|rigakafi game da yaduwar HIV / AIDS]].<ref name="Morris_2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Bailis SA, Wiswell TE |date=May 2014 |title=Circumcision rates in the United States: rising or falling? What effect might the new affirmative pediatric policy statement have? |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=677–686 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.001 |pmid=24702735 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA |date=1 March 2016 |title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision |journal=Population Health Metrics |volume=14 |doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 |pmc=4772313 |pmid=26933388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2020, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta sake jaddada cewa ingantaccen rigakafi ne idan masu sana'a suka gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai aminci a yankunan da ke da yaduwar cutar kanjamau / AIDS.<ref name="www.who.int">{{Cite web |title=Preventing HIV through safe voluntary medical male circumcision for adolescent boys and men in generalized HIV epidemics: recommendations and key considerations |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/978-92-4-000854-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003024321/https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/978-92-4-000854-0 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Circumcision Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa Spike After Partnership with Local Religious Leaders |url=https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2017/04/circumcision-rates-in-sub-saharan-africa-spike-after-partnership-with-local-religious |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003024329/https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2017/04/circumcision-rates-in-sub-saharan-africa-spike-after-partnership-with-local-religious |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=3 October 2021 |publisher=WCM Newsroom |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, an kiyasta yaduwar kaciya a Amurka kusan 80%. Hakazalika, Wolters Kluwer ya kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 80% na maza na Amurka a cikin 2025 an yi musu kaciya.<ref name="Baskin_2021">{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2021 |title=Patient education: Circumcision in baby boys (Beyond the Basics) |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/circumcision-in-baby-boys-beyond-the-basics/print |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122110734/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/circumcision-in-baby-boys-beyond-the-basics/print |archive-date=22 November 2022 |access-date=November 22, 2022 |website=[[UpToDate]] |quote=...this is probably an underestimate of the true incidence of circumcised males, which is likely closer to 80 percent...}}</ref><ref name="Auto22-29">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Introcaso CE, Xu F, Kilmarx PH, Zaidi A, Markowitz LE |date=July 2013 |title=Prevalence of circumcision among men and boys aged 14 to 59 years in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2010 |journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=521–525 |doi=10.1097/01.OLQ.0000430797.56499.0d |pmid=23965763 |s2cid=31883301 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawancin sassan Afirka sun karɓi wannan aikin a matsayin matakin rigakafi game da yaduwar cutar kanjamau. Yana da yaduwa sosai a [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]] da Isra'ila saboda imanin addini na yawancin [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] da Yahudawa; duk da haka, wasu kungiyoyin da ba Musulmai ba da ke zaune a cikin kasashe masu rinjaye Musulmai, kamar Armeniyawa da Assuriyawa, ba sa yin hakan. Ya zama ruwan dare a wasu kasashe masu rinjaye a kudu maso gabashin Asiya kamar Indonesia da Malaysia; duk da haka, WHO ta bayyana cewa akwai "karamin kaciya ba tare da addini ba a Asiya, ban da Jamhuriyar Koriya da Philippines". A wasu sassan Afirka ana yin sa ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun kabilanci daga Kiristoci, Musulmai da Animists. Sabanin haka, ƙididdigar ta fi ƙanƙanta a mafi yawan Turai, sassan kudancin Afirka, mafi yawan Asiya, Oceania da Latin Amurka, waɗanda suka kafa Kudancin Amurka, Amurka ta Tsakiya, [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] da Mexico.<ref name="Drain">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Drain PK, Halperin DT, Hughes JP, Klausner JD, Bailey RC |date=November 2006 |title=Male circumcision, religion, and infectious diseases: an ecologic analysis of 118 developing countries |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-6-172 |pmc=1764746 |pmid=17137513 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ostiraliya, Kanada, New Zealand da Ingila misalai ne na ƙasashe waɗanda suka ga raguwar kaciya ta maza a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yayin da akwai alamun karuwar buƙata a kudancin Afirka, wani ɓangare don dalilai na rigakafi saboda annobar cutar kanjamau a can.<ref name="Wise_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wise J |date=July 2006 |title=Demand for male circumcision rises in a bid to prevent HIV |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=84 |issue=7 |pages=509–511 |pmc=2627386 |pmid=16878217 |quote=As a result, there are already indications of increasing demand for male circumcision in traditionally non-circumcising societies in Southern Africa.}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m4627wry4x8vkuwgnr3jjzf2ceg9rht 0 159951 869135 2026-06-27T06:30:46Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360730001|Priapism]]" 869135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Priapism''' wani yanayi ne wanda [[Al'aurar Namiji|azzakari]] ya kasance a tsaye na sa'o'i ba tare da motsawa ba ko bayan motsawa ya ƙare.<ref name="EM2017">{{Cite journal |last=Podolej |first=GS |last2=Babcock |first2=C |date=January 2017 |title=Emergency Department Management Of Priapism. |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |pmid=28027457}}</ref> Akwai nau'o'i uku: ischemic (ƙananan), nonischemic (babban gudana), da ischemic mai maimaitawa (intermittent). <ref name="EM2017" /> Yawancin shari'o'in suna da ischemic.<ref name="EM2017" /> Ischemic priapism gabaɗaya yana da zafi yayin da nonischemic priapism ba haka ba ne.<ref name="EM2017" /> A cikin ischemic priapism, mafi yawan azzakari yana da wahala; duk da haka, azzakari na glans ba haka ba ne.<ref name="EM2017" /> A cikin priapism ba tare da ischemic ba, dukkan azzakari ne kawai.<ref name="EM2017" /> Da wuya, clitoral priapism yana faruwa a cikin mata. [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|Cutar ƙwayoyin cuta]] ita ce mafi yawan dalilin ischemic priapism.<ref name="EM2017">{{Cite journal |last=Podolej |first=GS |last2=Babcock |first2=C |date=January 2017 |title=Emergency Department Management Of Priapism. |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |pmid=28027457}}</ref> Sauran dalilai sun haɗa da magunguna kamar su antipsychotics, SSRIs, blood thinners da prostaglandin E1, da kuma kwayoyi kamar cocaine.<ref name="EM2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alprostadil |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprostadil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116185111/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprostadil.html |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=8 January 2017 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Ischemic priapism yana faruwa ne lokacin da jini bai isa ya fita daga azzakari ba.<ref name="EM2017" /> Nonischemic priapism yawanci saboda haɗin da ke tsakanin jijiya da corpus cavernosum ko rushewar tsarin juyayi na parasympathetic wanda ke haifar da karuwar jini.<ref name="EM2017" /> Nonischemic priapism na iya faruwa bayan rauni ga azzakari ko [[Raunin kashin baya|rauni a kashin baya]].<ref name="EM2017" /> Ana iya tallafawa ganewar asali ta hanyar nazarin iskar jini na jini da aka samo daga azzakari ko ultrasound.<ref name="EM2017" /> Magani ya dogara da nau'in.<ref name="EM2017">{{Cite journal |last=Podolej |first=GS |last2=Babcock |first2=C |date=January 2017 |title=Emergency Department Management Of Priapism. |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |pmid=28027457}}</ref> Ischemic priapism yawanci ana bi da shi tare da toshewar jijiya na azzakari sannan kuma burin jini daga corpora cavernosa.<ref name="EM2017" /> Idan wannan bai isa ba, ana iya ban ruwa da cavernosum tare da sanyi, saline na al'ada ko kuma an yi masa allurar phenylephrine.<ref name="EM2017" /> Nonischemic priapism sau da yawa ana bi da shi tare da fakitin sanyi da matsawa.<ref name="EM2017" /> Ana iya yin tiyata idan matakan da aka saba amfani da su ba su da tasiri.<ref name="EM2017" /> A cikin ischemic priapism, haɗarin lalacewa ta dindindin na azzakari ya fara ƙaruwa bayan sa'o'i huɗu kuma tabbas yana faruwa bayan sa'i 48.<ref name="EM2017" /> Priapism yana faruwa a cikin kimanin 1 cikin 20,000 zuwa 1 cikin 100,000 maza a kowace shekara.<ref name="EM2017">{{Cite journal |last=Podolej |first=GS |last2=Babcock |first2=C |date=January 2017 |title=Emergency Department Management Of Priapism. |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |pmid=28027457}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPodolejBabcock2017">Podolej, GS; Babcock, C (January 2017). </cite></ref> == Rarraba == Priapism an rarraba shi zuwa rukuni uku: ischemic (ƙananan), nonischemic (babban gudana), da ischemic mai maimaitawa.<ref name="EM2017">{{Cite journal |last=Podolej |first=GS |last2=Babcock |first2=C |date=January 2017 |title=Emergency Department Management Of Priapism. |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |pmid=28027457}}</ref> Yawancin shari'o'in (19 daga 20) suna da ischemic a yanayi.<ref name="EM2017" /> Wasu kafofin suna ba da tsawon sa'o'i huɗu a matsayin ma'anar priapism, amma wasu suna ba da shida. A cewar Asibitin Jami'ar Schleswig Holstein, "Lokacin tsayi na al'ada kafin a rarraba shi azaman priapism har yanzu yana da rikici. Tsayar da tsayi na ciki na sama da awanni 4 ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin priapism". <ref>C. VAN DER HORST, HENRIK STUEBINGER, CHRISTOPH SEIF, DIETHILD MELCHIOR, F.J. MARTÍNEZ-PORTILLO, K.P. JUENEMANN; {{Cite web |title=Priapism: Etiology, Pathophysiology and Management |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ibju/v29n5/18554.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429234259/http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ibju/v29n5/18554.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-29 |access-date=2011-12-07}}</ref> === A cikin mata === Priapism a cikin mata (ci gaba, ciwo mai raɗaɗi na clitoris) yana da wuya sosai fiye da priapism a tsakanin maza kuma an san shi da priapisme na clitoral ko ''clitorism''. Yana da alaƙa da ciwon tashin hankali na jima'i (PGAD). Rahotanni kalilan ne kawai na mata da ke fuskantar ''Clitoral priapism''.<ref name="Lehmiller2014" /> == Alamomi da alamomi == === Matsalolin === Saboda ischemic priapism yana haifar da jini ya kasance a cikin azzakari na dogon lokaci, jini ya zama rasa iskar oxygen, wanda zai iya haifar da lalacewar nama. Irin wannan lalacewar na iya haifar da dysfunction na erectile ko lalacewar azzakari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priapism - Symptoms and Causes |url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/basics/complications/con-20029378 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806005205/http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/basics/complications/con-20029378 |archive-date=2014-08-06 |access-date=2014-08-30 |publisher=[[Mayo Clinic]]}}</ref> A cikin matsanancin yanayi, idan azzakari ya kamu da mummunar cuta ta jijiyoyi, priapism na iya haifar da [[gangrene]] na azzakari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajape |first=A. A. |last2=Bello |first2=A. |year=2011 |title=Penile Gangrene: An Unusual Complication of Priapism in a Patient with Bladder Carcinoma |journal=J Surg Tech Case Rep |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=37–9 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.78470 |pmc=3192523 |pmid=22022653 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Rashin saurin gudu === Dalilan [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta]] sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙwayar cuta (wanda ya fi dacewa da yara), ƙarancin jini, da sauran cututtukan jini kamar Talasemia da [[Multiple myeloma|myeloma mai yawa]], da kuma amfani da magunguna daban-daban, da kuma ciwon daji.<ref name="FernandesSouza2018">Originally copied from:<br /><br />{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Maitê Aline Vieira |last2=Souza |first2=Luis Ronan Marquez Ferreira de |last3=Cartafina |first3=Luciano Pousa |year=2018 |title=Ultrasound evaluation of the penis |journal=Radiologia Brasileira |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=257–261 |doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0152 |issn=1678-7099 |pmc=6124582 |pmid=30202130}}</ref> Binciken haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta akan marasa lafiya na Brazil tare da cutar sickle cell sun gano nau'ikan nucleotide guda huɗu a cikin LINC02537 da NAALADL2 da ke da alaƙa da priapism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cintho Ozahata |first=Mina |last2=Page |first2=Grier P. |last3=Guo |first3=Yuelong |last4=Ferreira |first4=João Eduardo |last5=Dinardo |first5=Carla Luana |last6=Carneiro-Proietti |first6=Anna Bárbara F. |last7=Loureiro |first7=Paula |last8=Mota |first8=Rosimere Afonso |last9=Rodrigues |first9=Daniela O.W. |last10=Belisario |first10=André Rolim |last11=Maximo |first11=Claudia |last12=Flor-Park |first12=Miriam V. |last13=Custer |first13=Brian |last14=Kelly |first14=Shannon |last15=Sabino |first15=Ester Cerdeira |year=2019 |title=Clinical and Genetic Predictors of Priapism in Sickle Cell Disease: Results from the Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study III Brazil Cohort Study |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=1988–1999 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.09.012 |pmc=6904926 |pmid=31668730}}</ref> Sauran yanayin da zasu iya haifar da priapism sun hada da Cutar Fabry, da kuma cututtukan jijiyoyi irin su cututtuken kashin baya da cututtukon kashin baya (an ruwaito priapism a cikin mutanen da aka rataye; duba tsayar da mutuwa). Priapism kuma na iya haifar da martani ga magunguna. Magungunan da aka fi sani da ke haifar da priapism sune allurar intra-cavernous don maganin dysfunction na erectile (papaverine, alprostadil). Sauran kungiyoyin magunguna da aka ruwaito sune Magungunan rigakafi (misali Doxazosin), magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa (misali, chlorpromazine, clozapine), magunganan antidepressants (musamman trazodone), magungannin rigakafi da magungunan daidaita yanayi kamar sodium valproate . [1] Anticoagulants, cantharides (Spanish Fly) da magungunan nishaɗi (alcohol, heroin da cocaine) an haɗa su. An kuma san Priapism da ya faru ne daga cinyewar gizo-gizo mai yawo na Brazil.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5gaon4zk26j2z8o1lydrfyknnyo2y34 869136 869135 2026-06-27T06:31:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 869136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Priapism''' wani yanayi ne wanda [[Al'aurar Namiji|azzakari]] ya kasance a tsaye na sa'o'i ba tare da motsawa ba ko bayan motsawa ya ƙare.<ref name="EM2017">{{Cite journal |last=Podolej |first=GS |last2=Babcock |first2=C |date=January 2017 |title=Emergency Department Management Of Priapism. |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |pmid=28027457}}</ref> Akwai nau'o'i uku: ischemic (ƙananan), nonischemic (babban gudana), da ischemic mai maimaitawa (intermittent). <ref name="EM2017" /> Yawancin shari'o'in suna da ischemic.<ref name="EM2017" /> Ischemic priapism gabaɗaya yana da zafi yayin da nonischemic priapism ba haka ba ne.<ref name="EM2017" /> A cikin ischemic priapism, mafi yawan azzakari yana da wahala; duk da haka, azzakari na glans ba haka ba ne.<ref name="EM2017" /> A cikin priapism ba tare da ischemic ba, dukkan azzakari ne kawai.<ref name="EM2017" /> Da wuya, clitoral priapism yana faruwa a cikin mata. [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|Cutar ƙwayoyin cuta]] ita ce mafi yawan dalilin ischemic priapism.<ref name="EM2017">{{Cite journal |last=Podolej |first=GS |last2=Babcock |first2=C |date=January 2017 |title=Emergency Department Management Of Priapism. |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |pmid=28027457}}</ref> Sauran dalilai sun haɗa da magunguna kamar su antipsychotics, SSRIs, blood thinners da prostaglandin E1, da kuma kwayoyi kamar cocaine.<ref name="EM2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alprostadil |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprostadil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116185111/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprostadil.html |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=8 January 2017 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Ischemic priapism yana faruwa ne lokacin da jini bai isa ya fita daga azzakari ba.<ref name="EM2017" /> Nonischemic priapism yawanci saboda haɗin da ke tsakanin jijiya da corpus cavernosum ko rushewar tsarin juyayi na parasympathetic wanda ke haifar da karuwar jini.<ref name="EM2017" /> Nonischemic priapism na iya faruwa bayan rauni ga azzakari ko [[Raunin kashin baya|rauni a kashin baya]].<ref name="EM2017" /> Ana iya tallafawa ganewar asali ta hanyar nazarin iskar jini na jini da aka samo daga azzakari ko ultrasound.<ref name="EM2017" /> Magani ya dogara da nau'in.<ref name="EM2017">{{Cite journal |last=Podolej |first=GS |last2=Babcock |first2=C |date=January 2017 |title=Emergency Department Management Of Priapism. |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |pmid=28027457}}</ref> Ischemic priapism yawanci ana bi da shi tare da toshewar jijiya na azzakari sannan kuma burin jini daga corpora cavernosa.<ref name="EM2017" /> Idan wannan bai isa ba, ana iya ban ruwa da cavernosum tare da sanyi, saline na al'ada ko kuma an yi masa allurar phenylephrine.<ref name="EM2017" /> Nonischemic priapism sau da yawa ana bi da shi tare da fakitin sanyi da matsawa.<ref name="EM2017" /> Ana iya yin tiyata idan matakan da aka saba amfani da su ba su da tasiri.<ref name="EM2017" /> A cikin ischemic priapism, haɗarin lalacewa ta dindindin na azzakari ya fara ƙaruwa bayan sa'o'i huɗu kuma tabbas yana faruwa bayan sa'i 48.<ref name="EM2017" /> Priapism yana faruwa a cikin kimanin 1 cikin 20,000 zuwa 1 cikin 100,000 maza a kowace shekara.<ref name="EM2017">{{Cite journal |last=Podolej |first=GS |last2=Babcock |first2=C |date=January 2017 |title=Emergency Department Management Of Priapism. |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |pmid=28027457}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPodolejBabcock2017">Podolej, GS; Babcock, C (January 2017). </cite></ref> == Rarraba == Priapism an rarraba shi zuwa rukuni uku: ischemic (ƙananan), nonischemic (babban gudana), da ischemic mai maimaitawa.<ref name="EM2017">{{Cite journal |last=Podolej |first=GS |last2=Babcock |first2=C |date=January 2017 |title=Emergency Department Management Of Priapism. |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |pmid=28027457}}</ref> Yawancin shari'o'in (19 daga 20) suna da ischemic a yanayi.<ref name="EM2017" /> Wasu kafofin suna ba da tsawon sa'o'i huɗu a matsayin ma'anar priapism, amma wasu suna ba da shida. A cewar Asibitin Jami'ar Schleswig Holstein, "Lokacin tsayi na al'ada kafin a rarraba shi azaman priapism har yanzu yana da rikici. Tsayar da tsayi na ciki na sama da awanni 4 ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin priapism". <ref>C. VAN DER HORST, HENRIK STUEBINGER, CHRISTOPH SEIF, DIETHILD MELCHIOR, F.J. MARTÍNEZ-PORTILLO, K.P. JUENEMANN; {{Cite web |title=Priapism: Etiology, Pathophysiology and Management |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ibju/v29n5/18554.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429234259/http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ibju/v29n5/18554.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-29 |access-date=2011-12-07}}</ref> === A cikin mata === Priapism a cikin mata (ci gaba, ciwo mai raɗaɗi na clitoris) yana da wuya sosai fiye da priapism a tsakanin maza kuma an san shi da priapisme na clitoral ko ''clitorism''. Yana da alaƙa da ciwon tashin hankali na jima'i (PGAD). Rahotanni kalilan ne kawai na mata da ke fuskantar ''Clitoral priapism''.<ref name="Lehmiller2014" /> == Alamomi da alamomi == === Matsalolin === Saboda ischemic priapism yana haifar da jini ya kasance a cikin azzakari na dogon lokaci, jini ya zama rasa iskar oxygen, wanda zai iya haifar da lalacewar nama. Irin wannan lalacewar na iya haifar da dysfunction na erectile ko lalacewar azzakari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priapism - Symptoms and Causes |url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/basics/complications/con-20029378 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806005205/http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/basics/complications/con-20029378 |archive-date=2014-08-06 |access-date=2014-08-30 |publisher=[[Mayo Clinic]]}}</ref> A cikin matsanancin yanayi, idan azzakari ya kamu da mummunar cuta ta jijiyoyi, priapism na iya haifar da [[gangrene]] na azzakari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajape |first=A. A. |last2=Bello |first2=A. |year=2011 |title=Penile Gangrene: An Unusual Complication of Priapism in a Patient with Bladder Carcinoma |journal=J Surg Tech Case Rep |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=37–9 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.78470 |pmc=3192523 |pmid=22022653 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Rashin saurin gudu === Dalilan [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta]] sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙwayar cuta (wanda ya fi dacewa da yara), ƙarancin jini, da sauran cututtukan jini kamar Talasemia da [[Multiple myeloma|myeloma mai yawa]], da kuma amfani da magunguna daban-daban, da kuma ciwon daji.<ref name="FernandesSouza2018">Originally copied from:<br /><br />{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Maitê Aline Vieira |last2=Souza |first2=Luis Ronan Marquez Ferreira de |last3=Cartafina |first3=Luciano Pousa |year=2018 |title=Ultrasound evaluation of the penis |journal=Radiologia Brasileira |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=257–261 |doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0152 |issn=1678-7099 |pmc=6124582 |pmid=30202130}}</ref> Binciken haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta akan marasa lafiya na Brazil tare da cutar sickle cell sun gano nau'ikan nucleotide guda huɗu a cikin LINC02537 da NAALADL2 da ke da alaƙa da priapism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cintho Ozahata |first=Mina |last2=Page |first2=Grier P. |last3=Guo |first3=Yuelong |last4=Ferreira |first4=João Eduardo |last5=Dinardo |first5=Carla Luana |last6=Carneiro-Proietti |first6=Anna Bárbara F. |last7=Loureiro |first7=Paula |last8=Mota |first8=Rosimere Afonso |last9=Rodrigues |first9=Daniela O.W. |last10=Belisario |first10=André Rolim |last11=Maximo |first11=Claudia |last12=Flor-Park |first12=Miriam V. |last13=Custer |first13=Brian |last14=Kelly |first14=Shannon |last15=Sabino |first15=Ester Cerdeira |year=2019 |title=Clinical and Genetic Predictors of Priapism in Sickle Cell Disease: Results from the Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study III Brazil Cohort Study |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=1988–1999 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.09.012 |pmc=6904926 |pmid=31668730}}</ref> Sauran yanayin da zasu iya haifar da priapism sun hada da Cutar Fabry, da kuma cututtukan jijiyoyi irin su cututtuken kashin baya da cututtukon kashin baya (an ruwaito priapism a cikin mutanen da aka rataye; duba tsayar da mutuwa). Priapism kuma na iya haifar da martani ga magunguna. Magungunan da aka fi sani da ke haifar da priapism sune allurar intra-cavernous don maganin dysfunction na erectile (papaverine, alprostadil). Sauran kungiyoyin magunguna da aka ruwaito sune Magungunan rigakafi (misali Doxazosin), magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa (misali, chlorpromazine, clozapine), magunganan antidepressants (musamman trazodone), magungannin rigakafi da magungunan daidaita yanayi kamar sodium valproate . [1] Anticoagulants, cantharides (Spanish Fly) da magungunan nishaɗi (alcohol, heroin da cocaine) an haɗa su. An kuma san Priapism da ya faru ne daga cinyewar gizo-gizo mai yawo na Brazil.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7qx7jshnrftmlpds2snq0nkk3h65c3e 0 159952 869137 2026-06-27T06:36:17Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356468907|Prison healthcare]]" 869137 wikitext text/x-wiki Kula da lafiyar Kurkuku shine ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya wanda Masu ba da kiwon lafiya ke kula da mutane a cikin kurkuku da kurkuku. Kula da lafiyar kurkuku sabon sana'a ne wanda ya bunkasa tare da daidaita kurkuku zuwa cibiyoyin horo na zamani. Mutanen da ke cikin kurkuku suna da saukin kamuwa da cututtukan cututtuka kamar hepatitis, tarin fuka, cutar kanjamau ko HIV, da COVID-19. Mutanen da ke cikin kurkuku kuma suna da mafi girman yanayin kiwon lafiya fiye da yawan jama'a ciki har da arthritis, asma, hauhawar jini, ciwon daji, da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar baƙin ciki, mania, damuwa, rikice-rikice na amfani da kwayoyi da rikice-rikicen damuwa.[1] Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na musamman ga kurkuku ko kurkuku suma suna haifar da haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mutanen da ke kurkuku, gami da tsare-tsare, yawan jama'a, fallasawa ga matsanancin zafin jiki saboda rashin sanyaya iska ko dumama, gurɓataccen amo, rashin sirri, da rashin ikon yin yanke shawara na likita (rashin cin gashin kai). [2] Wadannan yanayi suna danganta kiwon lafiya na kurkuku da batutuwan kiwon lafiyar jama'a, kiwon lafiya mai kariya, da tsabta. Dogaro da fursunoni akan kiwon lafiya da aka bayar yana haifar da matsaloli na musamman a cikin ka'idojin kiwon lafiya.[3] == Yankin filin == Jama'ar kurkuku suna haifar da takamaiman bukatun kiwon lafiya, bisa ga yanayin rayuwar kurkuku da bambancin yawan ɗaurin kurkuku ga yawan jama'a daban-daban. Misali, [[tsufa na yawan jama'a]] ya kara yawan tsofaffi fursunoni da ke buƙatar kula da lafiyar tsofaffi.{{R|Heidari|page=223}} :<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 223">&#x3A;&#x200A;223&#x200A;</span></sup> Bugu da ƙari, magani don lafiyar kwakwalwa, [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]] kamar HIV, da kuma shan miyagun ƙwayoyi duk mahimman abubuwa ne na kiwon lafiya a kurkuku, : da kuma ilimin hanyoyin kiwon [[lafiyar jama'a]]. {{R|Watson|page=122}}{{R|Haley|page=317}} : 317 <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 317">&#x3A;&#x200A;317&#x200A;</span></sup> An nuna tantancewar duniya don kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i (STIs) a cikin mutanen kurkuku don inganta yawan gano kamuwa da cutar da kuma karɓar magani. A Amurka, fursunoni da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau suna da damar samun magani da kulawa fiye da yawan jama'a. Fursunoni masu kamu da kwayar cutar kanjamau yawanci suna ganin yanayin su ya inganta yayin da suke cikin kurkuku kuma sau da yawa suna rage kwayar cutar ta HIV har zuwa cewa suna da nauyin kwayar cuta da ba za a iya ganowa ba.<ref name="Nijhawan 399–407">{{Cite journal |last=Nijhawan |first=Ank E. |date=October 2016 |title=Infectious Diseases and the Criminal Justice System: A Public Health Perspective |journal=The American Journal of the Medical Sciences |volume=352 |issue=4 |pages=399–407 |doi=10.1016/j.amjms.2016.05.020 |issn=0002-9629 |pmc=5119815 |pmid=27776722}}</ref> A Amurka, tantancewar duniya don kamuwa da cuta ta jima'i, yayin da yake ba da damar fursunoni su fita daga tantancewa (maimakon tantance fursunoni da ke nuna alamun) ya kara yawan gano cututtukan cututtukani. A Birnin New York, irin wannan tantancewa na duniya ya kara yawan gano chlamydia da 1636% da kuma gano gonorrhea da 885%. Bayan kafa tantancewa na duniya, yawan chlamydia a Birnin New York gabaɗaya ya karu da kashi 59%.<ref name="Nijhawan 399–407" /> Rabuwa da kiwon lafiya na kurkuku daga wasu ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana haifar da warewa da kuma nuna bambanci a matsayin filin, : duk da alkawarin wasu ƙasashe na "daidaitawa" a kiwon lafiya tsakanin kurkuku da marasa lafiya da ba a kurkuku ba. {{R|Watson}}{{R|Heidari}} :<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 224">&#x3A;&#x200A;224&#x200A;</span></sup> Wasu asibitoci suna da ɗakin kurkuku wanda ake amfani da shi don kula da mutanen da ke hannun 'yan sanda ko masu laifi. Wasu unguwanni na kurkuku sun ƙware wajen kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gross |first=Terry |date=25 April 2017 |title=Psychiatrist Recalls 'Heartbreak And Hope' On Bellevue's Prison Ward |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/04/25/525533732/psychiatrist-recalls-heartbreak-and-hope-on-bellevues-prison-ward |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=NPR}}</ref> Manufofin kiwon lafiya da ayyuka a [[Juna biyu|ciki]] kurkuku sun fahimci bambance-bambance a cikin bukatun kiwon lafiya tsakanin mata da maza. Mata a kurkuku suna da takamaiman buƙatu dangane da [[Jinin Haida|haila]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Jean |title=5 pads for 2 cellmates: Period inequity remains a problem in prisons |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/07/13/lack-access-period-products-prisons-widespread-us/7932448002/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> ciki, lafiyar [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]], hana haihuwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kronmeyer |first=Bob |date=2022-01-14 |title=Female contraception policies at US prisons and jails |url=https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/female-contraception-policies-at-us-prisons-and-jails |journal=Contemporary Ob/Gyn Journal |series=Vol 67 No 02 |language=en |volume=67 |issue=2}}</ref> [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|lafiyar hankali]] da haila. Dokokin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don Kula da Mata Fursunoni da Matakan da ba na kulawa ba ga Mata masu laifi (2010) sun tsara ka'idoji don kula da mata masu laifi da fursunoni kuma an san su da 'Dokokin Bangkok'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Bangkok Rules |url=https://www.penalreform.org/issues/women/bangkok-rules/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Penal Reform International |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tasirin lafiya na ɗaurin kurkuku == Tasirin kiwon lafiya ga mutanen da ke kurkuku suna da yawa. Yanayin muhalli na musamman ga kurkuku da kurkuku na iya haifar da mummunar lahani ciki har da mutuwa. [[Tsayawa kadai]] yana da alaƙa da cutar hankali, cututtukan zuciya, kaɗaici, cutar kai da [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]]. Hadarin mutuwa bayan an sake shi daga tsare shi kaɗai ya karu.<ref name="Brinkley-Rubinstein 2025">{{Cite journal |last=Brinkley-Rubinstein |first=Lauren |last2=Berk |first2=Justin |last3=Williams |first3=Brie A. |date=27 February 2025 |title=Carceral Health Care |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=392 |issue=9 |pages=892–901 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2212149 |pmc=11995879 |pmid=40009808}}</ref> Hadarin mutuwa a cikin makonni biyu na farko na sakin daga kurkuku ya ninka sau 13 na yawan jama'a.<ref name="Brinkley-Rubinstein 2025" /> Yawan jama'a a cikin kurkuku yana da alaƙa da yaduwar cututtukan cututtuka ciki har da COVID-19 da tarin fuka.<ref name="Brinkley-Rubinstein 2025">{{Cite journal |last=Brinkley-Rubinstein |first=Lauren |last2=Berk |first2=Justin |last3=Williams |first3=Brie A. |date=27 February 2025 |title=Carceral Health Care |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=392 |issue=9 |pages=892–901 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2212149 |pmc=11995879 |pmid=40009808}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke kurkuku sun fi kamuwa da cuta kuma sun mutu daga COVID-19, tare da sau 5 mafi girman kamuwa da cutar da sau uku mafi yawan mutuwar.<ref name="Brinkley-Rubinstein 2025" /> Kurkuku da kurkuku suma manyan direbobi ne na COVID-19 da suka bazu a cikin al'umma. Wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 15% na duk shari'ar COVID a cikin jihar Illinois ta Amurka sun fito ne daga mutane da ke ciki da waje daga kurkuku da kurkuku kuma wani binciken ya nuna karuwar COVID a cikin yankuna da ke da kurkuku idan aka kwatanta da yankuna ba tare da kurkuku ba.<ref name="Brinkley-Rubinstein 2025" /> Rage yawan fursunoni da ilimin rigakafi an nuna su don rage yawan kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 a cikin mutanen da ke kurkuku. Mutanen da ke cikin kurkuku kuma suna da yaduwar cututtukan cututtukani masu yaduwa irin su HIV da hepatitis C. Cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa ciki har da baƙin ciki, rikicewar damuwa da damuwa da kuma cutar kai da kashe kansa sun fi yawa a cikin mutanen da ke cikin fursunoni.<ref name="Brinkley-Rubinstein 2025" /> Samun tarihin ɗaurin kurkuku yana da alaƙa da rage maganin da kuma karuwar haɗarin mutuwa a cikin mata masu cutar kanjamau.<ref name="Brinkley-Rubinstein 2025" /> Naƙasassun da ke haifar da tsufa sun fi yawa a cikin mutanen kurkuku kuma suna da farkon shekarun farawa. Fursunoni suna samun raunin ji, Rashin fitsari, da matsaloli a cikin ayyukansu na rayuwar yau da kullun (ADLs, kamar wanka, dafa abinci, tsaftacewa, da sauran fannoni na kula da kai) kafin tsofaffi a cikin al'umma.<ref name="Brinkley-Rubinstein 2025">{{Cite journal |last=Brinkley-Rubinstein |first=Lauren |last2=Berk |first2=Justin |last3=Williams |first3=Brie A. |date=27 February 2025 |title=Carceral Health Care |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=392 |issue=9 |pages=892–901 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2212149 |pmc=11995879 |pmid=40009808}}</ref> Manya da ke da shekaru 55 ko sama da haka suna da haɗarin faduwa ko nakasa a cikin ADLs idan an ɗaure su a farkon rayuwarsu.<ref name="Brinkley-Rubinstein 2025" /> Mutanen da ke cikin kurkuku suna da mafi girman tashin hankali na jiki da jima'i, cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa, raunin kai, da kashe kansa.<ref name="Brinkley-Rubinstein 2025">{{Cite journal |last=Brinkley-Rubinstein |first=Lauren |last2=Berk |first2=Justin |last3=Williams |first3=Brie A. |date=27 February 2025 |title=Carceral Health Care |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=392 |issue=9 |pages=892–901 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2212149 |pmc=11995879 |pmid=40009808}}</ref> Fursunoni a wuraren da ba su da iska mai sanyaya iska suna cikin haɗarin mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da zafi (kamar bugun zafi). <ref name="Brinkley-Rubinstein 2025">{{Cite journal |last=Brinkley-Rubinstein |first=Lauren |last2=Berk |first2=Justin |last3=Williams |first3=Brie A. |date=27 February 2025 |title=Carceral Health Care |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=392 |issue=9 |pages=892–901 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2212149 |pmc=11995879 |pmid=40009808}}</ref> Wasu canje-canjen manufofi da aka ba da shawarar don inganta kula da fursunoni sun haɗa da inganta sauyawa daga kiwon lafiya na kurkuku zuwa kiwon lafiya al'umma bayan an sake su daga kurkuku. Manajojin shari'a, gami da manajojin shariʼa waɗanda aka ɗaure su, an nuna su don sauƙaƙa sauyawa ga fursunoni.[1] Sauran abubuwan da aka gabatar don mutanen da ke cikin kurkuku sun haɗa da Medicaid na duniya (ko wasu shirye-shiryen inshorar kiwon lafiya da ke gudanarwa) ga duk fursunoni, ƙara sa ido da lissafi ga hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kurkuku (ciki har da binciken shafin, umarnin ingancin kiwon lafiya, da ka'idojin kulawa), da kuma sakin tausayi ga fursunoni da ke da cututtukan rayuwa.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8mp6nlfam713lt24bmkbf7mhlrw8tdc 0 159953 869138 2026-06-27T06:36:47Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359415929|Male contraceptive]]" 869138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Magungunan hana daukar [[Juna biyu|ciki]] na maza''', wanda aka fi sani da kula da haihuwa na maza, hanyoyin [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana daukar ciki]] ne ta hanyar katse aikin maniyyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQS |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/faqs.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative |language=en}}</ref> Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su na rigakafin haihuwa na maza sune [[Kwararon roba|condoms]], [[vasectomy]], da [[Coitus interruptus|janyewa]], wanda tare ya wakilci 20% na amfani da rigakafin ciki na duniya a cikin 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contraceptive Use by Method 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2020/Jan/un_2019_contraceptiveusebymethod_databooklet.pdf |website=United Nations}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher Institute">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2021 |title=Contraceptive Use in the United States by Method |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-method-use-united-states |website=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haakenstad A, Angelino O, Irvine CM, Bhutta ZA, Bienhoff K, Bintz C, Causey K, Dirac MA, Fullman N, Gakidou E, Glucksman T, Hay SI, Henry NJ, Martopullo I, Mokdad AH, Mumford JE, Lim SS, Murray CJ, Lozano R |date=July 2022 |title=Measuring contraceptive method mix, prevalence, and demand satisfied by age and marital status in 204 countries and territories, 1970-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 |journal=Lancet |volume=400 |issue=10348 |pages=295–327 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00936-9 |pmc=9304984 |pmid=35871816}}</ref> Sabbin nau'ikan rigakafin haihuwa na maza suna cikin [[Research and development|bincike da ci gaba]], amma tun daga 2025, babu wanda ya sami amincewar doka don amfani da shi ko'ina.<ref name="Male Contraceptive Initiative_3">{{Cite web |title=What Is In Development |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229210203/https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html |archive-date=2024-02-29 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Birth control options for men are advancing. Here's how they work. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/male-contraceptives-birth-control-science-explained |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303190333/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/male-contraceptives-birth-control-science-explained |archive-date=March 3, 2023 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=National Geographic Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 4, 2022 |title=In the hunt for a male contraceptive, scientists look to stop sperm in their tracks |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/12/04/1140512789/birth-control-male-contraceptive-sperm |access-date=Oct 12, 2023 |website=National Public Radio}}</ref> Za su iya samuwa kafin [[2030]], suna zaton ci gaba mai kyau da [[Clinical trials|Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti]].<ref name="Advances in Male Contraception: Whe">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Jongwon |last2=So |first2=Byeongchan |last3=Heo |first3=Yongki |last4=So |first4=Hongyun |last5=Jo |first5=Jung Ki |date=July 2024 |title=Advances in Male Contraception: When Will the Novel Male Contraception be Available? |journal=World Journal of Men's Health |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=487–501 |doi=10.5534/wjmh.230118 |pmc=11216971 |pmid=38164023}}</ref>  Wadannan sabbin hanyoyin sun hada da creams na yau da kullun, allurar yau da kullun.<ref name="Male Contraceptive Initiative_3">{{Cite web |title=What Is In Development |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229210203/https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html |archive-date=2024-02-29 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240229210203/https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html "What Is In Development"]. ''Male Contraceptive Initiative''. Archived from [https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html the original] on 2024-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Amory_2023">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Amory JK, Blithe DL, Sitruk-Ware R, Swerdloff RS, Bremner WJ, Dart C, Liu PY, Thirumalai A, Nguyen BT, Anawalt BD, Lee MS, Page ST, Wang C |date=August 2023 |title=Design of an international male contraceptive efficacy trial using a self-administered daily transdermal gel containing testosterone and segesterone acetate (Nestorone) |journal=Contraception |volume=124 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2023.110064 |pmid=37210024 |s2cid=258800752 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Nguyen_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen BT, Yuen F, Farrant M, Thirumalai A, Fernando F, Amory JK, Swerdloff RS, Anawalt BD, Blithe DL, Long JE, Liu PY, Page ST, Wang C |date=November 2021 |title=Acceptability of the oral hormonal male contraceptive prototype, 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC), in a 28-day placebo-controlled trial |journal=Contraception |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=531–537 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2021.06.009 |pmc=8995005 |pmid=34153318}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cook LA, Van Vliet HA, Lopez LM, Pun A, Gallo MF |date=March 2014 |title=Vasectomy occlusion techniques for male sterilization |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003991.pub4 |pmc=7173716 |pmid=24683020}}</ref><ref name="Soufir_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soufir JC |date=2017 |title=Hormonal, chemical and thermal inhibition of spermatogenesis: contribution of French teams to international data with the aim of developing male contraception in France |journal=Basic and Clinical Andrology |volume=27 |doi=10.1186/s12610-016-0047-2 |pmc=5237323 |pmid=28101363 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Long_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Long JE, Lee MS, Blithe DL |date=January 2019 |title=Male Contraceptive Development: Update on Novel Hormonal and Nonhormonal Methods |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=153–160 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2018.295089 |pmid=30602479}}</ref> Wasu ma na iya zama unisex, ko kuma kowane mutum zai iya amfani da su, saboda suna iya lalata maniyyi a jikin mutum kafin zubar da ciki, ko kuma ya lalata maniyyin a jikin mace bayan insemination.<ref name="Lishko_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lishko PV |date=October 2016 |title=Contraception: Search for an Ideal Unisex Mechanism by Targeting Ion Channels |journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=816–818 |doi=10.1016/j.tibs.2016.08.002 |pmc=5364274 |pmid=27545067}}</ref>   == Tarihi == A cikin karni na 21, binciken ya nuna cewa kusan rabin maza a cikin ƙasashe a duk faɗin duniya suna da sha'awar amfani da sababbin hanyoyin hana daukar ciki, <ref name="Male Contraceptive Initiative_2">{{Cite web |title=International Market Research |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/international-market-research.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="methods">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glasier A |date=November 2010 |title=Acceptability of contraception for men: a review |journal=Contraception |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=453–456 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.016 |pmid=20933119}}</ref> <ref name="Attitudes toward male fertility con">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heinemann K, Saad F, Wiesemes M, White S, Heinemann L |date=February 2005 |title=Attitudes toward male fertility control: results of a multinational survey on four continents |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=549–556 |doi=10.1093/humrep/deh574 |pmid=15608042}}</ref> kuma maza a cikin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti don maganin hana daukar ciki na maza sun ba da rahoton matakan gamsuwa da samfuran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Interest Among U.S. Men for New Male Contraceptive Options |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/uploads/1/3/1/9/131958006/mci_consumerresearchstudy.pdf |access-date=Oct 12, 2023 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative}}</ref><ref name="Nguyen_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen BT, Yuen F, Farrant M, Thirumalai A, Fernando F, Amory JK, Swerdloff RS, Anawalt BD, Blithe DL, Long JE, Liu PY, Page ST, Wang C |date=November 2021 |title=Acceptability of the oral hormonal male contraceptive prototype, 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC), in a 28-day placebo-controlled trial |journal=Contraception |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=531–537 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2021.06.009 |pmc=8995005 |pmid=34153318}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNguyenYuenFarrantThirumalai2021">Nguyen BT, Yuen F, Farrant M, Thirumalai A, Fernando F, Amory JK, et&nbsp;al. (November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8995005 "Acceptability of the oral hormonal male contraceptive prototype, 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC), in a 28-day placebo-controlled trial"]. ''Contraception''. '''104''' (5): <span class="nowrap">531–</span>537. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2021.06.009|10.1016/j.contraception.2021.06.009]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8995005 8995005]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34153318 34153318].</cite></ref><ref name="Nguyen_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen BT, Farrant MT, Anawalt BD, Yuen F, Thirumalai A, Amory JK, Swerdloff RS, Bremner WJ, Liu PY, Blithe DL, Page ST, Wang C |date=July 2020 |title=Acceptability of oral dimethandrolone undecanoate in a 28-day placebo-controlled trial of a hormonal male contraceptive prototype |journal=Contraception |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=52–57 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2020.04.006 |pmc=7287214 |pmid=32298717}}</ref> Mata a duk duniya sun kuma nuna babban sha'awa ga sabbin magungunan hana daukar ciki na maza, kuma kodayake maza da mata na iya amfani da magungunan rigakafin kansu a lokaci guda, mata a cikin dangantaka ta dogon lokaci sun nuna babban matsayi na amincewa da ikon abokin aikinsu na samun nasarar sarrafa amfani da hana daukar ciki.<ref name="Male Contraceptive Initiative_2" /><ref name="Reynolds-Wright_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reynolds-Wright JJ, Cameron NJ, Anderson RA |date=September 2021 |title=Will Men Use Novel Male Contraceptive Methods and Will Women Trust Them? A Systematic Review |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/200401529/20_310.R2_Proof_hi.pdf |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=838–849 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2021.1905764 |pmid=33900134 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Glasier_2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glasier AF, Anakwe R, Everington D, Martin CW, van der Spuy Z, Cheng L, Ho PC, Anderson RA |date=March 2000 |title=Would women trust their partners to use a male pill? |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=646–649 |doi=10.1093/humrep/15.3.646 |pmid=10686212}}</ref> Wani binciken samfurin daga 2018 ya ba da shawarar cewa ko da karɓar sabbin maganin hana daukar ciki na maza zai rage yawan Ciki ba tare da niyya ba a duniya, <ref name="Dorman_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dorman E, Perry B, Polis CB, Campo-Engelstein L, Shattuck D, Hamlin A, Aiken A, Trussell J, Sokal D |date=January 2018 |title=Modeling the impact of novel male contraceptive methods on reductions in unintended pregnancies in Nigeria, South Africa, and the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=62–69 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2017.08.015 |pmc=5732079 |pmid=28887053}}</ref> wanda ya kasance kusan kashi 50%, har ma a kasashe masu tasowa inda mata ke da damar yin amfani da maganin hana daukar hoto na zamani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sedgh G, Singh S, Hussain R |date=September 2014 |title=Intended and unintended pregnancies worldwide in 2012 and recent trends |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=301–314 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00393.x |pmc=4727534 |pmid=25207494}}</ref> <ref name="Singh_2010" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Finer LB, Zolna MR |date=March 2016 |title=Declines in Unintended Pregnancy in the United States, 2008-2011 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=374 |issue=9 |pages=843–852 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa1506575 |pmc=4861155 |pmid=26962904}}</ref> Ciki mara kyau yana da alaƙa da mummunan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ilimi, da kuma kiwon lafiya ga mata, maza, da kuma sakamakon yara (musamman a cikin al'ummomin da aka ware a tarihi), <ref name="Singh_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singh S, Sedgh G, Hussain R |date=December 2010 |title=Unintended pregnancy: worldwide levels, trends, and outcomes |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=241–250 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2010.00250.x |pmid=21465725}}</ref> <ref name="Herd_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Herd P, Higgins J, Sicinski K, Merkurieva I |date=March 2016 |title=The Implications of Unintended Pregnancies for Mental Health in Later Life |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=421–429 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2015.302973 |pmc=4815713 |pmid=26691118}}</ref> <ref name="Finer_2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Finer LB, Sonfield A |date=February 2013 |title=The evidence mounts on the benefits of preventing unintended pregnancy |journal=Contraception |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=126–127 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.12.005 |pmid=23305754}}</ref> da 60% na ciki mara kyau sun ƙare a cikin [[zubar da ciki]], da yawa daga cikinsu ba su da aminci kuma suna iya haifar da cutar mata ko mutuwa.<ref name="Gipson_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gipson JD, Koenig MA, Hindin MJ |date=March 2008 |title=The effects of unintended pregnancy on infant, child, and parental health: a review of the literature |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=18–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00148.x |pmid=18540521}}</ref><ref name="Trussell_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trussell J |date=March 2007 |title=The cost of unintended pregnancy in the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=168–170 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2006.11.009 |pmid=17303484}}</ref><ref name="Wise_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wise A, Geronimus AT, Smock PJ |date=2017 |title=The Best of Intentions: A Structural Analysis of the Association between Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Unintended Pregnancy in a Sample of Mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=5–13 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2016.10.006 |pmc=5219931 |pmid=27913056}}</ref><ref name="Trussell_2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trussell J, Henry N, Hassan F, Prezioso A, Law A, Filonenko A |date=February 2013 |title=Burden of unintended pregnancy in the United States: potential savings with increased use of long-acting reversible contraception |journal=Contraception |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.07.016 |pmc=3659779 |pmid=22959904}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher Institute_2020a">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-10 |title=Unintended Pregnancy and Abortion Worldwide |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-worldwide |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Guttmacher Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bearak_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Ganatra B, Moller AB, Tunçalp Ö, Beavin C, Kwok L, Alkema L |date=September 2020 |title=Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990-2019 |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=e1152–e1161 |doi=10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30315-6 |pmid=32710833 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher_2011">{{Cite web |date=2011-06-06 |title=Unsafe Abortion: The Missing Link in Global Efforts to Improve Maternal Health {{!}} Guttmacher Institute |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2011/06/unsafe-abortion-missing-link-global-efforts-improve-maternal-health |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.guttmacher.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher_2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-25 |title=Worldwide, an Estimated 25 Million Unsafe Abortions Occur Each Year {{!}} Guttmacher Institute |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2017/worldwide-estimated-25-million-unsafe-abortions-occur-each-year |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.guttmacher.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Haddad_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haddad LB, Nour NM |date=2009 |title=Unsafe abortion: unnecessary maternal mortality |journal=Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=122–126 |pmc=2709326 |pmid=19609407}}</ref><ref name="Ahman_2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ahman E, Shah IH |date=November 2011 |title=New estimates and trends regarding unsafe abortion mortality |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=121–126 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.05.027 |pmid=21885049}}</ref> Sabili da haka, ci gaban sabbin magungunan hana daukar ciki na maza yana da damar inganta daidaiton launin fata, tattalin arziki, da jinsi a duk faɗin duniya, inganta adalci na haihuwa da ikon cin gashin kai ga dukkan mutane, da kuma ceton rayuka. == Hanyoyin da ake samu == === Vasectomy === [[Fayil:Open_Vasectomy_.jpeg|thumb|Hoton bude vasectomy]] Vasectomy hanya ce ta tiyata don lalata namiji na dindindin wanda ake yi a ofishin likita a cikin hanyar waje.[1] A lokacin aikin, ana yanke vasa deferentia na mai haƙuri, sannan a ɗaure ko a rufe shi don hana a saki maniyyi yayin zubar da ciki.[2] Vasectomy hanya ce mai tasiri, tare da kasa da 0.15% na abokan tarayya suna da juna biyu a cikin watanni 12 na farko bayan aikin.[3] Vasectomy kuma hanya ce mai aminci da aminci na hana daukar ciki, kuma rikitarwa suna da wuya da ƙananan. [4][5] Ana iya juyar da Vasectomies, kodayake yawan nasarar juyawa yana raguwa yayin da lokaci ya karu, kuma hanyar tana da wahala a fasaha kuma sau da yawa tana da tsada.[2][6][1] === Condoms === [[Fayil:Kondom.jpg|thumb|Condom mai rufi]] Condom na'urar shinge ce da aka yi da latex ko fim din filastik mai laushi wanda aka mirgine a kan azzakari mai tsayi kafin jima'i kuma yana riƙe da maniyyi, don haka hana ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Condoms {{!}} How to Put On a Condom Video |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/condom |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Condoms ba su da tasiri wajen hana daukar ciki fiye da vasectomy ko hanyoyin zamani na hana daukar ciki na mata, tare da ainihin gazawar duniya na 13%.<ref name="Guttmacher Institute_2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Contraceptive Effectiveness in the United States |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-effectiveness-united-states |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Guttmacher Institute |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, condoms suna da fa'idar samar da kariya daga wasu [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]] kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the Benefits and Advantages of Using Condoms? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/condom/what-are-the-benefits-of-condoms |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana iya haɗa kwaroron roba tare da wasu nau'ikan hana daukar ciki (kamar kisan kai) don ƙarin kariya.<ref name="simultaneous">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kestelman P, Trussell J |year=1991 |title=Efficacy of the simultaneous use of condoms and spermicides |journal=Family Planning Perspectives |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=226–7, 232 |doi=10.2307/2135759 |jstor=2135759 |pmid=1743276}}</ref> === Fitarwa === Hanyar janyewa, wanda aka fi sani da coitus interruptus ko janyewa. <ref name="www.plannedparenthood.org_2">{{Cite web |title=Pull Out Method {{!}} Withdrawal Method {{!}} What is Pulling Out? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/withdrawal-pull-out-method |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Halin da ya haɗa da dakatar da jima'i na jima'i da jima'in don cire azzakari daga cikin jima'i kafin zubar da ciki. Ana ɗaukar janyewa a matsayin hanyar hana daukar ciki mara inganci, tare da ƙimar gazawar amfani da al'ada a kusa da 20% .<ref name="Guttmacher Institute_2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Contraceptive Effectiveness in the United States |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-effectiveness-united-states |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Guttmacher Institute |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-effectiveness-united-states "Contraceptive Effectiveness in the United States"]. ''Guttmacher Institute''. 2020-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> Koyaya, ba ya buƙatar kayan aiki ko hanyoyin kiwon lafiya.<ref name="www.plannedparenthood.org_2" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jfvzmt9lglchs516f24mzmopw4n3xpl 869139 869138 2026-06-27T06:37:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 869139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Magungunan hana daukar [[Juna biyu|ciki]] na maza''', wanda aka fi sani da kula da haihuwa na maza, hanyoyin [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana daukar ciki]] ne ta hanyar katse aikin maniyyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQS |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/faqs.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative |language=en}}</ref> Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su na rigakafin haihuwa na maza sune [[Kwararon roba|condoms]], [[vasectomy]], da [[Coitus interruptus|janyewa]], wanda tare ya wakilci 20% na amfani da rigakafin ciki na duniya a cikin 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contraceptive Use by Method 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2020/Jan/un_2019_contraceptiveusebymethod_databooklet.pdf |website=United Nations}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher Institute">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2021 |title=Contraceptive Use in the United States by Method |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-method-use-united-states |website=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haakenstad A, Angelino O, Irvine CM, Bhutta ZA, Bienhoff K, Bintz C, Causey K, Dirac MA, Fullman N, Gakidou E, Glucksman T, Hay SI, Henry NJ, Martopullo I, Mokdad AH, Mumford JE, Lim SS, Murray CJ, Lozano R |date=July 2022 |title=Measuring contraceptive method mix, prevalence, and demand satisfied by age and marital status in 204 countries and territories, 1970-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 |journal=Lancet |volume=400 |issue=10348 |pages=295–327 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00936-9 |pmc=9304984 |pmid=35871816}}</ref> Sabbin nau'ikan rigakafin haihuwa na maza suna cikin [[Research and development|bincike da ci gaba]], amma tun daga 2025, babu wanda ya sami amincewar doka don amfani da shi ko'ina.<ref name="Male Contraceptive Initiative_3">{{Cite web |title=What Is In Development |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229210203/https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html |archive-date=2024-02-29 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Birth control options for men are advancing. Here's how they work. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/male-contraceptives-birth-control-science-explained |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303190333/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/male-contraceptives-birth-control-science-explained |archive-date=March 3, 2023 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=National Geographic Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 4, 2022 |title=In the hunt for a male contraceptive, scientists look to stop sperm in their tracks |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/12/04/1140512789/birth-control-male-contraceptive-sperm |access-date=Oct 12, 2023 |website=National Public Radio}}</ref> Za su iya samuwa kafin [[2030]], suna zaton ci gaba mai kyau da [[Clinical trials|Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti]].<ref name="Advances in Male Contraception: Whe">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Jongwon |last2=So |first2=Byeongchan |last3=Heo |first3=Yongki |last4=So |first4=Hongyun |last5=Jo |first5=Jung Ki |date=July 2024 |title=Advances in Male Contraception: When Will the Novel Male Contraception be Available? |journal=World Journal of Men's Health |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=487–501 |doi=10.5534/wjmh.230118 |pmc=11216971 |pmid=38164023}}</ref>  Wadannan sabbin hanyoyin sun hada da creams na yau da kullun, allurar yau da kullun.<ref name="Male Contraceptive Initiative_3">{{Cite web |title=What Is In Development |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229210203/https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html |archive-date=2024-02-29 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240229210203/https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html "What Is In Development"]. ''Male Contraceptive Initiative''. Archived from [https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html the original] on 2024-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Amory_2023">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Amory JK, Blithe DL, Sitruk-Ware R, Swerdloff RS, Bremner WJ, Dart C, Liu PY, Thirumalai A, Nguyen BT, Anawalt BD, Lee MS, Page ST, Wang C |date=August 2023 |title=Design of an international male contraceptive efficacy trial using a self-administered daily transdermal gel containing testosterone and segesterone acetate (Nestorone) |journal=Contraception |volume=124 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2023.110064 |pmid=37210024 |s2cid=258800752 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Nguyen_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen BT, Yuen F, Farrant M, Thirumalai A, Fernando F, Amory JK, Swerdloff RS, Anawalt BD, Blithe DL, Long JE, Liu PY, Page ST, Wang C |date=November 2021 |title=Acceptability of the oral hormonal male contraceptive prototype, 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC), in a 28-day placebo-controlled trial |journal=Contraception |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=531–537 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2021.06.009 |pmc=8995005 |pmid=34153318}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cook LA, Van Vliet HA, Lopez LM, Pun A, Gallo MF |date=March 2014 |title=Vasectomy occlusion techniques for male sterilization |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003991.pub4 |pmc=7173716 |pmid=24683020}}</ref><ref name="Soufir_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soufir JC |date=2017 |title=Hormonal, chemical and thermal inhibition of spermatogenesis: contribution of French teams to international data with the aim of developing male contraception in France |journal=Basic and Clinical Andrology |volume=27 |doi=10.1186/s12610-016-0047-2 |pmc=5237323 |pmid=28101363 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Long_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Long JE, Lee MS, Blithe DL |date=January 2019 |title=Male Contraceptive Development: Update on Novel Hormonal and Nonhormonal Methods |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=153–160 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2018.295089 |pmid=30602479}}</ref> Wasu ma na iya zama unisex, ko kuma kowane mutum zai iya amfani da su, saboda suna iya lalata maniyyi a jikin mutum kafin zubar da ciki, ko kuma ya lalata maniyyin a jikin mace bayan insemination.<ref name="Lishko_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lishko PV |date=October 2016 |title=Contraception: Search for an Ideal Unisex Mechanism by Targeting Ion Channels |journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=816–818 |doi=10.1016/j.tibs.2016.08.002 |pmc=5364274 |pmid=27545067}}</ref>   == Tarihi == A cikin karni na 21, binciken ya nuna cewa kusan rabin maza a cikin ƙasashe a duk faɗin duniya suna da sha'awar amfani da sababbin hanyoyin hana daukar ciki, <ref name="Male Contraceptive Initiative_2">{{Cite web |title=International Market Research |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/international-market-research.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="methods">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glasier A |date=November 2010 |title=Acceptability of contraception for men: a review |journal=Contraception |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=453–456 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.016 |pmid=20933119}}</ref> <ref name="Attitudes toward male fertility con">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heinemann K, Saad F, Wiesemes M, White S, Heinemann L |date=February 2005 |title=Attitudes toward male fertility control: results of a multinational survey on four continents |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=549–556 |doi=10.1093/humrep/deh574 |pmid=15608042}}</ref> kuma maza a cikin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti don maganin hana daukar ciki na maza sun ba da rahoton matakan gamsuwa da samfuran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Interest Among U.S. Men for New Male Contraceptive Options |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/uploads/1/3/1/9/131958006/mci_consumerresearchstudy.pdf |access-date=Oct 12, 2023 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative}}</ref><ref name="Nguyen_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen BT, Yuen F, Farrant M, Thirumalai A, Fernando F, Amory JK, Swerdloff RS, Anawalt BD, Blithe DL, Long JE, Liu PY, Page ST, Wang C |date=November 2021 |title=Acceptability of the oral hormonal male contraceptive prototype, 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC), in a 28-day placebo-controlled trial |journal=Contraception |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=531–537 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2021.06.009 |pmc=8995005 |pmid=34153318}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNguyenYuenFarrantThirumalai2021">Nguyen BT, Yuen F, Farrant M, Thirumalai A, Fernando F, Amory JK, et&nbsp;al. (November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8995005 "Acceptability of the oral hormonal male contraceptive prototype, 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC), in a 28-day placebo-controlled trial"]. ''Contraception''. '''104''' (5): <span class="nowrap">531–</span>537. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2021.06.009|10.1016/j.contraception.2021.06.009]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8995005 8995005]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34153318 34153318].</cite></ref><ref name="Nguyen_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen BT, Farrant MT, Anawalt BD, Yuen F, Thirumalai A, Amory JK, Swerdloff RS, Bremner WJ, Liu PY, Blithe DL, Page ST, Wang C |date=July 2020 |title=Acceptability of oral dimethandrolone undecanoate in a 28-day placebo-controlled trial of a hormonal male contraceptive prototype |journal=Contraception |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=52–57 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2020.04.006 |pmc=7287214 |pmid=32298717}}</ref> Mata a duk duniya sun kuma nuna babban sha'awa ga sabbin magungunan hana daukar ciki na maza, kuma kodayake maza da mata na iya amfani da magungunan rigakafin kansu a lokaci guda, mata a cikin dangantaka ta dogon lokaci sun nuna babban matsayi na amincewa da ikon abokin aikinsu na samun nasarar sarrafa amfani da hana daukar ciki.<ref name="Male Contraceptive Initiative_2" /><ref name="Reynolds-Wright_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reynolds-Wright JJ, Cameron NJ, Anderson RA |date=September 2021 |title=Will Men Use Novel Male Contraceptive Methods and Will Women Trust Them? A Systematic Review |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/200401529/20_310.R2_Proof_hi.pdf |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=838–849 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2021.1905764 |pmid=33900134 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Glasier_2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glasier AF, Anakwe R, Everington D, Martin CW, van der Spuy Z, Cheng L, Ho PC, Anderson RA |date=March 2000 |title=Would women trust their partners to use a male pill? |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=646–649 |doi=10.1093/humrep/15.3.646 |pmid=10686212}}</ref> Wani binciken samfurin daga 2018 ya ba da shawarar cewa ko da karɓar sabbin maganin hana daukar ciki na maza zai rage yawan Ciki ba tare da niyya ba a duniya, <ref name="Dorman_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dorman E, Perry B, Polis CB, Campo-Engelstein L, Shattuck D, Hamlin A, Aiken A, Trussell J, Sokal D |date=January 2018 |title=Modeling the impact of novel male contraceptive methods on reductions in unintended pregnancies in Nigeria, South Africa, and the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=62–69 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2017.08.015 |pmc=5732079 |pmid=28887053}}</ref> wanda ya kasance kusan kashi 50%, har ma a kasashe masu tasowa inda mata ke da damar yin amfani da maganin hana daukar hoto na zamani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sedgh G, Singh S, Hussain R |date=September 2014 |title=Intended and unintended pregnancies worldwide in 2012 and recent trends |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=301–314 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00393.x |pmc=4727534 |pmid=25207494}}</ref> <ref name="Singh_2010" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Finer LB, Zolna MR |date=March 2016 |title=Declines in Unintended Pregnancy in the United States, 2008-2011 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=374 |issue=9 |pages=843–852 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa1506575 |pmc=4861155 |pmid=26962904}}</ref> Ciki mara kyau yana da alaƙa da mummunan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ilimi, da kuma kiwon lafiya ga mata, maza, da kuma sakamakon yara (musamman a cikin al'ummomin da aka ware a tarihi), <ref name="Singh_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singh S, Sedgh G, Hussain R |date=December 2010 |title=Unintended pregnancy: worldwide levels, trends, and outcomes |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=241–250 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2010.00250.x |pmid=21465725}}</ref> <ref name="Herd_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Herd P, Higgins J, Sicinski K, Merkurieva I |date=March 2016 |title=The Implications of Unintended Pregnancies for Mental Health in Later Life |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=421–429 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2015.302973 |pmc=4815713 |pmid=26691118}}</ref> <ref name="Finer_2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Finer LB, Sonfield A |date=February 2013 |title=The evidence mounts on the benefits of preventing unintended pregnancy |journal=Contraception |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=126–127 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.12.005 |pmid=23305754}}</ref> da 60% na ciki mara kyau sun ƙare a cikin [[zubar da ciki]], da yawa daga cikinsu ba su da aminci kuma suna iya haifar da cutar mata ko mutuwa.<ref name="Gipson_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gipson JD, Koenig MA, Hindin MJ |date=March 2008 |title=The effects of unintended pregnancy on infant, child, and parental health: a review of the literature |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=18–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00148.x |pmid=18540521}}</ref><ref name="Trussell_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trussell J |date=March 2007 |title=The cost of unintended pregnancy in the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=168–170 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2006.11.009 |pmid=17303484}}</ref><ref name="Wise_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wise A, Geronimus AT, Smock PJ |date=2017 |title=The Best of Intentions: A Structural Analysis of the Association between Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Unintended Pregnancy in a Sample of Mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=5–13 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2016.10.006 |pmc=5219931 |pmid=27913056}}</ref><ref name="Trussell_2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trussell J, Henry N, Hassan F, Prezioso A, Law A, Filonenko A |date=February 2013 |title=Burden of unintended pregnancy in the United States: potential savings with increased use of long-acting reversible contraception |journal=Contraception |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.07.016 |pmc=3659779 |pmid=22959904}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher Institute_2020a">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-10 |title=Unintended Pregnancy and Abortion Worldwide |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-worldwide |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Guttmacher Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bearak_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Ganatra B, Moller AB, Tunçalp Ö, Beavin C, Kwok L, Alkema L |date=September 2020 |title=Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990-2019 |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=e1152–e1161 |doi=10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30315-6 |pmid=32710833 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher_2011">{{Cite web |date=2011-06-06 |title=Unsafe Abortion: The Missing Link in Global Efforts to Improve Maternal Health {{!}} Guttmacher Institute |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2011/06/unsafe-abortion-missing-link-global-efforts-improve-maternal-health |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.guttmacher.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher_2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-25 |title=Worldwide, an Estimated 25 Million Unsafe Abortions Occur Each Year {{!}} Guttmacher Institute |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2017/worldwide-estimated-25-million-unsafe-abortions-occur-each-year |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.guttmacher.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Haddad_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haddad LB, Nour NM |date=2009 |title=Unsafe abortion: unnecessary maternal mortality |journal=Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=122–126 |pmc=2709326 |pmid=19609407}}</ref><ref name="Ahman_2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ahman E, Shah IH |date=November 2011 |title=New estimates and trends regarding unsafe abortion mortality |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=121–126 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.05.027 |pmid=21885049}}</ref> Sabili da haka, ci gaban sabbin magungunan hana daukar ciki na maza yana da damar inganta daidaiton launin fata, tattalin arziki, da jinsi a duk faɗin duniya, inganta adalci na haihuwa da ikon cin gashin kai ga dukkan mutane, da kuma ceton rayuka. == Hanyoyin da ake samu == === Vasectomy === [[Fayil:Open_Vasectomy_.jpeg|thumb|Hoton bude vasectomy]] Vasectomy hanya ce ta tiyata don lalata namiji na dindindin wanda ake yi a ofishin likita a cikin hanyar waje.[1] A lokacin aikin, ana yanke vasa deferentia na mai haƙuri, sannan a ɗaure ko a rufe shi don hana a saki maniyyi yayin zubar da ciki.[2] Vasectomy hanya ce mai tasiri, tare da kasa da 0.15% na abokan tarayya suna da juna biyu a cikin watanni 12 na farko bayan aikin.[3] Vasectomy kuma hanya ce mai aminci da aminci na hana daukar ciki, kuma rikitarwa suna da wuya da ƙananan. [4][5] Ana iya juyar da Vasectomies, kodayake yawan nasarar juyawa yana raguwa yayin da lokaci ya karu, kuma hanyar tana da wahala a fasaha kuma sau da yawa tana da tsada.[2][6][1] === Condoms === [[Fayil:Kondom.jpg|thumb|Condom mai rufi]] Condom na'urar shinge ce da aka yi da latex ko fim din filastik mai laushi wanda aka mirgine a kan azzakari mai tsayi kafin jima'i kuma yana riƙe da maniyyi, don haka hana ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Condoms {{!}} How to Put On a Condom Video |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/condom |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Condoms ba su da tasiri wajen hana daukar ciki fiye da vasectomy ko hanyoyin zamani na hana daukar ciki na mata, tare da ainihin gazawar duniya na 13%.<ref name="Guttmacher Institute_2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Contraceptive Effectiveness in the United States |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-effectiveness-united-states |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Guttmacher Institute |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, condoms suna da fa'idar samar da kariya daga wasu [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]] kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the Benefits and Advantages of Using Condoms? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/condom/what-are-the-benefits-of-condoms |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana iya haɗa kwaroron roba tare da wasu nau'ikan hana daukar ciki (kamar kisan kai) don ƙarin kariya.<ref name="simultaneous">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kestelman P, Trussell J |year=1991 |title=Efficacy of the simultaneous use of condoms and spermicides |journal=Family Planning Perspectives |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=226–7, 232 |doi=10.2307/2135759 |jstor=2135759 |pmid=1743276}}</ref> === Fitarwa === Hanyar janyewa, wanda aka fi sani da coitus interruptus ko janyewa. <ref name="www.plannedparenthood.org_2">{{Cite web |title=Pull Out Method {{!}} Withdrawal Method {{!}} What is Pulling Out? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/withdrawal-pull-out-method |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Halin da ya haɗa da dakatar da jima'i na jima'i da jima'in don cire azzakari daga cikin jima'i kafin zubar da ciki. Ana ɗaukar janyewa a matsayin hanyar hana daukar ciki mara inganci, tare da ƙimar gazawar amfani da al'ada a kusa da 20% .<ref name="Guttmacher Institute_2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Contraceptive Effectiveness in the United States |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-effectiveness-united-states |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Guttmacher Institute |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-effectiveness-united-states "Contraceptive Effectiveness in the United States"]. ''Guttmacher Institute''. 2020-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> Koyaya, ba ya buƙatar kayan aiki ko hanyoyin kiwon lafiya.<ref name="www.plannedparenthood.org_2" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2kmmahn2eec2bamtelvjhlcvg9643x2 869146 869139 2026-06-27T06:50:53Z Arabiyu 28508 869146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Magungunan hana daukar [[Juna biyu|ciki]] na maza''', wanda aka fi sani da kula da haihuwa na maza, hanyoyin [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana daukar ciki]] ne ta hanyar katse aikin maniyyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQS |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/faqs.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative |language=en}}</ref> Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su na rigakafin haihuwa na maza sune [[Kwararon roba|condoms]], [[vasectomy]], da [[Coitus interruptus|janyewa]], wanda tare ya wakilci 20% na amfani da rigakafin ciki na duniya a cikin 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contraceptive Use by Method 2019 |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2020/Jan/un_2019_contraceptiveusebymethod_databooklet.pdf |website=United Nations}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher Institute">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2021 |title=Contraceptive Use in the United States by Method |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-method-use-united-states |website=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haakenstad A, Angelino O, Irvine CM, Bhutta ZA, Bienhoff K, Bintz C, Causey K, Dirac MA, Fullman N, Gakidou E, Glucksman T, Hay SI, Henry NJ, Martopullo I, Mokdad AH, Mumford JE, Lim SS, Murray CJ, Lozano R |date=July 2022 |title=Measuring contraceptive method mix, prevalence, and demand satisfied by age and marital status in 204 countries and territories, 1970-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 |journal=Lancet |volume=400 |issue=10348 |pages=295–327 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00936-9 |pmc=9304984 |pmid=35871816}}</ref> Sabbin nau'ikan rigakafin haihuwa na maza suna cikin [[Research and development|bincike da ci gaba]], amma tun daga 2025, babu wanda ya sami amincewar doka don amfani da shi ko'ina.<ref name="Male Contraceptive Initiative_3">{{Cite web |title=What Is In Development |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229210203/https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html |archive-date=2024-02-29 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Birth control options for men are advancing. Here's how they work. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/male-contraceptives-birth-control-science-explained |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303190333/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/male-contraceptives-birth-control-science-explained |archive-date=March 3, 2023 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=National Geographic Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 4, 2022 |title=In the hunt for a male contraceptive, scientists look to stop sperm in their tracks |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/12/04/1140512789/birth-control-male-contraceptive-sperm |access-date=Oct 12, 2023 |website=National Public Radio}}</ref> Za su iya samuwa kafin [[2030]], suna zaton ci gaba mai kyau da [[Clinical trials|Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti]].<ref name="Advances in Male Contraception: Whe">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Jongwon |last2=So |first2=Byeongchan |last3=Heo |first3=Yongki |last4=So |first4=Hongyun |last5=Jo |first5=Jung Ki |date=July 2024 |title=Advances in Male Contraception: When Will the Novel Male Contraception be Available? |journal=World Journal of Men's Health |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=487–501 |doi=10.5534/wjmh.230118 |pmc=11216971 |pmid=38164023}}</ref>  Wadannan sabbin hanyoyin sun hada da creams na yau da kullun, allurar yau da kullun.<ref name="Male Contraceptive Initiative_3">{{Cite web |title=What Is In Development |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229210203/https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html |archive-date=2024-02-29 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240229210203/https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html "What Is In Development"]. ''Male Contraceptive Initiative''. Archived from [https://www.malecontraceptive.org/what-is-in-development.html the original] on 2024-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Amory_2023">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Amory JK, Blithe DL, Sitruk-Ware R, Swerdloff RS, Bremner WJ, Dart C, Liu PY, Thirumalai A, Nguyen BT, Anawalt BD, Lee MS, Page ST, Wang C |date=August 2023 |title=Design of an international male contraceptive efficacy trial using a self-administered daily transdermal gel containing testosterone and segesterone acetate (Nestorone) |journal=Contraception |volume=124 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2023.110064 |pmid=37210024 |s2cid=258800752 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Nguyen_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen BT, Yuen F, Farrant M, Thirumalai A, Fernando F, Amory JK, Swerdloff RS, Anawalt BD, Blithe DL, Long JE, Liu PY, Page ST, Wang C |date=November 2021 |title=Acceptability of the oral hormonal male contraceptive prototype, 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC), in a 28-day placebo-controlled trial |journal=Contraception |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=531–537 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2021.06.009 |pmc=8995005 |pmid=34153318}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cook LA, Van Vliet HA, Lopez LM, Pun A, Gallo MF |date=March 2014 |title=Vasectomy occlusion techniques for male sterilization |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003991.pub4 |pmc=7173716 |pmid=24683020}}</ref><ref name="Soufir_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soufir JC |date=2017 |title=Hormonal, chemical and thermal inhibition of spermatogenesis: contribution of French teams to international data with the aim of developing male contraception in France |journal=Basic and Clinical Andrology |volume=27 |doi=10.1186/s12610-016-0047-2 |pmc=5237323 |pmid=28101363 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Long_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Long JE, Lee MS, Blithe DL |date=January 2019 |title=Male Contraceptive Development: Update on Novel Hormonal and Nonhormonal Methods |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=153–160 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2018.295089 |pmid=30602479}}</ref> Wasu ma na iya zama unisex, ko kuma kowane mutum zai iya amfani da su, saboda suna iya lalata maniyyi a jikin mutum kafin zubar da ciki, ko kuma ya lalata maniyyin a jikin mace bayan insemination.<ref name="Lishko_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lishko PV |date=October 2016 |title=Contraception: Search for an Ideal Unisex Mechanism by Targeting Ion Channels |journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=816–818 |doi=10.1016/j.tibs.2016.08.002 |pmc=5364274 |pmid=27545067}}</ref>   == Tarihi == A cikin karni na 21, binciken ya nuna cewa kusan rabin maza a cikin ƙasashe a duk faɗin duniya suna da sha'awar amfani da sababbin hanyoyin hana daukar ciki, <ref name="Male Contraceptive Initiative_2">{{Cite web |title=International Market Research |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/international-market-research.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="methods">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glasier A |date=November 2010 |title=Acceptability of contraception for men: a review |journal=Contraception |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=453–456 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.016 |pmid=20933119}}</ref> <ref name="Attitudes toward male fertility con">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heinemann K, Saad F, Wiesemes M, White S, Heinemann L |date=February 2005 |title=Attitudes toward male fertility control: results of a multinational survey on four continents |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=549–556 |doi=10.1093/humrep/deh574 |pmid=15608042}}</ref> kuma maza a cikin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti don maganin hana daukar ciki na maza sun ba da rahoton matakan gamsuwa da samfuran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Interest Among U.S. Men for New Male Contraceptive Options |url=https://www.malecontraceptive.org/uploads/1/3/1/9/131958006/mci_consumerresearchstudy.pdf |access-date=Oct 12, 2023 |website=Male Contraceptive Initiative}}</ref><ref name="Nguyen_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen BT, Yuen F, Farrant M, Thirumalai A, Fernando F, Amory JK, Swerdloff RS, Anawalt BD, Blithe DL, Long JE, Liu PY, Page ST, Wang C |date=November 2021 |title=Acceptability of the oral hormonal male contraceptive prototype, 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC), in a 28-day placebo-controlled trial |journal=Contraception |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=531–537 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2021.06.009 |pmc=8995005 |pmid=34153318}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNguyenYuenFarrantThirumalai2021">Nguyen BT, Yuen F, Farrant M, Thirumalai A, Fernando F, Amory JK, et&nbsp;al. (November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8995005 "Acceptability of the oral hormonal male contraceptive prototype, 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC), in a 28-day placebo-controlled trial"]. ''Contraception''. '''104''' (5): <span class="nowrap">531–</span>537. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2021.06.009|10.1016/j.contraception.2021.06.009]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8995005 8995005]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34153318 34153318].</cite></ref><ref name="Nguyen_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen BT, Farrant MT, Anawalt BD, Yuen F, Thirumalai A, Amory JK, Swerdloff RS, Bremner WJ, Liu PY, Blithe DL, Page ST, Wang C |date=July 2020 |title=Acceptability of oral dimethandrolone undecanoate in a 28-day placebo-controlled trial of a hormonal male contraceptive prototype |journal=Contraception |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=52–57 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2020.04.006 |pmc=7287214 |pmid=32298717}}</ref> Mata a duk duniya sun kuma nuna babban sha'awa ga sabbin magungunan hana daukar ciki na maza, kuma kodayake maza da mata na iya amfani da magungunan rigakafin kansu a lokaci guda, mata a cikin dangantaka ta dogon lokaci sun nuna babban matsayi na amincewa da ikon abokin aikinsu na samun nasarar sarrafa amfani da hana daukar ciki.<ref name="Male Contraceptive Initiative_2" /><ref name="Reynolds-Wright_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reynolds-Wright JJ, Cameron NJ, Anderson RA |date=September 2021 |title=Will Men Use Novel Male Contraceptive Methods and Will Women Trust Them? A Systematic Review |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/200401529/20_310.R2_Proof_hi.pdf |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=838–849 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2021.1905764 |pmid=33900134 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Glasier_2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glasier AF, Anakwe R, Everington D, Martin CW, van der Spuy Z, Cheng L, Ho PC, Anderson RA |date=March 2000 |title=Would women trust their partners to use a male pill? |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=646–649 |doi=10.1093/humrep/15.3.646 |pmid=10686212}}</ref> Wani binciken samfurin daga 2018 ya ba da shawarar cewa ko da karɓar sabbin maganin hana daukar ciki na maza zai rage yawan Ciki ba tare da niyya ba a duniya, <ref name="Dorman_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dorman E, Perry B, Polis CB, Campo-Engelstein L, Shattuck D, Hamlin A, Aiken A, Trussell J, Sokal D |date=January 2018 |title=Modeling the impact of novel male contraceptive methods on reductions in unintended pregnancies in Nigeria, South Africa, and the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=62–69 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2017.08.015 |pmc=5732079 |pmid=28887053}}</ref> wanda ya kasance kusan kashi 50%, har ma a kasashe masu tasowa inda mata ke da damar yin amfani da maganin hana daukar hoto na zamani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sedgh G, Singh S, Hussain R |date=September 2014 |title=Intended and unintended pregnancies worldwide in 2012 and recent trends |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=301–314 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00393.x |pmc=4727534 |pmid=25207494}}</ref> <ref name="Singh_2010" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Finer LB, Zolna MR |date=March 2016 |title=Declines in Unintended Pregnancy in the United States, 2008-2011 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=374 |issue=9 |pages=843–852 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa1506575 |pmc=4861155 |pmid=26962904}}</ref> Ciki mara kyau yana da alaƙa da mummunan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ilimi, da kuma kiwon lafiya ga mata, maza, da kuma sakamakon yara (musamman a cikin al'ummomin da aka ware a tarihi), <ref name="Singh_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singh S, Sedgh G, Hussain R |date=December 2010 |title=Unintended pregnancy: worldwide levels, trends, and outcomes |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=241–250 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2010.00250.x |pmid=21465725}}</ref> <ref name="Herd_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Herd P, Higgins J, Sicinski K, Merkurieva I |date=March 2016 |title=The Implications of Unintended Pregnancies for Mental Health in Later Life |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=421–429 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2015.302973 |pmc=4815713 |pmid=26691118}}</ref> <ref name="Finer_2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Finer LB, Sonfield A |date=February 2013 |title=The evidence mounts on the benefits of preventing unintended pregnancy |journal=Contraception |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=126–127 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.12.005 |pmid=23305754}}</ref> da 60% na ciki mara kyau sun ƙare a cikin [[zubar da ciki]], da yawa daga cikinsu ba su da aminci kuma suna iya haifar da cutar mata ko mutuwa.<ref name="Gipson_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gipson JD, Koenig MA, Hindin MJ |date=March 2008 |title=The effects of unintended pregnancy on infant, child, and parental health: a review of the literature |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=18–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00148.x |pmid=18540521}}</ref><ref name="Trussell_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trussell J |date=March 2007 |title=The cost of unintended pregnancy in the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=168–170 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2006.11.009 |pmid=17303484}}</ref><ref name="Wise_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wise A, Geronimus AT, Smock PJ |date=2017 |title=The Best of Intentions: A Structural Analysis of the Association between Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Unintended Pregnancy in a Sample of Mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=5–13 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2016.10.006 |pmc=5219931 |pmid=27913056}}</ref><ref name="Trussell_2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trussell J, Henry N, Hassan F, Prezioso A, Law A, Filonenko A |date=February 2013 |title=Burden of unintended pregnancy in the United States: potential savings with increased use of long-acting reversible contraception |journal=Contraception |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.07.016 |pmc=3659779 |pmid=22959904}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher Institute_2020a">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-10 |title=Unintended Pregnancy and Abortion Worldwide |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-worldwide |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Guttmacher Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bearak_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Ganatra B, Moller AB, Tunçalp Ö, Beavin C, Kwok L, Alkema L |date=September 2020 |title=Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990-2019 |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=e1152–e1161 |doi=10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30315-6 |pmid=32710833 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher_2011">{{Cite web |date=2011-06-06 |title=Unsafe Abortion: The Missing Link in Global Efforts to Improve Maternal Health {{!}} Guttmacher Institute |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2011/06/unsafe-abortion-missing-link-global-efforts-improve-maternal-health |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.guttmacher.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher_2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-25 |title=Worldwide, an Estimated 25 Million Unsafe Abortions Occur Each Year {{!}} Guttmacher Institute |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2017/worldwide-estimated-25-million-unsafe-abortions-occur-each-year |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.guttmacher.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Haddad_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haddad LB, Nour NM |date=2009 |title=Unsafe abortion: unnecessary maternal mortality |journal=Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=122–126 |pmc=2709326 |pmid=19609407}}</ref><ref name="Ahman_2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ahman E, Shah IH |date=November 2011 |title=New estimates and trends regarding unsafe abortion mortality |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=121–126 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.05.027 |pmid=21885049}}</ref> Sabili da haka, ci gaban sabbin magungunan hana daukar ciki na maza yana da damar inganta daidaiton launin fata, tattalin arziki, da jinsi a duk faɗin duniya, inganta adalci na haihuwa da ikon cin gashin kai ga dukkan mutane, da kuma ceton rayuka. == Hanyoyin da ake samu == === Vasectomy === [[Fayil:Open_Vasectomy_.jpeg|thumb|Hoton bude vasectomy]] Vasectomy hanya ce ta tiyata don lalata namiji na dindindin wanda ake yi a ofishin likita a cikin hanyar waje.[1] A lokacin aikin, ana yanke vasa deferentia na mai haƙuri, sannan a ɗaure ko a rufe shi don hana a saki maniyyi yayin zubar da ciki.[2] Vasectomy hanya ce mai tasiri, tare da kasa da 0.15% na abokan tarayya suna da juna biyu a cikin watanni 12 na farko bayan aikin.[3] Vasectomy kuma hanya ce mai aminci da aminci na hana daukar ciki, kuma rikitarwa suna da wuya da ƙananan. [4][5] Ana iya juyar da Vasectomies, kodayake yawan nasarar juyawa yana raguwa yayin da lokaci ya karu, kuma hanyar tana da wahala a fasaha kuma sau da yawa tana da tsada.[2][6][1] === Condoms === [[Fayil:Kondom.jpg|thumb|Condom mai rufi]] Condom na'urar shinge ce da aka yi da latex ko fim din filastik mai laushi wanda aka mirgine a kan azzakari mai tsayi kafin jima'i kuma yana riƙe da maniyyi, don haka hana ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Condoms {{!}} How to Put On a Condom Video |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/condom |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Condoms ba su da tasiri wajen hana daukar ciki fiye da vasectomy ko hanyoyin zamani na hana daukar ciki na mata, tare da ainihin gazawar duniya na 13%.<ref name="Guttmacher Institute_2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Contraceptive Effectiveness in the United States |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-effectiveness-united-states |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Guttmacher Institute |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, condoms suna da fa'idar samar da kariya daga wasu [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]] kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the Benefits and Advantages of Using Condoms? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/condom/what-are-the-benefits-of-condoms |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana iya haɗa kwaroron roba tare da wasu nau'ikan hana daukar ciki (kamar kisan kai) don ƙarin kariya.<ref name="simultaneous">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kestelman P, Trussell J |year=1991 |title=Efficacy of the simultaneous use of condoms and spermicides |journal=Family Planning Perspectives |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=226–7, 232 |doi=10.2307/2135759 |jstor=2135759 |pmid=1743276}}</ref> === Fitarwa === Hanyar janyewa, wanda aka fi sani da coitus interruptus ko janyewa. <ref name="www.plannedparenthood.org_2">{{Cite web |title=Pull Out Method {{!}} Withdrawal Method {{!}} What is Pulling Out? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/withdrawal-pull-out-method |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Halin da ya haɗa da dakatar da jima'i na jima'i da jima'in don cire azzakari daga cikin jima'i kafin zubar da ciki. Ana ɗaukar janyewa a matsayin hanyar hana daukar ciki mara inganci, tare da ƙimar gazawar amfani da al'ada a kusa da 20% .<ref name="Guttmacher Institute_2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Contraceptive Effectiveness in the United States |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-effectiveness-united-states |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Guttmacher Institute |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-effectiveness-united-states "Contraceptive Effectiveness in the United States"]. ''Guttmacher Institute''. 2020-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> Koyaya, ba ya buƙatar kayan aiki ko hanyoyin kiwon lafiya.<ref name="www.plannedparenthood.org_2" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gz1w5tjc639c3igdmqjw8itrznp2tt1 0 159954 869140 2026-06-27T06:37:38Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344640189|Seminal vesicles]]" 869140 wikitext text/x-wiki Kwayoyin vesicles (wanda kuma ake kira vesicular glands ko glands na seminal) nau'i ne na '''ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta''' na tubular waɗanda ke kwance a bayan fitsari na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Suna fitar da ruwa wanda ya fi yawan samar da maniyyi. The vesicles are {{Convert|5–10|cm}} in size, {{Convert|3–5|cm}} in diameter, and are located between the bladder and the rectum. They have multiple outpouchings, which contain secretory glands, which join together with the vasa deferentia at the ejaculatory ducts. They receive blood from the vesiculodeferential artery, and drain into the vesiculodeferential veins. The glands are lined with column-shaped and cuboidal cells. The vesicles are present in many groups of mammals, but not marsupials, monotremes or carnivores.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup>. Ana kiran kumburi na vesicles na seminal vesiculitis kuma galibi saboda kamuwa da kwayar cuta ne sakamakon kamuwa da cutar ta jima'i ko bin tsarin tiyata. Seminal vesiculitis na iya haifar da ciwo a cikin ƙananan ciki, scrotum, azzakari ko peritoneum, zubar da ciki mai zafi, da jini a cikin maniyyi. Yawancin lokaci ana kula da shi da maganin rigakafi, kodayake yana iya buƙatar zubar da ruwa a lokuta masu rikitarwa. Sauran yanayi na iya shafar vesicles, gami da abubuwan da ba a haifa ba kamar gazawar ko tsari mara cikakke, kuma, ba a saba gani ba, ciwon daji. Galen ya bayyana vesicles na asali tun farkon karni na biyu AD, kodayake vesicles sun sami sunansu daga baya, kamar yadda aka fara bayyana su ta amfani da kalmar da aka samo kalmar prostate. == Tsarinsa == Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam ƙwayoyin halitta ne maza waɗanda aka sanya su a ƙasa da fitsari kuma a ƙarshen vasa deferentia, inda suka shiga prostate. Kowane vesicle bututu ne mai juyawa da ninkawa, tare da wasu lokutan da ake kira diverticula a bangon sa.[1] Ƙananan ɓangaren bututun ya ƙare a matsayin bututun madaidaiciya da ake kira bututun fitarwa, wanda ya haɗu da vas deferens na wannan gefen jiki don samar da bututun ejaculatory. Hanyoyin zubar suna wucewa ta cikin glandar prostate kafin su buɗe daban a cikin verumontanum na urethra na prostatic.[1] Vesicles suna tsakanin 5-10 in) a girman, 3-5 in) a diamita, kuma suna da ƙarar kusan 13 mL.[2] Vesicles suna karɓar jini daga jijiyar vesiculodeferential, da kuma daga ƙananan jijiyoyin vesical. Kwayar jijiyar vesiculodeferential ta samo asali ne daga jijiyoyin umbilical, wanda ke da reshe kai tsaye daga jijiyoyin iliac na ciki. Ana zubar da jini a cikin jijiyoyin vesiculodeferential da ƙananan plexus, wanda ke shiga cikin jijiyoyin iliac na ciki.<ref name="Grays2016" /> [[Tsarin Lymphatic|Rashin ruwa na lymphatic]] yana faruwa ne tare da hanyoyin jijiyoyi, yana gudana cikin Ƙwayoyin iliac na ciki.<ref name="Grays2016" /> Vesicles suna kwance a bayan kumfa a ƙarshen vasa deferentia. Suna kwance a cikin sarari tsakanin kumfa da rectum; kumfa da prostate suna kwance a gaba, ƙarshen ureter yayin da yake shiga kumfa a sama, da fascia na Denonvilliers da rectuma a baya. === Ci gaba === A cikin tayin mai tasowa, a ƙarshen baya akwai cloaca. Wannan, a cikin mako na huɗu zuwa na bakwai, ya kasu kashi ɗaya cikin sinus na urogenital da farkon tashar hanci, tare da bango da ke tsakanin waɗannan inpouchings guda biyu da ake kira Urectal septum . Ducts guda biyu suna samuwa kusa da juna waɗanda ke haɗawa da sinus na urogenital; duct na mesonephric da duct na paramesonephric, waɗanda ke ci gaba da samar da hanyoyin haihuwa na namiji da mace bi da bi.<ref name="Langman2019" /> A cikin namiji, a ƙarƙashin tasirin [[testosterone]], bututun mesonephric suna ƙaruwa, suna samar da epididymis, ductus deferens kuma, ta hanyar karamin outpouching kusa da ci gaban prostate, vesicles. Kwayoyin Sertoli suna fitar da hormone na anti-Müllerian, wanda ke haifar da hanyoyin paramesonephric su koma baya.<ref name="Langman2019" /> Ci gaba da kiyayewa na vesicles na asali, kazalika da ɓoyewa da girman / nauyi, sun dogara sosai da androgens.<ref name="pmid11753468">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gonzales GF |year=2001 |title=Function of seminal vesicles and their role on male fertility |journal=Asian J. Androl. |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=251–8 |pmid=11753468}}</ref> Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna ƙunshe da 5α-reductase, wanda ke haɓaka testosterone a cikin ƙarfinsa, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). <ref name="pmid11753468" /> An kuma gano vesicles na asali suna dauke da masu karɓar hormone na luteinizing, sabili da haka ana iya sarrafa su ta hanyar ligand na wannan mai karɓa, luteinized hormone.<ref name="pmid11753468" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7jown4o6cn1f4se7534q5nc4e2rbjyt 0 159955 869147 2026-06-27T06:51:07Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358359384|Vidhi Pandya]]" 869147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vidhi Pandya''' yar wasan Indiya ce da ke aiki a gidan talabijin [[Television in India|na Hindi]] . Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin 2014 tare da ''[[Tum Aise Hi Rehna]]'' wanda ke nuna Kiran Mehra. Pandya an fi saninta da hotonta na Imli Singh Rajvanshi a cikin ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]'', Suman Tiwari Malhotra a cikin ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2]]'' da Saumya Verma a cikin ''[[Mose Chhal Kiye Jaaye]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=Vidhi rocks the street look - Udaan's Imli, Vidhi Pandya is unrecognizable in these pictures, see it for yourself - The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/udaans-imli-vidhii-pandya-is-unrecognizable-in-these-pictures-see-it-for-yourself/photostory/62708393.cms |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2021, ta shiga cikin [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 15|''Bigg Boss Season 15'']] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-19 |title=Salman Khan's Bigg Boss 15 to premiere on October 2. Watch new promo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/salman-khan-s-bigg-boss-15-to-premiere-on-october-2-watch-new-promo-1854454-2021-09-19 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Pandya ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2014, inda ''[[Tum Aise Hi Rehna]]'' ta fito a matsayin mai nuna Kiran Maheshwari. Daga nan ta fito a matsayin Nidhi a cikin fim ɗin ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' daga 2015 zuwa 2016. A shekarar 2015, ta fito a matsayin Rohini Singh / Sophia a cikin shirye-shirye daban-daban na ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' . Daga shekarar 2016 zuwa 2019, Pandya ta fito a matsayin Imli Singh Rajvanshi a cikin ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|fim ɗin Udaan]]'' <ref name="udaan-actually-for-a-film">{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=Conceptualised 'Udaan' actually for a film Mahesh Bhatt |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/conceptualised-udaan-actually-for-a-film-mahesh-bhatt/15527187 |access-date=15 September 2014 |website=mid-day}}</ref> tare da [[Paras Arora]] da [[Vikas Bhalla]], wanda hakan ya zama babban sauyi a cikin aikinta. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] 52upbkgyvkbgotcsmdi8abt62kl3ho5 869148 869147 2026-06-27T06:52:08Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vidhi Pandya''' yar wasan Indiya ce da ke aiki a gidan talabijin [[Television in India|na Hindi]] . Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin 2014 tare da ''[[Tum Aise Hi Rehna]]'' wanda ke nuna Kiran Mehra. Pandya an fi saninta da hotonta na Imli Singh Rajvanshi a cikin ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]'', Suman Tiwari Malhotra a cikin ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2]]'' da Saumya Verma a cikin ''[[Mose Chhal Kiye Jaaye]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=Vidhi rocks the street look - Udaan's Imli, Vidhi Pandya is unrecognizable in these pictures, see it for yourself - The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/udaans-imli-vidhii-pandya-is-unrecognizable-in-these-pictures-see-it-for-yourself/photostory/62708393.cms |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2021, ta shiga cikin [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 15|''Bigg Boss Season 15'']] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-19 |title=Salman Khan's Bigg Boss 15 to premiere on October 2. Watch new promo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/salman-khan-s-bigg-boss-15-to-premiere-on-october-2-watch-new-promo-1854454-2021-09-19 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Pandya ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2014, inda ''[[Tum Aise Hi Rehna]]'' ta fito a matsayin mai nuna Kiran Maheshwari. Daga nan ta fito a matsayin Nidhi a cikin fim ɗin ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' daga 2015 zuwa 2016. A shekarar 2015, ta fito a matsayin Rohini Singh / Sophia a cikin shirye-shirye daban-daban na ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' . Daga shekarar 2016 zuwa 2019, Pandya ta fito a matsayin Imli Singh Rajvanshi a cikin ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|fim ɗin Udaan]]'' <ref name="udaan-actually-for-a-film">{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=Conceptualised 'Udaan' actually for a film Mahesh Bhatt |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/conceptualised-udaan-actually-for-a-film-mahesh-bhatt/15527187 |access-date=15 September 2014 |website=mid-day}}</ref> tare da [[Paras Arora]] da [[Vikas Bhalla]], wanda hakan ya zama babban sauyi a cikin aikinta. ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] lkpi970l0ovjppf9qs72qa9o9ogcpcn 869149 869148 2026-06-27T06:52:58Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Vidhi Pandya''' yar wasan Indiya ce da ke aiki a gidan talabijin [[Television in India|na Hindi]] . Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin 2014 tare da ''[[Tum Aise Hi Rehna]]'' wanda ke nuna Kiran Mehra. Pandya an fi saninta da hotonta na Imli Singh Rajvanshi a cikin ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]'', Suman Tiwari Malhotra a cikin ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2]]'' da Saumya Verma a cikin ''[[Mose Chhal Kiye Jaaye]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=Vidhi rocks the street look - Udaan's Imli, Vidhi Pandya is unrecognizable in these pictures, see it for yourself - The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/udaans-imli-vidhii-pandya-is-unrecognizable-in-these-pictures-see-it-for-yourself/photostory/62708393.cms |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2021, ta shiga cikin [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 15|''Bigg Boss Season 15'']] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-19 |title=Salman Khan's Bigg Boss 15 to premiere on October 2. Watch new promo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/salman-khan-s-bigg-boss-15-to-premiere-on-october-2-watch-new-promo-1854454-2021-09-19 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Pandya ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2014, inda ''[[Tum Aise Hi Rehna]]'' ta fito a matsayin mai nuna Kiran Maheshwari. Daga nan ta fito a matsayin Nidhi a cikin fim ɗin ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' daga 2015 zuwa 2016. A shekarar 2015, ta fito a matsayin Rohini Singh / Sophia a cikin shirye-shirye daban-daban na ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' . Daga shekarar 2016 zuwa 2019, Pandya ta fito a matsayin Imli Singh Rajvanshi a cikin ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|fim ɗin Udaan]]'' <ref name="udaan-actually-for-a-film">{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=Conceptualised 'Udaan' actually for a film Mahesh Bhatt |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/conceptualised-udaan-actually-for-a-film-mahesh-bhatt/15527187 |access-date=15 September 2014 |website=mid-day}}</ref> tare da [[Paras Arora]] da [[Vikas Bhalla]], wanda hakan ya zama babban sauyi a cikin aikinta. ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] 4ztnkeqwkyomjh6lyb7j9gn6zfvruy7 0 159956 869150 2026-06-27T07:01:34Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325747054|Nicole Newnham]]" 869150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nicole Newnham''' fitacciyar [[Gasar Oscar|mai]] shirya fina- [[Documentary film|finai]] ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma darakta da aka sani da fim ɗin ''[[Crip Camp]]'' (2020) wanda ta jagoranci tare da shirya shi tare da [[James LeBrecht]], da kuma fim ɗin da aka zaɓa a matsayin [[Emmy Awards|Emmy]] da yawa mai suna ''The Rape of Europa'' . <ref name="IndieWire 2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-16 |title=Crip Camp Directors Want You To Rethink the Idea of Disability |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/03/crip-camp-directors-jim-lebrecht-nicole-newnham-documentary-1202217733/ |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> <ref name="TVGuide.com 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=The Rape Of Europa |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/rape-europa/review/290474 |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=TVGuide.com}}</ref> Tare da mai fasaha/darakta 'yar [[Asturaliya|Australiya]] Lynette Wallworth, ta shirya fim ɗin gaskiya na kama-da-wane ''Collisions'', wanda ya lashe kyautar Emmy ta 2017 don Mafi Kyawun Sabbin Dabaru na Documentary, da kuma ''Awavena'', wanda ya lashe kyautar Emmy ta 2020 don Mafi Kyawun Sabbin Dabaru na Documentary. Dukansu ''Collisions'' da ''Awavena'' sun fara fitowa a lokaci guda a [[Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]] da kuma [[World Economic Forum]] a [[Davos]], kuma an zaɓi ''Awavena'' don bikin Venice Biennale na 2018. Fim ɗinta na baya-bayan nan, ''[[The Disappearance of Shere Hite]] ,'' wanda aka fara nunawa a bikin fina-finan Sundance na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dry |first=Jude |date=2023-01-20 |title='The Disappearance of Shere Hite' Review: Slighted Women's Sexuality Pioneer Gets Her Due |url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/the-disappearance-of-shere-hite-review-sex-1234802227/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=IndieWire |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan fim ɗin ya kuma shiga cikin jerin sunayen 'yan takarar da suka yi fice a gasar DOC NYC Awards ta 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Anne |date=2023-10-17 |title=DOC NYC Reveals Influential Awards Short List, from 'The Eternal Memory' to 'Little Richard: I Am Everything' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/festivals/doc-nyc-awards-short-list-the-eternal-memory-little-richard-i-am-everything-1234917771/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=IndieWire |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta musamman don gyara, wanda Eileen Meyer ta shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=2023 Award Winners |url=https://www.docnyc.net/news/2023-award-winners/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=DOC NYC |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, an zaɓi ''The Disappearance of Shere Hite'' don [[Cinema for Peace awards|Cinema for Peace]] Dove for Women's Empowerment. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodfellow |first=Melanie |date=2024-02-12 |title=Pope Francis, Hillary Clinton & Ban Ki-Moon To Be Feted At Berlin Cinema For Peace Gala Alongside Works Protecting Jewish Life & Sharon Stone Art |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/pope-francis-hillary-clinton-ban-ki-moon-cinema-for-peace-gala-berlin-1235822747/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim ɗin Newnham na shekarar 2013 ''mai suna The Revolutionary Optimists'' an zaɓe shi don samun kyautar Emmy kuma ya lashe kyautar Sundance Hilton Sustainability Award. <ref name="Catapult Film Fund">{{Cite web |title=Films - Crip Camp |url=https://catapultfilmfund.org/films/CripCamp/ |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=Catapult Film Fund}}</ref> Wannan fim ɗin ya kuma haifar da gidan yanar gizo na taswirar bayanai Map Your World wanda dandamali ne na bayanai/taswira/bayar da labarai. <ref name="The Alliance 2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-10 |title=Map Your World |url=http://www.thealliance.media/profile/map-world/ |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=The Alliance}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006 ta jagoranci shirin fim na Independent Lens / PBS mai suna ''Sentenced Home'', wanda aka kuma zaɓa don Emmy, kimanin maza uku [[Cambodian-Americans|'yan asalin ƙasar Cambodia]] - waɗanda aka haifa a Amurka - waɗanda suka sami kansu a matsayin waɗanda suka cancanci a kora su zuwa [[Kambodiya|Cambodia]] baya == Nassoshi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9qs325gvobg8eoii2cv4kwtafsaaeey 869157 869150 2026-06-27T07:04:51Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nicole Newnham''' fitacciyar [[Gasar Oscar|mai]] shirya fina- [[Documentary film|finai]] ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma darakta da aka sani da fim ɗin ''[[Crip Camp]]'' (2020) wanda ta jagoranci tare da shirya shi tare da [[James LeBrecht]], da kuma fim ɗin da aka zaɓa a matsayin [[Emmy Awards|Emmy]] da yawa mai suna ''The Rape of Europa'' . <ref name="IndieWire 2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-16 |title=Crip Camp Directors Want You To Rethink the Idea of Disability |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/03/crip-camp-directors-jim-lebrecht-nicole-newnham-documentary-1202217733/ |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> <ref name="TVGuide.com 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=The Rape Of Europa |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/rape-europa/review/290474 |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=TVGuide.com}}</ref> Tare da mai fasaha/darakta 'yar [[Asturaliya|Australiya]] Lynette Wallworth, ta shirya fim ɗin gaskiya na kama-da-wane ''Collisions'', wanda ya lashe kyautar Emmy ta 2017 don Mafi Kyawun Sabbin Dabaru na Documentary, da kuma ''Awavena'', wanda ya lashe kyautar Emmy ta 2020 don Mafi Kyawun Sabbin Dabaru na Documentary. Dukansu ''Collisions'' da ''Awavena'' sun fara fitowa a lokaci guda a [[Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]] da kuma [[World Economic Forum]] a [[Davos]], kuma an zaɓi ''Awavena'' don bikin Venice Biennale na 2018. Fim ɗinta na baya-bayan nan, ''[[The Disappearance of Shere Hite]] ,'' wanda aka fara nunawa a bikin fina-finan Sundance na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dry |first=Jude |date=2023-01-20 |title='The Disappearance of Shere Hite' Review: Slighted Women's Sexuality Pioneer Gets Her Due |url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/the-disappearance-of-shere-hite-review-sex-1234802227/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=IndieWire |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan fim ɗin ya kuma shiga cikin jerin sunayen 'yan takarar da suka yi fice a gasar DOC NYC Awards ta 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Anne |date=2023-10-17 |title=DOC NYC Reveals Influential Awards Short List, from 'The Eternal Memory' to 'Little Richard: I Am Everything' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/festivals/doc-nyc-awards-short-list-the-eternal-memory-little-richard-i-am-everything-1234917771/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=IndieWire |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta musamman don gyara, wanda Eileen Meyer ta shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=2023 Award Winners |url=https://www.docnyc.net/news/2023-award-winners/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=DOC NYC |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, an zaɓi ''The Disappearance of Shere Hite'' don [[Cinema for Peace awards|Cinema for Peace]] Dove for Women's Empowerment. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodfellow |first=Melanie |date=2024-02-12 |title=Pope Francis, Hillary Clinton & Ban Ki-Moon To Be Feted At Berlin Cinema For Peace Gala Alongside Works Protecting Jewish Life & Sharon Stone Art |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/pope-francis-hillary-clinton-ban-ki-moon-cinema-for-peace-gala-berlin-1235822747/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim ɗin Newnham na shekarar 2013 ''mai suna The Revolutionary Optimists'' an zaɓe shi don samun kyautar Emmy kuma ya lashe kyautar Sundance Hilton Sustainability Award. <ref name="Catapult Film Fund">{{Cite web |title=Films - Crip Camp |url=https://catapultfilmfund.org/films/CripCamp/ |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=Catapult Film Fund}}</ref> Wannan fim ɗin ya kuma haifar da gidan yanar gizo na taswirar bayanai Map Your World wanda dandamali ne na bayanai/taswira/bayar da labarai. <ref name="The Alliance 2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-10 |title=Map Your World |url=http://www.thealliance.media/profile/map-world/ |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=The Alliance}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006 ta jagoranci shirin fim na Independent Lens / PBS mai suna ''Sentenced Home'', wanda aka kuma zaɓa don Emmy, kimanin maza uku [[Cambodian-Americans|'yan asalin ƙasar Cambodia]] - waɗanda aka haifa a Amurka - waɗanda suka sami kansu a matsayin waɗanda suka cancanci a kora su zuwa [[Kambodiya|Cambodia]] baya == Nassoshi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kn6fuls99441w7ao85nikx0ni2t4r8e 0 159957 869151 2026-06-27T07:01:47Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354944794|Karan Vohra]]" 869151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karan Vohra''' jarumin gidan talabijin ne na Indiya. Ya fara fitowa wasan kwaikwayo tare da ''[[Zindagi Ki Mehek]]'' a cikin 2016, yana nuna Shaurya Khanna da Shaurya Singh Ahlawat. An fi saninsa da hoton Dr. Veer Sahay a ''[[Krishna Chali London]]'', Atharv Rana a cikin ''[[Imlie]]'' da Aryaman Bundela a ''Main Hoon Saath Tere'' . == Farko da rayuwar mutum == An haifi Vohra kuma ya girma a [[Delhi]] . Yana da 'yan'uwa biyu masu suna Kunal Vohra da Komal Vohra. 'Yar'uwarsa Komal, tsohuwar matar mawakin rap [[Raftaar]] ce. == Sana'a == Vohra ya fara wasan kwaikwayo tare da ''[[Zindagi Ki Mehek]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rutter |first=Karen |date=2019-04-09 |title=Mehek on Zee World |url=https://weekendspecial.co.za/mehek-on-zee-world/ |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=WeekendSpecial |language=en-ZA}}</ref> yana nuna Shaurya Khanna daga 2016 zuwa 2018 da Shaurya Ahlawat a 2018 a gaban [[Samiksha Jaiswal]] . <ref name="KVSJ">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2018 |title=Zindagi Ki Mehek to take a leap; here's what you can expect |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/zindagi-ki-mehek-to-take-a-leap-here-s-what-you-can-expect-1245583-2018-05-30 |access-date=30 May 2018 |website=India Today}}</ref> Daga 2018 zuwa 2019, ya nuna Dr. Veer Sahay a ''[[Krishna Chali London]]'' gaban [[Megha Chakraborty]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2u8j163pizyk1x4is5913es4y4geafw 869156 869151 2026-06-27T07:04:09Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Karan Vohra''' jarumin gidan talabijin ne na Indiya. Ya fara fitowa wasan kwaikwayo tare da ''[[Zindagi Ki Mehek]]'' a cikin 2016, yana nuna Shaurya Khanna da Shaurya Singh Ahlawat. An fi saninsa da hoton Dr. Veer Sahay a ''[[Krishna Chali London]]'', Atharv Rana a cikin ''[[Imlie]]'' da Aryaman Bundela a ''Main Hoon Saath Tere'' . == Farko da rayuwar mutum == An haifi Vohra kuma ya girma a [[Delhi]] . Yana da 'yan'uwa biyu masu suna Kunal Vohra da Komal Vohra. 'Yar'uwarsa Komal, tsohuwar matar mawakin rap [[Raftaar]] ce. == Sana'a == Vohra ya fara wasan kwaikwayo tare da ''[[Zindagi Ki Mehek]]'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rutter |first=Karen |date=2019-04-09 |title=Mehek on Zee World |url=https://weekendspecial.co.za/mehek-on-zee-world/ |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=WeekendSpecial |language=en-ZA}}</ref> yana nuna Shaurya Khanna daga 2016 zuwa 2018 da Shaurya Ahlawat a 2018 a gaban [[Samiksha Jaiswal]] . <ref name="KVSJ">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2018 |title=Zindagi Ki Mehek to take a leap; here's what you can expect |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/zindagi-ki-mehek-to-take-a-leap-here-s-what-you-can-expect-1245583-2018-05-30 |access-date=30 May 2018 |website=India Today}}</ref> Daga 2018 zuwa 2019, ya nuna Dr. Veer Sahay a ''[[Krishna Chali London]]'' gaban [[Megha Chakraborty]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lywspqhndhwcp4zeueoy73sdebaokp3 0 159958 869152 2026-06-27T07:01:55Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358326269|Lal Baadshah]]" 869152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Lal Baadshah''''' ( transl. Red King ) [[Action film|fim]] ne na [[Harshen Hindu|Indiya]] da aka yi a shekarar 1999 wanda [[K. C. Bokadia|KC Bokadia]] ya jagoranta, wanda [[Amitabh Bachchan]] ya fito a cikin fim biyu, [[Raghuvaran]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Shilpa Shetty]] da [[Amrish Puri]] . [[Nirupa Roy]] ita ma ta fito a fim ɗinta na ƙarshe inda ta fito a matsayin mahaifiyar Bachchan. An fitar da wannan fim a lokacin da Bachchan ya fara raguwa kuma ya gaza a harkar tallan fim. Duk da haka, saboda kwarjinin Bachchan, wanda ya taka rawar gwarzo mai magana da Bihari, fim ɗin ya shahara a cikin fina-finan Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] da [[Bihar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: The review of K C Bokadia's Lal Badshah |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/06lal.htm |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> == Labari == Lal Singh yana zaune tare da mahaifiyarsa a wani ƙaramin [[Basadi|gidan basti]] a Mumbai kuma ya girma tare da talakawa da mabukata. Mutanen da yake zaune a cikinsu suna kiransa Lal Badshah. Lal mutum ne mai taimako sosai kuma yana cikin mawuyacin hali na yaƙi da aikata laifuka. A cikin wannan birni ne Vikram Singh yake zaune, wanda aka fi sani da Vicky Baadshah, wanda shine Don na birnin kuma koyaushe yana fafatawa da Lal Baadshah. Vicky ɗan Dayal Singh ne, wanda ke zaune nesa da Mumbai a cikin wani gidan sarauta. Vicky da ɗan'uwansa Ajit Singh, wani jami'in 'yan sanda mai cin hanci da rashawa, suna son su mulki birnin. [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] kexwwdq5wz9z6disn9o5imt1dls47lg 869153 869152 2026-06-27T07:02:28Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Lal Baadshah''''' ( transl. Red King ) [[Action film|fim]] ne na [[Harshen Hindu|Indiya]] da aka yi a shekarar 1999 wanda [[K. C. Bokadia|KC Bokadia]] ya jagoranta, wanda [[Amitabh Bachchan]] ya fito a cikin fim biyu, [[Raghuvaran]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Shilpa Shetty]] da [[Amrish Puri]] . [[Nirupa Roy]] ita ma ta fito a fim ɗinta na ƙarshe inda ta fito a matsayin mahaifiyar Bachchan. An fitar da wannan fim a lokacin da Bachchan ya fara raguwa kuma ya gaza a harkar tallan fim. Duk da haka, saboda kwarjinin Bachchan, wanda ya taka rawar gwarzo mai magana da Bihari, fim ɗin ya shahara a cikin fina-finan Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] da [[Bihar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: The review of K C Bokadia's Lal Badshah |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/06lal.htm |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> == Labari == Lal Singh yana zaune tare da mahaifiyarsa a wani ƙaramin [[Basadi|gidan basti]] a Mumbai kuma ya girma tare da talakawa da mabukata. Mutanen da yake zaune a cikinsu suna kiransa Lal Badshah. Lal mutum ne mai taimako sosai kuma yana cikin mawuyacin hali na yaƙi da aikata laifuka. A cikin wannan birni ne Vikram Singh yake zaune, wanda aka fi sani da Vicky Baadshah, wanda shine Don na birnin kuma koyaushe yana fafatawa da Lal Baadshah. Vicky ɗan Dayal Singh ne, wanda ke zaune nesa da Mumbai a cikin wani gidan sarauta. Vicky da ɗan'uwansa Ajit Singh, wani jami'in 'yan sanda mai cin hanci da rashawa, suna son su mulki birnin. ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] g9n4bfj9gyssbwcbqweyqc33ujozjzp 869155 869153 2026-06-27T07:03:40Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Lal Baadshah''''' ( transl. Red King ) [[Action film|fim]] ne na [[Harshen Hindu|Indiya]] da aka yi a shekarar 1999 wanda [[K. C. Bokadia|KC Bokadia]] ya jagoranta, wanda [[Amitabh Bachchan]] ya fito a cikin fim biyu, [[Raghuvaran]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Shilpa Shetty]] da [[Amrish Puri]] . [[Nirupa Roy]] ita ma ta fito a fim ɗinta na ƙarshe inda ta fito a matsayin mahaifiyar Bachchan. An fitar da wannan fim a lokacin da Bachchan ya fara raguwa kuma ya gaza a harkar tallan fim. Duk da haka, saboda kwarjinin Bachchan, wanda ya taka rawar gwarzo mai magana da Bihari, fim ɗin ya shahara a cikin fina-finan Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] da [[Bihar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: The review of K C Bokadia's Lal Badshah |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/06lal.htm |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> == Labari == Lal Singh yana zaune tare da mahaifiyarsa a wani ƙaramin [[Basadi|gidan basti]] a Mumbai kuma ya girma tare da talakawa da mabukata. Mutanen da yake zaune a cikinsu suna kiransa Lal Badshah. Lal mutum ne mai taimako sosai kuma yana cikin mawuyacin hali na yaƙi da aikata laifuka. A cikin wannan birni ne Vikram Singh yake zaune, wanda aka fi sani da Vicky Baadshah, wanda shine Don na birnin kuma koyaushe yana fafatawa da Lal Baadshah. Vicky ɗan Dayal Singh ne, wanda ke zaune nesa da Mumbai a cikin wani gidan sarauta. Vicky da ɗan'uwansa Ajit Singh, wani jami'in 'yan sanda mai cin hanci da rashawa, suna son su mulki birnin. ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] fuffv9993qrsq3xa887xwelfy1nyk7s 0 159959 869159 2026-06-27T07:06:55Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342321618|Kishen Kanhaiya]]" 869159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Kishen Kanhaiya''''' [[Action comedy film|fim ne na barkwanci]] na Indiya na [[Harshen Hindu|Indiya]] wanda [[Rakesh Roshan]] ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1990. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin jaruman [[Anil Kapoor]] (a cikin rawar biyu), [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] da [[Madhuri Dixit]] . Fim ɗin ya yi nasara a fannin kasuwanci kuma ya zama fim na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi [[Bollywood|a Bollywood]] a wannan shekarar. <ref name="q509">{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |date=22 February 2025 |title=This superhit film rejected by Amitabh Bachchan made Anil Kapoor a star, made on budget of only Rs 2 crores, it earned Rs.., lead actress was.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-superhit-film-kishen-kanhaiya-rejected-by-amitabh-bachchan-made-anil-kapoor-a-star-made-on-budget-of-only-rs-2-crores-it-earned-rs-lead-actress-madhuri-dixit-was-3134553 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=DNA India}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] nafsjy9oweq1c6sdbhzx73kb8zjaliy 869160 869159 2026-06-27T07:07:13Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342321618|Kishen Kanhaiya]]" 869160 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Kishen Kanhaiya''''' [[Action comedy film|fim ne na barkwanci]] na Indiya na [[Harshen Hindu|Indiya]] wanda [[Rakesh Roshan]] ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1990. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin jaruman [[Anil Kapoor]] (a cikin rawar biyu), [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] da [[Madhuri Dixit]] . Fim ɗin ya yi nasara a fannin kasuwanci kuma ya zama fim na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi [[Bollywood|a Bollywood]] a wannan shekarar. <ref name="q509">{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |date=22 February 2025 |title=This superhit film rejected by Amitabh Bachchan made Anil Kapoor a star, made on budget of only Rs 2 crores, it earned Rs.., lead actress was.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-superhit-film-kishen-kanhaiya-rejected-by-amitabh-bachchan-made-anil-kapoor-a-star-made-on-budget-of-only-rs-2-crores-it-earned-rs-lead-actress-madhuri-dixit-was-3134553 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=DNA India}}</ref> == Labari == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] plhnynu3wlohc0rtsyim72qbynaglqr 869161 869160 2026-06-27T07:07:55Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342321618|Kishen Kanhaiya]]" 869161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Kishen Kanhaiya''''' [[Action comedy film|fim ne na barkwanci]] na Indiya na [[Harshen Hindu|Indiya]] wanda [[Rakesh Roshan]] ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1990. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin jaruman [[Anil Kapoor]] (a cikin rawar biyu), [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] da [[Madhuri Dixit]] . Fim ɗin ya yi nasara a fannin kasuwanci kuma ya zama fim na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi [[Bollywood|a Bollywood]] a wannan shekarar. <ref name="q509">{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |date=22 February 2025 |title=This superhit film rejected by Amitabh Bachchan made Anil Kapoor a star, made on budget of only Rs 2 crores, it earned Rs.., lead actress was.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-superhit-film-kishen-kanhaiya-rejected-by-amitabh-bachchan-made-anil-kapoor-a-star-made-on-budget-of-only-rs-2-crores-it-earned-rs-lead-actress-madhuri-dixit-was-3134553 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=DNA India}}</ref> == Labari == Leela da Bholaram ma'aurata ne marasa 'ya'ya. Leela ungozoma ce ga wasu ma'aurata masu arziki (Sunder Das), kuma tana taimaka wa matar Sunder wajen naƙuda da haihuwa. Matarsa ta haifi 'ya'ya maza tagwaye, amma akwai matsaloli ga mahaifiyar, kuma ta mutu ba tare da ganin 'ya'yanta ba. Leela, bayan ta fahimci cewa mahaifin ba zai iya kula da 'ya'yan biyu ba, ta yanke shawarar riƙe jariri ɗaya don kanta. Yayin da Bholaram ke cikin damuwa game da gano matsalar da kuma magance sakamakon Sunder saboda ɗaukar ɗansa, daga ƙarshe ya yarda da matarsa. Sun gabatar wa Sunder da labarai masu daɗi da marasa daɗi, cewa matarsa ta haifi ɗa, amma yanzu shi ma ya zama bazawara. [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 1j4an5t89xw7hff0twykfmmctvwygoi 869162 869161 2026-06-27T07:08:30Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342321618|Kishen Kanhaiya]]" 869162 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Kishen Kanhaiya''''' [[Action comedy film|fim ne na barkwanci]] na Indiya na [[Harshen Hindu|Indiya]] wanda [[Rakesh Roshan]] ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1990. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin jaruman [[Anil Kapoor]] (a cikin rawar biyu), [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] da [[Madhuri Dixit]] . Fim ɗin ya yi nasara a fannin kasuwanci kuma ya zama fim na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi [[Bollywood|a Bollywood]] a wannan shekarar. <ref name="q509">{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |date=22 February 2025 |title=This superhit film rejected by Amitabh Bachchan made Anil Kapoor a star, made on budget of only Rs 2 crores, it earned Rs.., lead actress was.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-superhit-film-kishen-kanhaiya-rejected-by-amitabh-bachchan-made-anil-kapoor-a-star-made-on-budget-of-only-rs-2-crores-it-earned-rs-lead-actress-madhuri-dixit-was-3134553 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=DNA India}}</ref> == Labari == Leela da Bholaram ma'aurata ne marasa 'ya'ya. Leela ungozoma ce ga wasu ma'aurata masu arziki (Sunder Das), kuma tana taimaka wa matar Sunder wajen naƙuda da haihuwa. Matarsa ta haifi 'ya'ya maza tagwaye, amma akwai matsaloli ga mahaifiyar, kuma ta mutu ba tare da ganin 'ya'yanta ba. Leela, bayan ta fahimci cewa mahaifin ba zai iya kula da 'ya'yan biyu ba, ta yanke shawarar riƙe jariri ɗaya don kanta. Yayin da Bholaram ke cikin damuwa game da gano matsalar da kuma magance sakamakon Sunder saboda ɗaukar ɗansa, daga ƙarshe ya yarda da matarsa. Sun gabatar wa Sunder da labarai masu daɗi da marasa daɗi, cewa matarsa ta haifi ɗa, amma yanzu shi ma ya zama bazawara. Sunder ya yi ƙoƙarin renon Kishen cikin kwanciyar hankali, amma bai iya zama iyaye nagari ba saboda baƙin ciki. Ya yanke shawarar auren Kamini, wanda ake tsammanin zai taimaka masa ya renon Kishan, amma kuma tana da ɗan'uwa - Gendamal. Ya zo tare da ɗanta mai suna Mahesh, wanda aka haifa ba tare da aure ba, don su zauna tare da ita a sabon gidanta. Da Sunder ya ji labarin hakan, ya yi fushi da ba a bayyana masa ba kafin auren kuma ya kamu da ciwon zuciya saboda damuwa. Yayin da yake fama da wannan ciwon, Gendamal ya yi amfani da damar ya sa shi "haɗari sakamakon bugun zuciya" wanda ya haifar da Sunder ya zama gurgu kuma ya ɗan yi shiru. Kamini da Gendamal sun renon Kishen da cin zarafi da tsoratarwa da yawa, yayin da Sunder ba zai iya kallonsa ba tare da bege ba. Duk da cewa ya sa Kishan ya ji rauni da jin kunya, ya ci gaba da zama mai kirki da ƙauna. Ba shi da ilimi don ya iya yin abin da suke so a makance kuma ya sami abin da suke buƙata daga gare shi don ya ci gaba da riƙe muƙamin mulki. [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] jiqc4jsbk5k5ouzpxpkxrkko4k7ztyp 869163 869162 2026-06-27T07:08:58Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342321618|Kishen Kanhaiya]]" 869163 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Kishen Kanhaiya''''' [[Action comedy film|fim ne na barkwanci]] na Indiya na [[Harshen Hindu|Indiya]] wanda [[Rakesh Roshan]] ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1990. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin jaruman [[Anil Kapoor]] (a cikin rawar biyu), [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] da [[Madhuri Dixit]] . Fim ɗin ya yi nasara a fannin kasuwanci kuma ya zama fim na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi [[Bollywood|a Bollywood]] a wannan shekarar. <ref name="q509">{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |date=22 February 2025 |title=This superhit film rejected by Amitabh Bachchan made Anil Kapoor a star, made on budget of only Rs 2 crores, it earned Rs.., lead actress was.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-superhit-film-kishen-kanhaiya-rejected-by-amitabh-bachchan-made-anil-kapoor-a-star-made-on-budget-of-only-rs-2-crores-it-earned-rs-lead-actress-madhuri-dixit-was-3134553 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=DNA India}}</ref> == Labari == Leela da Bholaram ma'aurata ne marasa 'ya'ya. Leela ungozoma ce ga wasu ma'aurata masu arziki (Sunder Das), kuma tana taimaka wa matar Sunder wajen naƙuda da haihuwa. Matarsa ta haifi 'ya'ya maza tagwaye, amma akwai matsaloli ga mahaifiyar, kuma ta mutu ba tare da ganin 'ya'yanta ba. Leela, bayan ta fahimci cewa mahaifin ba zai iya kula da 'ya'yan biyu ba, ta yanke shawarar riƙe jariri ɗaya don kanta. Yayin da Bholaram ke cikin damuwa game da gano matsalar da kuma magance sakamakon Sunder saboda ɗaukar ɗansa, daga ƙarshe ya yarda da matarsa. Sun gabatar wa Sunder da labarai masu daɗi da marasa daɗi, cewa matarsa ta haifi ɗa, amma yanzu shi ma ya zama bazawara. Sunder ya yi ƙoƙarin renon Kishen cikin kwanciyar hankali, amma bai iya zama iyaye nagari ba saboda baƙin ciki. Ya yanke shawarar auren Kamini, wanda ake tsammanin zai taimaka masa ya renon Kishan, amma kuma tana da ɗan'uwa - Gendamal. Ya zo tare da ɗanta mai suna Mahesh, wanda aka haifa ba tare da aure ba, don su zauna tare da ita a sabon gidanta. Da Sunder ya ji labarin hakan, ya yi fushi da ba a bayyana masa ba kafin auren kuma ya kamu da ciwon zuciya saboda damuwa. Yayin da yake fama da wannan ciwon, Gendamal ya yi amfani da damar ya sa shi "haɗari sakamakon bugun zuciya" wanda ya haifar da Sunder ya zama gurgu kuma ya ɗan yi shiru. Kamini da Gendamal sun renon Kishen da cin zarafi da tsoratarwa da yawa, yayin da Sunder ba zai iya kallonsa ba tare da bege ba. Duk da cewa ya sa Kishan ya ji rauni da jin kunya, ya ci gaba da zama mai kirki da ƙauna. Ba shi da ilimi don ya iya yin abin da suke so a makance kuma ya sami abin da suke buƙata daga gare shi don ya ci gaba da riƙe muƙamin mulki. .Leela da Bholaram sun haifi Kanhaiya, a wani yanki na yankin, tare da ɗan ƙaramin salon rayuwa. An rene Kanhaiya a matsayin saurayi mai wayo a kan titi, mai tauri, mai wayo, kuma mai son fina-finai. Ba da daɗewa ba ya haɗu da wata yarinya, Anju, wacce take son fina-finai daidai gwargwado kuma mai kuɗi, kuma mai kulawa. Abu ɗaya da ke haɗa 'yan'uwan shine dangantakarsu ta biyu. Idan ɗaya ya ji rauni, ya ji rauni ko rashin lafiya, ɗayan ma zai iya jin zafi. Bholaram ne kawai ya haɗa wannan haɗin a wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin labarin [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] a8n9qz2zn8kthntgu4k6uf5cio0tx7i 869164 869163 2026-06-27T07:09:54Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342321618|Kishen Kanhaiya]]" 869164 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Kishen Kanhaiya''''' [[Action comedy film|fim ne na barkwanci]] na Indiya na [[Harshen Hindu|Indiya]] wanda [[Rakesh Roshan]] ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1990. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin jaruman [[Anil Kapoor]] (a cikin rawar biyu), [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] da [[Madhuri Dixit]] . Fim ɗin ya yi nasara a fannin kasuwanci kuma ya zama fim na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi [[Bollywood|a Bollywood]] a wannan shekarar. <ref name="q509">{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |date=22 February 2025 |title=This superhit film rejected by Amitabh Bachchan made Anil Kapoor a star, made on budget of only Rs 2 crores, it earned Rs.., lead actress was.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-superhit-film-kishen-kanhaiya-rejected-by-amitabh-bachchan-made-anil-kapoor-a-star-made-on-budget-of-only-rs-2-crores-it-earned-rs-lead-actress-madhuri-dixit-was-3134553 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=DNA India}}</ref> == Labari == Leela da Bholaram ma'aurata ne marasa 'ya'ya. Leela ungozoma ce ga wasu ma'aurata masu arziki (Sunder Das), kuma tana taimaka wa matar Sunder wajen naƙuda da haihuwa. Matarsa ta haifi 'ya'ya maza tagwaye, amma akwai matsaloli ga mahaifiyar, kuma ta mutu ba tare da ganin 'ya'yanta ba. Leela, bayan ta fahimci cewa mahaifin ba zai iya kula da 'ya'yan biyu ba, ta yanke shawarar riƙe jariri ɗaya don kanta. Yayin da Bholaram ke cikin damuwa game da gano matsalar da kuma magance sakamakon Sunder saboda ɗaukar ɗansa, daga ƙarshe ya yarda da matarsa. Sun gabatar wa Sunder da labarai masu daɗi da marasa daɗi, cewa matarsa ta haifi ɗa, amma yanzu shi ma ya zama bazawara. Sunder ya yi ƙoƙarin renon Kishen cikin kwanciyar hankali, amma bai iya zama iyaye nagari ba saboda baƙin ciki. Ya yanke shawarar auren Kamini, wanda ake tsammanin zai taimaka masa ya renon Kishan, amma kuma tana da ɗan'uwa - Gendamal. Ya zo tare da ɗanta mai suna Mahesh, wanda aka haifa ba tare da aure ba, don su zauna tare da ita a sabon gidanta. Da Sunder ya ji labarin hakan, ya yi fushi da ba a bayyana masa ba kafin auren kuma ya kamu da ciwon zuciya saboda damuwa. Yayin da yake fama da wannan ciwon, Gendamal ya yi amfani da damar ya sa shi "haɗari sakamakon bugun zuciya" wanda ya haifar da Sunder ya zama gurgu kuma ya ɗan yi shiru. Kamini da Gendamal sun renon Kishen da cin zarafi da tsoratarwa da yawa, yayin da Sunder ba zai iya kallonsa ba tare da bege ba. Duk da cewa ya sa Kishan ya ji rauni da jin kunya, ya ci gaba da zama mai kirki da ƙauna. Ba shi da ilimi don ya iya yin abin da suke so a makance kuma ya sami abin da suke buƙata daga gare shi don ya ci gaba da riƙe muƙamin mulki. .Leela da Bholaram sun haifi Kanhaiya, a wani yanki na yankin, tare da ɗan ƙaramin salon rayuwa. An rene Kanhaiya a matsayin saurayi mai wayo a kan titi, mai tauri, mai wayo, kuma mai son fina-finai. Ba da daɗewa ba ya haɗu da wata yarinya, Anju, wacce take son fina-finai daidai gwargwado kuma mai kuɗi, kuma mai kulawa. Abu ɗaya da ke haɗa 'yan'uwan shine dangantakarsu ta biyu. Idan ɗaya ya ji rauni, ya ji rauni ko rashin lafiya, ɗayan ma zai iya jin zafi. Bholaram ne kawai ya haɗa wannan haɗin a wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin labarin == Waƙar Sauti == <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>Waƙar ta ƙunshi waƙoƙi shida. [[Rajesh Roshan]] ne ya tsara waƙar, tare da rubuta waƙoƙin [[Indeevar]] da [[Anwar Sagar]] . Kundin ya haɗa da waƙoƙin da manyan mawaƙa kamar [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Manhar Udhas]] da [[Nitin Mukesh]] suka rera. [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 5ltk9e7lkiavsp36sqjlv1xrd6i52iw 869165 869164 2026-06-27T07:10:59Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 869165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Kishen Kanhaiya''''' [[Action comedy film|fim ne na barkwanci]] na Indiya na [[Harshen Hindu|Indiya]] wanda [[Rakesh Roshan]] ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1990. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin jaruman [[Anil Kapoor]] (a cikin rawar biyu), [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] da [[Madhuri Dixit]] . Fim ɗin ya yi nasara a fannin kasuwanci kuma ya zama fim na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi [[Bollywood|a Bollywood]] a wannan shekarar. <ref name="q509">{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |date=22 February 2025 |title=This superhit film rejected by Amitabh Bachchan made Anil Kapoor a star, made on budget of only Rs 2 crores, it earned Rs.., lead actress was.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-superhit-film-kishen-kanhaiya-rejected-by-amitabh-bachchan-made-anil-kapoor-a-star-made-on-budget-of-only-rs-2-crores-it-earned-rs-lead-actress-madhuri-dixit-was-3134553 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=DNA India}}</ref> == Labari == Leela da Bholaram ma'aurata ne marasa 'ya'ya. Leela ungozoma ce ga wasu ma'aurata masu arziki (Sunder Das), kuma tana taimaka wa matar Sunder wajen naƙuda da haihuwa. Matarsa ta haifi 'ya'ya maza tagwaye, amma akwai matsaloli ga mahaifiyar, kuma ta mutu ba tare da ganin 'ya'yanta ba. Leela, bayan ta fahimci cewa mahaifin ba zai iya kula da 'ya'yan biyu ba, ta yanke shawarar riƙe jariri ɗaya don kanta. Yayin da Bholaram ke cikin damuwa game da gano matsalar da kuma magance sakamakon Sunder saboda ɗaukar ɗansa, daga ƙarshe ya yarda da matarsa. Sun gabatar wa Sunder da labarai masu daɗi da marasa daɗi, cewa matarsa ta haifi ɗa, amma yanzu shi ma ya zama bazawara. Sunder ya yi ƙoƙarin renon Kishen cikin kwanciyar hankali, amma bai iya zama iyaye nagari ba saboda baƙin ciki. Ya yanke shawarar auren Kamini, wanda ake tsammanin zai taimaka masa ya renon Kishan, amma kuma tana da ɗan'uwa - Gendamal. Ya zo tare da ɗanta mai suna Mahesh, wanda aka haifa ba tare da aure ba, don su zauna tare da ita a sabon gidanta. Da Sunder ya ji labarin hakan, ya yi fushi da ba a bayyana masa ba kafin auren kuma ya kamu da ciwon zuciya saboda damuwa. Yayin da yake fama da wannan ciwon, Gendamal ya yi amfani da damar ya sa shi "haɗari sakamakon bugun zuciya" wanda ya haifar da Sunder ya zama gurgu kuma ya ɗan yi shiru. Kamini da Gendamal sun renon Kishen da cin zarafi da tsoratarwa da yawa, yayin da Sunder ba zai iya kallonsa ba tare da bege ba. Duk da cewa ya sa Kishan ya ji rauni da jin kunya, ya ci gaba da zama mai kirki da ƙauna. Ba shi da ilimi don ya iya yin abin da suke so a makance kuma ya sami abin da suke buƙata daga gare shi don ya ci gaba da riƙe muƙamin mulki. .Leela da Bholaram sun haifi Kanhaiya, a wani yanki na yankin, tare da ɗan ƙaramin salon rayuwa. An rene Kanhaiya a matsayin saurayi mai wayo a kan titi, mai tauri, mai wayo, kuma mai son fina-finai. Ba da daɗewa ba ya haɗu da wata yarinya, Anju, wacce take son fina-finai daidai gwargwado kuma mai kuɗi, kuma mai kulawa. Abu ɗaya da ke haɗa 'yan'uwan shine dangantakarsu ta biyu. Idan ɗaya ya ji rauni, ya ji rauni ko rashin lafiya, ɗayan ma zai iya jin zafi. Bholaram ne kawai ya haɗa wannan haɗin a wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin labarin == Waƙar Sauti == <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>Waƙar ta ƙunshi waƙoƙi shida. [[Rajesh Roshan]] ne ya tsara waƙar, tare da rubuta waƙoƙin [[Indeevar]] da [[Anwar Sagar]] . Kundin ya haɗa da waƙoƙin da manyan mawaƙa kamar [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Manhar Udhas]] da [[Nitin Mukesh]] suka rera. ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 5nm8tqirwnfgpo6196grljcgbh1dkpu 2 159960 869167 2026-06-27T07:22:06Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 Sabon shafi: Sunana Umar Rabiu cikakken Bahaushe kuma edita na Hausa Wikipedians UserGroup Katsina. 869167 wikitext text/x-wiki Sunana Umar Rabiu cikakken Bahaushe kuma edita na Hausa Wikipedians UserGroup Katsina. l6fj8l5hhp6k0tvi4hbg0ppib9muq49 0 159961 869176 2026-06-27T07:44:41Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: '''Gidauniyar H2O Africa''' wata ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta ce (NGO) wadda Matt Damon ya kafa don faɗakar da mutane game da ayyukan samar da tabbataccen ruwa mai tsafta a Afirka. Tana ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen balaguro da fim ɗin gaskiya na Running the Sahara wanda Damon, James Moll, LivePlanet, da Independent Producers Alliance suka ɗauki nauyi. A cikin watan Yulin 2009, Gidauniyar H2O Africa ta haɗe da WaterPartners don kafa Water.org, ƙungiyar da Matt Damon da Gary... 869176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidauniyar H2O Africa''' wata ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta ce (NGO) wadda Matt Damon ya kafa don faɗakar da mutane game da ayyukan samar da tabbataccen ruwa mai tsafta a Afirka. Tana ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen balaguro da fim ɗin gaskiya na Running the Sahara wanda Damon, James Moll, LivePlanet, da Independent Producers Alliance suka ɗauki nauyi. A cikin watan Yulin 2009, Gidauniyar H2O Africa ta haɗe da WaterPartners don kafa Water.org, ƙungiyar da Matt Damon da Gary White na WaterPartners suka haɗa gwiwa wajen kafawa.<ref>[http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/07/15/waterpartners-actor-damon-create-waterorg/ Damon joins K.C. organization to provide for developing communities] {{Webarchive|url=https://arfhive.today/20120728145108/http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/07/15/waterpartners-actor-damon-create-waterorg/ |date=2012-07-28 }} AP, July 15, 2009</ref> == Tarihi == Lokacin da Matt Damon da abokan aikinsa na shirye-shirye Marc Joubert, Larry Tanz, da Keith Quinn suka fara aiki a kan tsara balaguro da fim don Running the Sahara, Damon ya sami dabarar ƙaddamar da wani shiri na sadaka. An ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a cikin bazaran shekara ta 2006, kuma an ɗauki Richard Klopp a matsayin babban darektan ƙaddamarwa.<ref>[http://afchive.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2006/09/12/damon_spices_up_fund_raiser/ Damon spices up fund-raiser - The Boston Globe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Lokacin da mai kuɗaɗen fim na IPA ya shigo cikin shirin, an sanya wa gidauniyar suna a hukumance H2O Africa kuma an sanar da ita a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2006 yayin taron ONEXONE a bikin Fim na Duniya na Toronto.<ref>[http://www.globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php Actor Matt Damon aims to create public awareness of the water crisis with H2O Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20071011121832/http://globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php |date=2007-10-11 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> An kafa ta ne azaman reshen sadaka na aikin fim ɗin Running the Sahara, da nufin tara kuɗi da faɗakarwa ga ƙungiyoyi irin su Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) Clean Water Initiative, Living Water International, da aikin Millennium Promise. A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2007, H2O Africa ta sanar da sabon haɗin gwiwa da Gidauniyar Ryan's Well.<ref>[http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm Ryan's Well Foundation and the H2O Africa Foundation Announce Partnership for Clean Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070824175320/http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm |date=2007-08-24 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.positivenews.org.uk/artman/publish/article_1238.shtml Ryan's Well and H2O Africa Join Forces For Clean Water] retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> == Ayyuka == {{update-section|date=October 2014}} H2O Africa ta kasance da hannu a cikin ayyuka kamar haka: * '''Shirin Matasan Duniya Domin Tsaftataccen Ruwa''': H2O Africa tana taimaka wa Gidauniyar Ryan's Well wajen tara kuɗi don wannan aikin ta hanyar ninka duk wani tallafi da aka bayar dala-da-dala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |title=H2O Africa Partnership Project |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070827002639/http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |archive-date=2007-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manufar wannan aikin ita ce inganta lafiya, jin daɗi, da tsafta a makarantu 15 zuwa 20 a gundumomin Lira da Oyam a yankin Lango na ƙasar Uganda. Bugu da ƙari, aikin zai kuma ba da horo kan tsaftar muhalli a makarantu 90 a gundumomin biyu, gyarawa ko gina wuraren samar da ruwa mai tsafta guda 25, da kuma gina banɗaki na zamani (VIP latrines) guda 10. Ana sa ran za a fara ginin a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2007. * '''Route Nations''': H2O Africa, tare da haɗin gwiwar Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), suna gina hasumiyar ruwa da famfunan ruwa guda biyu a ƙauyen Néré Walo, ƙasar Mauritania.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |title=Project Update - Route Nations |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.frchive.org/web/20070718210710/http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |archive-date=2007-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agusta 2007, an kusan kammala aikin. f8h78xlpqg0lg1crv8xte5h7ip34nm3 869178 869176 2026-06-27T07:45:08Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ayyuka */ 869178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidauniyar H2O Africa''' wata ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta ce (NGO) wadda Matt Damon ya kafa don faɗakar da mutane game da ayyukan samar da tabbataccen ruwa mai tsafta a Afirka. Tana ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen balaguro da fim ɗin gaskiya na Running the Sahara wanda Damon, James Moll, LivePlanet, da Independent Producers Alliance suka ɗauki nauyi. A cikin watan Yulin 2009, Gidauniyar H2O Africa ta haɗe da WaterPartners don kafa Water.org, ƙungiyar da Matt Damon da Gary White na WaterPartners suka haɗa gwiwa wajen kafawa.<ref>[http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/07/15/waterpartners-actor-damon-create-waterorg/ Damon joins K.C. organization to provide for developing communities] {{Webarchive|url=https://arfhive.today/20120728145108/http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/07/15/waterpartners-actor-damon-create-waterorg/ |date=2012-07-28 }} AP, July 15, 2009</ref> == Tarihi == Lokacin da Matt Damon da abokan aikinsa na shirye-shirye Marc Joubert, Larry Tanz, da Keith Quinn suka fara aiki a kan tsara balaguro da fim don Running the Sahara, Damon ya sami dabarar ƙaddamar da wani shiri na sadaka. An ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a cikin bazaran shekara ta 2006, kuma an ɗauki Richard Klopp a matsayin babban darektan ƙaddamarwa.<ref>[http://afchive.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2006/09/12/damon_spices_up_fund_raiser/ Damon spices up fund-raiser - The Boston Globe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Lokacin da mai kuɗaɗen fim na IPA ya shigo cikin shirin, an sanya wa gidauniyar suna a hukumance H2O Africa kuma an sanar da ita a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2006 yayin taron ONEXONE a bikin Fim na Duniya na Toronto.<ref>[http://www.globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php Actor Matt Damon aims to create public awareness of the water crisis with H2O Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20071011121832/http://globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php |date=2007-10-11 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> An kafa ta ne azaman reshen sadaka na aikin fim ɗin Running the Sahara, da nufin tara kuɗi da faɗakarwa ga ƙungiyoyi irin su Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) Clean Water Initiative, Living Water International, da aikin Millennium Promise. A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2007, H2O Africa ta sanar da sabon haɗin gwiwa da Gidauniyar Ryan's Well.<ref>[http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm Ryan's Well Foundation and the H2O Africa Foundation Announce Partnership for Clean Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070824175320/http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm |date=2007-08-24 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.positivenews.org.uk/artman/publish/article_1238.shtml Ryan's Well and H2O Africa Join Forces For Clean Water] retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> == Ayyuka == {{update-section|date=October 2014}} H2O Africa ta kasance da hannu a cikin ayyuka kamar haka: * '''Shirin Matasan Duniya Domin Tsaftataccen Ruwa''': H2O Africa tana taimaka wa Gidauniyar Ryan's Well wajen tara kuɗi don wannan aikin ta hanyar ninka duk wani tallafi da aka bayar dala-da-dala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |title=H2O Africa Partnership Project |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070827002639/http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |archive-date=2007-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manufar wannan aikin ita ce inganta lafiya, jin daɗi, da tsafta a makarantu 15 zuwa 20 a gundumomin Lira da Oyam a yankin Lango na ƙasar Uganda. Bugu da ƙari, aikin zai kuma ba da horo kan tsaftar muhalli a makarantu 90 a gundumomin biyu, gyarawa ko gina wuraren samar da ruwa mai tsafta guda 25, da kuma gina banɗaki na zamani (VIP latrines) guda 10. Ana sa ran za a fara ginin a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2007. * '''Route Nations''': H2O Africa, tare da haɗin gwiwar Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), suna gina hasumiyar ruwa da famfunan ruwa guda biyu a ƙauyen Néré Walo, ƙasar Mauritania.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |title=Project Update - Route Nations |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.frchive.org/web/20070718210710/http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |archive-date=2007-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agusta 2007, an kusan kammala aikin. * '''Kauyen Millennium''': H2O Africa tana haɗin gwiwa da Millennium Promise don tara kuɗi don aikin Millennium Village a Timbuktu, ƙasar Mali. Aikin ya ƙunshi haɓaka shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don inganta tattalin arzikin gida a fannoni kamar makamashi da ababen more rayuwa, ayyukan samar da abinci mai gina jiki, da daidaiton jinsi.<ref>[http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions Millennium Promise - Interventions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814002722/http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions |date=2007-08-14 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agusta 2007, aikin ya sami kashi 22% na burin kuɗaɗen da yake buƙata na dala $1,750,000. * '''Aikin Rijiya na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya''': H2O Africa tana haɗuwa da Living Water International don gina sabbin rijiyoyi 20 a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, tare da bayar da tallafin kula da waɗannan rijiyoyin na tsawon shekaru 5. Aikin kuma yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta kulawar al'umma game da albarkatun ruwa a wannan lokacin. H2O Africa ta ware dala $100,000 don aikin, tare da yin alkawarin ninka ƙarin dala $100,000 na tallafin da za a tara. Ƙungiyar ta tara kashi 72% na burin kuɗaɗenta ya zuwa watan Agusta 2007. * '''L'Desh Fresh''': Bayan da miliyoyin mutane a duk faɗin duniya suka neme shi, a ƙarshe ya shigo kasuwar Amurka a shekara ta 2009. Kwayoyin cuta (parasites), alamun fitsari, datti, da arsenic suna aiki tare don samar da dandano na halitta na L'Desh Fresh: Ruwan Sha mafi Inganci na Gaskiya a Duniya. Amma a ina ya ɓoye? Yayin da yake fara fitowa, mutane suna tambayar hakan. Sai dai cewa wasa ne kawai. To, kusan haka yake. Kamfen ɗin L'Desh Fresh an ƙirƙira shi ne ta kamfanin tallace-tallace na Sullivan Higdon & Sink (SHS) wanda ya sami kyaututtuka a Kansas City, don ƙungiyar agaji ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai zaman kanta da ke KC, wato Water.org. Kusan shekaru ashirin, Water.org tana aiki don samar wa mutane a ƙasashe masu tasowa ruwan sha mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. SHS ta tashi tsaye don taimakawa wajen faɗakarwa da tallafawa wannan manufa, kyauta ba tare da biya ba.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} == Abokan haɗin gwiwa na sadaka == * ONEXONE * Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund * ONE Campaign * A Glimmer of Hope Foundation * Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) * Millennium Promise * Gidauniyar Ryan's Well == Duba kuma == * Matt Damon * Running the Sahara * Water.org == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.aglimmerofhope.org A Glimmer of Hope Foundation] * [http://www.h2oafrica.org/ H2O Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070720135346/http://www.water.cc/main.aspx Living Water International] * [http://www.millenniumpromise.org Millennium Promise] * [http://www.onexonecampaign.com OneXOne Campaign] * [http://www.rcgf.org Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070106080221/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/runningthesahara/ Running the Sahara] 98gdp7mcsheux3ir45l7d7ibhzeob96 869179 869178 2026-06-27T07:45:51Z Sirjat 20447 869179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gidauniyar H2O Africa''' wata ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta ce (NGO) wadda Matt Damon ya kafa don faɗakar da mutane game da ayyukan samar da tabbataccen ruwa mai tsafta a Afirka. Tana ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen balaguro da fim ɗin gaskiya na Running the Sahara wanda Damon, James Moll, LivePlanet, da Independent Producers Alliance suka ɗauki nauyi. A cikin watan Yulin 2009, Gidauniyar H2O Africa ta haɗe da WaterPartners don kafa Water.org, ƙungiyar da Matt Damon da Gary White na WaterPartners suka haɗa gwiwa wajen kafawa.<ref>[http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/07/15/waterpartners-actor-damon-create-waterorg/ Damon joins K.C. organization to provide for developing communities] {{Webarchive|url=https://arfhive.today/20120728145108/http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/07/15/waterpartners-actor-damon-create-waterorg/ |date=2012-07-28 }} AP, July 15, 2009</ref> == Tarihi == Lokacin da Matt Damon da abokan aikinsa na shirye-shirye Marc Joubert, Larry Tanz, da Keith Quinn suka fara aiki a kan tsara balaguro da fim don Running the Sahara, Damon ya sami dabarar ƙaddamar da wani shiri na sadaka. An ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a cikin bazaran shekara ta 2006, kuma an ɗauki Richard Klopp a matsayin babban darektan ƙaddamarwa.<ref>[http://afchive.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2006/09/12/damon_spices_up_fund_raiser/ Damon spices up fund-raiser - The Boston Globe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Lokacin da mai kuɗaɗen fim na IPA ya shigo cikin shirin, an sanya wa gidauniyar suna a hukumance H2O Africa kuma an sanar da ita a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2006 yayin taron ONEXONE a bikin Fim na Duniya na Toronto.<ref>[http://www.globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php Actor Matt Damon aims to create public awareness of the water crisis with H2O Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20071011121832/http://globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php |date=2007-10-11 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> An kafa ta ne azaman reshen sadaka na aikin fim ɗin Running the Sahara, da nufin tara kuɗi da faɗakarwa ga ƙungiyoyi irin su Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) Clean Water Initiative, Living Water International, da aikin Millennium Promise. A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2007, H2O Africa ta sanar da sabon haɗin gwiwa da Gidauniyar Ryan's Well.<ref>[http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm Ryan's Well Foundation and the H2O Africa Foundation Announce Partnership for Clean Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070824175320/http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm |date=2007-08-24 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.positivenews.org.uk/artman/publish/article_1238.shtml Ryan's Well and H2O Africa Join Forces For Clean Water] retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> == Ayyuka == {{update-section|date=October 2014}} H2O Africa ta kasance da hannu a cikin ayyuka kamar haka: * '''Shirin Matasan Duniya Domin Tsaftataccen Ruwa''': H2O Africa tana taimaka wa Gidauniyar Ryan's Well wajen tara kuɗi don wannan aikin ta hanyar ninka duk wani tallafi da aka bayar dala-da-dala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |title=H2O Africa Partnership Project |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070827002639/http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |archive-date=2007-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manufar wannan aikin ita ce inganta lafiya, jin daɗi, da tsafta a makarantu 15 zuwa 20 a gundumomin Lira da Oyam a yankin Lango na ƙasar Uganda. Bugu da ƙari, aikin zai kuma ba da horo kan tsaftar muhalli a makarantu 90 a gundumomin biyu, gyarawa ko gina wuraren samar da ruwa mai tsafta guda 25, da kuma gina banɗaki na zamani (VIP latrines) guda 10. Ana sa ran za a fara ginin a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2007. * '''Route Nations''': H2O Africa, tare da haɗin gwiwar Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), suna gina hasumiyar ruwa da famfunan ruwa guda biyu a ƙauyen Néré Walo, ƙasar Mauritania.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |title=Project Update - Route Nations |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.frchive.org/web/20070718210710/http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |archive-date=2007-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agusta 2007, an kusan kammala aikin. * '''Kauyen Millennium''': H2O Africa tana haɗin gwiwa da Millennium Promise don tara kuɗi don aikin Millennium Village a Timbuktu, ƙasar Mali. Aikin ya ƙunshi haɓaka shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don inganta tattalin arzikin gida a fannoni kamar makamashi da ababen more rayuwa, ayyukan samar da abinci mai gina jiki, da daidaiton jinsi.<ref>[http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions Millennium Promise - Interventions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814002722/http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions |date=2007-08-14 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agusta 2007, aikin ya sami kashi 22% na burin kuɗaɗen da yake buƙata na dala $1,750,000. * '''Aikin Rijiya na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya''': H2O Africa tana haɗuwa da Living Water International don gina sabbin rijiyoyi 20 a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, tare da bayar da tallafin kula da waɗannan rijiyoyin na tsawon shekaru 5. Aikin kuma yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta kulawar al'umma game da albarkatun ruwa a wannan lokacin. H2O Africa ta ware dala $100,000 don aikin, tare da yin alkawarin ninka ƙarin dala $100,000 na tallafin da za a tara. Ƙungiyar ta tara kashi 72% na burin kuɗaɗenta ya zuwa watan Agusta 2007. * '''L'Desh Fresh''': Bayan da miliyoyin mutane a duk faɗin duniya suka neme shi, a ƙarshe ya shigo kasuwar Amurka a shekara ta 2009. Kwayoyin cuta (parasites), alamun fitsari, datti, da arsenic suna aiki tare don samar da dandano na halitta na L'Desh Fresh: Ruwan Sha mafi Inganci na Gaskiya a Duniya. Amma a ina ya ɓoye? Yayin da yake fara fitowa, mutane suna tambayar hakan. Sai dai cewa wasa ne kawai. To, kusan haka yake. Kamfen ɗin L'Desh Fresh an ƙirƙira shi ne ta kamfanin tallace-tallace na Sullivan Higdon & Sink (SHS) wanda ya sami kyaututtuka a Kansas City, don ƙungiyar agaji ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai zaman kanta da ke KC, wato Water.org. Kusan shekaru ashirin, Water.org tana aiki don samar wa mutane a ƙasashe masu tasowa ruwan sha mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. SHS ta tashi tsaye don taimakawa wajen faɗakarwa da tallafawa wannan manufa, kyauta ba tare da biya ba.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} == Abokan haɗin gwiwa na sadaka == * ONEXONE * Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund * ONE Campaign * A Glimmer of Hope Foundation * Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) * Millennium Promise * Gidauniyar Ryan's Well == Duba kuma == * Matt Damon * Running the Sahara * Water.org == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.aglimmerofhope.org A Glimmer of Hope Foundation] * [http://www.h2oafrica.org/ H2O Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070720135346/http://www.water.cc/main.aspx Living Water International] * [http://www.millenniumpromise.org Millennium Promise] * [http://www.onexonecampaign.com OneXOne Campaign] * [http://www.rcgf.org Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070106080221/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/runningthesahara/ Running the Sahara] 1olx558f1burievsdnnpcuukobl3mzp 0 159962 869246 2026-06-27T10:08:03Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344526396|John Elliott (actor)]]" 869246 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />'''John Hugh Elliott''' (Yuli 5, 1876 - Disamba 12, 1956) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka wanda ya bayyana a Broadway kuma a cikin fina-finai sama da 300 yayin aikinsa. Ya yi aiki a wasu lokuta a lokacin fim din shiru, amma tare da zuwan sauti aikinsa ya tashi, inda ya yi aiki akai-akai na tsawon shekaru 25, yana samun wani wuri a cikin "B" yamma.<ref name="allmovie2">{{Cite web |last=Wollstein |first=Hans J. |title=John Elliott: Biography |url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/john-elliott-p223997 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=AllMovie}}</ref> His versatility allowed him to play both "good guys" and "bad guys" with equal aplomb, working right up until his death in 1956.<ref name="allmovie">{{Cite web |last=Wollstein |first=Hans J. |title=John Elliott: Biography |url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/john-elliott-p223997 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=AllMovie}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Elliott was born in July 1876 in Keosauqua, Iowa to Sarah E. Norris and Jehue S. Elliott. He was the third of four children, and the only boy; his two older sisters were named Elizabeth and Fanny, with his younger sister named Nina. In February 1897, when Elliott was 20, his mother, his sister Fanny came down with typhoid fever. Elliott would be the only one of the three to survive. Two months later, on April 14, Elliot married Cleo Kelly, despite her parents' objections to her marrying an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elliott-Call |first=Heather |title=John Elliott Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0254502/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> == Career == Elliot began his acting career on stage, where he reached Broadway in 1917, appearing as Robert Goring in the very successful play, ''Eyes of Youth''. The play was produced by A. H. Woods, Lee Shubert, and Jacob J. Shubert, and ran for over a year at the Maxine Elliott Theatre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eyes of Youth |url=http://ibdb.com/production.php?id=7856 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=International Broadway Database}}</ref> Elliott's screen debut came in the featured role of Sir Robert Eastbourne in the 1919 silent film ''When a Man Loves''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When a Man Loves: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=15829 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> Less than two dozen of his film appearances were during the silent era. Beginning with the advent of sound, Elliott would begin to make the bulk of his 300 film appearances.<ref name="AFIF">{{Cite web |title=John Elliott |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/SearchResult.aspx?s=&Type=PN&Tbl=&CatID=DATABIN_CAST&ID=85617&searchedFor=John_Elliott_&SortType=ASC&SortCol=RELEASE_YEAR |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=John Elliott (I) (1876–1956) |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0254502/?ref_=fn_al_nm_2 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> In 1930, he had the featured role of General Robert E. Lee in ''Only the Brave'' (1930), starring Gary Cooper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Only the Brave: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=11163 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> It was a role he would play in several films, such as ''Carolina'' (1934), starring Janet Gaynor and Lionel Barrymore;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carolina: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=7696 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> and ''Operator 13'' (1934), again starring Cooper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operator 13: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=2218 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> His roles would run the gamut, from small nameless roles, as a banker in the 1939 film, ''The Story of Alexander Graham Bell'', starring Don Ameche and Loretta Young;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Alexander Graham Bell: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4229 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> to smaller named roles such as Captain Wilkins in ''The Conquering Horde'' (1931), starring Richard Arlen and Fay Wray;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Conquering Horde: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4454 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> to featured roles like that of Jess Roarke in 1936's ''Ridin' On''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ridin' On: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4454 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> Other notable films in which Elliot appeared include: the role of the lodge officer in the opening scenes of Laurel and Hardy's ''Sons of the Desert'' (1933), a small role as a padre in Michael Curtiz' 1934 military drama, ''The Key'', starring [[William Powell]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Key: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=6272 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> a bit part as one of the directors in the 1935 comedy, ''A Night at the Ritz'', starring William Gargan;<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Night at the Ritz: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=1041 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> as Judge Matthews in 1939's ''Jesse James'', starring Tyrone Power and [[Henry Fonda]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jesse James: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=5107 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> the role of Tremont in ''Hold That Co-ed'', a 1938 comedy starring John Barrymore, George Murphy and Marjorie Weaver;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hold That Co-Ed: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4594 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> a small role as a purchaser in the 1938 drama ''Kentucky'', starring Loretta Young and Richard Greene;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kentucky: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4979 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> a small role in Orson Welles' 1942 historical drama, ''The Magnificent Ambersons'', starring Joseph Cotten, Dolores Costello, Anne Baxter, and Tim Holt;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Magnificent Ambersons: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=27328 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> an admiral in 1944's ''Marine Raiders'', starring Pat O'Brien, Robert Ryan, and Ruth Hussey;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Raiders: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=24059 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> the role of Hooker in Randolph Scott's 1946 western, ''Badman's Territory'';<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badman's Territory: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=24683 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> as the judge in the 1947 film noir ''The Unfaithful'', starring Ann Sheridan, Lew Ayres and Zachary Scott;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Unfaithful: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=25407 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> as a train conductor in the 1947 biopic ''The Babe Ruth Story'', starring William Bendix and Claire Trevor;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Babe Ruth Story: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=25455 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> as a workman in Jean Renoir's 1947 drama, ''The Woman on the Beach'', starring Robert Ryan, Joan Bennett, and Charles Bickford;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Woman on the Beach: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=25431 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> as a clerk in Orson Welles' film noir, ''The Lady from Shanghai'', starring Rita Hayworth and Welles;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lady from Shanghai: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=25611 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> and as a judge in the 1949 crime drama, ''Flaxy Martin'', starring Virginia Mayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flaxy Martin: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=25926 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> His final appearance in a feature film was as the minister in George Cukor's 1952 comedy-drama, ''The Marrying Kind'', starring Aldo Ray and Judy Holliday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marrying Kind: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=50568 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> His final acting appearance was in the 1956 western serial, ''Perils of the Wilderness'', in the role of Homer Lynch.<ref name="flmgact">{{Cite web |title=Perils of the Wilderness |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049612/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_1 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> == Death == Elliott died on December 12, 1956, in Los Angeles, less than a year after the release of his final performance.<ref name="flmgact">{{Cite web |title=Perils of the Wilderness |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049612/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_1 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> (Per AFI database)<ref name="AFIF">{{Cite web |title=John Elliott |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/SearchResult.aspx?s=&Type=PN&Tbl=&CatID=DATABIN_CAST&ID=85617&searchedFor=John_Elliott_&SortType=ASC&SortCol=RELEASE_YEAR |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref>   == Manazarta == 39yqzc9ef21osd2lnn6k487di1scjh4 869247 869246 2026-06-27T10:09:30Z D son203 45710 869247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />'''John Hugh Elliott''' (Yuli 5, 1876 - Disamba 12, 1956) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka wanda ya bayyana a Broadway kuma a cikin fina-finai sama da 300 yayin aikinsa. Ya yi aiki a wasu lokuta a lokacin fim din shiru, amma tare da zuwan sauti aikinsa ya tashi, inda ya yi aiki akai-akai na tsawon shekaru 25, yana samun wani wuri a cikin "B" yamma.<ref name="allmovie2">{{Cite web |last=Wollstein |first=Hans J. |title=John Elliott: Biography |url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/john-elliott-p223997 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=AllMovie}}</ref> His versatility allowed him to play both "good guys" and "bad guys" with equal aplomb, working right up until his death in 1956.<ref name="allmovie">{{Cite web |last=Wollstein |first=Hans J. |title=John Elliott: Biography |url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/john-elliott-p223997 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=AllMovie}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Elliott was born in July 1876 in Keosauqua, Iowa to Sarah E. Norris and Jehue S. Elliott. He was the third of four children, and the only boy; his two older sisters were named Elizabeth and Fanny, with his younger sister named Nina. In February 1897, when Elliott was 20, his mother, his sister Fanny came down with typhoid fever. Elliott would be the only one of the three to survive. Two months later, on April 14, Elliot married Cleo Kelly, despite her parents' objections to her marrying an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elliott-Call |first=Heather |title=John Elliott Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0254502/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> == Career == Elliot began his acting career on stage, where he reached Broadway in 1917, appearing as Robert Goring in the very successful play, ''Eyes of Youth''. The play was produced by A. H. Woods, Lee Shubert, and Jacob J. Shubert, and ran for over a year at the Maxine Elliott Theatre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eyes of Youth |url=http://ibdb.com/production.php?id=7856 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=International Broadway Database}}</ref> Elliott's screen debut came in the featured role of Sir Robert Eastbourne in the 1919 silent film ''When a Man Loves''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When a Man Loves: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=15829 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> Less than two dozen of his film appearances were during the silent era. Beginning with the advent of sound, Elliott would begin to make the bulk of his 300 film appearances.<ref name="AFIF">{{Cite web |title=John Elliott |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/SearchResult.aspx?s=&Type=PN&Tbl=&CatID=DATABIN_CAST&ID=85617&searchedFor=John_Elliott_&SortType=ASC&SortCol=RELEASE_YEAR |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=John Elliott (I) (1876–1956) |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0254502/?ref_=fn_al_nm_2 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> In 1930, he had the featured role of General Robert E. Lee in ''Only the Brave'' (1930), starring Gary Cooper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Only the Brave: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=11163 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> It was a role he would play in several films, such as ''Carolina'' (1934), starring Janet Gaynor and Lionel Barrymore;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carolina: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=7696 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> and ''Operator 13'' (1934), again starring Cooper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operator 13: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=2218 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> His roles would run the gamut, from small nameless roles, as a banker in the 1939 film, ''The Story of Alexander Graham Bell'', starring Don Ameche and Loretta Young;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Alexander Graham Bell: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4229 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> to smaller named roles such as Captain Wilkins in ''The Conquering Horde'' (1931), starring Richard Arlen and Fay Wray;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Conquering Horde: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4454 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> to featured roles like that of Jess Roarke in 1936's ''Ridin' On''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ridin' On: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4454 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> Other notable films in which Elliot appeared include: the role of the lodge officer in the opening scenes of Laurel and Hardy's ''Sons of the Desert'' (1933), a small role as a padre in Michael Curtiz' 1934 military drama, ''The Key'', starring [[William Powell]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Key: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=6272 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> a bit part as one of the directors in the 1935 comedy, ''A Night at the Ritz'', starring William Gargan;<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Night at the Ritz: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=1041 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> as Judge Matthews in 1939's ''Jesse James'', starring Tyrone Power and [[Henry Fonda]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jesse James: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=5107 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> the role of Tremont in ''Hold That Co-ed'', a 1938 comedy starring John Barrymore, George Murphy and Marjorie Weaver;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hold That Co-Ed: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4594 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> a small role as a purchaser in the 1938 drama ''Kentucky'', starring Loretta Young and Richard Greene;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kentucky: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4979 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> a small role in Orson Welles' 1942 historical drama, ''The Magnificent Ambersons'', starring Joseph Cotten, Dolores Costello, Anne Baxter, and Tim Holt;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Magnificent Ambersons: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=27328 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> an admiral in 1944's ''Marine Raiders'', starring Pat O'Brien, Robert Ryan, and Ruth Hussey;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Raiders: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=24059 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> the role of Hooker in Randolph Scott's 1946 western, ''Badman's Territory'';<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badman's Territory: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=24683 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> as the judge in the 1947 film noir ''The Unfaithful'', starring Ann Sheridan, Lew Ayres and Zachary Scott;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Unfaithful: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=25407 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> as a train conductor in the 1947 biopic ''The Babe Ruth Story'', starring William Bendix and Claire Trevor;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Babe Ruth Story: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=25455 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> as a workman in Jean Renoir's 1947 drama, ''The Woman on the Beach'', starring Robert Ryan, Joan Bennett, and Charles Bickford;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Woman on the Beach: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=25431 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> as a clerk in Orson Welles' film noir, ''The Lady from Shanghai'', starring Rita Hayworth and Welles;<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lady from Shanghai: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=25611 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> and as a judge in the 1949 crime drama, ''Flaxy Martin'', starring Virginia Mayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flaxy Martin: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=25926 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> His final appearance in a feature film was as the minister in George Cukor's 1952 comedy-drama, ''The Marrying Kind'', starring Aldo Ray and Judy Holliday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marrying Kind: Detail View |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=50568 |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> His final acting appearance was in the 1956 western serial, ''Perils of the Wilderness'', in the role of Homer Lynch.<ref name="flmgact">{{Cite web |title=Perils of the Wilderness |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049612/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_1 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> == Death == Elliott died on December 12, 1956, in Los Angeles, less than a year after the release of his final performance.<ref name="flmgact">{{Cite web |title=Perils of the Wilderness |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049612/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_1 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> (Per AFI database)<ref name="AFIF">{{Cite web |title=John Elliott |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/SearchResult.aspx?s=&Type=PN&Tbl=&CatID=DATABIN_CAST&ID=85617&searchedFor=John_Elliott_&SortType=ASC&SortCol=RELEASE_YEAR |access-date=July 24, 2015 |publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref>   == Manazarta == p34s072hkw6yia4fcu3jjo2183sbta5 0 159963 869258 2026-06-27T10:23:47Z Pretty Fulani 44366 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333330595|Dürnten]]" 869258 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Dürnten</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Municipalities of Switzerland|Garin]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Tann_-_Pfannenstiel_-_Rüti_Haltbergstrasse_IMG_3325.JPG|250x250px]] |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" |<templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/columns/styles.css" /><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[Fayil:CHE_Dürnten_Flag.svg|border|100x100px|Flag of Dürnten]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Fadar</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[Fayil:CHE_Dürnten_COA.svg|100x100px|Coat of arms of Dürnten]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Alamar makamai</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe height="200" frameless="1" align="center" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Dürnten","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q67220"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Dürnten"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q67220"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[8.85,47.28333333333333],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Dürnten","marker-symbol":"town"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Wurin Dürnten</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Switzerland_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Dürnten is located in Switzerland]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:28.698%;left:62.245%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Dürnten]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Dürnten</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar Switzerland</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Reliefkarte_Zürich_blank.png|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Dürnten is located in Canton of Zürich]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:74.612%;left:71.484%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Dürnten]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Dürnten</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Nuna taswirar Canton na Zürich</span></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 47°17′N 8°51′E / 47.283°N 8.850°E / 47. 283; 8.850<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:9}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D%C3%BCrnten&params=47_17_N_8_51_E_type:city(7645)_region:CH-ZH <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°17′N</span> <span class="longitude">8°51′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.283°N 8.850°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">47.283; 8.850</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jerin kasashen|Kasar]] | class="infobox-data" |Switzerland |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" |Zürich |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Hinwil |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yankin <div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |10.19 km² (3.93 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan sama<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |511 m (1,677 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Disamba 2020) <span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |7,645 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |750.²/km2 (1,943/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+01:00 (CET) |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">• Lokacin bazara (DST) &nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |UTC+02:00 (CEST) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar gidan waya | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">8635</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar SFOS | class="infobox-data" |113 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambobin ISO 3166 | class="infobox-data nickname" |CH-ZH |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankunan | class="infobox-data" |Za a iya samun Tarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An kewaye shi da | class="infobox-data" |Bubikon, Hinwil, Rüti, Wald |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Garin Twin | class="infobox-data" |Szentbékkálla (Hungary) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |www.duernten.ch |} '''Dürnten''' wata karamar hukuma ce a cikin gundumar Hinwil a cikin canton na Zürich a Switzerland . == Tarihi == An fara ambata Dürnten tsakanin 743 da 747 a matsayin ''Tunriude'' . == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Dürnten.JPG|left|thumb|Garin Dürnten da coci]] Dürnten yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 10.2 (murabba'in kilomita 3.9). Daga cikin wannan yanki, kashi 60.4% ana amfani da su ne don amfanin gona, yayin da kashi 17% kuma suna da dazuzzuka. Daga cikin sauran ƙasar, kashi 21.4% suna zaune ne (gine-gine ko hanyoyi) kuma sauran (1.1%) ba sa samar da amfanin gona (koguna, ƙanƙara ko tsaunuka). Ya zuwa shekarar 1996, gidaje da gine-gine sun ƙunshi kashi 13.9% na jimlar yankin, yayin da kayayyakin more rayuwa na sufuri suka ƙunshi sauran (7.4%). Daga cikin jimillar yankin da ba shi da amfani, ruwa (koguna da tafkuna) sun ƙunshi kashi 0.8% na yankin. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, kashi 15.4% na jimlar yankin birni yana fuskantar wani nau'in gini.<ref name="StatZürich">[http://www.statistik.zh.ch/internet/justiz_inneres/statistik/de/daten/gemeindeportraet.html Statistics Zürich] {{In lang|de}} accessed 4 August 2009</ref> Kogin Jona yana gudana ta cikin gari. Tana cikin gefen kudu maso yammacin dutsen Bachtel . Ya haɗa da ƙauyukan Dürnten, Oberdürnten da Tann . == Yawan jama'a == Dürnten tana da yawan jama'a (a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 2020) na 7,645.[5] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, 14.9% na yawan jama'a sun hada da 'yan kasashen waje. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2008 rarraba jinsi na yawan jama'a ya kasance 50.2% namiji da 49.8% mata. A cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata yawan jama'a ya karu da kashi 8%. Yawancin jama'a (kamar yadda na 2000) suna magana da Jamusanci (89.3%), tare da Albanian na biyu mafi yawan (2.6%) kuma Italiyanci na uku (2.5%). A cikin zaben 2007 jam'iyyar da ta fi shahara ita ce SVP wacce ta samu kashi 41.3% na kuri'un. Jam'iyyun uku da suka fi shahara sune [[Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Switzerland|SPS]] (15%), CSP (10.4%) da FDP (10.1%). Rarraba shekarun yawan jama'a (kamar yadda na 2000) yara ne da matasa (shekaru 0-19) sun kai kashi 25.1% na yawan jama'ar, yayin da manya (shekara 20-64) suka kai kashi 60.8% kuma tsofaffi (sama da shekaru 64) sun kai kashi 14%. Dukan mutanen Switzerland suna da ilimi sosai. A cikin Dürnten kimanin kashi 76.7% na yawan jama'a (tsakanin shekaru 25-64) sun kammala ko dai karatun sakandare na sama ko ƙarin ilimi mafi girma (ko dai jami'a ko Fachhochschule). Akwai gidaje 2464 a Dürnten.<ref name="StatZürich">[http://www.statistik.zh.ch/internet/justiz_inneres/statistik/de/daten/gemeindeportraet.html Statistics Zürich] {{In lang|de}} accessed 4 August 2009</ref> Dürnten tana da ƙarancin rashin aikin yi na 1.79%. Ya zuwa shekarar 2005 [sabuntawa], akwai mutane 155 da ke aiki a fannin tattalin arziki na farko da kuma kimanin kasuwanci 51 da ke da hannu a wannan fanni. Mutane 268 ne ke aiki a fannin sakandare kuma akwai kasuwanci 68 a wannan fanni. Mutane 847 ne ke aiki a fannin manyan makarantu, tare da kasuwanci 149 a wannan fanni. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007 [sabuntawa] kashi 39.4% na yawan ma'aikata suna aiki cikakken lokaci, kuma kashi 60.6% suna aiki na ɗan lokaci.<ref name="StatZürich">[http://www.statistik.zh.ch/internet/justiz_inneres/statistik/de/daten/gemeindeportraet.html Statistics Zürich] {{In lang|de}} accessed 4 August 2009</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2008 akwai [[Cocin katolika|Katolikawa]] 1803 da [[Protestant Reformation|Furotesta]] 2697 a Dürnten. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2000, an raba addini zuwa ƙananan rukunoni. Daga ƙidayar shekara ta 2000, kashi 49.6% wasu nau'ikan Furotesta ne, tare da kashi 44.3% na Ikilisiyar Swiss Reformed da kuma kashi 5.3% na sauran majami'u na Furotesta. Kashi 28.7% na yawan jama'a Katolika ne. Daga cikin sauran yawan jama'a, 0% Musulmi ne, 7.9% na wani addini ne (ba a lissafa ba), 2.7% ba su ba da addini ba, kuma 10.8% ba su yarda da Allah ba ne ko agnostic.<ref name="StatZürich">[http://www.statistik.zh.ch/internet/justiz_inneres/statistik/de/daten/gemeindeportraet.html Statistics Zürich] {{In lang|de}} accessed 4 August 2009</ref> An kaddamar da Haikali na Sri Vishnu Thurkkai Amman a Dürnten a cikin shekara ta 2010.<ref name="zol-20130720">{{Cite web |last=Regula Lienin |date=2013-07-20 |title=Ein Pfauentanz für Göttin Amman |url=http://www.zol.ch/bezirk-hinwil/duernten/Ein-Pfauentanz-fuer-Goettin-Amman/story/30175702 |access-date=2014-12-18 |publisher=[[Zürcher Oberländer]] |language=German}}</ref><ref name="lz-20100117">{{Cite web |last=Patrizia Legnini |date=2010-01-17 |title=Indische Handwerker bauen Hindu-Tempel – ohne Bewilligung |url=http://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/schweiz/indische-handwerker-bauen-hindu-tempel-ohne-bewilligung-5842098 |access-date=2014-12-18 |publisher=[[Limmattaler Zeitung]] |language=German}}</ref> An ba da yawan jama'a na tarihi a cikin tebur mai zuwa: {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Yawan jama'a |- bgcolor="#E3E3E3" !shekara !yawan jama'a |- | align="center" |1670 | align="center" |977 |- | align="center" |1792 | align="center" |1382 |- | align="center" |1850 | align="center" |1663 |- | align="center" |1900 | align="center" |3094 |- | align="center" |1941 | align="center" |3006 |- | align="center" |1950 | align="center" |3390 |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |5736 |- | align="center" |1995 | align="center" |5843 |- | align="center" |2000 | align="center" |6032 |- | align="center" |2005 | align="center" |6081 |- | align="center" |2010 | align="center" |6665 |- | align="center" |2011<ref name="duernten.ch" /> | align="center" |7055 |} == Dangantaka ta kasa da kasa == === Garin Twin - Garin 'Yan uwa === Dürnten yana da tagwaye tare da: * [[Szentbékkálla]], Hungary - tun daga shekara ta 2001 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-08 |title=Partnergemeinde Szentbékkálla (HU) |url=http://www.duernten.ch/xml_1/internet/de/application/d4/f330.cfm}}</ref>{{Flagicon|HUN}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pjz1w7suqfihilablg0h17xc0rl1gww 0 159964 869281 2026-06-27T10:38:19Z Pretty Fulani 44366 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298078660|Ken Emerson]]" 869281 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Kenneth Albert Emerson''' (9 ga Yulin 1927 - 12 ga Fabrairu 2010) ɗan Australiya ne mai zane-zane kuma mai kirkirar zane-zane. An fi saninsa da rubuce-rubucen wasan kwaikwayo The Warrumbunglers da On The Rocks . Emerson shi ne surukin mai zane-zane Eric Jolliffe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joffe |first=Mick |year=2009 |title=Eric Jolliffe ~ 1907–2001 |url=http://www.mickjoffe.com/Eric_Jolliffe |access-date=14 February 2010 |website=Mick Joffe Caricatures}}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Emerson a Sydney, ɗan Albert Emerson da matarsa, Ruth (Booth), waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Belfast. Yana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Alf. Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda ya kamu da shi yayin da suke zaune a New Guinea. Mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure ta haifi wani ɗa, Denis. Ya yi wani ɓangare na ƙuruciyarsa yana aiki a tsakiyar Queensland. Bayan ya bar makaranta, Emerson ya fuskanci ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da mai, mataimakin mai binciken ƙasa, mai gyaran gida, mai gyaran daki, mataimakin mai gyaran boiler da kuma ma'aikacin gini.[1] Ya shafe shekaru uku yana karatun fasaha a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gabashin Sydney kafin ya tafi New Zealand, inda ɗan'uwansa Alf ya ƙaura. A New Zealand ya yi aiki a ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da mai zane mai zaman kansa. Lokacin da ya dawo Sydney, Emerson daga baya ya zama mai zane-zane na cikakken lokaci. Ya Gyara ne a matsayin Mai zane-zane na kasuwanci da mai daukar hoto a talla, sannan ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin kafin ya koma talla, <ref name="DAAO">{{Cite web |last=Kerr |first=Joan |year=2007 |title=Ken Emerson |url=http://www.daao.org.au/main/read/2423 |access-date=14 February 2010 |website=Dictionary of Australian Artists Online}}</ref> inda ya kasance har zuwa 1976. == Mai zane-zane == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1960 yana da wani zane mai ban dariya, Bush Folks, wanda Australian Woman's Mirror ta karɓa. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1960 Australian Consolidated Press ta karɓi mujallar, bayan haka aka haɗa ta da Weekend. Mujallu biyu ba su da wani abu iri daya kuma an kira su Everybody's. An watsar da tsintsiya amma Emerson ya ci gaba da sayar da zane-zane ga sabon mujallar shekaru da yawa kafin ya ninka a ƙarshen 1967. A shekara ta 1967 Emerson ya fara zana zane-zane mai ban dariya The Warrumbunglers, asali ne don The Sunday Telegraph, <ref name="DAAO">{{Cite web |last=Kerr |first=Joan |year=2007 |title=Ken Emerson |url=http://www.daao.org.au/main/read/2423 |access-date=14 February 2010 |website=Dictionary of Australian Artists Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKerr2007">Kerr, Joan (2007). [http://www.daao.org.au/main/read/2423 "Ken Emerson"]. ''Dictionary of Australian Artists Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> inda aka sauke shi a watan Yulin 1969 kawai don sake bayyana a cikin The Sun-Herald a watan Disamba 1969. An sake sauke shi a cikin 1971 kuma bai sake bayyana ba har sai Mayu 1977 a matsayin daya daga cikin maye gurbin ''Fatty Finn''. Warrumbunglers ya zama na biyu mafi tsawo a Australia; Emerson ya kammala sautin karshe jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa. Warrumbunglers sun nuna dabbobi da yawa na Australiya, Kangaroos, Ehednas, bandicoots, Goannas da koalas, a matsayin al'umma mai kama da mutum. Jigogi na tsintsiya suna nuna jima'i, tatsuniyoyi masu tsawo da maganganun daji. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1974 Sydney's The Sun ya buga Emerson's, mai ''Rana'' da mulkin mallaka, On The Rocks, inda ya gudana har zuwa shekara ta 2001.<ref name="DAAO">{{Cite web |last=Kerr |first=Joan |year=2007 |title=Ken Emerson |url=http://www.daao.org.au/main/read/2423 |access-date=14 February 2010 |website=Dictionary of Australian Artists Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKerr2007">Kerr, Joan (2007). [http://www.daao.org.au/main/read/2423 "Ken Emerson"]. ''Dictionary of Australian Artists Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Yankin ya nuna ayyukan Floyd Fingal, mai jigilar kaya, Major Upheaval, mai biyan kuɗi tare da New South Wales Rum Corps, Gwamnan mulkin mallaka da mataimakinsa mara bege, De Camp. A watan Agustan 1975 Brisbane's Sunday Mail ta sayi shi kuma an canza sunan tsintsiya zuwa Ball and Chain . Yankin ya ci gaba a cikin The Sun-Herald har zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu 1988. A shekara ta 1986 an ba Emerson lambar yabo ta Stanley don mafi kyawun zane-zane ta Australian Cartoonists' Association . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Previous Stanley Award Winners |url=http://www.cartoonists.org.au/?page=211 |access-date=14 February 2010 |website=cartoonists.org.au}}</ref> === Ginger Meggs === Ginger Meggs wani fim ne mai ban dariya na Australiya. Bayan mutuwar wanda ya ƙirƙiri fim ɗin Jimmy Bankcks a shekarar 1952 da kuma wanda ya maye gurbinsa Ron Vivian a shekarar 1973, Emerson yana ɗaya daga cikin mawakan da suka gabatar da zane-zane don ɗaukar fim ɗin. Duk da haka, rawar ta tafi ga Lloyd Piper. Lokacin da Piper ya mutu a shekarar 1984, Emerson ya sake neman aikin kuma aka naɗa shi. Ganin cewa ya riga ya sami shirye-shirye biyu da aka buga a cikin The Sun-Herald, an nemi ya bar ko dai The Warrumbunglers ko On The Rocks a madadin Ginger Meggs. Ya ƙi, kuma aka ba shi rawar ga James Kemsley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foyle |first=Lindsay |year=2009 |title=Australia's Favorite Boy |url=http://www.gingermeggs.com/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173130/http://www.gingermeggs.com/history.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=14 February 2010 |website=gingermeggs.com}}</ref> == Na Mutum == A shekara ta 1956 ya auri Margaret 'Meg' Jolliffe (ɗan Eric Jolliffe), wanda ya sadu da shi yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gabashin Sydney. A shekara ta 1963 suna da 'yar, Jane, wacce mai zane-zane ce. Meg ta mutu a shekara ta 1997 kuma Emerson ta mutu a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2010. == Tarihin Tarihi == * ''Masu yaƙi'' * ''A kan Dutse'' * ''Masu yaƙi sun yi daji!'' (1983) * A kan Dutsen No. 2 (1983) * The ''Warrumbunglers No. 3'' (1984) * A kan Dutsen No. 3 (1984) == Bayani == <references group="note" /> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] py0zh077pl4c3vduvaqgcow101ddgfx 869282 869281 2026-06-27T10:38:48Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 869282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kenneth Albert Emerson''' (9 ga Yulin 1927 - 12 ga Fabrairu 2010) ɗan Australiya ne mai zane-zane kuma mai kirkirar zane-zane. An fi saninsa da rubuce-rubucen wasan kwaikwayo The Warrumbunglers da On The Rocks . Emerson shi ne surukin mai zane-zane Eric Jolliffe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joffe |first=Mick |year=2009 |title=Eric Jolliffe ~ 1907–2001 |url=http://www.mickjoffe.com/Eric_Jolliffe |access-date=14 February 2010 |website=Mick Joffe Caricatures}}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Emerson a Sydney, ɗan Albert Emerson da matarsa, Ruth (Booth), waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Belfast. Yana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Alf. Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda ya kamu da shi yayin da suke zaune a New Guinea. Mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure ta haifi wani ɗa, Denis. Ya yi wani ɓangare na ƙuruciyarsa yana aiki a tsakiyar Queensland. Bayan ya bar makaranta, Emerson ya fuskanci ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da mai, mataimakin mai binciken ƙasa, mai gyaran gida, mai gyaran daki, mataimakin mai gyaran boiler da kuma ma'aikacin gini.[1] Ya shafe shekaru uku yana karatun fasaha a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gabashin Sydney kafin ya tafi New Zealand, inda ɗan'uwansa Alf ya ƙaura. A New Zealand ya yi aiki a ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da mai zane mai zaman kansa. Lokacin da ya dawo Sydney, Emerson daga baya ya zama mai zane-zane na cikakken lokaci. Ya Gyara ne a matsayin Mai zane-zane na kasuwanci da mai daukar hoto a talla, sannan ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin kafin ya koma talla, <ref name="DAAO">{{Cite web |last=Kerr |first=Joan |year=2007 |title=Ken Emerson |url=http://www.daao.org.au/main/read/2423 |access-date=14 February 2010 |website=Dictionary of Australian Artists Online}}</ref> inda ya kasance har zuwa 1976. == Mai zane-zane == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1960 yana da wani zane mai ban dariya, Bush Folks, wanda Australian Woman's Mirror ta karɓa. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1960 Australian Consolidated Press ta karɓi mujallar, bayan haka aka haɗa ta da Weekend. Mujallu biyu ba su da wani abu iri daya kuma an kira su Everybody's. An watsar da tsintsiya amma Emerson ya ci gaba da sayar da zane-zane ga sabon mujallar shekaru da yawa kafin ya ninka a ƙarshen 1967. A shekara ta 1967 Emerson ya fara zana zane-zane mai ban dariya The Warrumbunglers, asali ne don The Sunday Telegraph, <ref name="DAAO">{{Cite web |last=Kerr |first=Joan |year=2007 |title=Ken Emerson |url=http://www.daao.org.au/main/read/2423 |access-date=14 February 2010 |website=Dictionary of Australian Artists Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKerr2007">Kerr, Joan (2007). [http://www.daao.org.au/main/read/2423 "Ken Emerson"]. ''Dictionary of Australian Artists Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> inda aka sauke shi a watan Yulin 1969 kawai don sake bayyana a cikin The Sun-Herald a watan Disamba 1969. An sake sauke shi a cikin 1971 kuma bai sake bayyana ba har sai Mayu 1977 a matsayin daya daga cikin maye gurbin ''Fatty Finn''. Warrumbunglers ya zama na biyu mafi tsawo a Australia; Emerson ya kammala sautin karshe jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa. Warrumbunglers sun nuna dabbobi da yawa na Australiya, Kangaroos, Ehednas, bandicoots, Goannas da koalas, a matsayin al'umma mai kama da mutum. Jigogi na tsintsiya suna nuna jima'i, tatsuniyoyi masu tsawo da maganganun daji. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1974 Sydney's The Sun ya buga Emerson's, mai ''Rana'' da mulkin mallaka, On The Rocks, inda ya gudana har zuwa shekara ta 2001.<ref name="DAAO">{{Cite web |last=Kerr |first=Joan |year=2007 |title=Ken Emerson |url=http://www.daao.org.au/main/read/2423 |access-date=14 February 2010 |website=Dictionary of Australian Artists Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKerr2007">Kerr, Joan (2007). [http://www.daao.org.au/main/read/2423 "Ken Emerson"]. ''Dictionary of Australian Artists Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Yankin ya nuna ayyukan Floyd Fingal, mai jigilar kaya, Major Upheaval, mai biyan kuɗi tare da New South Wales Rum Corps, Gwamnan mulkin mallaka da mataimakinsa mara bege, De Camp. A watan Agustan 1975 Brisbane's Sunday Mail ta sayi shi kuma an canza sunan tsintsiya zuwa Ball and Chain . Yankin ya ci gaba a cikin The Sun-Herald har zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu 1988. A shekara ta 1986 an ba Emerson lambar yabo ta Stanley don mafi kyawun zane-zane ta Australian Cartoonists' Association . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Previous Stanley Award Winners |url=http://www.cartoonists.org.au/?page=211 |access-date=14 February 2010 |website=cartoonists.org.au}}</ref> === Ginger Meggs === Ginger Meggs wani fim ne mai ban dariya na Australiya. Bayan mutuwar wanda ya ƙirƙiri fim ɗin Jimmy Bankcks a shekarar 1952 da kuma wanda ya maye gurbinsa Ron Vivian a shekarar 1973, Emerson yana ɗaya daga cikin mawakan da suka gabatar da zane-zane don ɗaukar fim ɗin. Duk da haka, rawar ta tafi ga Lloyd Piper. Lokacin da Piper ya mutu a shekarar 1984, Emerson ya sake neman aikin kuma aka naɗa shi. Ganin cewa ya riga ya sami shirye-shirye biyu da aka buga a cikin The Sun-Herald, an nemi ya bar ko dai The Warrumbunglers ko On The Rocks a madadin Ginger Meggs. Ya ƙi, kuma aka ba shi rawar ga James Kemsley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foyle |first=Lindsay |year=2009 |title=Australia's Favorite Boy |url=http://www.gingermeggs.com/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173130/http://www.gingermeggs.com/history.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=14 February 2010 |website=gingermeggs.com}}</ref> == Na Mutum == A shekara ta 1956 ya auri Margaret 'Meg' Jolliffe (ɗan Eric Jolliffe), wanda ya sadu da shi yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gabashin Sydney. A shekara ta 1963 suna da 'yar, Jane, wacce mai zane-zane ce. Meg ta mutu a shekara ta 1997 kuma Emerson ta mutu a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2010. == Tarihin Tarihi == * ''Masu yaƙi'' * ''A kan Dutse'' * ''Masu yaƙi sun yi daji!'' (1983) * A kan Dutsen No. 2 (1983) * The ''Warrumbunglers No. 3'' (1984) * A kan Dutsen No. 3 (1984) == Bayani == <references group="note" /> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2ggvczlbeyz96qmts6fp8jgsbhlubey 0 159965 869319 2026-06-27T11:06:37Z Pretty Fulani 44366 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282394962|Cremnoceramus]]" 869319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox|image=Fort Hays Limestone, Cremnoceramus deformis 20180915.jpg|taxon=Cremnoceramus|authority=[[Leslie Reginald Cox|Cox]], 1969 (posthumous)|subdivision=* ''C. crassus'' * ''C. deformis'' {{small|Meek 1871}} * ''C. inconstans'' * ''C. rotundatus'' {{small|Fiege 1930}} * ''C. waltersdorfensis''}} [[Fayil:Ogallala_opaline_sandstone_with_Cremnoceramus_deformis_fragments_20201115_143032.jpg|right|thumb|''''Cremnoceramus'' deformis'' shell fragment yana nuna daidaituwa da ƙwayoyin calcite prisms na ƙarshe na Cremno Ceramus da ''Inocermidae'' gabaɗaya]] '''''Cremnoceramus''''' ("cremno-" = ''kremnos'' [Girkanci]: dutse ko a kan bango ko banki;: tukunya ta yumɓu) wani nau'i ne na burbushin Ruwa na pteriomorphian bivalves wanda ya yi kama da nau'ikan furen furen furotin na jinsin Pteria. Sun rayu daga Turonian zuwa Maastrichtian na Late Cretaceous . <ref name="mindat">{{Cite web |title=Cremnoceramus |url=https://www.mindat.org/taxon-7234682.html |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=[[Mindat.org]]}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Cremnoceramus suna da motsi sosai, makafi ne, kuma suna da bawuloli masu ɗauke da ƙananan ƙwayoyin calcium. Inoceramus, kamar Cremnoceramus musamman, suna da harsashi mai kauri wanda ya ƙunshi takamaiman "prims" na calcite da aka ajiye a saman, kuma burbushin da ba a taɓa yin sa ba galibi suna kiyaye hasken lu'u-lu'u kamar yadda harsashin yake da shi a rayuwa. Idan aka kwatanta da misalan Inoceramidee masu faɗi da faɗi, harsashin Cremnoceramus suna da "tsayi mai katanga", mai zurfin kwano. Bakin saman galibi ana lulluɓe shi da kawa. == Nau'o'in == Wadannan nau'o'in an gane su: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cremnoceramus |url=https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5297737 |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=[[Open Tree of Life]]}}</ref>   == Muhimmancin Biostratigraphic == Bayyanar farko ta nau'in ''[[Cremnoceramus rotundatus]]'' ta nuna farkon matakin Coniacian. == Kashe kashe == An samo burbushin jinsin a cikin: * Tsarin Gosau, Austria * Tsarin Cotinguiba, Brazil * Pointe-Noire, Congo-Brazzaville * Jicin, Jamhuriyar Czech * [[Arnager Limestone Formation|Tsarin Arnager Limestone]], Denmark * Cray de Villedieu Formation, Faransa * Jamus * Tsarin Anaipadi, Indiya * [[Tongobury]], Madagascar * Kungiyar Austin, Mexico * Tsarin Sant Corneli da El Zadorra, Spain * Lewes Nodular Chalk Formation, Ƙasar Ingila * Tsarin Niobrara, New Mexico, Amurka == Hotuna == Lura da ƙuƙwalwar oyster na saman harsashi:<gallery widths="120" heights="150" mode="packed"> Fayil:Fort_Hays_Limestone,_Cremnoceramus_deformis_20181124_153914.jpg|Horizontal section of articulated ''C. deformis'' (Fort Hays ls.) Fayil:Fort_Hays_Limestone,_Cremnoceramus_deformis_(Ft._Hays_Blockhouse)_20160619_081653.jpg|Lateral section of articulated ''C. deformis'' (Fort Hays ls.) Fayil:Fort_Hays_Limestone,_Cremnoceramus_deformis_(FUMC)_20160619_071549.jpg|Lateral section of articulated ''C. deformis'' (Fort Hays ls.) Fayil:Fort_Hays_Limestone,_Cremnoceramus_deformis_(FUMC)_20160619_071713.jpg|Horizontal section of articulated ''C. deformis'' (Fort Hays ls.) </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|3}} 0ppg6sargurgf7yrayxv8pu579ewwz1 0 159966 869352 2026-06-27T11:44:30Z Pretty Fulani 44366 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306545758|Bion-M No.1]]" 869352 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''No.1''' (Russian) wani aikin sararin samaniya ne na Rasha, wani ɓangare na Shirin Bion-M da aka mayar da hankali kan maganin sararin samaniya. Sabuwar ƙarni na Bion-M ta ci gaba da Shirin tauraron dan adam na Soviet / Rasha da nufin bincike na halitta a sararin samaniya. Jirgin sararin samaniya na karshe na jerin Bion, Bion 11, an kaddamar da shi a cikin 1996. An tsara jirgin saman sararin samaniya na Bion-M1 don ɗaukar gwaje-gwaje na halitta, ilimin lissafi da biotechnological zuwa ƙasa mai laushi kuma ya mayar da su zuwa [[Duniya]] a ƙarshen aikin. Abubuwan da ke tattare da Bion-M1 sun haɗa da rodents, amphibians, dabbobi masu rarrafe, crustaceans, mollusks, kifi, kwari, ƙwayoyin cuta, shuke-shuke da al'adun sel na dabba. Jirgin sararin samaniya ya kasance sakamakon hadin gwiwar karɓar bakuncin kayan aikin kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyin kimiyya suka bayar daga Amurka, Jamus, Kanada, Netherlands, Poland da sauran ƙasashe. Jirgin sararin samaniya na atomatik na Bion-M wani nau'i ne na musamman na sararin samaniya wanda ke da niyyar tantance mahimman hanyoyin yadda rayuwa ke daidaitawa da microgravity sannan kuma sake komawa ga ƙarfin nauyi na duniya. == Farawa da dawowa == An kaddamar da kwayar sararin samaniya mai dauke da dabba a cikin sararin samaniya a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2013, daga Baikonur Cosmodrome, [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]]. Bion-M ya tashi a cikin aikin kwanaki 30. <ref name="ras">{{Cite web |title=Biological space vehicle "Bion-M" |url=http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220312/http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems}}</ref> <ref name="spaceweb">{{Cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |title=Bion (12KSM) satellite |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426113118/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m.html |archive-date=26 April 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com}}</ref> <ref name="roscosmos">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2013 |script-title=ru:Космический аппарат "Бион-М" № 1 успешно выведен на орбиту |url=http://www.roscosmos.ru/main.php?id=2&nid=20043 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629182111/http://www.roscosmos.ru/main.php?id=2&nid=20043 |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=Roscosmos |language=ru}}</ref> <ref name="sfnow">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |title=Russian spacecraft launched with cosmic cache of critters |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1304/19bionm1/ |access-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=Spaceflight Now}}</ref> An kaddamar da tauraron dan adam a cikin rabon tafiya tare da ƙananan tauraron dan kasa 6 - OSSI-1, Dove-2, [[AIST 2]], BEESat 3, [[SOMP]] da BEESat 2. <ref name="nasaspaceflight">{{Cite web |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=19 April 2013 |title=Soyuz 2-1A launches numerous passengers on BION-M spacecraft |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/04/soyuz-2-1a-bion-m-spacecraft/ |access-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}}</ref><ref name="zarya">{{Cite web |last=Christy |first=Robert |title=2013 - Launches to Orbit and Beyond |url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2013#015 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=Zarya}}</ref> Komawa zuwa Duniya ya kasance a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2013 tare da saukowa kusa da Orenburg a Rasha a 03:12 UTC .<ref name="zaryaland">{{Cite web |last=Christy |first=Robert |title=Bion M1 - Return to Earth |url=http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=1034 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220143846/http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=1034 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=19 May 2013 |publisher=Zarya}}</ref> == Bayani na tauraron dan adam == Satellite din yana da kayan aiki daga iyalai biyu na 'yan leken asiri na Soviet. Rukunin saukowa na Bion ya fito ne daga tauraron dan adam na Zenit 2M kuma tauraron dan kasa ya ɗauki wani sashi na kayan aiki da aka kirkira don tauraron dan Adam na Yantar. TsSKB Progress na [[Samara]], Rasha ne ya yi tauraron dan adam.<ref name="zarya">{{Cite web |last=Christy |first=Robert |title=2013 - Launches to Orbit and Beyond |url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2013#015 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=Zarya}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChristy">Christy, Robert. [http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2013#015 "2013 - Launches to Orbit and Beyond"]. ''Zarya''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ras">{{Cite web |title=Biological space vehicle "Bion-M" |url=http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220312/http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220312/http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html "Biological space vehicle "Bion-M""]. Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems. Archived from [http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html the original] on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ras2">{{Cite web |title=Space vehicle |url=http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/space.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005082618/http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/space.html |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems}}</ref> Jirgin ya kunshi beraye 45 (uku a kowace cage), [[Tsaka|geckos]] 15, gerbils na Mongoliya takwas, kwari, da kifi.<ref name="sfnow">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |title=Russian spacecraft launched with cosmic cache of critters |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1304/19bionm1/ |access-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=Spaceflight Now}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClark">Clark, Stephen. [http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1304/19bionm1/ "Russian spacecraft launched with cosmic cache of critters"]. Spaceflight Now<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> An yi niyyar dabbobin su tsira daga dukkan aikin, amma a lokacin da suka sauka an gano cewa duk gerbils, mafi yawan beraye 45, da duk kifayen sun mutu saboda gazawar kayan aiki. Goma sha biyar daga cikin beraye sun mutu lokacin da mai ba da abinci a cikin ɗakin gwaji ya daina aiki. Gidan gerbil ya sha wahala na wucin gadi na wutar lantarki, iska, hasken wuta, da wadatar abinci wanda mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mutuwar su. Daga ƙarshe, duk sauran dabbobi an kashe su don nazarin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pultarova |first=Tereza |date=2013 |title=Crew of Bion M1 Found Dead upon Landing |url=http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2013/05/21/crew-bion-m1-dead-landing/ |access-date=2013-10-20 |publisher=Space Safety Magazine}}</ref> Roscosmos ce ta gudanar da aikin Bion-M No.1 amma masana kimiyya daga Amurka, Jamus, Kanada, Poland, Netherlands da sauran ƙasashe suma sun shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen. {| class="wikitable" !Kayan aiki !Lambar da aka aika !Adadin da suka tsira !Dalilin mutuwa <ref name="spaceweb3" /> |- |Mongolian gerbils (''Meriones ungviculatus'') |8 |duk sun mutu |Rashin kayan aiki <ref name="spaceweb3" /> |- |beraye (''Mus Musculus'') (C57black/6) |45 |16 |Rashin samar da abinci (15), damuwa <ref name="spaceweb3" /> |- |[[Tsaka|geckos]] (''Chondrodactylus turneri Gray'') |15 |ya tsira |<ref name="spaceweb3" /> |- |kifi (''[[Mozambique tilapia|Oreochromis mossambicus]]'') | |duk sun mutu |Rashin kayan aiki <ref name="spaceweb3">{{Cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |title=Bion (12KSM) satellite |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m_landing.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609050748/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m_landing.html |archive-date=9 June 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com}}</ref> |- |kwari (''Helix pomatia Linnaeus'') |20 <ref name="spaceweb4">{{Cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |title=Bion (12KSM) satellite |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m_science.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613174424/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m_science.html |archive-date=13 June 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com}}</ref> |ya tsira | |- |wasu, ciki har da microorganisms | |ya tsira | |} == Bincike == [[Fayil:Zenit_space_vehicle.jpg|right|thumb|Misali na motar saukowa ta Zenit.]] Bincike kan dabbobin da aka gano sun nuna fahimtar tasirin tashi sama da sararin samaniya akan jijiyoyin kwakwalwa, kashin baya, kunnen ciki, da kuma hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta. Mataimakin Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Halittu ta Rasha Vladimir Sychev ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin sakamakon na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa wasu 'yan sama jannati ke fama da matsalar gani yayin tashi sama da sararin samaniya: "Mun yi tunanin cewa a cikin rashin nauyi, ruwa yana tafiya sama kuma ingancin jini ya inganta, amma ya bayyana cewa akasin haka ne. Jijiyoyin kwakwalwa suna fuskantar tilas kuma ƙarfinsu yana raguwa da kashi 40 cikin ɗari [sic]." Rage kwararar jini na iya zama mabuɗin haifar da rashin haƙuri na orthostatic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marwaha |first=Nikita |date=2013 |title=In Focus: Why Spaceflight is Becoming Blurrier over Time |url=http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2013/10/21/focus-spaceflight-blurrier-time/ |access-date=2013-10-20 |publisher=Space Safety Magazine}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   * 2013 a cikin jirgin sararin samaniya * Tasirin jirgin sararin samaniya akan jikin mutum * Magungunan sararin samaniya == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} l9icuyn9lrytvcln0mpou8hxp5p6ar7 869353 869352 2026-06-27T11:44:56Z Pretty Fulani 44366 869353 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''No.1''' (Russian) wani aikin sararin samaniya ne na Rasha, wani ɓangare na Shirin Bion-M da aka mayar da hankali kan maganin sararin samaniya. Sabuwar ƙarni na Bion-M ta ci gaba da Shirin tauraron dan adam na Soviet / Rasha da nufin bincike na halitta a sararin samaniya. Jirgin sararin samaniya na karshe na jerin Bion, Bion 11, an kaddamar da shi a cikin 1996. An tsara jirgin saman sararin samaniya na Bion-M1 don ɗaukar gwaje-gwaje na halitta, ilimin lissafi da biotechnological zuwa ƙasa mai laushi kuma ya mayar da su zuwa [[Duniya]] a ƙarshen aikin. Abubuwan da ke tattare da Bion-M1 sun haɗa da rodents, amphibians, dabbobi masu rarrafe, crustaceans, mollusks, kifi, kwari, ƙwayoyin cuta, shuke-shuke da al'adun sel na dabba. Jirgin sararin samaniya ya kasance sakamakon hadin gwiwar karɓar bakuncin kayan aikin kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyin kimiyya suka bayar daga Amurka, Jamus, Kanada, Netherlands, Poland da sauran ƙasashe. Jirgin sararin samaniya na atomatik na Bion-M wani nau'i ne na musamman na sararin samaniya wanda ke da niyyar tantance mahimman hanyoyin yadda rayuwa ke daidaitawa da microgravity sannan kuma sake komawa ga ƙarfin nauyi na duniya. == Farawa da dawowa == An kaddamar da kwayar sararin samaniya mai dauke da dabba a cikin sararin samaniya a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2013, daga Baikonur Cosmodrome, [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]]. Bion-M ya tashi a cikin aikin kwanaki 30. <ref name="ras">{{Cite web |title=Biological space vehicle "Bion-M" |url=http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220312/http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems}}</ref> <ref name="spaceweb">{{Cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |title=Bion (12KSM) satellite |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426113118/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m.html |archive-date=26 April 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com}}</ref> <ref name="roscosmos">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2013 |script-title=ru:Космический аппарат "Бион-М" № 1 успешно выведен на орбиту |url=http://www.roscosmos.ru/main.php?id=2&nid=20043 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629182111/http://www.roscosmos.ru/main.php?id=2&nid=20043 |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=Roscosmos |language=ru}}</ref> <ref name="sfnow">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |title=Russian spacecraft launched with cosmic cache of critters |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1304/19bionm1/ |access-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=Spaceflight Now}}</ref> An kaddamar da tauraron dan adam a cikin rabon tafiya tare da ƙananan tauraron dan kasa 6 - OSSI-1, Dove-2, [[AIST 2]], BEESat 3, [[SOMP]] da BEESat 2. <ref name="nasaspaceflight">{{Cite web |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=19 April 2013 |title=Soyuz 2-1A launches numerous passengers on BION-M spacecraft |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/04/soyuz-2-1a-bion-m-spacecraft/ |access-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}}</ref><ref name="zarya">{{Cite web |last=Christy |first=Robert |title=2013 - Launches to Orbit and Beyond |url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2013#015 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=Zarya}}</ref> Komawa zuwa Duniya ya kasance a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2013 tare da saukowa kusa da Orenburg a Rasha a 03:12 UTC .<ref name="zaryaland">{{Cite web |last=Christy |first=Robert |title=Bion M1 - Return to Earth |url=http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=1034 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220143846/http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=1034 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=19 May 2013 |publisher=Zarya}}</ref> == Bayani na tauraron dan adam == Satellite din yana da kayan aiki daga iyalai biyu na 'yan leken asiri na Soviet. Rukunin saukowa na Bion ya fito ne daga tauraron dan adam na Zenit 2M kuma tauraron dan kasa ya ɗauki wani sashi na kayan aiki da aka kirkira don tauraron dan Adam na Yantar. TsSKB Progress na [[Samara]], Rasha ne ya yi tauraron dan adam.<ref name="zarya">{{Cite web |last=Christy |first=Robert |title=2013 - Launches to Orbit and Beyond |url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2013#015 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=Zarya}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChristy">Christy, Robert. [http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2013#015 "2013 - Launches to Orbit and Beyond"]. ''Zarya''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ras">{{Cite web |title=Biological space vehicle "Bion-M" |url=http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220312/http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220312/http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html "Biological space vehicle "Bion-M""]. Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems. Archived from [http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/bion.html the original] on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ras2">{{Cite web |title=Space vehicle |url=http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/space.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005082618/http://biosputnik.imbp.ru/eng/space.html |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems}}</ref> Jirgin ya kunshi beraye 45 (uku a kowace cage), [[Tsaka|geckos]] 15, gerbils na Mongoliya takwas, kwari, da kifi.<ref name="sfnow">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |title=Russian spacecraft launched with cosmic cache of critters |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1304/19bionm1/ |access-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=Spaceflight Now}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClark">Clark, Stephen. [http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1304/19bionm1/ "Russian spacecraft launched with cosmic cache of critters"]. Spaceflight Now<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> An yi niyyar dabbobin su tsira daga dukkan aikin, amma a lokacin da suka sauka an gano cewa duk gerbils, mafi yawan beraye 45, da duk kifayen sun mutu saboda gazawar kayan aiki. Goma sha biyar daga cikin beraye sun mutu lokacin da mai ba da abinci a cikin ɗakin gwaji ya daina aiki. Gidan gerbil ya sha wahala na wucin gadi na wutar lantarki, iska, hasken wuta, da wadatar abinci wanda mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mutuwar su. Daga ƙarshe, duk sauran dabbobi an kashe su don nazarin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pultarova |first=Tereza |date=2013 |title=Crew of Bion M1 Found Dead upon Landing |url=http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2013/05/21/crew-bion-m1-dead-landing/ |access-date=2013-10-20 |publisher=Space Safety Magazine}}</ref> Roscosmos ce ta gudanar da aikin Bion-M No.1 amma masana kimiyya daga Amurka, Jamus, Kanada, Poland, Netherlands da sauran ƙasashe suma sun shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen. {| class="wikitable" !Kayan aiki !Lambar da aka aika !Adadin da suka tsira !Dalilin mutuwa <ref name="spaceweb3" /> |- |Mongolian gerbils (''Meriones ungviculatus'') |8 |duk sun mutu |Rashin kayan aiki <ref name="spaceweb3" /> |- |beraye (''Mus Musculus'') (C57black/6) |45 |16 |Rashin samar da abinci (15), damuwa <ref name="spaceweb3" /> |- |[[Tsaka|geckos]] (''Chondrodactylus turneri Gray'') |15 |ya tsira |<ref name="spaceweb3" /> |- |kifi (''[[Mozambique tilapia|Oreochromis mossambicus]]'') | |duk sun mutu |Rashin kayan aiki <ref name="spaceweb3">{{Cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |title=Bion (12KSM) satellite |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m_landing.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609050748/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m_landing.html |archive-date=9 June 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com}}</ref> |- |kwari (''Helix pomatia Linnaeus'') |20 <ref name="spaceweb4">{{Cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |title=Bion (12KSM) satellite |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m_science.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613174424/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/bion_m_science.html |archive-date=13 June 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com}}</ref> |ya tsira | |- |wasu, ciki har da microorganisms | |ya tsira | |} == Bincike == [[Fayil:Zenit_space_vehicle.jpg|right|thumb|Misali na motar saukowa ta Zenit.]] Bincike kan dabbobin da aka gano sun nuna fahimtar tasirin tashi sama da sararin samaniya akan jijiyoyin kwakwalwa, kashin baya, kunnen ciki, da kuma hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta. Mataimakin Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Halittu ta Rasha Vladimir Sychev ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin sakamakon na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa wasu 'yan sama jannati ke fama da matsalar gani yayin tashi sama da sararin samaniya: "Mun yi tunanin cewa a cikin rashin nauyi, ruwa yana tafiya sama kuma ingancin jini ya inganta, amma ya bayyana cewa akasin haka ne. Jijiyoyin kwakwalwa suna fuskantar tilas kuma ƙarfinsu yana raguwa da kashi 40 cikin ɗari [sic]." Rage kwararar jini na iya zama mabuɗin haifar da rashin haƙuri na orthostatic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marwaha |first=Nikita |date=2013 |title=In Focus: Why Spaceflight is Becoming Blurrier over Time |url=http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2013/10/21/focus-spaceflight-blurrier-time/ |access-date=2013-10-20 |publisher=Space Safety Magazine}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   * 2013 a cikin jirgin sararin samaniya * Tasirin jirgin sararin samaniya akan jikin mutum * Magungunan sararin samaniya == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} peeaf4cjpay31tpoomvus7ecj0oajm3 0 159967 869366 2026-06-27T11:55:57Z Pretty Fulani 44366 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297355168|Vouillamoz]]" 869366 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vouillamoz''' sunan mahaifi ne. Sunan da suka shara tare da sunan mahaifi sun haɗa da: * Mathieu Vouillamoz (an haife shi a shekara ta 2000), ɗan wasan hockey na kankara na Switzerland * [[Oxana Vouillamoz]] (an haife ta a shekara ta 2004), mai wasan kwaikwayo na Switzerland * Yvan Vouillamoz (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969), mai tsalle-tsalle na kankara na Switzerland 6tc2dcvjbxz3sz2t75wbw8in1h649ua